as it will be very difficult for us to become a member of the repeating union. all right, so why would the georgian prime minister be scratching his head over to use the opposition to this particular loss before maybe because of the process itself unveiled similar legislation. last december against for an implant, citing the need to bolster democracy with the need for organizations and individuals to formally declared their activities and funding in a public register under financial pendants penalty for noncompliance. now, where did you get this idea of something new? well, from washington's foreign ages, registration tax fair act. so of course, washington would be all in favor of the george in law. right. this legislation in georgia in dreams, anti western rhetoric put georgia on a precarious trajectory. the statements and the actions of the george and government are incompatible with the democratic values that underpin membership in the you and nato invest jeopardize georgia's path to euro. atlantic integration use of force to suppress peaceful assembly. and freedom of speech is unacceptable. and

we urge authorities to allow non violent protesters to continue to exercise their right to freedom of expression. yeah, let george's pro madeline supporters protests. it's not like the modeling is russian. right? because is our the case, they be all for a law to prevent it. so if it's not russian modeling that the west is opposing, d wonder who could possibly be must be minor of life straightness. wrapping it up here on august 8th. thank you so much for joining us today. was keeping in mind that one of us stories and updates are remaining fluid online weather. ok, you don't call them telegram odyssey and gab loads the places the casual latest news from onto the. in the meantime, the

the the metro is in some way off, our budget friendly, efficient, and eco friendly transportation options for urban dwellers. but while the cost to rises, pay affordable, the investment required to build and to maintain a system is substantial. i'm christy i and today we're going to be talking about the heart of our urban infrastructure, the cost of metro systems. the

metro systems are the lifeline of our cities. society depends on facility and people to get around. cities and subways can significantly improve people's average commit times. people can also spend much less on community owning and maintaining a vehicle cost. an average of $9282.00 a year, which is significantly higher than paying for a simple transit pass. but the cost of building a subway system is aster. nominal, it can vary significantly depending on various factors, such as the city, the length of the system, the complexity of the route, the number of stations, the type of technology use, and the local labor of materials cost. on average, the cost of building a new subway line can range from a $100000000.00 to several $1000000000.00 per mile. these costs typically include not only the construction of tunnels and the stations, but also the expenses related to land acquisitions, engineering, design, equipment, and other associated costs. additionally,

the costs can increase due to unforeseen challenges, such as encountering unexpected geological conditions. during tunnel. you have transit projects in paris and madrid, for example, that costs around a $160000000.00 and $320000000.00 per mile to build. but in contrast, the los angeles purple line clocked in at $800000000.00 per mile. and san francisco is costs around $9.00 that and $20000000.00 per mile. even new york's antiquated line cost $2600000000.00 per mile for the 2nd avenue line, and $3500000000.00 per mile for the east line. now a study found that the us spent an average of 50 percent more on a per mile basis for tunnel transit systems than any other pure country. one big reason has to do with the failure to invest in transit infrastructure overtime. but another part is the red tape. there will be environmental reviews, land acquisitions, permitting processes and utility relocations. all of these processes and delays can

balloon the overall cost of a project. americans also have a very divided political structure where every jurisdiction is at odds with one another, with varying agendas and priorities. but more important than that, the us lacks population density enough to justify the huge expense upfront. outside of new york, most do a cities have extremely poor public transportation. it is used almost exclusively by the lower income class. a while new york has the biggest metro system. they're not very extensive outside of n y c. around 45 percent of americans have absolutely no access to public transit as much of the existing system as aging. and the transportation agencies lack sufficient funds to keep their existing systems in good working order. and on time, this leads to a ridership decline as a system becomes increasingly unreliable. and now today we're joined by dr. allen

and so browse, skate, professor and director of the railroad engineering and safety program. so professor, what are the key components that contribute to the overall cost of constructing in metro system and how, how these costs involved over time? okay, the, let's talk about the t cost elements of a metro system. first of all, you have a track. and depending on whether it's a heavy ram or a light system, we'll have some major impacts on the costs and structures. heavy rail metro system will include underground tunnel, subbing what we call subway, which had a food elevator structure which would be the overhead structure. ready and it include ad, great, which is why the, on the ground all my real trends is, are on or mostly as great. so the, you know, certainly was

a really major elements of a cost of a metro system, which is the construction of the track structure. and when i say the track structure, all the infrastructure stations, how power signaling, and again, if it's a, it's a heavy, real natural, we're talking about surgery on power and all the electrical substations required for that power. if it's a light system, it's probably over and attack mary. and again the electric substations necessary for that the actual signaling systems of the another major course elements of course, is the rolling stock of the actual cars that one on the, on the natural system. um, most metro systems when you're building a new metro system, you're talking about maintenance facilities on which is basically for the cars will

be basically a job with a set of the largest ones that are on pos for the metro system. and also have some basis ships, facility so those will be sort of major cost on have the going up in price. fanatically, absolutely. the cost of the construction going up quite significant number decades. and how do factors such as geography, urban density and existing infrastructure impact the construction costs of a metro system in particular cities, most of those items make it more expense. so for example, if you're going to downtown in a major city and you're telling me that you have all

sorts of things to avoid and take care of them to construct around the building sounds, agents. so it needs new act, sewage systems. you have to put your system low enough that they can see that in the construction process worth of training, operating vibrations do not affect the buildings involved or other facilities involved with nearby. um, you mentioned the jason uh, jason infrastructure of this adjacent railway infrastructure. one of the problems that i always run into is if you have an active uh, real system, for example, annapolis computer system or inactive metro system next to you. and you want to keep operating that could have a serious impact on your construction. the density of the location, again, is a major factor, but that also enters into the type of uh,

transit system. and generally you'll be building light rail transit systems, which are you, which are usually cheaper, significantly cheaper. you'll, you'll be looking down in less dense locations and very high density locations such as major cities. so you may be going on, you're probably going on your grounds or elevators with, with a city, you know, with the cab. the fact of course, only be as great search. if you're out in rural locations where you're building your commuter wines where the back end of the outside in the transit system, generally constructs construction force or less. because you have must use the structure that's already in place in the morning the structure you have to work around the rating. and are there a unique challenges or advantages that cities with different geographical and urban characteristics, phase one, building metro systems. so you, you,

you have number one, you have to use the structure density to, to new york city is probably one of the most expensive pieces of real estate. so ma'am, and, and the density you and your when you, when you have very tall buildings, for example, sort of multi, you know, you skyscrapers usually have very deep foundations. if you're building a subway to go underneath those foundations, you know, have to go do the type of tight. we'll see what kind of foundations you, you have you wrap. ross played. so do you have problems with water, water seepage, water access, building the or add a new or a large body of water? you have to be careful that you don't have issues or interfering your construction process. so you, you have the purpose is the structure parameters which includes density

and type of buildings, including height of the buildings. definitely the foundations, density of the buildings, the existing infrastructure, building new york subway system. you have to go more, you have to go deeper under the existence of the system. then you have geographic and environmental, and geological type of 4 parameters which also affects the task. this is what you're going to be building. you'll be constructing very differently if you've, if you, if you're building rock as the house of, you know, things who claim more or some much softer, separated me. the more susceptible to water or water fix, which would reduce the very city of the age of the g. g o g d logical structure. and now what role does public financing play into metro construction and how do

series navigate the balance between public funding and private investments? well, again, if you, if you're dealing with metro systems, uh, they're almost all primarily funded by the, by one or more government agencies. depending on the structure, usually you'll have local, regional, state and federal contributing. so if you don't have you, if you had the again, new york city, new york city, you have the metropolitan transportation authority. you have new york state and you have some federal input as well. oh, there is something called public private partnerships. we call them p p piece, but they, they tend to be environment where there is some benefits that can be achieved to the inside entities. so for example,

if you're doing the station development as a station has the potential of having a lot of commercial really commercial space so that you have a lot of shops that can be rented out, generate significant income that might be, that might be a good object to the company, the private partnership, where you use some money from the public, but then you can get some private partners who would be willing to put some capital investments in their own. and in return for some, some stake and future revenue streams. they come down. i usually don't see that so much on in, in the subways of the light rails themselves. but again, you do see you start to see them and some of the as early as you mention miami. so you're probably very familiar with bright. why? right? why is in fact a private entity how this money public private

partnerships is activities going on? so there, there's a, there's a case where there was a more much more active private car. in that case, it was a 5 the leader of that project. but in terms of how it transport themselves metro systems, i'm not aware of any private, you know, and metro systems us all that on any significant scale that may be very tiny ones. but on any significant scale that they're all primarily publicly funded, public agents and structure of the ones in operated and maintained with public flux . thank you so much. dr. is a browse scheme, but please stick around. the professor allens around sky will stay with us right here. after the break, and when we come back, what countries have the best metro system? stay tuned for all the details the

the while it's hard to say for sure, which country has the best metro system, the sol subway and south korea is certainly going to be at the top of the list in terms of price for the ticket. accessability cleanliness, round the clock, service ventilation, why fi, connectivity capacity and even safety? this is followed by the shea. hi metro in china, the tokyo metro and japan, mexico city, metro and the london underground. the lowest score winds where the parents metro, the beijing subway and the mosque out metro well,

basically scored on the lower end of the scale. it tops the list that carry over $38000000000.00 passengers each year and for caring so many passengers. it is surprisingly clean. this is due to his regular maintenance and very strict regulations where there is no eating or drinking on board. the trains with strict penalties for littering. the new york subway is arguably the world's most challenging mass transit systems with the greatest number of stations. this is because, unlike other underground systems in the world which often considers as fedex, as part of their design, the new york subway was always built with efficiency in mind and absolutely no urban planning. at the beginning of 190431933 separate subway companies competed with each other for land and building rights. so they had no interest in making it easy to use for their competitors. and many places, lines crossed over each other without connecting or pass within a block without doing so make it extremely complicated and nonsensical for someone

trying to decide for the system. less than 20 years ago. only 3 cities and china had some boys. today, there are more than 16 metro lines and 25 cities making the metro, accessible to almost 300000000 people. the speed and scale of development of china's rail system is unprecedented. it grew or in part to ease overcrowding, but also the symbol of being a modern and international city. building new lines is a handy way to boost the local g d p. because for every 100000000 r and be invested into a metro project, the city is g. d. p rises by 263000000 r and b and creates 8000 jobs. even cell construction is not cheap. while the hong call m t r a corporation runs the most valuable metro railway in the world. in 2017, it bang to $2200000000.00 in profit. it did this by carrying $6000000.00 computers

on average per week day and has maintained consistent service at 99.9 percent reliability since $22008.00. a. m r t spare has grown by 8500000000 h k over 10 years. as passenger numbers has increased, it also has private public partnerships where the m r t cor builds commercial and residential properties of both new stations to fund the railway expansion. thus its revenue stands from affairs, advertising and property development. so for this and more or less bringing again professor and director of the railroad engineering safety program, dr. allen's a brodsky. so now professor, are there specific examples of cities adopting novel construction methods to optimize costs and timelines? i think we've seen some of these going on in your i think, you know, the ones that underground just recently i completed the,

the elizabeth line which was, which is one of the major the, one of the largest metro for projects and a major city that we've run into a while and i know they introduced a whole bunch of innovative construction techniques that, that they failed to reduce the cost. the cost was no multi $1000000000.00. but, but like to help you do, you do see different construction core technologies i've, i've seen for example, in light rail construction use it, use the continuous forming machines where the they, they almost test in place a part of the, of the track structure as they, as they move along and it continues as point at some point of view. and my understanding is that type of technique has, uh, has, has reviews of construction costs of the more traditional just digging the type of

construction. so yes we, we, we do, we tacitly seen, novel type makes the with those, um, and uh, a lot of them tend to be more in the, uh, how do we improve our costs? how do we optimize the process? um, like, uh, a lot of them can be more significant. i know another, another thing we see in subways, particularly as a large scale use of tunnel born sheets, which i have to say is by now has become whole the technology, the new technology. but the pm's or another child construction technique didn't see the use of here and be on construction. how did cities manage the operational costs of running and metro system and what strategies are employed to generate revenue? so when you're talking about what is the operating costs, the salaries of the people, the drivers, the, the, the train's,

the people who plays a suite, as far as the claim, the people who maintain the cars in the shop. these are usually just sort of maintenance costs. the problem is, is, i don't know anybody in the united states, any metro system. and it states that pays a 100 percent of the maintenance costs as a paradox. and you know, the, the primary revenue for a metro system is a, as a, as a 0 bucks. now you're going to be creative. you can do advertising. um, you know, we talked a little bit about the commercialization of stations. you know, if you go to new york city and you go down to penn station around central station hesitation is full of shops, you know, back to back to back shops and those around. so. so those, those supplements the, the, the, the operating costs, those can be used to offset the average box. but like i said, i'm not aware of any us metro system that, that makes enough money from fair box and absolutely income to pay

a 100 percent of the operating costs. i understand the hong kong dollars and there may be one or 2 internationally, but internationally this, or is the same. so unfortunately, or fortunately, whatever you want to say it's metro's or not self sustain. and they require the hand of the government. and that's not just the us, that's most parts of the world. are you going to europe? you see the same, you have the same situation. and that's sort of the nature of the beast. and you're a catch 22. if you try, keep raising. there's upstairs and stairs. at some point you drive away your customers, you know, you make it more expensive to take. so you know, so you maybe you can decide if you pay, you would charge everybody $10.00 a trip. i can pay my maintenance costs except for the fact that you are right there shouldn't be cutting half ends. and so you still lose. so a lot of

a lot of the philosophy here is that this is, this is so i, you know, cost. we knew, you know, you have a major see, you can bring cars and, you know, i grew up in new york city. i lived through a couple of new york city transits rights where people try to drive into the city. uh, you know where there was no metro, let's say you can't do that. new york city is run 6000000 people a day. you know, there's no way you can you, you can use it, run that so you shut it down. so there's a societal benefits. and, and so, and, and what, what are we dealing with real, real passenger transportation and all this aspects, high speed rail, uh, interest, city, rail, communal rail, transit systems, we always dealing with that societal aspect. because these are by nature, not money making operations. they're almost always money losing operations and so, but they have a benefit to society. the city would shut down,

the city would not be the city. you know, miami would not be the same. if you shut down metro, new york city would absolutely not be to say, we shut down the new trends and authority. and so we accept that. and we understand that there's gotta be across the society to pay for that. next thing, of course, that doesn't mean that we don't try to optimize revenue and it doesn't try to be, you know, we don't try to minimize operating costs. but of course the safety issues that are, is always gonna be in addition to that. so there's only so much you can cut, you know, without endangering either service or safety. so, so you, you run into a little bit, you know, we ran into this problem with a pin that ends up in the panoramic. people stop writing the so it's because of the concern and all of a sudden the, the, the operating revenue was on every major transit system. 3 and the deficit's instead of be maybe 10 or 20 percent, became 30 or 40 percent of them. and they, as in many cases,

they shut down service dramatically. you know, i know washington, they shut down several lines as, as, and as a and as a bad spiral effect, you know that, that you do that. no. fortunately, we recover for the pest demick or something, but i would never gonna be back to a 100 percent because the nature of the, the nature of the trends of these are, you know, the, the rail transit. these is that it does not make money. it's not, you know, carrying people, it's not a money making proposition. and as a result, the company has, the country has or the country in the city, the state, whatever the entities are, they have to make a decision that says we need to support their subsidy. because it is going to the life of my city, all my life of my state, and they got light of my, of my geographical region. thank you so much for all your time today. dr. allen's about sky. the mag live trays are absolutely the future of long distance

communicating. these magnetic propulsion trans can go up to 310 miles per hour, which is twice as fast as a conventional commuter train. they're also less expensive to operate and to maintain because of the absence of rolling friction, which means that the parts do not wear out quickly. but the greatest obstacle to the development of mag list systems is that they require entirely new infrastructure that cannot be integrated with existing railroads. they also require the use of ware earth elements and construction, which may be quite expensive to recover and refine. while there are 6 mag love trains and commercial operation around the world today, it is unlikely that the us will ever get one as america is the land of personal vehicles and the auto industry. i'm christy, i thanks for watching and we'll see you right back here. next time on the cost of everything the

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police arresting over a 100 pro, publish the new demonstrate is r u c l, a in california. as the us house of representatives approves an anti semitism awareness build basically set to make it even harder for those protests to, to speak out. this is not an issue into semitism. this is an, this is an attempt by the us government to complete the, to, to confuse the public and to make it seem that any of the pretty sight of israel is anti semitic. also a few inches new daily of carrying out of political assassination on it, so ill, but in the 5 block with strong woods and st. candidates become a hot bed. the separatism and extreme is an easy remarks to us illustrates once again the kind of political space that has been given.