time to wake up and smell the ashes. salem robin arts, a new york all those originally arrested during the pro policy and arise in the us as dials. so, a former professor of the city university of new york, he told us how he was detained on how the american media and the government looked fine to sticking with eyes. lupo testers of the rise police from the n y p. along with n y, cd helicopters and drones descended upon us at columbia university in that city college of new york. hundreds and hundreds of riot police surrounding us professors and students who were here in cross for around 5 hours. we were held overnight at one police plaza, many sustained different injuries just and this year.

for believing that palestinians have a right to gave me the life and self determination. i received many, many death threats and been dogs has been censored by social media has been shut down. i've been fired now arrested. so this is the quote unquote democratic west where they can brutalize us in sensor is because we believe that all human beings are we, we say we're against the genocide. they say we're inside jewish, we say that we want peace, we want house the indians to have the right to exist, to, to build their own nation. a m s, and b, c. cnn. and fox said they were anti semitic. there's no hatred of jewish people is a sort of genocide, this age rate of colonization. this hatred of any quality is ation of apartheid. is

hatred of ethnic cleansing. everything that is real stands for design is trying to establish a monopoly, a dictatorship over what it means to be jewish. and that's why they're webinar miss using this is totally bogus miss definition of anti semitism. that's the true intended effect. a file and i wrote some of this news, i'm not storing christy, i all know the cost of everything when we back out of the the metro's and subway oper, budget friendly efficient in eco friendly transportation options for urban dwellers

. but while the cost to rises, pay affordable, the investment required to build and to maintain a system is substantial. i'm christy i in today we're going to be talking about the heart of our urban infrastructure, the cost of metro systems. the metro systems are the lifeline of our cities. society depends on facilitating people to get around. cities and subways can significantly improve people's average commute times. people can also spend much less on community owning and maintaining a vehicle cost an average of $9282.00 a year, which is significantly higher than paying for a simple transit pass. but the cost of building a subway system is astronomical. it can vary significantly depending on various factors, such as the city, the length of the system, the complexity of the route, the number of stations, the type of technology use,

and the local labor materials cost. on average, the cost of building a new subway line can range from a $100000000.00 to several $1000000000.00 per mile. these costs typically include not only the construction of tunnels and the stations, but also the expenses related to land acquisitions, engineering design, equipment, and other associated costs. additionally, the costs can increase due to unforeseen challenges, such as encounter unexpected geological conditions. during tunneling, you have transit projects in paris and madrid, for example, that costs around $160000000.00 and $320000000.00 per mile to build. but in contrast, the los angeles purple line clocked in at $800000000.00 per mile. and san francisco is costs around $920000000.00 per mile. even new york antiquated line cost $2600000000.00 per mile for the 2nd avenue line, and $3500000000.00 per mile for the east line. and now studies found that the u. s

. spent an average of 50 percent more on a per mile basis for tunnel transit systems than any other pure country. one big reason has to do with the failure to invest in transit infrastructure overtime. but another part is the red tape. there will be environmental reviews, land acquisitions, permitting processes and utility relocations. all of these processes and delays can balloon the overall cost of a project. americans also have a very divided political structure where every jurisdiction is at odds with one another, with varying agendas and priorities. but more important than that, the us lacks population density enough to justify the huge expense upfront. outside of new york, most us cities have extremely poor public transportation. it is used almost exclusively by the lower income class. a while new york has the biggest metro system. they're not very extensive outside of

n y c. around 45 percent of americans have absolutely no access to public transit. much of the existing system is aging, and the transportation agencies lack sufficient funds to keep their existing systems in good working order and on time. this leads to a ridership decline as a system becomes increasingly unreliable. and now today we're joined by dr. allen m . so browse, sky, professor and director of the railroad engineering and safety program. so professor, what are the key components that contribute to the overall cost of constructing in metro system and how, how these costs evolved over time? ok, the, let's talk about the t cost elements of a metro system. so, 1st of all, you have the track. and depending on whether it's a heavy ram or a lightly on the system, will have some major impacts on the costs and structures. heavy rail metro system

will include the underground tunnel, some what we call subway, which can include fluid elevator structure, which would be overhead structures and to conclude at the rate, which is why the, on the ground. all my real trends is, are on or mostly as great. so the, you know, certainly was a really major elements of the cost of a i've, a metro system of any sort. is the construction of the track structure. and when i say the track structure, all the infrastructure stations of how power signaling and again, if it's a, if it's a heavy, real natural, we're talking about surgery, all power and all the electrical substations required for that power. if it's a light real system, it's probably over and attack mary. and again the electric substations necessary for that the actual signaling systems of the another

major course elements of course, is the rolling stock. uh, the actual cars that one on the, on the metro system. most metro systems when you're building a new metro system, you're talking about maintenance facilities on which is basically for the cars will be basically a maintenance shop with a set of the largest ones that of course, the storage units for the metro system and also have maintenance laces, ships, facility, so those will be sort of major cost. heavily going up in price to matter, free absolute cost of construction going up quite significant number decades and how do factors such as geography,

urban density and existing infrastructure impact the construction costs of a metro system in particular cities, most of those items make it more expense so for example, if you go on to downtown in the major city and you're telling me that you have all sorts of things to avoid and take care of the constructor. the building foundation, utilities, you have sewage systems, you have to put your system low enough that they can see that the construction process will be trained. operating vibrations do not affect the buildings involved or other facilities above one nearby. um, you mentioned the jason, uh, jason's infrastructure as a jason really infrastructure. one of the problems that i always run into is if you

have an active well system, for example, a massive computer system with metro system next to you. and you want to keep operating that can have a serious impact on your construction. the density of the location, again as a major factor, but that also enters into the type of uh, transit system. generally, you'll be building light rail transit systems, which are you, which are usually cheaper, significantly cheaper. you'll, you'll be looking down in less dense locations and very high density locations such as major cities. uh, you may be going on, you probably going underground or elevated with, with the city, you know, with the cab the fact of course, over the great search, if you out and in world locations where you're building your community wines for the back end of the outside in the transit system,

generally contracts construction force or less because you have less infrastructure that's already in place in the morning is the structure. you have to work around the ready. and are there a unique challenges or advantages that cities with different geographical and urban characteristics, phase one, building metro systems. so you, you, you have number one, you have to use the structure density to, to new york city is probably one of the most dense pieces of real estate around and, and the density you, when you, when you, when you have very tall buildings, for example, sort of multi, you know, you skyscrapers usually have very deep foundations and i see building a subway to go underneath those. now nations, you know, have to go do the type of tight. we'll see what more, you know, kind of foundations, do you have geographic rock slate suits?

do you have problems with water, water seepage award of access, building the or add a new or a large body of water? you have to be careful that you don't have any issues in your construction process . so you, you have the purpose is the structure parameters which includes density and type of buildings, including definitely the foundations, density of the buildings, the existing infrastructure, building new york, subway system. you have to go more, you have to go deeper under the existing 7 system. then you have geographic and environmental, and geological type of 4 parameters which also affect the task. this is what you're gonna be building, you'll be constructing very differently if you've, if you, if you're building rock as a fairly house of you know,

things to clay more or some much softer, separated, maybe more susceptible to water or water fix, which would reduce the very city of the age of the g, g o, g p, a logical structure. and now what role does public financing play into metro construction? and how do you say you navigate the balance between public funding and private investments? well, again, if you, if you're dealing with metro systems, uh, they're almost all primarily funded by the, by one or more government agencies. depending on the structure, usually you'll have local, regional, state and federal contributing. so if you don't have you, if you had again, new york city of new york city, you have the metropolitan transportation authority. you have new york state and you

have some federal input as well. oh, there is something called public private partnerships. we call them p p piece, but they, we, they tend to be environment where there is some benefits that can be achieved. so the insight entity. so for example, if you're doing a station development as a station, has the potential of having a lot of commercial really commercial space so that you have a lot of shops that can be rented out, generate significant income that might be, that might be a good object on the type of private partnership where you use some money from the public, but then you can get some private partners who would be willing to put some capital investments in their own. and in return for some, some stake and future revenue streams. they come down. i usually don't see that

so much on in, in the subways of the light rails themselves. but again, you do see you start to see them and some of the as early as you mention miami. so you're probably already familiar with right. why? right, why is in fact a private entity how this money public private partnerships is activities going on? so there there's a. ready case where there was a more much more active private car. in that case it was a 5 the leader of that project. but in terms of public transport themselves, metro systems, i'm not aware of any private, you know, and natural systems in the us. all that on any significant scale and maybe very tiny ones, but on any significant scale that they're all primarily ultimately a funded public reconstruction of the ones in operated and maintain of the flux.

thank you so much dr. as a bowsky, but please stick around. professor allens around sky will stay with us right here after the break. and when we come back, what country is had the best metro system? stay tuned for all the details. the,

[000:00:00;00] the when i 1st moved to rush i, one of the most amazing things i found was to moscow metro. in fact, the very 1st phrase that i ever learned and nothing was careful closing. so what makes this place so specially what secrets is of hiding to find out deep under the city with alexander pop up to the store and who studies the wonders of the moscow metro. the while it's hard to say for sure, which country has the best metro system, the sol subway and south korea is certainly going to be at the top of the list in terms of price for the ticket accessibility. cleanliness round the clock,

service ventilation wifi connectivity capacity and even safety. this is followed by the shea. hi metro in china, the tokyo metro in japan, mexico city, metro and the london underground. the lowest score lines where the parents metro, the beijing subway and the mosque out metro. while basie scored on the lower end of the scale, it tops the list. i carry over 30 billy and passengers each year and for carrying so many passengers, it is surprisingly clean. this is due to his regular maintenance and very strict regulations where there is no eating or drinking on board. the trains with strict penalties for littering. the new york subway is arguably the world's most challenging mass transit systems with the greatest number of stations. this is because, unlike other underground systems in the world which often considers as fedex, as part of their design, the new york subway was always built with efficiency in mind and absolutely no

urban planning. at the beginning of 190431933 separate subway companies competed with each other for land and building rights. so they had no interest to make it easy to use for their competitors. in many places, lines crossed over each other without connecting or pass within a block without doing so, make it extremely complicated and nonsensical for someone trying to decipher the system. less than 20 years ago, only 3 cities in china had someplace today. there are more than 16 metro lines and 25 cities, making the metro, accessible to almost 300000000 people. the speed and scale of development of china is rail system is unprecedented. it grew in part to ease overcrowding, but also the symbol of being a modern and international city. building new lines is a handy way to boost the local g d p. because for every 100000000 r and be invested into a metro project, the city is g. d. p rises by 263000000

r and b and creates 8000 jobs. even cell construction is not cheap. while the hong call m t r a corporation runs the most valuable metro railway in the world in 2017 and bang to $2200000000.00 and profit. it did this by carrying $6000000.00 computers on average per week day and has maintain consistence serviced at 99.9 percent reliability since $22008.00. a. m r t spare has grown by 8500000000 h k over 10 years. as passenger numbers has increased, it also has private public partnerships where the m r t core builds commercial and residential properties of both new stations to fund the railway expansion. does its revenue stands from fairs, advertising, and property development. and so for this and more or less spring and again, professor and director of the railroad engineering and safety program, dr. allen's

a brodsky. so now professor, are there specific examples of cities adopting novel construction methods to optimize costs and timelines? i think we've seen some of these going on in europe. i think you know, the ones that on the ground just recently i completed the, the elizabeth line which was, which is one of the major the, one of the largest metro projects and a major city that we run into while. and i know they introduced a whole bunch of innovative construction techniques that, that they failed to reduce the cost. the cost was no multi $1000000000.00, but mostly to help you do. you do see different construction core technologies i've, i've see for example in light rail construction use

a user of the continuous forming machines where the main name almost passed in place a part of each of the tracks structure as they, as they move along. and it continues as point at the point of view. and my understanding is that type of technique has, uh, has, has reviews of construction costs. i'll be more traditional just digging the type of construction. so yes we, we, we, do, we possibly see novel type leaks being introduced and a lot of them tend to be more in the, how do we improve our costs? how do we optimize the process? but the lighter than the more significant, i know another. another thing we see in some ways, particularly as a large scale use of tunnel born sheets, which i have to say is by now is become whole. the technology rather new technology . but the p b,

m 's or on another child construction type. you didn't see the use of here and be on construction. how did cities manage the operational costs of running and metro system and what strategies are employed to generate revenue? so when you're talking about what is the operating costs, the salaries of the people, the drivers, the, the, the train's, the people who plays the sweets as far as the claim. the people who maintain the cars in the shop. these are, these are generally considered maintenance costs. the problem is, is i don't know anybody in the united states any metro is this evening that states that pays 100 percent of the maintenance horse out of the paradox. and you know, the primary revenue for a metro system is a, as a, as a 0 bucks. now you're going to be creative. you can do advertising. um, you know, we talked a little bit about commercialization stations. you know, if you go to new york city and you go down to penn station around central station

hesitation is full of shops, you know, back to back to back shops and that's what we have. so. so those, those supplements the, the, the, the operating costs, those can be used to offset the average cost. but like i said, i'm not aware of any us metro system that, that makes enough money for their box. and this will really income to pay a 100 percent of the operating costs. i understand hong kong dollars and then maybe one or 2 internationally, but internationally this, or is the same. so unfortunately, or fortunately, whatever you want to say it's metro's or not self esteem. and they require the hand of the government, and that's not just the us, that's most parts of the world. you go to europe, you see the same. you have the same situation. and that's sort of the nature of the beast. and you want to catch 22. if you try,

keep raising stairs upstairs and stairs. at some point you drive away your customers. you know, you make it more expensive to take. so, you know, so you maybe you can design interview, pay of charge everybody $10.00 a trip. i can pay my maintenance costs except for the fact that you were ridership and how the foot now ends. and so you still lose. so a lot of a lot of the philosophy here is that this is, this is so i, it will cost. we knew, you know, you have a major city, you can bring cars and, you know, i grew up in new york city. i lived through a couple of actually new york city transit strikes, where people try to drive into the city. uh, you know, there was no metro. let's say you can't do that. new york city is run 6000000 people a day. you know, there's no way you can you, you can, you can run that so you shut it down. so there's the societal benefit. and, and so it and what, what are we dealing with real, real passenger transportation and all this aspects. high speed rail,

inter city rail, human rail, transit systems, we always dealing with that societal aspect because these are by nature, not money making operations. they're almost always money losing operations. and so, but they have a benefit to society. the city which it down to city would not be the city. you know, miami would not be the same if you shut down metro, ma'am. new york city with absolutely happy to say we shut down the new trends of the story. and so we accept that. and we understand that there's gotta be a cost of society to pay for that. next thing, of course, that doesn't mean that we don't try to optimize revenue, you know, and it doesn't try something. you know, we don't try to minimize operating costs. but of course, the safety issues there was always gonna be an issue. so there's only so much you can cut, you know, without in danger need the service or safety. so, so you, you run into a limit, you know, we ran into this problem with

a pin that it ends up in the panoramic peoplesoft. right. and so it's because of the concern and all of a sudden the, the, the operating revenue was on every major transit system. 3 as a deficit's instead of being maybe 10 or 20 percent, because 30 or 40 percent. so that was and then as in many cases they shut down the service dramatically. you know, i know washington, they shut down several lines. the as, as, and as a, as a bad spiral effect. you know that you do that and unfortunately we've recovered for the panoramic or something, but i will never gonna be back to 100 percent because the nature of the, the nature of the trends of these are, you know, really the rail transit. these is that it does not make money. it's not, you know, carrying people is not a money making proposition. and as a result, because the country has, or the country, the city, the state, whatever the entities are, they have to make

a decision that says we need to support the subsidy because it is going to the life of my city, all my life and my state the life of my, of my geographical region. thank you so much for all your time today. dr. allen's about sky. the mag live trays are absolutely the future of long distance communicating. these magnetic propulsion trans can go up to 310 miles per hour, which is twice as fast as a conventional commuter train. they're also less expensive to operate and to maintain because of the absence of rolling friction, which means that the parts do not wear out quickly. but the greatest obstacle to the development of novelist systems is that they require entirely new infrastructure that cannot be integrated with existing railroads. they also require the use of ware earth elements and construction, which may be quite expensive to recover and refine. while there are 6 mag love trays and commercial operation around the world today,

it is unlikely that the us will ever get one as america is the land of personal vehicles and the auto industry. i'm christy. i thanks for watching and we'll see you right back here next time on the cost of everything the acceptance. and i'm here to plan with you whatever you do. do not watch my new show . seriously. why watch something that's so different. whitelisted opinions that he won't get anywhere else. welcome to planes or do they have the state department c i a weapons, bankers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations. choose your fax for you. go ahead. change and whatever you do. don't want marshall stay main street because i'm probably going to

make you uncomfortable. my show is called direction. but again, you probably don't want to watch it because it might just change the way you the cost me even a to ride us directed to impress, misleading form into the, into full garage by the way the media has to happen to yes. right, right. so a lead in cash, very good as locals, close to the balance in india is a general election. so has this child skeleton is in fact a massive p r. disaster for the entire and they to build from 90 to, to ukraine and all the way to moscow time has come to it from kids. folders are displayed as trophies and the russian capital civil nations speak out against