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THE

ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY REVIEW

VOLUME V 1917-18

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The Aberdeen University Press

1918

THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY REVIEW."

COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT.

Convener : The Very Rev. Principal Sir George Adam Smith {Convener of Editorial Sub-Committee).

Vice-Convener: Mr. P. J. Anderson.

Secretary {and Assistant Editor) : Mr. Robert Anderson.

Hon. Treasurer {Interim) : Mr. David M. M. Millioan.

Mr. Henry Alexander.

Professor J. B. Baillie.

Miss Maud Storr Best.

Dr. James E. Crombie.

Professor William L. Davidson.

Lieut-Colonel James W. Garden, D.S.O. {Hon. Treasurer).

Rev. Professor James Gilrov.

Mr. William Grant.

Professor Matthew Hay.

Professor J. M. Irvine.

Professor A. A. Jack.

Mr. J. F. Kellas Johnstone.

Mr. W. Keith Leask.

Professor Ashley W. Mackintosh.

Rev. Dr. Gordon J. Murray.

Miss Williamina A. Rait.

Professor R. W. Reid.

Colonel J. Scott Riddbll, C.B.E., M.V.O.

Rev. Professor John A. Sblbie.

Mr. Donaldson R. Thom.

Professor J. Arthur Thomson.

Rev. W. Stewart Thomson.

Dr. Robert Walker.

Mr. Theodore Watt (Convener of Busi- ness Sub-Committee).

The President of the S.R.C.

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Aberdeen University Review

Vol. V. No. i November, 191 7

Literature and Character/

jHE subject of this paper, the effects of Literature on Character — a subject at once vast, complicated, and minute — cannot be handled shortly; and it is therefore the more necessary not to touch on re- lated subjects even the most simple, and to make - clear at the outset that I do not propose to say a word either of Literature distinctively moral, or of Literature distinctively immoral.

There is such a thing as distinctively immoral literature, literature merely sensational, merely sensual, or merely licentious ; and by this last I mean literature written by one who has no conception of law, who admires unthinkingly every display of the unbridled ego, who sees nothing in the Universe but the conflict of greedy or self-centred interests. There is also such a thing as distinctively moral literature, literature solely sober, solely ascetic, solely legal ; and by this last I mean literature written by one who has no conception of the private will, who attaches no meaning to air or fire, who admires unthinkingly every exercise of restraint, who sees nothing in the Universe but a collection of people denying themselves for each other. Nay, I am even willing to admit that, owing to human nature — and by this 1 mean what every one means when he uses that term, the tendency of the self to gratify itself — immoral literature has often an immoral effect. I admit also, of course, that owing, I suppose, to the contrary tendency — or, to express myself more explicitly, to the anxiety of

^ A paper read before the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, 15 February, 1917.

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2 Aberdeen University Review

selfish man often to be divinely unselfish — moral literature has some- times a moral effect.^

But I am to speak of neither of those things. What I have to speak of, and what I have to speak of alone, is the effect upon the char- acter of the quickening of imagination produced by the constant study of poetry or the constant contemplation of beauty, the disturbing element in the conduct of life introduced by what we call art.

I figure to myself a man entirely good — let us say some scientific professor, or doctor busy in his practice, one whose business in his laboratory is to discover some new anodyne, or in his daily rounds to relieve suffering, chiefly by his skill, but in part by the kindliness radi- ating from his presence. Such a man when his day's work is done — if the work of a doctor in these times is ever done — may solace him- self with Shakespeare's sonnets or amuse an hour with the fancy of Dickens. These books are his playthings, his pastimes, and they do him no more harm, though doubtless a little more good, than a game of Patience or golf. They take him out of his own world of care and responsibility for a moment, and are literally his diversions, the re- laxing of the string ; and next day, strung up once more, he is about his good works as usual, never troubling himself further about Shake- speare's luxury of thought, or as to what comment is really supplied upon the world we move in, and upon us who move in it, by our readiness to be pleased with Dickens's grotesques. Such a use of literature, and it is the use made of literature by 99-iooths of the human species, of Ossian by Napoleon, of Gaboriau by Bismarck, of Homer by Gladstone, is entirely harmless. It is related to hygiene rather than life and is no more than recreation.

But let me paint for myself the opposite picture — that of the young man whose thoughts are really given to the books he is constantly reading. I speak of the young, for most, though not all, of these good readers are young, and surrender themselves to the new author the more readily that they have not reached the stage when they imagine, though falsely, that there are no new books and no new authors. I repeat, let me paint for myself the opposite picture — that of the man whose thoughts are really given to the books he is constantly reading, who lives their life, and imagines with their imaginings, who is a terrified murderer with Macbeth, or with Keats a beauty lover, who

^ For a full treatment of this subject see " The Uses of Poetry," by A. C. Bradley. English Association Leaflets.

^ 4

Literature and Character 3

partakes of Pope's acerbity of soul, or of Shenstone's delicious tedium, who is in the forest with Tristran, or with Spenser enjoying woe, " with Achilles shouting in the trenches," or with Troilus sighing " his soul toward the Grecian tents ". As I paint, my hand begins to tremble and I ask myself the question that haunted Lamb — whether these studies may not provoke " that disgust at common life, that tcBdium quotidi- anarum formarum, which an unrestricted passion for ideal forms and beauties is in danger of producing ? "

BACON AND THE "ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING".

I am not the first to speculate on this topic or to discuss the specu- lations of others. The whole matter has been handled suggestively in our own day, if from too exclusively moral a standpoint, by Tolstoy. Long ago it had been written of by one who always thought wisely and by another whose feeling was always wise, by Bacon and by Rousseau. When Bacon wrote his " Advancement of Learning " he had to meet the objections to letters commonly entertained by the two most powerful of then existing castes, the military and the sacerdotal. The Mediaeval Church was just at the end of its absolute authority, but its long and justified fear is evidenced by its traditional objection that learning opens the door to heresies. From this Church ground, in his day dangerous. Bacon skates lightly off, and his answer is not deep. A little learning, he would admit, is an aid to scepticism, but further learning acts in quite an opposite fashion. Both in his state- ment of the objection and in his answer, Bacon, for the time was not ripe, neglects the point of interest. If anything on this topic is indis- putable it is this — that the reading of many books and the consequent exercise of the imaginative faculty increases speculative grasp. What- ever else may be said against literature, this at least can be said in its honour — that it makes impossible a merely popular acceptance, and releases the mind from a bondage to notions it has never troubled to make its own.

Bacon's real engagement is with the other objections — that learn- ing relaxes or distracts military hardihood and resolution, and produces an inaptness for business. Bacon was a discursive thinker. His thought flows like an English river, now courteously making way for a hillock, now embracing a fruitful meadow, confident that for all its deviations it will "wind somewhere safe to sea," not the least like our mountain torrents that precipitately and perpendicularly shoot

4 Aberdeen University Review

from the top to the bottom of a cliff; nevertheless before he has finished the first Book of his " Advancement " he has managed to set out easily the current objections: "that learning doth soften men's minds and makes them more unapt for the honour and exercise of arms ; that it doth mar and pervert men's dispositions for matter of government and policy, in making them too curious and irresolute — or too incompatible and differing from the times," and he has managed to familiarize us with the main lines of his answering argument

It is true that some of his answers are mere avoidances of the question. For example, admitting that literary men are often too gentle and too fond of privateness for adequate efficiency in the rough theatre of the world, he asks whether it is to be concluded that this is the fault or result of literature. May it not be that men of such dispositions gravitate naturally to learning? It would not be books then that would make them gentle, but they would take to books because they were gentle already. But this is a very partial reply, for, though it may often be so, we can all see that to say this is not to discuss the effects of literature. If we could prove that all mild people were fond of books, we should have gone no way at all towards proving that literature did not make them milder. Equally loose in argument is his statement " that both in persons and in times ^ there hath been a meeting and concurrence in learning and arms, flourishing and excel- ling in the same men and the same ages ". As to persons, Bacon knew as well as we do that he is here dealing with manifest exceptions ; and as to times, or ages in the world's history, while it is obvious that States at the height of their military and political power do often pro- duce great literature, the effects of literature are to be observed not in the stimulus that produces it but, as Rousseau pointed out even to weariness, in the manners of the succeeding age. Leaving those sophistications Bacon winds to his true answer, perhaps the ulti- mate answer — that if it be true that, sometimes, for some people and in degree, literature debilitates, it is equally and concurrently true that literature meliorates. The noble words in which Bacon speaks of the good effects of literature are indeed a striking instance of how to apply Emerson's law of Compensation, for if, as our own Beattie has it, " Fancy enervates while it soothes the heart," let us not merely think that it may be enervating — let us dwell with Bacon on its power to soothe and to calm.

^ The italics here and throughout are mine.

Literature and Character 5

ROUSSEAU ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE ARTS.

The curious treatise of Rousseau written in answer to a question propounded by the Academy of Dijon as to the effects of the Arts and Sciences presents many points of interest. What strikes every reader of Rousseau's social writings is the insistence with which throughout them he dwells on the military argument. At first sight this may not seem unnatural, for it was the one obvious buttress of his contention that the effects of civilization had been, on the whole, prejudicial. But Rousseau was not a Militarist, and I have often asked myself whether he was dreaming of the coming Revolution and wished to in- fect the popular mind with a love of the hardier virtues, or whether — since his insistence is equally to be remarked in this his first treatise — it is to be traced, in its origin, to the reading of Bacon. Certainly it is possible that Rousseau had few ready objections to the cultivation of the arts of civilization, and that he may merely have discovered in his search for ideas and while reading the " Advancement of Learning " one secure opening for controversy. Anyhow it is noteworthy that while Bacon, writing in his age and in defence of Letters, had to meet the military objection, Rousseau adopts it in support of his attack upon the Arts in a different age and when no one was thinking of it. We should notice, also, that while Bacon, in his anxiety to commend learning to Sovereign Princes, hazards the remark that Letters render men " maniable and pliant to government," Rousseau, while character- istically turning its partial truth to the discredit both of Letters and despotism, whole-heartedly adopts the suggestion. It was from Bacon too, possibly, that he got the hint for the direction of his argument. The fallacy in Bacon's reliance on the concurrence of high military and artistic development as bearing upon the results of artistic development would be easily perceived by Rousseau ; and it may have been merely corrective logic on his part that suggested to him to concentrate atten- tion rather on the ages of decline.

Rousseau had observed, and was easily entitled to observe, that before States begin to decline and fall they have been above that de- cline and fall, and that their decline and fall may be fairly dated from their zenith ; yet his bold statement that their decline from their zenith is solely or even chiefly due to their cultivation of the Arts is based on reasoning looser than any he corrects. Before we could with propriety draw any such deduction we should have to have examined and elimu

6 Aberdeen University Review

nated as causes all the concomitant circumstances characteristic of their zenith. But I offer these remarks rather as elucidatory of the genesis of Rousseau's famous discourse than as having present-day interest. Fiddlers and dancers, Rousseau goes on to tell us, have always fallen easy victims to butchers and Goths, and States had generally made some progress in Arts and Letters before they fell a lamented prey to barbarians. He remarks, and is amply entitled to remark, that the highest civilizations are not the natural breeding-ground for the sterner virtues, yet the application of this even to a strictly military argument is by no means so immediate as it was. War is now a complicated matter of science and intelligence, and we have proud reason to know that a high and even luxurious civilization has at least no special in- aptitude either for its moral or for its mechanical necessities.

The real value of Rousseau's treatise lies in another direction. He paints for us a world " composed of husbandmen, soldiers, hunters, and herdsmen," and he tells us that in such a world of plain living there would be no need for Art. Let us not dispute with his " heightened way of putting things ". He is here solacing himself with that dream of a Golden Age which has caught the fancy of sages throughout history, with that vision of a life equal to itself and in its warmth of moral interest sufficing, that was the ideal at once of the early communities of Christians and of our own Tolstoy. In other words, he is recalling our attention to the fact that the first duty of man is to live virtuously and happily, not artistically, and that the offices of love come still before the offices of light.

ROUSSEAU'S LETTER TO D'ALEMBERT.

In SO far as his speaking is to our present purpose, we shall find matter more to our hand in the letter to D'Alembert. This is a treatise which deals rather with Literature than with Life, if the two can be separably considered, and was provoked by an article of D'Alembert's in the "Encyclopaedia," eulogistic of Geneva, in which he advocated the setting up of a model theatre in that republican city of 24,000 inhabitants. Against this proposal Rousseau argues. A theatre would rather corrupt than benefit the Genevans, and in the course of his discussion he makes many acute aesthetical remarks.

Perhaps the acutest and the most upsetting is where he speaks parenthetically of " the taste for the comic scene being founded on a vicious turn of the human heart ". One stops at the outset at this.

Literature and Character 7

To laugh at the shortcomings of others — or, thinking of comedy in a higher sense, to view the human life (in which, in fact, we participate) as a spectacle, or, even if we are thinking of the theatre as a school of instruction — "to be speculative into another man, to the end to know how to work him or wind him or govern him " ; "it proceedeth," says Bacon, " from a heart that is double or cloven, and not entire and ingenuous ". One turns the pages of " The Advancement of Learning " to be reminded of a further saying of Bacon's concerning a " compari- son which Pythagoras made for the gracing and magnifying of philo- sophy and contemplation ; who being asked what he was, answered : * That if Hiero was ever at the Olympian games, he knew the manner, that some came to try their fortune for the prizes, and some came as merchants to utter their commodities, and some came to make good cheer and meet their friends, and some came to look on ; and that he was one of them that came to look on '. But men must know, that in this theatre of man's life it is reserved only for God and angels to be lookers on."

There is an apparent divorce here between literature and life, but it may be permissible to withhold the answer while we glance for a moment at Rousseau's condemnation of dramatic representations in general, and particularly at what he says of the pleasure we derive from them, that it is selfish, barren, or disturbing. It is selfish and anti-social, for "mimic representations tend to withdraw interest from practical concerns". It is barren, for the lessons we learn at the theatre we do not apply in the market-place. The contemplation of the ideal scene is satisfaction in itself " In shedding tears at fictitious misfortunes we discharge all the duties humanity requires of us on such occasions." It is disturbing, because, in the first place, the heroic spectacle has no close relation to life either in circumstances or morals, and because, in the second place, the passions are too much exalted. " Reason is the only thing that is useless on the stage. " "The drama debilitates the mind by continual emotions."

To begin then with Comedy; it is true that there is generally something unamiable in the spirit of Comedy. This is disguised from us in English literature by the fact that Shakespeare's Comedies, which we chiefly have in mind, are unique in this — that they are generally sympathetic and seldom derisive. Yet, even here, if we think of such sketches as Parolles, Thersites, Malvolio, we can see that it is not always so. It is true there is generally something

8 Aberdeen University Review

unamiable in the spirit of Comedy — but what then ? Does this mean we are no longer to read Moliere, Ben Jonson, or Mr. Shaw ? It is not good for man to dwell always with amiability. We do not wish a world of bitter aloes, but iieither one of sugar-candy. It is too superior always to view the world, in which we have our part, as a mere spectacle, a panorama ? Without question. It is too superior, and moreover, since the spectacle is so various, it is likely that the spectacular interest may so increase as to diminish the more social ethical one, and we come in time to be contented with saying — " It is interesting ", All these things are true, and yet on occasion to view the world as a spectacle is even morally salutary. We are detached for a time from participation in the struggle and liberated from the insistence of egoism. The eyes of Chaucer may see too much for complete gentility, but at least his face is not that of a pushing man. We do not sympathize with others the less for knowing their limita- tions. Idealists are too prone to imagine that we can have fire that will warm but not burn, and potent medicines of which it is impossible to take an over-dose. There is nothing capable of doing good that is not also capable of doing harm except a primrose or a penny.

What Rousseau says of the drama in general opens the door to greater variety in reply. The drama is disturbing because, in the first place, the heroic spectacle has no close relation to life either in circumstances or morals. It is grateful to me that Rousseau should dwell so long on this head and with such obvious earnestness, for I take it as an anticipatory compliment to my profession. The business of great poetry is not to furnish copiable events or models to be imitated in actuality, though, of course, it may turn to its service both realism and direct ethical appeal, but rather to furnish in a rememberable shape illustrations of emotion. Strictly speaking, it is not life but the illumination of life with which poetry is concerned. It is not great poetry if it merely shows us life, it must tell us some- thing new about life, and this it can do best and most characteristic- ally by new combinations of imagination. This is now the first lesson that is taught in every school of literature, and properly, because it is directed to the difficulty that universally arises at first contact with imaginative literature. I say the difficulty that uni- versally arises, but I am far from thinking that it is a difficulty that universally misleads. The hold on actuality which the British reader has — certainly the North British reader — is much firmer than his hold

Literature and Character 9

on imagination. If he is not by instinct a policeman himself, he is generally related to the Force, and his author's deviations from actu- ality and excursions into romance lead much more commonly to the condemnation of the author than to imitation by the citizen. Besides, it is a feature of great works of imagination that they are really imaginative and convey to their readers, however merely common sensible and untrained, their own atmosphere, which is not the atmo- sphere of reality and is seldom mistaken for it. It would be wise to be sceptical about the moral misunderstanding of great drama. To get into perspective, for the present day, this crude criticism of Rousseau's, adapted perhaps to a crude and largely uneducated public, we should think not so much of literature as of the cinema houses, where the most violent exertions of fancy are often displayed, and this by the fault of the parents, before the youngest fancies. So that even this crude danger is largely adventitious, and connected, just as the most obvious artistic difficulties, with the variousness of the audience. What is good for one may be bad for another, and what is safely good for all may be so from its lacking sufficient poignancy of appeal to anyone in particular. One reason, indeed, why even definite preach- ing is not always fruitful in effect is because, as Rousseau tells us, ** sermons are delivered indiscriminately before all sorts of people without discretion or choice".^

His other objection — that the pleasure we derive from dramatic representations is anti-social in withdrawing interest from practical concerns, and at least morally barren since the lessons we learn in the theatre we do not apply in the market-place — merits a more careful consideration. A withdrawal of interest from practical concerns is the first and direct effect of dramatic interest, as it is the first and direct effect of all study of imaginative literature. It is perfectly true, also, that the contemplation of the ideal scene is satisfaction in itself, and that we seldom apply in actual life such direct lessons as imaginative literature contains, and this is the more true the more imaginative the literature and the more complete the aesthetic satisfaction.

LITERATURE AND THE CONDUCT OF LIFE.

But to approach the matter from another side. If we had to entrust the whole conduct of a life to any one person, should we not rather entrust it to a man who had some literature than to one who

1 " Emile."

lo Aberdeen University Review

had none? There is such a thing as a "dangerous ignorance of liter- ature" ; there are minds which have never been widened, and which bring to practical affairs nothing but the knowledge of practice. We deceive ourselves by talking of " literary men ". There are at this present day in Scotland few men who have not some literature and the works of one great poet almost by heart. Does anyone suppose that this has not had its indirect, though ultimate, effect upon the national character, and that Scotsmen are not the better gentlemen for having read in youth the Waverley Novels ? I do not believe you can date the expression "kindly Scot" — I mean as a national adjective — behind the nineteenth century and its substitution of a literate people — a partially literate people, I mean — for one that was illiterate. When men estimate lightly the social results of literature, they are thinking of too much literature, and of the literary class who are necessarily the victims of literary pre-occupation ; but have those people who discount the moral effects of literature ever contemplated a world Jn which there was literally no literature? I confess I have no such belief in the natural virtue of mankind — though, of course, I believe in it — I have no such belief as to feel comfortable about this vision. The child is innocent, truthful, and frank, but impulsive, greedy, and inconsiderate. Men grow nicer as they grow older, yet how slow a process is experience, and how much is its teaching quickened and heightened by contact with imaginative ideals ! We are not noble, but we are the less ignoble for having read the " Winter's Tale," and the less immoral for having read Wordsworth,

In literature we meet men better than ourselves, and, what is equally true, so far as the authors are concerned and when they are speaking personally, men better than themselves. " There is no man," says Bacon, "but speaketh more honestly than he can do or think." "Hypocrisy," I can imagine some one objecting, "Hypocrisy, too, then, has its uses ! " Why, certainly — when it is unconscious. It is not merely that one is to be heard by others. In the world of imagination freed from the pressure of self-interest, absorbed in con- templating others' deeds, and thus not following those liberties of thought which the private mind for itself often takes, the spirit of man finds a level above itself, or, let us rather say, the level that would be its own if it were not so much the prey of egoistic considerations. With no bias to prefer convenience, it sings of the heroic and of the fit, and our hearing of this song, which, speaking mundanely, is not

Literature and Character ii

ours, does enable us to walk more lightly on our actual earth. I think nobly of man's possibilities, but I do not at all think that, without the light of imagination to unfold them above himself, he would be at all equal to life's difficulties, either sufficient in sympathy, or sufficient in uplift. Consider how stagnant are the souls of those labourers who sleep without dreaming, and envisage nothing but their fields. Imagination is a part of man and to be accounted to his credit? I am not saying the contrary, but I am saying that if we take imagination out of man's life and the influences of imagination, he would be no longer equal to conducting it humanly. What is the nation in Europe to-day the least active in imagination ? What nation, for the last fifty years, has stifled its working under a load of merely intellectual commentary and the hard pride of scholarship ?

Rousseau tells us that imaginative literature — he says actually dramatic literature — withdraws interest from practical concerns, and that such direct lessons as we might learn from imaginative literature we do not apply in actual life. My answer is not that this is untrue, but that from contact with literature we are taught unconsciously to deal humanly with life. We meet those considerations by the way of counter-considerations, for this we must do where the objections concern the nature of the thing.

Objections constituting another kind are those which concern the excess — objections, the nature of which Rousseau's particular state- ment that the drama debilitates the mind by continual emotions does little more than indicate. For what concerns us now is not that the Genevans might have gone too often to the play had there been intro- duced to that small and unlettered population the glittering romanti- cism of the French Classic stage. What concerns us is the general difficulty connected not only with the study of the poetical drama but with that of all imaginative literature, of a special cultivation of selected faculty ; and this necessarily, for the ends of poetry not being achieved by the use of reason or judgment but solely, or at least characteristic- ally, by the excitation of emotion and imagination, we are relying upon sides of our being which in life itself have only their occasional place. There may come a disarrangement of balance. No doubt with increased study, the field of view being of such enormous width, there come, among the crowding thoughts, an increasing number of thoughts not emotional or imaginative at all, and yet, I suppose, the more continuous the devotion to imagination, the more the chances of

12 Aberdeen University Review

an imaginative absorption are themselves increased. One may come in the end, and unconsciously, to dwell with interests rather than with judgments, and with fancies rather than with things.

Nor need we look further than the lives of the poets themselves to know that men often pay a price in over-cultivated feeling for their possession of the literary temperament. To give an instance that always comes home to me — for there is nothing obviously excessive, but on the contrary a sweet misery by which we are the gainers — how wanting in fibre was the life of Cowper, and, if we are to consider it as a life to be imitated by others and then normally useful, how much over-surrendered to contemplation. And yet, if we come to think of it, it is hardly fair to bring, as an objection to an art itself, the over-attainment of the object of that art. Not that such considera- tions are not useful. What they knew of the possible effects of wine taught the Greeks to mingle water with it, and what we know of the possible effects of poetry may teach us to mingle it with prose. Or to speak more literally, what we are now considering is not so much an argument against literature, as an argument against the exclusive use even of literature as the means of average education. The com- plete citizen will not be produced solely by a study of the works of the imagination.

THE MORAL SERVICES OF LITERATURE.

But let us leave the comparatively simple ground of general educa- tion, for, after all, correctives are easily supplied, a balance is easily struck ; and let us leave the comparatively uninteresting ground of the complete citizen, for every one knows that in actual business a very little romance goes a long way, and that most of us cannot afford to have other minds than well-balanced ones ; and let us consider for a moment a much larger topic — the topic of life.

Our world, the world we live in, was not built by complete citizens. Indeed, the ideal of the complete citizen as a universal ideal is a com- plete will-o'-the-wisp and had there never been others than complete citizens no citizens would be complete. This world of wonder, as it finally exists, is not merely a bundle of average men. The ordinary good man did not make it, he did not even make himself; he is but the residuum, the fortunately numerous residuum, left by the clash of elements. Storm and tempest, the earthquake and the Ice Age have made the pleasant meadows he walks in. The sun is ardent that he

Literature and Character 13

may be warm, and the North Sea troubled that he may be invigorated. Stars burn " and waters roll " that he may enjoy their quiet radiance, or soothe himself, at his own chosen distance, with their murmur.

Let no one think that the elemental works of imagination are due solely to complete citizens, or that we can be constantly supplied with them without there arising to anyone the dangers of a one-sided development. That is not the way these things are made. Pre- eminence in any art is generally paid for ; by absorption in that art, or with a surrender of at least some other beneficial activities. " The mighty poets in their misery dead" are not thus buried by accident, and cannot be said to have missed the ordinary level life of the ordin- ary good man in the same sense in which one is said to have missed a first. Some then will suffer sometimes for literature, the makers of it on occasion, and some be over-developed that we be developed enough. We need not trouble to regret it. There is no more idle occupation than that of weeping for the way of the world.

The true answer to all these objections when urged as essential objections — as considerations they are well worth attention and remind us against what it is reasonable to guard — the true answer to all these objections when urged as essential objections is that they all spring from the chimaera of the universal modicum, the belief that every one can have just enough of everything without anyone ever having of anything even the least too much. It is a very careful belief, but if we are to take it as providing an account of our actual world, incom- plete. In the world there is not only the law of the modicum, there is also the law of the over-plus. It was Swift who observed that he had never seen in the world any good weather at all, that it was always too wet or too cold, too hot or too dry. In a world of this char- acter it may be desirable to strike an average — what is obvious is that it is not run on the principle of keeping the average. The true answer to all these objections is not that literature in its effects cannot but be always wholly innocuous, but that literature is necessary, for without literature the lives of most men would be "standing pools".

But it is not merely that literature is necessary to fight the eternal sluggard who is three-quarters of three-quarters of mankind. To a world as distracted as ours, literature has another moral service to render besides this, its first. Speaking ironically, and with an eye to the desire of Princes that their subjects should not meddle with politics, even Rousseau admits of the drama that " it may serve to

14 Aberdeen University Review

divert the poorer sort from their misery ". The drama and the poorer sort ! Let us substitute Literature and Man. Very possibly if, ac- cording to Rousseau's cherished ideal of the simple life, we were all completely good and consequently completely happy, there would be no need for literature. I have already touched on this fascinating topic. It is sufficient to say now that we are not all completely good, and that an art which can assuage sorrow and dispel care has still its opportunity in a suffering world.

Would it be disingenuous to stop here ? I am afraid so, and that I should not close without the admission that we who cultivate litera- ture do so, if for moral reasons, not solely for moral reasons, not solely even for tangible ones. We who worship literature, worship literature not because it can distract the mind from other sensations, but because it yields to us sensations peculiarly its own. Literary enjoyment at its highest is not like other enjoyments, a thing largely sensible or even a thing that can be assessed. It is one of those supreme gifts of life that makes those who have once experienced it consider life without it something less than life. I repeat to myself the words of Othello as he contemplates his self-determined death : —

Here is my journey's end, here is my butt, And very sea-mark of my utmost sail,

and often as I repeat them, I am no nearer forming any sentences that can convey to others the precise sensation I feel, that we all feel as we hear. Why is it that this particular arrangement of vocables should bring to us a unique feeling akin to a night with stars ? Here is the very hue of resolution, the music at once of farewell and of funeral, or, should I say? of disillusion and victory; but to say this does not convey the touch of the words : —

Here is my journey's end, here is my butt, And very sea-mark of my utmost sail.

The sentiment in the words is not specifically moral, not even specific- ally religious, and yet the mind, hearing, rests upon them, and is satisfied.

A. A. JACK.

9m

Notes Concerning the Burns Family in Kincardineshire.

iT is just because anything bearing upon the history of the Burns family must be of interest to all lovers of the Bard, that I venture to submit the following meagre list of names, dates, and other particulars concerning them which I gleaned in the course of a fairly extensive research into M earns family history during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Records referring to the shire prior to 1 600 are exceedingly few.

The surname Burns is, I believe, of Celtic origin, although greatly changed from its original form in the process of anglicizing. In his " Origin and History of Irish Names of Places," Dr. P. W. Joyce has a chapter on Irish Personal and Family Names in which that great master states : —

Bran is a raven, and it was formerly a favourite name for men. Few personal names can show a longer history than this. It was common in Ireland from the earliest times ; and it was also used amongst the Gauls, for I look upon it as quite certain that it is identical with Brennus, the name of the great Celtic leader who sacked Rome in the fourth century before Christ.

From Bran, son of Maelmordha (King of Leinster, slain in the Battle of Clontarf) are descended the family of O'Brain, who now generally call them- selves O'Bryne, or more generally Byrne, sometimes more correctly O'Brin, and occasionally Burn, Byrnes, Bums, Brin, and sometimes even Byron.

In confirmation of this derivation I may state that the surname of Bran, Brain, which latterly developed into Brand, flourished in Glen- bervie just at the same periods as that of Burness, a circumstance pointing to the common origin of the two surnames that were so long prevalent within the same parochial area.

Surnames that were common in a parish in one century may dis- appear in the next, and in the current valuation roll of the parish of Glenbervie there is but one entry of a householder bearing the name of Burness.

w ^^

1 6 Aberdeen University Review

Although William Burnes, the poet's father, kept up correspond- ence with his kinsfolk in the North, it cannot be claimed that family history appealed very much to Burns himself.

I certainly shall see any of my father's relations that are anywhere near my road, but I do not even know their names, or where any of them lives

is an extract from an advance note which he wrote to James Burnes of Montrose in the course of his Highland tour in the autumn of 1787.

In the following notes I refrain from repeating the genealogical details that are usually set forth in all good editions of the poet's works, my aim being to supplement in a slight degree what is already known. ^ ^ •

List of Burnesses in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.

1. Alexander Burnes, Seaman and Whitefisher, Johnshaven, 1725.

His name, with those of Robert and William Burnes, appears in a tack of the fishings belonging to the lands of Ballandro and Johnshaven, dated 22 July, 1725.

2. Alexander Burnes, Shoemaker in Johnshaven, 1749.

3. Alexander Burnes, Wheelwright in Davo, Garvock, 1756.

4. Alexander Burnes, Wheelwright near Mill of Luther, Marykirk,

1765. Elizabeth Stewart, his spouse. He was Keeper of an Alehouse.

5. David Burnes in Knockbank, Fordoun, 1708, tenant of Sir

David Carnegie of Pittarrow in 1708, when an Inventory of his Biggings was made by David Jolly in Balfeich and James Lawrence in Blairs (22 January, 1708).

6. David Burnes, Tailor in Pitcarry, Arbuthnott, was admitted a burgess of Inverbervie on 2 October, 1727.

7. David Burness, in Kinghornie, Kinneff, was a seatholder in Kinneff Church in 1737.

8. David Burness in Brawliemuir, Glenbervie, son of James Bur-

ness in Hawkhill, and latterly in Brawliemuir. On 25 Nov- ember, 1772, the Kirk Session of Glenbervie unanimously elected David Burness, one of their members, to be a ruling elder at the April Synod and intervening Presbyteries. He was appointed a Constable for Glenbervie parish by the Justices of the Peace in 1773. Elected Kirk Treasurer of Glenbervie

Burns Family in Kincardineshire 17

on 18 December, 1780, he demitted that office on 12 November, 1783. He purchased a number of books at the sale of the Hbrary of Mr. Robert Allardice, late minister of Glenbervie, on 14 October, 1779, including Orr's "Sermons," Stillingfleet's "Origines Sacrae," Boyle's Works, and Manton on the 119th Psalm.

At a Meeting of Kirk Session on 26 January, 1783, the Clerk reported that at the desire of David Burness, Treasurer, he had got a quantity of barley belonging to Messrs. Robertson and Co., Aberdeen, detained by order of the Sheriff in the hands of George Gavin in Drumlithie for the relief of the necessitous on account of the great scarcity of grain in the parish. . George Burness in Fetteresso, 1716. He gave in a petition to the Presbytery of the bounds on 4 July, 1 71 6, alleging that Mr. David Burn, minister of Fetteresso, had refused to marry him with a woman with whom he had been proclaimed, and de- siring that Mr. Burn might be ordered to marry them, to which Mr. Burn replied that he could not marry George Burness " because he had no testificate of his being an unmarried man ". He was refused marriage until he produced a sufficient testi- monial to that effect. 10. George Burness in Elfhill, Fetteresso, fourth son of James Burness in Brawliemuir, and a cousin of the poet's father. Tenant of Elfhill from 1729 until his death in 1752 under suc- cessive tacksmen of the York Buildings Coniipany — Elfhill being a farm on the forfeited estate of the Earl Marischal, His rent- book, now in the possession of Mr. James B. Connon, Solicitor, Stonehaven, shows that the successive tacksmen of the Fetter- esso estate during his tenancy of Elfhill were Ex-Provost Robert Stewart of Aberdeen, Mr. William Bartlett, and Mr. Alex, Livingston of Countesswells.

George Burness was an elder in Fetteresso parish, and on 4 November, 1734, he was appointed Treasurer of the Kirk Session, an office which he held until his death. At a Meet- ing of the Session on 14 August, 1752, his son James craved that as his father was now dead the Session would inspect his accounts.

On the eve of Culloden he and several other tenants in 2

1 8 Aberdeen University Review

Fetteresso and Dunnottar were called upon to transport baggage of the Duke of Cumberland's Army when on its march north- ward. For the following account which was duly vouched be- fore the Sheriff he gave a discharge to " the Commissarys of His Majesty's Forage" on ii August, 1747.

To George Burness in Elfhill.

£ s. d.

To a Cart sent with his Majesties' Baggage from Aber- deen to Inverness and never returned worth . 013 4

To 2 horses for carrying Baggage from Stonehaven to

Bervie . . . . . . . .020

It was stated in the evidence led before the Sheriff that " Captain Darling took the said George Burness' Cart and sent her to Lochaber with an officer's baggage ".

His wife, Elspet Mason, survived him, and beside his son James he had the following daughters, Christian, wife of James Mason in Snob, Fetteresso ; Margaret, wife of William Greig in Stonehouse of Mergie ; Ann, Jean, and Helen.

The two younger daughters, Jean and Helen, being minors at their father's death, nominated James Burness in Brawlie- muir, their uncle on the father's side, to be their sole curator, an office which he accepted.

11. George Burness in Bogjorgan, 1766.

12. Henry Burness, Tenant in Kinghornie, Kinneff. His name

appears, along with those of the other tenants, in the contract for rebuilding the Parish Church of Kinneff in 1739.

13. Henry Burness, Tailor in Bervie, 1765-

14. James Burness, first of that name in Brawliemuir, son of Walter

Burness in Bogjorgan. He died on 23 January, 1743, aged 87 years, and Margaret Falconer, his spouse, died on 28 De- cember, 1749, aged 90 years. These were the poet's great grandparents.

James Burnace in Bralandmure was a Juror at the Fiars Court in 171 2. Probably he became the tenant of that holding in 1697, when the lease was surrendered by a former occupier.

Mr. Henry Hamilton, the first Presbyterian Minister of Glenbervie after the Revolution, was settled there in April,

Burns Family in Kincardineshire 19

1 71 2. The circumstances of that parish did not permit of a settled eldership for some years, but on 28 July, 1720, Mr. Hamilton represented to the Presbytery that he had pitched upon some of his parishioners, whom he judged might be ad- mitted as elders, and of a leet of five names then submitted for approval no fewer than three were members of the Burns family, viz., James Burness in Brawliemuir, William Burness in Bogjorgan, and Burness in Kinmonth. After due ex- amination of their knowledge and fitness for that office he ex- pressed himself as satisfied with them.

15. James Burness in Benholm, 171 4. An Episcopalian. He, with

twenty other householders in the parish of Benholm, adhered to a protestation given in to the Presbytery of Fordoun on 28 April, 1 714, anent the admission of Mr. William Trail, the first Presbyterian Minister of that parish after the Revolution.

16. James Burness, Wright in Bervie. He was admitted a burgess

of Inverbervie on 9 October, 1732. He entered into a con- tract with the heritors of Bervie on 16 March, 1737, for build- ing a manse for the minister of that parish.

17. James Burness in Hawkhill, Glenbervie, was the third son of

James Burness, first of that name in Brawliemuir. He was an elder in Glenbervie parish in 1720, and Treasurer of the Kirk Session from 1726 until 29 July, 1765, when he resigned and begged that the Session would not insist on his bearing the oflfice any longer, as he found it was inconsistent with his age to endure the fatigue thereof. He was still tenant of Hawk- hill in 1756, but in 1759 (the year of the poet's birth) he had removed to Brawliemuir, where he succeeded his brother William.

He had the following family, viz. James, William, Thomas, George, David, and a daughter Katherine. He signed on 25 February, 1763, a disposition and assignation to George and David his sons of " all and haill my goods, gear, corns, cattle, etc., with the burden of the payment of my just and lawful debts and funeral expenses, and also with the burden of the payment of ;^20O Scots which I hereby leave and bequeath to Thomas Burness, my son, and ordain the said sum to be paid to him six months after my decease, and I hereby exclude James, William, and Katherine Burnesses my other children

20 Aberdeen University Review

from any share of my movables as they have already received from me more than their equal shares of what they could claim of my movables". This deed was witnessed by William Greig, tenant in Stonehouse of Mergie, and James Burness, tenant in Elfhill.

There is a note written on the back of the disposition to this effect, " I, James Burness, having appointed in my latter Will and Testament ;^200 Scots to be given to my son Thomas after my death but he falling scarce of money about a year after this said testament was made I provided the said ;^200, and being ordered in a letter from him I sent the aforesaid money to him by the hands of his brother William, and I hav- ing got a discharge written on stamped paper ".

His tombstone in Glenbervie churchyard shows that James Burness died on 3 April, 1778, aged 88 years, and that his son George died on 16 October, 1769, aged 28 years.

18. James Burnes, servant at Polbare, Fetteresso. A witness in an

assault case heard before the Baron Court of Urie on 4 June, 1726.

19. James Burness in Cheyne, Fetteresso, 1737.

20. James Burness in Elfhill, Fetteresso, son of George Burness

there. He was elected an elder in Fetteresso parish on 14 August, 1754. Deposed from the eldership on 8 January, 1766, and reponed on 22 June, 1777. He was elected Treasurer of the Kirk Session on 14 December, 1777, and he resigned that post in 1780. He tenanted Elfhill from 1753 to 1783, and then removed to Midtown of Barras, Kinneff.

21. James Burness in Inches, Glenbervie, 175 1. He was a son of

William Burness in Bogjorgan, A son James, mentioned in the Session Records of Glenbervie on 8 July, 1764, probably married Helen, daughter of George Burness in Elfhill.

22. James Burness in Achtochter, Fordoun, 1755.

23. James Burness, third of that name in Brawliemuir. Son of

James Burness in Hawkhill. His wife Jean Burnett and him- self are mentioned in the Session Records of Glenbervie on 18 January, 1756.

24. John Burness in Blairs, Fordoun, 1687.

25. John Burness, tenant in Balmakewan, Marykirk, in 1698.

Burns Family in Kincardineshire 21

26. John Burness in Jacksbank, Glenbervie, Juror at Fiars Court,

1707.

27. John Burness, Weaver in Bervie. He was admitted a Burgess

of Inverbervie on 29 October, 171 5.

28. John Burness in Bogjorgan, 1779, was a purchaser at the sale

of the effects of Mr. Robert Allardice, late minister of Glen- bervie, on 14 October, 1779. He married Jean, daughter of Robert Burness in Clochnahill.

2^ Robert Burnes in Achtochter, Fordoun, 1698.

30. Robert Burnes in Clochnahill, Dunnottar, the poet's grandsire. Eldest son of James Burnes, the first of that name in Brawlie- muir. Tenant first of Upper Kinmonth, Glenbervie. Nomi- nated for eldership in parish of Glenbervie on 28 July, 1720. All the poet's biographers are agreed that Robert Burnes re- moved to Clochnahill in 1721. On the other hand the Kirk Session Records of Glenbervie definitely show that Robert Burness in Upper Kinmonth had two rooms or sittings, in that church at 1 1 January, 1723. In any case he was tenant of Clochnahill from 1725 to 1745 under the unkindly sway of the successive tacksmen of the York Buildings Company.

Robert Burnes of Clochnahill married Isabella Keith, daughter of Alexander Keith in Upper Criggie, Dunnottar, a farm which immediately adjoins Clochnahill. A glance at the pedigree of Isabella Keith is not without interest She is often stated erroneously to have been of the family of Keith of Craig. Her father, Alexander Keith, married the widow of James Lawrence who was his predecessor in the tenancy of Upper Criggie. Mrs. Lawrence's maiden name was Margaret Mowat, daughter of William Mowat in Rothnick. By her first marriage with James Lawrence she had two sons, James and William — the latter of whom became a Captain in the Scots Greys and a generous friend to every one of his mother's family — and two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, the last being the wife of Alexander Murray who tenanted Clochnahill prior to the entry of Robert Burnes into that holding. By her second marriage with Alexander Keith, she had Alexander Keith, second of that name in Upper Criggie, Catherine, Jean, and Isabella, the last of whom was the wife of Robert Burnes.

It is stated that Robert Burnes, in conjunction with the

Z2 Aberdeen University Review

neighbouring farmers, built a school at Clochnahill and aided in supporting a teacher. In confirmation of this tradition it may be noted that a Mr. John Ross was certainly residing at Clochnahill in 1733, and I think he may be safely identified with that Mr. John Ross who was deposed by the Presbytery on 14 July, 171 5, from being schoolmaster in the parish of Glenbervie by reason of his failure to subscribe the Confession of Faith and his irregular and unwarrantable practices.

In the ledger of an old Stonehaven merchant, I came across entries of various purchases made by Robert Burnes at Clochna- hill at dates between 14 June, 1735, and 25 November, 1738. His purchases included two pairs of cards (carding being then done by hand), pipes, tobacco, coals, candles, sugar, and brandy, and it is significant that payment was made for these articles in kind — in the shape of hose.

It is usually stated that the family at Clochnahill was in fair circumstances, but that the disastrous winter of 1740 seems to have reduced them to pecuniary straits. The allusion to Clochnahill in the following letter written by Captain William Lawrence to his step-brother, Alexander Keith, in Upper Criggie, shows that the family fortunes were at a low ebb for some time before that year : —

•• Edinr, Novr 6th, 1739. ♦' Brother,

" By your last to me of ye 3rd Sepf I find you in a bad state, ye say your last cropt did not maintain your family without paying the Master any rent, and if this is the case that in many tolerable good years your farm can't afford provision for your family without buying bread, and paying no rent in a bad year. Such a farm must soon ruin you, since the debt contracted in a bad year can never be made up or payed by the good years, so in the end, the Master seizes Cropt and Cattle and turns you and family abegging. Such a farm had best be parted with in time and a better looked out for. It can't be supposed my time in the world can be long to support your Farm if it cannot support itself Example Clochnahill. Please send me account what will put you on a clear footing for this time. And if ye can gett anybody to pay you ten pounds sterling and draw on me or payable to any in this place, I shall pay that sum on sight of presenting the bill for the more ye gett now the less will fall to your share afterwards. I believe I told you in my last I had left you and each of your two sisters j£$o ster. in my Testament. It is true, and I have left the residue and remainder of all my effects to my sister Margaret, and after her in equal proportions to her children,

Burns Family in Kincardineshire 23

which will amount to fully as much to each of them suppose there be six, the number I know not. I have left you, Robert Wyllie in Powbare, and William Gibbon in Stonhyve, Exors, with some officers in the Regiment with power to any two or three to act as most con- veniently can, so conclude.

"Yours affectionate Brother,

"Will Lawrence."

On 15 January, 1745, Robert Burness entered into an agreement with George Kinloch of Kair for a tack of the town and lands of Fallside and Breaks in the parish of Kinneff; " and that for the space of seven compleit cropts and years after the term of Whitsunday 1745 ". The conditions of that lease as to payment of rent not being complied with, letters of horning were issued on 7 March, 1747, charging him to "im- plement and perform the haill prestations contained in his tack". By a deed dated 9 September, 1747, Robert Burns, tenant in Fallside, for certain onerous causes and considera- tions, renounced all right title, tacks, property, and possession which he had in the town and lands of Fallside and Breaks in favour of Mr. John Young of Stank who had bought the lands from Mr. Kinloch. In terms of this deed Robert Burns was "to flit, redd, and remove myself, wife, bairns, etc., furth and from the said town and lands within 48 hours after the date of signature ".

During his tenancy of Fallside (or Fawsyde, as it is now spelt to distinguish it from another property of similar name in Glenbervie) Robert Burnes was summoned to appear at the Sheriff Court in the Tolbooth of Stonehy ve upon 1 8 December, 1746, at the instance of George Stephen, the previous tenant in Fallside and now at Pitcarry, to pay to the said pursuer compensation for damage done to his corn crop, some of which was eaten and destroyed by a foal and calf belonging to the defender. The case was postponed until 8 January, 1747, when Robert Burnes, the defender, compeared and solemnly deponed that " his bestiall did not skaith the pursuer's corns as lybelled," and he was assoilzied.

There is no record of the date of his death, which is said to have occurred at the house of his son-in-law, John Caird, at Denside of Glaslaw, in the parish of Dunnottar.

24 Aberdeen University Review

31. Robert Burnes, Seaman and Whitefisher, Johnshaven, 1725.

32. Robert Burnes, in Westerton of Balfour; afterwards in Craig-

moston, Fordoun, 1745.

33. Robert Burnes, Weaver in Elfhill, Fetteresso. 1739.

34. Robert Burnes, Wright and Glazier, Stonehaven. He was

descended from the Bogjorgan line, but his father's name is still matter for conjecture. He was for many years an active tradesman and a well-known citizen of Stonehaven. He was summoned by the Presbytery on 17 February, 171 7, to assist with other tradesmen, at the visitation of the kirks of Fetter- esso and Dunnottar which had fallen into disrepair, and he gave in an estimate of the costs of the necessary improve- ments. He had two sons, William and Robert — the latter a writer in Stonehaven, He is buried in Dunnottar Churchyard, where the inscription on his tombstone records that he died on 10 June, 1759, aged 73 ; and that Isobel Meldrum, his spouse, died on 17 September, 1784, aged 97 years.

35. Robert Burns, Writer in Stonehaven. Son of the preceding.

He was trained for the legal profession in the office of Mr. John Young, Sheriff Clerk, to whom he was apprenticed in 1746. He was appointed Sheriff Clerk Depute in 1753, and on 5 July of that year he took the oath of allegiance to King George II as Sheriff Clerk Depute and as Baron Bailie of the Lands and Barony of Leys. He became Procurator Fiscal for the shire in 1761 and Justice of Peace Clerk in 1765. He had a long connection with municipal affairs in Stonehaven as Clerk of the Managers of the Town, a post he held with much efficiency from 1757 until 1792.

On 23 July, 1 79 1, the Sheriff of Kincardineshire, Alex. Burnett, Esq., of Strachan — afterwards Sir Alex. Burnett Ramsay of Balmiain, and the father of Dean Ramsay — ap- pointed him as his Substitute with a salary of fifty pounds yearly payable in Exchequer. He was, like his cousin the poet, a freemason. He married in 1778 Anne Cushnie, only daughter of Patrick Cushnie, merchant in Stonehaven, and of Anne Straton his spouse, but they had no family.

Through her mother Anne Cushnie inherited an interest in a plantation in Jamaica, named the Windsor Castle Estate.

On the occasion of the poet's only visit to Stonehaven on

Burns Family in Kincardineshire 25

10 and II September, 1787, he made the following entry in his journal : —

Meet my relations, Robert Bumes, writer in Stonehive, one of those who love fun, a gill, a punning joke, and have not a bad heart — his wife a sweet hospitable body, without any affectation of what is called town breeding.

The inscription on Sheriff Burnes's tombstone in Dunnottar Churchyard records that he died on 4 June, 1796, aged 68 years, and that Anne Cushnie died on 26 April, 181 7, aged 68 years.

36. Thomas Burness, possessor of the pendicle tack in Easter

Barras, Kinneff, called Hoghillock. Had a tack of the same from Sir William Ogilvy of Barras in July, 1688.

37. Thomas Burness in Glenbervie. Mentioned in the Kirk Session

Records on 28 April, 1728.

38. Walter Burness in Arbuthnott, 1639. In editing a selection

from the Arbuthnott Kirk Session Records, Mr. Archibald Mason, lately Session Clerk, directed attention to the fact that the first name mentioned in the oldest volume extant of the Session Records is that of a Burness — under date 19 May, 1637.

39. Walter Burness in Bogjorgan. The poet's great great paternal

grandsire. He died in November, 1670. His will was signed at Bogjorgan on 7 November of that year in presence of Robert Taylor in Quithel and John Greig in Hawkhill. It was written by Mr. John Irving, parson of Glenbervie. His stock at the time of his decease consisted of two old oxen, three stots, two kine, three quoys, two hogs, eight wedders, a chalder of beer and infield corn, and one of outfield corn. The inventory extended in all to ;^209 Scots.

He nominated Isobel Greig, his wife, as executrix, and after payment of his debts he left fifty merks to each of his two younger children David and Jean — John Greig in Hawk- hill to be their tutor and overseer. Beside the children men- tioned in his will he had William who succeeded him in Bogjorgan ; James who founded the Brawliemuir family ; Robert, John, and a daughter Margaret who married (i) John Collie in Cammie, Strachan ; and (2) Greorge Knowles in Gellan.

26 Aberdeen University Review

40. William Burnes, Seaman and Whitefisher, Johnshaven, 1725.

41. William Burness in Bogincaber, Glenbervie. He was ordained

an elder in Glenbervie on 10 April, 1726.

42. William Burness in Brawliemuir, 1747. Son of James Burness,,

and his successor in the tenancy of Brawliemuir. His name appears in the Session Records of Glenbervie upon 4 Aprils 1747, as cautioner for John Gavin when giving in his name to be proclaimed in order to marriage.

43. William Burnes, tenant in Shorehead of Johnshaven, 1751.

44. William Burnes, servant to Mr. Fullerton of Thornton, 1765.

45. William Burnes, Merchant, Johnshaven, 1791.

W. A. MACNAUGHTON.

" Qui procul hinc," the legend's writ, — The frontier grave is far away — "Qui ante diem periit, Sed miles, sed pro patria."

NEWBOLT.

Xyjixa jxev icm Kevov rdS', cTrel fxdk' anoTrpodi Kelrai oare' iw' ccr^artat?, ypdfifia 8* enea-TL roSe.

TijXovpov Kara yrjv oS' avrfp jxkv airojikeT d(opo<s, KarOave 8' at^/xi^rr)? TrarpiZa pvo^ievo^i.

J. HARROWER.

Aberdeen Influence on American Universities.

ftHE notice in the February Review of the Academic booklets by Mr. Kellas Johnstone and Mr. J. M. Bulloch has led to the receipt of interesting letters from Mr. W. C. Lane, the Librarian of Harvard, and Dr. Edgar F. Smith, the Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, which, I venture to think, Aberdeen graduates may like to read. They refer to the far-reaching influence which Aber- deen University has had on the American University system, through the remarkable work done by her distinguished alumnus. Dr. William Smith of Philadelphia ; and one cannot but be proud, in these days, of anything connecting us with that great nation, whose President has shown the sane and lofty spirit which is the finest product of academic training at its best.

Writing to me on lo February, Mr. Lane says : —

" Mr. Bulloch's paper on Class Records and your own Bibliography of such Records connected with Aberdeen interest me very much. . . . At Harvard in the eighteenth century and in the early part of the nine- teenth century all students followed precisely the same course, the same studies being prescribed for every member of the Class. Before 1760 the principal instruction in College was given by four Tutors, each Tutor teaching all subjects to one of the four classes, and the same Tutor con- tinuing to teach the same class throughout the four years in College. . . . It was in 1766 that this extraordinary and stupid system was changed, and that the four Tutors, instead of dividing the four classes among themselves, divided the subjects of instruction, and began a process of specialization which has increased from that day to this. I wonder if it is possible to establish any connection between this change and Provost William Smith's work in the University of Pennsylvania. . . .

" It is interesting to read what Mr. Bulloch says in regard to Class organization in America. The Class loyalty of the Graduates has been a most important factor in the financial and moral support of the College. As an example of this at Harvard, take the gift which the Class that celebrates its twenty-fifth anniversary of graduation makes to the College. For fifteen years or more each Class, as its twenty- fifth anniversary comes round, has raised a subscription amounting to $100,000 or more, and has presented it to the University on Commencement Day, the income being applicable to the expenses of the University and not restricted to any special purpose. Most Classes have some kind of annual dinner or celebration at Commencement time, and several meet oftener in the year. It so happened that I attended last night in Boston a dinner of my own Class [1877-81]. Such gatherings are greatly enjoyed, and a special bond of union exists and is felt stronger and stronger from year to year among the members of the Class."

When acknowledging Mr. Lane's letter, I wrote also to Dr. Edgar Smith, the present day representative, in office as in name, of the first Provost of Pennsylvania. To each I pointed out the evidence connecting Aberdeen with the change in the American University system — thus : —

28 Aberdeen University Review

i. Prior to 1753, the system followed in the Aberdeen Colleges was essentially identical with that described by Mr. Lane as prevailing at Harvard, the same Tutor (Scottice Regent) continuing to teach the same class throughout the curriculum.

ii. On II January, 1753, the Faculty of the Marischal College and University, being persuaded " that it will be of great advantage both to the Masters and the Students that each professor should be fixed to a particular branch of philosophy," resolve that Regents Francis Skene, William Duncan, and Alexander Gerard, and their successors in office, be assigned the subjects of Natural and Civil History, Natural Philosophy, and Moral Philosophy. The reasons for the change were set forth by Gerard in his " Plan of Education in the Marischal College and University of Aberdeen" printed at Aberdeen in 1755. This booklet seems to have attracted much attention, and a German translation was printed at Riga in 1770.^

iii. William Smith, bom in the parish of Slains, 7 December, 1727, son of Thomas Smith and Elizabeth Duncan, sister of the hero of Camper- down, matriculated at University and King's College as a Bajan in 1743, winning the fifth bursary.^ After completing the usual curriculum in 1747, he entered on educational work in London, and in 1750 we find him publishing "A Memorial for the Established or Parochial School- masters in Scotland". In 1751 Smith accompanied two pupils to New York, and in 1752 he there printed "Some Thoughts on Education with Reasops for erecting a College in this Province ". In 1753, the year of the Marischal College resolutions, Smith returned to London where he took Anglican orders, and revisited Aberdeenshire, preaching, as he notes in his Diary, " in the kirk in which I was baptized " . In the same year he published in New York " A General Idea of the College of Mir- ania with a Sketch of the Method of teaching Science and Religion in the several Classes and some Account of its Rise, Establishment and Build- ings," wherein, under the guise of an allegory, he elaborated a scheme of University Education. This remarkable booklet attracted the attention of Benjamin Franklin, who writes, " For my part I know not when I have read a piece that has so affected me — so noble and just are the senti- ments, so warm and animated the language". Through Franklin's influence Smith was appointed to a post in the Academy of Philadelphia, which, mainly through his exertions, was transformed in 1755 into a College empowered to grant degrees — Smith's name as Provost appear- ing in the Charter. In the following year, transferring the site of Mirania from New York to Philadelphia, he submitted to the Board of Trustees

^ Sllerattber @erart)3 ©ebanfen »cn ber Drbnung ber )j:^iCofoj5^tfc^cn SBiffenfd^aften nebfl tern ^lan beg Unterric^t^ in bem SDJarfd^an^^coflegto imb auf ber Uniferfitat ?lbcrbeeti, ani bent @m3ttf(^fn ubevfe^t, mit etntgen bte *pi}i(ofop{)te betreffenben Sctrad^liingen. Oliga : be^j 3o:^ann griebric^ .^artnc(!^. 1770.

2 It is interesting to learn from the College minutes that the fact of his being a Slains boy obtained for young Smith a Founder's bursary to which his place on the Competition list would not otherwise have entitled him. In 1498 King James IV granted to the newly founded University " Ecclesiam parochialem de Slanys diocesis Aberdonensis tarn rectoriam quam vicariam et jus patronatus ejusdem cum omnibus decimis ejusdem " (Reg. Mag. Sig., ii. 519) ; and Elphinstone, in his Charter of 1505, founding the College of St. Mary, pro- vided for the endowment of twelve " scolares seu clerici pauperes ad scientias tamen specu- lativas ingeniosi et abiles," one of whom should be chosen from the parish of Slains {Fasti Aberd., pp. 55, 57),

^

Aberdeen Influence on American Universities 29

and printed in the " Pennsylvania Gazette," a Plan of Education for the new College which at once recalls Gerard's Plan of 1755.

Though his name has not been perpetuated like those of the Londoner John Harvard and the Bostonian Elihu Yale, the direct influence upon the American University system of the Aberdeenshire William Smith was im- measurably greater than that exercised by either of the earlier founders. All recent American educational historians agree in recognizing the profound significance and far-reaching effects of his " Plan ".

"It may be safely affirmed," writes Provost C. J. Still6 of Pennsylvania in 1869,

"that in 1755 no such comprehensive scheme of education existed in any College in the American Colonies. ... Its best eulogy is that it has formed the basis of our present American College system." So Mr. T. H. Montgomery, the historian of Pennsylvania University, in

roo:— *' While there may be amendments to it, induced by local circum- stances and drawn from his own rare ingenuity, it [Smith's Plan] may be said to be substantially framed on that [Aberdeen] course, to which he had an attachment, and of which he had doubtless proved its great merits. But whence ever its origin or conception, it is the first complete curriculum for a college training which the American colonies had yet witnessed or recognized, and will stand for all time as the forerunner in all advanced education on these shores."

And Professor L. F. Snow, of Columbia University, in 1907, in his "The College Curriculum in the United States " : —

"Well was it that in 1756 the clear individual thinking of William Smith, or the accident of his earlier association with Scottish educational reform, had provided the American College with a programme adequate for its immediate needs. . . , Previous to the publication of the pro- gramme prepared by the first Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, there was nothing in the United States that in any way resembled a modern course of study. ^ Columbia and Princeton were hardly organ- ized. William and Mary in Virginia was closely following the example of Oxford. Yale in Connecticut and Harvard in Massachusetts were practising the principles enunciated by Henry Dunster, the first President of the latter institution in 1642, and had sworn allegiance to our earliest collegiate standing order and to a curriculum that had Divinity for its comer stone."

I add Provost Edgar Smith's reply to my letter. The accompanying volume was Professor Snow's work above quoted.

" I was indeed very much interested in your letter of March nine- teenth in regard to the College curriculum which was introduced into this country by William Smith, first Provost of this University.

" I think it was in 1 9 1 1 that I was at St. Andrews. I there met Dr. George Adam Smith, and I was telling him that I was quite sure that what we call the American college curriculum had had its birth in the University of Pennsylvania, that we owed it to our first Provost, and

^ The six American degree-granting institutions in existence in 1756 were, in order of foundation : Harvard, Massachusetts, 163S ; William and Mary, Virginia, 1693 ; Yale, Connecticut, 1701 ; Princeton, New Jersey, 1746 ; Columbia (originally King's College), New York, 1754 ; and Pennsylvania, 1755.

30 Aberdeen University Review

the curriculum followed by us in 1756 was consciously or unconsciously adopted by Harvard and Yale and other of the Colonial institutions, and naturally passed down to those who came later. While I was speaking to Dr. Smith, President Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia University, approached us and I said to him, ' Am I not right in the statement which I have just made ? ' I then repeated it, and he said, ' Yes, per- fectly right '. Dr. George Adam Smith was very much interested and asked me whether I wouldn't come over to Aberdeen, but I could not go at that time, as I was obliged to make my way home.

"For years I have been saying in my public addresses that one of the greatest educational contributions made by the University of Penn- sylvania was that found in every American college curriculum.

"I am sending you under separate cover a book bearing the utle ' The College Curriculum '. I have pencil-marked many paragraphs and sentences in the book. I am sure after you have read the book, you will feel quite confident that the Scotch University gave us what we call our American college curriculum. It is true that Cambridge probably influenced Harvard and Yale, but we here at the University of Pennsyl- vania bear the Scotch imprint, and as these two Universities afterwards adopted the Plan introduced by Dr. William Smith, and Columbia and Princeton subsequently adopted the same Plan, and all other colleges of our land fell in line, I think we may say that our whole collegiate system in America bears the Scotch imprint.

" I sincerely hope that the volume which is now on its way to you will arrive safely. I am confident that you will be deeply interested in its contents." In a subsequent letter Provost Smith reiterates his belief in the influence of Aberdeen : —

"To my own mind, there is not the slightest doubt but the Scotch imprint upon the American collegiate training is the only imprint worth talking about. If Cambridge or Oxford had influenced Harvard very profoundly, it is not likely that Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Prince- ton and Columbia would have accepted the Plan that William Smith put into operation here.

" I have talked to the Presidents of the various Universities through- out the country, and they do not hesitate to admit the prevailing Scotch influence. In ali my speeches I emphasize the fact that what we call the American college system is a contribution of the University of Pennsyl- vania to Education, and that the author of our Plan was a graduate of the University of Aberdeen. We feel profoundly grateful to Dr. William Smith. He did a great work in this country. One of our Trustees, the late Governor Samuel W. Penny packer, insisted that the real founder of this University was Dr. Smith and not Benjamin Franklin.

"You know Dr. Smith also founded Washington College at Chestertown, Maryland, in the year 1 780. He presided over it for about ten years. It is still in existence and doing a splendid work, although small.

"I often wish that in 1914, when at Groningen, I had accepted the invitation of Sir George Adam Smith to go to Aberdeen. If my life is spared, I may make a visit some day, because I would love to see the University which trained the man who really gave his life to our Uni-

Aberdeen Influence on American Universities 3 1

versity of Pennsylvania. This last year we had an enrolment of nine

thousand students. Little did Dr. William Smith dream that his efforts

would lead to such a splendid result."

Dr. William Smith (he received honorary degrees from Abei^deen, Oxford, •and Dublin) did not finally sever his connection with the Philadelphia College till 1 791? when it was reconstituted under its present title of the University of Pennsylvania. He was one of the founders in 1769 of the American Philosophical Society, the oldest American Academy, served as its first Secretary, and contributed many papers to its " Transactions ". He was an acknowledged leader in the Protestant Episcopal Church of America, and the Preface still found in the Prayer-book of that Church is the shortened and slightly altered form of one prepared by him. In 1783 he was chosen as their bishop by the clergy of Maryland, but seems to have been refused con- secration in England ; which may have prompted his oppositiori to Seabury's consecration at Aberdeen in the following year (Walker's "Life of Bishop John Skinner," p. 36). He died in 1803, aged seventy-six. In the same year appeared two volumes of a collected edition of his numerous writings. A portrait by Gilbert Stuart is reproduced in this number of the Review.

A rather ponderous Life, " with [perhaps too] copious extracts from his writings," was compiled by his great-grandson, Horace Wemyss Smith, and published in Philadelphia in 1880. The details of the early Aberdeen con- nection are curiously inaccurate. Some " Personal Recollections " written in 1851 by a grandson, General William Rudolph Smith (1787-1868), were first printed in the American Historical Register for July, 1896.

Smith remembered his Alma Mater. The " Transactions " of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society were duly presented, and there lies before me a handsomely bound copy of his " Discourses on public occasions in America," 1762, bearing the holograph inscription

To King's College

University of Aberdeen

In grateful Remembrance of

The Author's Obligations

To that Seat of Learning, the Place

of his Education,

This Volume is Presented

For the Use of

The Library.

Will. Smith. October i^^th, 1762.

Even in those early days our University sent many of her sons far afield, carrying the truttis t!iey had received from her as seed to be sown in distant lands. Few sowed more wisely, or reaped more plenteously, than this Slains laddie, William Smith. As we have seen, he, in his upward career, looked back with gratefu' affection to his Alma Miter; and it seems fitting that at times we in turn should call to remembrance his wisdom and loyalty, recog- nizing that to him we owe the unique and honourable link which binds us for all time to the great Universities of America.

P. J. ANDERSON.

Mr. Keith Leask's "Interamna Borealis".'

" D. has been engaged, he tells me, through a course of laborious years, in an investi- gation into all curious matter connected with the two Universities." — Elia.

VOLUME, noteworthy among our University publica- tions and already heralded in these pages, is at length in our hands, having passed safely through the press despite the vicissitudes of war. It has known delays, consequent upon the general shortage of labour and material, but these, saving the strain upon our patience, have been perhaps no loss. They have at least given the Author opportunity to nurse his text and elaborate his notes until the whole work has become the rounded expression of a mental attitude, a personality unique and distinctive, which called for record, lest our Academic Annals should miss somewhat of com- pleteness. For five and twenty years readers of " Alma Mater " have set especial value upon the occasional essays of Mr. W. Keith Leask, and not a few desired that, as the number of those fugitive pieces increased, they should one day be given a more permanent form. They seemed to be predestined for a book. Diverse in character, the essays were all informed by one spirit, a passionate loyalty to our University, its works and days, its men and matters, and in particular to King's College and the Aulton. Their very dust to Mr. Leask is dear. And to him has been granted a peculiar understanding of his theme, an unrivalled erudition, an entire unconventionality of view; above all, a memory of minute incidents and of individual character in the swiftly passing generations of students, which fitted this Nestor to preserve, as no other man could, the picture of a period. He had often been urged to collect his papers, but still he delayed. At last, some eighteen months ago, he took the urgent petition of a friend into serious consideration. Mr. P. J. Anderson, who had also long desired the volume, heard of the proposal, struck while the iron was hot, and took practical measures. The scheme was feasible. It should be done. Some one who detected in the essays an intimate kinship with Mr. Leask's Quatercentenary edition of Neil Maclean's " Life at a Northern University," proposed that the present book should be uniform with the other, on which it would be virtually a commentary. The Author saw reason in this, yielded, and set about making his selection, for which he found the happy title of " Interamna," "the town between the rivers," adding " Borealis," to hold it distinct from its Umbrian name-mother. Mr. Theodore Watt of the Rose- mount Press has spared no pains in the printer's and publisher's department.

^ " Interamna Borealis : being Memories and Portraits from an old University Town between the Don and the Dee ". By W. Keith Leask, M. A. Aberdeen : The Rosemount Press, 1917.

Mr. Keith Leask's "Interamna Borealis" 33

Such, then, is the genesis of this book, its birth and christening. For giving these more intimate details we make no apology : to Aberdeen students it is, as it were, a family affair, and the facts should be known. " There are reagions in families," said Mrs. Gamp, " for keeping things a secret, Mr. Westlock, and for having only them about you as you know you can repoge in." Here, having about us only those whom we can "repoge" in, reasons for secrecy there are none, albeit this exordium may lie somewhat out of a reviewer's beaten track.

These " Memories and Portraits from an old University Town between the Don and the Dee " are the outcome of a feeling towards the genius loci, which does not extend very far back into the deeps of time. With full con- sciousness of this limitation and of its historical importance (for it may be said to mark an epoch) Mr. Leask has struck the keynote of his book in an introductory essay, hitherto unpublished, on " The Academic Revival ". By this he means the growth of a filial spirit, reverent and affectionate, towards the University as an institution, as a home of venerable tradition, as the meet- ing place of choice comrades, as the apotheosis of the best days of life. In the earlier part of the last century such an emotion, although not wholly ab- sent, was not common. We have met, and have marvelled at, aged alumni, otherwise estimable persons, who seemed to hold not one happy recollection of their student days, and who in round terms abused their Alma Mater for a stony-hearted stepmother. Such a renegade may still exist here and there, but his rarity is proved by the pained reprehension with which a Class of more recent times viewed the epistle of a member, who, on receiving the Secretary's general invitation to keep touch and contribute to the Record, refused point- blank, saying that since the day he left college he had taken just as much interest in the Class as it had taken in him, and that was precisely nil. His amiable communication was conspicuous by its entire singularity. He alone rejected the brotherly tie of the four years' sojourn together. "Ephraim," said the Class, " is joined to idols : let him alone," and, with a tear, the Secretary filed the letter — " alms for oblivion ". Aristides (something less than Just) had signed his own banishment. Such apostacy is foreign to the motive and cue of " Interamna," which is the best testimony to the reality of the Academic Revival it prefigures. By a curious irony, duly noted by that perfervid son of King's, the ingenious Author, it was a Marischal man who gave the first impulse to the new and better sentiment. David Masson, rugged and leal-hearted, saw right through to the kernel of the matter. In him the flame burned pure. He understood what a University should stand for to her sons, and he awoke the dormant fires of patriotism by that article in " Macmillan's Magazine " of February, 1864, which Mr. Leask takes as the fons et origo of the movement. Masson, while pleading for the human and personal side of Academic association, was not insensible to the local and inir animate. Old Marischal College, as he knew it, had none of the architectural graces of King's, but to that gaunt pile he made his confession of loving-allegi- ance, and would not depart from it even when Simpson's finer lines had usurped the site. For him there was but one Marischal College, the college of Dugald Dalgetty, a house rude and plain of feature, but ever memorable and dear, a thing to lift his imagination to the frosty stars " seeming to roll, soliciting astrological watch " above the grey towers on winter nights. But Masson's sentimental vision had a practical side, a practical issue. His

34 Aberdeen University Review

" Macmillan " paper pleaded for an awakening of the historical sense, he hoped for some Anthony a Wood to prepare an AthencB et Fasti, or at least a society to do the work. He saw both his wishes fulfilled. His words inspired Mr. P. J. Anderson, while yet a student, to his invaluable researches into our Academic history : they led also to the resuscitation of the Spalding Club. Their works need no particular mention here. How the revival grew and was carried on in various directions by George MacDonald, Dr. Walter Smith, Colonel Johnston, Mr. J. M. Bulloch, Professor R. S. Rait, and others is the theme of Mr. Leask's opening chapter. An offshoot of the move- ment was the founding in 1883 of " Alma Mater " as the result of a speech by Dr. Beveridge to the Debating Society. From the mention of that event the chronicler passes by an inevitable next step to the names of W. C. M 'Donald and Adam Mackay.

Do our successors on the benches know these things ? What to them are the names of M 'Donald and Mackay? To former generations they meant much. It has always been one of the regrets of my life that I never had the good fortune to meet M'Donald, that rare and too early passing spirit, but Mackay (alas that he too is now only a memory !) is in one respect the pole of my college days, for he was my Mentor in University journalism, ft is impossible to speak of him in an impersonal way. My first glimpse of him I caught at a concert in the Music Hall shortly before I entered King's. The hall was crowded, there was " standing room only " in the gangway to the south of the east gallery, and there close by the wall stood an Olympian figure. It was a place of draughts, shrewd and compelling. Suddenly, at a pause in the music, the place resounded to an Olympian sneeze. I turned and saw that it proceeded from this remarkable man. " Who is that? " I asked an ex-Bajan who was with me. He looked at me, as who should say, " What 1 not to know him argues yourself unknown ". Then he added with crushing emphasis, "That is Adam Mackay". Somehow the phrase seemed to convey everything. It was not long before one knew that this was the Princeps Juventutis of the time. Before many Sundays had passed one had recog- nized him again in his unfailing place at the extreme right-hand corner of the front pew in the south gallery of Queen's Cross Church. One had seen him marshal a rectorial procession in Bon-Accord Square with the air and skill of a Field-officer. In those days we were sadly to seek in drill. To-day men would form fours in the orthodox way in two minutes under any leader who could give the word of command. Not so then. But Adam, gold-spectacled and calm, was equal to the occasion. He took his stand close to the West Craibstone Street entrance to the Square and set his disorderly forces in motion, anyhow, circulating round the garden railings. When he had got them well going, he drew near the left flank and cried as the straggling vanguard came on, " Fall into fours there, fall into fours ". He was obeyed. He carried some sort of a baton and regulated the advancing files. The stream of men came on to him a mob : it left him an ordered host m very presentable array. Most unmilitary, but most effective. Then he led them out into Bon- Accord Street and so down Union Street triumphantly, with "John Brown's Body" setting a good swinging pace. Then did we first clearly understand what Homer means by " marshaller of the people ".

It was in my Semi year that I at length made Adam's acquaintance. Some trifling foolish offerings of a Bajan pen to "Alma Mater" had found favour in the great man's eyes and saw the light in print. Early in the session of

Mr. Keith Leask's "Interamna Borealis" 35

1889-90 came a request in Mackay's firm stylographic character that I would join the Editorial Committee and attend next Saturday in Mr. Bisset's top room. Duffus's I never knew, worse luck. Mr. Leask hints at the reason for that removal. But the Broad Street meetings were great to those who never saw the earlier symposia. There we learned business. Adam's entrance was like the solemn eu^jy/tctre of the herald in the Theatre of Dionysus. He gave the law, heard reports, and settled the fate of shy contributors. The great moment came when he called on Bulloch to report on the poetry received on approval. Ever memorable is the Ballad of " False Louise ". The curious will find one stanza in "King's Notes " where it was quoted as a hint to Bajan bards how not to do it. The rest is silence. But not silent was the laughter of that top room. These were, however, the lighter interludes. The business of the University Magazine was seriously undertaken. Adam saw to that. "Interamna" records his work with perfect truth and fairness. His achieve- ment was the placing of " Alma Mater " on a sound financial basis. He knew that advertisements must be had, and he got them. The paper became a "recognized medium," and so it has remained. It is well that succeeding generations should know something of the man who did so much for the cor- porate life of the undergraduate, and Mr. Leask has given him a worthy memorial. Equally sympathetic is the paper on M'Donald. His work was different from Mackay's. Adam, like Delane, considered it no part of an editor's business to write for his paper, although he insisted on a high literary standard. M'Donald was a literary man, first of all, a scholar, a fine critic, a minute annotator of his own marvellously wide reading. He was perhaps the most gifted of Minto's most brilliant class, his first Bajans. In him the Academic Revival was personified. To him King's and former King's days were everything. The old associations were a stay and solace as he lay dying." It seemed fitting that the paper he nursed in its early days should have been the last he looked upon." The mantle of Mackay and M'Donald descended upon Allan Johnson, another whom the gods loved. Of M'Donald Johnson wrote : " He came of a stock which has been loved and rever- enced in Kildrummy for generations and which has long guided the parish from pulpit to schoolhouse ". "Their best testimonial and product," adds Mr. Leask, "would be found in W. C. M'Donald. 'The Class of 1880-84,' as Professor Minto said, ' has had no equal.' And of that Class he was by unanimous consent ' the universal favourite ' — brief but fitting memorial. What Arts man could have or desire more ? "

We have been tempted to linger over these biographical portions of Mr. Leask's book, and to add a note here and there, because they illustrate with especial force the author's contention that " the true university is a corporation that can never die, rooted in the Past and fronting confidently the Future ". Universities he sees " founded on and rooted in Religion and the Moral Law : the Teacher Theory, so far from being their Proprium is not even an Accident of their Being ". Mr. Leask looks for the growth and strengthening of this idea by which three of the former editors of " Alma Mater " were deeply in- spired. " To their memory this reprint of papers in the magazine founded and fostered by them is dedicated." The names in the dedicatory inscription are needless to say those of William Christie M'Donald, Adam Mackay, and Allan Johnson.

Some may sm.ile, perhaps, at Mr. Leask's hero-worship and ask what, after all, these young men did. M'Donald alone of the three has an "academic

36 Aberdeen University Review

record '' in the narrow sense. Johnson was content with a pass degree, Mackay never graduated. " This inequality of the reputation," as Emerson re- marks, "to the works or the anecdotes is not accounted for by saying that the reverberation is longer than the thunderclap; but somewhat resided in these men which begot an expectation that outran all their performances. The largest part of their power was latent. This is what we call Character — a reserved force which acts directly by presence, and without means. . . . ' Half his strength he put not forth.' His victories are by demonstration of superiority and not by crossing of bayonets. He conquers, because his arrival alters the face of affairs." They begot an expectation. Fate intervened, else had they nobly fulfilled it even further than they were permitted. As a vindication of character the life of all the three was an asset of our University history. Johnson, dead on the field in South Africa, has his memorial tablet in the Union. But their best monument is this book.

From the individual we come to the Class, to which Mr. Leask devotes at least five of his essays—" The First Class Supper," " The Class Roll," " The Oldest Class Record," " Meminisse Juvat," " Records of the Arts Class, 1884- 88," and incidentally several others. As the best expression of corporate life, as the indissoluble and distinctive bond of union between student and student, the old Class System was sui generis. We do not know what has taken its place to-day, when students follow their own choice in studies. Perhaps the University itself stands to them as the subsidiary unit did to us, and therein, on a broad view, there may be great gain. But it will be hard to persuade Mr. Leask that this is so. Of the thing that was, he has given us the quintessence and the history. The present generation will decide whether it has found any worthy substitute. To us of a former dispensation "Our Class " has a weighty significance. The members are not as other men. While life lasts they remain in a category by themselves. A chance meeting is an Occasion, opening up vistas of memory that lead back to the Crown, the Aulton, to familiar names and incidents, to the fighting of old battles over again. And it is more. For the Class is an Entity. There is in it some- what of the Divine. It is " Intelligent, Free, and Righteous," as Professor Fyfe used to reiterate with such emphasis in another connection. It has a Col- lective Mind that issues moral judgments to which we owe allegiance. Here let Mr. Leask supply proof in one of his choicest anecdotes.

One night George Morrison had succeeded in the lark (turning off the gas in the Humanity Manse) when Professor Ferguson had a Senatus dinner party. Suspicion fell on George, but he evaded the charge by an alibi. His landlady was before the Senatus and I believe I have read the minute of proceedings in their official records. I now feel like Sterne's Recording Angel, when he flew up to Heaven's Chancery, and dropt the ob- literating tear on the record as he handed it in. " She swore black and white," said my informant, a minister of the Church of Scotland. " She was a Papist, and maybe she saw her wye. Let us not too hastily prejudge. ' It coudna be Mr. Morrison, because at the time his boots, his only pair, wis afore the kitchen fire, and the door wis locki .' Weel, weel ; it lies atween her and her Maker this nicht. She obscured the fact that George gaed oot on his stockin'-soles." Then he brightened up. " But she'll hae the support 0' oor Class, onywye." To my mind the idea of that Arts Class, on the Day of Judgment, con- stituting itself into an Advisory Committee or Exemption Tribunal (under Lord Derby's recruiting scheme) has something in it positively of the Sublime.

Mr. Leask's whimsical point enshrines a deep truth. " The support o' oor Class, onywye," is a thing not to be lightly esteemed, a touchstone of honour to which any classfellow would gladly submit himself. " I speak for the Class," said an old King's man, as he enclosed a handsome testimonial

Mr. Keith Leask's " Interamna Borealis" 37

to a comrade seeking some appointment. It is possible that the august external Powers whom the document was intended to move did not entirely realize the full weight of that advocacy, for they knew not Joseph and the traditions of the place whence he sprung ; but the candidate himself, success- ful or unsuccessful, felt that he had not lived in vain. The Class, in its most distinguished representative, had thought him worthy and had desired to see him succeed one whose memory it held dear. It was enough. After that, Electoral Authority might please itself. There could be no bitterness in failure.

The Class declares itself in its Official Record, another product of the Academic Revival. Mr. Leask would note that in the Record it also betrays itself, for if power be lacking, the fact will out in that document. The su- preme manifestation of power he finds, justly, in Mr. Shewan's " Meminisse Juvat," which will never be beaten. It stands to mark the calibre of the men of 1866-70. Others may have done well, none so excellently. They were happy in their editor, who combined all the necessary qualities and qualifica- tions. What these are Mr. Leask lays down categorically. " The selection of an Editor is a matter equal to the task of a Cabinet in war time. Chairs can be filled up any day and are of no importance, but the Editor holds by divine right." Although Class Records are of later growth, they were at least worthily foreshadowed long before the Academic Revival took being. The ground was ready for Masson's good seed. Of this we have documentary proof in the essay, "The Oldest Class Record : 1787-91 ". Again it is Marischal College that leads the way. In 1803 the Marischal Arts Class of the years in ques- tion founded a Dining Club which met annually until 1834. Their Minutes which exist in MS., were kept with particular care and fulness, and although not intended to be more than notes of the yearly reunion, throw much in- teresting light on the members and their careers. The Class believed in matrimony. On 13 November, 1813, "Rob, sometimes called Bob, Morice was singled out as the only bachelor. He was admonished, and promised entire submission." Here we have the germ of the Class Paramount, Parental and Dictatorial. There was no evading the fiat. On 9 November, 181 6, "Boo Morice's submission to the will of the Class" (note the phrase) was practically announced, and Mrs. Morice's child, the parent of a long line of academic Morices, was enthusiastically toasted.

The pages of " Interamna " are so rich in allusion, suggestion, and memory that the task of representing the book adequately in a review is a task almost of despair. The undergraduate chapters alone would consume all our space ; they touch every side of byegone student life with affectionate remembrance and quiet irony. Nothing is forgotten. The Homeric combats of Bajan and Semi, the toil of the Tertian, the loftiness of the Magistrand, Bursary Night, walks and talks amid familiar scenes, the spell of well-known places, the Crown, the Cathedral, the High Street, the Br g o' Balgownie, the Links, Girdleness at midnight, visits to the theatre and vain shows in Weighhouse Square and the Aulton Market, all live again and will come home with grate- ful power to the men who find these inseparable from the history of their college days.

Mr. Leask is letter-perfect in the songs that have from time to time caught the popular fancy. He revives them, often with illuminating notes on date and authorship. We " hear old songs turn up again," and the author sings some of his own, as an interlude to his prose pieces. This from " October " ; —

38 Aberdeen University Review

There are bells in my ear that are ringing,

First bells that I ever heard ring, Never tune of the minhfullest singing

Can now such a melody bring. The first winds of winter are shaking

The last hectic leaf on the tree, Down the Spital the red gowns are taking

Their jocund way careless and free ; Is it fancy deceives, Or I hear in the leaves,

Their pattering feet in their glee ?

It is good to be merry, you know.

Ere the windows are dark in the street, Ere the sound of the grinding is low.

And evil days chance you to meet. When the almond tree blossoms in flower,

When clouds come apace after rain. When sun, moon, and stars seem to lour —

O, believe me, you'll often be fain To find your best cheer For the days that are near

In the dream you're a Bajan again !

But the undergraduate scenes are only a part of the volume. The pastors and masters are not forgotten. The section entitled "Olim Gives " presents the portraits of men we knew and of some who stood further off in time. There we meet once more with Principal Sir William Geddes who accom plished for the North "such a work as no other but Melvin has surpassed . . . When one reflects how far above his colleagues he stood in actual at tainments, I think we can be at no loss in assigning the advance in Aberdeen and all along the line, during his tenure of office, chiefly, if not rather entirely to his eff"orts, inspiration, and method." Each venerable and picturesque Principal Geddes and King's College were one and indivisible. He told Mr Leask that he believed the Crown would be found in his heart as Calais was in Mary's. He hoped it would be the last object he should see. "For nearly half a century he was our best and most representative scholar. Per- sonally," says Mr. Leask, " I owe much to his method, more to his enthusiasm, most to his spirit."

While Sir William Geddes was devoted heart and soul to the genius loci, it was not easy to "draw him " for reminiscences of the older personalities of King's College. Mr. Leask, at any rate, never succeeded in Boswellizing him on those earlier worthies. He would speak, however, of his first meeting in the quadrangle with George MacDonald. It is not easy to discover from Mr. Leask's text whether the Principal or another gave him an account of the future novelist's startling costume — "a broad bonnet, red waistcoat with brass buttons, tartan trousers, and a short tweed coat ". Was this general, or was MacDonald individually flamboyant? Did the novelist impress his own colour-scheme on his bizarre descriptions of Aberdeen students' dress in *' Alec Forbes " ? These have always been to the present reviewer a stum- bling-block. I think I have heard Mr. Leask confess to a similar misgiving. But this note of his hints at a grain, perhaps, of verisimilitude. Yet somehow "Alec Forbes" never seems to ring quite true, whereas the student episodes in "Robert Falconer " carry a more convincing air. " Interamna," by the way, gives an illustration of George MacDonald's window in the Spital. The illustrations, from Mr. W. F. Webster's admirable and unhackneyed photo-

Mr. Keith Leask's "Interamna Borealis" 39

graphs, include also a new view of the Crown, and peculiarly charming glimpses of Powis Gateway and the Chanonry. The Frontispiece is W. K. L. himself, here revealed not with his will, but at the insistence of his friends. There is also the " Quasi Cursores " sketch of Professor Masson.

Enter now, as we survey the gallery of Olim Gives, another well-known figure indispensable to the collection. He is celebrated both in verse and in prose. Let the Epigoni look well on him and learn to know him. To him, too, they owe much, for without him they could not find their way so easily about the Library shelves. Does any tradition of our quaint Moralist and erstwhile Librarian, whose labour gave us the great Catalogue, linger on at King's ? Does his shy and kindly spirit haunt the groves of Academe ? Is there any legend of his hat, his socks, his jokes, his marvellous diagrams, his "Primo, Secundo, Tertio," his "Springs" and "Guides" of Action, his analysis of Pleasures and Pains, his gnomic utterances on Whewell and Fleming, his devotion to Butler, his fine contempt of " Herbert Spencer and the small fry of metaphysicians " ? If not, there is help at hand. For here is a picture, round and full, of Professor John Fyfe, " Johnny," who lived in and only for " my Magistrands ". His was the only lecture of the Fourth Year, if men had already got their Natural History and Geology out of the way and did not frequent optional Christian Evidences ; hence the Pro- fessor considered the Magistrands his own peculiar property. The feeling was reciprocal. I cannot imagine what a Magistrand year would be without Professor Fyfe. Gradually, during the previous three sessions, all his best japes and illustrations, "Binnie the B aver with his dam dyke" and so forth, had filtered down to us, but they lost nothing in effect when at last we heard them viva voce. Of his philosophical teaching I am not competent to speak, but who among us who was not the better for having " sat under " this excellent old master ? He was himself a Moral Philosophy : perhaps his was the real chair of Humanity. Let Mr. Leask speak : —

Who can follow him into the long months of inaction and seclusion till the faces of •* my Magistrands " once again brought life and joy to the old Academic wit and humorist ? Long ere Andrew Carnegie had been invested with his millions, " Johnny " with his little had been discovering cases of hardship in the Class — so we learned in confidence from a friend of a recipient — and inditing cheery little billets (with enclosure) in some modified dislocation or distortion of writing that doubtless led him to hug the delusion that he had quite succeeded in disguising his impossible penmanship. For years he had been at it, no one had known it, and he died believing it unknown. He had no other friends but his Magistrands.

He remembered them all : he asked only their remembrance.

Remember me ! Not yet that hour Wi' ilka class the warl' a' ower, When we forget your hamely power

An' witty war, That sklented in our gude hame-ower

Braid tongue o' Mar.

When the last portal's passed by men, ,

And deeds are rankit tapmost, then On this ye may gey safe depen' —

I wad my life — That unco few get far'er ben

Than Johnny Fyfe.

To these lines every magistrand, from 1876 to 1894, will breathe " Amen ". They will thank Mr. Leask for this renewed glimpse of our Moralist out

40 Aberdeen University Review

for his constitutional on the Nigg Road or above Balgownie plucking a spray of lilac and " humming his artless little roundelay ".

Every page in this section of the book tempts the reviewer to quotation, but " Interamna " must be read to get the full flavour of these sketches. Here we meet again Dr. David Rennet, prince of extra-muralists, who abjured the " fetish-worship of the degree ". " I believe it was the earthly mission of David Rennet to explode this in the gentlest and most effectual way." He stood for knowledge, progressive and infinite. While he taught mathematics with equal care to don and dunce, he looked far beyond theorems and text- books. Even five minutes' conversation with Davie left a man richer on what- ever topic he touched, and his interests were world-wide. Were it the news of the day home and foreign, he left you with a conviction that you had not read carefully enough, that you had not gone the right way about getting the " hang of things ". Yet he never left a sting. He was healthy intellectual stimulus personified.

To complete the picture of King's in Mr. Leask's day, John Colvin, Sacrist of Sacrists, last of an old order, " oxters " the Mace and dons his faded purple gown once more before our eyes. Minto is here, "the Bien-aimd of his dynasty," and that makes up the sum for the reviewer of the " weel kent faces". But many will recognize Fuller, David Thomson, and Sir James Donaldson, while literary history claims the papers on John Barbour, Ossian Macpherson, and Rabbi Duncan. Masson I saw and heard on his last visit to Aberdeen, and glad I am thereof, for I know that W. K. L.'s witness of him is true, every word.

These notes can give but a partial account of a rich and many-sided book. It has been possible only to glance at salient features and to indicate types of the men and scenes that are for the Author and his readers "Interamna Borealis". Over that section entitled "The Library" we would gladly linger with "J. F." and Dr. Robert Walker and hear Leask discourse on "What Graduates Read — Then and Now ". Of the purely humorous and whimsical passages too little has been said, but our time is out ; and they must be read, imperatively, at first hand.

As I write, it is again October, the month that, above all others, draws the thoughts of King's men back to the Aulton and the Crown. Here in Hertfordshire the leaves are falling red and sere ; by this time they will be lying deep drifted along the walls in College Bounds and the Chanonry. This year fewer feet of students will rustle them when the bell goes at nine. The too-familiar simile of the leaves and the generations of men

oTjj itfp ^JWcDP ytyffi, rolt] Se koI wSpuv

takes a new and deeper significance for us in this fourth year of war when we think of our University's long Roll of Service and Sacrifice. But however rudely her ordered life has been interrupted, she maintains her continuity, in which, we take it, this book is an enduring link. For it is an outcome of that quickening of filial piety which taught her sons that she had a great history, by the light of which she must direct her course, in no spirit of narrow reaction, but ever seeking, amid progress, to be worthy of her heritage. " Interamna Borealis," discursive and informal though it be, embodies, with a vitality denied to more formal treatises, the Idea of a University, — " a seat of Learning, seat of the highest Learning of the day, the advanced trenches of the nation in a never-ending war ".

J. D. SVMON.

Reviews.

The Idea of God in the Light of Recent Philosophy. The Gifford Lectures delivered in the University of Aberdeen in the years 1912 and 1913. By A. Seth Pringle-Pattison, LL.D., D.C.L., Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1917.

The University has every reason to be gratified by this valuable addition to its Gifford Series ; and the public will be grateful for this volume which em- bodies the mature reflections of a lifetime on the most difficult and important of problems. In two respects these lectures occupy a place by themselves in the Aberdeen Series. Most, if not all, the courses given in the University, have taken the form of introductory, defensive, or historical discussions of the main subjects for which the Lectureship was founded : Professor Pattison deals with some aspect of the theological problem at every turn of his argument. And whereas most previous courses have treated religious experience as de- pendent for its value on the findings of philosophical and scientific investiga- tion, these lectures constantly appeal to the distinctive deliverances of ripe religious experience to correct the results as well as to guide the direction of philosophical analysis. Religion is recognized to have an independent place in the plan of human experience ; its demands and implications have to be explained and cannot be explained away by intellectual criticism. One must admit the wisdom and the sanity of such a position. It is, moreover, a view shared alike by a relentless intellectual scepticism (e.g. that of Hume or Pascal), and by the higher common-sense of mankind. The supposition that man must prove the existence of God before he builds a temple is indeed a curious inversion of human thought, hardly intelligible outside the circle of those who have succeeded in divorcing intellectual activity from the substance of human experience. It is no doubt important to handle with caution the claims of the religious attitude to have an independent sphere and even a special language of its own (Cp. p. 252). But to the discerning mind this should present no greater difficulty than is offered in the parallel case of the interpretation of artistic experience. Those best qualified to judge will readily admit that Professor Pattison has skilfully steered his course between those who take every word of religion to be the revelation of religious truth, and those who find no language but that of theology or philosophy adequate to its expression.

The author takes his stand upon the "instincts and beliefs which con- stitute man's higher nature. These are indeed imperishable, the supreme example of that power of self- maintenance and of adaptation to changing circumstance which, science teaches us, is the characteristic of all that lives " (p. 81). These instincts and beliefs along with "our common-sense attitude

42 Aberdeen University Review

towards natural things" (p. 183) form the background of the reflections upon the successive problems with which the lectures deal. The author's aim, consistently and steadily pursued from first to last, is to examine recent re- presentative philosophical theories concerning man's relation to the world, with a view to discovering how far they do justice to the fundamental claims which are thus rooted in the constitution of man's spirit. It is a unity of purpose rather than the unity of a system, which binds the chapters together. This is a gain to the reader, since the discussion is kept fresh and untram- melled at each stage. And it enables the author to present and confirm his main thesis from many different points of view. The positive philosophical doctrine which the author persuasively off'ers for acceptance may be summed up in the propositions : that there is no break anywhere in the structure of Reality ; that nature and spirit are inseparable from each other and form but different planes of Reality ; that man's spirit is thus " organic to the world " ; and that in the supreme values of man's life, truth and goodness and beauty, Reality is on the one hand affirming its inmost nature, and man on the other hand is appropriating Reality.

This doctrine will be seen to be in line with what is most important and probably most enduring in current idealistic thought. In a series of lectures which are on the whole critical of recent philosophical theories, the establish- ment of the position put forward is mainly indirect. But it gains in cogency by being placed in relief against explanations which are shown to break down at crucial points. And it is certainly in consonance with the assumption of the primary value of our elementary beliefs, from which the author starts. Professor Pattison is well aware that the doctrine rests in the long run on a conviction which is not reached by, and in a sense is beyond the reach of antecedent argument. " Every form of philosophical idealism," he says (p. 236), "appears to involve this conviction of the profound significance of human life, as capable of appropriating and realizing these [ultimate human] values. And without such a conviction, argument about God or the universe would seem to be mere waste of time ; for the man to whom his own life is a triviality is not likely to find a meaning in anything else."

The philosophical theories discussed do not follow any definite sequence in time or in logical relation : they are selected for their importance or re- presentative interest. But on the whole we may say the first series of lectures deals with theories which emerged into prominence in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, the second series with those which have claimed attention in the later period of the nineteenth century. In the criticism of the former perhaps most readers will agree that the most illuminating lectures are those entitled " The Lower and the Higher Naturalism " (Lect. V), and " Man as Organic to the World" (Lect. VI). Of the second series Lectures XIV and XV on the metaphysical positions of Bradley and Bosanquet deserve special attention. In these the author differentiates his views from a form of idealism with which he has much in common, but which on certain vital issues runs counter to that which he maintains. The main point of disagreement turns on the value attached to individuality, especially human individuality. The theories of Bradley and Bosanquet are criticised on the ground that the indi- vidual is exclusively or primarily treated as a representative of a universal. Whether it be a law or an end or a spirit does not seriously aiTect the ultimate issue ; the individual is conceived to be an instance of a principle, a variable

Reviews 43

element in the income of the Real not a component part of its capital. Against this view the author urges that the full meaning of the individual is not found at all unless we take his distinguishing and peculiar qualities as essential factors in his composition ; in a word the particularity of the individual, what he is to himself, is of vital moment in estimating his significance. It is difficult to deny the fundamental importance of this contention : and when emphasized it seems strange that it should ever have been ignored. Professor Pattison seems to consider that the admission of its importance is on the whole con- sistent with the general position advocated by the theories which he thus criticizes ; and he agrees with these authors in taking " intellectual coherence as an absolute criterion " (p. 239) of reality. No doubt intellectual coherence may mean many things, but as understood and accepted by Bradley and Bosanquet, I doubt if it is in the long run consistent with the interpretation of human individuality which Professor Pattison gives, and which seems so important and just. The discussion of this point would, however, be beyond the requirements of this review.

On two important subjects the reader may be expected to look for the formal judgment of the author — our knowledge of God and the permanence of the individual. It is evident from the author's main line of thought that man is capable of realizing the nature of an Ultimate Reality, and that this Reality is in some sense spiritual. But the question remains. What kind of knowledge has man of God or the Absolute ? Our author says " we have pro- ceeded in these lectures throughout on the principle of analogy, and it has been my contention that no other procedure is reasonable" (p. 324). Our knowledge of the Absolute has always the limitations of a human perspective. Such a declaration is consistent with an important statement which Professor Pattison makes on page 175, that we may suppose "larger intelligences exist- ing in worlds beyond our ken ". But it must be taken along with the doctrine that "the world of finite individuals may well constitute the End of the Absolute " (p. 294) ; and again with the view already mentioned that in those ultimate values which are supreme for us we are realizing and finding the very nature of the Absolute. Putting these statements together we are entitled to conclude that, however imperfect our knowledge of God may be, yet our knowledge, such as it is, has a measure of truth accurate within our sphere of being and adequate to our ends. The goodness and the beauty of which we are conscious may be a most imperfect approximation to the goodness and the beauty which are present to an absolute Spirit. But they must be unmistak- ably real expressions of ultimate goodness and ultimate beauty, if they are what we take them to be, and if they are what our author's doctrine claims them to be.

The problem of the permanence of the individual, or "Immortality," is handled most directly in Lecture XVIII on "Time and Eternity". The general argument here will be found both illuminating and suggestive to those who seek a solution of this problem. It puts the reader at a point of view from which he can conceive an immortal life, a life which maintains the unity of its being throughout the whole stream of actual and possible change. Taken along with the author's contention that the infinite reality " reflects it- self in finite nature" (p. 295) and fulfils itself in finite individuals, there can be no doubt regarding the conclusion to be drawn from the lectures. The individual is as valuable to the Eternal Spirit as the purpose of the Absolute

44 Aberdeen University Review

demands : and endurance for any longer or any shorter time than this no human being can demand. The author has abandoned the formulation of a more popular doctrine of immortality to which he once gave his adherence, and admits that " there is certainly possible a disinterested devotion to ideals whose triumph, as we quite simply say, we shall not be there to see " (p. 45). " Personal immortality, as the history of the race abundantly shows, is not an absolute necessity, in the sense that without it the world becomes a sheer irrationality " {ibid.). This sobriety of judgment will surely meet with general acceptance.

On many other points one would like to comment ; but this would carry us beyond the limits of this review. One expression of the true meaning of the principle of teleology deserves, however, a brief remark. Naturally the discussion of this conception occupies considerable space throughout the lectures. But one seldom sees its significance condensed into a pithy phrase. Teleology, our author points out, just means "await the issue," "see what it all comes to " (p. 331). In politics " wait and see " has done good service to a certain party. As a philosophical interpretation of the abstract and much- used concept of teleology, the phrase is at once wisdom and witticism.

J. B. Baillie.

Q. Septimi Florentis Tertulliani Apologeticus. The text of Oehler annotated, with an introduction. By John E. B. Mayor, M.A., Professor of Latin in the University of Cambridge. With a translation by Alex- ander Souter, B.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of Aber- deen. Cambridge : at the University Press. 191 7. Pp. xx + 496.

This volume is a most welcome contribution to the English study of Tertul- lian. Professor Mayor maintained the Cambridge tradition of attention to this Latin father which threw up, nearly a century ago. Bishop Kaye's mono- graph on TertuUian's theology. As we might expect from a professor of Latin, the present series of notes is mainly concerned with the Latinity of TertuUian's masterpiece ; it does not attempt to furnish the reader with the help afforded, for example, by Heinze or by the great Louvain editor, Waltzing. Professor Mayor indeed is modest enough to say that his notes " are not exhaustive, but are intended chiefly as a supplement to earlier commentaries " ; if they are not " by far the best commentary ever published," as Professor Souter enthusias- tically claims, they certainly contain rich materials for any student who has patience and scholarship enough to pick out what he wants from the com- pressed references and parallels. These were for the most part written in an interleaved copy of Oehler. The task of editing them must have been often arduous, and we owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Souter and his coad- jutors who have succeeded in adding this posthumous book to the credit of patristic learning in our country.

The editor's translation was a happy thought. It is based, of course, upon a first-rate knowledge of the language ; it is honest and accurate. The sense of Tertullian is frequently difficult to grasp, and much more difficult to reproduce in anything like idiomatic English. Sometimes one has the feeling that to translate him one ought to steep oneself in a writer like Carlyle ; there is the same undercurrent of sarcasm and defiant irony, the same allusiveness^ the same independence in the use of language. This is particularly true of a

Reviews 45

treatise like the *' De Pallio," with its clothes- philosophy, but it applies even to the Apology in part. Sometimes the translator does not follow Pro- fessor Mayor's text, and at one of these points he adopts a reading which robs TertuUian of an ironical touch. This is in chapter xxii., where the ordinary text grimly describes the demons of the air as " benefici plane et circa curas ualetudinum," and where " plane " is plainly sarcastic. Professor Souter's emendation of " venefici " is ingenious, but in the light of the context and of the author's characteristic attitude it seems hardly so apt. In chapter v., " tali dedicatore" means "in such an originator" rather than "(we glory in) being first dedicated to destruction by such a monster ". Similarly " bestiae super- iiciem" in chapter xvi. means "the upper end of a beast " — another sub-acid touch. In chapter xvii., "quibus continemur" surely means "by which we are preserved," rather than "restrained," and probably "uectigalis libertas " in chapter xviii. should be rendered "this permission brings in a tax". "Laesae augustioris maiestatis" in chapter xxviii. carries a play on words; it would be better to say, " injury done to a more august majesty," in order to suggest Augustus, than to render "more sacred majesty". The general sense of the famous passage in chapter xxxix. is well brought out, though one or two details invite comment. Professor J. B. Mayor's conjecture, "ipsa" for " ipse," in the opening sentence is plausible, and " corporation " is exactly the word for " corpus " as an equivalent for the Greek <rS>fia. I am not so sure of " clinch the teaching " as a rendering of " disciplinam . . . densamus," for " disciplina " has a wide range in TertuUian, which includes order as well as teaching, and which here might be taken in a larger sense. " We con- solidate our religious order " would bring out the sense perhaps. " De honoraria " (from a sense of obligation) may be an adjective, " dehonoraria," meaning " discreditable," instead of alluding to the monthly contributions of guild-members, just as "ingratiis," immediately below, has been interpreted as " disgusting." rather than as " unwillingly " — which sounds tasteless. Then, in chapter xlviii., "sed de nostra magis defensione, qui proponimus, etc.," means " but we do more in our defence by laying it down," not " but we are more concerned with our defence ; we lay it down ". I notice that while Professor Souter accepts Schrors' certain emendation of " caetra " in chapter vii., he does not acknowledge the same critic's verdict against " patris " in chapter ix. After the just and severe remarks in the introduction upon some German critics of TertuUian's text, it would have been a service to students to get the considered opinion of competent scholars like Professor Mayor and Professor Souter upon the Bonn professor's treatment of some cruces in the text of the Apology. As it is, however, the translation is a distinct advance upon any previous version in English, and it helps the reader to work more easily upon the following notes.

These notes Are written with such telegraphic brevity and crowded with such a wealth of references that the task of criticism becomes next to impos- sible, where it is not superfluous. All I can venture to do, in the space at my disposal, is to set down one or two things, almost at random, which oc- curred to me in reading the Apology over again with Professor Mayor's materials. On p. 420, in connection with TertuUian's absurd objection to wreaths of flowers, reference should be made to Professor Ramsay's para- graph on roses in religion, in his "Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia" (vol. ii., pp. 563-4). The description of the Jews in chapter xxi. as "dispersi, pala-

46 Aberdeen University Review

bundi, etc.," recalls Byron's lines about the "tribes of the wandering foot and weary breast," though I am afraid Tertullian had not a tinge of the English poet's sympathy and sense of pathos. On p. 297, the reference to Seneca (" De Benef." VII, 11, i) is inaccurate, as Professor Souter points out. Should it not be " I, i, i " ? On p. 39 (Mauritaniae) add M. Basset's remarks in the " Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics," II, 5 1 2a. On p. 304, with regard to the very difficult sentence about the Caesars and Christianity, reference should have been made to M. Guignebert's large monograph on Tertullian's political ideas ; but this work has been omitted by some oversight from the bibliography. To the references quoted in the first note on p. 382 add Musonius Rufus (ed. Hense) 42. The gymnosophists (p. 417) are mentioned more fully by another Carthaginian writer of the period, Apuleius, in his "Florida" (6), and the same author in the same book happens to note the connection between ^sculapius and Carthage — which might be added to the references on pp. 328-9.

Professor Mayor hopes that his notes may "prove that there is much in Tertullian of interest to any student, though no more of a technical theologian than Jakob Bernays". If that needs proving at this time of day, his hope should be fulfilled. Even if the dialogue of Minucius Felix were shown to be prior to Tertullian, the latter's masterpiece would remain the first great piece of Christian Latin literature — -facit indignatio prosam — notable not only for its linguistic interest but for the light which it casts upon the inner life of the Empire towards the close of the second century. It is regrettable that Pro- fessor Mayor did not live to show more vividly than these notes do the signi- ficance of the Apology for the Latin student, who is apt to dismiss the Latin fathers of the Church as dry, illiterate theologians. Tertullian is never dry. He is often perverse, but, like Ruskin and Carlyle, he is fascinating in his very perversities, and he carries off everything with the vigour and brilliance of his style. Even if we take Voltaire's principle, " j'ai dit que tous les genres sont bons, hors le genre ennuyeux," Tertullian would not fall under the same ban as many other patristic writers ; he never wrote a wearisome sentence, and the Apology is alive from start to finish. Even those of us who are primarily interested in its theology and who do not need to be enticed to the study of Tertullian must also rank ourselves, however, in Professor Mayor's debt. His work is a fresh proof of the service which classical scholarship can render to theological as well as to patristic knowledge.

James Moffatt.

Bach's Chorals. By Charles Sanford Terry. Part II. The Hymns and Hymn Melodies of the Cantatas and Motetts. Cambridge : at the University Press. 191 7.

Part I of Professor Terry's work on Bach's Chorals, treating of the Hymns and Hymn Melodies of the Passions and Oratorios, was noticed in the number of the University Review for November, 191 6. Part II — a goodly volume of 615 pages — deals with those contained in the Cantatas and Motetts. The Church Cantata of Bach's time may be defined as a short oratorio, and consisted of choruses, chorals, recitatives and arias for solo voices, with orchestral accompaniment ; no one of these elements, however, being essential to the completeness of the work. The Motett seems to have differed little

Reviews 47

from ths Cantata, except that in the former orchestral accompaniment was not indispensable. The ability to compose these pieces appears to have been one of the necessary qualifications of a Lutheran organist in those days. Handel said of Telemann that he could write a Motett in eight parts "as fast as another man could write a letter '' ; and we cannot suppose Bach to have been inferior in facility. As a matter of fact, he composed, mostly during his Leipzig period, no fewer than 295 Cantatas for church use, of which more than 200 are still extant. The Motetts number only six. Not- withstanding the small scale on which these works are constructed, they contain some of his finest music; which makes it all the more regrettable that we in this country have so few opportunities of hearing them. This is to be accounted for, partly by the fact that the great majority of them are to be had only with German words, and in a less degree by Bach's having used in his orchestration several instruments, such as the oboe da caccia, the oboe d'amore, and the taille (a tenor bassoon), which are now obsolete.

The old German chorals which appear in nearly all the Cantatas and Motetts form one of their most prominent characteristics. That Bach set a high value on them is clear, not only from his having used them with such profusion in his sacred works, but also from his having made a collection of about 240 of them, which were harmonized by himself. So treated — needless to say, with inexhaustible resource — they are fitted to produce a profound impression. The best of them are marked by dignity sometimes rising into grandeur, and a certain virile strength which makes them more suitable to be sung by men than by women. But they are so distinctively German, and breathe so much of the somewhat narrow and austere spirit of the German Reformation, that but for their incorporation into the works of a great musician, they would hardly be known beyond the borders of the country which gave them birth. A few of the Cantata chorals are known among us, such as Melchior Teschner's St. Theodulph, " Nun danket alle Gott," and the noble " Ein' feste Burg " (almost certainly by Luther). Attempts have been made of late — notably in the "Mission" Hymn-book of the Church of Scotland — to add to the number of German tunes used in our congregational singing. It is not probable, however, that these attempts will be attended with much success ; nor indeed is it desirable that they should. Such tunes as Tallis, old 124th, Farrant, Dunfermline, St. Ann, and a host of others, are, to our insular thinking at least, as good as any to be found in Teutonic hymnody. It should not be too much to expect, even of an unmusical nation, that it should be above the necessity of importing its psalm tunes.

Professor Terry's work begins with a lengthy introduction, which contains lists of the Cantatas grouped according to the seasons of the church year, of the various species of chorals, of the writers of the words of the hymns, and an excursus dealing with the chorals composed by Bach himself, a matter which, although of engrossing interest, is here for the first time made the sub- ject of adequate investigation. Professor Terry finds that there is sufficient warrant for attributing thirty chorals to Bach's authorship. The melodies of these are given, together with those of a few others of doubtful authenticity.

The main body of the work is occupied with an exhaustive account of the Cantatas. The date of production of each is indicated, also the instru- ments employed in the orchestration, and biographical details are furnished regarding the authors of the hymns and the composers of the melodies. The

48 Aberdeen University Review

latter are printed in their earliest accessible form, a circumstance which, while no doubt interesting from an antiquarian point of view, may prove embarrassing to readers who are accustomed only to present-day notation. It is not every one, for instance, who will understand that by E sharp, in Cantata 187, is meant E natural ; a survival from old times when there were no naturals — only sharps and flats.

Appendix II contains translations into English of the German hymns to which the chorals were set. Appendix III deals with the original texts of the Oratorios, Passions, Masses, Cantatas, and Motetts.

As to the manner in which Professor Terry has done his work there can hardly be any difference of opinion. Keeping in view the fact that his stand- point is historical rather than aesthetic, it is not too much to say that he has done it about as well as it could be done. Every page bears witness to the enormous amount of study and research which he has lavished on the exe- cution of his self-imposed task. Everything worth recording on the subject is here recorded, with a fulness which must satisfy the most exacting of Bach- students. The eulogium pronounced by an English critic on Dr. Spitta for his monumental work on Bach is equally applicable to Professor Terry — " Nothing can be more scientific and workman-like than the method with which he has exhumed and collected every detail from every source that might possibly bear upon his subject, and nothing more admirable than the warm enthusiasm which lights up his work ".

In one respect the appearance of this volume is inopportune. One would have liked to see what the musical critics of Germany had to say on a work carried out with a painstaking thoroughness such as has sometimes been claimed exclusively for their own countrymen. For that, however, as for so many other things, we must wait till the war is over.

H. W. Wright.

Les Doctrines Medi^vales chez Donne, le Pg^te M6taphysicien de l'Angleterre. Par Mary Paton Ramsay. Oxford : University Press. 1917.

No by-product of the institution of Carnegie Scholarships and Fellowships has been more pleasing than the renewal of the tie of scholarship which in old days bound Scotland to France. Some of our scholars have followed the beaten track which led to Germany before the War, and have added to the accumulation of Ph.D. dissertations on minute and often ill-chosen themes which are produced under the direction of German professors. But the two best pieces of linguistic and literary research carried out by Carnegie Fellows from Aberdeen are on subjects which they took up as a result ol their work here, and executed in Paris under the free and far from dictatorial direction of the great teachers of the Sorbonne. Dr. Ritchie's thesis was "crowned" by the French Academy. Miss Ramsay's was received last year with the warmest approval and congratulation.

The subject which the present writer suggested to Miss Ramsay on her leaving Oxford and proceeding to Paris was to carry further, what I had just touched upon in my edition 01 Donne's poems, the study of the metaphysical doctrines underlying Donne's poems and prose works with a view to tracing their origin. A great deal had been talked about the influence of classical literature and ancient philosophy at the Renaissance. But to understand and appreciate this influence it is necessary in the first place to be quite sure

Reviews 49

of what is new and what is mediaeval, to apprehend how much of classical literature and of Greek thought there was already in mediaeval literature and mediaeval thought. Comparetti and others have done much to show how classical literature shaped mediaeval, but what strange transformations Virgil and Ovid underwent. The influence of Plato, and still more of Aristotle on the Schoolmen, was an accepted dogma. Recent work, like that of M. Priavet, has shown how much Plato and Aristotle were viewed by the Schoolmen through the medium of Plotinus and the Neo-Platonists. The outcome was a complex scheme of dogma defined and formulated with the utmost fulness of detail by St. Thomas Aquinas, which dominated thought till nearly the end of the seventeenth century despite the disintegrating influences of the Reforma- tion, and still more of the revival of science and rise of a new philosophy fore- shadowed by Bacon and elaborated by Descartes.

Through the circumstances of his early education, as a Roman Catholic and probably intended for the priesthood, Donne was steeped in this theo- logical philosophy at an early age, and his " hydroptic, immoderate thirst of human learning " made him a student throughout his life of the theological controversies of the scholastic period of his own day, while introducing him also to the beginnings of the new thought in the work of Copernicus, Galileo, and (if he deserves a place) Paracelsus : —

New Philosophy calls all in doubt.

The use which Donne made of all the~.e scholastic dogmas in his early poems was " conceited " and flippant. He will call the lady whom he loves divine by attributing to her an identity of being and essence and the power of reading thoughts directly. He plays with Aquinas' theory of the substance of angelic bodies or the definition of the Divine nature by negatives. In his polemical religious writings, his thesis on suicide " Biathanatos," his " Ignatius his Conclave" an attack on the Jesuits, and in his Sermons he deploys it in a more serious spirit, and with a great parade of learning and references. Miss Ramsay's work has been to disentangle and define the dogmas which he formulates or merely alludes to and to trace their history. She has read Donne's voluminous works, her pen ever in her hand (as Gibbon de- scribes his method), noting every reference and collecting them. Then, guided by Donne's side-notes, she has traced each to its source in the work of the Fathers, the Schoolmen, and the Neo-Platonists, illustrating Donne's use by quotations from the sources as well as from contemporary writers like Lord Herbert of Cherbury and others.

After sketching Donne's life Miss Ramsay takes up his doctrines under the heads of the Universe and Existence (the creation of the world, the nature of evil which is a privation not anything existent, miracles), God (known to us. by reason, faith, and grace, negative and positive theology, the Trinity), Angels: (their immateriality, hierarchy, creation, etc.), Man (his double nature, the correlation of soul and body, a favourite topic with Donne, immortality), Ecstasy in the mystical union of the soul with God, the Sciences (alchemy, medicine, etc.). Under each of these heads she has gathered together a mass of information useful for the student not only of Donne's poems and prose, but of every learned poet and writer to the end of the seventeenth century, for in all of them will be found allusions and difficulties which are readily- comprehensible if one has some familiarity with a body of dogma of which

4

50 Aberdeen University Review

few know anything to-day, but with which every one was in some degree acquainted throughout the Middle Ages.

One of the not least valuable parts of the work of Miss Ramsay is the Appendixes in which she has prepared lists, full if not exhaustive, of the books used and referred to by Donne. Some idea of an author's library is invaluable for the student of his work. The importance of this has been too often over- looked. What a help it would be to know the books which Shakespeare actu- ally possessed, the library that Milton brought home from Italy.

Miss Ramsay's work is a model of the kind of preliminary work which will have to be done for other authors before we are in a position to estimate their originality and worth aright, or indeed to understand their full signi- ficance.

H. J. C. Grierson.

An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language. By A. Macbain. 2nd Ed. Pp. xiv + xxxvii + 412. Stirling, 19 11.

It is the fate of all etymological dictionaries to age rapidly. Even in the case of the classical languages of Europe and India, with which grammarians have busied themselves for thousands of years, the number of etymologies that can count on safety from revision is comparatively small ; and in the Celtic field, which has seen the introduction of scientific methods of investigation only recently, progress, or at any rate change, has been more rapid during the last quarter of a century than elsewhere. No one, therefore, will be surprised to learn that Dr. Macbain's Dictionary, the first edition of which appeared in 1896, required thorough revision.

The production of such a work twenty years ago must be considered a remarkable achievement, particularly if one takes into considerations the diffi- culties which the compiler had to face. But judged even by contemporary standards the Dictionary had some serious defects. It would be easy now to point to hundreds of erroneous etymologies ; but that is a matter of secondary importance. Undoubtedly the chief fault in the book is the almost complete absence of references to the sources, for in an etymological dictionary, as Prellwitz, whom Dr. Macbain took for his model, seems to have realized be- fore publishing the second edition of his Etym. griech. wtb. the references are more important than the etymologies. Of less consequence, though more irritating, is the confusion of cognates and derivatives illustrated in such articles as, laghach : Lat. lectus, Eng. election ?. ifrinn : Lat. infernum, adj. in/emus, Eng. infernal. sioR : Lat. serus, Fr. soir, Eng. soiree. There are probably readers who might find such equations instructive but they do not read etymological dictionaries.

A difficult question is raised by Dr. Macbain's attempt to exclude from his Dictionary all Gaelic words which, though used in Ireland, are unknown in Scotland. It is true that it would be very desirable to be able to say in a given case : This word does not appear in Macbain's Dictionary ; it is there- fore peculiar to Ireland. But it seems very doubtful if Dr. Macbain himself realized what is implied in the statement that a particular Gaelic word is ex- clusively Irish, The study of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland has scarcely begun and till it is completed the "redding of the marches," to use Dr. Macbain's phrase, between Scottish and Irish Gaelic will be impossible. And apart from this difficulty, it may be suggested that Dr. Macbain's plan in-

Reviews 5 1

volves a confusion of the rdle of the grammarian with that of the literary critic.

The editor of the "Etymological Dictionary " had an enviable opportunity of utilizing the progress made in the study of the Celtic languages during the last twenty years ; but he has not taken advantage of it. The second edition of the book is, to all intents and purpose?, a reprint of the first. Additions and corrections published or left in MS. by Dr. Macbain have been incor- porated ; one or two changes were introduced by Dr. Hend rson who, un- fortunately, was able to revise only a few of the sheets ; otherwise there is no alteration whatever. So far, indeed, has the editor pushed his conservatism that in the list of works used or referred to, p. xiii f., " Bezzenbergers Beitrage " is described as "still proceeding". This was true in 1896 but was not true in 191 1. The "Revue Celtique " is still at the same volume as in 1896; and two journals founded since 1896, but before 191 1, are not mentioned. The curious reader will also search in vain for the " Supplement to Outlines of Gaelic Etymology " referred to in the preface as forming a new feature of the book.

Celtic scholars will be glad that Dr. Macbain's Dictionary is still obtain- able, but their satisfaction in this respect will scarcely prevent a regret that the editor has not made some concession to the progressive character of knowledge.

John Eraser.

A Concise Bibliography of the Printed and MS. Material on the History, Topography, and Institutions of the Burgh, Parish, AND Shire of Inverness. By P. J. Anderson. Aberdeen : at the Uni- versity Press, 19 1 7. Pp. 264. (Aberdeen University Studies, No. 73.)

Concise bibliography is one of the most important time-savers in the world of literature. Thus the bibliography of a locality is the key to all topo- graphical and historical knowledge derivable from literature of the geological testimony of its rocks, its natural productions, the ethnologv, public and domestic annals of its people, their habits, customs, language, education, religion, industry and commerce from the earliest records down to the cur- rent issue of its newspapers. This Inverness bibliography fulfils every re- quirement with simplicity of arrangement, an extensive range of contents tersely described and instructively annotated, and ample facility of re'erence supplemented by a comprehensive general index. The fruit of an unex- ampled knowledge of every phase of the subject, widely expanded research, laborious analytical industry, ingeniously advanced method embodying con- siderable improvements upon all precedents, it is the most perfect and com- plete book of its class yet published in this country.

The appropriate frontispiece, reproducing the title-page of a Gaelic Psalter of 1774, believed to be the first book printed in Inverness, evidences the literary state of the county at the time. Authorship was rare, and for the next half century gave little support to the local press, the early issues of which are extremely scarce : it may be that some have completely disap- peared. The annual issue of an " Almanac " for the Northern Counties began in 1802; the "Inverness Journal," born in 1807, expired in 1848; the "Inverness Courier " will celebrate its centenary on 4 December, 191 7 ;

52 Aberdeen University Review

the "Celtic Magazine," an excellent monthly, ran from 1875 to 1888; the "Highlander," which usually contained several columns in Gaelic, appeared weekly from 1873 to 1882. But the prevalence of Gaelic speech in the county could not be inferred from the bibliography, for it bulks in English, and most books in the ancient tongue have been printed in Edinburgh and Glasgow. If I had done this bibliography I should have devoted an entire section to the language of Eden.

The student can trace in the pages of the bibliography the modern pro- gress of scientific research into Inverness history, and the remarkable advance in the knowledge and culture of Celtic philology which Northern scholars have achieved during the past half century. William Forbes Skene is still our best authority on early Celtic annals, but the first historian to devote his attention to Inverness was the late Charles Eraser Mackintosh, LL.D., 1897, whose volumes of "Antiquarian Notes " Mr. Anderson has carefully analysed. Alexander Ross, LL.D., 1895, the veteran archaeologist, published invaluable studies of "Old Inverness," "Castle Urquhart," "Rowdill Church," and many other ecclesiastical antiquities and of numerous prehistoric relics. William Mackay, LL.D., 1914, is author of "Urquhart and Glenmoriston," one of the best local histories we possess, of " The Records of Inverness " (New Spalding Club), and other historical works. The University of Aber- deen, pre-eminently the University of the Scottish Gael, generously bestowed her honours upon those Highland worthies. In the eighteenth century two notable Celtic scholars were educated here : James Macpherson (Ossian), poet and historian ; and Ewen MacLachlan, poet and translator, the philo- logist responsible for the Highland Society's Gaelic Dictionary, and for an excellent version of Homer in Gaelic which is still an unpublished manu- script. In the nineteenth century the scientific study and culture of Scots Gaelic numbered among their most learned advocates and promoters : Alex- ander Cameron, LL.D., Edinburgh, 1888, author of " Reliquiae Celticae," 1892-94, 2 vols., an authoritative work: Donald Tolmie Masson, M.A., King's College, 1849, author of " Vestigiae Celticae," 1882, whose extensive Celtic library was added a few years ago to the already large collections be- longing to the University: Alexander Mackenzie of the "Celtic Magazine,' the voluminous genealogist of the Northern clans : and Alexander MacBain, LL.D., 1901, author of "An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Lan- guage," 1896, "Place Names of Inverness-shire," a "Gaelic Grammar," and many other works, the most erudite Celtic scholar of his time. Their re- seaiches discovered much error and destroyed many fallacies, and thanks to them, no literary charlatan is now more easily detected and exposed than the pretended authority upon local Celtic nomenclature.

In his preface Mr. Anderson desiderates similar bibliographies for Moray and Nairn and all the counties north of Inverness to complete the series for the district assigned by statute to the University of Aberdeen, the southern boundary of which is Argyle, Perth, and Forfar. Interest in the science is well maintained by the Bibliographical Societies of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and no better model can be recommended for future work than Mr. Ander- son's book.

J. F. Kellas Johnstone.

Reviews 5 3

Founders' Day in War Time. By Sir Adolphus William Ward, Litt.D., F.B. A. Manchester : University Press ; and London : Longmans, Green & Co., 1917.

This is an address delivered on 23 March at a Memorial Service for members of the University of Manchester who have fallen in the War, by the Master of Peterhouse, who was formerly Principal of Owens College and Vice-Chan- cellor of Manchester University.

We have much pleasure in directing the attention of our readers to one of the most elevated and inspiring discourses on its subject which the War has produced. A large part of it consists in a review of the history of edu- cation and especially of University education in Manchester. But the ad- dress opens and closes with noble enforcements of the moral and intellectual functions of a University ; the fruits of which are illustrated by the service and sacrifices of her sons fallen wounded or still serving.

. . . The functions of learning to work and learning to live are not separate ; rather the one comprehends the other : we serve our generation, our country, and the better future of a better world, by what our lives and this training have made us — of which our know- ledge, our skill, our very aspirations are only part. And when, as in the present days of direct and personal appeal, the supreme test is both applied and satisfied within our own academic body, those members of it whose duty is but to witness and record, may bow their heads in thankfulness.

. . . For the student of all ages and stages, those trials [which alone can bring his qualities to perfection] are quotidian and diverse, and Heaven forbid that we should think them, even in days of peace and quiet, restricted to the spheres of the examination-hall, the scientific arena, or the literary market. And, as we have seen now and are seeing daily, they may take the tragic shape of demands not to be met, by either the bravest or the brightest of learners and teachers in our University . . . except in the full and unstinted spirit of absolute and entire self-sacrifice. . . . There is a word of "good counsel " with which I would fain end . . . the simple but solemn adjuration of the kindliest of our great poets: " Loke up on bye, and thanks God of alle". . . . Over us and in us are those moral laws which are eternal. May our University continue to aspire, and may it also continue to trust 1 Look up on high, not only in anxious quest of the power which springs from knowledge and makes for freedom, but also in perfect assurance of the Wisdom and the Love which are Divine !

The Layman's Book of the General Assembly [Church of Scotland] OF 1 91 7. Edited by the Rev. Harry Smith, M.A., Old Kilpatrick. Edinburgh: J. Gardner Hitt. Pp. vi 4- 150.

This useful summary of the Assembly proceedings is as judiciously compiled as ever, and the editorial sketches prefaced to each day's report are written with all the vivacity we now expect from Mr. Smith's pen. The 191 7 As- sembly was in no way conspicuous, and to many its chief interest lay in the Moderatorship of Professor Cooper. As the editor remarks, the honour of the Moderatorship was long overdue in Professor Cooper's case, though few have more worthily earned it. " As pastor, as preacher, as professor, as ecclesiologist, as author, and, not least, as genial, courteous, and ever-helpful friend. Dr. Cooper is known and esteemed far beyond the confines of the National Church of Scotland, and he is held in the highest regard and affec- tion even by those who do not share all his views and sympathies." An admirable portrait of Dr. Cooper in his robes is prefixed to the volume.

54 Aberdeen University Review

ABERDEEN ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND SCOTTISH ETHNOLOGY.

A paper of unusual appeal to Northern readers appeared in " Nature " for 4 October from the pen of Professor Arthur Keith of the Royal College of Surgeons. It deals with that most vexed of questions, the Ethnology of Scotland, and sets before us the latest advances in the research and parti- cularly the contributions which our own University and those of Edinburgh and Glasgow have supplied.

The position which Huxley took up in 1866 as to the existence of a tall^ long-headed, fair element in the populations of Scotland and Ireland which formed a large part of our primitive stock still holds good. These came pre- vious to the Norse and Danish invasions and before the long-barrow people of Mediterranean origin had reached Arran in Ireland. A study of the place- names by Dr. W. C. Mackenzie reaches like conclusions but places their ar- rival in the post-Neolithic period. The part which the anthropologists of Aberdeen University — Professor Reid, Dr. A. Low, Dr. Tocher, Dr. W. R. Macdonell, and Mr. John Gray — play in this interesting work refers mainly to the short-cist folks who were a wonderfully uniform group showing a peculiar type of brachycephaly, the nearest approach to which is to be found on the upper waters of the Elbe and the Rhine, where also the Hon. John Abercromby found prototypes of the Aberdeenshire grave beakers. All over the county of Aberdeen are found burials in short-cists, which certainly go back to an early stage of the Bronze Age and are approximately dated about 1500 B.C. There could be no sharper contrast between two human types than there is between those squat, bullet-headed people and the Nordic.

Mr. Gray and Dr. Tocher have shown us how far the stock introduced by the short-cist people has been perpetuated. They examined 402 men and found only 5 per cent true to the type, whilst 9 per cent were technically of the round-headed type with a cephalic index of 80 or more. The prevailing forms varied between the upper limits of long-headedness and the lower of round-headedness. These modern Buchan people were on an average about 4 inches taller than the short-cist men, and had the fair colouring in hair and eyes of the present Bavarian. How and when the Nordic type reached Aberdeenshire we have no precise evidence. But certainly it is at present the prevailing type. Sir William Turner's share in this investigation includes a monograph describing 176 skulls of modem Scots and another on pre- historic crania with his conclusions regarding the races that have become fused in the Scottish nation. Of 49 skulls from short-cists, 34 were brachy- cephalic. He agrees that they were Alpine or Central European in origin.

Of the more ancient Scots who were buried in the chambered cairns in the later Neolithic times, Turner believed that they were traceable to a Mediterranean stock. " One cannot help being impressed," says Dr. Keith, " by the length and relative narrowness of face of the more ancient Scottish skulls ; we seem to see in them already the peculiar traits so common in the faces of modern Scots." Of the people who lived in Scotland in the early Iron Age, Sir William Turner owns that we know almost nothing. They apparently burnt their dead. He accepts on faith that with the introduction of iron a Celtic people came, a long-headed race, which gave the modern impress to the Scottish type. There must be a Welsh, a Danish, a Scandi- navian, and a Saxon element in the modern Scottish, but the origin of the real bulk of the people — the descendants of Gaelic-speaking ancestors — re- mains still an enigma.

Reviews 5 5

The Anthropological School at Glasgow University worked at the ex- ploration of the chambered cairns of Arran, disclosing a Neolithic folk of the Mediterranean stock whose culture is of the South. The most remarkable result is that of Dr. Matthew Young, Professor Bryce's assistant, who dis- covered a close similarity between the skulls of a comparatively modern burial ground in Glasgow and the collection from Whitechapel, described by the late Dr. W. R. Macdonell. This is not so wonderful when we recall the fact that since the close of the Bronze period invaders and immigrants have invariably been members of the Nordic stock. We do not know when that stock first settled in Britain, but it is difficult to account for all the facts now at our disposal, unless we accept Huxley's hypothesis, that it reached Britain very early — probably, as Professor Bryce supposes, at an early Neo- lithic or more ancient date. A. M.

EUGENIC RESULTS OF THE WAR.

Dr. Ronald Campbell Macfie(M. A., 1887; M.B.,C.M.,and LL.D.,Aberd.) contributes to "Science Progress" for July, 191 7, a paper on "Some of the Evolutionary Consequences of War ". After showing the erroneousness of some of the current generalisations on the dysgenics of war, and among them the state- ment of Dr. Starr Jordan, that war was the cause of the degeneracy of the Romans and that the Napoleonic Wars lopped inches off the stature of the Frenchmen, Dr. Macfie advances certain unconsidered or little considered facts on the subject, partly derived from his own experience as a medical examiner of recruits. In answer to the statement that the fittest breeders are selected for the fighting forces of a nation, and the less competent left to father the next generation, he reminds us that the great majority of men rejected have been so for defects and diseases not likely to affect their offspring ; while those passed for service are not always the flower of the land, but men of all sorts of physique and powers of vision. Upon these the conditions of modern war work indiscriminately ; it is neither always the weakest nor always the strongest whom war slays. " And even if — as we question — modern war- fare do chiefly kill off the bigger and the stronger men, so also do many industrial occupations." Indeed " war is eugenic in so far as it takes men from the dysgenic industries of peace". Its advantages, however, in the good food and physical training that soldiers enjoy, with the higher wages at home, will probably be nullified by a greater prevalence of drunkenness, nerve and vice diseases and the greater poverty that will follow the war. On the whole, keeping in mind these conflicting factors and also that only a part of the male population is subject to the direct selection of war, that many of them leave children, that skilled workmen are sheltered in factories, that all females are unselected by war, that variations in physique even if selected are often only nurtural and that in any case all stocks remain well represented in the survivors, Dr. Macfie thinks " we might be justified in concluding that the present war is unlikely to have any important eugenic or dysgenic effects on the nations we have under view ". But are " all females unselected by war " in its modern con- ditions ? And while it may be granted that modern warfare is more indis- criminate than war used to be, what of the undoubtedly greater mortality it produces among those who combine greater skill with greater robustness — as in the case of the Flying Corps, and in the huge proportion of subalterns killed — subalterns no longer drawn from one class of society but from the best of all classes ?

56 Aberdeen University Review

Dr. Macfie concludes by emphasizing one important eugenic action of war, which, he says, has strangely escaped scientific notice, " It will lead to a much more stringent selection of women by men. ... It is not men the bullets select but women. War slays indiscriminately . . . the real racial selection is the selection of women made by the eyes and hearts of the men who survive the war. Every war will result in a selection that will do some- thing to set up evolutionary tendencies opposite to its own brutal, truculent, anti-social spirit. Verily it is a fool proof world ! "

Of war publications we have received the following: "The German Terror in Belgium," by Arnold S. Toynbee (Hodder & Stoughton) — an ordered and carefully authenticated record of the treatment of the civil popu- lation in the countries overrun by the German armies during the first three months of the war ; it is arranged so as to follow separately the tracks of the different German armies which traversed different sectors of French and Bel- gian territory and describes the invasion of Belgium up to the sack of Louvain ; there is a good map. " Poland for the Poles " (George Allen & Unwin) — contains the resolution of "The French League for the Defence of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen," for the Independence of Poland, and articles on Poland by Maurice Maeterlinck, Professor Charles Richet and Pro- fessor Gabriel Sedilles.

From America come the following : " Why we are at War : Messages to the Congress, January to April, 191 7, by Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States," with the President's Proclamation of War on 6 April, and his Message to the American People, 15 April (Harper & Brothers). "Col- umbia War Papers," Series i, Numbers 1-16 (Division of Intelligence and Publicity of Columbia University, New York), are short tracts of from 6 to 1 2 small pages, dealing with such subjects as " Enlistment for the Farm," "Food Preparedness," " How to Finance the War," " Bread Bullets," " Why should we have Universal Military Service?" "Rural Education in War" ; while one of 118 pages is "A Directory of Service, how and where each member of the community may find work for the nation," by a number of contributors. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace sends its publication. No. 12, " Russia, the Revolution and the War," an account of a visit to Petrograd, Helsingfors, etc., in March last, by Christian L. Lange.

UNIVERSITY PERIODICALS.

We have received No. 2 of Vol. XIX (November, 1916) of "The Alumni Register, University of Pennsylvania," some eighty octavo pages, with articles on interesting old alumni and their portraits; on "The Plattsburg Movement, the University of Pennsylvania and the new Department of Military Science and Tactics," and "The United States Naval Volunteers' Summer Cruise " ; Editorial comments, a record of University activities and lists of graduates. We greet the flourishing University whose first Provost was a graduate of King's College, Aberdeen (see p. 27 of this volume of the Review).

The " Sydney University Medical Journal " for June, 1 9 1 7 (New Series, Vol. XII, Part i), has reached us. It contains two editorials on " Hospital Policy " and "The University Colleges," and other articles both general, "The

Reviews 5 7

Romance of Coins" (illustrated), by G. H. Abbott, B.A., M.B., Ch.M., "The History of Medicine in Greece," Prize Essay by H. J. Brown; particular, "Some Aspects of Abdominal Pain," by A. S. Vallack, M.B., Ch.M.; and personal, on Dr. Cecil Purser, the new Vice-Chancellor, with sketch, " The Pioneers of our School," by A. E. Mills, M.B., Ch.M., Professor Haswell, with portrait, and other officials ; some verse, lighter sketches of a humorous tone, correspondence and notes. Both letterpress and illustrations are ad- mirably done — mingling instruction and amusement deftly as only doctors seem able to do.

We have also received the Theology and Philosophy Class List of " The Athenaeum Subject Index to Periodicals, 191 6," 48 pp. (The Athenaeum, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C. 4). The List contains entries of 1587 articles, distributed under 855 subject headings. The authors of signed articles number 102 1, and 187 periodicals are cited; among the periodicals cited is the Aberdsen University Review. In this List " Re- ligion " comprises not only the Christian and non- Christian, but also primitive religion, and thus draws in witchcraft, magic, and the occult. In the same way, philosophy, including ethics and psychology, carries with it some head- ings verging on social, medical, and pathological psychology.

"Bibby's Annual, 191 7" (J. Bibby & Sons, Ltd., King Edward Street, Liverpool) is specially noticeable for a large number of reproductions of famous paintings by Leighton, Watts, Burne-Jones, and other artists. Many of them are coloured, and their excellence warrants the editorial expectation that " the great business of colour production, which originated in England, and was afterwards developed in Germany, is not unlikely to find its way back to its original home ". One of the illustrations is Sir Edward Burne- Jones's unfinished picture of "King Arthur in Avalon" — a splendid example of the great painter's characteristic style. Sir Philip Burne-Jones contributes two interesting articles on his father, one treating of him as "The Man," the other as " The Artist ". Several articles deal with the educational and other problems of the moment, particularly as affected by the war ; a few are de- voted to theosophical subjects — reincarnation, etc.

Received : " Lectures on the Church and Sacraments," by P. T. Forsyth, M.A., D.D. (Longmans, Green & Co.); "Classical Association of Scotland Proceedings, 1914-16" (H. J. Pillans & Wilson); "Margaret of Scotland and the Dauphin Louis," by Louis A. Barbe (Blackie &Son); "Wonder Tales from Scottish Myth and Legend," by Donald A. Mackenzie (Blackie & S m) ; "At the Serbian Front in Macedonia," by E. P. Stebbing (John Lane) ; "Illinois," by Allan Nevins (Humphrey Milford) ; "The Principles of Ra- tional Education " and "The King's Fishing Done into Verse," by Charles A Mercier, M.D. (London: The Mental Culture Enterprise, 329 High Holborn, W.C. i) — the first a depreciatory criticism of existing methods of education, particularly of the classical system ; " Temporary Heroes " (John Lane) ; " The Roll of Pupils of Upper Canada College " ; etc.

[Several reviews are unavoidably held over.]

\

Correspondence.

PROPOSED ELPHINSTONE HALL.

The Editor, "Aberdeen University Review".

82 Union Grove, Aberdeen, ID September, 1917.

Sir,

A letter recently written to me by Mr. P. J. Anderson strikes me as peculiarly applicable to the condition of the University after the War, when the North will be poorer and the decay of numbers in the Arts Faculty be a certainty for a time. The residential system I had proposed had long ago been advocated by Cosmo Innes ; at the Fusion in i860 it was much in the thoughts of the leaders ; from 1869 it often appears in the Minutes of the General Council ; and alone it remains unfulfilled of the recommendations of the Extension and Endowment scheme of 1 896. It has been again urged by Dr. A. Shewan in his able and beautiful " Record " of the 1866-70 Arts class. The letter I regard as admirable and practical in every way, and as consequently meriting a place in the Review.

At the request of the Editorial Committee, I have agreed to elaborate Mr. Anderson's propositions in an article to appear in the February Review. Meantime I send you his letter for insertion in the November number.

I am,

Faithfully yours,

WM. KEITH LEASK.

(Copy letter — Mr. P. J. Anderson to Mr. Wm. Keith Leask.)

Universitv Library, I September, 1917.

My dear Leask,

I note from advanced sheets of " Interamna Borealis " which have passed through my hands that you advocate the revival of a modified residential system for our students. I should like to see in the Aberdeen University Review a thoroughly comprehensive article on the project of an Elphinstone Hall at King's. But, to be effective, it must exhaust the subject, (i) historically, and (ii) practically. I think I could post you up

Correspondence 5 9

pretty fully on both sides, as the scheme has been an ideal of mine, ever since I saw the " Class " system begin to disappear. Meantime, I send you some memoranda for your consideration.

I. Retrospective.

(a) There can be no doubt that the original Elphinstonic idea under- lying the foundation of the College of St. Mary within the papal University^ was to set up a social life for students under the direct supervision of " re- gents " or " tutors ". There is abundant evidence of such a system in the Records, and indeed a phantasm of it lingered on till early in last century.

(d) What really gave the residential system its death-blow was the sub- stitution for the old regents — each directly interested in a particular group of students — of specialized professors each interested only in a particular subject. Marischal College took the lead in this change about 1750 ; King's delayed till about 1 800.

(c) Of course advancing knowledge called for specialists, and no Univers- ity could afford to ignore the demand. But the mistake that the Scottish Universities made was to sweep aside the old regent altogether, and to put the specialist professor in his place. Oxford and Cambridge were wiser in their generation, and retained the two side by side — each with his proper functions. The greater American Universities, also, have their professors and their tutors, combined with a residential system, which, even more than that of England, supplies a model which the Scottish Universities would do well to keep in view.

(d) The disappearance, under the changes introduced by the Act of 1889, of the "Class" system (which had exerted an es/>ri/ de corps influence the same in kind as that exerted by residence), has led to a renewed demand for a social life combined with a tutorial direction of studies, to replace the taking of notes from stereotyped lectures delivered to classes of unwieldy size, such as you and I remember. This demand was first given expression to by the General Council.

II. Prospective.

((?) Any system of residence must be begun for the Faculty of Arts, and must be of such a nature as to bring into contact, not students of a special social grade or those having in view a special professional life (church, teach- ing, etc.), but students of all grades, and of all ambitions, having in fact nothing in common but intellectual ability to profit by a University training.

(/) For some time to come residence could not be made compulsory on all students. Indeed, it could only be by degrees that sufficient accommoda- tion could be provided to give house-room to all our students.

{g) The total cost of residence and board must not exceed the minimum cost of lodgings life in Aberdeen. This would involve not merely the initial provision of buildings in which the student could have accommodation rent free, but the addition of an endowment sufficient to ensure the furnishing of satisfactory board at a price very little, if at all, exceeding the cost of the raw materials.

{h) It is understood that the Carnegie Trustees are beginning to lose

6o Aberdeen University Review

taste for their present system of indiscriminate fee-paying. The diversion of at least a portion of the amount hitherto spent in this way at Aberdeen would remove any difificulties in the way of supplying the initial buildings, which should be linked with the name of Elphinstone, as a monument more en- during even than the reconstructed Tomb. Private generosity might be trusted to supplement this — possibly to establish other Halls associated with the names of certain years (such as " 1868-72" or "1873-77"), as is fre- quently found in American Universities. [See Mr. W. C. Lane's interesting letter which I am sending to the next Review.] The term " Hostel " should be avoided.

(/) No stigma of inferiority must be allowed to attach to those students living in residence. Rather must admission be regarded as an honour to be sought.

{J) This end might be attained, so far as Arts students are concerned, by utilizing the Bursary system, well-nigh moribund for its original purpose. Let the Competition, as at present, be open to all possessed of proved capacity to claim entrance to the University ; but let the acceptance of a bursary in- volve residence within the Hall, the amount of the bursary sufficing to defray all charges. Thus the residents would at once constitute the intellectual elite of the undergraduates.

{k) Of course a certain amount of academic supervision would be necessary, but the democratic Scottish student would not tolerate the restrictions of Oxford and Cambridge college life : and — ^as in America — a large part of the administration might be vested in a Committee of Management elected by the residents themselves.

Sincerely yours,

P. J. ANDERSON. Wm* Keith Lbask, Esq.

Correspondence 6 1

"I REMEMBER."

There is a tide in the affairs of men, when the flood-gates of memory are opened. Yes, the sluice-gates got quite a jar the other day.

I had handed me by Don. MacMillan the February number of the Uni- versity Review, There are in it three articles which got me so dipping away into the past that I am prompted to adduce the effect from the cause. I re- fer to those on " Billy " Dey by Mackenzie and Bulloch and that one by Watt Smith.

"Billy " Dey was one of the few schoolmasters I had, and though I was with him for little over a year I al.s'ays had that reverence for him which the personality of the man demanded. In after years I became associated with Dr. George Ogilvie ; and these two men impress me as having in their own peculiar way stamped themselves ineffaceably on those whose good fortune it was to be brought under them.

In far-off Western Canada, which has been my home for nearly ten years, we are hardly au fait with things Academic, and I acknowledge that I have been outwith the Province of Universities, unless I can class myself as closely attached to the world of Commerce — a big University. I can hardly state here just which was my year, as the date would not synchronize with that on my attestation papers. Can I add here that I have just returned from "Somewhere in France," where I have been for a year with the Canadian 2nd Division ? I have, therefore, good reasons for not being up to date with the Old University.

Even now, with the khaki all round me, I can see that spare, bent figure of the schoolmaster coming in, mounting the rostrum and hanging his hat on the peg. The pen pictures of Bulloch and Mackenzie could not be improved on — perhaps neither of the two will remember the writer.

I wonder if Catto, Beddie and Mitchell — all Medicos — ever recall the shabby trick we played on " Billy" in sending down our fees — 25 shillings — in coppers. That has always struck me as a poor piece of business — hardly in accordance with the tenets of " Robertson of Brighton ".

G. Watt Smith also strikes the core of the distant past. Right now in 191 7, I can easily recall the time, the place, and by whom the astounding proposition of running Goschen as Lord Rector was made. It was at Dufftown, August 1887, by W. C. S. That election was a real scrap — the torchlight proces- sion and the stoning at Street are green in my memory.

My Class Photo I carried with me in my wanderings, but a few years ago it went hither in the Regina cyclone, so I have merely a hazy recollection of my class-mates, and as for names — well, that is "napoo". In Regina here we have a small coterie of alumni — Dr. Rose, D. MacMillan, George Miln'e, A, B. -MacCartney, and myself.

With only too vivid memories of Ypres, the Somme and Vimy Ridge, I feel that the foregoing is rather rambling. Nevertheless, as I have already said, it is a slight tribute to the memory of the only "Billy ".

J. R. RENTON,

Sergt., C.E.F. {Formerly of Macduff ; M.A., 1896.) Regina, Sask., Canada.

University Topics.

INSTALLATION OF THE CHANCELLOR.

iHE installation of the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, K.G., as Chancellor of the University, in succession to the late Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, K.G., took place in the Mitchell Hall on 6 July, the ceremony preced- ing the summer graduation. Mr. D. M. M. Milligan, advocate. Chairman of the Business Committee of the General Council, introduced the Chancellor, and, in the course of a brief speech, said : " Never probably in the long and famous history of the University was the necessity of a wise adaptation of its mediaeval constitution to the requirements of the modern world greater than it is to-day. What we look for, therefore, in our Chancellor, are position, high character, independence — a man of affairs, able to deal in a liberal and comprehensive way with the new phenomena produced by the operation of the new forces created by the changed and changing circumstances of the day. In His Grace the Duke of Richmond and Gordon the General Council saw all the gifts which go to make a great Chancellor." The Principal then administered the oath defideli to His Grace, and welcomed him to the headship of the University. The Chancellor thereupon took the chair, and proceeded with the graduation, conferring seventy-six degrees — fifty-four in Arts, five in Science, and seventeen in Medicine. At the conclusion of this ceremony, the Principal called for three cheers for the new Chancellor, which were given with much enthusiasm.

The Chancellor then briefly addressed the gathering. After thanking them for the heartiness of the welcome just accorded him, he said he had dismissed from his mind the idea of addressing them at length on University education. There was one subject which dominated all their thoughts at the present time, and that was the position of the war ; and His Grace there- upon proceeded to speak on various phases of this subject — the necessity of prosecuting the war until a righteous and abiding peace could be concluded, the collapse of Russia, the advent of America in the struggle, the valour of the Gordon Highlanders, and the numerous distinctions won by Univer- sity men.

The proceedings concluded with the singing of the National Anthem. On the previous afternoon, the Chancellor inspected the University Officers Training Corps, which paraded for the purpose in the Quadrangle of Marischal College under Captain J. P. Kinloch, the officer commanding, and

University Topics 63

Second Lieutenant Anderson. There were fifty-eight non-commissioned officers and men present. After the inspection, His Grace briefly addressed the corps.

EXTENSION OF MR. CHURCHILL'S RECTORSHIP.

A mass meeting of the students was held recently to consider whether the tenure of office of the present Rector, Mr. Winston Churchill, which has now expired, should be continued for another year or whether a fresh election should be held. It was decided by a majority that Mr. Churchill should re- main in office for another year, and the minority thereupon acquiesced.

The necessary Order from the Secretary of Scotland continuing Mr. Churchill's term for another year has since been received.

Sir John Fleming, M.P., LL.D., has been reappointed the Rector's Assessor.

UNIVERSITY GENERAL COUNCIL.

At the half-yearly meeting of the Council on 13 October, it was agreed to request the Secretary for Scotland to make an Order continuing the retiring Assessors to the Court — Mr. Patrick Cooper, Colonel J. Scott Riddell, M.V.O., Dr. George Smith, and Colonel the Rev. James Smith — in office for a 1 other year, and empowering the University Court to deal with any casual vacancy dur- ing that period. — Dr. John Rennie moved that the report of a sub-committee dealing with the relation of Lecturers to the administration of the University be transmitted to the Busines Committee for consideration and adjustment, and this was agreed to. — Principal Stewart submitted the report of the sub- committee recommending that a Faculty of Commerce be instituted in the University with as little delay as possible ; and, on his motion, the report was remitted to the Business Committee — Principal Sir George Adam Smith (who presided) recounted the steps which had been taken by the Court and the Senatus with regard to the proposed degree in Commerce, and said in con- nection therewith that the establishment of new Lectureships would be neces- sary, particularly a Lectureship in Geography, and that one in Fisheries was also desirable. He should like to point out to Aberdeen, which made so much of its living from the fisheries, that nothing could be more appropriate than that a lectureship on the subject should be established by those who had profited by it.

The Secretary for Scotland has since issued an Order regarding the Asses- sors to the Court in the terms desiderated.

GIFTS TO THE LIBRARY.

At a recent meeting of the University Library Committee, it was intimated that Professor Trail had gifted to the Library ;^2oo, to be invested in the War Loan and the interest to be applied " in supplement of" such provision as the University can reasonably afford to make of books, pamphlets, or periodicals dealing with the natural history of Scotland, especially of that part of which Aberdeen is the University centre. Preference (where necessary) is to be given first to books, etc., dealing with botany, then to zoology, and finally to geology ; and if any annual balance remains, it is to be devoted to extending the facilities for the study of galls on plants and their makers.

Intimation was also made of the receipt of the following interesting letter from Rev. Robert Connell (M.A., 1875 ; B.D., 1882), Rector of Danby- Wiske, Northallerton, Yorkshire : —

64 Aberdeen University Review

I am an old boy of King's College, and I owe more to it than I can express. I have also the honour of being the first clergyman of the Church of England to take the Aberdeen B.D. degree. I should like to contribute (as a slight acknowledgment of my debt) my mite to the funds of King's College Library in the shape of a cheque for five pounds, which I beg to enclose herewith.

DEARTH OF DIVINITY STUDENTS.

The Divinity Faculty of the University and the Divinity Faculty of the United Free Church College are holding joint classes this session, as was done last session. The opening lecture of the session was delivered in the United Free Church College Hall on 10 October, by Professor Gilroy, who took for his subject "The Opportunity and Influence of the Ministry ". Re- ferring, in some preliminary remarks, to the loss sustained by the College owing to the war, Professor Gilroy said of the fifteen students who were there, whose eyes were on the ministry when war broke out, seven had lost their lives on the battlefield. They might have rendered as much service to Church and nation as if they had worked out a ministerial jubilee and laid them down to rest in some quiet churchyard amidst the sorrows and regrets of their people.

At a recent meeting of the Presbytery of Aberdeen, Dr. Gordon J. Murray stated that there were no entrants from the Presbytery to the Divinity Hall, such was the state of matters resulting from the war. He added that they could go back lo the end of last century before finding a similar situation.

Dr. Murray has been convener of the Examining Committee of the Pres- bytery since 1893, and during the twenty-four years that have elapsed the Presbytery of Aberdeen has had one or more entrants each year except for session 1902-3, when there was no entrant. Entrant students from other Presbyteries were similarly lacking this session, and in consequence the en- trance examination fixed by the General Assembly to be held on 3rd and 4th October did not take place. The same thing happened in St. Andrews and in Edinburgh, but in Glasgow four entrants sat the examination. There were also no entrants to the United Free Church Divinity Hall in Aberdeen.

EXAMINERS.

Rev. Donald Mackenzie, United Free Church, Tain (M.A., 1905), has been appointed Examiner in the subjects of Moral Philosophy and Psychology for degrees in Arts, Honours and Ordinary.

GRADUATES AND STUDENTS AS FORESTRY WORKERS.

Thirty members of the University Officers Training Corps were engaged during the long vacation in Forestry work in woods at Fochabers, Daviot, and Cawdor. Several of our women graduates and students were also en- gaged in Forestry during the summer — one with a company of young women from Edinburgh on the Duke of AthoU's estates at Inver, near Dunkeld ; while a number have been enrolled by Miss Bruce, agiicultural co-operating officer, for various forms of agricultural work.

THE CARNEGIE TRUST AND SUPERANNUATION SCHEMES.

The Carnegie Trustees have intimated their willingness to provide, under such conditions as may hereafter be laid down by them, to each of the Uni- versities which may decide to join in the "federated superannuation system,"

University Topics 65

a capital sum that would yield approximately the annual income required by such University on behalf of all existing whole-time members of the staff with salaries of ;^i6o or over, exclusive of those whose superannuation is otherwise provided for, and exclusive also of those who do not come within the terms of the trust deed. The University Court has decided to join the system.

THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR.

The List of Orders and Decorations given in the Second Supplement to the Provisional Roll of Service issued with the June number of the Review, being compiled up to a later date, contained the following names which did not appear in this section : —

Among recipients of the Military Cross —

Captain George Robertson Lipp, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914). Captain William Fraser Munro, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1903). Temporary Captain James Williamson Tocher, R.A.M.C. (M.B.,

Awarded a bar to the Military Cross previously received —

Second Lieutenant (acting Captain) James Macdonald Henderson, Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 191 2). Brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War for valuable services rendered in connection with the war —

Lieutenant- Colonel Harry Herbert Brown, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1883). Temporary Major Francis Grant Ogilvie, C.B., War Office (M.A.,

1879; B.Sc. ; LL.D. [Edin.]). Captain (temporary Major) Clement Lee Cobban, Indian Army

(M.A., 1900). Captain Patrick Ashley Cooper, R.F.A., T.F. (B.A. [Cantab.]; LL.B , 1912).

Among announcements of distinctions awarded for war services since the issue of the June number of the Review the names of the following Univer- sity men occur. Probably, however, some names may have been overlooked, and the subjoined lists do not pretend to be complete : —

The Distinguished Service Order has been awarded to —

Lieutenant-Colonel John Smith Purdy, Australian Army Medical

Corps (M.B., 1898; M.D., 1904; D.P.H. ^Camb.], 1903). Temporary Captain John Boyd Orr, R.A.M.C. (attached to the

Sherwood Foresters) (M.A. ; M.D. [Glasg.]) — head of the Animal

Nutrition Research department of the University — (previously

awarded the Military Cross). Lieutenant (acting Captain) James Alexander Symon, 7 th Cameron

Highlanders (B.Sc. Agr., 191 1 ; M.A.) — wounded last August. Temporary Lieutenant Godfrey Power Geddes, Gordon Highlanders

(M.A., 1915). The Military Cross has been awarded to —

Captain Cuthbert Delaval Shaft© Agassiz, R.A.M.C. (M.B.,

1908; M.D.).

5

66 Aberdeen University Review

Captain Adam Gordon Howitt, East Surrey Regiment (B.Sc, Agr., 1910).

[In addition to being awarded the M.C., he was promoted direct from Second Lieu- tenant to Captain. He was subsequently killed in action. (See Obituary.)]

Captain William George Hunt, Essex Regiment (M.A., 191 2) —

subsequently killed in action. (See Obituary.) Captain James Stewart McConnachie, R.A,M.C. (M.B., 1906). Captain Clement Rickard Macleod, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909; D.P.H.

[Camb.]). Captain James Melvin, R.A.M.C. (attached to the Royal Field

Artillery) (M.B., 1915). Captain Adam Annand Turner,, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1913). Temporary Captain John Kirton, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1911; M.B.,

1914). Temporary Captain William Leslie, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1910; M.B.). Temporary Captain Anthony John McCreadie, R.A.M.C. (M.B.,

1913)- Lieutenant Herbert William Esson, Gordon Highlanders (ist Arts,

1914-15) — wounded last August. Second Lieutenant Arthur Morison Barron, 7th Gordon Highlanders

(ist Arts, 1913-14). Captain Bernard Gordon Beveridge, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 191 2). Second Lieutenant Spencer Stephen Fowlie, Seaforth Highlanders

(M.A., 1912). Second Lieutenant William Taylor Barron Joss, Northumberland

Fusiliers (about to matriculate). Second Lieutenant Robert James Grant Lipp, Australian Force

(M.A., 1910; B.Sc. Agr.). Second Lieutenant Andrew John Murray, Gordon Highlanders (ist

year's Medicine). Second Lieutenant John Alexander Stewart, Indian Army (M.A.,

1903)- [For distinguished service in the field in Mesopotamia].

Second Lieutenant Richard Robertson Trail, R.G.A. (S.R.) (4th Arts,

191S-16). Awarded a bar to the Military Cross previously received —

Captain Harold A. Sinclair, Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1902 ; B.L.). Captain David James Shirres Stephen, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1910 ;

M.D., 191 2) — died of wounds, 24 October. (See Obituary.) Lieutenant David MacKenzie, 6th Gordon Highlanders (M.A.,

1905)- The Distinguished Service Cross has been awarded to —

Surgeon Probationer Alexander Coutts Fowler, R.N.V.R. (Medical student). The Albert Medal for Valour has been awarded to —

Temporary Captain Joseph Lockhart Downes Yule, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1 9 13) — for services on the Tigris.

The Croix de Guerre (French) has been conferred on Second Lieutenant (temporary Lieutenant) David MacKenzie, M.C., 6th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1905).

University Topics 67

Lieutenant- General George Francis Milne, C.B., D.S.O-, Commanding the British Salonika Army (Arts student, 1881-83), ^^^ been appointed by the King of Italy Grand Officer of the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus. The King of Serbia has conferred the Order of St. Sava on Dr. James Alexander Davidson (M.B., 1907 ; M.D.), for distinguished services rendered by him in Serbia. Dr. Davidson acted for some time as Medical Officer in the Auxiliary Hospital at Belgrade under Admiral Trowbridge.

Among those mentioned in a dispatch from General Sir Archibald Murray, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, relating to the operations from i October, 19 16 to 28 February, 191 7 were the following —

Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Hosie, C.M.G., late R.A.M.C. (ret. pay)

(M.B., 1883; M.D., 1885). Lieutenant-Colonel William R. Matthews, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1895). Lieutenant-Colonel George Scott, C.M.G., late R.A.M.C. (ret. pay)

(M.B., 1885). Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) George A. Troup, R.A.M.C.

(M.B., 1894; M.D.). Temporary Captain Herbert P. Sheppard, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1900). Temporary Lieutenant Francis W. Davidson, R.A.M.C. (M.B,, 1904). Among others mentioned in other dispatches were —

Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Dawson Milne, C.M.G.,

R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1892). Captain William Minty Badenoch, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908). Temporary Captain James Milroy M'Queen, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1903 ;

B.Sc, M.B.) — Mesopotamia. Private David Cooper Rees, R.A.M.C. (of the Salonika force) (M. A., 191 1), then a cadet in the R.F.A. Training Camp at Wisdon, Notts ; now Second Lieut., R.F.A., S.R.O.

[Mr. Rees, who was a divinity student when he enlisted, was licensed by the Aberdeen U.F. Presbytery in July, 1915.]

Among the officers whose names have been brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War for valuable services rendered in connection with the war are the following —

Colonel Douglas Wardrop, C.B., C.V.O., Army Medical Service (ret. pay) (M.B., 1875).

Temporary Colonel James Galloway, C.B., Army Medical Service (M.A., 1883; M.B., 1886; M.D., 1892; F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S.).

Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Thomson, I.M.S., Chairman of the Aber- deen Medical Board (M.B. , 1879).

Major William R. Pirie, a member of the Aberdeen Medical Board (MA., 1888; M.B., 1892).

A communique issued by the Press Bureau on 18 September contained a further list of names brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War for valuable medical services rendered in connection with the war. It in- cluded the following, among others —

Colonel Octavius Todd, Dep. Asst. Director, Med. Sen, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1878).

68 Aberdeen University Review

Colonel (temporary) Francis Kelly, R.A,M.C. (M.B., 1889; M.D.,

1898). Hon. Surgeon Colonel Walter Culver James, H.A.C. (M.B., 1876 ;

M.D., 1878). Lieutenant-Colonel MacKintosh A. T. Collie, I. M.S. (M.B., 1881). Lieutenant-Colonel Ashley W. MacKintosh, R.A.M.C, (M.A., 1888;

M.B., 1893; M.D., 1896; Professor of Medicine). Lieutenant-Colonel John Munro Moir, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1876;

M.D., 1878). Major Thomas Wardrop Griffith, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1882 ; M.D.,

1888). Major Andrew Mowat, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1895). Major William Scatterty, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1881 ; M.B., 1886;

M.D., 1896). Captain Eber Chambers, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1873; M.D., 1891). Captain William Wilson Jameson, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1905 ; M.B.,

1909; M.D.)

A supplement to the " London Gazette " published on 8 August an- nounced the following (among other) rewards for valuable services rendered in connection with the war —

To be Brevet-Colonel —

Brigadier-Surgeon Lieutenant- Colonel James Forbes Beattie, Army Medical Service (ret), R.A.M.C. (M.A., King's College, i860; M.D., 1863). Lieutenant-Colonel John Marnoch, C.V.O. (Professor of Surgery), R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1888; M.B., 1891). To be Brevet- Lieutenant-Colonel —

Major (Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) James Smart, R.A.M.C.

(M.A., 1894; M.B., 1899). Major David Rennet, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1889; M.D., 1893).

The Minister of Pensions has appointed Sir John Collie, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1882 ; M.D., 1885) to be Director of Neurasthenic Institutions.

Colonel John Scott Riddell, M.V.O. (M.A., 1884; M.B., 1888), is a member of the Joint Institutional Committee appointed by the Pensions Minister for the purpose of providing institutions for discharged disabled sailors and soldiers.

Colonel James Galloway, CB. (M.B., 1883, etc.), is inspector of the medical boards engaged in examinations for the army, and in a recent speech in Parliament Mr. Bonar Law said he had seen Dr. Galloway and had been told by him that he had himself examined and visited almost every one of these boards. Colonel Galloway has also been appointed Commissioner for Medical Services (head of the Medical department) in connection with the newly-formed Ministry of National Service.

Professor Irvine has been acting as arbitrator or conciliator under the Conciliation Act and Munitions of War Acts, 1915 and 19 16.

Professor Baillie has been acting in a similar capacity under the Ministry of Labour in the Department of the Chief Commissioner. The department has applied to the University for a continuation of his services, and leave of

University Topics 69

absence for that purpose has been granted to him. His classes will be in the charge of Mr. Henry Sturt, M.A. [Oxon.].

Professor Macdonald has also been granted leave of absence, a continua- tion of his services having been applied for by the Ministry of Munitions. His place will be taken by Mr. John H. Grace, F.R.S., Fellow of Peter- house, Cambridge.

Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Bruce, D.S.O. (M.A., 1893 ; M.B., 1897 ; M.D., 1899), Officer Commanding the 7th Gordon Highlanders, has been transferred to the R.A.M.C. (T.F.) with the rank, pay, and allowances of Lieutenant- Colonel, and has assumed medical duty, being taken on the strength of the command.

Dr. George Alexander Williamson (M.A., 1889 ; M.B., 1893 ; M.D., 1899), who was District Medical Officer at Larnaca, Cyprus, from 1895 onwards, is now the senior medical officer on the island and so is Officer Commanding the R.A M.C., Cyprus. In a recent message officially published by the High Commissioner, His Excellency said — "At the Prisoners of War Hospital, where very complete provision is made for the care and comfort of the sick, an interesting feature was the row of nine revolving huts designed by Cap- tain Williamson, R.A.M.C., the Senior Medical Officer, for the open-air treatment of consumptive patients ". In a private letter recently received Captain Williamson wrote — " I have on my staff at present Captain Stephen Smith, Army Dental Surgeon, attached R.A.M.C, who was an alumnus of Aberdeen University, 1896-99. He is a dentist in practice at Banflf, and is a son of the late rector of Milne's Institution, Fochabers."

Second Lieutenant Donald MacKenzie, M.M., R.E. (M.A., Hons. Classics, 1 913), is at present stationed at one of the Signal Service depdts in England. At the outbreak of the war he was mobilized with the original U Company, 4th Gordon Highlanders (T.F.), but four months later was trans- ferred to the Highland Division of the Royal Engineers. He went through the Somme fighting in August, 1916, and was awarded the Military Medal. After two years' active service in France as Sergeant with the 51st Division Signal Company (of Aberdeen), he returned to England for a Cadet course and obtained a commission in the Royal Engineers in August last.

Mr. George Christian Rose (M.A., 1891), journalist, Kelowna, British Columbia, is a Captain in the 102nd Regiment of the R.M.R. (Rocky Moun- tain Rangers), and has been on service with the regiment for the past two years.

Rev. George Henderson (M.A., 1876 ; B.D.), minister of the United Free Church, Monzie, Crieff, recently returned home after four months* Y.M.C.A. service in France in the Second Army area. He was for a month in Bailleul lecturing at various points in the area, including such outposts as Kemmel, when he was within 300 yards of the German Front. For two months and a half he was in charge of the Y.M.C.A. Hut at Sailly-sur-Lys, about three miles from the front. The Y.M.C.A. Secretary in charge of the Second Army area wrote a letter to the Session Clerk of Monzie United Free Church "just to say how much we appreciated the service of your pastor, Rev. George Henderson, out here in France. Although well on in years, he rendered splendid service, and we appreciate the sacrifice yourchurch made in allowing him to come."

Several other graduates are similarly engaged in Y.M.C.A. work in France

70 Aberdeen University Review

— among them, Rev. William Beveridge (M.A., 1884), minister of the United Free Church, New Deer, Aberdeenshire. In the " hut " to which he is at- tached, Mr. Beveridge delivered a series of short addresses on " Great Books, Their Writers and Messages ". These addresses dealt with such types as " The Pilgrim's Progress," " In Memoriam," " The Divine Comedy," etc.

Rev. Kenneth MacLennan (M.A., 1896 ; B.D.), of Fortrose United Free Church (for some years minister of Insch United Free Church, Aberdeen- shire) has left for France on four months' service as chaplain to the Seaforth Highlanders.

Rev. Herbert William Hall (M.A., 191 1) has served for four months in Flanders as a Church Army Hut Superintendent.

Rev. William Henderson Harrowes (M.A., 1896), minister of St. Enoch's United Free Church, Glasgow, has been appointed honorary officiating clergy- man to the Presbyterian patients in Yorkhill War Hospital, Glasgow.

Miss Elizabeth Mary Edwards (M.B., 1912), who was one of the first women doctors in the country to be attached to the R.A.M.C., has been on military service for some time, first in a base hospital at Malta, and now in a general hospital at Salonika.

An instance of three brothers all graduates and all serving in the war is somewhat exceptional, but is to be noted in the case of a family belonging to Portsoy — John Badenoch (M.A., 1900), William Minty Badenoch (M.B., 1908), and David Sutherland Badenoch (M.B., 191 2). John — who was studying divinity — enlisted as a private in the R.A.M.C., and died of heat- stroke in Mesopotamia on II July. (See Obituary.) Dr. William volunteered for service in May, 1915, and is a Captain in the R.A.M.C. He served with the Gallipoli force, but was drafted to Mesopotamia at the evacuation. He was wounded on 9 February, just one day before the capture of Kut, his shoulder being shattered by shrapnel. He is now better and is serving in France. He was mentioned in dispatches. Dr. David, who is also a Cap- tain in the R.A.M.C. (S.R.O.), joined up in September, 19 14. He, too, served with the Dardanelles expeditionary force and was at the Suvla Bay landing ; he is now on the Bulgarian front. Three other members of the family are also graduates — George Badenoch (M.A., 1897), Jessie Badenoch (M.A., 1904), and Isabella Badenoch (M.A., 1910). A family embracing six graduates must be rather unique.

A little volume of poems, " The Passing Days and other Verses," by the Rev. Thomas McWilliam, M.A., minister of Foveran, Aberdeenshire, is de- dicated to the memory of the author's younger son. Lieutenant Charles Thomas McWilliam, 5th Gordon Highlanders, a graduate in Arts and a student of Law at the University, who was killed in action near Arras, 18 March, 19 16, and was buried in the Cimeti^re Militaire, Louez, France. i(See Obituary, vol. iii., p. 287.) To it is prefixed the following "In Memoriam " by his brother, George Porteous McWilliam (M.A., 1915) : —

The heavy guns were throbbing as they lowered him to rest,

The dufct of one, a soldier and a friend ; And the hearts of men were sobbing with the grief that's not expressed,

And they murmured to themselves : Is this the end ?

For they seemed to see a dear face that they often saw before,

The face of one, a comrade that they knew ; And they seemed to hear a clear voice that they often heard of yore,

A voice that rang so kindly and so true.

University Topics 71

Through the valley of the shadow where they breathe their latest breath

March the spirit -armies of the living dead ; All for God and King and Empire were they faithful unto death,

When they followed where the path of duty led.

A brass tablet to the memory of Lieutenant MacWilliam, mounted on a polished black marble slab, has been built into the wall above the manse pew in Foveran Parish Church. The coat of arms of Aberdeen University and the regimental crest of the Gordon Highlanders occupy the upper corners.

SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE ROLL OF SERVICE. Addenda et Corrigenda.

P. 6. Lieut. Charles Thomas McWilliam . . . killed in action in France, 19 March, should read i8 March, add^ attd. 51st Divisional Cyclist Co. and /or age 26 read 2^.

P. 8. 2nd Lieut. John Mortimer McBain . . . aged 22, should read aged 20.

P. 10. Capt. (tempy. Major) James Brown Gillies . . . died of wounds . . . 14 November," j/^« A/ r^a:^ 13 November.

P. II. Private Robert Mackie Simpson. For 4th Gordons, read "Yxoo^tx $/2nd Scottish Horse attd. 6th Black Watch.

P. 14. Members of the Teaching Staff. Add, Professor John Theodore Cash, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., private. City of Aberdeen Volunteers.

P. 39. 2nd Lieut. Duncan Tait Hutchison McLellan . . . I^ead M.A., 'i6, and remove the entry to page 24.

P. 46. Private John Badenoch . . . Jiead M.A., '00, and remove the entry to page 30.

P. 49. For Maj. (acting Lieut. -Col.) William Rae, 39th Canad. Inf. . . . read Lieut.-Col. WiUiam Rae, 4th Canadian Inf. Battn.

P. 53. The following were brought . . .with the War. — 9. Yox^^read \o.

OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS.

The University Contingent of the O.T.C. (Medical Unit) went into camp for their annual training on Friday, July 6. Captain J. P. Kinloch was in command and with him was 2nd Lieut. Jas. S. Anderson (M.A,, 1915). There were ten N.C.O.'s and eighty-six rank and file. The Con- tingent, as in previous years, was encamped with the Medical Unit of Edin- burgh University O.T.C. of about the same number of cadets under Major Littlejohn, O.C., and Lieuts. Kirk, Dykes, and Ferguson. There were also about eighty-five medical students from the Infantry Unit of Glasgow Univer- sity O.T.C, under Lieut. Peddie, the Adjutant of that Contingent, some six medical students from St. Andrews, and ten from Durham. The whole Field Ambulance was commanded by Major Littlejohn. Major Gray of the War Office supervised the operations. Principal Sir George Adam Smith, Hon. Chaplain to the Aberdeen Contingent, joined the camp on Saturday, July 14, and remained till the close. Except for one day, the 18th, when it rained heavily all day, the weather was ideal. The camping ground, on the links of Gailes, Ayrshire, is just behind the huts occupied by the 9th and loth Officer Cadet Battalions, to the officers of which and those of the A.S.C the University

72 Aberdeen University Review

Contingents are indebted for much kind assistance during the fortnight. The links are sandy, and very suitable for tents. The sea is not far off, and across it Arran, with her high range of mountains, was visible most of the time. Behind there is a stretch of cultivated land, and beyond this the long, wooded ridge above Dundonald, with the old castle of that name at its north-eastern end. The proprietor and the tenant farmers generously gave facilities for the operations of the ambulance on their grounds. Under such favourable conditions the camp life was thoroughly enjoyed by the whole force ; and the full plans of training were carried out by all ranks with great zest.

On Sunday, July 8, the Field Ambulance attended the service of the Officer Cadet Battalions, conducted in the Y.M.C.A. hut by Rev. Mr. Duffield, T.C.D., Chaplain to the Battalions. Monday 9th to Saturday 14th were fully occupied with drills, field exercises, and lectures. On Sunday, July 15, the corps had an open-air service of their own, conducted by the Principal. Monday the i6th was a field day in full force, a main dressing station being erected about two miles from camp, with an advanced dressing station in a narrow dell beneath the Dundonald ridge. The operating tent, shelters for the wounded, waggons, kitchen and other structures were disguised beneath a clever "camouflage" of branches of trees, bracken, etc. The "wounded" were brought in by stretcher-bearers and waggons from the supposed fighting- front beyond Dundonald. It was a very hot day, but men and officers worked with a will and all the operations were most instructive. On Tuesday the 17th the Ambulance paraded for inspection by Surg.-Gen. Culling, of the Scottish Command. After a careful review of the unit in line and the oral examination of several privates and N.C.O.'s on their work, Surg.-Gen. Culling saw the unit march past in column of sections and in fours. The officers were paraded for an examination of their riding, and the waggons were exercised. There was stretcher drill by sections, and company drill of the whole force by 2nd Lieut. Anderson. The result may be given in the Inspecting Officer's own words at the close — " Perfectly delighted, more than pleased ; an immense improvement on last year ".

So far as Aberdeen is concerned, this very happy result is due, under Captain Kinloch and 2nd Lieut. Anderson, to the fact that the efficiency of the N.C.O.'s has been increased by the addition to them of a number who have been on active service abroad with combatant units and have been invalided home and permitted to resume their medical studies. But, indeed, all ranks are to be congratulated on the heart they put into their duties, both in camp and on the field. The association of students from all the Scottish Uni- versities and from Durham, whose contingent though small in number was excellent in quality, had a fine effect on the morale and efficiency of the camp. Aberdeen University is very grateful to Major Gray, Major Littlejohn, and the officers of the other units for their guidance and comradeship.

The Camp Sports were held after the inspection. At the close, Aberdeen led by 2 points, Edinburgh being second. Among the Aberdeen gains were first in throwing the cricket ball (Sergt. Coutts) in hop, step, and leap (Sergt. Anderson) ; first and second in driving golf ball (Sergt. Cooper and Cadet Yule) ; and second in putting the weight (Cadet Third) and in the half-mile race (Cadet Rhind).

The camp broke up on Friday the 20th, after a most useful and enjoy- able fortnight.

University Topics 73

Since leaving camp Cadet Staff-Sergeant D. I. Walker (late Sergt. 4th Gordon Hrs.) (M.A., 1916, 2nd Med.), has been gazetted 2nd Lieut. Terri- torial Force, Unattached List, for service with Aberdeen University O.TX).

EMPLOYMENT OF INVALIDED AND DISCHARGED OFFICERS.

An important step has been taken by the Professional and Business Re- gister of the Employment Department, Ministry of Labour, with regard to the employment of officers and persons of like standing, invalided or discharged from his Majesty's Forces. I he Register acts as a Clearing House for (i) Vacancies, which are obtained from various sources and (2) Candidates, parti- culars of whom are forwarded to it from the War Office through the Statutory Committee. In order that vacancies suitable for University men who have left the Army may secure a wider publicity, the collaboration of the Appoint- ments Boards of the Universities has been invited and a scheme for mutual convenience is being adjusted. The Register proposes to circulate every week a list of suitable openings of a general nature, and names of candidates re- ceived from the Appointments Boards will be submitted to employers. The Ministry of Labour charges no fee of any kind either to the employer or to the candidate.

Although some details in the scheme await settlement, it has been de- cided to begin operations at once. It is expected that the Appointments Committee of this University will soon be in a position to organize the re- gistration of candidates and the publication of vacancies. In the meantime University men who have been invalided or discharged from the Army are in- vited to send their names to Professor Harrower, Chairman of the Appoint- ments Committee, with a statement of their Record and some indication of the kind of employment they desire.

Notices of vacancies will be published in the Cages of King's College and Marischal College.

BEQUEST TO THE UNIVERSITY.

Intimation has just been made of a very handsome bequest to the Uni- versity by the late Dr. Archibald Carmichael (M.A., 1868; M.B., 187 1 ; M.D., 1873), formerly of Barrow-in-Furness, and latterly resident in Perth, who died on 22 February, 1916. By his will, he bequeathed the residue of his estate, subject to certain life-rents, to the University, in order that the income thereof may be applied " for the advancement of the work of the medical side of the University, in such manner and subject to such regula- tions as the Senatus Academicus may from time to time determine and think fit ". The value of the residue is understood to amount to about ;^x 2,000.

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Personalia.

Sir Henry Craik, K.C.B,, M.P. for the Universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen, has been appointed Chairman of a Committee selected by the Secretary for Scotland to advise the Scotch Education Department on the remuneration of school teachers in Scotland ; and among the members of the Committee is Dr. John Alexander Third (M.A., 1885 ; D.Sc), head master of Speir's School, Beith.

Sir John Fleming, M.P. (LL.D., 1902), the Rector's Assessor, has been appointed a member of a Select Committee of the House of Commons to in- quire into the desirability of raising money for the War by the issue of pre- mium bonds.

Dr. William Angus (M.B., 1907; M.D., 1909; D.P.H. [Cantab.], 1910), was recently appointed Medical Officer of Health for the city of Leeds and Professor of Public Health in Leeds University. He is at present serving with the Army as temporary Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps.

Mr. John Hall Barron (M.A., 1892; M.A. [Oxon.], 1899; B.C.L. [Oxon.], 1899), barrister, London, who was for some years identified with the Property Protection Society, has become secretary of the National Trade Defence Association.

Captain John Black, the second son of the late Professor John Black, of the University, died on 26 September of illness contracted while on military service. He was a Captain in the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment, but his services were retained by the War Office Staff, and latterly he was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of the Royal Artillery in one of the theatres of operations abroad.

Mr. Ian Alistair Kendall Burnett (MA., 1907), Second Lieutenant, 3rd East Lancashire Regiment, was reported missing after an action in France in June last, and his commanding officer has since intimated that there is almost no chance of his being alive. He was a son of the late Mr. William Kendall Burnett, advocate, Aberdeen. He was at one time editor of " Alma Mater," and was a very well-known man, both at King's and Marischal, in his college days. He was employed in the Library of the British Museum.

Rev. James Cheyne (M.A., 1883), minister of St. Andrew's United Free Church, Kirkwall, has been elected minister of Rayne United Free Church, Aberdeenshire.

Canon William Leslie Christie (M.A., 1878), Rector of the Episcopal Church at Stonehaven since 1890, has been appointed by the Primus Dean of the diocese of Brechin.

Dr. Frank Lang Collie (M.B., i886; M.D., 1889), who has been for nearly twenty years in practice at Balham, London, has just retired from private practice, having been appointed a member of the Special Medical Board for Functional Nerve Disease, with the rank of Major. On leaving

^ Personalia 7 5

Balham to take up the duties of his new appointment, he was presented with a canteen of cutlery and silver and an album containing photographs and other interesting mementoes of friendship, contributed by patients and per- sonal friends. Major Collie began his medical career in South Africa, being successively Surgeon Superintendent at the Colonial Hospital, Natal, and Medical Officer of Health at Queenstown, Cape Colony. He did pioneer work in hospital organization in the two colonies. He is a younger brother of Sir John Collie.

Rev. John Cook (M.A., 191 2) has been ordained and inducted as minister of the Congregational Church, Elgin.

The Right Rev. Professor Cooper, D.D., Glasgow (M.A., 1867), this year's Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, has been pre- sented with the freedom of Elgin, in recognition of his having attained to the high office of Moderator of the General Assembly, and the great services rendered by him to Church and State. Dr. Cooper is a native of Elgin.

Rev. Ernest Denny Logie Danson (M.A., 1902) was consecrated as Bishop of Labuan and Sarawak at Lambeth Palace Chapel on 2 1 September. The Archbishop of Canterbury conducted the service, and the sermon was preached by the Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church. At a meeting afterwards held in the Library of the Palace, the new Bishop was presented with an Episcopal ring from the congregation of his old parish of Seremban, in the Malay States ; a pectoral cross in the form of the lona cross by the clergy of Singapore ; and the pastoral staff of his diocese, this last being handed to him by his predecessor. Bishop Mounsey. (See vol. iv., 265.)

Rev. Robert Davidson (M.A., 1907), minister of the quoad sacra parish of Fisherton, Ayr, has been appointed minister of Portobello.

Rev. Hugh Eraser (alumnus. King's College, 1851-56), who was ordained in 1862 and has been minister of the parish of Alvah, Banffshire, for many years, has retired, on the appointment of an assistant and successor.

Dr. John Gordon (M.B., 1884; M.D., 1888), has been appointed by the Minister of National Service a member of the Advisory Medical Board for Scotland. ,

Mr. William Gordon (alumnus, Marischal College, 1854-57 ; LL.D., Aberdeen, 1903), Town Clerk of Aberdeen, has had conferred upon him the distinction of Officer of the newly-created Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.).

Mr. James Cooper Johnston (M.A., 1911) has been appointed head master of the Public School, Enzie, Banffshire.

Dr. Joseph Knox (B.Sc, 1900; D.Sc), has resigned the Lectureship in Chemistry, having received an important appointment in a factory under Crovernment control.

Mr. Charles Eaton Lippe (M.A., 1888; LL.B. [Edin.]), advocate, has been appointed an Advocate-Depute.

Rev. Dr. Charles Cadell Macdonald (D.D,, 1900), minister of St. Clement's Parish Church, Aberdeen, has resigned the post of Chaplain to the Aberdeen Prison, which he has held for over twenty-eight years.

Dr. Eneas Kenneth Mackenzie, Tain (M.B., 1906 ; M.D.), has been ap- pointed one of the examiners at the Aberdeen Centre of the Central Mid- wives Board.

Mr. Lachlan Mackinnon (M.A., 1875) has been appointed an honorary Sheriff-Substitute for Aberdeen.

J 6 Aberdeen University Review

Sir Alexander M'Robert of Douneside, Tarland (LL.D., 1912), has pro- vided a sum of nearly ;^6ooo (estimated to produce a yearly return of ;^2 8o) as a permanent endowment of the Newhills Convalescent Home, Aberdeen- shire.

Mr. William Law Marr (M.A., 1890; B.Sc, 1895), Mathematical and Science Master, High School for Girls, Aberdeen ; Mr. Alexander Sievewright (M.A., 1892), Boroughmuir Higher Grade School, Edinburgh ; and Mr. John Alexander Third (M.A., 1885 ; D.Sc, 1899) have been elected Fellows of the Educational Institute of Scotland.

The term of office of Sir James Scorgie Meston, K.C.S.I. (LL.D., 1913) as Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in the ordinary case would have expired in September (see vol. iv., p. 268), has been extended to 15 January next.

Rev. James Home Morrison (M.A., 1892), who has been minister of the United Free Church, Falkland, Fifeshire, since 1901, has been appointed minister of the United Free Church, Newhills, Aberdeen.

Rev. Robert George Philip (M.A., 1888), minister of the United Free Church at Glencairn, Dumfries-shire, has been appointed minister of Wester Pardovan Church, Philipstoun, Linlithgowshiie.

Mr. Alexander Bannerman Robb (M.A., 1896 ; B.L., 1900) has been ap- pointed Town Clerk of Portsoy, Banffshire.

The semi-jubilee of Rev. William Guthrie Robertson (M.A., 1885) as minister of the United Free Church at Watten, Caithness, was celebrated re- cently, Mr. Robertson being presented with a pulpit gown and a purse of money.

Dr. J. Hambley Rowe (M.B., 1894) has been appointed senior medical officer to the Venereal Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Bradford.

Vladimir Scheviakoff, Professor of Zoology, Petrograd, who received the honorary degree of LL.D. at the quatercentenary celebration in 1906, was among the many Ministers and officials arrested during the recent revolution in Russia. He was Under Minister of Education.

Rev. Dr. John Skinner (M.A., 1876; D.D., 1895), Principal of Westmin- ster College, Cambridge, has been appointed Cunningham Lecturer for the ensuing year.

Mr. Alexander Mackenzie Stuart (M.A., 1896; LL.B. [Edin.]), advocate, acted as interim Sheriff-Substitute at Peebles during the absence on sick leave of Sheriff T. H. Orphoot.

Alderman Thomas William Thursfield, the first graduate of the University, his diploma being dated 25 September, i860, entered his seventy-ninth year on 16 September last. (See vol. iv., 79.)

Mr. James Walker, CLE. (alumnus, 1878-81), Commissioner, Nerbudda Division, Nagpur, Central Provinces, India, has been created a K.C.I.Ec Sir James entered the Indian Civil Service in 1 886, and after being assistant collector and magistrate at Madras for four years, was appointed to the Central Provinces in 1890. He was Assistant Commissioner there until 1895, when he became Deputy Commissioner. In 1906 he was made Commissioner. Three years ago he was appointed an additional member of the Governor- General's Council. He was created a CLE. in 1904. Sir James Walker is a son of the late Mr. Alexander Walker, LL.D., for long Dean of Guild of the city of Aberdeen, and a nephew of Dr. Robert Walker and Rev. Dr. George Walker.

Personalia 7 7

Miss Mary J. S. Cook (M.A., 1908) has received an appointment in Elgin Academy. Miss Ethel S. Grant (M.A., 191 7), Miss Helen D. Maitland (M.A., 191 7), Miss Isabella Robertson (M.A., 1906), Miss Evelyn Mary Stewart (M.A., 1915), and Miss M. A. Stewart (M.A., 1914), have also re- ceived appointments as school teachers.

Miss Lizzie M. Corbett (M.A,, 19 14) and Miss Margaret C. Ross (M.A., 1907) have received appointments on the staff of the Aberdeen High School for Girls.

Miss Griselda A. Dow (M.A., 19 14), who has been assistant to Professor J. Arthur Thomson for the last two years, has now taken charge of the Science Department of Elgin Academy, in place of Mr. Minto R. Gillanders (M.A., 1900), who is on war service.

Miss Mary Esslemont (B.Sc, 1914; M.A., 1916), recently an assistant at Marischal College, has been appointed Lecturer in Science in Stockwell Training College, London.

Miss Ruth C. Jamieson (M.A., 191 7) has been appointed assistant to Dr. Lees, the University Lecturer in German.

Miss Winifred Mackilligan (M.A., 191 5) has been appointed Science Mistress in the Methlick Higher Grade School.

Miss Elizabeth Asher Mackintosh (M.A., 1914), has been appointed junior language mistress at Madras College, St. Andrews.

Miss Grace Mackintosh (M.A., 19 14), has been appointed English mis- tress at the Central School, Aberdeen.

Miss Laura Stewart McLeod (M.A., 1914), who was prevented by illness from completing her examination in the Final Honours School of English Literature and Language at Oxford in June, has been awarded an Aegrotat by the examiners. Miss McLeod, who graduated at Aberdeen with First Class Honours in English, has recently been appointed English Lecturer at St. Hilda's Training College, Durham.

Miss Mary Henry Murdoch (M.A., 1909) has been appointed Head- mistress of the Secondary School for Girls, Blyth, Northumberland, where she has taught for several years.

Miss Margaret Smith (M.A., 1916 ; B.Sc, with special distinction in Zoo- logy and Geology, 191 7) has been appointed assistant to the Professor of Natural History.

Miss Alice Thompson (M.A., 1907; B.Sc.) has been appointed Mistress of Mathematics in the Municipal High School for Girls, West Hartlepool.

Mr. Andrew Wilson Thomson (M. A., Hons., 191 6), Oriel College, Oxford, has been awarded the Ferguson Scholarship in Classics. The scholarship is open to students and graduates of the four Scottish Universities, and is of the annual value of ;^8o for two years. Mr. Thomson is a son of Mr. Peter Thomson, Rosemount Cottage, Stoneywood. At the outbreak of the war in 1914, he was a private in "C " section, ist Highland Field Ambul- ance, T.F. Then he served in the Transport Section, but was invalided out in December, 1914. Resuming his studies, he graduated in 1916 with first- class Honours in Classics. He was also awarded a scholarship of ;^8o per annum at Oriel College, and in the autumn of 19 16 carried off the Fullerton scholarship in Classics. (See vol. iv., 82.)

Since 1902, when the regulations regarding the age limitation of candid- ates were, for the first time, made water-tight, Aberdeen has won 22 Ferguson

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78 Aberdeen University Review

Scholarships, Glasgow 16, Edinburgh 7, and St. Andrews 4. The statistics from 1861 up to and including the present year are as follows: —

Classics. Mathematics. Philosophy.

St. Andrews loj ij 4

Aberdeen 24J 20 loj

Glasgow 8 16 17

Edinburgh 16 17 24

It should be explained that -^ has been allowed for each subject in the case of the conjoint arrangement for the first three years of the competition.

The FuUerton Scholarship in Classics has been divided between Mr. Kenneth Bruce (M.A., 1916) and Miss Katherine B. M. Wattie (M.A., 1917).

The Town Council gold medals for the past year have been conferred as follows: Department of Languages and Literature — Miss Katherine B. M. Wattie ; proxime accessit. Miss Ruth C. Jamieson. Department of Science — Mr. George H. Mackenzie.

The Hunter gold medal in Roman Law was awarded to Mr. Donald B. Gunn (M.A., 19 15) for an essay on " Emancipatio, its Modes and Effects in Roman Law ". Mr. Gunn is at present serving as a sergeant on the admin- istrative staff of the ist Scottish General Hospital, R.A.M.C.

Rev, James Smith, D.D., of Newhills, whose death is mentioned in the Obituary, was a graduate of King's College, having taken his degree in 1856. The only surviving member of his class seems to be Rev. James Eraser, St. Andrews, Dornoch.

Mr. A. H. Benton, whose death is also recorded in the Obituary, was another graduate of King's (i860). He contributed a very interesting " Re- trospect" of forty-eight pages to the "Records of the Arts Class, 1856-60," printed for the Class in the Quatercentenary year, 1906. Among his surviving class-fellows are Brigade-Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel J. F. Beattie, Insch ; Rev. Adam A. Laing, New Luce ; Rev. John Smith, Ardnamurchan ; and Mr. James Troup, Aberdeen.

In our last issue it was stated (p. 246) in connection with a communication from Rev. Alexander Thomson Grant, Wemyss Castle, Fife, that he was in his eighty-third year, and was therefore " probably the oldest subscriber to the Review ". We have been reminded since, however, that we have a still older subscriber in the person of the Rev. William Mair, D.D., Edinburgh (formerly minister of Earlston), who is now in his eighty-eighth year, having been born on I April, 1830. Dr. Mair, moreover, preceded Rev. Mr. Grant at the Uni- versity, having graduated M.A. at Marischal College in 1849.

A wedding was solemnised in the University Chapel on 18 September, the contracting parties being Private Frank Emslie, Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1906), and Miss Elizabeth Pollock Smith (M.A., 191 2). Principal Sir George Adam Smith officiated. Both the bride and bridegroom were employed in the teaching profession at Bonnybridge, Stirling. Private Emslie, who has been twice wounded, has been awarded the Military Medal. A few days after his wedding he was presented in Bonnybridge Public Hall with a handsome timepiece, with side ornaments, in recognition of his gaining the Military Medal.

What was described as " a war wedding having a romantic interest " took place at Bolton in June last when Corporal Robert Gentles, 28th Canadian Infantry Battalion, was married to Miss Lisette Anne Macdonald Wilson (M.B., 1905 ; D.P.H. [Cantab.]), to whose skill and devotion, it was said, he

Personalia 79

largely owed his recovery from wounds received in action. Corporal Gentles is an American of Scottish descent, member of a grain firm in New York. The lady was formerly assistant medical officer to the Edinburgh School Board.

A University connection going back for 175 years was terminated by the death at Cambridge, on 7 October, of Lucy Jane, widow of Lieutenant- General J. J. McLeod Innes, V.C, C.B., R.E., in her eighty-seventh year. She was a grand-daughter of Dr. Roderick MacLeod, who entered King's College in 1 742, three years before the second Jacobite rebellion. Graduating in 1746, he was a Regent of the College 1748-64, Sub-Principal 1764-1800, and Principal 1800-15. This period of academic service, sixty-seven years, is, it is believed, a record in any of our Universities. Her father was Dr. Hugh Macpherson, who married (as his second wife) Christina, daughter of Dr. Macleod. Graduating at King's College in 1788, Dr. Macpherson was suc- cessively Professor of Hebrew 1793-97, of Greek 1797-1854 (and Sub-Prin- cipal 1817-54), sixty-one years — a good second to his father-in-law. The deceased lady was the youngest of a family of thirteen, and presumably was the last survivor of the family. An elder brother. Dr. Norman Macpherson (M.A., King's College, 1842 ; LL.D,, 1865), died three years ago, aged eighty- nine. (See vol. ii., 92.)

Among books recently published is vol. ix. (Mundas-Phrygians) of the " Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics," edited by Rev. Dr. James Hastings. — "The Fourth Gospel: Its Significance and Environment," by Rev. R. H. Strachan, Cambridge (M.A., 1893). — Professor Cooper has published, under the title "General Assembly Prayers, 1917," his lists of service prepared for his Moderatorship. — Among the new theological works announced by Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton for publication in the autumn is one on " The Prophets of the Old Testament," by Professor A. R. Gordon. This will be a companion volume to Dr. Gordon's important work on " The Poets of the Old Testament ". — ^The Scottish History Society will issue shortly to its members " Papers re- lating to the Army of the Solemn League and Covenant," edited by Professor Terry. A feature of the two volumes is a complete catalogue of the artillery and arms equipment of a seventeenth century army. — Professor J. du Plessis and Professor Marais, of the Theological Seminary, Stellenbosch, South Africa, are engaged on a biography of the late Rev. Dr. Andrew Murray. — "The Statesmanship of Wordsworth," by A. V. Dicey, K.C., is dedicated to Pro- fessor Jack.

At the Bursar)' competition this year the first place was gained by Alex- ander R*. Davidson, son of a baker's vanman at Hatton of Cruden. He was educated at Hatton public school, a rural elementary school, and subsequently at the Central Higher Grade public school, Aberdeen. The second bursar was Henry S. M. Burns, son of Mr. John S. Burns, M.A., teacher, Inverurie ; he was educated at Inverurie Academy and Gordon's College. Herbert MacKintosh, son of a bank agent in Banff, was third bursar ; he was the dux of Banff Academy last year. The fourth bursar was Alexander J. B. Milne, from Peterhead, who distinguished himself at the Peterhead Academy, having been the " runner up " for the dux medal for the past two years.

" Biometrika," Vol. XI. No. 4 (May, 1917), contains two appreciations of the late William Robert Macdonell (M.A., 1872 ; LL.D., 1895), Univer- sity Lecturer on Statistics, who died in 1916 at the comparatively early age of sixty-three. They are by the Editor, Professor Karl Pearson and Professor

8o Aberdeen University Review

W. p. Ker. None knew him better, and between them they give in full out- line a picture both of the man and of his high scientific work. On his re- tirement from business in Bombay Dr. Macdonell joined the Biometric Laboratory, and (says Professor Pearson) " his patient labour, his wise counsel, and lovable disposition soon made him an essential part of the place. It was not only in material and apparatus, it was not only in resourceful sugges- tion to his fellow- workers, but it was especially in the general sense of courage and in the spirit of readiness to undertake the tedious, because it meant profit to science in the future, which he diffused around him, that his help was so invaluable." " The sympathy and foresight of his genius are illustrated by his greeting — the earliest and in face of unfavourable receptions by anthropolo- gist and anatomist — of Fawcett's now 'classical memoir' on the Nagada crania. It takes a long while to reform any branch of science, but when the history of craniometry comes to be written those early workers in the Bio- metric Laboratory will be remembered, and not the least Macdonell, who gave heart to them all." " From the first issue until this very year, Macdonell acted as assistant editor of ' Biometrika '. Scotland has preserved its knowledge and appreciation of grammar long after grammar has been dis- carded in England, and few abler proof-readers can be found than a Scots- man trained in Oxford, especially if he has graduated in science and tempered his science with modern European literature as a hobby. The width of Macdonell's studies and of his interests was effectively demonstrated by his memoir ' On the Expectation of Life in Ancient Rome and in the Provinces of Hispania and Lusitania and Africa'. Few men could have been found to combine the necessary biometric with the still more needful literary train- ing requisite for a study of this character, and fewer still would have con- cluded it with such words of modesty as Macdonell did." The appreciation concludes with a tribute to his sturdiness, trustiness, straightness, and courage. Greater praise no man could have from an expert colleague ! Professor Ker records his friendship with Dr. Macdonell from their days together at Balliol College, describes how he kept up his classical studies while in business in Bombay — where he became Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce and additional Member of Council (1893-95) — and in London till his retirement from business in 1899. "Probably few men are to be trusted with leisure at the age of forty-seven, but Macdonell made the most of his life." " He never lost interest in any study that once had engaged his attention. . . . He never forgot a friend " and "made new friends as he went on." " He inherited his love of books ; one of his early recollections was the farm-house in the High- lands where it was the custom to read aloud in the evenings, usually fi om some of the English classics, but sometimes ' Don Quixote,' to the farm servants ; light being provided for the reader from a stock of pine splinters, lighted in succession one from another. Macdonell's people were Catholics, and his study of the humanities may have owed something to the traditions of the Church."

Mr. John Fortescue, the historian of the British Army, had an article on the beginnings of the R.A.M.C. in "The Times " in July last, and in the course of it he paid the following tribute to Sir James M'Grigor : —

"James M'Grigor had served in all parts of the world with different regiments, both horse and foot, knew the British officer and the British soldier, and loved them both. Keenly alive to the abuses which flourished unchecked in the base hospitals, M'Grigor persuaded Wellington in great measure to

Personalia 8 1.

supersede them by the establishment of regimental hospitals much nearer to the front. No system could at first sight seem less economical and more wasteful ; but M'Grigor had already tested it in Egypt in 1801, and now made it a very great success. The secret was that the regimental doctors, fond of their men, proud of their corps, and anxious to keep its ranks as full as possible, laboured with ardour not only to restore the health of their patients, but to send them back to the front as disciplined soldiers. They knew the constitution and disposition of every man, and possessed a very keen eye for a malingerer. In the base hospitals, and most notably in the largest of them, at Belem, on the contrary, all was perfunctory and orderless. The ' Belem Rangers,' as the convalescents were called, were a proverb for disgraceful conduct, and it was they who were principally responsible for the outrages which brought reproach upon Wellington's Army. When the operations reached the thinly-populated districts in the North of Spain it seemed as if M'Grigor's system must break down for want of suitable buildings ; but he was a man of resource, and, backed by Wellington, procured from England portable wooden structures which could be fitted together in a couple of days. He continued his good work during the years of peace which followed after Waterloo ; and James M'Grigor, who had begun his service as surgeon to the Connaught Rangers in 1793, finally ended it as Director-General and Sir James M'Grigor, Bart., in 1851. He was the father of British military hy- giene, the spiritual parent of that noble band of medical men whose skill, devotion, and self-sacrifice at the front are a source of pnde and thankfulness to every true subject of the King. Let us honour the gallant Irishman upon whom in these days his mantle has descended ; but let us not forget the honest Aberdonian who let the mantle fall, for though his body has lain buried in peace for nearly sixty years, most assuredly his works do follow him."

The Annual Report for 19 16 of the Scottish Churches College, Calcutta, of which one of our graduates, Rev. J. Watt, M.A., D.D., is Principal and another, Rev. W. S. Urquhart, M.A., D.Phil., is officiating Principal (during Dr. Watt's furlough) has been sent to us. In the undergraduate classes the numbers " by means of constant struggle against increase " have been kept at the same level as last year, about iioo. In the postgraduate classes the number has increased from 10 to 27.

We have also received the Report for 191 6 of the Council of Madras Christian College, of which our own revered Dr. William Miller, CLE. (M.A., Mar. Coll., 1856 ; LL.D.), is still the Honorary Principal, and other graduates of Aberdeen form a part of the Senatus, Principal William Skinner (M.A., 1880 ; D.D.), the Hon. and Rev. G. Pittendrigh (M.A., 1880), Rev. William Meston (M.A., 1890), and Mr. W. R. Sherriffs M.A., 1903 ; B.Sc). An important event during the year was the appointment, as Professor of Mental and Moral Science, of Mr. J. B. Raju (M.A., Madr. ; B.Sc, Oxon) — the first Indian professor in the College. During the short term of 1915-16 the number of students was 849, of whom 114 were in the Honours Classes and 886 in the Long Term, 191 6- 17, of whom 133 were in the Honours Classes.

Obituary.

Among prominent graduates who have recently passed away was Rev. James Smith, M.A., B.D., LL.D., minister of the parish of Newhills, Aber- deenshire, and for fifteen years (1888- 1903) a member of the University Court. He died at the Manse of Newhills on 15 August, after an illness of considerable duration. An appreciation of Dr. Smith will appear in the next issue of the Review.

A University man of considerable eminence whose death has also to be chronicled was Colonel Sir Alexander Bltrness M 'Hardy, K.C.B., late R.E., of Cranford, Aberdeen, and 3 Ravelston Park, Edinburgh (alumnus, Marischal College, 1857-60). He died at a nursing home in Aberdeen on 10 August, of heart failure following upon an operation. He was a son of the late Mr. David M'Hardy, ironmonger in Aberdeen and a magistrate of the city, and was born in 1875. A member of the Marischal College class of 1857-61 (see vol. iii., 271) he passed on to the Royal Engineers' Military Academy, which he entered by competition in i860. He joined the Royal Engineers two years later; in 1867 he was detached for service under the Science and Art Department at the Paris Exhibition, in connection with the machinery departments; and in 1870 he was ordered out to China, becoming Assistant Surveyor-General of Hong-Kong and ultimately Surveyor-General in charge of the colonial works. Returning to England in 1873, he served at the Horse Guards until 1877, when he was selected for duty at the Home Office in connection with the introduction of a Prisons Bill, aiding in re- arranging and adapting English prisons for the new system. He served suc- cessively as member of a Committee appointed to report on the state of the metropolitan police stations ; as secretary of a Committee on the employment of convicts ; as secretary of a sub-committee charged with investigations as to the best site for a harbour of refuge on the east coast of Scotland, and as secretary to a Royal Commission on Irish prisons. He was appointed Surveyor of Prisons in 1882 ; one of the Scottish Prisons Commissioners in 1885 ; and Chairman of the Scottish Prisons Board in 1896. He retired from the active army list as Lieutenant-Colonel in 1887. He was created C.B. in 1900 and K.C.B. in 1911. Since the outbreak of war Sir Alexander M 'Hardy's experience and ability had been utilized in several directions, and in particular he was a member of the Home Office Committee entrusted with the oversight and supervision of the conscientious objectors to military ser- vice. In addition to his official duties. Sir Alexander associated himself with many movements of a literary, social, religious, and philanthropic character ; he was a very active member of the Franco-Scottish Society and was its

Obituary 8 3

President in 1914. He was married to a daughter of the late Sir John Anderson, Superintendent of Machinery to the War Department, and donor of the Free Library to Woodside.

Mr. Alexander Hay Benton (M.A., King's College, i860) died at 16 Lancaster Road, Wimbledon, London, on 1 2 September, aged seventy-five. He became first bursar at King's at the early age of fourteen, and, after gradu- ating, studied for the Indian Civil Service, which he duly entered. He passed through the various grades of the service, being ultimately appointed Judge of the Chief Court of the Punjab in November, 1889. He retired in July, 1894, being compelled thereto by indifferent health. Mr. Benton was studious and scholarly, and spent a considerable portion of his retirement in literary pur- suits. He recently published a work on "Indian Moral Instruction and Caste Problems " which was reviewed in our last number ; and he had re- ceived from more than one high officer in the Government of India, with special experience in educational administration, letters which set great value on his proposals for moral and religious instruction to the pupils of Govern- ment and Grant-in-Aid Primary Schools. (See p. 248 of vol. iv. of the Review.)

Mr. Benton was a son of the late Mr. John Benton, farmer, sometime in Boharm, Banffshire, and afterwards at SherifThaugh, Rothes, Morayshire (formerly of Airlie, Keig) ; and was a member of a family which has many associations with the Univer>ity. One of his brothers, William Benton (M.A., 1863), a rancher, died at El Paso, Texas, 16 March, 1916. (See vol. iiL, 279.) Another brother. Sir John Benton, K.C.I.E. (alumnus, 1867-69), was Chief Engineer to the Government of the Punjab and from 1905 till 1912 In- spector-General of Irrigation in India. A third brother, James Thompson Benton (alumnus, 1868-69), ^'^^ ^^so went out to Texas, was murdered there in 1875. A cousin, William S. Benton, was murdered in the course of a Mexican revolt — by the hand of General Villa, it is generally supposed — in February, 1914. (See vol. i., 299.) Five years ago, Mr. A. H. Benton, along with his brothers and sisters, founded a bursary in Aberdeen University.

Mr. George Clark (M.A., King's College, 1859), died at his residence, Ythanbank, West Newport, Fife, on 1 1 November, aged 86. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from St. Andrews University at the recent summer graduation. He was for forty years head master of the West End Academy, Dundee. "Under Mr. Clark's direction," said an article in the "Aberdeen Free Press " of 6 July, headed " A Scholar's Story," " the West End Academy soon became favourably known. His headship was felt throughout the entire being of the school. His personality was infused everywhere, even refining the customs of the playground. To sound scholarship he added a rare and alluring art of instruction, and a wisdom in selecting teachers which seldom, if ever, failed." Among his pupils were Sir James A. Ewing, the Principal of Edinburgh University, and Professor William Craigie of Oxford. Mr. Clark compiled an extensive account of the phonology of the Buchan dialect, which Professor Joseph Wright incorporated in his " English Dialect Grammar," and his research had also served the purposes of the Oxford English Diction- ary. He had further completed an extensive work on the subject of spelling reform.

Sir William Mortimer Clark, K.C., K.C.M.G. (alumnus, Marischal College, 1851-52), a former Lieutenant-Governor of the province of Ontario,

84 Aberdeen University Review

died at Prout's Neck, Maine, on 10 August, aged eighty-one. A son of Mr. John Clark, manager of the Aberdeen Insurance Company (an institution which about half a century ago was re-named the Scottish Provincial Insur- ance Company), he was educated at the Grammar School and Marischal College, completing his studies at Edinburgh University. He became a Writer to the Signet, but settled in Toronto in 1859, was called to the bar there and became a Q.C. in 1887, and in 1903 was appointed Lieutenant- Governor of Ontario in succession to Sir Oliver Mowat, holding the post till 1908. He was knighted in 1907. For thirty-seven years he was Chair- man of the Board of Knox College, Toronto, and he was also a member of the Senate of the University of that city.

Dr. John William Collie (M B., 1882), died at 10 1 A Knight's Hill, West Norwood, London, on 19 October, aged sixty-one. After graduating, he went to London as an assistant medical practitioner, and subsequently started practice on his own account. For the last few years, he had acted as medical lecturer in connection with the London County Council. Dr. Collie was a son of the late Mr. James H. Collie, hairdresser, Aberdeen.

Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel James Davidson (M.A., i86i ; M.B., 1864) died at his residence, Burnside House, Turriff, on 26 July, aged seventy- seven. He was a native of New Deer, Aberdeenshire, and joined the Indian Medical Service (Bombay) in 1867, retiring in 1892 after twenty- five years' service, with the rank of Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel. While in India he took part in the Afghan campaign, and held many civil and military appointments.

Rev. James Denny, Principal of the United Free Church College, Glas- gow, who died on 12 June, aged sixty-one, was an honorary D.D. of Aberdeen University, having received the degree at the quater-centenary celebrations.

Rev. James Bruce Duncan (VI .A., 1869) died at the United Free Church Manse, Lynturk, Aberdeenshire, on 30 September, aged sixty-nine. He was a native of New Deer and was educated at Whitehills school and the Aberdeen Grammar School. Entering the University as fourteenth bursar, he graduated in Arts in 1869 with second-class honours in Philosophy. For three years he was class assistant to the late Professor Bain and collaborated with him in the historical part of his " Mind and Body," and in his " Com- panion to the Higher English Grammar," and also in other works of Professor Bain, notably the enlarged edition of the " Rhetoric ". Mr. Duncan, who studied at the United Presbyterian Divinity Hall in Edinburgh and also at Leipzig University, was in 1876 ordained minister of the United Presbyterian Church at Lynturk, and had continued its minister for the forty-one years that have sinced passed. He was clerk of the Aberdeen U.P. Presbytery for twelve years, and since the union of the Free and U.P. Churches he had been clerk of the Donside Presbytery of the United Church ; and he became clerk of the Aberdeen United Free Church Synod in 1908. For the past ten years Mr. Duncan had been engaged, along with the late Mr. Gavin Greig, M.A., in collecting from the lips of the people of the north-east the existing remains of Folk Song (ballad and lyrical), including both words and airs, for the New Spalding Club. This work was of great historical interest, and Mr. Duncan had accumulated a mass of very valuable material which when pub- lished will form an important addition to the literature of Scotland. Mean- time the MSS. have been placed in the hands of the Secretary of the Club.

Obituary 8 5

Dr. Charles Theodore Ewart (M.B., 1878; M.D,, 1892) died on 21 June, aged sixty-three. He was for sixteen years the senior assistant medical officer at the London County Lunatic Asylum, Claybury, Woodford Bridge, Essex, and in September of last year was appointed medical superintendent.

William Gordon Glennie (alumnus, Marischal College, 1859-61) died at his residence, Fetteresso, Sydenham Rise, Forest Hill, London, on 31 August, aged seventy. He was educated at Gordon's Hospital, and was one of the pupils sent to the Mathematical and Natural Philosophy classes at Marischal College. After serving an apprenticeship to Messrs. Stronach & Duguid, advocates in Aberdeen, he went to London in 1866. He entered the Service of the Scottish Union and National Insurance Company, eventually becoming Secretary of the Company. He retired in 1909.

Miss Annabella Hay (M.A., 1910), one of the teachers in the Banff Academy, died on 24 May. She was the second daughter of Mr. James Hay Brackenhills, Cornhill, Banffshire; and in December, 1914, was appointed from Buckie Higher Grade School to a position in the staff at Banff Academy.

Dr. John Gordon Smith Macpherson (M.B., 1898) died suddenly of pneumonia, at Grange Shotton, near Durham, on 14 June, aged forty. He was a son of the late Dr. Robert Macpherson (M.B., 1868; M.D., 1880) and of Mrs. Macpherson, The Hut, Nairn.

Dr. George Mair (M.A., Marischal College, 1856; M.B., CM., i86o) died at his residence, 37 Queen's Road, Aberdeen, on 7 September, aged eighty. He was a son of the late Mr. John Mair, shipowner, Macduff, and his grandfather was a sailing master in the days of Nelson and took part in some of the naval engagements of that time. Born and brought up at Turriff (his father was drowned at sea when he was two years old), young Mair was educated at Turriff Parish School, the Aberdeen Grammar School, and Marischal College, at which last he graduated in Arts and Medicine, being one of the only two who ever received the degree of Master of Surgery from that College. After taking his medical degree he went as surgeon on a whaler sailing between Peterhead and Greenland, and in i860 he joined the medical service of the Royal Navy. Going out to China, he joined H.M.S. "Vulcan," and landed with the Naval Brigade at the Tonkin Forts, for which engage- ment he held the Chinese Medal. While stationed in China he became very intimately acquainted with the late General Gordon, who at that period held the rank of captain. Subsequently Dr. Mair served in the Pacific, Australian, and South American stations, and on the outbreak of the Zulu War saw con- siderable active service. From the termination of the Zulu War till 1882 he held various medical appointments in dockyards in home waters, but on the commencement of the Egyptian campaign he was transferred to H.M.S. "Sultan," and took part in the bombardment of Alexandria, for which engage- ment he held the Egyptian Medal and clasp and the Khedive Star. Later he came home and served in various ships until his retirement from the Navy in 1887 with the rank of Fleet Surgeon. Since then he had lived in Aber- deen. One of his sons is Mr. George Herbert Mair (M.A., 1905), formerly on the staff of the " Manchester Guardian," at present on Government Ser- vice, author of a volume on " English Literature : Modern ".

Mr. William Murray (M.A., 1861) died at i Coleridge Villas, Ashford, Middlesex, on 17 September, aged seventy-seven. He was a native of Rathen, Aberdeenshire. He was schoolmaster at Ballater from 1861-73 ;

86 Aberdeen University Review

and at Dunnichen, Forfarshire, from 1873-76. He was then for two years classical master at the Holbrook House School, Richmond, Surrey, and for two years was at Bradmore College, Chiswick ; and in 1881 he was appointed head master of Lord Knyvett's School, Stanwell, Middlesex.

Rev. Alexander Ogilvy (M.A., 1862), senior minister of the Middle United Free Church, Coatbridge, was found dead in bed in the manse of his son, Rev. J. N. Ogilvy, Shirley, Bothwell Road, Hamilton, on 20 August. He had conducted both services on the previous day in Saffronhall United Free Church, Hamilton, of which his son is the pastor. Mr. Ogilvy, senior, who was eighty- three years of age, was ordained minister of the Free Church at Eyemouth, Berwickshire, in 1868, and in 1877 was translated to the Middle Free (now United Free) Church at Coatbridge. He retired in 1 906 when a colleague and successor was appointed, and had latterly resided at Rutherglen.

Dr. Francis (Frank) Ogston (M.B., 1873; M.D., 1875) died suddenly at Dunedin, New Zealand, on 6 September, aged seveniy-one. He was the younger son of the late Dr. Francis Ogston, M.D., LL.D,, the first Professor of Medical Logic and Medical Jurisprudence in Marischal College and after- wards in the University (1857-83), and a brother of Emeritus Professor Sir Alexander Ogston, K.C.V.O. After graduating, he was in practice for some time in Aberdeen, and also acted as assistant to his father as Professor. He eventually settled in Dunedin, where he came to be recognized as a medical man of outstanding ability ; and for a number of years he acted as Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Public Health in the University of Otago. In 1 901 he was appointed District Medical Officer of Health for the southern half of the South Island of New Zealand.

Dr. Arthur Edward Patterson (M.B., 1885; M.D., 1896) died at Stone House, near Dartford, Kent, on 26 August, aged fifty- three. He was a son of the late Major David A. P. Patterson, and was born at Gondah, Bengal, but received the whole of his education in Aberdeen. After a short period of general practice, he became assistant medical officer to the Derby Borough Asylum, and was later appointed to the City of London Mental Hospital, Dartford, Kent, being the senior assistant medical officer to that institution at the time of his death.

Dr. John Polson (M.D., Marischal College, 1859) died at Fernwood, Newlands, Cape Town, on 27 August, aged eighty. He was the son of Dr. James Poison, Monquhitter, and, after graduating, practised in New Deer and Friockheim. In"i879 he bought a practice at Reddersburg, in the Orange Free State, and secured an extensive clientele among the Boers, becoming well known among them far and wide. He subsequently bought a farm of about 33,000 acres in the Brandfort district, called Ganspan, and in time acquired a large stock of cattle, sheep, and horses ; on the outbreak of the Boer War, all the stock was driven to the Vet River for safety, such animals as were un- able to travel being shot to prevent their falling into Boer hands. Dr. Poison ultimately sold the farm to good advantage, and about ten years ago he retired and lived for some years in England. Five years ago, however, he returned to South Africa for the sake of the delightful climate, and bought a villa at Newlands, where he died. He is said to have been a man of remarkable character, becoming a noted figure wherever he sojourned.

Dr. FiNLAY George Macleod Ross (M.B., 1909) died at Klerksdorp, South Africa, on 4 June, aged thirty. After graduating, he was in India for

Obituary 8 7

a short time, but went to Africa about six years ago. He engaged in private practice, and also held several important medical appointments. He served as Lieutenant, R.A.M.C. in the East African campaign, and was afterwards appointed medical superintendent at Klerksdorp. He was the younger son of Mr. F. M. Ross, retired commercial traveller, Ferryhill Place, Aberdeen.

Mr. Joseph Scott (M.A., 1901 ; B.Sc.) died at Main Street, Gardens- town, Banffshire, on 24 September. He had a distinguished career at the University, taking his B.Sc. degree with first-class honours and being Neil Arnott prizeman. He was appointed junior assistant to Professor Niven, but failing health compelled him to relinquish this post. He then went to Inver- gorden, where he taught for a short time, and then to Kingussie, and finally — in the search for health — to Cape Colony, where he was for three years, re- turning in June last. He was a native of Gardenstown.

Rev. George Simmers (M.A., King's College, 1852) died suddenly at his residence, Aberdeen House, Ramsgate, on 8 August, aged eighty-two. He went to Ramsgate fifty years ago, and for many years he was prominently identified with the scholastic profession in that town. He was a licensed preacher for the district, and formerly assisted at the services in St. Clement's and St. Mary's, Sandwich. In 1881 he established Aberdeen House School, and carried it on successfully until the time of his death. During his later years Mr. Simmers was attached to the staff of Christ Church, Ramsgate, as honorary curate and was a frequent preacher at St. Luke's.

Thomas Henry Moir Smith (M.A., 1904) died at the Schoolhouse, Kilspindie, Perthshire, on 26 August, aged thirty-six. After graduating, Mr. Smith was for over four years third master in a school in Elgin. He was afterwards in a school in Stonehaven for a short time ; and over two years ago he was appointed head master of Kilspindie school. He was a son of the late Mr. Robert Smith, builder, Belvidere Street, Aberdeen.

Dr. James Harvey Stewart (alumnus, 1890-91 ; 1896-97 ; L.R.C.P. and S. [Edin.]) died at his residence, Woodville, Hatton of Cruden, Aberdeenshire, on 26 June, aged forty-four. He was a native of Alford, and completed his medical education at Edinburgh. After gaining experience with the late Dr. Patrick Mitchell, Old Rayne, he acquired the practice at Cruden.

Rev. Archibald Sutherland (M.A., King's College, i860) died at his residence, Roseisle, Glasgow Road, Perth, on 19 June, aged seventy-eight. He was senior minister of the York Place United Free Church, Perth, and was within a month of attaining his jubilee in that capacity. He retired from the active ministry about eight years ago. He was a native of Lossiemouth.

William Traill (M.A., 1892) died at his residence, Hillcrest Ranch, Nicola Valley, British Columbia, in August, aged forty-six. After gradu- ating, he became a teacher in Milne's Institution, Fochabers, and then teacher of English and Classics at Dingwall Academy. He emigrated to British Columbia several years ago. He belonged to Fishrie, King-Edward, and was married to a daughter of Ex-Provost Frew, Dingwall.

Dr. Alexander Reid Urquhart (M.B., 1873; M.D., 1877; F.R.C.P. [Edin.], 1894; LL.D., 1914) of Milnfield, Elgin, died at Tannachie Meads, Eastbourne, on 31 July, aged sixty-five. After graduating, he acted for four years as assistant resident physician at the District Asylum, Murthly, Perth- shire, and the experience in brain troubles he gained there was added to by several appointments in England and by extensive studies abroad. In 1879

X

88 Aberdeen University Review

he was appointed Physician Superintendent at James Murray's Royal Asylum, Perth, and successfully filled this responsible position for thirty-four years,, retiring in 1913. He was for many years editor of the "Journal of Medical Science" and a frequent contributor to it and to other publications. On leaving Perth, he was presented with his portrait, painted by Mr. G. Fiddes Watt, A.R.S.A.

Rev. Alexander Wilson (M.A., 1882) died in a nursing home in Aber- deen on 3 July, aged fifty-seven. He was a son of Rev. James Wilson, minister of the parish of Enzie, Banffshire ; and, after graduating and taking the divinity course at the University, he became minister of the quoad sacra parish of Ythan Wells, Aberdeenshire, in 1890, remaining minister till his death. " From the very start of his ministerial career " (said an obituary notice)^ " Mr. Wilson identified himself in the fullest possible way with the public life of the district, and, while zealous in the interests of his own church, was very active in the support of every movement for the welfare of the community."

Mr. George Skelton Yuill (alumnus, 1864-66) died at Sydney, New South Wales, on i o October, aged sixty-nine. He was a son of the late Rev. James Yuill, minister of the parish of Peterhead from 1835 till 1843, and subsequently mmister of the Free Church at Peterhead ; and his mother was a sister of the late Dr. Anderson, of the Gymnasium, Old Aberdeen. He entered the University in 1864, but did not complete his course. After serving for a time in a bank at Peterhead and then for two years in the office of Messrs. Anderson, Anderson, & Co., of the Orient Mail Line of steamships, he proceeded to a business appointment in China. He next went to Australia as general manager in the Colonies for the Orient Line ; and finally embarked on a business career of his own, founding the firm of Messrs. G. S. Yuill & Co., Ltd., Fenchurch Street, London, with branches in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide. He met with conspicuous success, and acquired a large fortune.

Mr. Yuill always retained a warm interest in the University, particularly in the 1864-68 class, and he defrayed the cost of the sumptuous class record, edited by Rev. Dr. Bruce of Banff, which was published in 191 2. Two years later, in memory of that class, he gifted to the University ;^4ooo towards a fund for a scholar. hip to be named ''The Yuill Scholarship in Chemistry," for the encouragement of " the practical application of the theory and science of Chemistry to the arts, manufactures, and industries of Great Britain". (See vol. ii., 169.)

Obituary 89

WAR OBITUARY.

The sheet containing the War Obituary in our last issue was printed off before the sad news arrived that the Principal had sustained an additional bereavement in the loss of his second son, Robert Dunlop Smith (Arts Student, 1911-12), Captain, 33rd Punjabis, Indian Army, Brigade Machine Gun Officer, Indian Expeditionary Force E, who was killed in action in East Africa on 12 June. Captain Dunlop Smith passed into Sandhurst 120th in the list of successful candidates, but reached the sixteenth place in the exit examination and received a commission in the Indian Army. For the year of his probation with a British regiment he was attached to the 4th Battalion, Rifle Brigade, then at Dagshai, near Simla. Early in 19 14 he was appointed to the Punjabis, then at Bannu, N.W. Frontier Province. When his regiment proceeded to France soon after the outbreak of war, he was, as its junior subaltern, left in charge of its recruits at its new depot at Bareilly. After attending a school of instruction for machine-gun officers in India, he passed out of the school, the only student of his group with distinction. In January, 19 16, he rejoined his regiment in Egypt on its return from France, and was appointed to the command of its Machine Gun Section. On its removal to Aden, he was placed in command of the Brigade of Machine Guns, and directed the disposition of the guns on that front. He was several times in action there, and received the thanks in Orders of the General Officer Com- manding.

Lt^tters were received from him on the voyage from Aden — by the Sey- chelles Islands, where the officers were hospitably entertained — to a port in what was once German East Africa, where the regiment landed on 7 May. For three weeks Captain Smith commanded a force of 300 men at a distant outpost, where every man suffered from fever. They returned to head-quarters on 10 June, the date of his last letter home. In this he said he was ex- pecting to see Lieutenant G. S. Lawrence (M.B., 191 6), who was to join the regiment as medical officer. On the nth the whole regiment marched to Beaumont's Post in the interior, just north of the Ngaura River, on the Kilwa- Lindi road. Next morning a patrol, with Captain Smith in command, was sent out into the jungle. They soon came into action with the enemy, and the Captain was shot and killed instantaneously while attending to a wounded sergeant.

Captain Smith was twenty-four years of age. His elder brother, Second Lieutenant George Buchanan Smith (LL.B., 1914), attached to the 2nd Batt., Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in Flanders on 25 September, 191 5 (see vol. iii., 96) ; and when he received news of this Captain Dunlop Smith cabled home from India Newbolt's lines : —

A great fight and a good death ; Trust him, he would not fail.

A fellow-student, in the course of a memorial notice which appeared in the " Aberdeen Free Press " on 2 July, said : —

He was one of those who seem to have a call to man the outposts of our Empire, and who exile themselves in far-off countries and lonely stations, where, dreaming ever of those

^o Aberdeen University Review

at home, they watch and work quietly and patiently to maintain law and order, and pave the way for the spread of our civilization. Dunlop answered this call eagerly, and seemed likely to have a brilliant future before him in the Indian Army.

When war broke out no one longed more for active service than he, and it was a bitter disappointment, patiently borne, when he was kept on depot duty in India for some time. Later he did excellent work as senior M.G.O. at Aden. Those who remember his soldierly keenness will be able to picture his enthusiasm on starting to take part in the East African campaign, where, soon after his arrival, he was killed in action, joining his brother and many of his friends in the ranks of those who have given their lives for their country and for us all.

Thomas Anderson (M.A., 191 2), Lance-Corporal, Gordon Highlanders, died on 23 September of wounds received in action on the previous day. He was twenty-seven years of age, and was the son of Mr. Thomas Anderson, 1 6 Whitehall Place, Aberdeen. He was a teacher at Newmachar when the war broke out. For a short time he worked in a munitions factory, but joined the colours in May of last year.

John Badenoch (M.A., 1900), Private, R.A.M.C., died of heat-stroke in Mesopotamia on 1 1 July. He was a native of Portsoy, Banffshire, and was forty years of age, and was engaged in teaching, but was latterly attending the Divinity classes in the University. He joined up voluntarily under the Derby Scheme in May, 1916 — a very plucky act at his age (thirty- nine). (See p. 70.) George Brown (2nd Medicine, 1915-16), Surgeon-Probationer, R.N., was killed in action at sea on 21 October, while on board one of H.M. Ships acting as convoy in the North Sea. He enlisted in the Royal Navy in 1 91 6 as an auxiliary sick-berth reserve attendant, and was recently pro- moted to the rank of surgeon-probationer. He was a nephew of the late Baillie John Brown, CuUen, Banffshire, and was twenty-one years of age.

Andrew Mitchell Bruce (M.A., 1908), Private, 5th Gordon High- landers, reported missing after 23 April, has since been reported killed in action in France on that date. Prior to the war, he was assistant master in the Central Public School, Inverness. He was the third son of Mr. Bruce, Mill of Allathan, New Deer, and was thirty-nine years of age. His friend and colleague, Mr. G. A. Cameron (M.A., 191 2), rector. Central School, Inver- ness, writes : " His was one of the characters that wear well — an Aberdeen- shire man of the best type ; unassuming, sincere, and conscientiously thorough. No boy or girl came under his teaching but will bear the impression of his teaching and personality through life. Please convey to his father and mother my own deep sympathy and that of the whole staff in their grief."

Rev. David Stewart Dawson (M.A., 19 10), Lieutenant, Gordon High- landers, died at 187 Westburn Road, Aberdeen, on 20 October, aged twenty- seven. Prior to the war, he was assistant to Rev. Dr. Jamieson, Portobello. He volunteered for service shortly after the war began, and was commissioned, 30 July, 1915, in the Special Reserve of Officers (Infantry), and attached to the 3rd (Reserve) Battalion of the Gordons. He bad the reputation of being a brave and efficient officer, but he was wounded in September, 191 6, and had been an invalid almost continuously since, having never recovered from the effects of his war experience at the front. Lieutenant Dawson was a grandson of the late Rev. James Allen, D.D., minister of Mamoch, Banff- shire, and was married last year. He was a conscientious and popular minister, and by his death a life of great promise has been untimely cut off.

John Mitchell Duthie (i st Medicine, 1 9 1 5 - 1 6), Lance-Corporal, Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France in August. He was a son of Mr. James R. Duthie, merchant. College Bounds, Fraserburgh ; aged nineteen.

Obituary 9 1

Robert William Ferguson (M.A., 1909; B.Sc, 1 910), Second Lieu- tenant, 5th Gordon Highlanders, reported last year as wounded and missing, has now been officially reported as killed in action at Beaumont Hamel, 1 3 November, 191 6. He enlisted as a private in the spring of 1915, and re- ceived his commission a month or two later, being drafted to the front in August, 1 916. He held scholastic appointments at Aberlour and Nairn, and on the outbreak of the war he was mathematical master at Sharpe's Institute, Perth. He was the youngest son of Mr. Alexander Ferguson, 62 Queen Street, Peterhead, and was twenty-nine years of age,

James Findlay (ist year Medicine, 1915-16), Second Lieutenant, 12th Northumbeiland Fusiliers (formerly a private in the Royal Fusiliers), was killed in action in France in June. He was the younger son of the late Mr. John Findlay, Mains of Loirston, Nigg, and was twenty-one years of age.

Alexander Guthrie (2nd year Arts, 1914-15), Lieutenant, ist High- land Brigade, R.F.A., was killed in action in France on 13 July, while at- tempting to save a comrade. He was the second son of Rev. W. G. Guthrie (M.A., 1887 ; B.D.), minister of the parish of Glass, Aberdeenshire (formerly of Logie-Buchan), and intended entering the ministry. A memorial service was conducted in the parish church of Logie-Buchan on 22 July, and the minister of the parish. Rev. James Coutts, paid a touching tribute to this, the third gallant son of the manse of Logie-Buchan who had given up his life in the cause of justice and liberty. [The allusion was to Lieutenant Albert J. Guthrie, another son of the Rev. W. G. Guthrie, who was killed in the Somme fighting last year, and to Corporal Tom Scott, son of the late Rev. W. F. Scott, a former minister of Logie-Buchan, also killed in action.]

Alexander Simpson Harper (M.A., Hons. Math., 1911), Lieutenant, Royal Highlanders, was killed in action on 12 October. A time-expired Territorial, he rejoined on the outbreak of the war as a private in the 7th Gordon Highlanders, and had served at the front since the spring of 191 6. He was promoted Lance-Corporal, and on 14 August, 191 6, received a commission as Temporary Second Lieutenant in the 8th Battalion, Royal Highlanders (Black Watch), and was very recently promoted to be Lieutenant. He was the second son of the late Mr. William Harper, The Gardens, Tulliebelton, Perthshire, and was aged twenty-seven ; he had adopted teach- ing as his profession. He is the fourth of the Honours graduates of 1911 to fall in the present war.

Adam Gordon Howitt, M.C. (B.Sc. Agr., 1910), Captain, 12th East Surrey Regiment, was killed in action in France on 5 August, while driving off a counter-attack under dreadful weather conditions. Captain Howitt was a distinguished student at the Agricultural College, and after taking his degree he entered the service of the (German Potash Syndicate in Berlin, and was sent out to South Africa as their representative there. On the outbreak of the war he joined the Cape Town Highlanders and fought in the campaign in South-West Africa, reaching the rank of Lieutenant. On the conclusion of that campaign, he came home to this country and obtained a commission in the East Surrey Regiment. Only ten days before he was killed, announce- ment was made that he had been awarded the Military Cross for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in leading a raid upon enemy trenches, the success of the raid being due to his good leadership and cool judgment. The announcement added that he personally reconnoitred "No Man's Land"

92 Aberdeen University Review

afterwards to make sure that every one had returned to the British lines. He had been previously promoted direct from Second Lieutenant to Captain for his services in the field, the Major-General commanding the Division placing on record on that occasion " my appreciation of your dash and judgment when leading your platoon into action. . . . Regardless of shell fire you did very good work in organizing the consolidation after the objective had been captured."

Captain Howitt's commanding officer, in a letter to the Captain's sister, wrote : —

Your brother's line was suddenly attacked in the fog on the morning of 5 August, and he was emerging from a captured German dug-out at the time, when three Germans at- tacked him. He fought the three and we found him (after the Germans had been beaten back) with the three dead Germans. The last one of the three Germans alive must have thrown a bomb that killed your brother. Death must have been instantaneous. He tell at

and is buried there. He took this village with his company first of all and then held

it until his death.

I may mention that the capture of the village, the holding of it till 5 August, our counter-attack on that day, and the subsequent holding and counter-attacks up to 13 August, are now the talk of the Army Corps. The battalion is justly proud of its achievement. Your brother's share in the above was great, and had he survived, he would have secured (no doubt) another well-earned decoration.

In a previous letter announcing Captain Howitt's death the same officer had written : —

In him I do not hesitate to say I have lost my best officer. Although outnumbered and under climatic conditions impossible to describe adequately. Captain Howitt and his men beat the enemy back, and in the fierce hand to hand fighting "Jock" Howitt died fighting to the last — one of the bravest of the brave.

William George Philip Hunt, M.C. (M.A., 1912), Captain, loth Batt, Essex Regiment, died in the Duchess of Westminster's Hospital, Le Touquet, France, on 15 August, of wounds received on 31 July as he was leading his men into action at the battle of Ypres. He was the younger son of the Jate Mr. Philip Hunt, of Scredington, Lincolnshire, and of Weston, Notts, and of Mrs. Hunt, of Coates, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, who to his great comfort was with him when he died ; and he was a grandson of the late Mr. George Lowson, farmer, Standingstones, Dyce, Aberdeenshire. He was educated at Cirencester Grammar School, where he distinguished himself both in scholar- ship and athletics, and at Aberdeen University. After graduating, he became assistant master at Newport Grammar School. When war broke out he en- listed in the 4th Gordons, in which he rose to be Lance-Sergeant, and after- wards received a commission in the loth Essex. He served with much distinction, beloved and trusted by his men and fellow-officers, and gained the Military Cross. From a tribute to him in the " Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard," of 25 August, we take these sentences : As a boy "he had brains above the average, worked with a will and was keen both in school work and in games, but above all he was generous, brave, and true " ; he " grew into one of the finest specimens of British manhood, well knit, of splendid physique, and with those same qualities of mind and soul which he possessed as a boy, broadened and developed. He was a man with a host of fiiends but never an enemy . . . because his qualities of manliness and uprightness could not help appealing to all with whom he came into contact." Captain Hunt was twenty-five years of age. He was buried in the military cemetery four

Obituary 93

miles from Le Touquet, and was borne to his grave by Gordon Highlanders, his first regiment, the pipers playing "The Flowers of the Forest ".

James Temple Jenkins (M.A., 1904), Second Lieutenant, Seaforth High- landers, was killed in action on 20 September. He was the youngest son of ex-Provost Jenkins, Burghead, Morayshire, and was a partner in the herring curing firm of Thomas Jenkins. He was thirty-three years of age.

Alexander William Joss, once a student of law in the University, en- listed in the Highland Light Infantry and went to the front in France as private in one of the battalions of that Regiment. Reported as missing after the action of 15 July, 191 6, he is now officially presumed to have been kil ed on that date. Private Joss was twenty-eight years of age.

Harold Bruce Lendrum (ist year Arts, 1913-14), Second Lieutenant, 6th Seaforth Highlanders, died on i August of wounds received in action in France. He was the eldest son of Rev. John Lendrum (M.A., 1888), minister of the South United Free Church, Elgin. After leaving Elgin Academy, he proceeded to Aberdeen University, and had only finished his first year there when he enlisted in the Seaforths in September, 19 14. He went to France in May, 191 5, and two months later was awarded a commission. He was twenty-one years of age.

Kenneth Norman Macdonald (2nd year Arts and Medicine, 1915-16), deck hand, Royal Naval Reserve, was lost at sea in August on one of H.M. Ships on war service. He was nineteen years of age. His parents reside at Plockton.

Charles Spence Marr (M.A., 19 10), by profession a teacher, went to Canada some time ago. After the outbreak of war he enlisted, and came to this country as a private in the 50th Canadian Infantry Battalion. He died on 3 March, 1916, in a training camp at Bramshott, Hants.

Alexander James Bolton Milne (Divinity, 19 14- 15), Second Lieutenant, Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 2 2 August. He took his Arts course at Glasgow University, and attended the Divinity Hall at Aberdeen for three sessions. While in Aberdeen, he was assistant to Rev. A. M. Snadden, John Knox Parish Church, and was also a student missionary in the East Parish under Rev. George Walker. He joined up when he had completed his divinity course in the spring of 1915. Lieutenant Milne was the only son of Rev. A. A. Milne, Crofthope, Old Cumnock, Ayrshire, and late of Cambuslang Parish Church, and was thirty years of age.

Allan Smith Milne (M.A., 1902 ; B.L.), Second Lieutenant (acting Captain), Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 26 June. He was a solicitor in Aberdeen, and was principal assistant to Messrs. Reid & Davidson, advocates. He received a commission in the Gordons in June, 19 15, and with one of the district battalions he went to France a year past in April. He saw a good deal of the fighting, and his promotion was practically assured, for he wis acting as temporary captain in command of a company at the time he met his death. In athletic circles, Lieutenant Milne was well known as an enthusiastic football and hockey player, and he was a familiar figure at the University Recreation Ground, King's College. He was a son of the late Mr. George Milne, solicitor, and was thirty- six years of age.

George Smith Mitchell Milne (M.A., 19 14), Lieutenant, Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action on 14 October. He was the only son of Mr. Charles Milne, 16 Rubislaw Den North, and was twenty-three years of age. He had just graduated when the war broke out. At that time he was

94 Aberdeen University Review

a private in D Company, 4th Gordon Highlanders, and when the regiment was mobilised he went with it into training. On 17 October, 191 4, he was gazetted Second Lieutenant (temporary) in the loth (Service) Battalion, Gordon Highlanders. He saw a great deal of active service during his three years with the battalion. Lieutenant Milne intended studying law.

William Charles Milne (M.A , 1908), Lieutenant, Pioneers, Indian Army, Reserve of Ofificers, died at the Officers' Hospital, Baghdad, of enteric fever, on 29 October. After graduating, he entered the Indian forest service, and at the outbreak of the war was transferred to the Indian Army Reserve. He was the elder son of the late Mr. John Milne, formerly merchant, Fetter- angus, Old Deer, and latterly of 73 Forest Road, Aberdeen, and was thirty-one years of age.

Thomas Boulton Myles (Agriculture, 1913-14), Captain, Highland Light Infantry, was killed in action in France in August. He was a son of the late Mr. C. Y. Myles, Wellbank, Arbroath ; was a keen sportsman ; and was well known in Arbroath and Aberdeen for his prowess on the cricket and football fields. Captain Myles was twenty-four years of age.

Alastair Gordon Peter, M.C. (M.A., 1898; M.B., 1903; M.R.C.S. [Eng.]; L.R.C.P. [Lond.] ; and D.P.H. [Camb.]), Captain, R.A.M.C, died in July from wounds received in action. He relinquished a lucrative prac- tice in West Africa in 191 5 and joined the Seaforth Highlanders with the rank of Captain. He was awarded the Military Cross in November, 191 6, for conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty. Captain Peter was the youngest son of the late Mr. John Peter, factor, Beauly, and a nephew of the late Rev. George Peter, Kemnay, and of the late Rev. James Peter, Old Deer. He was about forty years of age.

James Robertson (Arts), Signaller, Royal Field Artillery, was killed in action in France in August. He was a son of Mr. John Robertson, carpenter, Aberlour, and was twenty years old.

George Douglas Rose (M.A., 191 5), Second Lieutenant, Gordon High- landers, was killed in action on 20 September. He was the second son of Dr. George Rose, medical officer under the Aberdeen School Board, and was twenty-two years of age.

Rev. Cecil Barclay Simpson (M.A., Hons., 1907), Second Lieutenant, 4th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders, was killed in action in October. He had a distinguished career at Aberdeen University, graduating with second class honours in Classics and first-class honours in Mathematics ; and also at the New College, Edinburgh, where he studied divinity. He was inducted and ordained minister of the Moss Street United Free Church, Elgin, in August, 1 9 14. He had a strong feeling, however, that he ought to take part as a combatant in the great struggle for freedom, and about the beginning of 1916 he joined the Inns of Court Officers Training Corps. He was gazetted Second Lieutenant in the Seaforths on i March, 191 7, being next in seniority to J. T. Jenkins (M.A., 1904), who was killed in action on 20 September. He went to the front shortly after, and had been engaged in much heavy fighting. Lieutenant Simpson was a son of the late Rev. James Simpson, minister of the United Free Church, Monquhitter.

Archibald Charles Spark (Arts, 1 915-16), Second Lieutenant, Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 31 July. He was the eldest son of Rev. W. A. Spark, minister of the parish of Glenbuchat, Aberdeen- shire, and was twenty-one years of age.

Obituary 95

Robert Haig Spittal (M.B., 1905), Captain, R.A.M.C., was killed in action on 4 October. He got his Captaincy on 10 October, 1915. Shortly after the outbreak of the war he was attached to the British Military Hospital, Serbian Array, and received the Serbian Decoration, the Order of St. Sava. After leaving Serbia, he was engaged at Malta and in Egypt, and in July, 19 16, he was transferred to the French front. Captain Spittal was the elder son of the late Mr. James Spittal, schoolmaster, Ellon (M.A,, 1874). Before the war, he was in practice at Middlesbrough.

Dr. David James Shirres Stephen, M.C. (with bar), (M.B., 1910 ; M.D., 1912), Captain, R.A.M.C., died on 24 October of wounds caused by a gas shell. After graduating, he was engaged for a time in hospital work at Oldham, but subsequently took up private practice in Lincoln in partnership with a well- known local practitioner. He joined the military service in the first year of the war, and, going to the front, he early distinguished himself, receiving the Military Cross over two years ago, "for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in attending to the wounded under heavy shell fire ". Only a few weeks before his death, Captain Stephen received a bar to the Military Cross for further gallantry in the field in carrying out his professional duties. He was the youngest son of the late Mr. Alexander Stephen, Ashgrove, Fyvie.

Arthur Frederick Verb Stephenson, A.M. Inst. C.E. (alumnus). Lieutenant, 4th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (T.F.), reported missing after an action in France on 23 July, 1916, later officially presumed by the War Office to have died on or since that date, has now been reported to have died of wounds in a German trench on the above date. He was the youngest son of Emeritus Professor William Stephenson. After receiving his education at the Aberdeen Grammar School, he was trained as a civil engineer in the office of Messrs. Walker & Duncan. Later, while studying for the examina- tion for the diploma of the Institute of Civil Engineers, London, he attended the Geology classes at Marischal College in 1 909, Gaining the diploma in 19 10, he received an appointment in the Department of Public Works of the Federated Malay States. When war broke out, he immediately volunteered for active service, and soon after his arrival in England in the spring of 191 5 he was gazetted Lieutenant in the 4th Gordons, and after six months' training he went to France in October, 191 5. Vere Stephenson had always been an enthusiastic volunteer. He was a member of the ist V.B. Gordon High- landers, and in the Federated Malay States he held the rank of Corporal in the Malay States Volunteer Rifles. Music was one of his chief interests. He played the bagpipes, the flute, and the piccolo. At one time he played the flute in the orchestra of the University Choral Society, and for several years he sang in the Choir at King's College Chapel. He died at the age of thirty- three.

Peter Melvin Strachan (ist Science, 1914-15), Lance-Corporal, Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action on 20 September. He enlisted in the Gordons during the first year of the war, and, after training in a home camp, joined his regiment at the front. He had seen a deal of active service, and was once wounded. He was the only son of Mr. John Strachan, Inspector of Poor, Inverurie, and was twenty-one years of age.

William John Taylor (M.A., 19 10), Captain, lothSeaforth Highlanders, died suddenly of pneumonia at Dunfermline on i August. He was severely wounded by shrapnel at Vimy Ridge and lay in hospital for some time, but

96 Aberdeen University Review

apparently made a good recovery, and visited his friends in Huntly and else- where. A sudden attack of pneumonia, however, proved speedily fatal. Captain Taylor, piior to joining up, was on the teaching staff of the Gordon Schools, Huntly. He was the eldest son of Mr. George Taylor, Halkirk, Caithness, and was married only a year ago, being buried on the anniversary of his wedding day. He was twenty-nine years of age.

James Will (ist year Arts), Lance-Corporal, Gordon Highlanders, died in September of wounds received in France. He was a young man of twenty- three, son of Mr. John Will, station master, Craigo, and was educated at the Mackie Academy, Stonehaven. On entering the University he gained a ;^2o bursary. He was a member of U Company and volunteered for service at the beginning of the war.

UNIVERSITY WAR STATISTICS.

Aberdeen University — 15 November : Graduates Commissioned, 1347 j in the Ranks, 315 — Total, 1662. Alumni Commissioned, 88; in the Ranks, 83 — Total, 171. Students Commissioned, 185; in the Ranks, 385 ; Officers' Training Corps, 100 — Total, 670. Members of the Staff not Graduates of the University, 26. Total of Members of the University on Naval or Military Service, 2529. Sacrist (Commissioned) and University Servants, 18 ; Grad- uates in charge of Red Cross or Military Hospitals or acting as Civilian Sur- geons to the Troops, 57; Red Cross Orderlies, 6; on Y.M.C.A. service to Troops, 10 ; on Munitions and other War Work (so far as reported), 20. Sum total, 2 640. Two hundred and six have fallen in action or died of wounds or disease contracted on service ; and six others are missing; 14 are prisoners of war. Honours: K.C.M.G.— i ; C.B.— 4; C.M.G.— 8; C.V.O.— i ; D.S.O. —27; M.C.— 61; D.S.C.— i; D.C.M.— i; M.M.— 3; Albert Medal for Valour — i; Foreign Orders — 12; Mentioned in Dispatches — 93; Brought to the Notice of the Secretary of State for War for Valuable Services — 25 ; while several others have been promoted or received Brevet- Rank for service on the field.

Glasgow University, Report to General Council, 3 1 October : Total of graduates, students, and alumni directly on Naval or Military Service — 3172, of whom 2493 hold or have held commissions. Killed or Died of Wounds — 313; Missing or Prisoners of War — 33. Honours: K.C.M.G. — i; C.B. — 2; C.M.G. — 2; Brevet-Colonelcies — 2; V.C. — 2; D.S.O. — 24; M.C. — 120; Croix de Guerre — 8 ; Chevaliers, Legion of Honour — 3 ; Mentioned in Dis- patches— 200.

Edinburgh University, Report to General Council, 26 October: "Over 5000 of its members are now serving in the Forces of the Crown; and 368 are known to have given their lives 'Pro Patria'". Honours: C.B. — 5; C.M.G.— 15; D.S.O.— 30; M.C— 74; D.S.C.— 3; D.C.M.— 2 ; Advances in Rank — 4 Officers, also several N.C.O.'s and men commissioned on the field; Foreign Orders — 8 ; Mentioned in Dispatches over 130 graduates, etc.

"M

The

Aberdeen University Review

Vol. V. No. 14 February, 191 8

Science for Life/

UR age is marked by two very strong tendencies — the democratic and the scientific. Some key- words of the democratic t&ndiency are " liberation," "solidarity," "participation," "equal opportuni- ties ". Some key-words of the scientific tendency are " accuracy," " verification," " systematization," " control ". It is certain that secure progress in the years ahead of us will in part depend on increased interaction between these two powerful tendencies — that democratic movements become better informed and more thoroughly imbued with the scientific spirit, and that scientific interests be increasingly socialized and directed towards the relief of man's estate.

I.

Ever since man began to find himself, he has been applying know- ledge to the securing of wealth and health ; the foundations of agriculture and medicine, for instance, are prehistoric ; and there is no clear line to be drawn between the empirical and the scientific stage. But what is distinctively modern is the all-round utilization of Science as a basis for action, the determined attempt to substitute the rational for the empirical, the growing habit of focussing scientific inquiry on practical puzzles, the recognition of scientific investigation as an agency likely to produce well-being as well as enlightenment. Our thesis is that Science can do far more for human life than it has hitherto been al- lowed or asked to do.

^ Address to Aberdeen University Scientific Association, October, 1917.

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In illustrating this thesis we refuse to take any narrow view of Science. For we mean by Science — all systematized, verifiable, and communicable knowledge, reached by reflection on the impersonal data of observation and experiment. One of the best definitions is given by Dr. Trotter in his " Instincts of the Herd " (1916) — " a body of knowledge derived from experience of its material, and co-ordinated so that it shall be useful in forecasting and, if possible, directing the future behaviour of that material ". But only omniscience could draw a circle including all scientific knowledge and excluding all else. Different orders of facts are unequally amenable to measurement, ex- periment, and other scientific methods. For this reason, and for historical reasons, the sciences differ greatly in their degree of develop- ment, in the exactness of formulation which they have received, and in the possibilities that they afford for prediction. Contrast gravitational astronomy — well-nigh perfect — and the young science of animal be- haviour ; you can predict with almost perfect precision the return of a comet, but not how the cat will jump. Yet the student of animal behaviour may be as " scientific " as his fellows in the astronomical observatory or in the chemical laboratory.

II.

What can Science do for Life ? The answer is partly to be found at every turn in our modern day, and partly in the history of those applications of Science which have changed, or are changing, the oc- cupations and environment of mankind. But when we reflect on what has been achieved and how it has been brought about, and when we consider some hints of incipient new controls, we see that the question is unanswerable. We cannot tell what Science may do for Life. Before 1896 it would not have seemed rash to say : "This is certain, that no one will ever discern the contents of a closed wooden box ". But now they find the pearl in the unopened oyster and locate the bullet buried in the bone.

It was a fine epitaph that they put on the tomb of Fraunhofer, the discoverer of spectroscopy, " Approximavit Sidera " ; but in how many other ways has modern science enabled man to annihilate distance. He has made the ether carry his messages ; he can hear from afar the cry of the ship in distress upon the sea ; he can make Niagara drive mills and illumine cities hundreds of miles from the Falls. Science has harnessed electricity to man's chariot, and added the depths of the

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sea and the heights of the air to his navigable kingdom. Already Science is making bread out of the thin air, working miracles in the conquest of plague and pestilence, and controlling the inheritance of generations unborn.

The late Sir William Ramsay said : " Real gain, real progress con- sists in learning how better to employ energy — how better to effect its transformation ". It is an often told story how Science has enabled man to tap one reservoir of energy after another, and to do so with increasing economy. The less wasteful utilization of our coal supplies is certain to be one of the great changes of the next quarter of a cen- tury. We are almost sure to discover new and better ways of har- nessing wind and tides. Experts speak of the possibility of unlocking the imprisoned sub-atomic energies of which radio-active substances have given us so impressive a vision, and hint that it is not an ab- surdity to think of drawing from the supply of energy represented by the stresses of the ether. In any case this is certain, that in the do- main of things, science is giving man an increasing control of power.

It is progress, we suppose, to make in considerable quantity and economically, what was previously procurable in small quantity and wastefully, and the Tyrian purple of the sea-snail is replaced by a similar product of coal-tar ; but far more important is getting nitric acid and ammonia by tapping the free nitrogen of the atmosphere. How life-saving has been the abstract science which has led to the new metallurgy, to the understanding, for instance, of what happens when parts of a machine suffer from " fatigue-stress," and to a dis- covery of how this may be prevented. Many illuminating instances will be found in the essays entitled " Science and the Nation " (Cam- bridge University Press, 191 7).

In the realm of organisms, as in the domain of things. Science is giving man more control. The reward of the man who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before is within the reach of the modern botanist. Mr. Biffen and others have shown the practicability of creating new races of wheat, combining virtues, such as heavy crop- ping and immunity to rust, previously disjoined. Some new races, such as Burgoyne's Fife, have already been tested on a commercial scale. There may be limits to the combinations into which Mendelian characters can be worked up, but they do not seem to be narrow. As Professor Bateson says : " If we want to raise mangels that will not run to seed, or to breed a cow that will give more milk in less time, or

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milk with more butter and less water, we can turn to Grenetics with every hope that something can be done in these laudable directions ". The average yield of wheat in Britain is about thirty-two bushels to the acre, the Mendel ians tell us that it could be raised to forty or even fifty. Professor James Wilson writes graphically : '* For every day by which the life of a variety of wheat is shortened between seed-time and harvest, the wheat-growing area in Canada reaches fifty or sixty miles farther northwards ". Without exaggerating the aim of increased productivity, we must surely admit that it is fundamental to our pros- perity in days to come ; and the progress of the science of heredity has supplied levers which look as if they could be used with great practical effect in regard to cereals, roots, and fruits, cattle, sheep, and poultry. To the interesting problems of forestry, which are of so great importance from the occupational as well as from the economic side, the methods of genetics and bionomics have only begun to be applied. And there are many other /foz'nis d^appui. Thus it is quite on the cards that progress in bio-chemistry may change the whole economic problem of food-supply.

Pasteur must always stand as the foremost of the great pioneers in the modern art of controlling life, discovering as he did the microbic cause of certain types of disease, and likewise various methods whereby they can be mastered. What he did in regard to silkworm sickness, splenic fever, hydrophobia, and so on — conquering by understanding — has been extended and intensified in relation to a long series of diseases, of which diphtheria, enteric fever, and malaria are three very diverse instances. One of the great life-savers during these tragically destructive years has been Dr. Leiper, who discovered in Egypt the life-history of the worm-parasite which causes the serious and very prevalent disease of Bilharziosis, and showed also how relatively simple precautions will obviate the risk of infection. It does not seem too much to say that when Man cares enough he can sweep most microbic or parasitic diseases ofif the board.

Of incalculable human importance is the control which has been put into- man's hands by the development of " serum therapeutics ". The poison formed by the microbes of diphtheria and tetanus, if injected in gradually increasing doses into susceptible animals, will enormously increase the resistance which the serum of their blood offers to the microbes in question. If the serum of an animal thus rendered hyper-immune be injected into a child infected with diphtheria, or into

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a soldier infected with tetanus, it may save the life. The anti-toxin neutralizes the toxin. It may even be used to forestall the evil effects of probable infection. The miracle of conferring immunity has often been performed.

Not less subtle is the kind of control which has come about through the discovery of the function of the internal secretions of the ductless glands. Cretin children, whose deplorable condition is due to imper- fect development of the thyroid gland, can be rescued by giving them as part of their food the thyroid glands of sheep, or by injecting thyroid extract. Sir William Osier writes of the results, that they are " as a rule most astounding — unparalleled by anything in the whole range of curative measures. Within six weeks a poor, feeble-minded, toad-like caricature of humanity may be restored to mental and bodily health". The pituitary body seems to have to do with the regulation of growth ; the continuance of our life is dependent on the internal secretion of the pancreas which has to do with the utilization of sugar ; and each discovery of function has implied a new control.

Subtler still is the kind of service which some look for from the still infantile science — perhaps a Hercules in the cradle — of Psycho- Biology, which has for its central idea the unity of the organism as a mind-body and body-mind. Let us give a simple instance of psycho- biological counsel. The great Russian physiologist, Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov, demonstrated at the beginning of the century the influence of the emotions upon the health of the body. As it was said of old time, " a merry heart is the life of the flesh ". Pleasant emotions favour the secretion of the digestive juices, the rhythmic movements of the food- canal, and the absorption of the aliment. Contrariwise, unpleasant emotional disturbances — hate, malice, envy, anxiety — have a retarda- tive influence. " He that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast ; " worry is a factor in dyspepsia. No " faked " emotions have any influence, but the man who finds in the sunshine and the stars, in flowers and birds, in works of art and the faces of his friends, good reasons for good cheer, will have his joy-reward or euphoria added unto him — unless he is fool enough to pursue it. Especially for those less fortunately situated than ourselves, we should realize the scientific fact that it is of high importance, even for physical health, that natural well-springs of joy should be within reach.

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III.

To apply the results of scientific inquiry to the amelioration of human life is certainly the trend of evolution, and to focus scientific intelligence on practical puzzles is obviously common sense. Yet there are many who shake their heads over making a definite policy of "Science for Life". Their objections are (i) that the advances that count in the long run are made by Pure Science, pursued for its own sake, and (2) that pre-occupation with and glorification of practically useful results suggests, especially to the careless, an entirely wrong view of the aim of Science.

There is no doubt that the chief end of Science is Understanding. Its aim is intellectual, to describe things and occurrences, co-existences and sequences, as completely as possible, as simply as possible, as consistently as possible. This endeavour leads to the discovery of order, uniformity, inter-relations, and chains of sequence, which are systematized in formulae and laws. " If this, then that," is what Science is always saying. It aims at thought-models, common denominators, unifications ; it seeks to reduce the obscure, the dis- crepant, the anomalous. Now, if the end of Science be Understand- ing, Science for light rather than for life, is there not danger in bringing the criterion of practical value into prominence? Will not the democratization of Science tend to stop the unfolding of its finest flowers ? A picture painted to tell a story is apt to be bad art ; a novel written as a piece of propagandism is likely to be bad literature ; and so, they say, scientific investigation pursued with a directly utilitarian end in view will probably defeat itself

Now, a reference to the history of Science makes it quite plain that the kind of questioning which is rewarded by illumination is the surest and sometimes the shortest road to increased practical mastery. The quiet thinkers in the scientific cloisters are often, like the poets, the makers and shakers of the world. Professor A. N. Whitehead re- marks : " It is no paradox to say that in our most theoretical moods - we may be nearest to our most practical applications." It is admirably shown in Professor R. A. Gregory's " Discovery" (1916), that wireless telegraphy, the telephone, aeroplanes, radium, anti-septics, anti-toxins, spectrum analysis, and X-rays were all discovered in the course of purely scientific and very theoretical investigation. Lord Kelvin, pre-eminent alike in theoretical insight and in practical applications, once said : " No great law in Natural Philosophy has ever been dis-

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covered for its practical applications, but the instances are innumer- able of investigations apparently quite useless^ in this narrow sense of the word, which have led to the most valuable results ".

For eighteen centuries many great minds gave their lives to studying conic sections. Had this devotion any reward beyond the thrill of enlightenment ? Not to speak of projectiles, the answer is given by our great bridges, by the curves of our ships, by the rules of navigation, and by much more besides. It was not for practical purposes that William Smith tramped over England exploring the strata, yet how much of the exploitation of our country's mineral resources has had its origin in Smith's maps and their successors. Over and over again, both in peace and war, the stratigraphical geologist has saved a difficult situation. Far-reaching recent im- provements in metallurgy originated, though no one saw the seed sown, in 1861, when H. C. Sorby in Sheffield began out of sheer inquisitiveness to cut microscopic sections of rocks and meteorites. When Professor William Thomson published, in 1853, in the "Philo- sophical Magazine," a stiff bit of mathematical analysis, which laid the foundation of the theory of electric oscillations, there can have been few who saw in it one of the steps towards wireless telegraphy. But we should go further back still to Lagrange, who led on to Thomson and Clerk Maxwell, as these to Hertz. As Professor E. W. Hobson writes (" Science and the Nation," p. 92), Lagrange's work in purely abstract mathematics " was an essential link in a chain of investigation which led, on the practical side, to the invention of wireless telegraphy ".

Pasteur's researches form an intellectual chain of which the first link was a study of molecular dissymmetry and the crystalline forms of tar- trates. What would the Democratic Council's Committee on Biological Research have said of Pasteur's first link ? Or of Darwin's earliest dis- covery on the larvae of the sea-mat ? At the French Revolution they executed Lavoisier, the founder of modern chemistry, saying, "The Republic has no need of Savants ".

The modern treatment of cretinism and the like was founded on a very technical inquiry into the function of the ductless glands, and the modem treatment of diphtheria and plague on a very theoretical inquiry into the meaning of immunity. A few years ago zoologists were laughed at, who solemnly counted the hairs on the backs of flies and quarrelled over the specific distinctions between one gnat and another. And could there be for able-minded men a waste of time

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more scandalous than cutting sections of the entrails of ticks ? Yet it has been this sort of knowledge of flies and gnats and ticks that has made it possible to open up Tropical Africa and complete the Panama Canal.

The historical facts should be carefully weighed, for there is a real danger ahead. With a hastily educated democracy, naturally eager for immediate results, with a conventionally educated parliament, knowing little of what Science means, and not humble enough to learn, there will be a tendency to starve "Pure Science," while so-called "Applied Science" is subsidized. But as Huxley always insisted, "What people call Applied Science is nothing but the application of Pure Science to particular classes of problems ". And it must be remembered that the advance of Pure Science depends on the con- tinued activity of a kind of mind which has never been common, which seeks after knowledge with more than a passing love, which has vision as well as patience. The lesson of history is clear : if any really big change is to come about along any line, it is likely to be through discoveries in Pure Science, and the priceless workers are those who have brains enough to be discoverers in Pure Science. It is encourag- ing to read in the Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for 191 5-16, of which Sir William McCormick was Chairman, a repeated insistence on the fundamental necessity of prosecuting Pure Science as distinguished from tackling particular practical problems. There is, of course, nothing but good in applying the results and methods of Science to immediate difficulties and limitations ; the danger is of a false valuation, of ignoring the lesson of history that, even for practical ends, it is theory that pays, and of diverting the real discoverer from the quest of understanding. No question arises as to the role of the inventor, who devises some useful application of new knowledge which the discoverers have estab- lished, but the danger is of letting the inventor overshadow the dis- coverers. A thousand people know of Marconi, for one who knows on whose shoulders the Italian inventor nimbly and with perfect fairness perched himself. Ten thousand people know of Edison, for one who has heard of Willard Gibbs — one of the greatest physicists of the nineteenth century.

What then shall we say? (i) The first-class makers of first-class new knowledge are such rarcR aves, that nothing too much can be done for them. It is a tragedy that a man with a first-class mind should

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€ver be hampered as regards his scientific pursuits by having only a third-class purse. On the master-minds the question of utility should never be allowed to intrude. (2) As to the second-class and third-class makers of second-class and third-class new knowledge, some demo- cratization or socialization of their activities might be useful, especially if it came about voluntarily, not coercively. There is no proof that €very investment of scientific time and ingenuity must yield interest affecting man's estate. Some is only quantitatively, not qualitatively new. It would be no tyranny to ask that an investigator, faced by equally attractive theoretical problems, should give the preference to those holding out some promise of benefit to mankind. The demo- cratic check on luxurious specialism would not be unjust which pressed a consideration of Spencer's epigram — " Science is for life, not life for Science". (3) It is possible to make a bogey of the danger of social- izing scientific inquiry. One may be too jealous for the safety of the ark, it is not so capsizable. Bacon was right : " This is that which will indeed dignify and exalt knowledge if contemplation and action be more nearly and strictly conjoined and united together than they have been ". No small part of Science, even of geometry and astron- omy, sprang from tackling practical problems, and this may be ex- pected to continue. In his "Janus and Vesta" (1916), Mr. Benchara Branford writes shrewdly : " Science ultimately sprang, and is con- tinually springing from the desires and efforts of men to increase their skill in their occupations by understanding the eternal principles that underlie all dealings of man with Nature and of man with his fellow- men ". There is an unceasing reciprocal relationship : occupations pro- duce and stimulate science ; science improves and creates occupations. Even the great discoverer is not likely to impair his genius by being something, of a citizen ; and to those of humbler rank it gives a spice to work to know that it may perhaps be of practical use to mankind. Some people speak as if it was almost a taint in a piece of work to have obvious utility ; but sounder sense is talked by some of the dis- coverers themselves ; thus Professor W. H. Bragg writes : " Pure Science may be developed by itself, but it is the gainer if its workers are alive to the inspiration which is to be found in watching its ap- plication ".

Perhaps the matter may be put in another way by distinguishing between end and motive, for several great discoverers have admitted that in the background of their minds there was ever the conviction

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that Science is for the relief of man's estate as well as for the glory of God. Thus one of the prominent physicists of the Kelvin period, Professor Henry A. Rowland, in an address on " the highest aim of the physicist," writes that while the investigator " strives to under- stand the Universe on account of the intellectual pleasure derived from the pursuit," he is upheld in his work by the conviction that " the study of Nature's secrets is the ordained method by which the greatest good and happiness shall finally come to the human race". Bacon said the same in speaking of the aim of Salomon's House in the " New Atlantis " : " The end of our foundation is the knowledge of causes and the secret motions of things ; and the enlarging of the bounds of human empire, to the effecting of all things possible".

Perhaps, however, there is more to be feared from the second risk involved in the thesis that Science is for Life — the risk of sug- gesting to the careless and unlearned a falsely partial criterion. Speaking of the educational value of Science, Professor Bateson has recently written (" Cambridge Essays in Education ") : " There is something horrible and terrifying in the doctrine so often preached . . . that Science is to be preferred because of its utility ". Perhaps there is a bit of a bogey here too, for " science " and " utility " are both great words, no narrow meaning of which can be tolerated ; and it is never for very long that man can forget that he does not live by bread alone. But the risk is undeniable, and the remedy is a continual re-appreciation of values. It was in recognition of the risk we are discussing that Bacon drew a distinction between those results of Science which are light-giving {luciferd) and those which are of direct practical utility {fructiferd), and said so finely : " Just as the vision of light itself is something more excellent and beautiful than its manifold use, so without doubt the contemplation of things as they are, without superstition or imposture, without error or confusion, is in itself a nobler thing than a whole harvest of inventions ".

IV.

We have given many illustrations of what Science can do for Life,^ but the thesis is wider than we have yet indicated, (i) There is the possibility, some would say desirability, of more definite scientific instruction in the art of life. Education is in part intended to shorten the individual's recapitulation of racial history, by enabling him, for instance, to utilize the enregistered wisdom of the ages ; yet for lack

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of knowledge we often muddle along making all sorts of anachronistic and gratuitous mistakes. It is idle to pretend that there is discipline in ignorantly forging shackles for ourselves. There is very inadequate instruction in the laws of bodily and mental health.

In urging the consideration of this we need not fail to appreciate the clear note of William James's " Energies of Man," that ideas are " dynamogenic," that an ideal or a resolve may lift a tired man for weeks on to a higher level of energy. But, granting this, we submit that Science has often a good work to do in showing how to remove gratuitous hindrances which often thwart the splendid adventures of the spirit. Carlyle would have been greater than he was if his eyes had been rightly looked after in his youth.

To emphasize the value of Science in the conduct of life, is not to be thought of as implying any depreciation of the supreme value of good-will in the widest and highest sense, or of the other than scientific springs whence good-will flows. But while Science cannot create good- will, it may help to guide it, especially in difficult situations and in new departures where people, both old and young, often perish for lack of knowledge. Truly, knowledge is not virtue, but a little more of it might sometimes help a man or a community away from vice. Science will not teach a man to love his neighbour as himself, but it sometimes gives him the means of achieving this.

(2) We must not be drawn from our thesis by the red herring of the rival claims of Science and the Humanities. This is too like making an antithesis between fresh air and meals. We need in our education both Science and the Humanities, and niore of both, time for enjoying which would be readily procurable with better methods of teaching and learning, based in part on the physiology of these. The antithesis is a false one, for the Humanities have their scientific side, and every Science has a Humanity as its halo. In his descrip- tions and formulations, the scientific investigator must, indeed, hold feeling at a spear's length ; but if he has any bodily and spiritual leisure at all, he is bound to attempt a more synoptic view, trying, as Plato said, to take "a survey of the universe of things". The study of the magnalia Natures is a brain-stretching discipline, but it also enriches the life of feeling.

(3) Beyond the additional control which the new chemistry, the new physics, the new biology, and so on, are giving into man's hands, there is, we have said, the enrichment of the inner life of thought and

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feeling. But beyond this again, in the social kingdom of man, there is the slowly-growing system atization of truth, to which the contributions of science are fundamental, though one may not call them supreme. There is likewise the diffusion of a scientific mood which will insist on basing all sorts of action — personal and communal, national and international — on securely established facts. Our hope is in Science as well as in the sciences, as a way out from our traditional muddling through.

In years to come, we believe, the State will habitually and as a matter of course summon the scientific expert to her aid, an expedient which has already begun to be tried. In face of every difficult pro- blem, the first demand will be for the facts and an understanding of them. In many cases, at present urgent, the needed counsel cannot be given, for the requisite knowledge does not exist. We need more Science. On the other hand, the extent to which already available knowledge is left unused is deplorable, and the results have been very costly. When we think of the more effective and less wasteful ex- ploitation of the earth, or of gathering the harvest of the sea, or of making occupations more wholesome, or of beautifying human sur- roundings, or of exterminating infectious diseases, or of raising the health-rate, or of improving the physique of the race, or of recogniz- ing the physiological side of education, we are amazed at the non- utilization of valuable — though confessedly incomplete — scientific knowledge. Much has been done, but it must be confessed that man is slow to follow Science into the possession of his kingdom. Part of the reason is that we have not become accustomed, except in some directions, e.g. medical treatment, to believe in science ; but a great part of the reason is a deficiency of character, that we do not care enough, that we lack resolution.

Some critical minds may have been thinking that all this beating of the scientific drum implies the naive assumption that more and more science and application of science must immediately make for the salvation of mankind.

" Is it so certain, for instance, that Science leads us to the truth? " One remembers how Ruskin in " Fors Clavigera " poured out the vials of his wrath on a Botany which showed that there is no such thing as a flower, and a Psychology which proclaimed the uselessness of the soul.

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The wisest answer is probably to go back to where we began, that the chief end of Science is to describe things and occurrences as completely, simply, and consistently as possible, and that this is only on the way to Truth — a noble term which is best reserved for the reward of a synoptic vision. It is contrary to philosophy and to ordinary experi- ence to believe that man can come near exhausting the reality of any order of facts by scientific methods only. In many cases in everyday life we are helped by feeling to an understanding that is beyond Science. But while Science is not Truth, it contributes certain com- ponent rays to its sunlight ; and Truth apart from Science has an in- convenient way of turning into moonshine.

These applauded advances of Science that have given man so much mastery of natural wealth and natural power, are they really for his good ? Have they not been used of late to bring about the most terrifying abomination of desolation the world has yet seen ? This raises a large question, but the general answer is clear. Firstly, the soundness of operations in any given field has to be judged by certain criteria relevant to that field. Thus any exploitation of physical energy that is notoriously wasteful is self-condemned. But, secondly, the soundness of operations in any given field has always to be judged in terms of values in any higher field that is affected. What is quite sound physically may be illegitimate biologically ; what is admirable biologically may be ruinous socially. Ultimately, all operations have to be judged before the tribunal of the highest values — the true, the beautiful, and the good.

IN CONCLUSION.

Hear then the conclusion of the whole matter. Many of the shadows that blot out the sun and many of the stumbling-blocks that trip us up are quite gratuitous, and may be got rid of when man pleases, leaving him more free for higher adventure. " Many evils,'^ said Maarten Maartens, " are not of God's appointing, but of man's approving." Science can bring about great amelioration in the domain of things, in the realm of organisms, and even in the kingdom of man. Our hope is that action will be increasingly based on scientific facts, and that the habit of mind which insists on this will spread. For knowledge is foresight, and foresight is power.

It has been said that there are two main views of this world of ours, that which regards it as a swamp to be crossed as quickly as

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possible, and that which regards it as a marsh-land to be reclaimed. There is no doubt which is the scientific view. Man must continue the long drawn-out struggle against inhibitions and limitations — the campaign which living creatures have been engaged in for mil- lions of years ; he must press on in the endeavour to bring the in- organic into the service of the organic, to bring the body-mind into subordination to the mind-body, to liberate individuality in the bonds of neighbourliness ; he must seek to eliminate the disorderly, the ugly, the inharmonious, the involutionary, at each and every level ; he must try, not despairing of his weaknesses, to lean his weight on the side of the integrative or evolutionary.

The American philosopher and educationist, John Dewey, said the other day : ** The future of our civilization depends upon the widen- ing spread and deepening hold of the scientific habit of mind ". We should qualify the dictum just a little, but — in hoc signo lahoremus. In the diffusion of the scientific mood and habit of mind there is great hope. Without it we shall go on as before, pathetically like the coloured gentleman who averred that he did not know where he was going, but that he was on his way.

A modern philosopher, Professor L. T. Hobhouse, has declared that the mundane goal of the evolutionary movement is "the mastery by the human mind of the conditions, internal as well as external, of its life and growth ". And so it appears to us, though for " mind " we should read "organism". In other words, it is Man's part to con- tinue building up a scientific systematization of knowledge which will increasingly share in forming the theoretical and practical basis for the control of life. For Life is not for Science, but Science for Life.

J. ARTHUR THOMSON.

Experiences in a Munitions Factory and Some Reflections Thereon.

[ROM the middle of August until almost the middle of December, 191 5, a period of seventeen weeks, I was one of about 800 workmen employed in a certain munitions factory on the Clyde.

With no previous knowledge of factories, I was disconcerted on entering the building by the noise, the throbbing din of so many machines, the strident screeching of the belts, and the peculiar shades of groaning from uneasy movements of different parts of the machinery. All this resulted in headache, which lasted for some days, till one's aural sensibility was sufficiently blunted to be ready to accept the final crack of doom as part of the day's work. But at a considerable distance from the main building there was a large hydraulic press, connected with the bottling of the shells, that gave forth a sound to which I never became recon- ciled. It suggested the agony of some huge creature wounded to the death while still in the full vigour of life.

On entering the factory, I happened to be interviewed by the man who superintended the various weighing operations. The interview was brief. "Are you skilled or unskilled?" he asked. "Unskilled." *'When will you be ready to begin work?" "Now." "What are you willing to do?" " Anything you think I can." Forthwith I was taken to the first floor of the four-floored building and in less than five minutes I was trying to hammer letters and numbers on 6-inch shells. By a 6-inch shell is meant a shell 6 inches in diameter, about 2 feet long and weighing over 6 stones. With the exception of one blessed day when I was sent to the second floor to cut to length some 4-inch shells, I worked all the time in the 6-inch shell flat.

This flat contained forty-four machines (in four rows of eleven each) and about 100 men. Ventilation was a difficult problem. Just opposite where I worked at first was an open window-space through which material was lifted to supply the various machines.

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This gap ensured to my end of the " shop " a plentiful supply of fresh air and also a refreshing view of the river, alive with the continual passage of all kinds of ships. The men used to leave their machines and crowd round this open space in the wall when the word passed that a ship was on the river. This little diversion was subsequently stopped by the building up of the opening and the erection of a window with opaque glass. One missed the view but even more the air. Every second window had a pane that opened, but, as usual, it seemed to be nobody's business to attend to ventilation, and if one's machine happened to be opposite a window that did not open, one was depen- dent on the goodwill of a neighbour for a breath of fresh air. The men of the night-shift never opened the windows and so left a close atmo- sphere when they went home at 6 in the morning. We of the day- shift started work at 6.30. That intervening half-hour might have been wisely used if anyone in authority had seen to systematic ventila- tion even for that short time, but the human element was a secondary consideration so long as the output of shells was satisfactory. The only disagreeable incident I had with a fellow-worker was over this question of an open window. His wife told him, he said, that he would get chronic bronchitis if he worked with the window open. I replied : " Tell your wife, with my compliments, that if you don't open the window, you'll get consumption ". For anyone to leave this stuffy atmosphere while perspiring freely for an outside temperature some- times below freezing-point might seem sufficiently dangerous to induce both illnesses, but really the only result was a good appetite for break- fast or dinner.

Inexperienced newcomers were often started with typing work or " teepin' " to give the local pronunciation. The shell arrived at that particular corner with a number such as "AY. 23.7.19" already stamped on the base, and as these letters and figures would be removed in reducing the shell to a standard weight, they had to be stamped on the side of the shell and on the brass nose-bush to preserve the identity of the shell for future operations. Steel is a hard material to impress, and as the types were considerably worn (there was so great a demand then for sets of type all over the country that the makers could not keep pace with the orders), it needed as heavy a blow as could be given. Brass being so much softer was a welcome change from the steel.

I may here trace the progress of the shell to this stage. At the

Experiences in a Munitions Factory 113

steel works the steel is rolled into solid bars which are punched or forged and then sent to the factory in cylindrical tubes of different calibres according to the size of the shells to be produced. Each of the various operations involves a different machine — a turning lathe, the operators for the most part being known as "turners". (l) The first operation is "rough-turning," by which the outside of the shell is made smooth and bright. (2) It is next placed in a Giesholt machine (American) to be bored. The jaws of the universal chuck close and hold it firm while all surplus metal is removed from the inside, leaving a smooth polished surface. (3) The next machine cuts the cylinder — now bright inside and outside — to a particular length; "cutting-to- length" is the name of this operation. A gauge is used at every operation to secure correct lengths. (4) " Bottling" or " nosing " next takes place. The open end of the shell is put into a red-hot furnace and kept there till the steel is also red-hot and soft. (I never passed through the ground floor without a feeling of thankfulness that my work lay elsewhere. The men used to toast bread and cook bacon above the flaming hot shells.) The soft shell tis then put into a hydraulic press and squeezed into the shape desired for the top of the shell — the nose or bottle. (5) The nose is now bored and " tapped" — i.e., threads are formed on the inside of the nose for the reception of the nose-bush. (6) The shell is now " blended " or hollowed out to a certain capacity. (7) The body-turning is finished. (8) The nose- turning is finished. Thereupon the brass bushes are screwed into and turned flush with the nose, and are known as nose-bushes. When the letters and numbers have been successfully transferred from the base of the shell to the side and to the nose-bush, weighing takes place, with the shell, first, empty, and second, full of water, to test its cap- acity in view of the subsequent filling with explosives. If the weight of the shell is below a certain standard, it is rejected as light weight, and if the capacity is insufficient, more steel is taken from the inside till the minimum standard is reached. If, as usually happens, the weight of the shell is in excess of the standard, the extra weight from ^ oz. up to 40 oz. has to be taken off" the base, provided always that a certain minimum thickness of base remains. If all the extra weight cannot be taken off" the base, it has to be taken off" the inside, usually at the shoulder curve of the shell.

After two or three weeks of typing, I had the misfortune to hit my thumb instead of the type, splitting it open for about an inch and up-

8

114 Aberdeen University Review

rooting the nail. An ambulance man, who is part of the equipment of all these munition works, dressed the wound and tended it for weeks with great skill. I can never forget how that man, an Irishman, on the morning following the death of one of his children, came as usual to attend to his ambulance cases. Serious accidents occasion- ally occurred. One day a piece of iron weighing about 2 lb. became slack and flew out of a tool-making machine with considerable velocity. Fortunately it hit an upright pillar before it collided with a man's head, but even so, that head was badly cut and the man was off work for some weeks. Another day — probably through some flaw in the steel — the cutting tool that a man was working suddenly snapped and the half of the tool — about 4 inches long — flew up and hit him on the eyeball, which was burst by the blow and irretrievably destroyed.

The injury to my thumb relieved me of the typing, and I was glad to be freed from the irksomeness of bending for 9I hours a day over the shells. For some weeks thereafter my work was to correlate the weight to the capacity of the shell and discover the number of ounces that had to be taken off each shell to reduce it to the standard. This occupation was not so difficult as it sounds as one had simply to follow certain carefully-compiled tables. Four machines had to be supplied with those shells and with the notes of the weights that had to be cut off. (9) This operation is known as " facing-to- weight ". Clerking work was paid at the rate of yd. per hour while machine work was paid 9|d. per hour. I was invited to learn to work this facing- to-weight machine and agreed, though somewhat diffidently, as the machine appeared to my ignorant gaze very complicated. I was put in the charge of an excellent fellow, who was so patient and pains- taking a teacher that I was able to work the machine within a week. This illustrates the method by which the vast Industrial Army de- manded by the war has been built up. When a man gained sufficient skill in any particular operation he became the teacher of the inexperi- enced recruit and, subsequently, to my own amusement and satisfac- tion, I found myself acting the part of instructor on " facing-to-weight " to a trained engineer ! Important as the clerking work was, one felt an entirely new and stimulating interest in having charge of a machine — this was the heart of the mystery, the real thing! Every shell brought its own problem and so monotony was avoided. Very fine cutting was necessary to take half an ounce of steel evenly from a circular surface of 6-inch diameter, and the sharpening of the tool for

Experiences in a Munitions Factory 115

the purpose demanded endless patience. To stimulate the operator to accurate work, an inspector would come and say that an ounce of error might mean that a shell would land 2 feet from a German trench instead of going right into the trench, and one did not like to think of the unprofitable waste of so much sweat. For our sweat we looked for blood ! The drawback to this particular operation was the weight of the shells. The 6-inch shells were the worst in this respect, as those of the next size — 7^ inches — were lifted by small cranes, while the 4-inch were easily within a man's strength. But after struggling with 30 or 40 of those 6-inch shells daily and sometimes for three Sundays in succession, one felt completely played out — or, rather, worked out — unless trained previously and gradually to the lifting of such weights. I should mention that double pay was allowed for Sundays and a bonus of three farthings for every two shells put through that operation. The workmen looked on bonus as blood- money, urging men on to work beyond their strength. If, they argued, a firm could afford to pay bonus, it could afford to pay higher wages. In confirmation of this assumption, a shareholder in the firm told me that never in its history had such dividends been paid.

After the shell had been faced-to-weight, it was taken to another machine to be "waved" (10). "Waving" consists in raising three or four ridges round the shell about 3 or 4 inches from the base — the purpose of those ridges being to give a grip to the copper band on which the shell revolves in its outward passage along the bore of the gun. After being "waved," the shell is "recessed," and two more machines are requisitioned here — (11) and (12) — one for the " rough- recessing " and another for recessing proper and preparation of the screw for the reception of the base plate. In this process a " recess " or depression is made in the base except for a short distance from the circumference. The operator, in preparing for the reception of the., base plate, roughs out the recess to the required depth with an ordinary facing tool. He then cuts it to the required diameter, measured with a gauge. The screw is then cut in the wall of the recess and the base plate filled in. If the diameter were made j^g^th of an inch too wide, the shell would be scrapped. The base-plate is made air-tight with a patent cement. It is then hammered and caulked and faced off until the whole base appears as one piece. Steel plates of a much harder quality are substituted for the pieces that have been cut out. In that

1 1 6 Aberdeen University Review

way the base of the shell is strengthened so that when the gun is fired, there may be no danger of the charge acting backward.

The next (13) is the dreariest of all the operations — the cleaning and polishing of the inside of the shell. The shell is made to revolve at a very fast pace while the turner keeps a stick firm in the shell with an oiled mass of woollen " waste," fastened at the end, till the inside is polished bright and shows no spot or blemish when an electric lamp is introduced for its inspection. The fixing of the copper band (14) is a very important operation, demanding special skill and intelligence from the workman. It is pressed hot on to those waves or ridges waiting for it near the base of the shell. As it cools it grips those ridges like a vice. Six separate surfaces are made on this band, and it must conform to the test of eight high and low horse-shoe gauges. A penny per shell of bonus was allowed for the copper bandsman and a good workman could do as many as thirty a day, thus earning half a crown a day extra wage. One man — ^one of the worst scamps 1 ever met — when he was in the mood, could do sixty a day, and so add five shillings to his daily wage. The pity of it was that he would go off for a two or three days' orgy of drunkenness after two or three days of almost superhuman work. In appearance an Apollo, this young man of about twenty-five or twenty-six years of age had the propensities of a Silenus. He had earned his living on the music hall stage as an exponent of Chopin either with his fingers or his toes ! He had worked in New York and at the Panama Canal, and his talk was copious and never insipid, though he had no great reputation for veracity. He had been an entertainer at the Aberdeen Beach when he lodged in Torry. So clever was he at the shaping of the copper bands that he imagined he was indispensable, but one day he found his books presented to him along with his weekly wage. Some time after this he was treated to sixty days' hard labour for assaulting an old man with the intention of robbery. After that experience he returned to the factory unashamed, told the men he had had a good time, and asked the manager to take him back — but in vain. I shall always associate that fellow with the preparation of the copper bands ; a per- fect specimen of physical manhood but rotten at the core.

Varnishing is the last operation through which the shell passes before it is sent to the Government Ward-room. Previous to being var- nished, the shells are washed out with a strong solution of carbide of calcium and boiling water to remove all oil and dirt that may be

Experiences in a Munitions Factory 117

adhering to the walls of the shell. They are then dried out with specially-prepared sticks or canes covered with drying cloths. Then the varnish is poured into them and they are rolled about till the inside has been thoroughly covered over by the flow of varnish. Next, they are put in " drippers " to allow the surplus varnish to run out. Then they are placed in " buggies " which are pushed into large stoves heated by gas to about 350° F. They remain there for eight hours when they are taken out and allowed to cool. Steel-nosed bushes are substituted for the brass ones during this process. A thorough final examination takes place before the shells are bound in tarry ropes prior to being sent to be filled with explosives.

Near the factory was an old hotel, whose proprietor provided breakfast and dinner for some 60 or 70 of our workers. He did the cooking himself, and his menu and charges deserve to be recorded as a remarkable example of war-time catering. For breakfast (8-8.30) he provided porridge-and-milk and ham-and-egg, or mince-and-egg or two eggs, and tea and bread and margarine without stint. For that he charged 6d. ! For dinner (1-1.45) we had three courses every day, consisting of soup (potato, lentil, pea, tomato, broth, etc.) ; beef or mutton, with potatoes and bread and cabbage ; and pudding (milk- pudding), with some prunes or half a pear or half a peach, and all that cost 8d. ! Moreover, a cup of tea and a biscuit could be had for an additional -^d. Latterly, breakfast cost yd. and dinner gd., but with the extra charge, greater variety and quantity were provided. The proprietor of the hotel had been a chef at one time to a large firm whose " heads " dined at the works, and the cooking was excellent

The human interest of the munitions factory was endless. We were Scots, English, Irish, Welsh, and Belgian, by nationality, and by trade or profession ex-soldiers, butchers, bakers, farmers, teachers, engineers, turners, mill-wrights, musicians, miners, borers, lawyers, cartoonists, mechanics, riveters, and many different kinds of labourers. Politically, socialists, republicans, monarchists were all represented. A Dublin butcher who was so prosperous before the war as to keep a motor-car, lost his customers when the price of meat rose, and he and his wife had been reduced to forming part of a theatre stage-crowd to swell the shout when victorious Pompey or Caesar returned to Rome. His idea of happiness seemed to be Punchestown races when he could see the dust produced by his car blending with that raised by the cars of those he designated as the " top nobs ". He bore his adversity with

1 1 8 Aberdeen University Review

equanimity and cheerfulness. My left-hand neighbour was a chorus- master (son of a Welshman and an Englishwoman), who entertained us at times to airs from Handel or Verdi. He was disgusted one day when the under-manager suggested he was not putting out a sufficient number of shells. He had never been spoken to in that way in his life before! "But what can you expect," he confided to me, "when you have to deal with common people ? " This man — about forty- seven years of age — was learned in the history of music and musicians and certainly possessed the artistic temperament, in spite of which, however, he thought the best cure for the Kaiser's sore throat would be a halter !

One day a slim and thoughtful-looking youth handed me the following lines : —

Tt Set vaXaivL^ ^iXias

^iXovs afivrjtwveiv ', ' Tt Ta9 TToXaias ij/xcpas

arro <^povTi8os fiaXiiv ', Sos fwi (TV X^^P^ Sc^iav,

irpOTTiVdifiev fJidX* ^cu)s •

He was a graduate with classical honours of Edinburgh University ; the lines, I believe, came from the Greek Chair there. e, too, col- lapsed under the strain of the 6-inch shells, but is now well and busy in another sphere of war-work in France.

A lad of eighteen, in peace-time an apprentice riveter, was a singu- larly selfless soul. His work had developed his arms and shoulders out of proportion to the rest of his body so that he suggested a tree type before Adam. In the munition works he acted as a labourer, and it seemed no effort for him to lift the heavy shells. I offered him a shilling a day if he would lift my shells on to the machine and he readily agreed, protesting, however, that a shilling was too much. He was always cheery and always hard at work. As my right-hand neighbour and instructor said, the sweat was never off Dick's brow the whole day. I discovered that his mother, a widow, was laid up with pneumonia in an hospital, that he had an elder brother in the trenches, and a younger brother and two sisters at home, as well as a married sister and her child and delicate husband, who was able to work only now and then. Dick, at eighteen, was the mainstay of the whole lot

Experiences in a Munitions Factory 119

His clothes (under and over) were mostly in tatters, and his boots were burst in many places. He had left his riveting work because the journeymen on whom his employment depended were drunk three or four days of the week, when he was perforce idle and unpaid. He was transferred to the 13-inch shell shop and I sorely missed his help. Subsequently he donned khaki.

I experienced invariable kindness from the men. The man who taught me how to work the cutting-to-weight machine and who worked a similar machine on my right was always ready to assist me when I was in a difficulty. He took a pride in helping his pupil to become efficient Subsequently he became the leading copper bandsman. In peace-time he was a clerk and a student of law, and was well known as a professional footballer. On Saturday afternoons he continued to play for his team, and his achievements were discussed in the factory with admiring enthusiasm. He is now in the greater game, having passed the gunnery examinations second in his division in which the first place was secured by a teacher of mathematics in Glasgow Uni- versity. One of our number expressed the general pride in him in the following verses, which were sung to the once well-known tune of " Rosalie, the Prairie Flower " : —

Pure as the lily,

Firm as the oak, Deft with his fingers,

Sure of his stroke. His comrades all at Clydelin Love the gentle way Of Adam Scott, the Rovers' stay.

Swift as the reindeer.

Fleet as the roe, See how the leather

Bounds from his toe ! All the crowd are watching. Strained is every eye To see the Rovers' hope rush by.

Versed in legality.

Nimble in mind, Modest and manly.

Courteous and kind, Where is there a player With head and heart and toes Like Adam Scott, the Rovers' rose ?

For some weeks I had to work with a cracked nut. That does not mean that the universal cranial cleavage became aggressively ob- vious in my particular case just then. It means that the large steel nut which held the shell in position in the machine was cracked and, in consequence, very heavy hammering had to be done before it would grip the shell. I protested against this state of affairs, but for long

I20 Aberdeen University Review

neither foreman nor manager would lift a finger to remedy it. I appealed to a clever artificer, a borer of the 3 -inch shells, whose ac- quaintance I made at meal-times, and he constructed a new hold for ray machine, working during his meal hours to provide what converted my labour from pain to pleasure. One learned there to respect talent and skill acquired outside schools or colleges. This man left school before he reached the fourth standard to help a widowed mother and a sister, got employment in a railway office, had been fireman and then driver of a night train, became a mechanic in a famous sewing-machine factory, whence as a skilled borer he was transferred to munition work. When I heard of him last he had gone as a mechanic to an aeroplane factory on the Humber, where, having difficulty in finding lodgings, he purchased a French yacht that was for sale and used its boat to take him to and from the factory.

One was struck with the vigorous intelligence of the regular ma- chine men and with their interest in political and social problems. Among so many there were, of course, a number of undesirables, those, for instance, who, thinking that we of the day-shift were hand- ling too many shells daily, upset the machines and hid the tools so that sometimes we had to lose as much as an hour and a half before getting started to work in the morning. And even in the day-shift there were a few adepts at various ways of slacking. But all these were exceptional, and the great body of the men worked hard all the time.

It would make for the health of the body politic if all coll^e-bred and office-bred citizens had a few months' experience of the life of the so-called ordinary working-man. Many social and industrial problems would be easier of solution by a clearer realization of just how it feels to be in the other fellow's shoes. In spite of the jibes that are flung at munition workers and their pay (my own, including Sunday labour, rose from £2 4s. 4^d. to ;^3 4s. 6d. per week), the conditions for many brought them near the limits of human endurance. Hundreds of men there who came from a distance had to rise at half-past four ; all had to be up by half-past five. Work began at 6.30 and consumed 9I hours of the day. That did not include the half-hour allowed for breakfast or the three-quarters of an hour for dinner. The great majority had a tea-tin and made tea at the workshop and ate the sandwiches they brought from home at both meals. Work stopped at 5.30. By the time they reached home, washed (a necessarily prolonged

Experiences in a Munitions Factory 121

and tedious operation), and had supper, it was 7 o'clock. Thereafter, as likely as not, they would fall asleep over the evening paper : perhaps they might go to a picture-house or a public-house ; or family men would spend an hour with their children in play or at lessons ; though for the most part they would be too tired for anything but resting, and for a regular 5 o'clock or half-past 5 o'clock morning, 9 or 9.30 must be bed-time if health is to be maintained. Saturday afternoon came as an infinite relief. It was difficult to see how some of the men contrived to do the reading they did. I can recall discussions started by artisans on Kingsley and Thackeray, and on so modern a subject as the Montessori system of Education ; various volumes were brought all the way from Paisley to dispel my ignorance of the Swedish mystic, Swedenborg. Then for holidays, the working man gets about a week in July and about four days at the New Year, and for the rest of the year the relentless toiling and moiling. Some people, with the scales still on their eyes, maintain that too much is done for the working man : much more remains to be done than has yet been done for him. Humane and considerate treatment by employers, managers, foremen, and others set in authority — putting it merely on commercial grounds — will pay : one noticed an immediate response by the work- men to a foreman — an Englishman — who was both capable and sympathetic. On the battlefields the care of our officers for their men has forged an indissoluble bond between them — the antithesis of the relationship in Hunland — and when the war is over, this mutual esteem can hardly fail to be a hopeful leaven in civilian life, as it is now a pattern for our imitation. Until this happy personal relationship has been attained, until the working man's working day has been reduced to eight hours, until he can have at least three weeks' holiday in summer and a week at Christmas with full wages paid from the business to which he is contributing his life-blood, Britain or any other land has little claim to represent Christian civilization.

JAMES TAYLOR.

Translations into Russian.

CYETA

Pdaa, Te6i BtndKX lujiro, wai. uBtTdei.,

Cbohmh na'jibuaMU, cnjieTeHHuK mhoK : Bi> HeiTB B'^TpeiiHiia, pdsa, jujuh,

OiaJiKa cAnaa, Hapmiccb cupdit. HaA*BT> erd, ckhbl cnecb tboA ct. cefia:

D^BtTerb H fijieKHerb Bce, BtHdirb ct> To6dfi.

A Russian rendering of the Greek of Rufinus, from the " Anthology ". See Aberdeen University Review, June 191 7, vol. iv., p. 235.

B-BHUHfl noKo'fl

UojiTy iie6ec^MH sb^sauhmu Pofi Morifjiy, vieni cnycrrf; TKujUi, Kaifb yMpf, a bt> pa^iocTH,

H aAty no Bdjt CBoefi. HiAO MHoii 3T0 BuptsaTB: "3Atcb Jiem^Tb , rji* xoiijch .leataib;

"jI,6Ma HOpHITb-TO Cb MOp^fi OB^Tb,

"H oxoTHHKTi AdMa CTi nojefl."

A Russian echo of R. L. Stevenson's " Requiem " : —

Under the wide and starry sky Dig the grave and let me lie ; Glad did I live, and gladly die.

And I laid me down with a will. This be the verse you grave for me : " Here he lies where he fain would be ; " Home is the sailor, home from sea,

"And the hunter home from the hill.

DONALD MACALISTER.

Elphinstone Hall.

|IBBON in a famous autobiographical passage has

told how, when he was hearing the barefooted

friars singing in the Temple of Jupiter, and musing

amid the ruins of the Capitol, the idea of writing

the Decline and Fall of the City first started into

his mind. This he could assign to an actual date,

5 October, 1764. I cannot exactly imitate him

in saying when this particular idea of the Residential Scheme in

Aberdeen first occurred to me. I fancy that I have had it for the

greater part of my life, and that it grew to a concrete shape through

experience and the communications of others. It has been fixed in

a more practical way through investigation into the history of the

University and its working through the centuries, and of later years

by the gradual fading, and finally the disappearance, of the Class

System, that system so peculiar to Aberdeen, which has played so

determining a part that only experts can feel and justify.

It would serve no practical end here, were I to gather the mass of

archaeological facts dealing with the Residence system at King's

College. To the uninitiated the details would not be interesting, and

it will be enough merely to mention that the system was integral

from the foundation. It had dwindled during the first half of the

eighteenth century from causes that, after the Union of 1 707, destroyed

the prosperity of the burgh towns like Cromarty and other places, and

from the troubles following on the two Jacobite Risings of 171 5

and 1745- Residence had been compulsorily revived by the Senatus

in 1753, and Thomas Reid, writing on 4 September, 1 7 5 5 , to Archibald

Dunbar, of Newton, at Dufifus, says : —

'* While the students were scattered over the town in private quarters, and might dispose of themselves as they pleased, we found it impossible to keep them from low or bad company, if they were so disposed. But they are on a very different footing since they lived within the College ; we need not but look out at our windows to see when they rise and when they go to bed. They are seen nine or ten times statedly throughout the day by one or other of the masters — at public prayers, school hours, meals, and in their rooms, besides occasional visits which we can make with little trouble to ourselves. Thev are

124 Aberdeen University Review

shut up within walls at nine at night. We charge those that are known to be trusty and diligent with the oversight of such as we suspect to be otherwise. . . . Some one of the masters always dines at the second table as well as the first. The rent of a room is from s^en to twenty shillings in the session. There is no furniture in their rooms, but bed- steads, tables, chimney-grate, and fender — the rest, viz., feather-bed, bed-clothes, chairs, tongs, and bedhangings if they chuse any, they must buy or hire, for the session, and indeed the people that let those things are very apt to exact upon them, so that it is much better, if one is to be some sessions at the College, to have them of their own, and dispose of them when they leave the College. Whatever they leave in their rooms is taken care of till next session. They provide fire and candles and washing to themselves. The Professor of Medicine orders the diet and regimen of those that are valetudinary, and attends the bursars and poorer sort in case of sickness, gratis."

In 1826 the Senatus made the statement of Return to an Order of the Scottish Universities Commission in the following terms : —

*' From the very foundation of the College, part of the buildings were appropriated for the residence of students ; the Funds destined for the repairs of the rooms so employed were not separated, either by the Founder from those destined for the support of the fabric in general, or by the College in the course of subsequent management. It is now more than fifty years ago since it ceased to be imperative on students to reside within the College, though a very few have always chosen to do so, till the time when the present repairs were begun, about eighteen months ago. During this period, the buildings set apart for the students, as far as the funds would permit, have always received the attention of the College, as well as the other parts of the fabric. And when, about seven years ago, Dr. Simpson of Worcester gave the College ;;f 500 for repairs, the sum was laid out on that part of the fabric employed for public purposes ; ;^ioo of it being expended in procuring new windows for rooms formerly devoted to the residence of students. It is therefore evident that the Funds destined for the Repair or Maintenance of the Buildings formerly occupied by students, have not been diverted to purposes foreign to the intention of the Founder."

The words show that a few students were in residence in session 1824-5, and none thereafter.^ One single exception there was for long, picturesque and striking. This was Andrew Scott, *' Hebrew " Scott as he was called, the Professor of Hebrew, elected to the Chair in 1 846. Sir William Geddes contributed an admirable sketch of this worthy to "Aurora Borealis" (1899), and has told how the veteran clung to the old Fraser Buildings demolished at the Fusion to make the present south side of the Quadrangle, The reader, who may here have heard of Scott for the first time, would do well to turn to that excellent paper, especially where the Stockholm Conference, long before this war, in the person of the Scottish Consul and Chaplain gathered round Andrew's bed in preparation for his supposed obsequies.

"The income was then little over ;£"20o, enough for a bachelor of his Spartan habits, and so he gathered his chattels and books around him in an upper storey of the Fraser Buildings, then forming the south side of the old King's College Quadrangle, and there in a suite of rooms formed out of the old and disused dormitories of students where they lived in the ancient days, he made for himself a modern snuggery and eke gave dinners, always with good wine an 1 equally good jests, entertaining among others the Laird of Powis. In that wing of the College buildings he remained till the demolition and rebuilding in iSCo."

But the system had not been forgotten. It had been advocated

^ See " Scottish Notes and Queries," August, 1902, p. 30; Cosmo Innes' " Fasti," Pre- face, p. lii ; Kennedy's " Annals," 11. 390-1.

Elphinstone Hall 125

by Cosmo Innes in the "Fasti," and indeed had been more or less consciously present to the generation that passed away at the Fusion. Accordingly in October, 1 869, at the meeting of the General Council, the Rev. Robert Stephen, M.A., '52, gave notice of a motion : —

" That this Council, duly persuaded of the great benefit that students attending the University would derive if provided with Rooms within the College, for board, lodging, and common study, do now resolve to, petition Parliament, praying them to vote the funds re- quisite for supplying such accommodation for at least sixty students. That ... be appointed a Committee to prepare such a Petition ; that the Chairman be authorized to sign that Petition for and in the name of the Council ; and that the said Committee be empowered to take the necessary steps to have the Petition duly presented to Parliament." (Minutes, «. 55)-

In April, 1 870, he moved to appoint the Committee and to report This was accordingly done, and in October, 1870, the Committee reported : —

" The one chief thing the Committee have had to keep before them is the limited means of most of the students attending the University and that, therefore, whatever is done in the way of providing residence for them, shall be done in such a way as may be within the reach of them all. If it were merely a residence without consideration of expense, a Hall might be erected by a Joint Stock Company as a commercial speculation. But in that case the shareholders would naturally expect some fair return for the outlay incurred ; and board and lodging would not be supplied at less than £50 for the five months of the College se ssion. This sum would be far beyond what many could afford, and would practically place the institution beyond the reach of the great majority. There would thus be introduced a separation — a distinction between the richer and poorer students — which would be anything but benericial.

" The Committee, therefore, are anxious to obtain private subscriptions to such an extent as woald defray the cost of the building, and probably of the furnishings. If the sum necessary for this purpose were subscribed, so that the bu Iding could be erected and furnished free, board and lodging could then be offered, and not much above what is ordinarily paid by them for private lodging. It would be easy to provide cheap accommo- dation, with mean rooms and poor food. But if such a Hall is to produce all the benefits desired from it, it must be done well, else it had better not be done at all. . . . The Com- mittee contemplate in the meantime the erection of a building such as would accommodate fifty students, and it would be designed in such a way as to be capable of being easily enlarged. Several architects have been consulted as to the probable cost of such a Hall as would comfortably accommodate this number — with bedrooms sufficiently commodious, large dining-room, library for common study, a few parlours for those who might wish for them, kitchen accommodation, etc. And an experienced architect has estimated the expense at about ;^6ooo. It would give, in short, a fresh start to University life in Aberdeen, and to higher education in the north of Scotland." [Minutes, i, 61-63).

In April, 1892, the Committee was reappointed, and this was re- affirmed in October. After that, I find no further notice of the scheme till April, 1896, when the Committee for Extension and Endowment enumerated the plan of Residence as " among its more pressing wants ".

Perhaps the time was hardly ripe at the first date. There was still a depressing air of parochial feeling hanging about. ,. Old and stereotyped traditions prevailed, and the growth of a really corporate sense of life and history was sorely checked by the lack of suitable lodgings, when the demand was suddenly doubled and the supply for long years practically remained the same. The sense of historical

126 Aberdeen University Review

continuity was lost and diluted, and this still operates disastrously in the North. About 1884 an opportunity was afforded when the Earl of Kimberley had to regulate the conditions for selected candidates in the Indian Civil Service. He had a long correspondence with Pro- fessor Geddes on the subject. The Govern ment maintained its position, that without adequate control and residential supervision Aberdeen, and all Scottish Universities, must remain outside the scheme. Pro- fessor Geddes had a plan to buy the old High Street Brewery, which he told me had been offered to him for ;^2000, and to begin on a humble scale, with the Indian Probationers, widening details as time went on. I am sorry to say that he found no support, and I fancy it requires no great force of memory or imagination over the com- position of the then existing Court and Senatus to determine and allocate the opposition to the proposal. There was some talk of ap- pealing to the North for funds, but the matter did not proceed far in view of the want of internal support, and from the belief that the necessity of concentration on the Recreation Ground Scheme was at the time of paramount importance.

So again parochial feeling and personal hostility prevailed. It is indeed a disastrous thing for University graduates to have lived through a Reign of Terror, as the Abbe Siey^s would have said, when there was no open Vision in the land. The Oracles were dumb, Ideals were dead, and a provincial system of Philosophy, long discarded at all other seats, and relegated, as Professor Mahaffy said at the time, to the dust on the top shelves of Mechanics' Institutes, still held Aberdeen in its icy mortmain. Not only was this so, but the Senatus was literally and truly a body of old men, most of them past their day of usefulness, if to some it had ever come. They remained at ease in Zion, absolutely devoted to outgrown methods and conceptions, while they were lacking in everything that made for stimulus to the students. The retrospect to many is accordingly a painful one.

The question, however, now before us deals with the Present and not with the Past. I have said Classes and Class Records are peculiar in this country to Aberdeen. At the other three centres they are quite unknown. This is the best proof of the peculiar influence of the Class, by which for four years the members of one year remained practically unbroken. In some measure it supplied the want of the Residence System, and afforded the means of intercourse now declared to be wanting. The influence of the Class on the individual was very

Elphinstone Hall 127

striking. It brougiit a man into personal touch with over a hundred others of his own age and standing, who remained to him as friends during the rest of his life. " He was in our Class " was the final reply to any depreciation of even the humblest member. The record of individuals reflected lustre on all as a legitimate source of pride. Every one had, like the ambitious Roman magistrates in Cicero's day, the desire to hold his place suo anno, " in his own year ". The verdicts passed by the Class were final and exercised a strong moral influence, respected, dreaded, but accepted. A man aimed at the approbation of his fellows, and shrank from their condemnation, and it has been found how, even where members have been divided by seas and by continents, the decisions and Categorical Imperatives ratified by the Class have been regarded as true and just. The Class Roll was the Charter. The man who could weather that verdict had really no other earthly tribunal to dread. He was standing at the only judgment seat he respected, and he appealed unto Caesar. Even when he passed away he was not forgotten : —

Our thoughts are with the Dead : with them

We live in long-past years, Their virtues love, their faults condemn,

Partake their hopes and fears. And from their lesson seek and find Instruction with a humble mind.

The University Act that destroyed the Class has been now long enough in operation for us to determine its effects. They have been absolutely disastrous in Aberdeen. A relaxed feeling of moral effort and earnestness has grown up. A man in a particular or isolated class subject has no Class to respect, and simply selects for his options the lines of least resistance. A man may pass four years without making real progress or true associations with his equals. For years *' Alma Mater," the University Magazine, has found a striking lack of writers able or willing to co-operate in its production, and this im- portant bond of corporate existence, the result of long and assiduous labour on the part of former editors, is now seriously threatened. Its disappearance would be felt by those best fitted to decide as a loss of grave consequence. At present a sort of Bolshevik chaos prevails, causing deep anxiety for the future. Individualism, naked, open, and unabashed, is the result, and the University, in the true etymological and historical sense of the word, has ceased to exist.

128 Aberdeen University Review

I notice in the letters printed under Correspondence the ex- pression of opinion by Sir W. R. NicoU. I am not sure if I fully appreciate the frankness of his reminiscence. I allude in the most distant way to what has come to be associated with the name of Shon Campbell. Reticence is best, and at such a time and on such a topic Scots are of all men least given to exuberance. But what I have been told, and have sifted either personally or with the co- operation of others, has been of such a nature that any disclosure even in general terms would make the hair of Dr. Nicoll stand on end. I cannot speak out what I learned in confidence ; this I may say, that it would be deemed by the North as too painful to record. As I have said. Class Records are peculiar to Aberdeen, and only Class Secretaries are qualified and entitled to express an opinion on that painful question of the moral consequences created by the lack of control and supervision at the proper time of life. With the facts before me, I must decline to be told that people are old enough to know what they need, and how to take care of themselves. I do not think that we, about the age of sixteen, were so qualified, and I cannot discuss the question with those — the very worst product of the Universities — who complacently shrug their shoulders in Pharisaic indifference, mutter lightly some platitude about the necessary average of weeds and wasters, and thank their stars that they are as they are, and not as other men. To those who have given years of study to the " Fasti " and to Class Records the knowledge acquired is sad. The general public, when it sees in the papers some notice of a reunion, fondly imagines that with song and anecdote a pleasant evening was spent. This is one of the academic fictions and illusions decorously maintained. Class Secretaries know that the facts are quite otherwise. The greater part of the Class has been silent : there has been no reply. For them, "the memory of the past" is precisely "the flower that bloometh " not. Their feelings and their memories are too sad ; it is the period in their life over which they would draw the veil. They feel, and express the feeling strongly, that for them nothing was done, and they resent in silence any attempt at reviving memories that too often lie too deep for tears. And across the years I see their faces and hear their voices — " Strangers Yet " — and I cannot find it in my heart to blame them.

The writers of these letters lament the want of social intercourse. " In my time," says Dr. Nicoll himself, " students visited each

Elphinstone Hall 129

other in their lodgings, and I think there were about half a dozen students who came to see me, and whom 1 went to see. But still there was often a feeling of solitude." That a man, with about 500 human beings daily round him, could yet be intimate with only half a dozen, seems to me a most deplorable state of affairs in every sense. Some classes were more or less social, more " unclubable " as Dr. Johnson said of Hawkins, yet I cannot but think that this limit of half a dozen friends in four years constitutes a record, out- classing even Goschen's famous policy of Splendid Isolation.

The students have been calling for the advent of "The Man" who is to come and lead, finding none in existing means. One might have thought that some one in the Court or Senatus would long ere now have taken up the challenge, and pondered how far they were, or are yet, justified in alluring lads from their homes to the flinty streets of the city. I did mention this in past years to them, only to be met with the fat smile of official indifference. I was told, what was news to me, that the Residence system was English, and would never be endured in the freer air of the North, that tradition was all against the idea, and then — the Expense ! But I never failed to notice that, when the Senatus and Court issued fresh appeals for their purposes, they said " the interests and honour of the University are concerned, partly in the benefit of the students, partly in the preser- vation of what is in many respects, in regard to its natural surround- ings, the finest University seat in Scotland," and trusted that "the statement will not fail to meet with due response ", But even ;^2000 to buy the Brewery and abolish an eyesore seemed a preposterous idea !

Impassioned orators in our midst are declaiming on what must be done " when our boys come home," and they vow to cease not till they have built a new Jerusalem. Blake's words are getting over- quoted. But the hour has come to say that the Residence Scheme is at once practical, and pressing. Its aim is Moral, Educative, Social. The very conception of a University has been lost with us. " In the old days," says the Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, "at Aberdeen perhaps we were a little given to confusing instruction with education." " We now see," says Mr. Bulloch, " that University educa- tion consists not merely in accumulating so much matter, but in acquir- ing a certain manner, and that manner has been very far to seek in many cases in the past, where the home influence did not supply it"

"We now see." Surely it has been sun-clear for fifty years, yet

9

130 Aberdeen University Review

the cry that meets with most acclaim is that concerning degrees in Education and Commerce. Are we not in the greatest danger of adding to our existing troubles by multiplying the scramble for pass degrees? And the institution that is perpetually calling for more education does but betray its uneasy conviction that in itself it has none to supply.

The Residence Idea kills these cries. The fact is, despite of this Bolshevik fury of Educationists, all engaged in the ladder-trick of "bringing home education to the doors of the humblest, linking the school to the University," we are at the parting of the ways, and the war has brought about a convulsion that many do not yet see. The old Life has gone for ever, and let us decently bury it without a tear or regret. The Passman and the Pass System will have to go. "The schoolmaster," said Lord Brougham, " is abroad." Public Opinion unquestionably is, and has completely outclassed, outstripped, and outgunned him. What sort of Higher Life do we after all offer to our students ? What do they hear and see ? Surroundings count for vital things in the surroundings of a real University. I remember how, when in 1873 our Class came from the handsome interiors and ap- pliances of the Grammar School to the dismal whitey-black knifeboard benches of King's College, our hearts sank at the thought we had en- tered a charity school. It may be that many of our students come from poor homes, but is that any reason why the Alma Mater should offer them a tone equally poor? We only stunt lives by so doing. "Not only does he love," says the historian Green finely of Spenser, "all that is noble, pure, and of good report, but he is fired with a sense of moral beauty, for outer beauty springs from the beauty of the soul within,"

I had hoped in this paper to add the financial and practical details of the scheme of Elphinstone Hall. But the American promised material has not come, and can wait. After all, details are but secondary when recognition of the main issue is the goal to keep in view. The type we have bred and canonized in the past is to pass away, and of that there can be no doubt.

What Elphinstone Hall means is something integral, and not a commercial and outside speculation like the Edinburgh University Hall founded in 1 887. I have studied its issues, but they do not in any way throw light or help for our Aberdeen needs. Then the idea must be worked as part of the Bursary System, and the buildings be erected on the "rigg" of land along the north side of Regent

I

Elphinstone Hall 131

Walk, with a southward outlook over the Recreation Ground. It belongs to the University, and the site is fixed by nature. The details will be infinite and intricate. They are but details and yield to the necessity of the plan. Meanwhile the main lines have been clearly laid down by Mr. Anderson in his letter to the November issue of the Review. It must begin with the Faculty of Arts ; it cannot, and need not, be compulsory for all. The cost must not exceed the minimum cost of Aberdeen lodgings. Endowment is essential to supply everything at a cost little, if at all, exceeding the cost of raw materials. The fee fund of the Carnegie Trust, squandered at present indiscriminately, could be utilized to provide the initial expenditure. The residents should be the Bursars and Uite of the students. There must be no distinction of classes socially, no patronage, no cheap and vulgar methods, no short cuts to the moral ideal. It will need Time, Money, and the hearty co-operation of all the best and wisest heads in the North. It is the aim not of Visionaries, but of Practical Men, with a lifetime of experience behind them.

" I am much interested in the idea," writes Sir David Prain, of Kew Gardens, " in the idea of revived Residence. I should have liked to see linked with that, now • The Class ' as an institution is a thing of the past, something that would give not only the incorporative feeling but that feeling with a germ of healthy rivalry and ambition, with that particular regard which an Oxford man may occasionally develop with reference to his particular College. You could get it, I believe, by giving life, as the Swedes do, to that institution of * the Nation,' at which we were wont to sneer, if we thought of it at all. I should like to see separate habitations for Mar, Moray, Angus, and Buchan, each corporation endeavouring to bring all up to the level of the best. It may come when we are both gone ; but that need not deprive you and me of a dream. For it will come true, in time."

Thus far my old classfellow. He lived for four years at Arts in College Bounds. I passed his door some six months ago, and stood, like Tennyson's Sir Bedivere "revolving many memories". More than thirty-five years ago he told me he went out for the last thing at night to look at the Crown — "hoping to see a pillar of fire by night, where there was only a cloud by day ".

So, Elphinstone Hall is before the North. It will decide. The shore may be dim and distant, but the compass is true.

WM. KEITH LEASK.

Aye Waukin O!

Spring's a pleasant time,

Flowers o' every colour, The birdie builds its nest,

Aye I think on my lover. Aye waukin' O,

Waukin' aye and weary, Sleep I canna get,

For thinkin' o' my dearie.

When I sleep I dream.

When I wake I'm eerie, Rest I canna get.

For thinkin' o' my dearie. Lanely nicht comes on,

A' the lave are sleepin', I think on my bonny lad,

And blear my een wi' greetin'.

OLD SCOTCH SONG

i

Noctis Imagines.

ai/dcfJL 0(T 7) l,adi'q iroLKiKa yaia ^vei • vvv S' ivX Tol<i hpvfioLCTL veo(r(Tev€i ireTerjvai,

avrap 6 rov fiekLXpov 'Bdvdov aypel jxe 7r66o<;. tracrav iyo) rrjv vvkt 6hvvai<; kottlq) <f>L\aypvTrvoL^,

ovSe yap ovv fi vnvos (fipovrCh* €)(ovaav eSv. 7jp he TToO^ virv(o(ro) xa^' iin(TTp(x)<f)(iii(TLv oveipoi

ati/fa 8' iycipofJLeuTjv olcrTpojSokel ftc Sebs. ou8' a/a' iKOLfiC(rOr)v avdiravXav ej^ovcra fxeptfivwv,

aXka fji vnrjXOe (f>Ckov HdvOov i7n<f>poa"vv7j . cure Se ixovvokexel fioL iwqKvde vv^ dXeyeti^,

Ktofxa 8e Tovs d\\ov5 to yXvKepov Kare^eL, rpv^ovcriv ykuKvuLKpai ifxrjv KpaSCrjv fieXehcovat,

OfJifJM T €<f)vpcr oiKxpov haKpycTL [JLvhaXeoL^.

J. HARROWER.

1

The Rev. James Smith, Minister of Newhills.

BORN 1835; DIED 1917.

|OMING as a stranger to Aberdeen in 1883, I was un- familiar, except by hearsay, with the somewhat rancorous party feeling that had for some time existed in the Senatus and had eventually been echoed in the General Council. The two opposing protagonists were Geddes and Bain — both great scholars and teachers, but repre- senting opposite schools of thought, the one classical and the other modern, with differences that were ap- parently accentuated by personal feeling. It would serve no useful purpose to recall, even if I understood them better than I do, the now almost forgotten disharmonies of that period, but it is not without interest that Dr. Smith, of Newhills, who joined the University Court in almost the last year of its ex- istence under the old regime of the Act of 1858, when both Council and Senatus were each represented by only one member or assessor, was elected to the Court as the nominee of the Bain party in the Council after a keenly fought contest in which he displaced John F. White, brother-in-law of Geddes, and by far the most cultured business man of his time in Aberdeen. It added piquancy to the situation that Smith had in his early academic life been dis- tinguished by his classical attainments and had acted for a time as assistant to Geddes. Smith's victory marked the close of a fight between the parties in the Council which had begun in 1 880, when White, by a large majority, had defeated Bain for the assessorship, although the defeat had been more than compensated for in the following year by the students, after another great battle, electing Bain to the high office of Rector which carried with it the presidentship of the Court. Bain held office for two periods, which ended in the year preceding Dr. Smith's election as assessor ; but as Geddes had mean- while become Principal and a permanent member of the Court, I presume it was thought by the followers of Bain that it was more necessary than ever to capture the Council's assessorship.

These were stirring times in both Court and Senate. Scarcely a meeting of the Senate passed without heated discussions, interspersed with much of personal jibe and sarcasm — by no means confined to the members of the parties indicated. There were other factions, and other causes for strife. Within a very short period there were at least three appeals to the Court over disputed decisions of the Senatus, although it is only fair to state that no one of these appeals arose out of the Geddes-Bain feeling ; but tempers generally were high. We have -not had, I think, one such appeal in all the twenty-five to thirty years since.

Dr. Smith, although entering the Court with some scarcely avoidable bias, which led him to be more critical than usual of proposals emanating firom the Geddes side, and from the Senatus generally, was far from being a mere partisan. He was a man of quite independent judgment, as I knew from my

o**

0^

f^lc^^

^vj^^riz^

Rev. James Smith, Minister of Newhills 135

experience of the Court, which I had the privilege to enter only a year later ; and I continued with him as a colleague until his retirement from the Court in 1903. He was an unquestionably able, strong-minded, clear-headed man, who seemed to be little swayed by the mere solicitations of others, and took his own course. I was not personally intimate with him. Our homes and work lay considerably apart ; and my knowledge of him was mainly gathered from the work in the Court and its Committees. I should think he had few intimates in the Court. If he was to be reckoned as a member of any party, it was of a small but active party constituted mainly by certain of the General Council's assessors — they had been increased to four by the Act of 1889 — who were disposed to act on the view that every proposal from the Senatus was not necessarily the wisest and best. This feeling became, however, con- siderably less apparent as time passed.

Dr. Smith was essentially a man of affairs, with, in addition, a distinct ap- preciation of the value of science. I cannot recollect his raising any question concerning his own profession or the Church. He joined the Court with evidently much previous experience of public business, and with a facility in stating his views and in shaping resolutions, that came of considerable practice, and an obvious natural aptitude. Although accustomed to think out adminis- trative problems for himself, and inclined to definite views, he was always reasonable and open to conviction, and ready to give way when convinced ; and he was ever courteous and fair in debate. His opinions and advice were sound and carried much weight in matters within his knowledge, but he naturally and necessarily suffered, as certain members of the Court must always do, from a lack of sufficiently intimate acquaintance with the actual teaching work of the University generally.

There were two spheres of work in which he quickly took a very keen in- terest, and in which after some time he became the chief guide of the Court, and the Convener of the Committees charged with their control. I refer to the management of the lands and properties belonging to the University, and more especially to the organization and extension of education in agriculture.

For many years the teaching of agriculture in the University had been represented by a single lectureship — the Fordyce lectureship founded in 1790 — its occupant when Dr. Smith joined the Court being Mr. Thomas Jamieson, who still continues his researches in agriculture at Glasterberry, The scientific side of agriculture had for some time in many parts of the country been re- ceiving much attention. There was a growing feeling among those interested directly and indirectly in agriculture in the North-Eastern Counties, that the time had come whei-!, in a district in which agriculture was the chief industry and was in many respects as highly developed as it could be by men of excep- tional intelligence and practical capacity, a much fuller training in the science should be made available. Mr. Jamieson had, in 1 890, made a representa- tion on the matter ; and in the Court both Principal Geddes and Dr. Smith took a warm interest in the movement. A small committee was appointed in 1892 by the Court to deal primarily with the position of the Fordyce Lectureship which had hitherto been controlled mainly by a special body of Trustees, with virtually independent powers. Of this committee the Principal was at first Convener ; but after a year or two he relinquished the Convener- ship in favour of Dr. Smith. From this time until his retirement from the Court in 1903, Dr. Smith was the one member who bore practically the

136 Aberdeen University Review

whole responsibility in the Court for the development of agricultural teaching, and whose guidance was followed, almost without question. An early un- dertaking in his Convenership was the procuring of an ordinance for degrees in agriculture. This ordinance came into operation in 1895, ^^^ necessi- tated an immediate extension of the provision for education in agriculture in the University. With the help at first of the Board of Agriculture and, a year later, of the Scotch Education Department, which promised a contri- bution of ;;^3oo a year, Dr. Smith arranged for the University joining hands with the Aberdeen Town Council and with the County Councils of the neighbouring Counties in securing sufficient funds to enable the required extension to be made, although on a somewhat meagre basis as contrasted with present developments. The wonder was that he contrived to do so much upon so slender financial help. A joint Committee, representing the chief contributing bodies, was appointed, with Dr. Smiih as Chairman, and the Committee, although understood to be largely subject to the Court, was virtually given a free hand ; and so far as I could judge — I was never a mem- ber of it — the Committee for all practical purposes was Dr. Smith. But he was too astute a man to ignore the Court, and on suitable occasions we received from him full and clear and interesting accounts of the work of the Joint Committee. He was keen on agricultural research as well as teaching, and constantly endeavoured, with the very limited funds at the command of his Committee, to stimulate research ; and he never failed to in- form the Court from time to time of the progress of such research work as his Committee had been able to organize or aid. The arrangements made by Dr. Smith's Committee and the University were justified by the steady growth of the Agricultural School and the rapidly increasing appreciation by agricul- turists of the practical value of the teaching. The chief hindrance to still greater success was the inadequacy of the available funds. It was known that the Scotch Education Department was giving large grants towards the support of agricultural education in Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Dr. Smith had approached the Department with a view to more liberal help for Aberdeen. It was, I believe, his strong wish that, if such help were granted, the intimate relation of the Joint Committee to the University should not be seriously altered. The accounts of the Committee had been submitted annually to the University Court, and were published as part of the University Accounts ; and in all appointments to lectureships, although a nomination was always invited from the Committee, the actual appointment rested with the Court.

In 1903 the Scotch Education Department responded to the request for larger Government assistance, but stipulated as a necessary condition of such assistance that the Agricultural Education Centre at Aberdeen should be treated as a special institution in the meaning of the Continuation Class Code, under which the grants to the other Scottish Centres were being given.

Accordingly the Department required that the Aberdeen Centre should be reconstituted and organized as an institution separate from the University, although the Department had no objection to the new Centre or College continuing to be housed within the University buildings, or to the Lecturers of the College receiving from the Court the" status of University Lecturers. But the management of the Centre both educationally and financially was to be exclusively in the hands of the Governors of the new College, except for the power necessarily retained by the Court in regard to the conditions under

1

Rev. James Smith, Minister of Newhills 137

which it was to admit the students of the College to the degrees and diploma in agriculture granted by the University.

Although under the constitution of the new College the Court was to have the privilege of electing a small proportion of the Governors, Dr. Smith was disappointed in the virtual severance of the Collie from the University, and resigned his Convenership of the Joint Committee. About the same time, in 1903, when his fourth period of service in the Court as one of the Council's assessors terminated, he refused re-nomination. His very able and whole-hearted and unremitting services to the cause of agricultural education in the University and the North of Scotland in the first larger step towards its adequate development, will stand as his greatest and worthiest contribution to the government of his Alma Mater. It was not by accident or chance that this important work fell to Dr. Smith. Agricultural science had been the passion of his life. He had studied it from his youth, and it is said that long before he entered the Court, he had more than once given a course of lectures in agriculture in the Vestry of his Church at Newhills to the farmers of his district — surely a unique occurrence in the history of Scottish Churches. It had also been mainly at his instance, and after much pressure, that the Science and Art Department added agriculture to the subjects in which it conducted examinations and granted certificates.

With his keen interest in agriculture, it was natural that Dr. Smith should have succeeded the late Professor George Pirie as Convener of the Lands Committee of the University Court. He came originally of a farming stock, and as Minister of Newhills he entered early in life into one of the most lucrative benefices in the Church of Scotland, which owed its value to the possession of an exceptional amount of land. Those who were his colleagues in the Court during his Convenership of the Lands Committee will not, I think, soon forget the vivid and masterful way in which he submitted to the Court the various recommendations and reports of the Committee regarding the University estates, or his intimate knowledge of the lives and worth of the tenants and their families.

These recollections of the work of Dr. Smith in the Court deal only with a part, and a somewhat late part, of a busy life, full to the brim with public service of the highest quality, in the city as well as in his own rural parish, and in the affairs of everyday work as well as of the Church. He was a man of great and many-sided capacity. He began, in 1852, his academic career in King's College, as the first bursar of his year, and, when he graduated in Arts in 1856, he had won the Simpson Prize in Greek, and enjoyed the reputa- tion of being as good a mathematician as he was a classicist. He went from Aberdeen to Edinburgh to study Divinity, and took the Bachelorship after a brilliant course. He was a successful pastor, took a high place in the Church Councils, had exceptional business aptitude, would have made a successful lawyer, could have attained eminence in a career in science, and had a burning zeal for education. The University in recognition of his many- sided ability and accomplishment conferred on him in 1892 the Degree of LL.D. His stately, yet lithe figure, his fresh well-chiselled face, bearing small trace of his advancing years, with his keen but kindly eyes, his unvary- ing courtesy, his modesty, his candour, his single-minded devotion to duty, will long remain a pleasing and inspiring memory for those who knew him.

M. HAY.

%

Huns.

ANCIENT AND MODERN.

IIpciiTOi /x€v 'SiKvOai curlv, oo-oi Kpov»;v 0X09 ay;^t vapaXxrjv valova-iv dm OTo/xa KatnriSo? aX/xrjs " O v V v o I 8' i^eirjs ' ^"tI 8' aurois KaoTrioi avSpes.

ncpti7yi;<ri9 y^s, 730-32'

|OWARDS the end of the third century after Christ, in the reign of the Emperor Diocletian, there flourished at Alexandria a Greek writer whose industry and research should merit him a niche almost as high as that of Herodotus himself. This was the "globe-trotter," Dionysius, a native of the city of Charax at the head of the Persian Gulf, and aptly surnamed Periegetes in accordance with the title of his most important work. Upon the interest of this unique geographical poem, "A Tour of the World," much could be written ; suffice it here, however, to say that it deserves our remembrance if only for the fact that in it the name of " Huns " makes its first appearance in Western literature. It will be noticed from the extract quoted above that in Dionysius the pronunciation is *'Hoons," — a pronunciation which, if it could be re-established now, would, we think, add considerably to the evil connotation of the name. About a century later than Dionysius we find the able but servile poet, Claudian, referring to the Huns in several of his works ; the Latin writer evidently found the name as inharmonious as its bearers were repugnant, (or the name at times he turns with a guttural into "Chuni," while to the people he applies the epithet " turpis," thereby imputing to them all that a Roman deemed low and disgusting.

For eleven centuries prior to 100 B.C. — so Chinese records relate — the pastoral warriors known as the Huns carried on a ceaseless conflict with the inhabitants of China and of central Asia ; then in their history there comes a dark interval of nearly five hundred years during which their westward wanderings are unrecorded; but finally, about a.d. 375, the Huns reappear in countless hordes crossing the Volga and advancing to subjugate the Goths and other tribes on the borders of the Roman Empire. They are described as being an ugly and even deformed race, with broad shoulders, faces almost beardless, flat noses, and small black eyes deeply sunk in the head ; and rumour had it that they were the offspring of the union of foul Scythian witches with demons of the desert. Such was the race that quickly established itself astride the Danube, and by threatening both Constantinople and Rome hastened the disintegration of the Empire.

Huns 139

Their shortage of women, due of course to the hardships of savage life, the Huns made up by appropriating each year a select band of the fairest daughters of their conquered foes. The plight of these wretched maidens, is vividly recalled to-day by such aa extract as the following from a French official report : " In evacuating Noyon the Germans have carried away by force young girls of from fifteen to twenty-five years ".

The empire of the ancient Huns reached its zenith under the rule of Attila, who along with his brother Bleda came to the throne in a.d. 423. The brother was quickly disposed of by assassination, for Attila, like the wilful master of modern Germany, could brook no rival. "There is only one master in this country and I am he. I shall suffer no other beside me." So raved the Kaiser when in 1890 he dropped his pilot, Bismarck, but that his mind was running on lines similar to that of his prototype may be gathered from the threat which he added: "those who oppose me I ?,hz\\ dash in pieces". Once securely seated on the throne Attila directed his energies first to con- solidating the barbarians of Central Europe under his own sway, and there- after to the conquest of the civilized world. In his ambitious schemes he was encouraged in no small degree by the apostate Priscus, the Houston Stewart Chamberlain of his time. To his new master this renegade depicted in lively colours the vices of the declining empire of the South, the decay of warlike spirit among its peoples, and their inability to maintain a prolonged resistance to a ruthless foe because they were no longer equipped with arms or trained in their use. But Attila was wily as well as wilful, and although he and his followers delighted in the unchecked vice of war and especially in the spoils and luxury of victory, he endeavoured all through his reign to secure his ends by diplomacy, if possible, closely backed by the rattling of the sword. In his use of the diplomatic art the Hun, in true barbarian fashion, held himself bound by neither pledge nor scruple. While outwardly professing friendship for the Roman Empire he secretly made preparations for an invasion of its Belgian provinces. From the royal village in the heart of Hungary his as- sembled myriads marched to the West, giving prosperous cities to the flames and butchering indiscriminately the infant in the cradle and the priest at the altar. They crossed the Rhine by a bridge of boats and after a long and laborious march proceeded to lay siege to Orleans. Here the ancient Huns found their Verdun, for the city resisted their most desperate efforts, and re- mained uncaptured when the Romans and their allies advanced from the South and forced Attila to withdraw. Recrossing the Seine the Huns awaited their foes on the plain of Chalons, and there in a.d. 45 1 was fought one of the bloodiest battles of antiquity. Although unbeaten Attila lost so many men that he was compelled to draw his scattered forces together and to retreat across the Rhine. Never again did he set foot in the West.

Personally the Arch-Hun bore the stamp of his race. His body was short and square and was endowed with extraordinary strength ; his demeanour was haughty, and he had a custom of fiercely rolling his eyes, — a custom not un- known among the Huns of to-day. He had all the superstitious beliefs of the barbarian, and worshipped as his tutelary deity a sword of iron which in its origin rivals King Arthur's Excalibur. In virtue of his possession of this heaven-sent weapon Attila asserted his divine and indefeasible claim to the mastery of the world. Herein, however, the present Kaiser surpasses his chosen exemplar ; he actually identifies himself with the sword of his God

140 Aberdeen University Review

1

while at the same time professing his own divinity. " Remember," he says, "that the German people are the chosen of God. On me as German Em- peror the Spirit of God has descended. I am His weapon, His sword, and His vice-regent."

In his relations with women Attila knew no morality; his death in a.d. 453 was the result of a fit brought on by the indulgence of his ferocious passion. Luckily for the civilized world he left behind him so many sons by different mothers that his empire was disputed over and divided among them like a private inheritance. As an incarnation of cunning, lust, and lawless strength, Attila lives and will live in the memory of mankind. What amazes one most is the fact that, despite the verdict of history, Kaiser William II had the effrontery deliberately to claim Attila and the Huns as models for himself and his people. Here are the words in which that outrageous claim was expressed : " When you meet the foe you will defeat him. No quarter will be given, no prisoners will be taken. Just as the Huns, a thousand years ago, under the leadership of Attila, gained a reputation in virtue of which they still live in historic tradition, so may the name of Germany become known." Although the Emperor's wish was only partially granted at the time the fore- going words were used, for the foe to whom he referred were the Chinese rebels of 1900, his desire has been amply and literally fulfilled since he finally let loose upon the world the plague he had so long nurtured. And we may with confidence predict that generations of Germans yet unborn will curse the name of him who brought upon them, with manifold other evils, the sinister appellation of " Huns ".

J. B. CHAPMAN.

The Poetry of the " Rowley Poems ".

I HE pseudo-archaic language of the "Rowley Poems" is not of the essential nature of Chatterton's poetry. It is an accident which follows closely upon the bent of his genius. As the boy-poet lay on the grass, gazing up at the church of St. Mary Redcliffe, and as the past un- folded itself for him, he became the good priest Rowley in more than in name. Time slipped back three cen- turies as he wandered with the monks and friars and burghers of Bristol, seeing what they saw, speaking as he believed they spoke. It was natural that Chatterton should try to get back to an older language ; it made his dream more real, and he could identify himself more nearly with the people whom he met. Yet the mediaeval words and phrases did not come so freely as did the impulse to create. He had to consult Kersey and Bailey, and the very fact that the language in which he gave form to his thought was alien to that in which it was conceived, shows that the words in themselves are not essential to his merit as a poet.

Of course one cannot separate form from the rest of the qualities which go to make up poetry. We accept " .^Ua " and " The Storie of William Canynge " as they stand, knowing that only thus can they be Chatterton's work. We could not have them otherwise, nor do we wish them otherwise, even though their beauty has been dimmed for us through ignorance of a word. For too often the archaic language, which brings with it atmosphere, and lends a mediaeval colour to a mediaeval theme, which also is indirectly the cause of Chatterton's achievement, becomes a poetic diction, and as such detracts from the fulness of the imaginative experience with which the reading of the poems should leave us. And yet, when, in Mr. Bradley's phrase, " we are reading as poetically as we can," and entering as closely as possible behind Chatterton into the world which he has made his own, the old words and phrases prove less and less a drawback, until in time they work themselves naturally into the general effect. We get the feeling of

Shields as brede As the y-brochdd moon, when white she dights The woodland ground, and water-mantled mead,

and the picture — which foretells the touch of Keats in the lines : —

In Virgine the sultry sun 'gan sheene,

And hot upon the meads did cast his ray ;

The apple ruddied from its paly green,

And the soft pear did bend the leafy spray ;

The pied chelindry sang the livelong day ;

'Twas now the pride, the manhood of the year,

And eke the ground was dight in its most deft auraere —

and we do not pause over "y-broched," and "chelandry," and "aumere," because we have been caught up to a height where worck cease to have an individual meaning, where sound and image and rhythm together give one eflfect. When Chatterton's imagination is at its greatest, his poetry does this for us.

142 Aberdeen University Review

It is then through his imagination that Chatterton makes his poetic appeal. The appeal is many-sided ; coming to us in an original and pleasing metrical form, in the pseudo-archaisms which often bring so much to the music of the line, though more especially through this new quality which is now in poetry. Without it, English literature would have lost something, which, even in the fulness of its splendour, it would have missed. It is among the smallest of essential contributions, but it is essential. What then is the nature of this imagination ?

Pre-eminently it takes us to new scenes, beyond life as we know it, out of a world which we see, and for which we work, into one where we are content to listen. The pageant pleases because it is unusual — unusual in no bizarre or supernatural sense, but simply because different from that to which we are accustomed; it sets in rich colouring tournament and knightly encounter, silver-point spear and asenglave, or it passes to scenes where the light is more subdued — a dead-still air, then the swelling of the tempest, in the distance a convent, under a holm-tree a pilgrim, passing by — an abbot, and a grey-clad limitour. Or once again, it becomes historical in the action and bloodshed of " The Battle of Hastings ".

And through it all there is the feeling of interested curiosity, as the young poet looks on life freshly and with eyes of wonder. For the world is a bigger thing to Chatterton than it is to the Augustans, and he allows himself to feel its strangeness. With an imagination free and unlimited, he wanders among men, as they work and fight and love, in surroundings not standardized by convention, enjoying the movement, delighting in the passing show. " In him," says Mr. Watts-Dunton, " the Renascence of Wonder is incarnate," and it is often through a background of convent and battle-field and distant stream that one gets most easily into the romantic atmosphere.

Everything contributes to this. The metre with its running music, the phrasing with its old-world suggestion, the similes of Spenserian beauty, are all of a spirit which is in essence unclassical. One does not claim for Chatterton that his poetry is full of this spirit, nor does one need to go to the eighteenth century pastoral to see what he has escaped. For much of his own work is disfigured and deadened by the false poetic diction which custom had made inseparable from good writing. The old tradition still clings to him, and he cannot altogether shake himself free. He is attracted by " the speckled folk," " the muddy nation," and when he yields, his poetry is the poorer.

But it is not upon this aspect of his poetry that we would dwell, for it does not give us the Chatterton who is remembered in literature. We shall get nearer to this figure if we approach it through the minstrel-song of "^lla":—

Hark ! the raven flaps his wing

In the briar'd dell below : Hark 1 the death-owl loud doth sing To the nightmares as they go. My love is dead, Gone to his death-bed, All under the willow-tree.

And as the echo of these words passes into the loftier note of " Goddwyn," or drops to the colour-painting of the second " Eclogue," the shapes of things before us are no longer the clearest to our eyes.

M. A. SUTHERLAND.

1

King's College in 1818.

[An interesting sketch ot the Bursary Competition in 1818 was put on record by the late Mr. George Abercromby Young Leslie (1803-1885), thirteenth Laird of Kininvie. Mr. Leslie was a keen observer of life, and he left a series of anecdotes representing the Banff- shire of his youth, besides picturing the highly idiosyncratic contemporaries of his father, Archibald Young, who succeeded to the estate of Kininvie, and took the name of Leslie.]

Four sessions of Four months at King's College, Auld Aberdeen. Recalling to memory many happy days spent there, what follows may turn out interest- ing to those into whose hands these imperfect sketches may come.

In the month of October, 181 8, Davie Williamson (a near relative of Dr. Smith's) Willie McKilligin (a son of the Major's) [James McKilligin, 1764- 1837]. Jamie Sim (a son of James Sim before mentioned), Johnie Robertson (a son of Duncan Robertson, Supervisor of Excise), and I, then George Aber- cromby Young — each of us about 1 6 years of age — were deemed fit by good old Johnie Cruickshank, Rector of Banff Academy, to take our places as students at that ancient seat of learning. The Rector told our respective parents that we ought to compete for bursaries, and they being agreeable, off we started all together, by the mail coach, getting the good wishes of all our friends and the blessing of the Rector, who added " May be twa or three o' ye will carry off some o' the bursaries before ye enter on yer studies ". A true prophet he proved to be, as the sequel will show.

We got to Aberdeen all right, and entered ourselves as Competitors for the coveted prizes, producing the required certificates. Behold then, us five, seated in the large College Hall, along with ninety others, Latin Dictionary (Ainsworth's), pens, ink and paper — a professor presiding who was now and then relieved by another, for we were never left to our own devices. We were so separated that no Communications could possibly take place, and we were not permitted to leave the Hall. We worked on steadily and had the pre- scribed work finished in the evening, and each Competitor placed his version in the hands of the presiding professor. By an arrangement among ourselves, we Banflites made a copy of our respective tasks. At the door of the Hall there was a great crowd, and a venerable gentleman who said that he was Mr. [Ewen] McLachlan, Chief Master of the [Old Aberdeen] Grammar School, requested to see the copies we had in our hands. We complied. He looked them over, and said he thought three of the five were fairly good, but he did not indicate who the supposed winners were.

A few days afterwards, all the Competitors were ordered to attend at the College Hall [Chapel ?], and we did so with beating hearts. The Professors all met —

" A terrible show "

and the competitors and a vast number of ladies and gentlemen were as-

144 Aberdeen University Review

sembled. The scene altogether was impressive. The gravestone of Bishop Elphinstone, the founder of the College, had a conspicuous place in the centre of the Hall [Chapel], and on Principal Jack calling out the name of each successful competitor, he had to proceed and stand uncovered on the " Blud- stone " [? Blackstone] and to be solemnly asked if he agreed to accept or de- cline the bursary gained by him. ^20 yearly for four years was the highest bursary ; the others were for lesser sums, varying from ^18 to j^^, and it might be about thirty in number. The gainers of the ;^io to ^^5 paid half fees only. A few of the gainers declined, as they might succeed better at the next competition. Our five " hearts with fear were beating," when after a few had got their deserts the principal pronounced the name of David Williamson ^ (who deserved the title of the Bashful Youth), and he advanced to the much desired bludstone, and accepted in trembling accents the ^£15 bursary [fifth] awarded to him. Willie McKilligin ^ after a short time was called up and accepted the one of ;^i2 [ninth] gained by him. A longer (painful to me) interval when I had to mount the stone and say that I accepted the one of ;^io [thirteenth] awarded to me. It was strange that wee Johnie Robertson * didn't succeed, for he was superior to both Willie McKilligin and me in point of scholarship, and Jamie Sim was very good too, but the nature of the com- petition had made them nervous and unhinged their wonted composure. One Competitor aged 42 ! ! didn't succeed. He made use of the word " realie" and that condemned in a great degree his version. He tried next year and got a high one. He had been a ditcher and labourer from Rossshire and was a good Greek scholar, and Latin too, but he was the best of the ma- thematicians of the College, and such a fine old fellow. I don't know what became of him. Our respective parents were greatly pleased with the results and Johnie Cruickshank delighted that he had turned out to be a true prophet. I got a silver watch and a gold chain from my Auntie Don (Donaldson), my mother's sister, which she had promised me in the event of my success.

^ M.A. 1822. * M.A. 1822 ; minister of Kildonan. •' M.D. Edinb., 1825.

The Anvil — A Prayer.

The nations He upon Thine anvil, Lord,

The dread sledge hammers fall, Fashioning each according to Thy word

And Thy design for all.

And each endures the sevenfold furnace heat,

Thy bellows blow the flame ; Then on the glowing steel Thy hammers beat

With fierce unerring aim.

We do not ask Thee, Lord, that Thou wouldst spare.

We would not lie aside With the cold fragments rusting here and there.

Not worthy to be tried.

We ask not when the mighty implement

Is to be forged, or how, Only fulfil with us Thine own intent —

Let us not fail Thee now.

F. D. SIMPSON (M.A., 1890).

10

The Dead.

In the rich silence where our dead lie deep, Almost we hear them breathing in their sleep ;

Their gracious presence real and more near

Than spirits masked that daily meet us here.

While over us Time s river seethes and rolls They sleep " in that still garden of the souls "

Where the loud tread of the advancing Hours

Dies into rest on amaranthine flowers.

The din of battle thunders in our ears

And throbbing echoes wake of hopes and fears, Better it is where all earth's discords blend To sleep nor dream but steadfast wait the end.

When the proud nations muster into view Vainly, for forth He rides, Faithful and True,

And martial pride and bloody pomp are lost

In the white radiance of His stainless host.

Tho^e who leapt up at the first trumpet call Shall not the last trump waken first of all

With Him in deathless glory to arise

Knowing the meaning of their sacrifice.

Till which arising He our dead doth keep

In the rich silence where they lie asleep. >m

F. D. SIMPSON (M.A., 1890).

Reviews.

Lectures on the Church and Sacraments. By P. T. Forsyth, M.A., D.D. London : Longmans, Green & Co. Pp. viii + 289.

The Lectures here published were in substance delivered to students, pre- sumably at Hackney College. In one respect, perhaps, they must have been disappointing. They offer no punctuated, proportionate, and logically pro- gressive discussion, such as even the notebook of the dull student might be entrusted to reproduce ! None the less, indeed all the more, they must have served well the end of instruction. One could hardly look for a more vigorous and stimulating series of Lectures. Undoubtedly Principal Forsyth's style provokes impatience. It is confessedly neither lucid nor Itgato, and some- times it is positively obscure ; but in time we become less impatient of it, and yield ourselves to its vivid, arresting quality. What strikes one most is the writer's predilection for and grim delight in verbal distinctions and con- trasts, in the use of which he shows an almost scholastic subtlety. He would have us observe, for example, that he stands for liberal theology but not for theological liberalism, for a sacramental but not a sacramentarian ministry, for a supernatural but not a preternatural doctrine of divine grace. The dif- ferences implied are not always clear.

The general standpoint of the Lectures is that of a modern positive Pro- testant theology, in which Christian doctrine is presented in full view of recent textual, literary, and historical criticism, yet at the same time as uniquely based upon the definitive revelation of God in the historical Christ. Dr. Forsyth owes much to Kahler, Seeberg, and other German theologians of the modem conservative type (who have not been kept so much before English readers as the Ritschlians and the Radicals), but all his work bears the impress of his strong individuality. He is particularly insistent on the idea that Christian Theology is the Theology of the Cross. The " holy, judging, saving Cross " he regards as the very site and substance of the Christian revelation. In Ritschl's view the system of Christian belief was an ellipse, with the two foci of the Cross and the Kingdom ; but in these Lectures the absolute centrality of the Cross is passionately affirmed, and its "cruciality" and regenerative power. The supreme act of the moral world (and therefore of its Sovereign God and Father) was in the Cross of our redemption, and it was in that Cross that the Kingdom was set up. And this positive New Testament Gospel of the redeeming Cross remains, it is added, the one true secret of the Church's life.

In the pages before us this positive evangelical principle is applied suc- cessively to the doctrines of the Church, Ministry, and Sacraments.

The oecumenical note pervades the treatment of the doctrine of the Church. Though Dr. Forsyth writes as a Free Churchman to Free Churchmen, and

14-8 Aberdeen University Review

more particularly as a Congregationalist to Congregationalists, his main effort and purpose is to inspire his readers with a deep sense of the One, Holy, Ca- tholic, and Apostolic Church (which venerable words are a great line of poetry to him), and not to sound once more the note of Freedom. He thinks the age is by when liberty had to be claimed, and in fact he recoils from the subjectivist tendencies in modern Protestantism. He would remind us that Christian liberty is not natural or even spiritual liberty but the evangelical liberty whose prius is authority. Never hesitant to coin a phrase, he rallies the theological liberals as spiritual vagrants afflicted with a mental " claustro- phobia " which keeps them from resting within four walls of belief or sleeping under a historic roof ! In sounding the oecumenical note and recalling the Free Churches to a deeper recognition of the "Great Church" (we fear this phrase is of German parentage !), he is expectant of the day when there shall be a real federation of the Free Churches based on the dogmatic disendow- ment and disarmament of sectarianism, in which a positive Gospel shall take the place of a correct creed, and liberty worth the name be better and more effectively secured. Apparently the idea of reunion with the Anglican and Roman Churches is not so hopefully cherished. Yet other P'ree Church leaders of thought are dreaming in hope of a Church " Catholic as the heart of Christ," and even within the Anglican and Roman Churches there are definite movements towards a new and freer Catholicism.

On the doctrine of the Ministry also Dr. Forsyth takes high ground. The evangelical ministry as the trustee of the positive Church- creating Gospel, itself exercises a creative and regenerative function. It is sacramental to the Church as the Church is sacramental to the world. But the historical suc- cession or continuity involved is evangelical rather than apostolic. It is a continuity in the message, not in the men. It is a solidary continuity spread- ing through a mass, not a vertical continuity descending in a line. It is a nervous system pervading and continually creating the Church, not a chain on which the Church is hung.

The doctrine of the Sacraments, especially of Baptism and Holy Com- munion, is also interpreted in the light of the creative Word or Gospel of the Cross. The Sacraments (as indeed St. Augustine said long ago, and Luther after him) are the visible Word or Gospel just as in preaching the Word is audible. As such they are effective and productive, being holy and saving Acts of Christ Himself in His Church. Dr. Forsyth upholds the sacramental quality of Infant Baptism, and deprecates the thorough-going individualism of the Baptists, urging that the Church should provide Infant or Adult Baptism at choice, as in the mission field. As for the Lord's Supper, he repudiates the so-called Zwinglian or merely memorialist view, but while sympathizing deeply with the dogmatic effort represented by the Roman transubstantiation and the Lutheran consubstantiation, he recognizes the Real Presence of the living Redeemer in the Church's Act, and not in the sacramental symbols, which we take to be essentially the Calvinistic position. For the rest, he seeks from his positive evangelical standpoint to find a secure place for the Sacraments between the extremes of Sacramentarianism and Quakerism.

We do not venture any criticism of the theological positions here main- tained with so much zeal of conviction and such massive breadth of scholar- ship. It is not a book to invite a critical estimate. The main positions are assumed but not defended ; presented thetically, as Dr. Forsyth himself would

Reviews 149

say, and not dialectically. It should therefore be sufficient to add that we regard these Lectures as one of the writer's most important, as they are among his most characteristic, contributions to Christian Theology.

William Fulton.

Bibliography, its Scope and Methods. By David Murray, LL.D., F.S.A. Glasgow: James Maclehose & Sons, 191 7. 4to. Pp. xii + 125, with 4 facsimiles.

There is generally pleasure to be found in reading a book which has given its author real pleasure in the making ; and this volume of Dr. Murray's starts off with that advantage. It is quite patently written by one who loves as well as understands his subject ; and anyone with a smouldering spark of biblio- graphical fire in him, must surely find it burst into flame under the encourag- ing stimulus of this work — certainly if he happen to be a member of the Glasgow Bibliographical Society, to whom Dr. Murray specially addresses his appeal for more workers. The book originated in a presidential address to that Society but the wealth of knowledge and research refused to be confined to such narrow limits, and has overflowed the banks in copious notes. Indeed, in this modest sized volume is material enough to fill one three times its bulk, had full justice been done to the packed contents. General Bibliography is discussed under many aspects, with special reference to the British Museum methods and those of Continental and American libraries. This is followed by a section on Particular Bibliography, with interesting suggestions as to' what might still be undertaken in that line ; all leading up to consideration of the history and future of the Bibliography of Glasgow.

The various systems of library classification are discussed and their merits compared, but not quite so judicially as one might wish. Mr. Melvil Dewey seems to have got somewhat on to Dr. Murray's nerves, and one can sym- pathize with the natural prejudice excited by the appalling phonetic spelling affected in the Dewey manual of classification. At the same time it seems a pity to let this blind one to the undoubted merits of the scheme. Speaking of the British Museum reading room, with its rough arrangement under Theology, Law, History, etc., Dr. Murray remarks that it would only lead to confusion were the classes broken up according to the Dewey method. But most people find it an advantage to have, say History, subdivided into British, French, German, etc., and yet again into periods of time ; and "con- fusion " seems scarcely a fair description of this method. It is a little difficult to understand the point of view which so heartily approves of carefully classi- fied catalogues, and so strongly condemns carefully classified shelves. The assertion that the scheme is useful rather to the library staff than to the student, is a serious reflection on any who adopt the method, for the main object of a librarian should be to make the books of as much use to the student as is pos- sible. But a little consideration should convince anyone, that minute subject classification entails a good deal more work on the library staff, than does simply slumping a number of books together under one or two big divisions.

Dr. Murray places high value on local bibliographies, and in his sugges- tions of work for the Glasgow Bibliographical Society he gives first place to the preparation of a bibliography of Glasgow city. At the time his address was delivered there had not yet appeared the "Concise Bibliography of

150 Aberdeen University Review

Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine" (1914), or the "Concise Bibliography of Inverness " (1917), both of which have been issued in the Aberdeen Univer- sity Library Bulletin ; but he mentions with commendation the late Mr. A. W. Robertson's " Handlist " (1893). Another of his suggestions is a re-issue of Reid's valuable " Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica " (1832) ; and this also has been accomplished since he wrote, the late Rev. Donald Maclean having based his " Typographia Scoto-Gadelica " (1915) on Reid's work.

The flowery path he offers to those who would tackle Glasgow in fiction should prove attractive ; and no one will grudge them their harvest in Smollett and Scott, Gait or William Black ; but when it comes to claiming George MacDonald and seizing on his Alec Forbes as a Glasgow University student, we must kindly but firmly remonstrate. Alec Forbes was pure Aberdeenshire, and the ghost of Cupples, the eccentric librarian, still haunts the ante-chapel of King's College, where he kept watch over his little-used books. A poor thing, Sir, but our own, and we cannot give him up to Glasgow.

Dr. Murray very rightly deprecates the view that books are valuable simply and solely for their literary merit. Pamphlets, chapbooks, and such like " rubbish " often throw truer sidelights on the human life of a certain period than any which can be found in official records or learned historical treatises. Should you desire a consecutive account of Scotland in Jacobite times, read any of the recognized standard histories on the subject ; but if you want to be back on the scene itself, you must get hold of the 1746 pam- phlets,- or the contemporary verse — however poor they may be from a literary point of view. To the bibliographer nothing printed is worthless, and to ad- vise him to omit inferior literature is like suggesting to an archaeologist that he might destroy all old pottery which does not conform to our present standards of beauty.

The Glasgow Bibliographical Society must have been put on its mettle by the suggestive list Dr. Murray gives, of works it might undertake, for the good of bibliography and the glory of Glasgow ; and this volume of his own gives an example of just how such things should be done. Who writes on biblio- graphy should himself know how to use bibliographical detail to effect, and of this Dr. Murray is well aware. Fine paper, well set type, clear arrangement of material, an excellent index — ^all bear witness to his appreciation of points on which greatly depend the pleasure and usefulness of any book ; points which have enhanced the value of this scholarly treatise and make it attractive even to a lay reader.

M. S. Best.

On the Relationship Between the Pursuits of our Society and THE Business of Life. Being the Presidential Address to the Linnean Society of London, at the Anniversary Meeting on 24 May, 191 7. By Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., A.M., M.D. (Aberdeen).

Sir David Prain, in fulfilment of his duty as President of the Linnean Society, has made an appeal which, though bearing very directly on the aims which should inspire the work of the Society, deserves to be read and weighed carefully by all who are interested in the welfare of education, and more es- pecially in the relations of scientific investigations to the progress of mankind. A distinguished graduate of the University of Aberdeen in the faculties of

Reviews 151

Arts and Medicine, he was Assistant in the subjects of Botany and Anatomy, both of which he afterwards taught in Calcutta, Entering the medical ser- vice of the Indian Army, as the path to an appointment in the Botanic Gardens in Calcutta, he served for a time in the Army, in which he ranks as Lieut.-Colonel. Appointed at the request of the late Sir George King to be his Assistant in charge of the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta, he succeeded Sir George in the full charge, and held that position for several years until his ap- pointment as Director of the renowned Botanic Gardens of Kew. Thus few have had as wide and varied an experience, embracing the varied outlooks of student in the different fields of literature, philosophy and science, teacher, skilled investigator in pure biological science, and administrator in the appli- cations of Botany to the business of life in numerous aspects, as well as in the not less valuable experience of having to deal with colleagues and with large staffs of subordinates, with marked success.

The Address bears evidence of the wide and sane outlook to be expected from such experience when used to the best advantage. It is an appeal to realize the high aims set forth in the statement of the objects sought to be ac- complished by the founders of the Royal Society, adhering to the spirit that inspired that statement, instead of allowing it to be obscured by the narrower outlook of undue specialization.

Information is accumulated in every field of science at a steadily advancing rate as the number of skilled and enthusiastic investigators increases ; new methods of investigation are devised and must be learned ; and the student is apt to be driven into a narrower and ever narrower track in the attempt to know what is expected in even a single science. The tendency is evident to all who have to do with higher education, and, while it is natural, it threatens grave danger to the true progress of even the specialist in the narrowest sense. Minute knowledge in a narrow field cannot compensate for the lack of ability to sympathise with other sides of human progress, or to recognize their worth. The counsels of Sir David Prain in this Address will help to lessen the dangers from undue specialization.

James W. H. Trail.

The School and Other Educators. By John Clarke. London : Long- mans, Green & Co., 1918. Pp. x + 228.

Readers of the copious writing on education poured in these times upon the public may well be perplexed by the variety and frequent ambiguity of the meanings attached to the subject and its many phases. Mr. Clarke traces the confusion to the different standpoints and interests of the writers and es- says the praiseworthy task of promoting a " mutual comprehension and some degree of uniformity in the use of terms ". In pursuit of this aim he has to cover ground already well trodden, but as he does so with a firm step, a dis- criminating eye and a sound judgment, he succeeds in producing a most useful amount not only of definition and classification of the facts of his sub- ject but of criticism and adjustment of the manifold and often contradictory opinion that has been expressed upon it. He " rides the marches " effect- ively ; the study of his book is distinctly helpful to clear thinking upon edu- cation and its overlapping, but not irreconcilable, interests, and to the correct expression of the results of that thinking. His own reflection has been long and careful, its results are mature and are clearly expressed. Whether readers

152 Aberdeen University Review

agree with him or not they will allow that there is not a hasty opinion nor a confused sentence in the book. But his observation is so wide, his criticism so fair, and his common sense so sustained that those who disagree must be extremely few.

His University, which is intending to introduce the Principles of Biology along with those of Psychology as the foundation of the curriculum for her new degree in education, will note with gratification that her Lecturer in Education insists first of all on the acceptance and accurate knowledge by the teacher of the physical and mental material on which he has to work. "The two poles by which ... his activities are guided are similarity in the general scheme and type of life and an infinite variety of individual character- istic." This leads Mr. Clarke to discuss in his second chapter "The Individual and the 'Average ' " ; the class is "a compromise not without in- herent merits " but the basal problem of education is the individual. Chapter iii. is a study of "Nature and Nurture," discriminating and adjusting. Chap- ter iv., " Ends," discusses the question what are the main objects and purposes of life, again with the individual as the principal focus ; the ethical and the intellectual are not coincident, the former is the more essential ; but was it necessary to put character and religion under separate heads as Mr. Clarke does ? Chapter v. on the " Co-ordination of Ends " opens up the teacher's difficulties in relating the physical, mental, and moral requirements of his material and in struggling with the short-sightedness for far ends on the part both of his pupils and of their parents. Chapter vi. deals with "Educational Agents and Agencies " ; the family, companions, society at large, and the Church. Chapter vii. on " Cause in the Light of Effect " is largely a counsel of caution against the fallacies of memory and the risks in tracing back one's own experience. Chapters viii. and ix. are on the Curriculum ; an exposition of its various parts and the requirements of different classes of pupils, with sagacious counsels thereon. Among these is a warning against the pre- mature study of the Classics, to a full consideration of the place of which Mr. Clarke proceeds in Chapter x., distinguishing between Latin and Greek, and between the service required of both when the curricula of our schools were first formed and the service they are fitted to render now when they have so many competitors in the offices of mental discipline. The argument in their defence must stand not on their having a monopoly of that disciplinary value, but on other grounds such as the Latin foundations of our civilization and sources of our language. Chapter xi. treats of " Moral and Religious Elements," and chapter xii. sums up the "Defects and Remedies ".

This brief review will show how much old truth has been re-stated by Mr. Clarke, but this always after careful sifting of its elements and with many original judgments on the facts and needs of our present system. When all is said and done — after all one's own experience of education, passive and active, and the innumerable recent discussions — the conclusion surely stands that in education the fulcrum is the effect on the child of home influence (in alliance with that of the Church), and the lever is the character and ability of the teacher. This conclusion is confirmed by Mr. Clarke's comprehensive sur- vey, and he has added to it rightly " the power of appeal in the curriculum " ; "the remainder of the machinery is matter of comparative indifference," and " the teacher's first requirement is liberty ". Another noteworthy emphasis is that on the indispensableness of the Church but only if in co-operation with

m

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the home, without the loyal alliance of which the Church can do little. The practical sum of the whole matter is succinctly stated in the last chapter, to which we commend the close attention of the student.

Classical Association OF Scotland. Proceedings, 1914-16. Edinburgh: H. J. Pillans & Wilson. Pp. vi + 77.

This small volume of 77 pages contains much valuable matter. There is an Address, as President, by the Rev. Dr. Heard, on "Classics as a Prepara- tion for Practical Life," which maintains " that looking to the practical needs of a nation a Classical education is specially efficient in developing the qualities at which we should aim in producing the good citizen," that " it strengthens and develops certain qualities of mind that are indispensable for a community : — qualities of mind, I say, yet such that they bear on character and life and not merely on intellect ". This is supported by testimony from the speaker's long experience, that the study of the inflectional structure of the Classical languages, which requires the exercise of principles rather than memory (as in the case of Modern languages), is an invaluable instrument in curing the prevailing infirmity of mental confusion ; that the Classics pro- mote the trained use of the imagination, of untold importance in practical life; and that by the combined stimulus of "contact with the quick minded- ness of the Greek and the serious purposefulness of the Roman " they train the mature student in " mental inquisitiveness checked by logical test ". " Here you have the makings, not of an old-world scholar, but of the com- petent citizen of the day " and " clearness in thinking, imaginative sympathy and many-sided intelligence ".

Mr. William Rennie, Lecturer on Greek in the University of Glasgow, contributes a paper on "Some Fallacies". After claiming for Classics at least a parity with other subjects, he goes on to assert three superiorities for the ancient over modern languages.

The first is that the ancient language is superior to the modern as a means of mental discipline because of its contrast with our native cast of thought. The halting intelligence has an admirable crutch in the natural order of the words. In an inflected language the crutch is torn from its grasp ; the mind must learn to walk alone. " Secondly, the supreme excellence of the Classical languages is largely due to the fact that they cannot be taught by the colloquial method.'' "Thirdly, it is only by the study of the Classics that we enter into possession of our own literary heritage." " Latin should be the first language after the vernacular, and this in the interest of Modern language study." " It would also give us a fair field for the teaching of Greek."

These theses are supported by evidence drawn from the reports of the Scotch Education Department. Professor Baldwin Brown fully answers the question, " What do we owe to the Romans in Art ? " And the new President, Professor Burnet, gives an address in which he emphasizes the following points : Those who attack the study of the Humanities are not thinking of Science but of the application of Science to Industry. But the neglect of the latter is the fault not of our schools or universities, but of the leaders of commerce and industry, for before the war, the universities were pro- ducing more trained scientific ability than anyone would employ. The best scientific experts can be produced only on the terms of a liberal and humanistic training ; and evidence in support of this is quoted from Germany, where "no one who aspires to any position of authority and responsibility is allowed to make Science his principal object of study till he is close on twenty years old ".

154 Aberdeen University Review

The advocates of Science forget that " it was just the revival of ancient letters that made modern civilization and modern science possible," and '* after all the greatest need of Europe now is the revival of humanitas, or better still of <pi\avdpo>irla. I do not believe that our lost European civilization can be restored in any other way than by a return to what is unquestionably its source. The future of Science itself depends on this ; for there would be no place for Science in a society organized on other than humane Hnes. The humanities hold the first trench of civilization, and if that is carried, the rest can hardly be held for long."

The Book of the Opening of the Rice Institute, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. 3 vols. Pp. xxvi + iioo.

These large and sumptuous volumes, generously illustrated, are the record of the academic festival in celebration of the opening in October, 191 2, of " the Rice Institute, a University of Liberal and Technical Learning, Founded in the City of Houston, Texas, by William Marsh Rice and Dedicated by Him to the Advancement of Letters, Science, and Art ". For this noble purpose Mr. Rice, a New Englander from Massachusetts, who made a fortune at Houston, and died about 1900, left ten million dollars. His trustees have risen to their duty and opportunity. They secured, on the extension of the main thoroughfare of Houston about three miles from the heart of the city, a site of 300 acres. They appointed an able President, Edgar Odell Lovett, sent him for a year to Europe to explore the experience of its Universities and learned societies, designed the lines of the Institute, planned its buildings, and erected the first of these on a noble scale and in a style suited to the southern latitude of Texas.

These new Universities and Institutes of America are very enviable. They start with colossal endowments and unlimited space, and have behind them at once an eager local ambition and the experience of all the Universities of the world, which, in the wise American fashion, they carefully sift before they lay one stone on another. Their initial results are well worth study by ourselves. In this case the opportunities of such study are set before us with fulness and with an earnest modesty. The aims of the Rice Institute are worthy of its lavish means. One expression of them may be quoted : " While developing students in character, culture, and citizenship the Rice Institute will reserve for scholarship its highest rewards and in particular for evidence of creative capacity in productive scholarship ". It is in respect to these highest ends of a University that the Universities of this land have most reason to envy the new American creations both their vision and their wealth of means to fulfil it.

The opening exercises of the Institute which lasted for three days were entirely worthy of the spirit of its founder and organizers. A large number of distinguished scholars and scientists were either present to give addresses and lectures or sent their lectures — William Ramsay (the chemist), Henry Jones, and John W. Mackail from this country, Emile Borel from Paris, Vito Volterra and Benedetto Croce from Italy, Rafail Altamira from Spain, Hugo de Vries from Holland, Ostwald from Germany, Baron Kikuchi from Japan with Henry Van Dyke and many other distinguished scholars from America itself. The second and third vols, of this " Book of the Opening " are filled with not only single but series of " inaugural lectures " from the above-named specialists — original and detailed monographs in the subjects of their writers, in letters, science, and art. Vol. i. is an account of the various

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opening exercises and the speeches made at them. In these the speakers gave less formal, and for the most part inspiring, expression to the essence of their special studies. Everything was on a high level, and we have been particularly struck by the frequent speeches of the President, who also con- tributed a long address on " The Meaning of the New Institution ". The illustrations are very good. Our readers will be interested to know that among the replies and addresses of other Universities selected for reproduc- tion, the only Scottish one is that of the University of Aberdeen immediately after those of Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, and Rome. The volumes have been deposited in our Library.

The Roll of Pupils of Upper Canada College, Toronto, 1830 to 1916. Edited by A. H. Young, Kingston, Ontario, 191 7. Pp. 693.

The Old Boys' Association of Upper Canada College possesses that sense of corporate fellowship and corporate pride which is the great strength of schools and universities of any note ; and the Roll before us is a testimony of loyalty and devotion from these " Old Boys ". We in Aberdeen have always recog- nized the value and interest of Rolls of students. Our University is fortunate in the possession of published lists of her officers, graduates, and alumni, and the large number of class records provided by the piety of her sons is con- stantly increasing. Moreover we have a special interest in school records of this kind, for the Former Pupils' Club of Aberdeen Grammar School is even now looking forward to the time when its energetic Editor shall have over- come the inherent difficulties of the task, and compiled a similar Roll for their more ancient foundation. When this is accomplished it will be found that the two lists contain many names in common — Gordon, Strachan, Johnston, Watt, etc. — for the Grammar School boys are adventurous and a great number went to seek their fortunes in Canada. Their descendants, in many cases, were educated at Upper Canada College and were well satisfied with the ex- cellent training provided there ; though we find that later on, some of them, in the important matter of finding a bride, thought it wisest to turn again to Aberdeen I

Amongst those who studied at Aberdeen Grammar School, graduated at Aberdeen University, and afterwards found their way to Canada, perhaps the most distinguished was John Strachan, first Bishop of Toronto and Founder of Toronto University. He, as head of the Governing Body of Upper Canada College, had much to do with its early success, and "the immense influence which he wielded in the Canadas" — to quote from the Preface — no doubt is partly explained by the gratitude and aff"ection of pupils of the College scat- tered throughout the country. The Roll contains the names of many other distinguished men of whom the College is justly proud, but perhaps we may be pardoned the egotism of specially noting our own fellow-townsman, in consideration of the brotherliness engendered towards all who hail from this celebrated school.

It is refreshing to note that the paper shortage has apparently not yet reached Canada ; otherwise, in spite of proverbial Colonial generosity, the distribution of this book — copies of which have been sent to the Principal, the Secretary, the Registrar, and the Librarian — could hardly have been on so lavish a scale. To us it seems almost wild and wicked extravagance, but

156 Aberdeen University Review

it is pleasant to assume we are given this Benjamin's portion in virtue of the ties that unite us to the great Dominion and in recognition of our near re- lationship to the "Old Boys ".

Illinois. By Allan Nevins. New York : Oxford University Press (American Branch); London: Humphrey Milford. Pp. x + 378.

The University of Illinois, as a State institution, dates only from 1890, and even the Industrial and Agricultural College, on which it is based, is not older than 1867. Illinois, in fact, was the last State of the north-west territory, and one of the last in the middle west, to have a university. (Chicago Uni- versity is quite a separate institution, practically founded by Mr. Rockefeller some five-and-twenty years ago.) Illinois became a State in 1818, but while, according to the author of this volume, " a progressive and public-minded legislature " might early have founded a university, the Legislature, instead of so doing, "was consistently perverse and at times dishonest,'' sacrificing the two townships given by the Federal Government for the purpose and then systematically making away with the proceeds. Ultimately, however, an "Industrial University," with an agricultural department, was located at Urbana-Champaign — not an over-wise selection of a site apparently — and was started with a faculty of 4 teachers and 77 students. The University of Illinois is now a fully-equipped establishment with 64 separate buildings, a faculty of 840, 6800 students, and a biennial income of over 6,000,000 dollars. The history of its early struggles and modern development forms an interesting addition to the American College and University Series.

At the Serbian Front in Macedonia. By E. P. Stebbing. London : John Lane. 191 7. Pp. xi + 245. 6s. net.

Mr. Stebbing, who is Lecturer in Forestry at Edinburgh University, served during a vacation as transport officer to a unit of the Scottish Women's Hos- pital going out to Salonika. The worries of a transport officer, particularly in the confusion which reigned in Salonika, are detailed with a great deal of liveliness and humour, but these worries were a trifle compared with the diffi- culties that had to be surmounted in carrying on transport work over the roads — or what served as roads — in Macedonia. With patience and persever- ance and no little pluck, however, Mr. Stebbing got his hospital camp duly established in a mountainous region near Ostrovo, eighty-five miles from Salonika. Of the camp and of the hospital work subsequently carried on at it Mr. Stebbing has a great deal to say, and this section of his book gives an interesting and instructive account of the very valuable aid to Serbia con- tributed by the skill and service of Scottish women. He is loud in his praises of the diverse and unwearied labours of the component parts of the unit (com- prising between sixty and seventy persons) with which he was associated. Some of the women had furnished valuable assistance in the sorting-out of supplies at Salonika ; others later became most efficient chauffeurs, skilfully " tooling " the ambulance cars over the vile roads ; and the services of the doctors and nurses to wounded Serbians were unstinted. Among others singled out by name is a Miss Fowler, who "hailed from Aberdeen" — "a delightful person, who acted as bugler to the unit," though a doubt is insinu-

Reviews 157

ated as to whether her proficiency with this difficult instrument of music would have passed the Band Sergeant- Major ! In a special chapter on " The Work of the Hospital," Mr. Stebbing expresses the opinion that the work the hospital had to undertake before it was thoroughly organized contributed greatly to the extraordinary efficiency it so rapidly acquired ; and he concludes with this emphatic declaration : —

I have seen many a far smaller party of men go to pieces when a stress came. The Scottish women did not crack, and each pulled her weight. And they had their reward, for it is beyond dispute that they saved many Serbian soldiers' lives after Gornicevo and Kajmaktc^lan, men who must have died but for the work of the Scottish women in the Ostrovo Hospital.

Mr. Stebbing witnessed the two battles here mentioned and also the French assault on the Kenali lines, and of these engagements he gives ex- ceedingly vivid narratives. His book is of considerable value as a contribu- tion to the history of the unfortunate Serbian campaign, but its main interest lies in the warm tribute he pays to the work of the Scottish Women's Hos- pital.

Margaret of Scotland and the Dauphin Louis. By Louis A. Barbe. London and Glasgow : Blackie & Son, Limited. Pp. xii + 192.

M. Barbe is well known as an investigator of the by-paths of Scottish his- tory, and in this work he presents us with a study of the loveless union of the Princess Margaret of Scotland, daughter of King James I, with the Dauphin Louis, son of King Charles VII of France (afterwards Louis XI), a union which was contracted for mere reasons of State policy. The monograph is based mainly on original documents preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale of France, and it forms " a consecutive narrative containing a detailed account of the embassies to Scotland and to France, together with as much of the personal story of the unfortunate Princess as can be recovered after the lapse of five centuries ". The narrative is thus probably as complete as can now be compiled, and in M. Barbe's skilful hands it is effectively told. The story is a wretched and pitiful one. The marriage was arranged simply to aid Charles's scheme for reviving the " old alliance " between the French and the Scots, in order to expel the English from France, and it was totally de- void of affection on the side of the Dauphin. In four years' time he " showed so much indifference towards the Princess that she seems practi- cally to have ceased to play any part in his life ". She became the victim of cruel slander, and died virtually of a broken heart when she had scarcely at- tained her twenty-first year. The Dauphin, says M. Barbe, made the Princess's young life a martyrdom, and her early death " was hastened by the persecution to which she was subjected with his connivance, if not, indeed, at his instigation ". A similar verdict has long since passed into history, but M. Barbe's work is of value for the fresh and original evidence on which his conclusion is based, and particularly for the demonstration of the falsity of the charges brought against the Princess. Many of the details — especially those of the Princess's arrival in France, and her wedding — are highly inter- esting, as is also the account of the negotiations between the two monarchs. It is not flattering to the national vanity, however, to find the Scots troopers

158 Aberdeen University Review

in France characterized as a body of men " whose predatory propensities and intemperate habits earned for them an unenviable reputation as sheep- stealers and wine-sacks ".

The Romance of Commerce. By H. Gordon Selfridge. With Illustrations. London: John Lane, 1918. los. 6d.

Our readers must be already acquainted, through the daily and weekly press, with the contents and the spirit of this honest, extremely interesting, but confessedly partial work. It has been liberally conceived and is lavishly illus- trated often from rare sources. It is written with clearness and force, and carried through with zest by an enthusiast who is also an expert in the modem developments of its subject. Many will find it inspiring to their ambition ; and its inspiration is well founded both in the facts it records and in the principles of industry, honesty, cultivated imagination, and thoughtful- ness for others which it urges. Contents and title are sincerely consistent ; the author achieves his aim, and his aim is good. But as one reads one re- members how much of another side there is to it all. The broad statement that "commerce cuts the way and all professions and all arts follow" is not universally true. Again, state restrictions upon trade — if we include factory laws and the like — have not always been unnecessary nor to the disadvantage of trade ; and while Mr. Selfridge rightly exalts the example and assistance rendered by merchants to their rulers, he does less than justice to royal fore- sight and initiative. In ancient times as in the Middle Ages trade was fre- quently the enterprise of kings. The chapter on "The Commerce of Ancient Civilizations " reproduces the atmospheres as well as the more important lines of its subjects ; but there might have been added the influence of trade in effecting, as it did in Babylonia and elsewhere, the transference of political power from one site to another. And in leaping from the ancient world to Venice Mr. Selfridge has passed over the abundant illustrations of his theme afforded by the story of Syrian commerce in the early Mohammedan era — Aleppo, Tripoli, Damascus, and Acre. Again while all he says of the Phoeni- cians is true (except that 3000 B.C. is too early a date for their appearance on the coast of the Levant), he is silent as to their cruelty, their political bad faith, and their slave-traffic ; they hovered round the battles of braver peoples chaffering with the victor for the captives and the spoil. In all this book slave-dealing is mentioned only four times, while other debasing forms and emasculating influences are ignored. The Fuggers of Augsburg are praised for the admirable housing they provided for their workers ; but how frequently have merchants, manufacturers, mine-owners, and ship-owners acted in a spirit quite the reverse 1 Commerce has had its reproaches as well as its romance, and Mr. Selfridge's picture of the latter would have been not less impressive had he dealt more fully with the former. That he would have done this well, is apparent from his remarks upon the futility of dishonest advertisement and upon a merchant's duty and profit in encouraging their best from his em- ployees. We are glad to discuss the book in this Review at a time when the University is instituting a department of Commerce, leading to a degree.

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Wonder Tales From Scottish Myth and Legend, By Donald A. Mac- kenzie. London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Limited. Pp. 224.

Celtic mythology has its own fascinating tales — of Beira, the Queen of Winter, who built the mountains of Scotland with a magic hammer ; of Angus and Bride, the King and Queen of Summer and Plenty ; of the never-ending combat between the white fairy and the black fairy for possession of Face-of- Light, symbolic of the succession of day and night ; and so on. Mr. Mac- kenzie, who has already dealt with the myths and legends of India, Egypt, and Babylonia, has now made a collection of the " wonder tales " associated with Scotland, setting them forth in an attractive literary style and supplement- ing them occasionally by reproducing poems and songs into which some of them have been cast. In an introductory chapter Mr. Mackenzie shows how many of the stories have a local setting and reflect the ordi.iary conception of the occurrence of the seasons in days when no calendar existed. The primi- tive myths survived into Christian times because of their connection with place-names, and also because certain of them were recorded centuries ago by early writers — the Dean of Lismore's Book is a notable instance. The greater number of collected legends, however, have been taken down from reciters in recent times, and Mr. Mackenzie says he knew an old woman whose stories would have filled a volume quite as large as the one he has written.

Stealthy Terror. By John Ferguson. London : John Lane. Pp. 304. 6s.

The " German menace " is greatly in vogue in current novels of adventure as the underlying factor in the play of events, and in "Stealthy Terror" it is presented in the form of a scheme for the invasion of England from Calais (the time of the novel is prior to the war). A plan in connection with the project is passed to an Aberdeen medical graduate in the course of a scuffle late at night in a Berlin street. His possession of it leads to his being per- tinaciously dogged and subjected to a series of menacing incidents, from all of which — all of them of an exciting character — he escapes in most ingenious fashion, of course. He finds his way to Scotland, but the pursuit continues ; he is shot at in a glen, his home is attacked, and he makes a cross-country flight with his enemies — German agents bent on recovering the plan — in full chase. The scene changes to London, Dover, and Folkestone. More and more incidents occur, there are plots and counter-plots, and the contest for the plan ultimately ends in a highly sensational denoilment. The story is written with great vivacity, the thrills are numerous, the writer's ingenuity is never at a loss, and he grips the reader's attention to the very last. The sole female character introduced is not quite convincing, and the hero-narrator rather overdoes his simplicity. North-country readers, however, will be at- tracted by the personality ascribed to the hero. He is, as has been indicated, an Aberdeen medico, who incidentally gained a piece of useful information about doors and locks from "a notorious burglar" whom he attended in Aberdeen Infirmary. The chief Scottish incidents, moreover, are located ob- viously in Kincardineshire. The glen in which the medico was shot at has a remarkable likeness to the Glen of Drumtochty ; and in the course of his escape from his own house — in that neighbourhood — he professes to be mak- ing for " Stonehive " while he really sets off for " Kilaber Junction," by which and from the descriptive context Kinnaber Junction is very clearly meant.

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Robert Burns : How to Know Him. By William Allan Neilson, Professor of English, Harvard University. Indianapolis : The Bobbs-Merrill Company. Pp. viii + 332.

To a series of expository handbooks dealing with prominent authors, Professor Neilson has contributed the volume on Burns, and he has discharged the rather onerous task of combining biography, selection of poems, and critical commentary with commendable skill and discretion, especially in view of the handy size of the work. The biography is sensibly compressed, and the poetry is properly dealt with in three sections — the songs, the satires and epistles, and the descriptive and narrative pieces. Professor Neilson has also introduced a very useful chapter treating of the language and literature of which Burns was the inheritor, with the object of disposing of the old myth of the "rustic phenomenon," and showing that Burns was not "the isolated poetical miracle appearing in defiance of the ordinary laws of literary depend- ence and tradition ". A brief concluding chapter furnishes a critical estimate of Burns's character and of the value of his works. This estimate and Pro- fessor Neilson's running commentaries throughout are all extremely judicious and marked by knowledge and insight. The Professor is not blind to the moods and limitations of Burns, but he is none the less appreciative of the individual and striking qualities of his poetry.

We have also received "The Sydney University Medical Journal" for October, 191 7 (New Series, vol. xii., part 2). It contains, besides notes and addresses on surgery and medicine, editorials on the medical curriculum, and a Lecture by Professor MacCallum on Professionalism and Humanism, the usual number of good verses and of clever sketches mostly of a facetious turn. We note also "Humour in Horror," and some interesting "Narratives of Active Service ". An " Honour List," Obituary and Correspondence com- plete an admirable number. We con zratulate the Medical Faculty of the University on an organ at once so professionally useful, so lightened by humour, and so adorned by portraits.

" Hermes " is also a magazine of the University of Sydney " published once a term for the Undergraduates' Association ". Its new series has actually achieved vol. xxiii., of which the third number for November, 1917, has reached us. We congratulate the University on its varied and substantial contents, among which the descriptions of several departments of the Univer- sity and the " War Records III " in particular interest us. The illustrations are numerous and admirably executed.

The "Otago University Review" for October, 191 7 (vol. xxxi. No. 2) has also reached us — with its instructive accounts of academic activity, its loyal and inspiring notes on the war, and its tributes to the Fallen. Four hundred members of the University have left New Zealand on active service ; " there is attending the University at the present time no one fit and eligible for service abroad ". Bravo !

Correspondence .

PROPOSED ELPHINSTONE HALL.

The Editor, "Aberdeen University Review".

University Library, 7 yanuary, 1918.

Sir,

My letter which Mr. Keith Leask communicated to the last number of the Review has brought me so much correspondence on the subject of an Elphinstone Hall, that I am encouraged to infer that the suggestion commends itself to graduates, and that readers will welcome further expressions of opinion by writers whose views must naturally carry weight.

Accordingly I send some extracts from letters— arranged in the order of

their receipt by me.

I am, etc.,

P. J. ANDERSON.

Sir W. Robertson Nicoll writes : —

" In connection with the proposed Elphinstone Hall at Aberdeen University, I wish to say that I sympathize very strongly with the object in view, and I am in general concurrence with the letters written by Mr. Keith Leask and yourself. What appeals to me most strongly is Clause G in your prospective memorandum. . . . Things have changed so completely since my day at the University as to disqualify me from putting down figures. Students, I understand, now enter at the time we left as graduates. I graduated at eighteen, and my bosom friend, R. A. Neil, at seventeen. We lived on about 6s. 6d. a week, rising occasionally to 8s. For this we had a bedroom which served as a sitting-room, and our very plain fare was supplemented to some extent by boxes from home. Also we had bursaries of ;^ii to jCi2. In my father's time, in the thirties, he paid a shilling weekly for the use of an attic in the Spital, and cooked and did everything for himself, so that his expenses cannot have exceeded 3s. 6d. a week. Now, I understand, the students are quite on a different plane. ... As I look back I see that we were underfed, but we thought little of our hardships.

" The idea of students living together appeals to me very much. In my time students visited each other in their lodgings, and I think there were about half a dozen students who came to see me and whom I went to see. But still there was often a feeling of solitude, and I believe the efficiency of the University would be much increased, and the happiness of the students appreciably greater, if they spent more time in one another's company."

II

1 62 Aberdeen University Review

The Right Hon. Sir Henry Craik : —

•* I am entirely in favour of a fair opportunity being given to those who desire it, and to whom I think it will be of great advantage, of the close association of a common life in the University. ... I am of opinion that under wise regulations this opportunity might be given without any inter- ference with the freedom which has always been a distinctive mark of our Scottish Universities."

The Master of Emmanuel : —

" I have read about the projected Elphinstone Hall. Subject to the wise provisos which you add that the cost of living there should not be greater than that of the cheapest lodgings, and that it should be a distinction to live in the Hall, I think it is a very good plan. In the old days at Aberdeen perhaps we were a little given to confusing instruction with education. With the Class system, as it existed in our time, everybody, however shy or strange he might be, got some education by rubbing up against his class fellows. Now that that system has come to an end, I can understand that there is not so much education by associating with one's fellows as there was, and we know that the man who has no ties of ' law or folk or hearth ' must be either above humanity or below it. We need not worry about the being above, but it is good policy to see that he shan't fall below it.

"The Americans have found the necessity for Common Rooms imperative, and when the President of Harvard was here five years ago, he told me that they had just built six hundred and forty sets of rooms. Even if you began with housing only your bursars who do not live at home, you would want I suppose some eighty sets of rooms. Even if you have Common Rooms for meals, the cost will be heavy, and you will want a good business committee to set about finding the money and providing the right kind of building, for on that will depend, next to finding the right Superintendent, the success of your scheme."

Mr. J. M. Bulloch : —

" I read with interest your letter about the proposed Elphinstone Hall. Your idea is a great one, and it has become of great importance, in view of the fact that we now see that University education consists not merely in accumulating so much matter, but in acquiring a certain manner, and that manner has been very far to seek in many cases in the past, where the home influence did not supply it. I think there is probably a very great improve- ment since my time, but I remember being struck and partly infected myself, by a great gaucherie ; besides which I often felt the loss of not being able to come into contact with other men. There was at that time a dominant feel- ing for the main chance, which main chance consisted in an individualistic absorption of so much knowledge in order to pass so many tests ; and yet, on looking back, the knowledge that I acquired for other purposes and from contact with men of large views, men like yourself, like the late W. C. Spence,

Correspondence 163

like Frank Hay, and several others I could mention, has been of infinitely greater value to me than all the official education pumped into me.

" The scheme that you propose is also much more possible than it was in my time, for the whole social status of students, and indeed of the public generally, has improved. Without such a social environment, Aberdeen men have had to make up a great deal of leeway in after years, making their suc- cesses in spite of their initial disadvantages. There could be no better way of linking up the present with the past than by erecting the Elphinstone Hall, b ecause, as you say, the community idea was, by the very nature of his pro- fession, at the back of Elphinstone's head."

Professor R. S. Rait : —

" A residential College, with the name of Elphinstone to hallow it, has been a dream of mine ever since I went to Oxford. Of course I agree with you that we do not want the Oxford system in its details but we do want its two main principles — the companionship which a collegiate residence gives to students themselves, and (if one who lived in College for nine years as a tutor may be allowed to say so) the scarcely less valuable companionship of students with very slightly older men who are still students as well as teachers.

" Elphinstone Hall, as I envisage it, will have (as you suggest) a membership based upon eminence of some sort : the right of entrance dependent upon an intellectual standard, and upon such evidence of fitness as is shown by a man's election to certain offices by his fellow-students. I should keep places vacant for the President or Secretary of the S.R.C., the Union, and other Societies, if they are students in Arts. I should offer places to a certain number of Bursars, and to men who, not having distinguished themselves in the Bursary List, have taken distinguished places in Classes or have won University Prizes or Essays. I should also have as residents a number of young University Assistants or Lecturers, some or all of whom should have definite tutorial duties. Such duties should, I think, at all events to begin with, consist in being accessible to members of the College at certain hours for discussion and informal help in their studies. . . . All meals should be taken in the Common Hall. There should be two Common Rooms or Recreation Rooms, one for the students, and a smaller one for the seniors.

" The government might well be vested in representatives elected by the members, as far as internal rules and regulations are concerned ; but there must be some outside authority for finance. ... I am sure that the immense value of College residence would soon come to be realized at Aberdeen, if the idea is strictly dissociated from any suggestion of College discipline."

Mr. J. D. Symon : —

"The scheme is one that appeals to me very strongly, as it must appeal to all Aberdeen men. It is a debt we owe to our pious founder, as a resumption of part of his original scheme, from the lapse of which we have undeniably suffered. You have touched I think on all the most cogent reasons for the restoration of residence and the tutorial system, with due modifications to suit present conditions. The crux, as you imply, will be the

164 Aberdeen University Review

re-engrafting of residence on a University long inured to non-residence. But everything points to success.

" It may seem disproportionate to hint that our venerable foundation should draw encouragement from so youthful a foundation as University Col- lege, Reading, but I recently had an opportunity of seeing how successfully that society had introduced the residential system, alone almost among the newer academic bodies. Since 1908, Reading has established four residential Halls, beautifully situated amid gardens and elm trees already ancient, an amenity one would not suspect from the glimpse of Biscuitopolis one catches from the train. Of these Wantage Hall (for 77 students) is the most magni- ficent, a building worthy of the birthplace of the benefactor who gave St. John's, Oxford, its Garden Front. I was assured the residential system has been most welcome and beneficial to students whose pursuits are largely technical and modern, and that the real academic spirit has grown up among them. Under a certain age, all students must reside in College, except those who live with parents or guardians. I note these facts merely to emphasize the point that a practice in its origin medieval has still its uses for the twentieth century, and as an answer to anyone who might object that residence may be all very well in places where it has never been given up, but that its re- introduction to-day at Aberdeen would be a mere sentimental throw-back. On the contrary, it is eminently practical and progressive. . . .

" Your idea that Bursars should reside makes one hope to see the Bursars' Table revived in Hall, a centre of choice wit like the Scholars' Table in Oxford. And over that Table must hang the ideal portrait of Dugald Dalgetty. He will not mind going over to the Old Town, so the provant be good, and his presence will be the symbol of an old feud for ever composed. Of course, Leask, who is in communication with the Divine Manes of Dugald, would need to get the Major's sense on this migration. He may smell heresy in the proposal, but he loves Dugald so well that I believe he would favour the opportunity of admitting the knight a king's man at long last. A man from a sister society may lawfully take a fellowship at another."

ON CHANGE OF NAME.

Uhiversity or Aberdbbn, 7 Dec, 1917. Dear Mr. Editor,

In the course of the many years that have elapsed since I entered on my office as Registrar of the University in April, 1877, I have had sub- mitted to me upwards of thirty applications by graduates requesting that I should record in the official Register some change of name, and of these the most interesting and instructive as regards the law of this matter is recalled to my mind by the intimation in the War Obituary of last issue of the Review of the death from wounds received in action of Alastair Gordon Peter, M.A., M.B., Captain, R.A.M.C. The ordinary case — that of change of surname — has never presented any difficulty, the law in England requiring the execu- tion of what is known as a Deed Poll, while, in Scotland, public proclamation,

Correspondence 165

through a notice in the "Edinburgh Gazette," is sufficient. But Dr. Peter submitted to me a request to alter his Christian name from Alastair to Alexander, because he had discovered that it was so entered in the Register of Kilmorack, in Ross-shire, the parish of his birth. I emphatically declined, holding that such change was incompetent and illegal, and, as he persisted in his request, I induced him to consult counsel, which led to the disclosure of the following facts.

His father was Factor on the Lovat Estates, and, having two brothers, parish ministers in Aberdeenshire, he had invited one of them to visit him for the baptism of the baby, on which occasion the father brought a note with " Alexander Gordon " in writing as the intended name, but he dropped the remark, " Better make it Alastair ". By that name the boy was baptized and was so known for long years. But, after he had become established as a medical practitioner in England, and had, somehow, come to know that in the parish register the entry, copied from the written slip, stood " Alexander Gordon," he considered that such was his true name and accordingly re- quested me to make the necessary alteration.

I persisted in my declinature to grant his request and, at last, Dr. Peter, being satisfied that I was in the right, wrote a courteous letter withdrawing his request.

It seems clear that the law and practice must have been established, long before the institution of Parish Registers, and that the name given in the rite of Christian baptism is the name, if followed by continuous use there- after.

Faithfully yours,

ROBERT WALKER, Registrar.

1 66 Aberdeen University Review

PROFESSOR FYFE.

With reference to what is said of Professor Fyfe on p. 39 of our November issue, a correspondent (M.A., 1886) writes: —

"All you say of Professor Fyfe is of the deepest interest. His generosity was unbounded as I know, but it was not always anonymous. Towards Xmas, every morning there were batches of letters for his students. There was one for me undisguised and signed ; but he knew myself and my brother in Braemar and that may have made a difference. Secrecy was enjoined. Perhaps I had better enclose the letter, which I have unearthed.

'* Professor Fyfe, as you say, did not read. As he told me, he got his news from the newspaper bills. He came to Braemar without one book. He bought no paper. His landladies with horror whispered that he had not even a Bible. He seemed to do nothing but eat, sleep, and walk daily to Loch Candor, some miles beyond Loch Callater. He never seemed to vary his walk.

" I was amused at the gown being converted into a ' Under '. That was not exactly the fate of mine. When my oldest boy became a vigorous toddler, his mother laid violent hands on it and converted it into an over- coat, and a bonnie boy he was in his red coat with velvet collar. Now he lies unburied in Gallipoli."

Professor Pyfe^s Letter.

"22 Dec, 1885. " Dear Sir,

" I was, once upon a time, young. You will think that must have been 'in days of old Amphion'. Never mind. I remember very well that though Holidays were exquisite, still they were somewhat improved if there fell in a Christmas coin, for Christmas Cards to send to one's Ladyloves.

"Please then to oblige me by accepting the enclosed guinea, and by handing the other to your Brother, as a mark of my Regards for you both. N.B. — I specially request that you will oblige me by not making the most distant allusion to this Christmas frolic when we meet.

" Wishing you both a ' Merry Christmas ' and all else that is good,

" I am,

" Yours very truly,

"JOHN FYFE " Mr. **♦•* *•♦•«♦, Magistrand."

University Topics.

THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR.

MONG announcements of distinctions awarded for war services since the issue of the November number of the Review the names of the following University men occur. Probably, however, some names may have been overlooked, and the subjoined lists do not pre- tend to be complete. (The " New Year Honours " are given separately at the beginning of the Personalia, f. V.) :—

The Distinguished Service Order has been awarded to —

Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Fleming, R.F.A. (T.F.) (former student

in Arts). Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Fraser, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1894; M.B.,

1898). Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel William R. Matthews, R.A.M.C.

(M.B., 1895). Major David Morice Tomory, South African Army Medical Corps

(M.B., 1890). Captain (temporary Major) Arthur Wellesley Falconer, R.A.M.C.

(M.B., 1901 ; M.D.). Captain Andrew May Duthie, 4th (City of London Battalion) Lon- don Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (ist Arts, 1913-14). Captain (temporary) Archibald S. K. Anderson, M.C. (with bar),

R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1909 ; M.B., 1914). Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Hamilton McCombie, M.C,

Worcestershire Regiment (M.A., 1900 ; B.Sc. [Lond.] ; Ph.D.

[Strassburg]). [The D.S.O. with which he is credited in the Second Supplement to Provisional Roll of Service should be the M.C. (see vol. iii., 177).]

The Military Cross has been awarded to —

Major (temporary) John Douglas Fiddes, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1905 ;

B.Sc; M.B.). Captain Robert Adam, 7th Gordon Highlanders (M.A. 1900;

B.L.). Captain Neil Cantlie, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914). Captain Reginald Douglas Gawn, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1896). Captam Henry Watt Johnston, Tank Corps (M.A., 19x1).

1 68 Aberdeen University Review

Captain Kenneth Maclennan, R.A.M.C. (2nd Sanitary Corps, 2nd

London Company) (B.Sc. Agr., 191 2). Captain Edmund Lewis Reid, South African Army Medical Corps

(M.B., 1910). Captain Percy Walton, Gordon Highlanders (formerly Lecturer in

the Agricultural College). Captain William Joseph Webster, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915). Captain (temporary) Edward Gordon, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1911 ;

M.B.). Captain (temporary) Alexander Campbell White Knox, R.A.M.C.

(M.B., 1913). Captain (temporary) John Louis Menzies, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909). Captain (temporary) Thomas Booth Myles, H.L.I. (Agriculture,

1913-14). [Posthumous award, Captain Myles was killed in action in August. (See p. 94.)]

Captain (temporary) Robert Tindall, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).

Captain (temporary) E. C Wallace, R.A.M.C. (Medicine, 1901).

Lieutenant (Acting Captain) Ian M'Bain, ist Coy., North Scottish R.G.A., (i6th Arts Bursar, 1914).

Lieutenant Douglas Meldrum Watson Leith, 4th Gordon High- landers (M.A., 1913; B.Sc. Agr., 1914).

Second Lieutenant John Grant, isth Divisional Salvage Coy., R.E. (M.A., 1915).

Second Lieutenant Douglas John Kynoch, 4th Gordon Highlanders (ist Med., 1914-15).

Second Lieutenant William Henry Sutherland, 4th Gordon High- landers (attached as Signalling Officer to 12th Black Watch) (M.A., 1914).

Awarded a bar to the Military Cross previously received : —

Captain Cuthbert Delaval Shafto Agassiz, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908; M.D.).

The Military Medal has been awarded to —

Sergeant Robert Davidson, 4th Gordon Highlanders (ist Arts,

1914-15). Sergeant Donald Mackenzie, Signalling Coy., 51st Division, R.E.

(now commissioned) (M.A., 191 3). Corporal William Minto Mirrlees, 4th Gordon Signallers (ist Arts,

1913-14).

The French Croix de Guerre has been awarded to —

Captain (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Alexander Donald Eraser, D.S.O., M.C. (M.B., 1906).

The following were among those " mentioned " for services in a dispatch by Sir Douglas Haig, dated 1 1 November —

Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) George A. Smith, D.S.O.,

Gordon Highlanders (Law student, 1887-88). Major Charles Duncan Peterkin, Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1908;

LL.B.). Captain (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Charles Reid (M.A., 1909).

University Topics 169

Captain Eric W. H. Brander, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1910 ;

LL.B.) — second mention. Lieutenant (temporary) Godfrey Power Geddes, D.S.O., Gordon

Highlanders (M.A., 1915). Second Lieutenant John Grant, 15th Division, Salvage Coy., R.E.

(M.A., 1915).

The following, among others, were mentioned by Sir Douglas Haig in an appendix to his dispatch published in the "London Gazette" on 24 Decem- ber : —

Colonel Stuart Macdonald, C.M.G., Army Medical Service (M.B.,

1884) — fourth mention. Colonel (temporary) Thomas F. Dewar, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1887;

M.D., 1890) — second mention. Colonel (temporary) Henry M. W. Gray, C.B., Army Medical

Service (M.B., 1895 ; F.R.C.S.E.)— third mention. Colonel (temporary) Charles W. Profeit, D.S.O., Army Medical

Service (M.B., 1893) — fourth mention. Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence L Ellis, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1896;

M.D., 1901). Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Fraser, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1894; M.B.,

1898) — second mention. Lieutenant-Colonel (temporary) Archer Irvine Fortescue, R.A.M.C.

(M.B., 1904). Major (temporary) John Douglas Fiddes, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1905 ;

B.Sc, M.B.). Captain Donald Buchanan, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908). Captain (temporary) Hector Mortimer, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914). Captain (temporary) John Boyd Orr, D.S.O., M.C., R.A.M.C.

(Researcher in Animal Nutrition at the University). Captain (temporary) Alexander Wilson, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909;

M.D.). Second Lieutenant John Grant, 15th Divisional Salvage Coy., R.E. (M.A., 1915). A dispatch, dated 25 October, from Lieutenant-General G. F. Milne, C.B., D.S.O., Commander-in-Chief, British Salonika Force, published in the "London Gazette" of 28 November, brought to notice a long list of names of officers and men for gallant conduct and distinguished services rendered during the preceding six months. Among the names were —

Captain (temporary Major) Arthur Wellesley Falconer, R.A.M.C.

(M.B., 1901; M.D.). Captain William Hugh Brodie, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 19 13). Captain George Herbert Colt, R.A.M.C. (University Assistant in

Surgery). Captain David Fettes, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914). Captain Bernard Langridge Davis, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915). [Captain Davis was awarded the Order of St. Sava for his work with the Serbians.] Captain Alistair C. Macdonald, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1913; M.B., 1916).

[Has had charge of a hospital at Salonika for over a year, and has brought it to a high state of efficiency.]

Captain Maurice J. Williamson, M.C., R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908).

lyo Aberdeen University Review

Among those "mentioned" in a recently published dispatch of Sir Archibald Murray, K.C.B., late Commander-in-Chief, Egyptian Expeditionary Force, was —

Captain Douglas Wales Berry, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915).

Among those whose names were brought to the notice of the Secretary for War by General Sir Edmund AUenby, Commander-in-Chief, Egyptian Expeditionary Force, for distinguished service in connection with the opera- tions in Palestine, was —

Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) James M. G. Bremner, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1894).

The following are among the officers who have been brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War for very valuable services rendered in con- nection with the war up to 31 December, 191 7 : —

Temporary Hon. Colonel Sir John Collie, Army Medical Service

(M.B., 1882; M.D., 1885). Temporary Lieut.-Colonel John C. G. Ledingham, C.M.G., R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1895 ; B.Sc, 1900; M.B., 1902).

Dr. Elizabeth Mary Edwards (M.B., 191 2), who is attached to the R.A.M.C. in Salonika, is one of the five lady doctors who are mentioned in Lieutenant-General Milne's dispatch.

In the Meteorological Section of the Royal Engineers five Aberdeen graduates and students hold commissions, viz. : —

Captain A. E. McL. Geddes (M.A., 1906; D.Sc, 1915).

Captain John G. Lamb (M.A., 1913 ; B.Sc, 1914).

Second Lieutenant Thomas Cranston (M.A., 191 2).

Second Lieutenant James Durward (Arts, 191 1 -14).

Second Lieutenant George R. Haig (Arts, 191 1 -14).

Of these, three have been mentioned in dispatches, viz. : —

Captain (then Lieutenant) A. E. McL. Geddes (April, 191 6). Second Lieutenant (then Sergeant) James Durward (November,

1916). Captain (then Lieutenant) John G. Lamb (April, 191 7).

In the Commander-in-Chiefs latest dispatch the section has again been mentioned as doing useful work. No other University in the Kingdom has contributed like numbers to the commissioned rank in the section.

A very welcome letter has been received from Lieutenant James S. B. Forbes, R.A.M.C., S.R.O. (M.A., 1913; M.B., 1917; President of the S.R.C., and Sergt. O.T.C.), from the hospital in which he is at work — a General Hospital for Indian troops at the medical base of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force. He gives particulars of the following very recent graduates of the University, all of whom hold commissions in the R.A.M.C, and who are on duty either in hospitals or on hospital boats in the same campaign: R. R. Garden (M.A., 1914 ; M.B., 1917 ; Sergt. O.T.C.), who is working in the same section and living in the same room with himself; T. D. Watt (M.B., 191 7), in a neighbouring British Hospital; Robert Thom and W. W. Nicol (both M.B., 191 7), in another Indian General Hospital; Thomas Menzies (M.B., 1915), who is on a large Hospital Ship; W. R. Watt (M.B., 1914), J. L. D. Yule (M.B., 1913), and Charles Tighe (M.B., 1916), W. C. Mackinnon (M.A., 1913 ; M.B., 191 7 ; Lieut. O.T.C.), C. W.

University Topics 171

Macpherson (M.A., 1913; M.B., 1916), all of whom are on river-steamers for transport of troops and wounded ; W. J. Moir, Alexander Johnstone, J. A. Nicholson, R. J. Smith, Alexander Keith Robb (all M.B., 1916) ; J. T. Scrogie (M.B., 1915), Andrew Topping (M.A., 191 1 ; M.B.) ; G. R. Mc- Robert (M.B., 191 7), and James M. Morrison (M.B., 1917 ; Sergt. 4th Gor- dons), all in hospitals up the river, some at Baghdad or beyond. Thus at least twenty of our recent medical graduates are serving in Mesopotamia.

We also hear of the following M.B.'s of 191 7 in East Africa: A. G. Lumsden, A. C. Irvine (M.A., 19 13), and V. T. B. Yule; G. S. Lawrence (M.A., 1910 ; M.B., 1916) is also there.

The following women graduates are on war service : —

Ewan, Matilda Annie (M.A., 19 12) — Secret Service Department, War Office.

Hardie, Annie (M.A., 1910) — War Office.

Hardie, Margaret (Mrs. Hasluck) (M.A,, 1907) — War Office.

Rose, Beatrice Mary (M.A., 1912) — Admiralty Department, War Office.

Stewart, Mary A. F. (M.A., 1908) — Censor's Office, London.

Gray, Winnifred M. (M.A., 1910 ; M.B., 1913; D.P.H., 1914) — Attached R.A.M.C., Northamptonshire War Hospital.

Gray, Elizabeth (M.B., 1915) — Attached R.A.M.C, Woolwich.

Hector, Mabel (M.B., 1911) — Attached R.A.M.C., Oswestry, North Wales.

Lillie, Helen (M.A., 1910; M.B.) — Scottish Women's Hospital, Macedonia.

Yule, Jean (M.B., 191 7) — Civil Surgeon, Military Hospital, Col- chester.

On munitions work, etc. : —

Berry, Harriet A. F. (M.A., 1908)— In the Health Welfare Depart- ment, Ministry of Munitions.

Dallas, Marjorie Gordon (M.A., 1908) — Welfare Supervisor in one of H.M. factories.

Ellis, Ethel (M.A., 191 6) — V.A.D. in a Glasgow hospital.

Hastings, Ann Wilson (M.A., 1915) — Doing voluntary work at the Y.M.C.A. huts, Marseilles.

Hitchins, Ada F. (Science research student) — Steel analysis in Admiralty Laboratory, Glasgow.

Kelly, Mary C. (M.A., 191 6) — Working in the Electricity Depart- ment, Bangour Military Hospital, Edinburgh.

Knowles, Mary (B.Sc, 19 14) — With an Explosives Company.

Mackenzie, Janie (M.A., 1909) — In the War Office, Cairo, Egypt (now on a special mission to Khartum).

Maclennan, Janet (Science student) — In the Admiralty Laboratory, Sheffield.

McRobie, Dorothy (M.A., 19x6) — Steel testing in Admiralty Laboratory, Middlesbrough.

Morrison, Elspet E. (M.A., 1911) — In the Censor's Office.

Freddy, Adeline J. (M.A., 1915) — Steel testing in Admiralty Laboratory, Middlesbrough.

172 Aberdeen University Review

Rae, Beatrice (Student) — Analyst in Sheffield.

Ramsay, Mary Paton (M.A., 1908) — Was working in Leith all

summer, but has now received an appointment in connection

with the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. Ritchie, Maggie (Science student) — Steel testing in Middlesbrough. Robertson, Alice [Mrs. Crawford] (M.A., 1910) — Under the

Ministry of Munitions. Simpson, Jessie (M.A., 191 1) — In the Censor's Office. Simpson, Lilias I. A. (M.A., 191 6) — ^In the Admiralty Laboratory,

Glasgow. Smith, Isabel C. [Mrs. Johnson] (M.B., 1903) — Medical Officer,

London General Omnibus Company, and Assistant Medical

Officer for schools for London County Council. Stewart, Jessie (M.A., 191 2) — Munitions Factory, Coventry. Trail, Mary (M.A., 191 2) — Forewoman, Munitions Factory,

Coventry. Wattie, Mary F. C. (M.A., 1914) — ^Welfare Supervisor, Gretna Ex- plosive Factories. [Lindsay, Johan — Worked for a year at Middlesbrough, but had

to resign for health reasons, and is now finishing her Science

course at the University.]

Replacing men on active service : —

Brown, Emily (M.A., 1914) — ^Teaching French and German in Uddingston Grammar School for a teacher who joined the army in 19 14.

Brown, Louise (M.A., 1914) — Teaching French and History in Montrose Academy for a teacher who is a prisoner of war.

Crockart, Jane M. [Mrs. James M. Milne] (M.A,, 1906) — Taking a classical master's post in a boys' school.

Jaffray, Ada (M.A., 1908) — Appointed substitute for Modern Lan- guages Master in Ayr Academy, but given the post perman- ently on his being killed in action.

Mackenzie, Myra (M.B., 1900) — Acting as Tuberculosis Officer for Staffordshire Joint Committee.

Murdoch, Jessie E. [Mrs. A. S. Alderson] (M.A., 1904) — Assistant in Logic, Aberdeen University.

Watt, Margaret (M.A., 1910) — Working as a cashier in order to keep situation open for a man on military duty.

Wilson, Claudine I (M.A., 191 6) — Assistant in French, Aberdeen University.

Wright, Effie (M.A., 191 2) — Appointed to teach English in Mon- trose Academy while the permanent master is on active service.

On Forestry Service : —

Smith, L. Mary Buchanan (M.A., 191 6) — On the Atholl estates,

Inver, Dunkeld, summer of 191 7. Thomson, Maribel (M.A., 19 16) — Timber-measuring, summer of 1918.

Sir John Collie (M.B., 1882; M.D., 1885) has been appointed Director of Medical Services for the Ministry of Pensions.

University Topics 173

Professor Ashley W. Mackintosh, Professor John Marnoch, C.V.O., and Colonel Scott Riddell, M.V.O., are among the medical assessors (for the Aber- deen Centre) appointed by the Secretary for Scotland to carry out the re- examination and grading of men of military age who, having been examined by a National Service Medical Board, have subsequently been granted leave by the appropriate Appeal Tribunal to be re-examined by the medical assessors.

Dr. William Leslie Mackenzie, of the Local Government Board for Scotland (M.A., 1883; M.B., 1888; LL.D., 1912), has been appointed a member of the Scottish section of a Committee appointed by the Ministry of Pensions to consider the adequacy of hospital accommodation and facilities for treatment both for discharged men and the civil population at large throughout Great Britain.

Colonel John Scott Riddell, M.V.O. (M.A., 1884; M.B., 1888) has been promoted from Honorary Associate to be a Knight of the Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England.

Lieutenant- Colonel William R. Matthews, D.S.O., R.A.M.C. (T.F.), (M.B., 1895), has been promoted Colonel and appointed Director of Medical Services to a Division of the British Expeditionary Force in France.

Major (Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) David Rorie, D.S.O. (Medical student, 1882-83; M.D. [Edin.]; D.P.H. [Aberd.]), Army Medical Service (Field Ambulance), has been gazetted Assistant Director of Medical Service.

Mr. Francis E. A. Campbell (M.A., Trinity College, Dublin), Lecturer on the English Language at the University, has been promoted Staff-Captain (graded), and is second in command of the Prisoners of War section at the General Headquarters, France.

M. Jules Desseignet, University Assistant in French, after long and severe service as a Reservist in a French infantry regiment, is acting as interpreter on the staff of the Armee d'Orient.

Dr. Alexander Theodore Brand (M.B., 1881 ; M.D., 1884), Driffield, East Yorkshire, late Surgeon-Major, 2nd Volunteer Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment, V.D., has been gazetted Temporary Major, R.A.M.C, and given command of the 3rd Field Ambulance, East Yorkshire Medical Volunteer Corps. He has also been appointed Military Member of the East Riding Territorial Force Association.

Captain (temporary Major) William Cowie (M.A., 1892 ; M.B., 1895), 4th London Field Ambulance, mentioned in dispatches by Sir Douglas Haig, April, 191 7, has relinquished his commission on account of ill-health con- tracted on active service, and has been granted the honorary rank of Major.

Dr. Alexander Cruickshank, Stonehaven (M.B., 1896), has been appointed medical referee for the county of Kincardine in connection with the treatment to be provided for discharged soldiers.

Dr. John Emslie Skinner, Skene (M.B., 1895), has been appointed medical examiner of recruits for the 2/ist Battalion of the County of Aberdeen Volunteer Regiment.

Dr. Elizabeth Jane Innes (M.B., 1908), has been appointed medical examiner of recruits in connection with the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps.

Dr. John Russell (M.A., 1883 ; M.B,, 1886), Vice-President of the Burslem and Tunstall Division and County Director for North Staffordshire, has received the decoration of the British Red Cross and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.

174 Aberdeen University Review

Among R.A.M.C. officers who have received the Territorial Decoration from the King is Major Andrew Fowler, Ellon (M.B., 1878; M.D., 1881), medical officer to the 5th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders. He has been on duty at Castlehill Barracks, Aberdeen, since the outbreak of war.

Mr. Gwilym A. T. Davies, M.A. (Oxon.), Lecturer in Roman History at Aberdeen University, writing on 18 November to a friend at his home at Newport, Monmouthshire, from Lower Austria, where for over three years he has been a civilian prisoner, says — " I am going to Vienna to-morrow, having obtained a week's leave, during which time (by dint of much ' ante-chamber- ing,' as they expressly call it in Austria) I hope to obtain a further and, if possible, an indefinite extension. How queer it will be, after three years in this forest region, to ride again in tram and train, and walk — actually on pavements. I don't suppose Englishmen in Vienna are allowed to write home as often as we are (since we are in a more formal sense prisoners, and entitled to prisoners' 'rights,') and therefore I send you this card, which, since our Christmas cards, long ordered, have not arrived, please accept in common with all my friends as equivalent of same ".

Rev. Ernest Drewitt Bowman (M.A., 1903; B.D., 1910), missionary for the last two years in charge of the new Church of Scotland Mission, Portuguese East Africa, has been attached to the Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve, and has been acting as Portuguese Liaison Officer in East Africa. Writing on 7 November he says : —

We are all hoping that the East African campaign may be over in a couple of months or so. It has been a long-drawn-out affair, but they are fighting in very difficult country with an enemy well prepared beforehand. However, the result, be it sooner or later, is a foregone conclusion.

Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Mitchell, M.D., is editor of a recently-published volume, " Memoranda on Army General Hospital Administration ". Besides furnishing an Introduction, he writes on The Officers, Co-ordination of the Civil and Military Medical Demands during a Long War, Nursing Service, and Kitchens and Cooks. Major A. W. Falconer, M.D., writes on The Medical Division, Major G. H. Colt, F.R.C.S., on The Surgical Division, Cap- tain R. Richards, M.D., on Camp Sanitation, and Lieutenant S. Taylor on Clerical Duties, The Field Medical Card, and a Ward Diet. In the chapter on the Co-ordination of the Civil and Military Medical Demands Lieutenant- Colonel Mitchell pays a high tribute to the patriotism of the doctors of the north-east of Scotland, remarking that " In Aberdeen and the north-east of Scotland the enlistments of medical men under forty- five years of age in 191 6 approached 100 per cent, whereas in other areas the percentage was relatively very low ".

University Topics 175

THE PROVISIONAL ROLL OF SERVICE.

The Third Supplement to the Provisional Roll of Service, covering the additions to the Roll between June, 191 7, and June, 1918, will be published with the next issue of the Review. The numbers on the Roll up to 15 Feb- ruary are as follows : —

I. Members of the Teaching and Research Staffs, not Graduates of the

University *5

II. Graduates Commissioned (including 20 Volunteer OfiBcers) . . . 1366

„ Enlisted (including lo Volunteers) 306

„ In charge of Red Cross or Military Hospitals (without Com- missions) 57

,, On Red Cross Service or as Dressers 4

„ On Y.M.C.A. Service to the troops 10

Total Graduates on Service I743

III. Alumni (Non-Graduates) Commissioned 89

„ „ Enlisted 82

„ „ On Red Cross Service i

Total Alumni on Service 17a

IV. Students Commissioned (including 25 Surgeon Probationers) . . 204

„ Enlisted 401

,, On Service as Dressers, etc 5

„ Officers Training Corps (Aberdeen University Contingent) . 95

Total Students on Service 705

Total of Members of University and Alumni on Service 2645

Add those who but for service v/ould have mauiculated (so far as reported) * 32

„ Sacrist and University Servants on Service 18

Total 2695

The Roll of the fallen numbers over two hundred and twenty. There are five others reported missing, and fourteen prisoners of war.

The Honours awarded have been: G.C.V.O.— i ; K.C.B.— i ; K.C.M.G.— i; K.B.E.— 2; C.B.— 7; C.M.G.— 12; C.V.O.— I ; D.S.O.— 3S ; M.C.— 84 ; D.C.M.— i ; D.S.C.— i ; Military Medal — 5 ; Albert Medal — i ; Foreign Orders and Decorations — 14 ; while at least 117 have been mentioned in dispatches, several more than once, and 25 were brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War for Valuable Services rendered in connection with the War.

THE DEGREE IN EDUCATION.

The proposed Ordinance instituting a degree in Education in the University was discussed at a meeting of the General Council of the University held on 26 January. The degree proposed is Master of Education (M.Ed.), not Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.).

The Business Committee submitted a report approving unanimously of this proposal, as being in accordance with the status of the degree as a post- graduate degree and as keeping in view the certainty that a time will come when a primary degree in Education will be called for not involving a prior degree in Arts or Science. This primary degree would properly be a bac- calaureate, corresponding to the M.B. in Medicine, and forming like it the normal means of professional registration, while the M.Ed, would connote a somewhat higher standard of liberal culture. The Business Committee further, by a majority, approved a proposal restricting the privilege of proceed- ing to higher degrees in Arts (D.Phil, and D.Litt.), or in Science (D.Sc.) to those who shall be placed in the first class at the final examination for M.Ed. — the minority desiring to adhere to a former resolution of the Com-

176 Aberdeen University Review

mittee (2 October, 19 13) that such higher degrees in Arts or Science should be open to all holders of M.A. or B.Sc.

Dr. George Smith moved the adoption of the report. He pointed out that the University Court had, along with the proposal to make the degree M.Ed, instead of B.Ed., made the degree a more valuable curriculum than that proposed by Glasgow and St. Andrews and now adopted by Edinburgh,

in respect that they had added a subject not taken by other Universities

namely, an extra course in Biology, with laboratory practice. As to the proposal with regard to proceeding to higher degrees, he said it was desirable that nothing should be done to cheapen the degree in Education, and the Committee considered that it would strengthen the value of the degree to provide that only those who were in the first class should be allowed to go forward to the doctorate.

Dr. Charles McLeod seconded.

Rev. Dr. Gordon J. Murray moved that the Council adhere to the previous resolution that the higher degrees in Arts and Science be open to all holders of M.A. or B.Sc. He said that if the proposal of the Business Committee were adopted Aberdeen would stand in a solitary position in this matter. Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Dublin, and all modern Universities took up the same position as the Aberdeen Council took in 1913, and none of the Scottish Uni- versities imposed such a condition as was embodied in the Aberdeen Ordin- ance.

Mr. Henry Alexander seconded.

The Committee's report was adopted by a majority of one.

The Court, having received the observations of the Senatus and Council on the Ordinance, is now adjusting it before sending it to the other Uni- versities and the Privy Council.

ADMISSION TO THE UNIVERSITIES.

At the same meeting of the General Council, the Business Committee submitted a report recommending the Council to express approval of the draft Ordinance on admission to Universities. The Business Committee (the report said incidentally) is glad to recognise that the principles for whicli the Council has contended are embodied in the new draft. In particular the hope formerly expressed — that there would be gradually evolved such an adjustment between the examinations to which young persons may be submitted on leaving secondary schools and the entrance examinations of the Universities as to do away with any unnecessary duplicating of examinations — has now been fulfilled. Pupils will be deemed eligible for admission to a University on production of evidence of satisfactory completion of a school course. The Entrance Board, in conference with the Scotch Education Department, will determine its length and nature. The Board will also be empowered to grant certain exemptions to applicants for admission of not less than twenty-one years of age.

The report was approved.

The Court has approved the Ordinance with some verbal amendments ; and it is being considered by the Courts of the other Universities.

The General Council has appointed three new Sub-Committees : On the Education (Scotland) Bill — Rev. Dr. Gordon J. Murray, convener; on Systems of Residence for Students — Mr. Henry Alexander, convener ; and on Post-War Development — Mr. D. M. M. Milligan, convener.

University Topics 177

LECTURES ON ART.

It has been decided to institute short courses of lectures on painting, architecture, and classical sculpture ; and the University Court has appointed Mr. Harry Townend, curator of the Art Gallery, the lecturer on painting, Mr. William Kelly, A.R,S.A., the lecturer on architecture, and Professor narrower, the lecturer on classical sculpture. The lectures are to be open to students without charge, and to the general public on payment of a small fee. It will depend entirely on the amount of public support manifested whether the experiment of establishing these lectures will be continued be- yond their initial year.

EXCHANGE WITH OTHER UNIVERSITIES.

It may be of interest to mention that copies of the successive issues of the Review are sent to the Libraries of the following U»iversities in exchange for the publications of these Universities : —

Belfast. McGill (Montreal).

Birmingham. Queen's (Kingston, Canada).

Bristol. Toronto. Durham.

Edinburgh. California (Berkeley).

Glasgow. Columbia (New York).

Leeds. . Harvard (Cambridge).

Liverpool. Illinois (Urbana).

London. Johns Hopkins (Baltimore).

Manchester. Michigan (Ann Arbor),

St. Andrews. Pennsylvania (Philadelphia).

Sheffield. Princeton.

Yale (Newhaven). Christiania.

Groningen, Melbourne.

Montpellier. Sydney.

Rennes. Otago.

Upsala. Tokyo.

Also to the following national libraries having copyright privileges : —

British Museum. National Library of Wales, Aberystwith.

Bodleian Library, Oxford. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.

University Library, Cambridge. ~ Trinity College Library, Dublin.

And to the

Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Smithsoirian Institution, Washington.

Library of Congress, Washington.

12

Personalia.

Among the recipients of New Year honours were the following ; —

Privy Councillor — Sir Henry Craik, K.C.B., M.P. for the University.

Knights — ^James Campbell (LL.D., 1903).

Hon. John Carnegie Dove Wilson, K.C., LL.B. [Edin.] (M.A., 1885).

K.C.B. — Lieutenant-General George Francis Milne, C.B., D.S.O. (Arts student, 1881-83).

G.C.V.O— Sir Charles Edward Troup, K.C.B. (M.A., 1876; LL.D., 1912).

C.B. — Lieutenant- Colonel (Temporary Colonel) Thomas F. Dewar, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1887 ; M.D., 1890).

Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence L Ellis, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1896; M.D., 1901).

Surgeon-General James Lawrence Smith, M.V.O., R.N. (M.B., 1883).

C.M.G. — Temporary Hon. Colonel Sir John Collie, Army Medical Service (M.B., 1882; M.D., 1885).

Major Thomas Wardrop Griffith, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1882; M.D., 1888).

Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel John Charles Grant Ledingham, R. A.M.C. (M.A., 1895 ; B.Sc, 1900; M.B., 1902).

Colonel Charles William Profeit, D.S.O., Army Medical Service (M.B.,

1893)-

CLE.— James Donald, LC.S. (M.A., 1893).

A supplementary list of appointments to the Order of the British Empire contained the names of the following University men : —

Knight Commander (K.B.E., with the prefix "Sir") — James Cantlie (M.A., 1871 ; M.B., 1873 ; F.R.C.S.), a member of the Council and of the Executive Committee of the British Red Cross Society.

James Galloway, C.B. (M.A., 1883; M.B., 1886; M.D., 1892; F.R.C.S.), Chief Commissioner for Medical Service to the Ministry of National Service.

Commander(C.B.E.)— Colonel John Scott Riddell, M.V.O., T.D. (M.A., 1884; M.B., 1888), Red Cross Commissioner for the North-Eastern District of Scotland).

Officer (O.B.E.) — David Petrie, CLE. (M.A., 1900), Assistant District Superintendent of the Punjab Police, India,

George Reid (M.B., 1875; M.D., 1881), Medical Officer to the County Council of Staffordshire.

Member (M.B.E.) — George Gall Esslemont (B.Sc, 1900), Executive Officer for Food Production, County of Aberdeen ; organiser of egg collection in the North-Eastern District, Scottish Branch, British Red Cross Society.

Personalia - 179

The Principal has received, through the American Ambassador in London, an invitation from the United States National Committee on the Moral Aims of the War, working in conjunction with the United States Department of Public Information, to deliver a number of addresses in the States during the spring and early summer. With the sanction of the Department of Informa- tion of the British Foreign Office, the Principal has accepted the invitation, after receiving from the University Court and the Senatus a cordial expression of their desire that he should do so. Similar invitations, we understand, have been sent to and accepted by the Archbishop of York, Rev. Lauchlan Maclean Watt, and Gipsy Smith. The Principal will be absent about three months.

Professor A. C. M'Laughlin, head of the Department of History in the University of Chicago, has been selected, in pursuance of arrangements made by the principal Universities of the United States, to speak in the English and Scottish Universities on the entry of the United States into the war and the historical causes that have led up to it. He has been invited to address a meeting in Aberdeen University on Friday, 7 June.

Professor Terry has left for France to take part in the education work organized by the Y.M.C.A. at the request of General Headquarters; and, as the main field of educational activity this spring is not the base camps but the fighting lines, the Professor hopes to visit the greater part of the British front, and particularly to come into touch with the Scottish divisions. There being a keen desire for lectures on the relation between the war and its ante- cedents, Professor Terry proposes to deal with such subjects as " The Making and Policy of the German Empire," "The Evolution of Italian Unity," and " The Small State and the National Principle ". He hopes to be back in time for the opening of the summer term.

Professor Hendrick has been released from his duties for six months in order to act as expert adviser to the Chief Live Stock Commissioner for Scotland on the question of utilizing waste products for live stock feeding.

Mr. Clement Charles Julian Webb, M.A., Oxford, the Gifford Lecturer for 1 91 7- 19, is to deliver his first course of lectures in May. The title of the lectures is " God and Personality ".

Professor Reid's term of office as one of the Assessors for the Senatus in the University Court having expired, Professor MacWilliam has been elected by the Senatus in his place for the usual term of office — four years.

Professor Harrower has been appointed an Assessor in room of Professor Macdonald, who is absent in London on Government work.

Professor MacWilliam has been appointed one of the University's repre- sentatives on the Art Committee of the Macdonald Trust.

The Right Rev. Professor James Cooper, D.D., is to be succeeded as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland by another graduate of the University — Rev. Dr. James NicoU Ogilvie (M.A., 1881 ; D.D., 191 1 ), minister of New Greyfriars Parish, Edinburgh. He is the fourth Aberdeen graduate nominated to the Moderatorship within the last five years.

Dr. Ogilvie is a member of a family particularly renowned in our Aca- demic annals. (See vol. ii., 87). He is a son of the late Dr. Alexander Ogilvie, Headmaster of Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen (M.A., King's College, 1852 ; LL.D., 1883), and a younger brother of Major Francis Grant Ogilvie, C.B., Director of the National Science Museums, South Kensington (M.A., 1879; B.Sc. [Edin.] ; LL.D. [Edin.]). He was born at Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, in i860. He graduated with honours in natural science ;

i8o Aberdeen University Review

began his theological course at Aberdeen but took the greater part of his divinity curriculum at Edinburgh University; and in 1883 he won the Gunning Fellowship in Science and Theology, then open to Church of Scotland and Free Church students in any of the Scottish divinity halls. After a year's study in Germany he returned to Aberdeen in 1884 as assistant to the late Rev. Dr. Mitford Mitchell in the West Parish. In 1885 he was appointed to a chaplaincy on the Indian Ecclesiastical Establishment, and he served for twenty years at Madras and Bangalore, for the last five of these as Presidency senior chaplain; and in 1902, on the occasion of the great decennial conference of missionaries from all parts of India and all branches of the Church he was chosen to preside at the united Communion service. For many years he acted as an examiner in history in the University of Madras, which recognized his services by making him a Fellow ; and he was also a member of the governing council of the Madras Christian College.

Dr. Ogilvie returned to Scotland at the close of 1904, and in 1905 was appointed minister of New Greyfriars, Edinburgh. One special feature of his ministry there has been the institution of an annual commemoration of the signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Churchyard in 1638. It is, however, as Convener of the Foreign Mission Committee that Dr. Ogilvie is best known throughout the Church of Scotland. He was appointed to the post in 1909, on the retirement of the late Dr. M'Murtrie, and since then he has amply justified the choice ; and it has been said that when he presents his annual report to the General Assembly, " it is to a crowded audience, whom he moves by his lucid statement and his forceful and winning eloquence ".

While still in India, Dr. Ogilvie published "The Presbyterian Churches " in the Guild Library series — a. clear and masterly statement of the place of Presbyterianism in the world. Other writings from his pen are "Castle Memories," twenty tales of Edinburgh Castle — a favourite book in many Edinburgh schools; "The Greyfriars Churches," an interesting sketch of the two Churches, old and new; and a pamphlet, "The Tragedy of Dunnottar". In 1 91 5 he delivered the Baird Lecture, his subject being "The Apostles of India," a study of the evolution of Indian missions.

The University is furnishing another Moderator this year in the person of Rev. Donald Munro, who has been nominated for the Moderatorship of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland. Mr. Munro was a mem- ber of the Arts Class of 1884-88, and so was a class-fellow of Professors Ashley W. Mackintosh and Marnoch, Mr. J. M. Bulloch, Mr. George Duncan, Mr. Howard A. Gray, Mr. Charles Lippe, Mr. R. T. Skinner, and others; but he did not graduate. He studied divinity at the New College, Edinburgh ; and shortly after being licensed in 1894 he received calls from Lochgilphead and from Ferintosh, Ross-shire. He accepted the latter. Ferintosh is the church made famous by association with the ministry of Dr. Macdonald, who was known as the "Apostle of the North" ; and there Mr. Munro has since remained. In 1900 he was one of the twenty-five Free Church ministers who opposed the union with the United Presbyterian Church. Mr. Munro, who is a native of Sutherlandshire, is an enthusiastic Celt, and has a knowledge of the Celtic language and literature possessed by few. He has made a special study of the religious history of his native county, and has a work on the subject in preparation.

Rev. Alexander Anderson (M.A., 1899; B.D. [St. And.]), minister of

Personalia 1 8 1

St. James's Church, Kirkcaldy, has been elected minister of the parish of Mains and Strathmartine, Forfarshire.

Dr. Robert Sinclair Black (M.A. [Edin.] ; M.B. [1889] ; M.D. ; D.P.H.), Physician Superintendent of the Maritzburg Mental Hospital, has been nominated by the Governor-General in Council as a member of the Natal Medical Council.

Rev. William Ironside Crichton (M.A., 1907; B.D., 1916), rector, St. Ninian's Church, Glasgow, has been appointed priest-in-charge at St. Michael's Episcopal Church, Dufftown.

Professor Arthur R. Cushny (M.A., 1886; LL.D., 1911) has been elected a member of the Council of the Royal Societys

Mr. Alexander DuflFus (alumnus, 1876-78), advocate in Aberdeen, has been appointed Chairman of the Local Advisory Committee for Aberdeen — one of the Local Advisory Committees set up by the Minister of Labour in connection with the Employment Exchanges throughout the country, partic- ularly with ref rence to the work of arranging for the return of soldiers and sailors to civil life after the war.

Sir David Ferrier (M.A., 1863; LL.D., 1881) has renounced all his German honours.

Rev. Adam Fyfe Findlay (M.A., 1889), minister of Bristo United Free Church, Edinburgh, has been selected as the next Kerr Lecturer (U.F. Church).

Rev. Francis Garden (M.A., 1891), minister of the parish of Premnay, Aberdeenshire, has been appointed minister of St. Thomas, Georgetown, Demerara.

Rev. Alexander Grant Gibb (M.A., 1882), minister of the Gilcomston Park Baptist Church, Aberdeen, has just completed twenty-five years in the ministry, and the event was celebrated by the congregation by a presentation to the pastor.

Rev. Alexander Hetherwick (M.A., 1880; D.D., 1902), head of the Church of Scotland's Missions in Blantyre, Central Africa, was the preacher in the University Chapel on 16 December. He devoted himself, even when he was a student, to the cause of foreign missions ; never sought for any home appointment ; and has laboured in Africa, with much zeal and success, for more than thirty years. When a Legislative Council was granted to the Central African Protectorate about nine years ago, Dr. Hetherwick was selected as one of its members, and so became entitled to the prefix "The Hon." His valuable services to geographical research in Africa led to his election as a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

Dr. Arthur Keith (M.B., i888; M.D., 1894; LL.D., 1911; F.R.S.), Conservator of the Museum and Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, has been appointed Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, London.

Rev. Dr. Martin Lewis (D.D., 1901), minister of Queen's Cross United Free Church, Aberdeen, is about to apply for the appointment of a colleague and successor.

Mr. A. Marshall Mackenzie, A.R.S.A., the architect of the extension of Marischal College buildings (LL.D., 1906), has been elected an Academician of the Royal Scottish Academy (R.S.A.).

Mr. Alan Mackinnon (B.Sc, 191 1) is the author of a novel, "Love by

1 82 Aberdeen University Review

Halves," just published by Mr. FisherUnwin. He is a son of Mr. Lachlan Mackinnon, advocate, Aberdeen (M.A., 1875), and a younger brother of Mr. Lachlan Mackinnon, Junior, advocate, Aberdeen (M.A., 1906; B.L., with honours, 1908; LL.B., 1910). Miss Doris Livingston Mackinnon (B.Sc, 1906; D.Sc, 1914), protozoologist at the First Western General Hospital, Liverpool, is a sister.

A bust of the late Mr. John Ferguson McLennan (M.A., King's College, 1849; LL.D., 1874), the distinguished author of "Primitive Marriage" and other related works, has been presented to the University by his daughter. It is to be placed in the Anthropological Museum.

Rev. George M'William (M.A., 1906; B.D., 1909), minister of the East Parish, Peterhead, has been elected minister of Clepington Parish, Dundee. Mr. M'William was for some time assistant in the Parish of Marnoch ; for two years he was missionary professor in the Scottish Churches College at Calcutta ; and for two years thereafter he was assistant to the late Rev. Dr. James Stewart, of the Parish Church, Peterhead. He was elected minister of the East Parish, Peterhead, in 1 915, in succession to Rev. J. B. Davidson, D.D., retired.

Sir James Scorgie Meston, K.C.S.I. (LL.D., 1913), has been appointed Financial Member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General of India, in succession to Sir William Meyer. He delivered the Convocation address as Chancellor of Allahabad University last November. He made excellent use of the occasion (said " The Times ") by outlining, with characteristic breadth, sympathy, and sincerity, the new standpoints from which the educa- tional field has to be regarded in relation to the steps to be taken on the long road to self-government.

Mr. Andrew Munro, Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, has been appointed Examiner in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen Uni- versity.

Emeritus -Professor Sir William M. Ramsay has been elected President of the Royal Geographical Society, in succession to Colonel Sir Thomas Holdich.

Mr. Alexander Wood Reid (M.A., 191 1) has been appointed head master of Clenterty School, Gamrie, Banffshire.

Dr. James Ritchie (M.A., 1904; D Sc, F.R.S.E.) is the Thomson Lecturer at the Aberdeen Free Church College this session, his subject being "Man's Influence on Animal Life in Scotland".

Rev. Dr. Alexander Whyte (M.A., 1862 ; D.D. [Edin.], "i88i ; LL.D., 191 1), on account of advancing years — he is now eighty-one — has resigned the Principalship of the New College, Edinburgh, to which he was appointed in 1900. (See vol. iii., 183, and vol. iv., 180-1.)

Rev. John Will (M.A., 1903; B.D.), Giffnock, has been elected minister of the parish of Rothiemurchus, Aviemore.

Rev. John Wood (M.A., 1907), minister of the United Free Church, Forgue, Aberdeenshire, has been elected colleague and successor to Rev. John Yellowlees, Carron United Free Church, Larbert, Stirlingshire.

Rev. George Tod Wright (M.A., 1913; B.D., 1915), lately assistant at St. Michael's, Dumfries, has been ordained by the Presbytery of Aberdeen on his appointment as a temporary Chaplain to the Forces.

Miss Annie I. B. Mennie (M.A., 191 7) has been appointed assistant teacher of English in the Royal Academy, Inverness.

Personalia 183

Miss Alice Mary Philip (M.A., 191 6) has been appointed principal English mistress in the Cullen Higher Grade School.

Miss Beatrice Weir Simpson (M.A., 1913; B.Sc, 1917) has been appointed temporary assistant in the Chemistry depaitment.

Among other women graduates who have recently obtained appointments as school teachers are — Miss Mary J. G. Blackie (M.A., 1915 ; Miss Jeannie Geddes (M.A., 1908) ; Miss Helen Hendry (M.A., 1909); and Miss Elsie J. Raffan (M.A., 191 6).

The Knox (Medical) bursary of ;^i6, tenable for three years has been gai ed by Miss Helen M. Jardine, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire, a fifth year medical student; and the Gillanders bursary of ;^i5, for one year, by Miss Elizabeth M. Dow, a fourth year medical student.

The Fullerton Scholarship in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy has been awarded to Mr. George H. Mackenzie (M.A., 1917). The Murray Scholarship in English Literature has been awarded equally to Miss Isabella J. Smith (M.A., 1917) and Miss Charlotte R. D. Young (M.A., 1916).

Mr. Donald Thomson (M.A., 1915), United Free Church College, Aber- deen, has gained the first of three Brown-Downie Scholarships (value jQ2o) open to competition to theological students in any of the three United Free Church Colleges who are in the last year of their curriculum, and designed specially to encourage the study of Church History.

At a recent meeting of the Synod of the diocese of Brechin, Rev. Joseph Jobberns, Rector of Carnoustie (M.A., 1890), was unanimously elected Synod Clerk and a Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, Dundee. It may be of interest to mention that four out of the six members of the Chapter of St. Paul's Cathedral are Aberdeen graduates, viz. : The Very Rev. Dean Christie, Rector of Stonehaven (M.A., 1878); Rev. Canon J. H. Shepherd, Rector of St. Mary Magdalene's, Dundee (M.A., 1886); Rev. Canon G. M. Duncan, Rector of All Souls, Invergowrie (M.A., 1886); and Rev. Canon Jobberns. This number of graduates of a single University in one Chapter forms, we believe, a unique record in any Cathedral in Great Britain or Ireland.

Among recently-published books are the following : "Action Sermons," by the Very Rev. William Mair, D.D. ; "The Spiritual Pilgrimage of Jesus " (the Bruce Lecturts, 1917), by Rev. J. A. Robertson (M.A., 1902); "The Prophets of the Old Testament," by Alex. R. Gordon, D.Litt., D.D. ; "The Book of the Prophet Isaiah, chapters 40-66," edited by Dr. John Skinner (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) ; "The Value and History of the Scottish Communion Office," by Rev. Canon Perry ; " The Romance of the Human Body " and " The Art of Keeping Well," by R. C. Macfie, M.B., LL.D. ; "A Library for Five Pounds," by Claudius Clear (Sir W. Robertson NicoU) ; " Some of the Hindrances to the Coming of the Kingdom : A Plea for a Revival of Religion " — a paper read before the Aberdeen Clerical Union by Rev. James Stark, D.D. Mr. T. B. Rudmose-Brown, Professor of Romance Literature in Dublin University, has contributed a volume on "French Literary Studies," to a new library of works, entitled "The Talbot Literary Series."

Dr. W. Leslie Mackenzie is the author of a report on "The Physical Welfare of Scottish Mothers and Children '' which has been published by the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees. It deals with the provision — or, rather, lack of adequate provision — for pre-maternity and maternity, and with the serious problem of the unmarried mother and her child.

184 Aberdeen University Review

Dr. Charles Chree, of the Kew Observatory (M.A., 1879; LL.D., 1898 ; F.R.S.), in an illustrated review in "Nature," 20 December, detailed the work that two vessels — the " Galilee " (1905-8) and the " Carnegie " (1909-16) — have carried on in electrical and magnetic observation, chiefly at sea but also along some coast-lines. The conclusions — which are of much interest to meteoro- logists— show some variations from results obtained at Kew. Quite a number of new instruments has been invented for use on these vessels, all of which are described and some of them figured in the article.

A correspondent calls attention to the singular fact that when a member of an Aberdeen Arts Class obtains a Chair in Aberdeen University, he is joined sooner or later by a class-fellow ; and cites the following instances : —

Arts Class 1860-63-	-Professor Niven.
	ft	Ogston.
„ „ 1864-68	»>	Davidson.
	>>	Nicol.
„ 1866-70	>>	Trail.
	>>	Reid.
,, ,, 1884-88	>>	Mamoch. Mackintosh

Emeritus Professor James Robertson, Glasgow, writes : " In the last issue of the Review there is a paragraph (p. 78) referring to ' a war wedding having a romantic interest,' in which the bridegroom, Robert Gentles, is described as, *an American of Scottish descent'. It would have added to the appro- priateness of the paragraph in the Review had it been stated that he is a son of the late Rev. Thomas Gentles, D.D., of the first charge of the Abbey, Paisley, who was a distinguished graduate of King's College, and carried off the Simpson Prize for Greek a Session or two before the fusion." [Dr. Gentles graduated M.A., at King's College 1857.]

Obituary.

Prominent among our graduates who have died recently was Lord Ken- nedy (Neil John Downie Kennedy), K.C., Chairman of the Scottish Land Court (M.A., 1876; LL.D. [Edin.], 1903), characterised by the "Scotsman" as ** one of the most brilliant and most learned of the men of his generation at the bar"; he died in a nursing home at Edinburgh on 12 February. Born sixty-three years ago, Neil Kennedy was the son of Rev. John Downie Kennedy (M.A., King's College, 1826), minister of the Free Church at Rosehall, Sutherland, and a cousin of the celebrated preacher. Rev. Dr. John Kennedy of Dingwall. It was intended that he, too, should become a minister, and, after leaving Aberdeen University, where he finished his Arts course in 1872, at the age of seventeen, he took divinity classes at the New College, Edinburgh, having won a bursary. He decided, however, to follow a legal career, and studied law at Edinburgh University, becoming first prizeman in the classes of public and international law, civil law, and constitutional law and history, besides carrying off the Grierson scholarship in law on two oc- casions. He was called to the Scottish bar in 1877, and soon acquired a considerable practice. An advanced Liberal in politics, he contested Inver- ness-shire in 1895 as a Home Rule candidate, being only 100 votes behind his Unionist opponent, Mr. Baillie of Dochfour, the sitting member. He was lecturer on private international law at Edinburgh University from 1898 till 1 90 1, when he was appointed Professor of Scots Law in Aberdeen Uni- versity in succession to the late Professor Dove Wilson. He held the post for six years, until he became Sheriff of Renfrew and Bute in 1907. In the following year he was appointed Chairman of the Crofters Commission on the death of Sheriff Brand, becoming also a member of the Congested Dis- tricts Board. In 1912 he was appointed the first Chairman of the Scottish Land Court, established by the Small Landholders Act of that year, with the status of a Lord of Session : he took the title of Lord Kennedy. His ad- ministration as head of the Land Court exposed him to much criticism, his sympathies being with the tenants ; but his great abilities as a lawyer were widely recognized, as was also the brilliance of his intellectual gifts. He was the author of many articles on legal and literary subjects in the " Juridical Review " and other legal publications, and he contributed the article on "The Faculty of Law " to the volume of " Studies in the History of Aberdeen Uni- versity," published on the occasion of the Quatercentenary.

An appreciation, by two old friends, of Lord Kennedy's work in Aberdeen and in Edinburgh will appear in the next number of the Review.

1 86 Aberdeen University Review

Dr. Joseph Anderson (M.B., 1884) died at his residence, Lime Hurst, Moor Park, Preston, in November, aged fifty-six. A native of Preston, his life was passed in the practice of his profession there. He was for many years honorary physician to the Harris Orphanage and Homes for the Blind, and honorary surgeon to the Preston Royal Infirmary. In his early days he was a keen footballer, and while a student at Aberdeen played as a half-back in the North v. South matches, being chosen to represent Scotland in the International. An injury in the International trial matches prevented him from gaining his " cap ".

Dr.* James Watt Black (M.A., King's College, 1859 ; M.D. [Edin.]) died at Crockham Hill Place, Edenbridge, Kent, on 22 February, aged 77. He was the second son of the late Mr, James Black of Knock, Banffshire. He completed his medical education by studying at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin. From 1862 to 1867 he was private assistant to the late Sir James Y. Simpson, Edinburgh ; he edited the selected obstetrical and gynaecological works of Sir James. Latterly, he was consulting obstetric physician to Charing Cross Hos- pital, London, and examiner in obstetrics and gynaecology to Oxford Uni- versity and to the Royal College of Physicians, London. In 1891 he was elected President of the Obstetrical Society of London.

Dr. William Wilfred Campbell, the Canadian poet and novelist, whose death was recently announced, was the delegate from the Royal Society of Canada at the Quatercentenary Celebrations in 1906, and received the honorary degree of LL.D.

The Right Rev. ^neas Chisholm, D.D., LL.D., Aberdeen, Roman Catholic Bishop of Aberdeen, died suddenly at St. Patrick's Rectory, Edinburgh, on 13 January, aged eighty-one. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University on the occasion of the Mitchell Hall celebration in 1895, he being then Rector of St. Mary's College, Blairs.

Mr. Charles Diack (law student, 1891-92) died at a nursing home in Aberdeen, on 9 December, aged forty-six. He was a son of Mr. Peter Diack, secretary of the Aberdeen Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Qualifying as a solicitor, he began business on his own account, and eventually entered into partnership with Mr. Charles McCombie, advocate, joint secretary and law agent of the Aberdeen Chamber of Com- merce. About eight years ago he became, assistant to Mr. William Murison, the County Clerk of Aberdeenshire ; and in that capacity had a great deal to do with the work of the Secondary Education Committee and other depart- ments of the public service of the County Council, and more recently had been responsible for the work of the Naval and Military War Pensions Com- mittee. He was admitted a member of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in 1913.

Dr. William Cardiff Hossack (M.B., 1894; M.D., 1898), Port Health Officer, Calcutta, died at Calcutta on 5 January, aged forty-seven. He was the eldest son of the late Mr. Garden Milne Hossack, Sheriff Clerk of Banffshire.

Mr. Alexander Johnston (M.A., King's College, 1854) died at his residence, 51 St. Swithin Street, Aberdeen, on 11 December, aged eighty- two. He was for many years schoolmaster at Glenmuick, and, on retiring, came to Aberdeen. He was subsequently employed as stationery stores clerk to the Great North of Scotland Railway Company for over forty years.

Dr. William Kelty (M.B., 1883; F.R.C.S. [Edin.]) died suddenly of

Obituary 187

heart failure at Vancouver in January. He had been in practice at Carcoar and at Orange, in New South Wales, and latterly at Sydney. On the out- break of the war he came to England and engaged in hospital work in London. He was on his way back to Sydney, via Canada, when he died. He was a son of the late Dr. George Kelty, Inverurie, and was fifty-five years of age.

James Forbes Lumsden (alumnus, Marischal College, 1854-56) died at his residence, Johnston House, Rubislaw, Aberdeen, on 2 December, aged eighty. He became a member of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in 1862, and was a partner of Robertson & Lumsden, 1862-93, ^^^^ ^^ Lumsden & Davidson from 1893. He was Treasurer of the Society of Advocates, 1900-02, and President 1902-04. He was Clerk of Supply and County Road Clerk of Aberdeenshire from May, 1879, and first County Clerk of Aberdeenshire on the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1889, resigning in May, 1903. He was one of the founders (in 1857) of the Aberdeenshire Cricket Club, was an excellent player, and all his life was an ardent follower of the game. Mr. Lumsden was a son of Mr. Clements Lumsden, advocate in Aberdeen and W.S. (alumnus, Marischal College, 1813-15) and a grandson of Mr. Harry Lumsden, advocate in Aberdeen (alumnus, Marischal College, 1770-74).

Mr. Ranald Roderick Macdonald (alumnus, 1882-86) died at his resi- dence, 74 Queen's Road, Aberdeen, on i February, aged fifty-two. He had been factor on the Cluny estates since 1903 (succeeding his father, the late Mr. Ranald Macdonald) ; and was Chairman of the Deeside District Com- mittee, a Governor of Robert Gordon's Technical College (being Convener of the Arts and Craft Committee), a Governor of the North of Scotland Agri- cultural College, and a member of the Secondary Education Committee.

Miss Catherine Jessie (Catriona) Macleod (M.A., 1911) died at Port of Ness, near Stornoway, on 19 October. While at the University she took an active interest in many of the societies, bemg President both of the Women's Debating and of the Modern Languages Societies, and acting on the Committees of the Christian Union, the Celtic Society, and the Women's Suffrage Association. Since graduating, she had taught in the Juniper Green Higher Grade School, Colinton, Edinburgh. She was a sister of Lance- Corporal W. P. Macleod, Seaforth Highlanders, killed in Mesopotamia. (See p. 191.)

Lieutenant-Colonel John Robb, LM.S. (ret.) (M.B., 1868; M.D., 1876), died at his residence, 19 King's Gate, Aberdeen, on 20 December, aged seventy.four. He joined the Indian Medical Service (Bombay) in 1868, and, after a distinguished career, retired in 1889. His eldest son, Major A. K. Robb, of the Durham Light Infantry, was the second alumnus of the Univer- sity who fell in the War, September 20, 914.

Mr. Alexander Robertson (M.A., 1886), modem language master at the Municipal Technical College, West Hartlepool, died in February, aged fifty-four. As a teacher he held various appointments in England and Wales, proceeding later to Switzerland and Germany. From the Berlitz School in Cassel he received the appointment at West Hartlepool.

Mr. William Smith (alumnus, 1865-67) died at his residence, i Queen's Terrace, Aberdeen, on 22 November, aged seventy. He became a member of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in 1873, and seven years later entered into partnership with the late Mr. Lessel Stephen under the firm name of Stephen & Smith. He was treasurer of the Society of Advocates, i9o8-ii»

1 88 Aberdeen University Review

Mr. Smith was particularly identified with the North of Scotland Canadian Mortgage Company, Limited, having been its secretary from 1882 to 1907 and its managing director from the latter date. He was also connected with other Aberdeen financial and commercial undertakings. In 1889 he was appointed Clerk of Lieutenancy of Aberdeenshire. He was also hon. secretary and treasurer of the County of Aberdeen branch of the British Red Cross Society, and in that capacity had been actively engaged in organizing and administra- tive work since the emergence of the war.

Sir Thomas Gordon Walker, K.C.I. E., C.S.I, (alumnus, 1865-68 ; LL.D., 1 910) died on 26 November, aged sixty-eight. He was a son of the late Rev. Henry Walker, minister of Urquhart, Morayshire. Entering the Indian Civil Service in 1869, he was posted to the Punjab in 1872 and sub- sequently held, among other appointments, the positions of Acting Judge of the Chief Court and Commissioner of Delhi — the latter during the period of Lord Curzon's Durbar and the visit of the then Prince and Princess of Wales (their present Majesties) in 1905-06. He was appointed Financial Commis- sioner of the Punjab in April, 1907 ; and when the newly-appointed Lieutenant- Governor of the Punjab broke down in health. Sir Thomas Walker was appointed Acting Lieutenant-Governor. He filled the post during a year of serious difficulty, arising from the unrest which had suddenly developed at the beginning of 1907 and had led to the deportation of two agitators. He retired from the service in May, 1908.

Colonel George Will, late of the Royal Artillery (alumnus, Marischal College, 1856-60), died at his residence, Montmartre, Boarshill, near Oxford, on 7 February, aged seventy-six. He was a son of the late Dr. James Will, Aberdeen (M.D., King's College, 1840), and the elder brother of Dr. J. C. Ogilvie Will, Aberdeen (M.B., 1866; M.D., 1868). He received a commis- sion in the Royal Artillery, in 1863, and became brevet Colonel in September, 1895. In the course of his military career he held several staff appointments, including the adjutancy of the Cardiganshire Militia. He was also adjutant at Edinburgh for a period, and Inspector of Warlike Stores at Halifax, Nova Scotia. In January, 1894, he succeeded to the command of the 2nd Artillery Sub-District, Scottish District, with headquarters at Aberdeen, on the death of Colonel W. P. Georges, R.A., and during his occupancy of that post his efforts in developing the efficiency of the senior branch of the volunteer service in the north-east of Scotland were recognised and valued by all conversant with military affairs. He was, moreover, an exceedingly popular officer, and as commandant of the Artillery training camp at Buddon he was held in the highest respect and esteem by all ranks. In collaboration with brother- officers Colonel Will published "The Artillerists' Handbook," which was a popular standard work of reference in the service.

WAR OBITUARY.

Alexander Thomson Adam (M.A., 1903; B.Sc), Pioneer-Chemist, 8/C Section, No. i Special Company, R.E., died in an hospital in France on 2 December, from the effects of gas poisoning. He joined a special section of the Royal Engineers in 191 6, went to the front in the autumn of that year, and was attached to a trench mortar battery, with the rank of Pioneer, For a. time he taught science and mathematics in Glenurquhart Higher Grade

Obituary 189

School, and was then appointed science master in the Nairn Academy. He went to the United States for a short time, and on his return four years ago he was appointed science master in the Royal Academy and High Public School, Inverness. He was the only son of Mr. James Adam, 21 North Street, Inverurie, and was thirty-six years of age.

Dr. Charles Adam (M.A., 1864; M.B., 1868; M.D., 1881) died at his residence, St. Giles, Elgin, on 3 February, aged seventy-four. He was a son of the late Mr. William Adam, farmer Kineddar, Lossiemouth. He was in practice for some time at Grantown, but had carried on an extensive practice in Elgin for over forty years with much success. Dr. Adam was for a time house surgeon at Dr. Gray's Hospital, Elgin ; he was also physician at General Anderson's Institution, and was medical officer for the parish of Bimie. He was a Justice of the Peace for Morayshire.

Rev. Charles Buchan (M.A., 1912), probationer of the United Free Church, Second Lieutenant, Lancashire Fusiliers, died on 2 December of wounds received in action in the fighting round Cambrai. He enlisted as a private in the Gordon Highlanders in February, 191 6, and served nine months in the trenches, and in August last he was gazetted to the Lancashire Fusiliers. Lieutenant Buchan studied divinity at Glasgow ; and when home on furlough in September last, before proceeding again over-seas he was licensed by the Aberdeen United Free Church Presbytery. He was a son of Mrs. Buchan (a widow), 37 Commerce Street, Fraserburgh, and was twenty- six years of age. A brother, John, was killed in action in June, 19 16, and another brother, William, wounded several months ago, is again on active service.

The Chaplain of the battalion to which Lieutenant Buchan was attached, in a letter to his mother, said : —

Your son was slightly wounded in an attack on Sunday morning, 2 December, but remained at his post for twelve hours until the position captured had been secured, refusing to have his wound attended to till then. After having his wound dressed, he left the dressing-station to go to an ambulance, and must have been struck by a shell on the way, for I found him, two hours later, in hospital, badly wounded. He fell asleep while his wounds were being dressed, and did not awaken again.

Lieutenant Buchan's Captain wrote to much the same effect, adding — " He was one of my most trusted officers, and his men would have followed him anywhere ".

Ian Alistair Kendall Burnett (M.A., 1907), Captain, East Lanca- shire Regiment, who was reported missing on 31 May, after an action in France and was believed to be killed (see p. 74), was officially reported killed in a casualty list issued on 1 1 December. He was the only son of the late Mr. William Kendall Burnett, advocate, Aberdeen, one of the Magistrates of the city and eventually City Treasurer, and a grandson of the late Mr. A. G. Burnett of Kemnay ; and was about thirty-three years of age. He was edu- cated at the Aberdeen Grammar School, where he had a brilliant career, being first in every class, usually in every subject ; he was editor of the school magazine and president of the debating society, and he became Dux of the School in 1903. He entered the University that year as one of the highest bursars, and had a similarly notable career, being first or second in most of his classes. He was editor of "Alma Mater" in his final year. Since 19 10 he had been an assistant in the Department of Printed Books at the British Museum.

190 Aberdeen University Review

■ George Alexander Cameron (M.A., 191 2), private, ist Cameron Highlanders, died on 12 November from wounds received in action in Flanders. He was a son of Mr. George A. Cameron, Central School, Inver- ness, and was twenty-eight years of age. After graduating, he occupied tem- porary teaching posts in Cromarty and Pitlochry before receiving a permanent appointment under the Govan School Board. At the end of 191 5 he joined his home regiment, the Cameron Highlanders, and was drafted to France in August, 1 91 6. He passed unscathed through several severe engagements, but was finally mortally wounded by a shell while going forward to attack the enemy. While at the University he had many friends, who now mourn the loss of one who assuredly would have made a name for himself in the profes- sion he had chosen.

Dr. Austin Basil Clarke, M.C. (M.B., 1915), Captain, R.A.M.C, S.R.O., was instantaneously killed by shell-fire on 23 November, while acting as medical officer to a regiment in France. He had a distinguished career in Medicine at the University and was also prominent in athletics, parti- cularly as a first-class cricketer, having played in the first 'Varsity XI and obtained his "full blue". He was also a keen player at Rugby football. On finishing his medical course, he at once entered the army ; was awarded the Military Cross in 191 6 for gallantry under fire, and a few months ago was given a bar for further bravery. Captain Clarke was a Devonshire man, and his father, who died a few years ago, was a medical practitioner at She- bear, North Devon.

In a letter to Captain Clarke's mother his Commanding Officer wrote : —

Although I was his CO., we were more like brothers and were inseparable. At present I can hardly realize that he has gone, and I feel incapable of entering with keen- ness into my work again. You know how perfect he was better than I do, except perhaps his bravery. He deserved a decoration every time he went into action. Only the day be- fore he was killed he went out into " No Man's Land" and carried back a wounded air- man into our lines — but I could fill pages with his bravery. . . . He was beloved by the whole battalion and his place can never be filled.

The Divisional Colonel wrote : —

We and all your boy's beloved battalion are feeling heart-broken. You know how your son loved his men and how he would dare all for them, and they just worshipped him. No doctor was like their doctor; and how they cheered when, only a few short weeks ago, he beat all comers on his fine charger and got the first prize I Professionally, he was the beau ideal of a brave regimental medical officer.

William Duffus (about to matriculate). Second Lieutenant, 6th Gordon Highlanders, died on i December of wounds received in action. At the outbreak of the war he was a Private in E Company, 4th Gordon High- landers, and proceeded with that regiment to France, in February, 1915. He was promoted Lance-Corporal ; and on 8 October, 1915, he received his commission as Second Lieutenant in the 6th Gordons. He had thus been on service throughout the war. Lieutenant Duffus was the second son of Mr. William Duffus, 13 Argyll Place, Aberdeen, and was twenty-one years of age.

James Ogilvie Kemp (M.A., 1886), Captain, Royal Scots (Queen's Edin- burgh Rifles), died on 12 December from illness contracted while on active service. He had been a volunteer, and two months after the outbreak of war he rejoined the Royal Scots, and was with the colours from then up till the date of his death. Captain Kemp was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates

Obituary 191

in 1889 and had acquired a good practice at the bar : under Lord Advocate Murray, he held the posts of Sheriff Court Advocate-Depute and extra Advocate-Depute. For a number of years he was one of the representatives of St. Stephen's ward on the Edinburgh Parish Council and District Lunacy Board. He was a native of Keith — a son of Mr. John Kemp, wine merchant, Leith ; and he was married to a daughter of the late Mr. Alexander Middleton, Belmont, Aberdeen.

William Patrick Macleod (M.A., igio), Lance-Corporal, Seaforth Highlanders, was killed in action in Mesopotamia on 5 November. Before the outbreak of war, he was English master at Jedburgh, but he enlisted at once and served in France with his regiment. In July, 191 5, he was wounded. On one occasion his battalion was so badly cut up that the few men who re- mained were transferred to other battalions, and it was then that he was sent East. Lance- Corporal Macleod was a brother of Miss C. J. Macleod, whose early death on 19 October is noted elsewhere. (See p. 187.) Great sympathy is extended to their widowed mother in her double loss.

George Minty (M.A., 1908), Lieutenant, 6th Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 23 November. He received a commission in November, 19 14, and had been at the front for a considerable time; his full Lieutenancy was dated i June, 1916. Of a genial disposition he was be- loved by all his fellow-officers and men, and he rendered valuable service as an instructor in musketry. Lieutenant Minty, who was a native of Old Deer, was appointed head master of Kirkton School, Inverkeithny, Banffshire, in July, 1909, and was closely identified with the educational and social interests of the district. A man of exceptionally fine physique ; he was a noted athlete in his student days, and was a representative at the Inter-University athletic gatherings in Edinburgh on several occasions. He was a hammer- thrower of the first rank and a splendid all-round sportsman.

Some reminiscences of his athletic prowess when a student and a member of U Company, Gordon Highlanders, were given in "A Memory and an Appreciation," by "J. M. R.," in the "Free Press" of 11 December.

The Colonel Commanding paid a striking tribute to Lieutenant Minty in a letter to his widow, in which he said : —

He was leading his company in the attack when he was wounded in the shoulder by a machine gun bullet. Regardless of his wound he continued to command the company, but shortly afterwards was hit on the side. Death was instantaneous. In his death not only the battalion, but the whole Highland Division has sustained a loss which cannot be re- placed. He was beloved alike by officers and men, and was absolutely fearless in the fer- formance of his duty, thinking never of himself but always of his men. His memory will live and will always be an inspiration to all ranks of the battalion. ... I never hope to meet a better or a braver man.

William J. Reid (3rd year Arts, 1913-14), Second Lieutenant, Gordon Highlanders, died on 26 November of wounds received in action in France two days previously. He was a noted 'Varsity athlete. He enlisted as a private in the R.A.M.C. in 19 14, and served in France until January of last year, when he returned home to qualify for a commission. He was gazetted last May, and subsequently proceeded to France, having returned to the front only four weeks before receiving the wounds which proved fatal. Lieu- tenant Reid was a son of Mr. John Reid, Glen Gyle House, Lamond Place, Aberdeen, formerly of 8 Harlaw Road, Inverurie.

George James Ross (former Agricultural Student), Second Lieutenant,

192 Aberdeen University Review

Royal Scots Fusiliers, was killed on 30 January, as the result of a bombing accident while he was on active service. After being educated at Robert Gordon's College and attending the classes at the Agricultural College, he received an appointment — first, on a rubber plantation in Ceylon, and, later, on a plantation in the Malay States. He returned to this country two years ago and enlisted in the Gordon Highlanders. After six months' active service abroad, he was recommended for a commission, and in June last he was gazetted to the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He had been on service abroad since August. Lieutenant Ross was the youngest son of Mr. Robert R. Ross, 34 Gray Street,. Aberdeen, of Barclay, Ross, and Tough, agricultural implement makers ; and was twenty-five years of age.

Rev. Hugh Philip Skakle (M.A., 1911; B.D., 1914), Captain, 4th Gordon Highlanders, fell in action at the capture of Cantaing, near Cambrai, on 2 1 November. While attending the University he took a prominent part in athletics ; he was also a valued member of King's College Chapel Choir for many years, and became well-known in musical circles. On completing his divinity course, he was appointed assistant minister at St. Michael's Church, Dumfries. He enlisted in the 4th Gordon Highlanders in January, 1915, and was gazetted Second Lieutenant in the February following, Lieutenant in June 1 91 6, and Captain in May, 191 7. He was severely wounded in July, 19 16, and after recovering returned to the front in the spring of last year. Captain Skakle was a son of the late Mr. George Skakle, jeweller, Aberdeen, and was twenty-nine years of age.

James David Sutherland (Student of Agriculture, 1911-14), Pioneer, Royal Engineers, died from gas poisoning while in action in December. He was born at Lybster, Latheron, Caithness, his home address having been latterly The Schoolhouse, Kinbrace, Sutherland, and he was twenty-three years of age.

A slight error crept into our obituary notice of Rev. Cecil Barclay Simpson (M.A., Hons., 1907) in our last issue (p. 94). He graduated with second-class honours in Classics and first-class honours in Mental Philosophy (not Mathematics, as was stated). The correction is forwarded from France by a graduate, a class-fellow of Mr. Simpson, who writes : —

I met Simpson just a few weeks before he was killed. He was then intensely inter- ested in his work as a soldier, eager to do what was in his power to combat the systeni of force against which the civilized world is meantime fighting. In his work as a soldier, just as in his work as a student in the old days, the same enthusiasm was manifest. By his death the class 1902-06 has lost a brilliant member.

.«•»

The

Aberdeen University Review

Vol. V. No. 15 June, 191 8

Modern Art and the Future/

jHEORY of Art as expounded by artists is for some reason always more or less suspect : possibly be- cause being themselves engaged in art production, artists are suspected of bias in favour of the school with which they are identified ; or they may even be suspected of having evolved their theory to account for and justify their own limitations as artists. But, while the views I wish to put before you may, or must, be coloured by personal preferences and prejudices, they do not represent the doctrine of any particular group or cult. This is not a time for airing pet theories about detail, but a time for trying to get at the truth of the matter, even if, in the light of the conclusions arrived at, one's own practice and work should stand condemned. For good or evil, change of some sort in our national life is imminent. Reconstruction is the note of to-day : and if art is to play a worthy part in the work of to-morrow it is imperative that artists and public should arrive at a common understanding on the meaning of Art, instead of continuing to drift apart as they have been doing steadily for many years, the ultra-artistic turning in disgust from life and forming themselves into cults which the public very rightly regard with impatience. It is this consideration alone which justifies art talk at a time when such talk is apt to stir recollections of Nero's fiddling.

There 'is a feeling prevalent among cultured people of to-day that something is amiss with the Art of our time. Compared with the history of former Art periods, the multiplicity of " schools" and theories of Art to-day, of aims and methods mutually exclusive, appears to

^ An Address to the Aberdeen University Classical Society, February 22, 1918.

13

194 Aberdeen University Review

justify (especially with those whose affections are already fixed in an earlier period) the charge that as there is no recognizable unity of purpose in our efforts there can be no vital significance in our Art ; though opinion differs as to the cause of the present unrest. There are people who hold that for some generations Art has been slowly dying ; and who profess to see in the warring ideals at work within it to-day the final death-throes of Art in the dawn of the Age of Science (Science and Art being apparently supposed, for some un- known reason, to be antagonistic one to the other) ; and they hint that when Peace again returns, it may be found that the world will no longer have need or use for Art. Others again tell us that great artistic periods like the thirteenth century were the outcome of Faith : they write books about the debt Art owes to " the Church," which tend to make one speculate on the debt the Church owes to Art : they declare the modern world to be without Faith, and its Art decadent in consequence. But that view began with the writing of the Garden of Eden story, and it has ever been the cry of the censorious idealist who in all ages has chosen to believe that he has just missed the Golden Age by a century or two, thus exerting on his own time an influence which is surely among the most effective in producing the very state he professes to deplore. And his phrase, like many another, is. not without attractiveness to those of the imitative sort : it saves them the trouble of thought, of search for the eternal amid the tem- poral and corrupt in the present ; and it conveys an impression pleasing to the sentimentalist that he is an unwilling dweller in the tents of Kedar. That he should fail to apprehend the Faith of his own time may merely argue a lack of vision strange in one who undoubtedly desires the highest good ; but it is difficult to listen with patience to his account of the transcendant merit of the thirteenth century in this particular when one knows that the most rudimentary knowledge of the facts about that period demolishes the whole argument. His thirteenth century never existed save in the imaginations of the poet, the romancer, and the ecclesiastic, who by their very profession are more or less apologists. It is based on the lives of a few great men, and on medieval theories of Church and State. " There never was an age in which theory was more hopelessly divorced from practice than in the thirteenth century." ^

Further, this idealist who fixes his ideal in the past instead of the

1 Coulton, " St. Francis to Dante " .

Modern Art and the Future 195

future has, in condemning the present, a habit of using the word Re- ligion as if it had no application outside the Church and its activities — a habit which is as misleading as the phrase which makes of archi- tecture " the mother of all the arts " . Architecture is the sum of all the arts — of which Building is one. The great churches of the Middle Ages were largely the work of the people ; and thus we find that armorial bearings upon old glass or pedestals of statues are mostly those of the different trade guilds — bakers, butchers, woollen drapers, furriers, shoemakers, and the like : and as anyone who has studied the great medieval churches must know, much of the subject-matter and its treatment is very unecclesiastical. " Being enriched by divers gifts, the churches became receptacles for all kinds of treasures. Guillaume Durand, in his * Rational des Divins Offices,' speaks of rare things, such as stuffed crocodiles, ostrich eggs, and skeletons of whales, be- sides gold and silver vessels, intagli, and camei, as attractions for the people, on the principle that he who comes to see may stay to pray. Churches were, in fact, museums, and places in which to transact business : the naves constantly being thus used." ^ Judged as works of Art they were therefore artistic expressions of all that was vital in the life of the community : creations fashioned by their artists for the community: for the extension of its self-realization. Faith? Why, yes : the faith of a race in itself, its aspirations. There must always be that ere there can be great Art : and the ideal Great Period is one wherein all the various sections of the community are informed by one racial ideal, yet each obeying its own impulse and functions un- swervingly, the Time-Spirit alone dominating. One feels that the Temple, whatever its nature or form may be, must always call forth a people's noblest artistic effort ; but to condemn an age artistically be- cause it does not rear vast cathedrals, or to demand that the expres- sion of its faith shall follow a prescribed form, is sheer nonsense. Misconception of the true function of Art is at the root of the matter : and the persistence of this misconception in what we may term official quarters is accountable for the present unrest in Art aims and bodies. For the artist is now in revolt. He has been lectured for genera- tions : badgered and cajoled into polishing the surface of things in- stead of digging right down into the heart of them as his instinct bade him. Death-throes? Rather the wriggling, kicking, and raucous squalling of lusty infants. The problem, however, is much more com-

1 Beale, " Churches of Paris " .

196 Aberdeen University Review

plex than that would seem to imply. I have not a single doubt about the future of Art : it will end only when the world ends. To the pes- simist who sees in the near future a world that has neither need nor use for Art, I say that, if by "Art" he understands (as many still do) mere pomp and display, then I sincerely hope that his prophecy will be fulfilled — though it seems almost too good to be true; but, if he really means Art in its true sense, then I say our need for it, on the contrary, will be more imperative than ever if our national life is to be saved from degenerating into a mere struggle for existence, bleak and meaningless. Further, I believe that the elements of a Great Artistic Period already exist in our own time ; but I do not underestimate the dangers and difficulties ahead. Revolt, however worthy in its origin, tends to attract to its ranks numbers who bring discredit on the move- ment— nonentities in search of notoriety, decadents who use it as an excuse for the bestial thoughts in which they delight. Again, revolt, however righteous, may be crushed ; and until the public realize that Art is as much their affair as it is the artist's, that danger will remain. Art is the outcome of the expressional need of a people, and the power of the craftsman to fashion a symbol which shall satisfy that need ; whereas the public are apt to regard it as something that has no essential connection with their life — as a sort of ornamental flourish on the written record. We all know the poseur who apparently feels that he is achieving something when, by a parrot-like repetition of a few art phrases, he leads his auditors to pronounce him a man of taste and art knowledge ; and we also know the unassuming man who with a shrug makes open confession that he knows nothing about it. Both attitudes arise from the same mistake — the belief that Art is a cult. Art is not a cult — at least, great Art is not ; and an extensive knowledge of " schools " and " periods " is not an essential condition for the appreciation of all that is most vital in Art. Indeed, the mass of literature that has grown up round the questions of styles and periods, with their contradictory theories and methods, has become a hindrance to the natural acceptance of Art ; and one doubts whether it is right to add even one's few sentences to the pile. Yet if one's aim is to simplify, it may be worth trying ; since amid this babel of tongues there is a truth that is of vital importance to all of us — one which offers a richer perception of true happiness. It is not so much a question of this or that theory of Art as of an attitude of mind. If one were to state that the full significance and joy of life can never become

Modern Art and the Future 197

manifest until the life of a community is informed by one Art-ideal, and until everything we think and do and make is unconsciously governed by that ideal, the Man-in-the-street would probably mutter ominously. He knows " Art-things " and the weedy people who affect them. He would have a horrible vision of his business run on artistic lines — of having to consider literary style in his correspondence. Asked to state his views on a possible Art-informed community, he would probably declare the idea to be the fantastic and ill-balanced notion of a crank, or of an artist belonging to the same category as the cobbler who maintains that there is nothing like leather. He would pronounce the prospect of life under such conditions an appalling one ; a thing of strain, affectation, and useless costliness imposed upon a scheme of things with which it has no real connection. To me and many others, the facts are all the other way : it is the present state of things that is appallingly affected and costly. Our towns and houses are restless conglomerations of things of every style from B.C. on- wards— that, and factory-made caricatures of the various styles that happen to be in favour at the moment. Ornament (which ought to form an integral part of the object ornamented, giving emphasized expression to the structural function of the part ornamented) spreads over and smothers all surfaces, like some horrid fungus growth ; a fatuous craze obtains for deception — the imitative skill that produces, say, a mosaic which deludes the spectator into the belief that it is an oil painting, still evoking a degree of admiration which the work, were it really an oil painting, would not call forth ; and even with works which offer no excuse for such treatment people still delight to de- lude themselves. A lady expressing to me her enthusiastic admiration for a granite tower in this city put what she believed to be the final touch to her praise by saying " It just looks like lace'' — than which, were it true, no more damning criticism could be framed.

The Man-in-the-street might agree with me in this. He already suffers from too much Art-in-the-home ; and my belief is that in reality we both desire the same thing and hate the same thing, and that he endures the conglomeration of meaningless form, colour, and orna- mentation with which he finds himself surrounded only because he supposes it to represent Art and does not wish to appear indifferent to Art. The point of difference between us is in reality very simple : it lies in the meaning one reads into the term " Art-informed community " . To him, such a community is one where an intensified form of the

198 Aberdeen University Review

present would obtain, with a more and more conscious concern about what is artistically right and wrong ; whereas to me it is one where we should cease altogether to think consciously of ART ; and turn our thoughts on Fitness — of things for their purpose — as the standard of worth. This must, of course, begin in our individual homes : from whence its influence will soon spread to our more public and exalted forms of city life. But not until we each realize that we already possess the faculties necessary for the appreciation of true Art and the right to exercise them ; not until our domestic setting becomes a harmonious and natural expression of our lives and tastes ; not until we select, say, our chairs because they fulfil in comfort, stability, proportion, colour, and material our idea of what a chair ought to be ; not till we purchase and value our more purely decora- tive possessions — statuettes, pictures, stained glass, and other wall decorations — because in some strange way they do express moods and desires which have haunted and hitherto troubled us by their vague- ness, and not because this picture or that was on the line in last year's Academy, and was ardently desired by a celebrated collector who came an hour too late — not till then can Art become again a vital force. Think of the scores of houses one has been in that are all absolutely alike though their various owners bear no resemblance to each other in character. The number on the front door is almost the sole mark of differentiation. They represent the taste of some firm of "artistic furnishers," or conform to advice derived from books on Taste in furnishing. The book-shelf is about the only thing that gives one an inkling of the owner's tastes and preferences, though even there one is not always sure that it does not consist of somebody's Hundred Best Books. It is the same old mistake : the view of Art as a con- vention imposed on life, and not, as it is,»a natural expression of one's own personality reborn in every generation.

Yet, as far as I can see, there is only one real difficulty in the way of the Art-informed community — our self-consciousness as a race — fear of letting ourselves go ; our thinly- veiled contempt for those who do. Our dread of being deemed excitable, neurotic, drives us to the other extreme, and we profess adoration of Horse-sense lest we should be thought sentimental. From this proceeds a lack of the true sense of Joy — with the underlying feeling that joy may be but the most cun- ning of all the devil's baits. One has to go back only a generation or two to come upon a fixed belief that a state of unwonted joy was the

Modern Art and the Future 199

herald of some evil event ; and suspicion that the thing which gives joy must have some element of evil in it still persists. We feel that to be emotional is absurd if not contemptible. I well remember the raging shame I felt as a youth on finding tears trickling down my cheeks when hearing for the first time a Beethoven symphony performed by an orchestra. I fancy I should experience the same sense of shame to-day, for when I hear or read of a man shedding tears I cannot suppress an inward squirm ; and that feeling is common to the race. Why we should feel thus I do not know ; I fancy we are about the only people in Europe who do. Tears, however, have no artistic value. Emotional perception has ; and one can have emotional perception without tears. And the man (women have more sense) who from silly self-consciousness suppresses his emotional tendency stands in his own light, for by emotion comes perception of most of the things that really matter.

Up to this point I have been dealing chiefly with the public. Let us now turn to the artist. As I have already said, something is goading him into revolt, maddening him into ever fiercer expression in his work, so that each year witnesses the birth of a new School, which, when it has found a name for itself, laughs to scorn all other schoxDls. It is all very well to say (as, indeed, I myself have said) that this is the an- archy which inevitably precedes the commencement of a new tradition : to point to a resolute figure here and there which holds on its way, seeing, estimating, and learning from the movements that take place around, but following its own light ; and to say that those men or their work will one day bring order out of chaos. But meantime superb energy and ability are running to waste (or appear to us to be doing so) : anarchy may become a habit and all this volcanic fury end in exhausting our fires and reducing us artistically to a moon-like cinder.

One naturally asks why this should be so, when our day teems with the elements and aspirations which give rise to art expression. Why should our art fail to give adequate expression to those aspirations? One writer says it is because " this man-made world of ours has lost the power of expression and become entirely meaningless ". Machinery and Industrialism are blamed. It is true that Machinery's tremendous productive power gives a long start to a bad type, and that the methods of Industrialism tend to establish that type and to reduce almost to nil the opportunities which would otherwise have arisen for the con-

2 00 Aberdeen University Review

tinual exercise of the craftsman's skill and fancy. But one has seen beautiful machine-made things, so that the fault does not lie with machinery but with the types given to it to produce — in other words, with the artist concerned. Another favourite wail is " Unrest " . We certainly seem to have fallen on a gap between the end of one age and the beginning of another — a situation not conducive, one would think, to the Art mood ; yet art history teems with instances where great art was produced by men who worked with trowel, chisel, or brush in one hand and sword in the other.

The learned student of art history says impatiently (he has been shouting it for a century) — •' What you want is Tradition " ; but when he proceeds to amplify his statement it becomes manifest that he does not know what Tradition is. In his brain it apparently figures as a continuous cable which in some inexplicable way snapped some centuries ago, and must be joined up at the point of severance before Art can again become vital. No figure could be more misleading or untrue.

One thing is certain and the rest is lies, The flower that once has blown for ever dies.

The history of any art tradition is just the history of any life — infancy, youth, manhood, decline, and death ; and a galvanized corpse as nurse holds scant promise of life for a new tradition in its infancy. We know very well that what we need is Tradition : some spiritual centre or conviction which will make our effort cumulative : the question is how to get it — or rather how to get rid of the influences which meantime frustrate crystallization of the elements we already possess. The past holds invaluable lessons for us ; but the history of past Traditions throws no light on the problem of to-day, for the influences to which I refer did not exist in former art periods, since it is those former art periods, or misuse of our knowledge of them, that constitute the handicap to creative expression from which the whole art world of to-day suffers ; that retard the emergence of a traditional form symbolic of our own age.

At this point I find myself in a quandary ; for to track down the growth of this influence with the thoroughness demanded by the case, it would be necessary to survey the work and theories of the entire nineteenth century ; while to leap at one bound straight to what I be- lieve to be the trouble and name it, would explain little and prove less.

It is a curious thing that, whereas one would expect those interested

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in the problem to fix their suspicious inquiry on education first, it seems as if they had an insuperable objection to doing so. Yet I hold that our Art education is chiefly, if not solely, responsible for our deadened perception of the meaning of Art. Perhaps I ought to point out that in criticizing our Art education I do not necessarily criticize Art Schools as they are at this moment. I am dealing with our actual art production, since from it we derive our impressions of modern art ; and its producers necessarily completed their training some years ago.

We are heirs of all the ages : a privilege which has its drawbacks ; for througli a confusion of ideas between Archaeology and Art, and a century of collecting, cataloguing, and tabulating works of ancient and medieval art in their supposed order of merit, that which might have remained a source of delight and profit has become in many ways an intolerable hindrance. All this was done with the highest intentions : it was to educate the taste of the public, and encourage the growth of an art tradition — although how a heterogeneous collection of objects gathered from every age and clime could ever have been expected to effect that is difficult to understand. Into this temple, however, the raw student is turned to find his soul, in an exhaustive study of the historic styles. Imagine having to find your religion from an ex- haustive study of all the religious systems the world has evolved, and it will not then seem surprising that what the student finds is a sort of anaemic art-Pragmatism. Please do not understand this as an at- tack on Museums : I am at the moment dealing solely with their effect on the immature student. We cannot know too much of the past ; and, personally, I cannot imagine a more fascinating pursuit than the History of Art affords. But I would withhold that subject from the student's curriculum until he had given proof of a clearly-defined aesthetic outlook. A work of ancient art, however beautiful, is after all a sort of wondrous mummy. In its day it was a symbol of the aspirations of an age, and as such then fulfilled its highest function as a work of art ; but aspirations have changed with the age, and its symbolism has now become largely meaningless to us. To stand in the presence of the very body that was Rameses the Great is an amaz- ing experience ; but men do not go to a mummy to learn how the Spirit of Life manifests itself

The student of strongly-marked character probably rejects the whole thing instinctively — studies the people in the museum and

202 Aberdeen University Review

ignores the exhibits, only discovering the value of museums later ; but with the average student it is different. In him the scholar and the artist get mixed. It is a bad mixture : results in paralysis of the faculty of self-expression, giving instead but an imitative technique in paint, and a certain skill in what is known as " designing in periods " — that is, cooking up old styles into designs for factories which use such things : a little tragedy, since it means that his spiritual experi- ence is closed down before it has well begun. The students, having passed out of the schools, have to take their places among the pro- ducers ; and there they find war — the war of Art Democracy against Art Autocracy. I might define it somewhat more clearly, as War be- tween Expressional Need and Enthroned Professionalism ; and refer you to the scarifying comments of a great artist (Blake) on the doctrine of one who, though very able, was the quintessence of Professionalism (Reynolds). If you ask what I understand by Professionalism, my reply is, an archaeological mentality expressing itself in an art form. There has been Professionalism in all ages — its stamp mere rhetoric,, high-sounding phrases copied from earlier masters who created them^ which, when strung together by the plagiarist, mean nothing, but make a brave noise which too often succeeds with the public. Few artists entirely escape it. Even the true creative artist has lapses in vision ; and despondency, exhaustion, or mere fear of failure drive him back on the professional rhetoric he had pumped into him in the course of his training — ways and means whereby the gap may be made to look quite sound, the texture of the work all of one piece. It is the most cursed of all the temptations that beset the artist — and we have our education to thank for it. Hence the " rebel " : and it may help us to understand him if we try to see wherein he differs from the Archae- ologist and the representative of Professionalism.

The aim of archaeology is to supply the material which neither history nor present observation can furnish. It is an intellectual pro- cess applied to yesterday. Professionalism I have already defined. Art is the clearest, simplest, most direct expression of a purely emotional experience of to-day, A vast amount of nonsense, I am persuaded, is talked about Inspiration ; but there may be a sense in which it is correct to speak of a man as " a born artist " — when he is endowed with an exceptional degree of emotional perception. Most people possess it in some degree ; but it almost seems as if not even the greatest could develop or increase the measure of emotional per-

Modern Art and the Future 203

caption with which he was endowed at birth. I am ignorant of the scientific view ; but from internal evidence one arrives at a conviction that environment, material conditions, and experience have little or no effect upon it. With the development of the poet's intellect the structure of his work may become more reasoned and secure ; but the spirit within the structure remains the same — save when he becomes over-engrossed in the skill displayed in the structure, and the spirit escapes. With an insatiable interest in the movement of life — the never-ending wonder and significance of the rhythmic line, and the evo- cative magic of colour — he is incessantly observing, experiencing, and noting ; but he has another life in addition to the one of observation — the visional life which to him is in some ways more actual, and cer- tainly more complete, than his material existence ; and he soon learns that one of the chief functions of his intellect is to act as a guard — a sort of shield-bearer — to the source of all his strength and inspiration — that visional faculty.

There is one type that is rather puzzling — the medievalist. The ** medievalizer " of commerce one understands. In his student days he may have been one of the many potential craftsmen who in the process of striving to become artists get crushed in the museum- mill. Anyhow, he has nothing particular to say, has a certain skill in imi- tating medieval archaisms — and a public ready and eager for his wares.. But among medievalists there are men of very great ability. If they have rejected their own time and, as it were, taken out papers of naturalization in an earlier age, they must have some good reason for having done so. It is a curious fact that although the medievalist and the rebel are poles apart (with the representatives of professionalism in between), superficially there is occasionally a startling resemblance between the work of the able medievalist and that of some of the " rebels " ; but while medievalist and rebel agree that the rhetoric of pro- fessionalism is a spiritual blight, there the resemblance between them ends, for the one is consciously archaistic in his work and the other unconsciously archaic,^ *

1 Berenson, the art critic, says — " No art can hope to become classic that has not been archaic first. The distinction between archaistic imitation and archaic reconstruction, simple as it is, must be clearly borne in mind. An art that is merely adopting the ready- made models handed down from an earlier time is archaistic, while an art that is going through the process of learning to reconstruct the figures and discover the attitudes re- quired for the presentation of tactile values and movement is archaic. An art that has completed this process is classic."

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And so it comes about that artists and art lovers may be said to group themselves into two distinct communities, each with its characteristic environment. One group dwells in the lovely old monastery garden, while another is of the Highway — casts in its lot with the roadmakers.

First, then, our two groups differ absolutely on the meaning of the word Beauty. To the men of the Highway the only beauty is Fitness — that which expresses. Concern with the question of whether the objects they find it necessary to depict in their works are, as objects, beautiful in themselves appears to them to betoken an entire misap- prehension of the function of Art ; and a sensuous, skilfully-balanced colour scheme may be to them utter banality. With them it is not *' What does this work of Art represent ? " but " What does it make us feel ? " All men hunger for some definitely-realized symbol of the vague spiritual impulses they feel within themselves and their age — be it merely a way of looking at and seeing things — its joy, gaiety, long- ing. To fashion such a symbol is for our men of the Highway — men possessed by the spirit of their own time as distinct from all other times — the sole function of art.

To the other group Art is the " garden enclosed " — a refuge from the sordid turmoil of life ; the function of its present-day representa- tives, to conserve and perpetuate all that is gentle, graciously beautiful, rare and precious in the thoughts and things that man has evolved from the beginning. They claim to carry on Tradition, and to be the guardians of Beauty, which they hold to be the same yesterday, to-day, and for ever. The energy of the men of the Highway appears to them brutal in its violence. To the Roadmakers the Garden-dwellers for the most part appear but dilettanti dawdling in a rose garden — men who lack courage to dive into the heart of their own time in search for its spiritual significance, who profess to have a charge which renders them superior to the life buzzing around them outside, but who in reality fear life, and, being too stupid to apprehend its wondrous splendour, become mere archaeologues piecing together phrases culled from the past. They admit that the archaeologue's work makes a strong appeal to many by its resemblance to some old work already loved ; but point out that, despite the beauty it may have inherited from its ancestor, it is still-born. Its ancestor sprang from the heart and brain of one aflame with desire to fashion an image that should symbolize the aspirations of his age : not one consciously concerned

Modern Art and the Future 205

about Beauty. Beauty, they say, is but an emanation from expres- sional power.

I do not profess to know what determines men in their choice be- tween the two : it may be settled at their birth. As children we all run about over highway, fields, woods, and garden indiscriminately, hunting for adventure ; and this goes on until life deals us its first blow. Probably that blow decides the matter. One it shocks, another it angers, a third it excites. The shocked one turns aside into the fields and so through the deep silent wood to the garden gate, where he pulls the bell-rope and obtains admittance. The angered one, blinded by his sense of injustice, loses vision and comes to fisticuffs with life, and continues thus until chance recollection of the monastery garden he happened on one summer afternoon in childhood crosses his mind. The contrast of its dewy silence with the blistering heat and turmoil of the Highway fills him with an overpowering nostalgia — and the gate opens yet again.

Let us also enter the garden ; admittedly a place of enchanting loveliness. It is romantically situated in softly undulating land, and it- self embraces little wooded hills and valleys, a river and a pool — in fact, all the things one longs for when weary. Possibly it is a trifle too consciously ornamented : hedges all curiously trimmed, the sward per- fect, the trees in perpetual blossom — the whole reminiscent of a Van Eyck landscape. It is getting towards late afternoon before we sight the monastery group, a bronze silhouette rising from among trees against the western sky. Romantic, certainly, but curiously conglo- merate, recalling that other monastery where (according to the French chronicler) Merlin visited Prester John — a mixture of Cathedral, Mosque, Synagogue, Greek temple, Byzantine and Gothic chapels with domes, spires, turrets, pagodas, minarets, and towers innumerable ; and I doubt not that it contains the Vedas and the Koran, in addition to the Bible. Its inhabitants are for the most part highly educated and cultured ; though to the non-resident they appear to be, like their garden, " too consciously ornamented". Fervour is permitted; fervour carefully regulated by fixed rules and dates ; but passion and impulse are ap- parently held to be non-existent — though pepperiness is not un- known. Not all the garden dwellers are art producers. One meets here, for instance, the cultured person who has attended courses of art lectures for the purpose of completing his study of some other subject — Ecclesiology, for instance. Now, the acquisition of knowledge is

2o6 Aberdeen University Review

entirely praiseworthy ; but art history is one thing and art is another ; and when this student of the former claims, as he constantly does, that his acquired information qualifies him not merely to judge, but to influence and determine the spirit of modern art ; when, on the strength of his text-book information, he dares to interfere with and warp Art in its creative moment, he becomes a positive nuisance. One meets him on committees, and has difficulty in deciding whether he ought to be regarded as a joke or as a calamity. He knows all about Ecclesiastical Art — in every century but his own. Naturally, he knows nothing about the latter because it is in the making ; and of the creative function of form and colour he has no more perception than an owl ; but he can discourse learnedly on periods and styles, has memorized all the phrases, and can, in fact, teach you the whole theory and practice of Ecclesiastical Art in an afternoon. In one sentence, it is " When in doubt, medievalize ". You can't go wrong : the correct thing is always medieval. There is, in fact, no necessity to think at all : medieval clerics worked it out once for all centuries ago : and the twentieth century has no right to aspirations which cannot be expressed in thirteenth century form. With great unction he quotes to you Cennino Cennini's beautiful exhortation — "Ye of gentle spirit, who are lovers of this art and devoted to its pursuit, adorn yourselves with the garments of love, of modesty, of obedience, and of perseverance," but he is not a little exasperated when a non-resident informs him that he also subscribes to that doctrine.

It is said that work progresses at a very leisurely pace in the monastery — that things do not move on. And one hardly wonders that it should be so, for as one stands at evening on the bank of the placid pool as the last level bars of amber light lie behind the monastery ; as one hears the occasional plop of little fishes in the pond, the croak of a frog at its edge, and the gentle plaintive note of the evening bell as it echoes amid the innumerable planes of masonry up there — all in the thick muffled sound that denotes trees and little hills in kindly proximity — one wonders what human activity is all about, and retires to rest, I should fancy, in restful mood. Yet I can imagine that if, in a wakeful moment of the night, one lying there were to hear the boom of a distant explosion which he realized to be the work of his fellow-men blasting a passage for the Highway through the rocks, he might feel as some of us feel when, warm in bed, we hear in imagination the thunder of the guns in Flanders.

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In conclusion, I would like to say that, if I have appeared to under- value the past or to argue that it has no legitimate claim over us, I have conveyed a wrong impression, for which I can only plead the limited nature of the time at my disposal, and the fact that my subject is the Present. I have the most profound reverence and love for the past and its great works, but there are limits to the control which they ought to exercise on the present. One can feel that even in Renaissance times the Past was already beginning to claim undue dominion over the then Present ; but since then it has steadily in- creased until in our day it has become monstrous, so that we are not unlike that character of D'Annunzio's who, believing himself to be a reincarnation of a brilliant ancestor who had been cut off at an early age, and determining that no action of his should be unworthy of that ancestor's record, arrived at absolute stagnation, his faculties paralysed by his supposed responsibility to the past.

DOUGLAS STRACHAN.

Translations from the Greek Anthology.

''HBt] \evKoiop OdXkei, OdWeL 8e <f>L\oix^po<s vdpKiorcro^, OdWeL 8' ovpe(rL(f>OLTa KpCva •

"H^ S' rj <f)LXepa(rTO<s, iv dvOecnv ^pufiov dvdos, Zr)vo<f>i,\a Ilei^oOs rjBv redrjXe pohov.

Aeifxcoves, tl p^draia KOfxacs inl ^atS/oa yekare ; d yap Trats Kpecraov dZvirvootv (rTe<f>dvo)v.

MELEAGER.

Now bloom the dewy daffodils, The lilies wander o'er the hills : The violets white their eyes unclose, And sweet Zenophile, a Rose Of Love, a flower to lovers dear, Buds in the spring-tide of the year. Oh laughing fields, why thus display The brightness of your spring array ? For lo ! my love is sweeter far Than scented meadow blossoms are.

F. G. M.

Translations from the Greek Anthology 209

Ov nXoKafJiov Ayjfiov^, ov (rdvBaKov 'HXioScupas, ov TO fJLvpoppavTov Tifxapiov irpodvpov,

Ov Tpv<f)epov p,eihr)iia ^SowttiSo? 'A^'TlKXetas, ov Tovf; apTidakei.^ Aojpo^ea? (rre^dvov^

OvKCTL crol (jiapeTpr) Trt/c/aov? TrrepoevTas oto'TOvs KpvTTTei, ''Epojs' eV e/^ol irdvTa yap i(TTL ^eXrj.

MELEAGER.

Nay, by Demo's lovely curls,

Nay, by Heliodora's shoe,

Nay, by sweet Timarion's porch,

Dripping down with scented dew :

Nay, by Anticleia's eyes,

And the love her laughter breathes,

Nay, by Dorothea's flowers,

Twined of freshly blossomed wreaths —

By these I vow, thy quiver, Love,

Holds not now a single dart ;

Every bitter winged shaft

Hast thou lodged in my heart.

E.G. M.

14

Lord Kennedy.

(Aberdeen, 1868-72, 1901-07.)

|N February 12 there passed to his rest Neil John Downie Kennedy, Lord Kennedy, formerly pro- fessor in Aberdeen University, and one of her most brilliant sons. The newspapers of all shades of political opinion paid admiring tribute to his memory ; the outstanding facts of his life were duly noted, recording his rise from newly-called advocate to Chairman of the Land Court ; and his public work at the bar and on the bench is appraised in this number of the REVIEW by one far more fitted than I to do justice to his breadth of knowledge and keenness of intellect. Here I would recall him simply as a son of the University, and ask graduates to pause a few moments in the busy stir of life to think kindly of their former comrade, who shared with them so deep an affection for his Alma Mater.

It was in October, 1 868 — fifty long years ago, but. Heavens ! how quickly passed ! — that Kennedy came up to King's. I can see him now — a delicate boy of fourteen and a half, looking a mere child among the other Bajans, whose average age was seventeen. He and I fraternized that day, for we were both strangers from the North, and both somewhat forlorn and lonely among the joyous crowd of riotous students. But under the old Class system acquaintances were easier made and friendships more readily developed than is possible at the present time ; and before many weeks had passed the '68-'72 Class had already begun to weave the strands of that strong band of brotherliness which still holds firm after the vicissitudes of half a century.

From the first Kennedy was recognized as having outstanding gifts. Only a month after his first appearance at College he undertook in the University Debating Society to defend the then existing system of Bursary Competition, in opposition to a fully-fledged Magistrand,

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THE HON. LORD KENNEDY

Lord Kennedy 2 1 1

Peter Taylor Forsyth (now Principal of Hackney College). In the Debating Society he was constantly in evidence, and as almost all the Arts students were members of it, he became well known far beyond the circle of his own Class. Many of these men will still recall him as perhaps the most striking personality of their College days. His manner — a curious mixture of confidence and shyness — his unusual range of information, his wit and humour, marked him as noteworthy, and while some called him eccentric, more guessed him to be a genius. He carried off prizes in the philosophical classes and appeared in the merit list in Classics ; but even so we were conscious that his powers were greater than his performances, and prophesied a big development later on.

In 1872 the Class graduated and scattered to different parts of the world, the thought in each mind — Who will go under in the coming struggle? Who will rise to the top? Kennedy's chances did not look bright just then, for his health had broken down, and he was forbidden all mental exertion for at least a year — a serious handicap at the outset of his career. The years passed on, and as at Class re- unions men discussed the doings of their comrades, Kennedy's name was always amongst those that evoked keenest interest. Kennedy had decided not to enter the Church ; Kennedy had gone in for Law ; had become a distinguished advocate ; had contested Inverness-shire ; had (still more interesting) been made professor in his own University. The Class gave him a dinner — a unique distinction — in honour of this promotion.

As Dean of the Law Faculty he set himself to approximate to Elphinstone's ideal of making Aberdeen a fully-equipped School of Law — not merely a training-place for local practitioners. This ideal he expounded in his remarkable Quatercentenary article " The Faculty of Law " ; and reading it over one cannot but regret profoundly that his active life left him few opportunities for writing on these subjects, where his breadth and lucidity are so conspicuous. All the time he held office in Aberdeen he kept this end clearly in view, working steadily for it ; but it was not till after he had demitted his Chair that he had the satisfaction of seeing his ideal attained and the degree of LL.B. established.

In his public academic appearances, the professor had much the same effect on his wider audience as the brilliant young student had on his more restricted one. Every one wanted to attend a function if

212 Aberdeen University Review

Professor Kennedy were to speak ; for he had the gift of infusing in- terest and humour even into such tasks as eulogizing honorary gradu- ands. This was shown most conspicuously at the time of the Quater- centenary, when it fell to him to introduce the long procession of Doctors of Laws. In the University Court his influence was great ; he was a power in the Senatus ; his students admired and loved him. To many of us it seemed that the academic air should have been more congenial to his wide scholarship and his literary tastes than the stormy atmosphere in which he elected to fight his way later on ; and we grudged his departure from us.

But a true instinct led him forward. First came the Sheriffdom of Renfrew and Bute, and later the Chairmanship of the Crofters Com- mission— both bringing him into closer contact with his beloved Highlands. He had a passionate sympathy with suffering or priva- tion in any form, and was a fierce antagonist to all that he held to be oppressive or unjust ; and when the Scottish Land Court was consti- tuted in 191 2, he accepted the position of President, seeing here a great opportunity for righting wrongs against which he had long protested.

Few alumni of the Aberdeen Universities have sat on the Scottish bench ; but of these few Kennedy's two nearest predecessors — Lord President Forbes and Lord Monboddo — were the most famous, and with these he had much in common. Duncan Forbes, non-Jacobite though he was, had always shown a deep admiration and affection for the Highlanders, doing his utmost to procure them justice and to soften the rigour of the laws directed against them ; and following in his footsteps Kennedy lost no opportunity of breaking a lance in their defence. With James Burnett too — that genius born before his time, in an age that could not understand his scientific bent and scoffed at his far-reaching theories — Kennedy had great marks of affinity. A wide range of knowledge, quite alien to their law studies, distinguished them both ; to the two there came natural, an unconventional, unac- customed point of view which somewhat staggered their contemporaries. This latter characteristic, indeed, sometimes brought Kennedy into conflict with his brethren on the Bench ; and he had, in addition, to face the usual loud-voiced public opposition which springs up at any hint of innovation or novelty.

To the last his heart was in this Land Court work. Even when symptoms of fatal illness had developed alarmingly, he still was able

Lord Kennedy 213

to concentrate on the difficult problems before him, and to rejoice in their solution. If mental energy and great coura:ge could have kept him here, he would be with us still ; for pain and weariness were no new enemies, and all his life he had carried on a gallant struggle against them. But, at this crisis, neither courage nor gallantry could avail anything, and the vital disease fastened itself irrevocably upon him. He worked to the last ounce of his strength, and then the end came swiftly.

So the Class has lost its brightest star, and Neil Kennedy's wit and gay humour will come no more to lighten our ever-saddening reunions. He lies now in a quiet kirkyard of his native Sutherland. The little delicate lad who left there in 1 868 has returned after fifty years, " his task accomplished and the long day done ". Who of us all will dare to grudge his eager spirit its wider freedom, or his mortal remains their quiet rest by the green hills of home ?

P. J. ANDERSON.

(Edinburgh, 1873- 1900, 1908-18.)

* From the foregoing appreciation it will be readily believed that Neil Kennedy in 1877 came to the Scottish Bar with a unique apparatus of scholarship and the highest reputation among his fellows for wide erudition. This reputation was based not only on his Aberdeen career, but also on his course through Edinburgh University, where he was first in Public Law, in Civil Law, and in Constitutional Law and History, and obtained the valuable Grierson Bursary, conferred on the law student of the day who was most distinguished in Latin, Moral Philosophy, and Logic. I suppose that in recent years he was the only intrant who could have undertaken a real disputation in Latin on a Latin thesis concerning a passage in the "Pandects," instead of the sham ceremony in which the old custom ignomini- ously survives. In spite of this handicap of various learning he had a few sincere admirers among solicitors — those lion's providers — and he speedily won the respect of the Bench, though he some- times perplexed it sorely with far-flung arguments that recalled the philosophic style of Lord Stair rather than the severely practical modes of George Joseph Bell. But his practice, owing largely to weak health, never was very extensive. Of notable cases in which he was counsel, he used to refer with special gusto to the case of the pet lamb, in which a republican engrosser of deer foi-ests attempted to check the

214 Aberdeen University Review

so-called trespass of a cottar's favourite for a few yards into a Highland preserve. There was temper on both sides ; the evidence was amus- ing ; and Mr. Murray (now Lord Dunedin) and Kennedy brought off the cottar with flying colours.

It was plain, however, both to his friends and himself, that his state of health and the bias of his mind pointed towards the less contentious career of a teacher of Law. It was scarcely a disappointment to him that in 1889 of the two aspirants for the Chair of Civil Law in the Uni- versity of Edinburgh sent up by the Faculty of Advocates to the Curators of Patronage, his senior, Mr. Goudy, now the distinguished Regius Professor of Roman Law in the University of Oxford, was preferred. His consolation on a similar occasion four years later was that his competitor could vouch an excellent treatise on part of the subject of the Chair, while his own claims rested on less tangible evid- ence. Then, in 1895, came the episode — for it was destined to be nothing more — of his candidature for the representation of Inverness- shire in Parliament. By name and kith and fame he was a power in the Highlands. He had addressed one or two meetings before the campaign began ; but his election address had to be dictated from a sick-bed, and he was not afoot again till after the poll. It is as certain as anything can be in politics that, if he had been to the fore, he would have succeeded. As it was, " his name nigh won the field". His appointment to the Lectureship in Edinburgh University on that most fascinating department in modern law. Private International Law, was a fitting prelude to the Aberdeen professorship, of which Mr. Anderson has written above.

On Kennedy's return to Edinburgh, he for about five years worked hard and successfully as Sheriff of Renfrewshire and Bute, and as the successor of Sir David Brand in the Chair of the Crofters Commission.

Then came the extension of crofterism to the whole of Scotland in 191 1. Kennedy was amused, when it was pointed out how the ancient Gallowegian jurisdiction of his family had been extended, as thus : —

'Twixt Maidenkirk and John o' Groats, 'Twixt Rattray Head and Mingalee, Nae man need think for to bide there, Except he court wi' Kennedie.

The statute was badly drawn and in Parliament further bungled ; there should have been a consolidating and amending Act repealing

Lord Kennedy 215

the earlier statutes. The task of the new Land Court, and especially of its Chairman — now Lord Kennedy, with the same rank and tenure of office as a judge of the Court of Session — was of great delicacy and difficulty. It was and is not a Court in the narrower sense. It is really a statutory roving Commission, whose chief duty is to value and re-value small agricultural holdings, and it has to report annually its doings — and its animadversions — in a Blue-Book. Its own view of its genesis and task was avowed in the following words : —

The Landholders Acts — indeed, the great body of statutes dealing with the relation of landlord and tenant from 1449 to 1911 — have been expressly framed for the purpose of making material changes in the powers and rights of landlords, for the benefit of tenants and particularly the class of small tenants. Those statutes, and particularly the Landholders Acts, are, in the view of the Legislature, remedial statutes, and therefore, in cases of doubt, should be interpreted so as to carry out their spirit and intention.

The maxim Est boni judicis ampliare jurisdictionem arose at a time when a judge's living depended on the fees and fines he could exact, but it survives in these latter days ; and no better example could be found than in the practice of a Court holding, with something more than plausibility, the above views of its task. Assuming these views to be sound, no one fitted to give an opinion will gainsay that Lord Kennedy's treatment of many difficult problems in his elaborate judg- ments betray the hand of a master, of one who brings great reasoning power to bear on a profound knowledge of the land laws and customs of Scotland. That the work of the Land Court and the Board of Agriculture for Scotland should come in for criticism in the Court of Session and in the press was inevitable ; that the ability shown by both of these bodies, in administering a system of enforced interference with contract has been conspicuous, is also true.

In this hour of separation one forgets these controversies and re- calls the delightful and genial companion, the brilliant talker on a very wide range of subjects, the orator of after-dinner speech delivered more celtico et rustico, the devoted husband and brother whose devotion was amply returned, and, above all, the constant friend.

JOHN RANKINE.

Rewards.

You, who wait on the Lord, You, who pray for a prize. You who claim a reward, Have you nor ears nor eyes ?

Have you nor hands nor feet ? Have you nor wife nor son? If greater reward be meet, What have you said or done

To merit a greater grace? O, you have kept from sin, — Kept from the tight embrace Of the devil's snare and gin.

Your deeds had a righteous shape Yet they were not done well ; You did them but to escape From the pangs and pains of Hell.

And were ready to leave a wife Or a son or a friend behind. And take the eternal life To your own dear soul assigned.

Not Love, not Love, was the root And the source of your noble deeds ; Love has its own sweet fruit, Never reward it needs.

Love could never agree

To the creed you hold as true —

A hell for such as me,

A heaven for such as you.

Rewards 217

The only hell I wot

Is such a creed to hold ;

And such hell is not hot,

But narrow, and mean, and cold.

Reward 1 You have life and limb, You have heart, and brain, and breath. And soon when your eyes grow dim You will have the repose of death.

Best let rewards alone.

Sir Benjamin Pharisee,

And pray that mercy be shown

To sinners like you and me !

RONALD CAMPBELL MACFIE.

Lectures at the Front.

iN the winter of 191 6-17 the War Office gave its sanction to a scheme of lectures for the troops in France. G.H.Q. undertook to provide short- period passes and laid upon the willing shoulders of the Y.M.C.A. the task of enlisting suitable lecturers. The experiment reaped a large harvest of success, though the field of action was restricted to the bases. It was resolved to put the scheme into operation again in the winter and spring months of 191 7- 18, and, after negotiations between the Y.M.C.A. and G.H.Q., the latter agreed to extend the area to the actual fighting front. In December I received an invitation from headquarters to visit France as a lecturer. My colleagues gave the proposal their blessing and sanction ; Bedford Square and its many authorities, military and consular, provided me with passport, a pass to G.H.Q. , a brassard, and Y.M.C.A. brooch; and on Monday, 4 March, the officers' leave train whirled me comfortably to Folkestone, an infrequent civilian in a body militant en route to France, Salonika,. Italy, and distant Mesopotamia, blas6 Staff-Officers to whom the whole experience was patently familiar, young subalterns fired with the im- minence of a great adventure, nurses, and the higher ranks of other feminine units of the British armies.

At Folkestone the Navy took us under its protection, escorted us to Boulogne, and returned to continue its never-ceasing vigil of the narrow seas. My White Paper and its magic words "G.H.Q." freed me from the indelicate curiosity of the Customs. Mr. Thomas Atkins was already in control and helpful, and after a brief inquisition of pass- ports, I and my colleagues, Sir George Paish, Sir Harry Reichel, and Mr. McGegan, of the Ministry of Labour, were welcomed at the Hotel du Bras d'Or, the rest-house or headquarters of the Y.M.C.A. in Boulogne. I counted it of good augury to find there a friendly and familiar face whose owner was a vigorous member of the old " Choral " in the distant days when we met in the Botany Classroom.

Lectures at the Front 219

So far, our particular destination had not been revealed to us. On the morning after our arrival, however, we were summoned, first, to

meet Major from G.H.Q., who came down for the purpose, and,

secondly, to receive instructions from Mr. John Baillie, familiar to Edinburgh students, and at present in control of the lecture scheme at Y.M.C.A. Headquarters at Abbeville. Major , a young man pro- bably half the age of the youngest among his audience, managed, with great tact, to convey the fact, without stating it, that we must mind our p's]and q's, that G.H.Q. had its eye upon us unblinkingly, and would'pack us homeward with no compunction if we infringed the rules of conduct imparted to us by our mentor. Then the Y.M.C.A. advised^us from another, and sometimes challenging, angle, but also conveyed the impression that we were to work under the observation of a never-slumbering eye. The two interviews raised a picture of im- minent unknown and unimagined experiences. However, I received my marching orders, at length. First to proceed to Etaples till the 1 1 th ; thence to the front of the IVth Army ; and thereafter to visit the Americans. Sir Harry Reichel was whisked off forthwith to the Ypres region ; Sir George Paish and Mr. McGegan proceeded to Abbeville; and at 3.30 that afternoon a very deliberate and crowded train, which appeared to carry British and Americans only, dropped me at I Etaples.

THE Y.M.C.A. ORGANIZATION.

Etaples (Eat-apples, or Etaps, Mr. Thomas Atkins calls it) is familiar as the railway terminus for Paris-Plage, to which it passes on the passenger by a tramway that winds through the famous Forest of Le Touquet and its golf-course. But the war has created a new Etaples of wider dimensions than the old fishing village on the Canche. It spreads itself eastward of the railway to the height of the silvery sand-dunes which rise from the river. It expands northward along the main road to Boulogne, a city of hospitals in that direction, with its pathetic suburb, the Military Cemetery ; a huge encampment, this city of huts, tents, canteens, barbed-wire compounds, dumping grounds of incredible mountains of tin cans, Y.M.C.A. Huts, Church Army Huts, Chinese coolie compounds, motor traction yards. Red Cross details, and, high above them all, on the hill-top as you breast the Tipperary Road, that thronging thoroughfare, the hospitals and conval- escent camps. To pass through new Etaples at nightfall, under a

2 20 Aberdeen University Review

brilliant star-lit sky, amid a medley of noises, the thump — thump — thump of feet at a dance in the W.AA.C. Hut, rollicking choruses from every canteen, the deep notes of an organ and swelling voices, male and female, in a hymn from the Church Army Hut, the laughter from dimly-lit tents, the busy traffic up and down the Tipperary Road of men of every race and every clime in Britain's far-flung dominion, and from every quarter, now close at hand, now distant, the challenge of the "Last Post" ringing out — the scene and the experi- ence were vastly impressive to a civilian suddenly transported to the threshold of war.

To the welfare, moral and physical, of this city of thousands, not to speak of many outlying camps within a ten-mile radius, the Y.M.C.A. and its organization are devoted. " If God did not exist," said the first Napoleon — in whose lodgings of 1803, by the way, I was housed — "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to create Him." One has the same impression of the Y.M.C.A. after viewing, and to some extent participating in, its activities in France. There is an im- pression on this side that it merely provides hot cocoa and writing- paper for the casual caller, and improves the opportunity with the casual tract. I saw the organization at work at the base, at several places between the base and the front, and at the front itself, and I am convinced that the Y.M.C.A. is among the vital forces which are strengthening our men to win the war. I have no doubt that the Church Army is doing equally fine work. But I did not happen to come into contact with more than a few of its huts, and, to the best of my knowledge, certain most useful functions the Y.M.C.A. fulfils exclusively.

I wish I could print the "Programme of the Staples Y.M.C.A. Administrative District for the week ending Saturday, 9 March " . It schedules, one under the other, twenty-one huts, many of them some miles distant, "Gordon," "Murray," "Tynemouth," and so forth. Each hut has its own calendar for the week. None of them is neg- lected, and most of them have a full programme for each night. Let us take the " Murray " Hut, close by the hospitals at the top of the Tipperary Road. On Sunday, as in all the huts, a service is conducted by the Hut Leader or a Y.M.C.A. Chaplain. On Monday Mr. Berry lectures at 6.30 — the favourite hour — on "Men and Women," a talk on sex relationship very helpful and impressive, as I was informed on all hands. On Tuesday an acting party descends on the hut — quite

Lectures at the Front 22 1

a chapter could be written on the hut stages and scenery ! — and pro- vides an hour-and-a-half's jollity to a house where all are welcome and seats are free. On Wednesday Mile. Goblet d'Alviella, whose father was one of our honoured guests at the Quatercentenary, gives a simple but intensely moving account of German rule in Belgium, whence she had recently escaped. On Thursday there is a Cinema entertainment — the Cinema is ubiquitous and at the front the Army's one and unfailing entertainer. On Friday an orchestra is provided, a few fiddles, a cornet, flute, clarionet, and piano — a band of quite pro- fessional excellence. And on Saturday Mr. Perkins, a Congregation- alist minister, attached permanently to the Staples Y.M.C.A., is announced to lecture on one of the hundred topics at his command.

HUTS AND WORKERS.

That is the record of a single hut for a single week. Multiply it twenty-fold. Bear in mind that the direction, maintenance, and trans- port of this service rests exclusively upon the local Y.M.C.A., and the measure of its activities within a single one of its administrative areas becomes apparent.

But the full tale is not told. In Etaples itself are many establish- ments maintained for the comfort of officers and men and of Y.M.C.A. workers. There is the Headquarters building in the Rue de Rivage, into which you may go and get help on any matter, however trivial, however vital. There is the Garage, where the large transport in use is housed and doctored, where you shall find the jolliest and most ex- pert of lady drivers, who know every road in France within a fifty- mile radius and drive you with a skill and assurance unsurpassable. And round the corner you may drop into an enticing lending library and find something to suit your taste and nothing to offend it. Or you may look into a sort of Amen Corner establishment, feeder of the canteen or hut libraries throughout the area. Again, within the little Square, hard by the Mairie, stands a comfortable building open to all, where Mr. Atkins can read his paper, write his letters, quench his (non-alcoholic) thirst, and pile up an incredible score of cannons on tiny pocketless French billiard tables. Hard by is similar accommo- dation for officers. Close at hand, too, is an establishment whose popularity grows daily. From its bakery not only issue buns and confectionery of most tempting quality, oozing with liberal jam, but it parades, in an outer room, appetizing tables daintily appointed,

222 Aberdeen University Review

whereon Mr. Atkins can be served with tea, chocolate, and their solid companions, a second room where the W.A.A.C. find similar hospi- tality, and yet a third where Mr. Atkins may treat his W.A.AC. or Miss W.A.A.C. may entertain her Thomas Atkins — all as jolly, frank, and natural as you please. Lastly, among these Etaples institutions is the Workers' Mess, or Maison Dacquet, a hut built within the court- yard of what once was a doctor's house. Here the permanent workers in these many institutions, as well as fugitive visitors, like myself, men and women, meet at a bountiful table for breakfast, mid-day dinner, tea, and a late supper at nine when the day's varied tasks are over.

I should like those whom I met there to have written a bare sketch of their own contribution to the day's record. I think none of them was ever idle. All of them were in daily and helpful contact with the men. Most of the ladies were running classes in French and other subjects. And I cannot omit to mention one little band of splendid enthusiasts who had formed classes in the camps to teach the old Morris Dances of Elizabethan England. I shall never forget an evening spent in a Canadian hut where a dozen clean-limbed youths and as many English girls danced the old dances to an ad- miring roomful of Colonials. The war, in God's good time, will be over. But I think that round those eager dancers and their happy relationship was an atmosphere which will not be dispelled.

And there are the " Relatives " . For the Y.M.C.A. undertakes to receive, house, and transport the anxious ones whom the Army summons from home to visit their dear ones stricken in the fight. It provides for them a luxurious villa, " Les Iris," in Le Touquet Forest, and yet another hostel in Etaples itself, over which Lady Cooper presides. A wonderful organization, truly, keenly alive, with its whole heart in its work, free from the rather namby-pamby sentimen- talism which not infrequently obtrudes itself in the work on this side, and controlled by a prince of Leaders, Mr. Adam Scott, the Father of a Happy Family, than which I never expect to find a pleasanter and more united.

PERSONAL EXPERIENCES.

I say little of my own experiences in this active organization. Every afternoon or evening " Archie " — a rather refractory auto, of uncertain and " cranky " temper — or some other car whisked me off to my " pitch " for the evening. Sometimes I was not expected.

Lectures at the Front 223

Once I intervened between an expectant audience and a much-an- ticipated boxing-match. Once the announcement faced me, as I drove up to my hut, " To-night at 6.30 the Electric Spark ! Come early and keep smiling." Colonels wrestled heavily with an unfamiliar name and introduced " Mr. Stamford Trigg," " Professor Samuel Sherry," and other fictitious gentlemen, who sprang to their feet at the sum- mons. One's lecturing " effects " — in my case an acetylene lantern — also created complications. Its arrival not infrequently had not been foreseen, and the lecturer and his audience got on friendly terms before the lecture began in mutual endeavours to nail up the lantern- sheet, darken the windows with blankets rifled from the nearest sleep- ing-bunks, and coax the gas container to perform its preliminary and essential bubblings. Sometimes these preliminaries were unduly pro- longed, and a patient audience sat expectant in darkness, consoling it- self with songs of lugubrious and pessimistic import — " Take me home to Blighty " was a favourite. But there was never any doubt that the men welcomed the lectures. There was no compulsion upon them to come in, and once in there was no compulsion upon them to stay. Yet they did both, and did them heartily. Every man smoked like a furnace ; the windows necessarily were closed ; the heat and atmos- phere were Stygian — 1 borrowed a habit from the old orchestral re- hearsals in the Examination Hall and tore an oppressive coat from my shoulders — and the audience coughed loud and heartily. Not the cough of inattention, mind you, but the demonstration of men rejoicing in a local infirmity and extracting every ounce of satisfac- tion from it. To pause during the explosions was useless ; the audience merely welcomed the calm to assert itself more vigorously.

At first I made a sort of pulpit of biscuit tins and boxes and de- claimed from it. Occasionally, concealed behind a curtain on a real stage, I was suddenly revealed to the audience in a blaze of footlights, and, on one memorable evening, emerged to the strains of " A Life on the Ocean Wave " from the orchestra, for my topic was nautical. But these accessories were infrequent, and at the front I abandoned all attempts at formality, walked up and down the gangway, if there was one, and expounded my charts and diagrams with such derelict pieces of furniture as the surroundings afforded. At the front, where in- frequent lectures are almost the only relief from the nightly Cinema, the lecturer was particularly welcome, the audiences contained a large number of officers, and not infrequently divisional G.O.C.'s and their

224 Aberdeen University Review

staffs. I kept a careful record of each lecture, and find that during my visit I addressed nearly 10,000 people, lecturing invariably once, often twice, and on one occasion three times a day at huts widely apart.

JOURNEY TO THE FRONT.

On 12 March, nine days before the Germans launched their offensive, I said good-bye very regretfully to Etaples, reported myself to Headquarters at Abbeville a few hours later, and by midday was en route for the front in a powerful motor-car and with a welcome com- panion, Professor Hugh Mackintosh, sometime minister of Beech- grove U.F. Church, and now Professor of Systematic Theology in Edinburgh U.F. College. Our road took us through picturesque St. Riquier, Fr6vent, St. Pol, and, leaving B6thune on our right, touched Aire, where Professor Mackintosh left me to attend a chap- lains' meeting. Crossing the Lys, a name soon to become poig- nantly familiar, we passed through Hazebrouck, whose shell-battered houses told us that at length we were in range of the guns, and so through Steenfoorde and across the frontier into stricken Belgium. By four o'clock I was in Poperinghe, beside its battered churches and shell-desecrated graveyard, and billeted in one of its windowless houses.

For five hours I had been following one of the innumerable lines of communication between the British armies at the front and their bases on the sea. Never for a moment was khaki out of one's sight. Miles of transport, motor-lorries, caterpillars, converted London buses sombrely painted, pontoons, all inactive and orderly at the roadside, stood quiescent for the moment as if drawn up for review. Every town and village housed its thousands or its hundreds of the same pervading uniform. Camps, tents, and huts were pitched in the fields close to the roadways. Signboards directing to this or that unit faced one on every hand, and at every point where roads intersected, or traffic needed direction, Mr. Thomas Atkins controlled the current with the efficient nonchalance of a London policeman, rapping out distances in kilometres as if he had never heard the word "mile". Somehow or other I had never pictured such an organization, such a wholesale occupation of the soil of France, from sea to fighting-front, as my journey revealed. Nor could I have believed, had I not seen it, the perfect cordiality and mutual confidence between ourselves and

Lectures at the Front 225

our allies which permits it. By nature the French are courtly, and in daily contact with them our men reveal themselves gentlemen in the truest sense of the word.

Poperinghe lay — one fears it has been sucked into the vortex of desolation — on the fringe of the war-scarred area. Eastward of it lies the country over which a " contemptible " army fought an epic fight against odds in 1914 and pinned down the German eastward and out of Ypres. From it a straight road, poplar-fringed, runs through Vlamertinghe to Ypres, whose ruined Cloth Hall Tower still domi- nates the flat horizon. The brown fields are full of camps. The ruin of war is on every hand. What once were populous villages exist no longer, their churches, like themselves, are in ruins ; their name, in large black letters upon a white ground on a tottering wall, alone identifies habitations from which all traces of man's occupation long since have been withdrawn. The once prosperous Flemish farms are seen no longer ; the picturesque chateaux are in ruins — I saw but one whose walls were standing, and it was burnt out. The familiar landmarks of the map are obliterated. New names of our own creation arrest one, on notice boards, and have official recognition, by the Ordnance Department, on the map — Dead Man Farm, Malakofif Farm, Ulm Farm, Arrival Farm, White Hope Corner, Salvation Comer, Hell Corner, and so forth.

SCENES AT AND AROUND YPRES.

Ypres, as you enter it across the moat, must surely be a city of Tro- glodytes. Dug-outs pierce its banks, from which springs no herbage to relieve a picture of almost loathsome ruin. The city itself, which lately throbbed with the life of 20,000 people, is to-day a ruined shell of bricks and rubble. Not one house stands intact, and most are shot down to their very foundations, so that you may stand before what was once a four-storeyed house and see nought of it but a yawning cellar. The shells of the Cloth Hall and Cathedral stare at you as irretrievably in ruins as Elgin Cathedral or Arbroath Abbey, looking out upon what once was the busy and prosperous Grande Place and is

now an outline in rubble. General , who acted as my guide, found

it impossible to point out even the site of a well-known restaurant on the Place much frequented by English officers in 1914-15.

Beyond Ypres the prospect is even more terrible. As far as the eye can see to the east, north, and south, nothing is visible but mon-

15

2 26 Aberdeen University Review

otonous desolation. Not a habitable, not even the wreck of a habitable, dwelling is to be seen over the whole landscape. Certain spots are still notice-marked as the locality of a farm, but of buildings not a stone stands, save here and there the ruins of a "pill-box" . Forbid- ding mud-huts and dug-outs, rubbish dumps, white ghosts of shell- torn, gas-poisoned trees, a patch of graves here, a single grave there, derelict tanks, shell-cases, duds, battery wires carried on rude poles or half-buried in oozing mud, abandoned gun emplacements, trenches fiercely assailed and held in the early days of the war, and, for the rest, an unrelieved expanse of tortured brown mud, so thickly and so deeply seamed with shell-pits, foul with oozing green slime and con- cealing who knows what horrors beneath, that it is possible to traverse this No Man's Land only along tortuous and narrow duck-boards which skirt their treacherous edges.

It was my good fortune to enter this section of the front on the eve of the German offensive, and on the night of the 2ist March, when the offensive began, the gunfire, even on our (then) quiet sector, was terrific, a ceaseless and dull roar from hundreds of metal throats, tearing a sky shot brilliantly with gun flashes as though lit up by the aurora borealis. The German artillery busily searched the roads, camps, and sidings behind our line, and Poperinghe and the whole area of my peregrinations were under shell-fire. My programme, therefore, was liable to sudden alterations. At Vlamertinghe my lecture " pitch " was blown to bits. At Dranoutre my hut met the same fate, while the recall of troops from another advanced camp deprived me of a third audience. Invariably the evening hours found the Bosche artillery or his planes in lively mood. But provided his shells were not " dead on " the hut, no one regarded them. On two occasions, I confess, they were too near to be pleasant, and the utter imperturbability of my audience alone convinced me that it was fitting to "carry on". In point of fact, if one is even a small space from the enemy's target one soon becomes indifferent, from a conviction of, at least relative, safety. At Bailleul, I remember, we sat out on a beautiful spring day in the Asylum grounds under the roar of " whizz-bangs " overhead watching buildings crashing to the ground a couple of hundred yards distant. But at night the sensation is rather eerie ; the H.V. shells scream over-head and a heavy fall of masonry seems to precede the horrid scrunch of their impact. I was told that even a small planta- tion of stunted and limbless trees emits murmurs and tremblings under

f

Lectures at the Front 227

the same cause. Certainly " Rubber-heeled Robert " is not a pleasant nocturnal visitor, and dislike to him is not mitigated by the fact that if you hear his whistle overhead you may count yourself secure.

THE " HANDY MAN " IN THE ARMY.

I have said already that at the front the officers showed themselves sympathetic to the lectures in the most practical way — by attending them. My own lectures were given in darkness and forbade note-taking. But on two occasions, when I was free to attend the addresses of other lecturers, I was struck by the number of officers, often of high rank, who had come provided with notebooks in order that they might be in a position to repeat the purport of the lecture elsewhere. Every- where I found a welcome in the various messes, and visits to the H.Q.

of the Division and the Corps Commander of the Corps

linger particularly pleasantly in my memory. The latter invited me to address his Staff after dinner and I did so in some trepidation. Otherwise one's usual "pitches" were the Y.M.C.A. Huts filled with men as they came off duty, tin-hatted, muddy, pressing round the busy canteen, or seated at tables reading the home papers or writing to wives and sweethearts. At Elverdinghe I found a perfectly delicious " Theatre " awaiting me — the ruin of the old mill. Some architectural genius had salved the roof of what may have been a malting chamber. Sacks and canvas fashioned exits and entrances ; rude benches had been nailed down to a rickety floor, and very wobbly steps mounted to a dangerous and darksome " gallery," a portion of which, distinguished by a diminutive Union Jack, was marked " Royal Box" in rather uncertain letters. The stage was an object of pride to its constructors, but a trap to the unwary, who were in danger of diving from it into the pit of the shell that had wrecked the building.

Indeed, one could dilate upon the *' handy man," who seemed to be ubiquitous in the Army. I saw chimney pieces built-up in messes and other huts which one longed to transport to one's own hearth, par- ticularly one near Bailleul with an ingle-nook, round which, I fear, if it still stands, the Bosche now gathers. And why buy costly chairs when the most comfortable can be knocked together out of wooden boxes and sacking? What an excellent substitute for a bedroom jug is a petrol tin perforated along the line of the handle ! And who needs a chest of drawers who can reproduce the ingenious contrivances by which the Army does without them ? or need buy picture-frames when

228 Aberdeen University Review

you can pin your picture to the wall and paint your frame round it, shadows and all ? And the pictures ! Beauty smiles from the walls of every hut, and I observed that the chaplains seemed to find inspira- tion from feminine types of patent respectability but unconventional attire.

Amid these unaccustomed conditions it was delightful to come into contact with familiar names and persons. The son-in-law of one of my neighbours in Pitfodels bore me off to his unit and a lecture farther afield, much enlivened by the attentions of " Perishing Percy," an enemy visitor. One Sunday evening I spent near Ypres with Mr. Rose, U.F. minister of Drumlithie, and took part in an impressive service conducted by him, in which my lecture seemed to be substituted for the sermon. On another occasion Mr. Robert V. Soutter, who acted as interim Secretary to the University some years ago, made him- self known to me after my lecture. And I have elsewhere recorded a

delightful evening spent with the Highland Field Ambulance

at Brandhoek, a body of (mainly) Aberdeen heroes who have been in the thick of the fight, in Gallipoli, Egypt, on the Somme, and elsewhere. Nor must I omit to record an interesting day spent at the Musketry School of one of the Armies. Here I witnessed a competition between rival platoons in the expeditious dispatch of the Bosche by rifle and bayonet. Never have I heard such blood-curdling yells as those with which each platoon flung itself upon straw-filled sacks and eviscerated dummy Germans. Nor did I fail to remark the almost paternal interest which an officer wearing the Gordon tartan took in these terrifying demonstrations. He had calculated to a decimal, he as- sured the inspecting Colonels, the effective value of those yells and the amount of energy which it was permissible to divert to them from bayonet work. His face beamed with enthusiasm and his whole appearance bespoke a professional soldier who had devoted his mili- tary career to this absorbing problem. Colonels hung breathless upon his wisdom, and it was my chance intrusion alone that re- vealed him as a Strichen schoolmaster four years ago. Major Holmes ! Here and now I take off" my hat to him.

A NIGHT AT BAILLEUL.

/

Had one foreseen the imminent future, with how much closer at- tention would one have scanned the country that lies in the quadri- lateral Poperinghe — Ypres — Messines — Bailleul. I passed daily over

i

Lectures at the Front 229

its already war-scarred roads and through its villages, ruined Dicke- busch, Kemmel, and its wooded slopes, Reninghelst, La Clytte, and Locre, whose picturesque Calvary fronts you from the west end of a church already shell-stricken. How familiar too were the heights westward towards Cassel, with their busy windmills atop of them, and the Trappist Monastery upon Mont des Cats. And Bailleul, that picturesque town, and its plucky women, children, and old men, "carry- ing on " in the intervals of Fritz's bombardments, and its streets other- wise busy with the traffic of our army. I spent my last night at the front there and am not likely to forget it. Quelle nuit triste ! said the plucky woman who called me. A Bosche plane overhead had given his guns down Armenti^res way the range to a fraction. Shells were dropping with precise regularity into the square, starting fires visible from our billet as we sat at breakfast. The mess-waiter levered into the room a mass of twisted metal, still almost red-hot, which fell at the door of our house. Things were getting lively, and the authorities ordered the civilian population to evacuate. In a pause in the shelling we made our way through the town, following the black- shawled women as they hurried along the deserted streets to join the sad procession westwards towards Meteren and Cassel. A few hours later I reached Boulogne, snatched a hasty lunch at the Bras d'Or, and by three o'clock was on my way to Paris and what my directions spoke of encouragingly as the American "armies". My experiences with them make another story.

C. SANFORD TERRY.

Brenda's Way.

" Eheu ! fugacesy Posthume ! Posthume ! Labuntur anni."

And this is Brenda's path again ; I'll foot it through the trees And climb, as I did long ago, Up to the open leas, And lie upon the scented grass, Swept by the summer breeze.

I'll lie upon the flowjry turf, While memory backward throws Its glance o'er twenty summers' heats And twenty winters' snows To her who had the lily's heart, The beauty of the rose.

The brown roofs and the steepled kirks Lie spread beneath my feet, The gardens and the theatre. And many a quaint old street — All whispering of a long lost joy, The sweetest of the sweet.

How often through the waving fields. Green with the springing corn, We wandered with our hearts aglow With passion newly born. And life spread out before us two Resplendent like the morn.

Brenda's Way 231

And when the summer mcxjn rode high, And there was ne'er a cloud, And silence steeped the dusky woods, Enwrapp'd as with a shroud, How often did we listen to The night bird singing loud.

His liquid notes of melody While on some spray he swung, No nightingale has since those days So rapturously sung, As did the bird upon whose lay In sympathy we hung.

The moon may shine on Brenda's vale, The twin hills gild with light, Lovers still wander through the corn Their mutual troth to plight. But we by sundering fate's decree Shall never re-unite.

Yet, if there be enshrined within My sacrament of pain Some unsuspected good concealed. Some compensating gain, I'll hope sometime, somewhere, somehow. For sunshine after rain.

The waning day is failing fast. The birds are very still, The quiet stars are peeping out, The evening wind is chill : 'Tis time to go, and swiftly trace The pathway down the hill.

R. [M.A., Aberd.]

The Principars Itinerary in the United States.

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., 27th May, igiS.

Dear Mr. Anderson,

As I am completing the principal part of my work in this country, it is a good occasion to fulfil my promise to you of some lines for the Review.

Our voyage to America was through the finest weather I have ever found on the Atlantic in spring. We had but one rough day out of the eight that we were at sea. Nor after our escort left us was there any exciting incident beyond that of our being stopped for an hour or two very early one morning by a friendly cruiser, which had failed to identify our ship, because she happened on this voyage to carry one mast less than her usual number. This was a fine proof of how thoroughly the ocean is policed. We got in some thirty-six hours earlier thin we were expected, and that spared us the official reception planned for me and gave us two quiet days before I began work. Then the reporters descended upon us in a flock, but the battery of their cameras and questions was less formidable than I had feared.

In New York I gave five addresses in three days — one at Union Theo- logical Seminary to about 400 persons ; one in the Yale Club to a gathering of representative citizens who had gathered to meet me at dinner ; one to 600 or 700 business men and ministers at luncheon, after which I had the pleasure of hearing an address from Mr. Morgenthau, formerly U.S. Am- bassador at Constantinople; and two at public meetings of about 500 and 1250. I found the strain of these adventures in New York the hardest of my tour, for I had to discover the atmosphere prevailing in the country under War and the angle at which I should address an American audience.

On 5 th April we went to Philadelphia, and I had a week-end of six addresses — a luncheon party of business men and ministers ; a large public meeting of 2500 or 2700, at which the chairman was Dr. Edgar Fahs Smith, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, who reminded the audience that their University was organized by its first Provost, Dr. William Smith, of King's College, Aberdeen ; another luncheon of business men, presided over by Mr. Gribbell, who restored the Burns MSS. to Scotland, at which I was asked to tell what the Scottish cities had contributed to our last Government Loan ; and three sermons on the Sunday to congregations in St. Stephen's Episcopal Church of 1200, in the Calvary Presbyterian Church of some 1400, and at Bryn Mawr College (Quaker) of about 1000.

On Monday 8th we had two large meetings at Washington ; on the 9th two at Pittsburg (including one of 3500 in the evening) ; on the loth three at Columbus ; and on the nth three at Cincinnati. After a week-end in the

The Principal's Itinerary in the United States 233

East in order to take part in the funeral service of an old friend, we resumed our tour at St. Louis on the 17th with three meetings, and next day two at Kansas City, and then five at Denver, Colorado, on the 19th and 20th. All these were of much the same character — meetings of from 200 to 400 of ministers or business men, and public meetings from 1000 to 2000 in size. For the most part we travelled by night.

From Denver we came back in forty-five hours to Detroit, where we had two meetings ; Buffalo, where we had three ; and Cleveland, with a week-end of five meetings, one of nearly 3000. Then to Boston, to a gathering of some 600, and — in the evening — one of our largest public meetings in the Symphony Hall of nearly 3000, numbers, as we were told, being turned away after the hall was full. While I was at the afternoon meeting here, a message came from the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Massachusetts Legislature that the House desired to hear me, and I had the great honour of addressing it, from beside the Speaker's Chair, and of being received afterwards by the Governor of the State. Next day we had the usual two meetings in Portland, Maine, and the day after three ,at Providence, Rhode Island.

The 5th and 6th of May I spent at Cornell University and gave three addresses, and then had some rest till the next week-end at Mount Holyoke and Smith Colleges for Women ; with two meetings at Newhaven — one in the Woolsey Hall of Yale University. The next day I had an address at the inauguration of President MacGiffart at Union and the next one at Columbia University.

On the 1 7th I lectured at Rutgers College, New Jersey, and went on to Philadelphia in the afternoon, to the close of a great Convention there at- tended by thousands of delegates from all parts of the country. This was gathered by the League to Enforce Peace, which is using all its strength to inform public opinion in America on the Moral Aims common to the Allies and to support the policy of the President. Ex-President Taft is Chairman of the League and presided over the sessions of the Convention, which lasted for two days. Addresses were delivered by a number of the most prominent men in the United States, and but one note was struck throughout all the proceedings — the duty of America to assist the Allies in winning the war as the only way to Freedom and Peace for the world. Simultaneously and with the same purpose, there was a meeting of the Governors of all the States or their representatives, over which also Mr. Taft presided. The British and French Ambassadors were invited to speak at the closing banquet on the Friday evening, but as Lord Reading was unable to attend, I was suddenly summoned to speak for Great Britain. So numerous were the applications for seats that two banquets were held in different halls ; and, after speaking at one, Mr. Taft, M. Jusserand, and I went to the other and spoke again there. It was after midnight before these large and enthusiastic gatherings, representative of every part of the Union, came to a close.

On Saturday, i8th May, I travelled to Rochester, New York State, where I preached on the Sunday and addressed a meeting of men, and then by night went on to Columbus, to the meeting of the General Assembly of the U.S.A., to which I delivered the letter entrusted to me by the March Com- mission of the United Free Church of Scotland, and gave an address. I had also the great pleasure of speaking to 550 cadets of the U.S. Aviation Corps on their evening parade in the campus of the State University of Ohio, the

234 Aberdeen University Review

guest of whose President I was for the day; and in the evening I gave a third address at the General Assembly's meeting in connection with their missions to negroes. At this I heard three fine, patriotic speeches from negro pastors of the Presbyterian Church.

That night I went on to Oberlin, Ohio, and delivered three addresses there — two in the beautiful chapel of Oberlin College. I had to return to New York for two days on the business of the National Committee, and came here to preach yesterday before Harvard University and in the Old South Church, Boston. I conclude this part of my work by an address in Boston to-night, one at WcUesley College, and one at Dorchester to-morrow, and one in New York on Thursday the 30th.

Such is a hurried account of my mission these two months. I have seldom spoken alone, but have generally had one colleague and sometimes two. These have differed from place to place. My most frequent comrades have been President Henry Churchhill King, of Oberlin College ; the Hon. Theodore Marburg, formerly U.S. Minister to Belgium ; and Dr. Nehemiah Boynton, of Brooklyn, Chaplain in the U.S. Navy. But I also have had the great privilege of speaking with Ex-President Taft at Cleveland and in Phila- delphia, President Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, the Hon. Mr. Morgenthau, formerly U.S. Minister to Turkey ; Dr. Frederick Lynch, Colonel Azan of the French Army, now military instructor at Harvard; Mr. Houston, Treasurer of the League to Enforce Peace; Mr. Foulke of Indiana, Rev. Dr. Merrill of New York, and Dean Brown of Yale University.

Our reception has everywhere been most cordial, not less so in centres of German population like Cincinnati and St. Louis than elsewhere; and as cordial in the Middle West as in the New England States. I have seen nothing but enthusiasm for the cause of the Allies and a determination that America shall use all her resources of men and money in its support. I take my proofs for this not only from the conferences and mass meetings at which I have spoken and heard representative Americans speak in the many large cities which I have already named, but from the newspapers of every district visited and from the multitude of conversations I have had with business and professional men on the railway-cars and in hotels and Universities and private houses. I have listened to scores of conversations in the smoking- compartments of the trains, without the speakers knowing who I was or what country I represented. Never once have I heard anything but what proved that the American people are as practically unanimous as ourselves in their convictions of the justice of our cause, and of the fatal effects to civilization if German arms and German ideas were allowed to prevail. Everything I have seen testifies that these enthusiastic convictions are inspiring the Govern- ment and the people to a whole-hearted application of the immense resources of the country to the creation and equipment of a great army. The colossal freight-trains, travelling eastward, laden with coal, timber, food, and munitions, and taking precedence of other traffic ; the enlistment of the leading business men of the nation in the direction of departments of the Government con- cerned with the making of munitions and the supply of food to the Allies ; the sight of the shipbuilding yards, munition-factories, of huge camps and of the hosts of University students in khaki ; the menus in hotels which are all " wheatless " all demonstrate the same thing, as do also the results of the Third Liberty Loan and the Second (?) Red Cross Drive that have exceeded

The PrincipaPs Itinerary in the United States 235

all forecasts. (I have no doubt the figures have been already telegraphed to Great Britain.)

Perhaps the most interesting spectacle I have witnessed has been that of " Italian Day " in New York — the anniversary of Italy's entrance into the War. Fifth Avenue was lined for most of its great length by a crowd four or five deep of Italian citizens of the United States, waving the Italian colours, their children seated at their feet on the kerb of the pavement. I shall never for- get the sight of these olive Latin and Tuscan faces crowding these Western pavements. Above them the windows were gay with the flags of all the other Allies. I have never walked up Fifth Avenue without counting at least two or three specimens of the Union Jack and the French Tricolor to every blocks

I cannot do justice to the wonderful change of feeling towards Great Britain, which forms for me the greatest contrast between my previous visits to the States and this visit. They are enthusiastically with us, and fully appreciative of the sacrifices of Great Britain and France to the cause which is as much theirs as ours. I heard Mr. Taft express the debt of America to Great Britain, and say he felt that America could never repay it. His is the greatest personality I have encountered on this side, and all his strength is being devoted to stirring his people to help to win the war.

My own duty has been twofold — to tell what Great Britain has done and suffered since the war was forced on us, and to enforce the moral aims of our warfare from the British point of view. The American public have always been well-informed of what the British and French Arms have achieved in France, but there was need to remind them that that has been only one of the six or seven fronts of our war, and to tell them what the British people have done at home in raising men, munitions, and money, and what the war has cost us in men and money. It will interest my fellow-citizens in Aberdeen that, when I have told — as I have done frequently — that, with a population of little over 160,000, Aberdeen, with the help of the country districts, raised in five days twelve-and-a-half- million of dollars, that fact has never failed to astonish and gratify my audiences.

I have already written too long a letter and must leave many interesting matters over till my return. In spite of our strenuous days, and the fact that we have spent as many nights in trains as in hotels and private houses, my daughter and I have stood the strain far better than I feared when I first saw the programme drawn up for me by the Committee.

In visiting so many of the Universities, I have been able to learn much that I hope will be of use to our own.

I had the pleasure of meeting Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Carnegie in their New York house on two occasions. His health is wonderful after his recent illness, and they both sent very cordial greetings to their friends in Aberdeen University and City. At the close of nearly every meeting I have had ta shake hands with numbers of men and women from Aberdeen and other parts of Scotland. They are everywhere, and nearly always to the front.

Yours sincerely,

GEORGE ADAM SMITH.

P. J. Anderson, Esq.

Professor Trail's Address at the Graduation.

(22 March, 1918.)

■jT the Spring Graduation, Professor James W. H. Trail, the senior member of the University Professoriate, pre- sided in the absence of the Chancellor and Vice- Chancellor, the latter of whom (Principal Sir George Adam Smith) had left Aberdeen for the United States to address a series of meetings on the war aims of the Allies. On the conclusion of the capping ceremony, Professor Trail said : The mission of the Principal to North America, on national service, is a well- merited honour ; and he carries with him our heartfelt wishes for good fortune in that mission, and for his return safe and in good health, to be with us, we hope, at the Graduation next summer.

His absence at this time has laid on me the duty, as his substitute, of conferring the degrees gained at this period. In the name of those who have been your teachers in this University, I offer to you. Graduates, congratula- tions on your success, and our sincere wishes that life may be such for each one of you that you may have much to look back on with pleasure and thankfulness, and little to regret. The honour of the University will be dear to you, and you will share the wish of its loyal sons and daughters that it will grow in every way that can fit it to do good service to the State, and to in- crease its power to offer to all desirous of it the best aid that education can afford. To some of you the opportunity may come of helping future students as you have been helped by the self-denial of those who preceded you. Only in some such way can the debt be paid that all who have been students in a University owe to those who founded and built it up.

PERSONAL ASSOCIATION WITH THE UNIVERSITY.

In November, 1866, I entered the Bajan class in King's College, so that tny personal association with tiie University extends to over half a century. But my traditional knowledge goes back far beyond that, as a brother of my mother was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy in King's College in 1821, and held office until, in i860, the union of King's and Marischal Col- leges formed the University of Aberdeen. His official house was one of two that occupied the south side of the quadrangle of King's College. Both were pulled down, and their site is now covered by the classrooms of Greek and Latin, built after i860. From my mother, who lived for some years in his house, I learned a good deal about the University life from 182 1 onwards.

Prof. Trail's Address at the Graduation 237

NATURAL HISTORY PROFESSORS.

While King's and Marischal Colleges were rivals they were necessarily both weak, duplicating the few Chairs they possessed in the Arts and Theological faculties, and very poorly equipped in the instruction required in Medicine and Law. King's College had a Professor of Medicine, who taught CliCmistry to Arts as well as to medical students ; and Marischal College had a Professor of Natural History, who also taught in the Arts curriculum. Among those who held the Natural History Chair were Professor James Beattie, an excellent botanist, who died in 1810, and Dr. William Macgillivray, one of the most accomplished zoologists that Scotland has produced, and who also possessed a wide knowledge of the kindred natural sciences. He died in 1852, and was succeeded by Professor James Nicol, who held the Chair in the University of Aberdeen until 1879. Professor Nicol's reputation as a geologist rests on a sure foundation ; and the respect and affection he gained from those who had the privilege of knowing him intimately will remain a treasured memory. Of others who held the same Chair one can say little beyond what can be gathered from the evidence recorded in reports of University Commissions. A statement of the course of instruction given by the Professor in 1826 showed that he took fragments from many sides, but little of anything, and that he also taught Latin, taking Virgil's " Georgics," "as illustrating the in- formation that prevailed among the Romans regarding natural history ". The Chair included various widely-different subjects, and it may be taken as repre- sented at the present time by the departments of History, Geology, Botany, and Zoology, without taking account of the Professor also giving a help in teaching Latin. When the rival Universities were united, it was possible to put an end to the wasteful duplication in certain subjects, and to add several of the more pressingly-required Chairs; and it thus became possible to establish a medical curriculum of a useful kind, though not complete in some respects.

CHANGES IN THE CURRICULUM.

Even since the union of the two Universities in i860, very great changes have taken place within the period of my personal experience. The curriculum of an Arts student covered four winter sessions. As Bajans, we attended classes in Greek, Latin, and English ; as Semis, in Greek, Latin, and Mathe- matics ; as Tertians, in Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Logic ; and as Magistrands, in Moral Philosophy (including a little Political Economy) and Natural History (Zoology, Mineralogy, and Geology), if this class had not been already attended in the Semi year. A candidate for " Honours" in any line was not relieved from any part of the ordinary curriculum or examinations, and had to accomplish considerable additional work in the subjects chosen by him, so that there was more justification for the term " Honours " than under the present regulations, which reduce the number of subjects while re- quiring more in the few. Those of us who sought " Honours in Natural Science " with the Arts degree had to add Botany and Chemistry to the sub- jects already enumerated.

We came to the University as boys, a good many of us fifteen, and some even younger, while the average was probably not above seventeen, apart from a few grown-up men. Our previous training, at least measured in years at

238 Aberdeen University Review

school, was much less than it must now be in these days of " Leaving Certi- ficates " and " Preliminary Examinations ". Needless to say, with so many subjects included in the curriculum for M.A., the standard attained in those subjects begun by students only in the University was not more than an in- troduction, sufficient to awaken interest, to indicate the relation of each subject to other fields of knowledge, and to open the way to further advance to those who chose to follow it. The aim was rather that those who had gone through the course in Arts should be aware of the worth of knowledge, able and eager to acquire it throughout life, than to send them out as adepts in a few, or even in only one subject, but blind to all else.

It is not yet thirty years since degrees in Science were instituted in this University. As the nearest approach to a degree in Science that was within my reach I took the M.A. with " Honours in Natural Science," followed by the medical curriculum, as giving the training in practical work in at least Chemistry and Anatomy.

INADEQUATE PROVISION FOR CLASSES.

In 1873 I held the Assistantship in Chemistry, which was then taught in the rooms now assigned to the Gymnasium, in the lowest floor of this College. The ventilation in the laboratories was very defective, and we had occasion at times to know what it meant to suffer from the effects of chlorine and other gases, while giving instruction in practical classes. When I was appointed Professor of Botany, I shared a classroom with two colleagues, which allowed of the morning lecture being held at 8 a.m. ; but there was no provision of any kind for practical instruction within the University, there being neither room nor equipment for such. During several years the only form in which such instruction could be given was in the systematic study of plants supplied to be examined during the morning hour's lecture, and in the excursions. Thus, after an explanation of the meaning of the terms employed in the descriptions of the plants, it was necessary to restrict the course very much to classification, with very brief references to microscopic structure and func- tions. The same held true of the kindred sciences of Zoology and Geology, in which those of us who wished to gain a working knowledge had to seek it out of doors. Fortunately for us, the City's expansion had not yet closed several favourite resorts within easy reach ; and some of us learned as students the very valuable lesson of how much can be done if there is the will to use even very scanty means. For that experience I was often thankful during the years of striving to expand the painfully inadequate means afforded by the University for botanical instruction. Among the most helpful aids to a teacher in such a struggle are proofs afforded that some have made admirable use even of the little he could bring within their reach, and that aid I grate- fully acknowledge.

MODERN EXPANSION.

The introduction of practical instruction in the natural sciences and in medical classes, such as Physiology, and the foundation of new Chairs and Lectureships, made the question of expansion very urgent. In i860 it had been thought that the buildings of King's and Marischal Colleges would suffice for all requirements for a considerable time, as the rearrangements set

Prof. Trail's Address at the Graduation 239

rooms free for the new subjects added. Marischal College until 1880 con- sisted only of the building included in the narrow part of the quadrangle, the wings being only one room wide, and the Hall (now Picture-gallery) with the part below it, and, behind the central block, the greater part of the Anatom- ical department, in lower rooms built since i860. The first addition was obtained by widening the south wing, but this did little to meet the urgent need of accommodation. Several of us had no definite rooms, and were dependent on what colleagues could allow, so far as it did not seriously inter- fere with the work of their own departments, and I experienced that hospitality for some years gratefully. We realized that unless expansion could be secured the University must fall below its true rank, and that the struggle to secure extension must be faced. Those who went through that struggle are not likely to forget what it meant. At times failure appeared inevitable. Difficulties seemed to block the way, while new demands pressed for solution. We stated the absolutely necessary sum, after very careful investigation of urgent necessities, as ;^8o,ooo. Time and again there came unlooked-for aid, sometimes to be spent on objects not originally contemplated, such as the Mitchell Hall and Tower ; and when at last the new buildings were opened in 1906 I think the sum subscribed and spent exceeded ^^2 20,000. But the need for further extension was even then felt. Though in part met by the new buildings erected in Old Aberdeen, there is still urgent need ; and further progress wo aid have been made had it not been for the hindrances due to the war.

But while we recognize thankfully the advance that has been made in equipping the University to fulfil its office worthily in the service of the country and of human progress, it is well to recall the honourable records of many who went out from the two Universities in their long period of rivalry, and from the University of Aberdeen during the time of penury. The reputation of a University depends far less on its material resources than upon the spirit of its teachers and students ; and I think that few of those Avho went through the days of privation and blackness would wish not to have had that experience, for it left a readiness to face what lies ahead with con- fidence that to some may appear foolish optimism. We need such optimism at the present time ; but I think that from the University of Aberdeen the steadfast aim will be to do all that can be done to preserve for those who come after us the one true liberty — the right of each one to give the best service freely for the progress of all that is true and right in human nature.

A Canadian Provincial University.

has no name to do honour to a patron saint or to per- petuate in gratitude the memory of a generous bene- factor. It is called Manitoba University — ^a prosaic matter-of-fact title, sufficient for geographical purposes, and descriptive enough of the business it is expected to do in and for the province in whose capital it is situated and whose name it bears. At the present time it has a total of 490 students; many who would otherwise be frequenting its academic halls are doing sterner duty in defence of King and Country on the various battle-fronts of the Empire. Those students are divided generally into Faculties, although there are some cases of overlapping, by which students registered in one Faculty are attending classes in certain departments of another Faculty, as the Art students of Aberdeen take their Natural History at Marischal. '1 hese Faculties are five in number : (i) Arts and Science have 259 students. (2) The Medical votaries of Aesculapius number 102. (3) There are seventy-seven men and women studying how to keep even the balances of Justice in Law. (4) In Engineering and Architecture twenty men are learning how best to build the bridges for men to cross and the houses in which they are to live and work. (5) There are in Pharmacy twelve knights of the pestle and mortar. Manitoba has an Agricultural College — the most palatial building devoted to the higher pursuits of learning within the province ; this College has a complementary connection with the University, by which it is regarded as one of the household when the census is taken.

Arts and Science are ranked together as one Faculty, whereas a better and more scientific terminology would make them two instead of one ; they have different degrees — B.A. and M.A. in the one, and B.Sc. in the other. For some reason the number of students who turn to the exact and frigid studies is small, and they are for convenience taken under the care of the Arts Faculty.

The beginning of days for university education in Canada dates back to 1827, when McGill College was incorporated in Montreal. Toronto got its University in 1841, the year in which Queen's College of Kingston was begun. In a land where the past is measured rather by decades than by centuries, Manitoba University is of yesterday.

Like all other modern Universities, Manitoba is closely connected with the course of education in the primary and secondary schools. The ideal of Scotland, making a clear path from the entrance of the school to the exit of the University, was before the educationists who first considered the opening of this University, and the attempt was successful, as far as the construction of the path was concerned. The public schools of the province were origin-

A Canadian Provincial University 241

ally under the management and direction of the Churches — Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Presbyterian — and were therefore sectarian or separate schools. In 1 87 1 an Act was passed by the Legislature establishing education as a department of the State. The religious question, which has been the fruitful cause of so much trouble elsewhere, was, in the very nature of the case, present by the very inception of the schools of Manitoba. Separate schools continued to be and sprang up alongside the purely public schools, with the addition of State recognition and aid. The question, left in abeyance at the start, came before long to be a casus belli ; the history of the controversy, which occupied the attention of the province for a period of ten years, is probably without a parallel within the British Empire. The author of a new Bill, which was introduced in 1890, was Joseph Martin, the Attorney-General of the day ; he has been familiar to those who have frequented the British House of Commons in recent years as a man of strong and independent opinions. The Bill abolished separate schools, and at the same time all recognition of religion in the public schools. The latter provision was modified so far as to make it permissive to have religious instruction in the last half-hour of the teaching day. When the Act was passed and the system began, exception was taken to the measure as ultra vires of the Provincial authorities, and its validity was contested through all the Law Courts until the Privy Council declared that it was quite competent. The law's delays consumed ten years in the settlement of the dispute. This did not provide a very congenial atmosphere for the creation of a University, whose main object would be to advance the higher interests of education.

The first meeting at which the subject of a University was discussed was held in 1875, just fifteen years before the controversy about the schools began. The same persons were interested in both matters, but in the case of the higher learning there was scarce a ripple on the water on which the new institution was launched. This was in large part due to the character of the men who were the leaders in the project, and in part also was due to the circumstance that very few ever anticipated that the University would take an imposing place in the life of the province. Among those who had an altruistic interest in education were three representative men of the Churches. Arch- bishop Machray was the head of the Church of England in the West : he was an alumnus of Aberdeen University and in his early manhood a Presbyterian ; he went to Sidney College, Cambridge, and took orders in the Anglican Church but retained a respect for the faith of his fathers. The Roman Catholic representative was a devoted Churchman with the grace of common sense sweetened with the helpful incense of human humour. The Presbyterian had the Candida anima of a gentleman, along with the pertinacity of a Scottish ancestry fortified and clarified on Canadian soil.

The year 1877 was the annus mirabilis in which the new University came into existence. The population of the province at the time touched the high- water mark of 20,000. A very few enthusiastic dreamers, beyond the religious leaders, saw in the overgrown village of Winnipeg a great city, a rival to the cities of the mother-land or of the southern States ; in the haunts of the bear, the wolf and the coyote, a land flowing with wealth and teeming with an ag- gressive population; in the trails of the Indians and scattered traders, the highways of commerce for enterprising merchants. In those days, too, Manitoba had a Governor of somewhat unique personality and laudable ambition. Alexander Morris was a graduate of Queen's College, Kingston :

16

242 Aberdeen University Review

he desired to signalize the tenure of his office as representative of the Queeit in the Western Province, and resolved to become sponsor to the plan of establishing a University.

Under such auspices the University came into being. The Ministers of the Crown who actually set their hands to its seal did not show much interest — to say nothing of enthusiasm — in the plan. "The Government think the Bill premature, but have been so repeatedly urged that they have brought it down," they declared. They had no confidence either in its utility or in its ability to survive the perils of incipient life. The measure of their respect for the new institution was a grant of 250 dollars (;^5o sterling) per annum for its maintenance.

The University, when constituted, was federal in character. It had no buildings and no staff of its own ; in it were incorporated the Roman Catholic College of St. Boniface, the Anglican College of St. John, and the Presby- terian Manitoba College. Its sole functions were to set a curriculum, examine students, and give them a standing, confer degrees, bestow scholarships and medals, and administer its own funds. The government was largely on the basis of denominational representation. The most of the duties belonging solely to the University were very light ; the hardest of them was to adminster 250 dollars so as to provide the modest necessary expenses, to say nothing of scholarships and medals. The three Colleges respectively managed their own affairs, and had the right to confer theological degrees upon students holding a specified academic standing, who, ipso facto, became graduates of the Uni- versity.

At first, the Arts course consisted of three years' training, but was later extended to four. Examinations were conducted in both English and French, the latter for the accommodation of the students of St. Boniface, many of whom spoke the French language. The curriculum derived elements from several sources. Machray had in his mind Aberdeen University, but he had proceeded from there to Cambridge, and he introduced some of the elements of the English system. The French Roman Catholic had the French Uni- versities as his ideal, which was also recognized to some extent. The Presby- terian, trained in Canada, succeeded in getting modifications of the ancient schedules to meet the requirements of the local and modern conditions. The terminology eventually adopted for the Arts examinations indicates some- thing of the scope of the compromises effected — Preliminary, Previous (cor- responding to the Little Go of England), Junior B.A., and Senior B.A. The spirit of a mutual forbearance permitted some latitude for the teaching of Mental and Moral Philosophy to meet the religious susceptibilities of the Roman Catholics. The staffs of the federated Colleges were the staff of the University — men severely taxed to meet the multifarious demands of their own academic work in addition to the duties of missionary service in a new country. To them is due the credit that the University survived in that day of very small things.

Such was the beginning. The faith of the founders has been abundantly justified. They nursed the infant institution with tender care ; to-day it gives good promise of lifting its head among all the kindred places of learning throughout the Empire, and of holding its position with credit. The first Registrar was an officer of the army and a graduate of Cambridge University. Six men who were anticipating the examiners of Manitoba University, pre-

A Canadian Provincial University 243

sented themselves at his residence to register themselves on a certain evening when the official was likely to be at home. They found him, but he had no cumbrous tome in which their names could be inscribed and preserved, so they wrote them down on a furtive sheet of note-paper.

The present outward visibility of the University has little affinity with the opulent and hoary halls of the European seats of learning, over which the trailing mantles of the bygone centuries have ca•^t the witching glamour of antiquity. When the institution rose to such importance that it required a home, the Dominion Government gave a site, and a building was erected at a cost of 60,000 dollars and opened for the use of the students in 1900. It has now outgrown the accommodation then provided, and is at present domiciled in several buildings more or less convenient for their purpose, but so remotely situated from one another as to make effective administration a problem. In- deed, the provision of an adequate home has suffered much from the political manipulations of speculators, who have seen that the presence of a University would be a valuable asset to property which would otherwise be of doubtful market value. The location of an adequate home is therefore still undeter- mined, and the settlement of its place is still further hindered by this fearsome and disturbing war, which is not only draining the supplies of students but is making capital investments as fickle for Governments as for the private person. Still the streams of progress continue to flow, more still but not less deep, and the springs of knowledge have not been choked but rise even clearer than before to slake the thirst of those who long for the nectar of the gods.

Several additions to the funds of the University have been made since the modest annual vote of 250 dollars, and these have lifted the University out of its pristine position of penury. The Government has shown a growing ap- preciation of its claim upon the treasury of the State. In 1883 a bequest of ;^ 1 4,000 was left to it to provide scholarships for meritorious students. The benefactor was Dr. Isbister, Headmaster of the Stationers' School in London, and editor of " The Educational Times ". He was a native of Rupert's Land, the original name of the Canadian North-West, of which Manitoba was a part. Two of those interested in the University saw him in his adopted home and told him about the growth which was attending it, and represented to him how much the future increase of the University would be accelerated by a gener- ous provision of funds. The seed fell upon good ground. The bonds of birth had attached their tentacles of affection to the romantic land of the setting sun ; and Mr. Isbister perpetuated his name in association with it by placing this substantial benefaction in his will, thus securing that children whose parental fortunes were small should still have the privilege of sitting at the feasts of knowledge. In the process of events the sum was increased by some 50,000 dollars (;^io,ooo). The original sum was largely put out in mortgage in those wild days when a mad greed of gain drove reason from her throne in an uncanny rush to be rich. Many of the mortgages came back — to the material loss, if the moral gain, of those who held them — ^and added to the riches of the University. Another source of revenue was provided by the gift of 150,000 acres of land by the Dominion Government to the Provincial University. The disposal of public lands is one of the perennial subjects of debate, if not of dispute, between the two Governments concerned — the Federal Government and the Provincial. Whether this particular grant of land was made out of an unalloyed interest in higher education is matter of specula-

244 Aberdeen University Review

tion, but the gift is a fact at anyrate, and has provided resources which have greatly aided the development of the University.

There are at present 44 members on the teaching staff of the University Faculty. Ten years after the University began, it was necessary to provide Professors, chiefly to meet the growing needs of scientific subjects that could not well be taught adequately in Colleges which were primarily intended as schools for the prophets. The appointment of men for that purpose was made possible by a munificient gift made by the late Lord Strathcona, the clarum nomen of many an educational enterprise in Canada and elsewhere. The classes obtained a habitation in a building in the city of Winnipeg, in which they got together a good laboratory and a library ; but, unfortunately, an outbreak of fire in the building deprived the University of both.

The federation has grown since the early days. In 1888 the Methodists instituted the Wesley College, and it was admitted inter pares ; the Medical College entered the federation in 1 883, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1893. The latter is a body of professional men, whose function was to examine men who proposed to practise within the bounds of the pro- vince ; they asked the University to take over the duty of conducting these examinations, and along with the Medical College they form one unit in the federation. The Law and other schools came in after their establishment. The question of the admission of women to the privileges of the University was discussed at length, and the p^oposa^ met with considerable opposition. One woman settled it so far by presenting herself in the approved way for examination. She was not turned away ; in the process of time she qualified for her degree, and, although the opposition again appeared, there was no one strong enough to prevent her from receiving the honour. To-day there is a large number of women pursuing their studies in the University.

As the University has grown in importance and in wealth, some dissatis- faction has come to be expressed with its method of government, founded as that was on denominational representation. The Colleges of the Churches have assumed different attitudes towards the University as a teaching institu- tion, some giving over their Arts teaching to it entirely and others expressing a distrust of Professors who held their positions without any test as to the quality of their Christian faith. In 191 6, however, an attempt was made to harmonize its government with the progressive ideas of a democratic age, and this is now being successfully carried out under the direction of a Minister of Education who has the hall-stamp of Edinburgh on his tongue, and the welfare of all education engraven upon his heart. There is still much to be done to reach perfection, toils enough for the men as yet unborn, but there is a good foundation for them on which to build. They will not have the thankless task of making bricks without straw ; they will have the inspiration of the history of the experiment of faith and the demonstrated evidence of empirical utility. The present gloomy experiences are bringing forth the lure of a dawning day. The things that are seen appear to be very trivial com- pared to the things that are unseen. Men have come to know that the most precious possessions and transcendent splendours of the future are not among the common and perishable things of time, and that among the treasures that are won in the alchemy of trained and consecrated minds who lift the masses to appreciate and desire, are Truth and Righteousness, which are the greatest riches of a people.

A Canadian Provincial University 245

In an institution so young there are but few of the personal attachments which link names to buildings ; still the associated Colleges are not quite destitute of their penafes. St. John's College has, of course, its Archbishop Machray, alumnus of Aberdeen, in figure and affection a true Scot, with an acquired admiration for the Church of his choice and his Sassenach Univer- sity, but also with an abiding reverence for the faith in which he had been cradled. Manitoba College, the Presbyterian unit in the University, has naturally more intimate relations with Scotland. Two of its Principals, King and Patrick, were pure Scots.

John Mark King, a native of Vetholm, was a graduate of Edinburgh ; he took a theological course in Germany in the days when such an addition to a minister's training was unusual ; eventually he came to Canada. After a peripatetic life for a year or so, he took a country pastorate but after a few years was invited to take charge of St. James's Church in Toronto, since be- come a down-town problem, but at that lime one of the most important chu! ches in the country. After twenty effective years of labour there he re- ceived the greatest honour within the power of his brethren to bestow by election to the office of Moderator of the General Assembly ; a further dis- tinction was given him during the tenure of his position by the offer of the Principalship of the rising College of Manitoba. A man of clear mind, he was a lucid teache •, who had imbibed the spirit of Jesus when he said that it was his meat and drink to do the will of God. He made conscience of all his work, and had no patience with the man who inclined to turn aside from the path of stern duty. He undertook his duties in 1883 and entered into his rest in 1899 ; his dust mingles with that of the early settlers of the Red River Valley under the shadow of the old Kildonan Church.

Dr. William Patrick, of St. Paul's Church, Dundee, crossed the Atlantic to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. King. He had been a brilliant student at Glasgow University. He was an omnivorous reader, and his brain had the tenacity of a catalogue for retaining facts. He made a place for him- self very quickly in the Church politics of his adopted home, taking a keen interest especially in its Home Mission affairs ; he soon perceived the advisa- bility of securing a closer union among the Churches which had already some affinities so as to be able to undertake the work of evangelizing the fast- spreading populations of the West, and he became a trenchant leader of the movement for Church Union. In the midst of a strenuous life he was over- taken by sickness and returned to his native land to die. He ended his days in Kirkintilloch in 191 1.

In the days of smaller things the sessions of the College were held in the summer months ; this made it possible for some of the leading scholars of Scotland to augment the regular staff as lecturers during their own vacation. In this capacity Principal Sir George Adam Smith and Profe-sors Iverach and James Orr taught students of Manitoba College. The memory of these lec- turers is fragrant in many minds ; their visits made connecting links between the old land and the new of a valuable and permanent characi er. The profit has not been one-sided ; by actual contact with this growing land men have got to know about it as they never could in the pages of the journals which tell about its attractions or troubles. It is on record that the Principal of Aberdeen University made his first acquaintance with the virgin prairie in the vicinity of Winnipeg in a brief breathing-space when he laid aside his

246 Aberdeen University Review

arduous duties at the desk. One of the staff of the College showed his guest the hospitality due to a distinguished stranger by taking him out to view the land which as yet had not seen a plough. When the Principal reached it, he looked over the vast expanse of untenanted territory, and got down from his carriage to actually feel the spring of the unbroken sod under his feet, thus adding an experience to his stock as rich in its way as some he gained in the lands where the history of an ancient civilization lies buried deep beneath the present surface of the earth.

Such stories of the men who have been laying foundations in the Uni- versity life are but few as yet; they are coming with the trailing years. Happy are the men whose portraits will dwell in the minds of those who have sat at their feet in these new halls of learning, and whose names will be treasured in the hearts of those who will bear the burden of adding to the weight and worth of a home of academic education in the West.

G. WATT SMITH (M.A., 1891). February^ 1918.

In Memoriam. G. M.

FALLEN IN ACTION.

Qui ante diem periit — Sed miles, sed pro patria.

"Not to the strong the battle ! "—So within Our ears there soundeth in this heavy hour A dirge-like voice from out the battle-din That tells of manhood withered in the flower. The stalwart frame that, Saul-like, erst did tower Above thy fellows, might of massy limb Cast in Titanic mould, a Hercules' power, Might not avail thee 'gainst that tempest grim !

So pass : yet though not on our sight again

May loom thy manly form, oft shall uprise

In fancy thy sad honourable goal —

A humble cross on some shell-pitted plain ;

And through the mist of tears we'll read — " Here lies

A genial, simple-hearted, kindly soul ".

A P.

Correspondence.

THE UNIVERSITY GOWN.

The Editor, "Aberdeen University Review".

14 Hampstead Hill Gardens, London, 25 March, 1918.

Sir,

There is a parallel to the well-known saying that no one has ever seen a dead donkey — in the fact that no one ever sees a discarded University gown. I was meditating on this the other evening when, by a curious coincidence, the postman delivered my copy of the February Review. By a further coincidence, I opened it at the page whereon a correspondent refers most entertainingly to the conversion of gowns into "linders" and similar juvenile garments. We are thus led to the interesting problem — What be- comes of all the geneiations of cast-off gowns ?

I wonder if any others have shared the fate of my own. I well rernember how, on packing up my belongings for my final departure from Aberdeen, I stood gazing helplessly at my old toga, much as a Zulu lady might regard the gift of an opera-cloak, and how for two years it remained a piece of flotsam and jetsam amongst my possessions. When, however, I came South on the outbreak of war, it somehow found its way into a corner of my trunk, and now it frequently sees light — the light of a flickering candle in the cellar of a London "semi-detached," \\ith shells screeching eerily overhead, the patter- ing of shrapnel fragments through the trees outside, and the occasional never- to-be forgotten thud that sets doors and windows rattling. Patches of whitewash and cobweb tendrils adorn it now, side by side with the ink-splashes of old days and the bald places whose original "nap " probably still adorns the back of the fifth bench in the old History classroom at King's.

There is something more than the mere solace of warmth in the familiar touch of its scarlet folds, though what I cannot say, any more than I can ex- plain the motives that prompted its choice in the scramble for wraps that followed the first notes of the overture to the air-raid symphony one midnight many moons ago.

Strange sights and sounds have been the lot of the toga on these occasions. It has been a guest at weird midnight feastings, whereof the elements were hurriedly conveyed from the larder by foraging parties ; it has been a witness of a solemn conclave of four engaged in planning the details of a war wedding, to the appropriate accompaniment of music from the guns ; it has played in its time many parts, from tea-cosy to draught-screen.

I had from time to time (before the war) vague ideas of utilizing the dis- carded scarlet in some way, but now I think that by the time the citizens of London cease to be talpidae, and when the voice of the maroon is no longer heard in the land, it will have more than earned rest to its aged folds.

I am, etc.,

JANET B. BINNS

(nee RANKINE— M.A., 191 2.;

Reviews.

The Romance of the Human Body. By Ronald Campbell Macfie, M.A., M.B., CM., LL.D. London : Wells Gardner, Darton & Co., Ltd., 191 7. Pp. vii + 275. 5s. net.

The Art of Keeping Well. By Ronald Campbell Macfie, M.A., M.B., CM., LL.D. London: Cassell & Co. 1918. Pp. viii + 244, with 4 plates. 6s. 8d. net.

It need hardly be said that the author of "New Poems," "Science, Matter, and Immortality," etc., brings to his task a literary equipment very unusual amongst those who deal in the exposition of facts in " popular " scientific and medical works. And his experience of life and work has been a varied one — poetry, Klondyke, sanatorium work, and medical literature have claimed him from time to time. Even in his student days the wonder and beauty of the machinery of life in action made a strong appeal to Dr. Macfie ; he saw poetry where most others saw only complex mechanism and processes difficult of comprehension. His clear and interesting exposition is illuminated by many apt and striking comparisons with familiar facts and phenomena. Breadth of view and vividness of presentation are very notable ; the facts are made to stand out in high relief.

In " The Romance of the Human Body," the author starts at the beginning — with the original nebula. "Atoms and Cells" and "The Assembling of the Elements of a Man " are the first two chapters. Bones, Muscles, the Nervous System, Circulation, Respiration, Digestion, Liver and Kidneys are then dealt with, followed by a brief but clear statement of the marvellous and relatively recent unfolding of knowledge of the so-called " ductless glands," structures like the thyroid, pituitary, suprarenal, etc., once little thought of, but now known to be absolutely essential for normal development and life — ensur- ing that the infant will not on the one hand become what the author designates an " idiotic, hideous, pot-bellied and stunted child," or on the other hand grow into a preposterous giant.

As regards sport and athletics Dr. Macfie writes trenchantly. He re- gards the worship of sport and of muscular performances as on the whole carried to a ridiculous extreme in England ; especially in women he believes the cult of athleticism to be harmful, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually, and conducive to diminished capacity for maternity.

Heredity, Mendelism, and the Evolutionary Position of Man are dealt with in succeeding chapters, and the volume closes with " Disease, Old Age, and Death " . A historical slip is to be noted on p. 147, where the German pathologist Cohnheim is credited with the discovery of the emigration of white blood corpuscles through the walls of the capillaries, "as ghosts are alleged to pass through closed doors " — an honour which rightfully belongs to

250 Aberdeen University Review

the Paris investigator, Waller (1846), though the phenomenon was practically rediscovered by Cohnheim in 1867.

The book is dedicated to Richard Cameron and Principal Sir George Adam Smith.

"The Art of Keeping Well " has as a frontispiece a portrait of the cele- brated Russian physiologist, Pavlov of Petrograd, whose work, on digestion especially, is well known over the world. The first half of the volume is chiefly taken up by Foods, Digestion, and Dietetic Requirements, subjects that make a very personal appeal at present ; particularly the question ot the possibilities of reducing the amounts of important food-stuffs without injury to the individual, e.g. in regard to a great reduction in the amount of protein (albuminous) foods, which, together with fat, represent the constituents that are most expensive and most restricted in supply, as compared with the cheaper and more abundant carbohydrates. Such a reduction, advocated some years ago by the American physiologist Chittenden, has not commended itself to physiologists generally, who are quite unconvinced that in this respect the minimum is also the optimum. But "needs must when the deil drives," and "experiments " are now being compulsorily carried out on a national or rather a world-wide scale in the sweeping dietetic alterations and restrictions of the present time. Information of value may ultimately be gleaned from what happens in regard to the health and vigour of the population. But much caution will have to be exercised in drawing conclusions. For the con- ditions are very complex, and many factors acting in different directions are in- volved, in marked contrast to a typical scientific experiment in which, the conditions being known and controlled, one factor is purposely varied in order to test its influence. It need hardly be remarked that in ordinary times many people eat too much meat, but that is a truth which may be said to be of purely academic interest in these days. Regarding Vegetarianism, Dr. Macfie gives a clear and fair statement of the main points, also as to Air and Climate, Sleep, Alcohol, Breathing Exercises, etc. ; he deprecates the absurdly exag- gerated value that has been ascribed to the last-named by some writers. Faddiness in food is condemned, and a plea is entered for the digestive organs getting a fair chance and some confidence being placed in their chemical skill, with the observation that "after all, every man has got some yards of intestine that have come down a good many millions of years and have, no doubr, many times had a good deal of tough work to do, such perhaps as digesting a sirloin of mastodon or a neck of diplodocus " . This volume, end- ing with a chapter on Body and Mind, contains much sound teaching, effectively put, on many questions that bear intimately on the health and well-being of the people.

J. A. MacVVilliam.

Scottish Mothers and Children. Report on the Physical Welfare of Mothers and Children, Scotland. By W. Leslie Mackenzie. The Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Dunfermline, 191 7. Pp. xxviii + 632.

Dr. Leslie Mackenzie's report is a companion volume to the English and Irish reports on the physical welfare of mothers and children, the three reports being produced at the request of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees. In this report for Scotland the medical, statistical, social, and administrative as-

Reviews 251

pects of the welfare of mothers and children are considered with much detail ;. and, as Dr. Mackenzie says, " the report is intended for readers of various in- terests, and, in every chapter of it, I have also given such word pictures of individual cases as are likely to find some response in the experience of every- social student ".

The fundamental importance of the effects of intensive urbanization on the welfare of mothers and children is fully appreciated, and the first chapter of the report deals with the geographical distribution of the Scottish people. The midland valley of Scotland amounts to one-fifth of the area of Scotland and it contains more than three-quarters of the whole population. The High- lands and islands include more than half the area of Scotland, and contain only one-tenth of the population. The malign effects of the poverty and in- sanitary conditions that prevail in the densely-populated areas is fully reflected in their high infant mortality, and the struggle for existence in the sparsely- populated areas bears no less hardly on mothers and children.

In succeeding chapters Dr. Mackenzie deals with the problems that pre- sent themselves in connection with the expectant and nursing mother and the existing provision for maternity. It is pointed out that in the near future there must be a great expansion in the provision of advice and help offered to the expectant mother, that the existing accommodation of maternity institutions is inadequate, and that, while the maternity benefit provided under the In- surance Act and Poor Law has been productive of much good, it must be dissociated from the accident of individual solvency if it is to fully serve its purpose. The problem of the unmarried mother and her child is next dis- cussed. The social attitude to the unmarried mother and her child is a primary obstacle to full discussion, but, as Dr. Mackenzie puts it, " we may say that the life wastage of the war has revealed, with an intimacy unknown to history, the social relations of men and women to one another and the social duties that follow. The care of children in general, and the care of the unmarried mother's child in particular, are among the many things that will now be accepted as duties 'without questions asked'." The complete solution of the problem, however, will be found only when the attitude of society to this question is completely reversed.

Dr. Mackenzie goes on to deal with the employment and feeding and housing of nursing and expectant mothers. He points out that the results of employm.ent to mother and child are frequently of the worst kind, and that any serious effort for the conservation of the family means a drastic revision of the whole conditions of labour. The effect of housing on mothers and children is very briefly considered since the reader is referred to the report of the Royal Commission on Housing in Scotland. It is fully recognized, how- ever, that the evil effects of poor housing are closely associated with the re- sults of poverty and all that poverty implies, and the conclusion is inevitable : " the Scottish nation cannot any longer afford to keep up so many one-room houses ; they mean too great a waste of the nation's real wealth — the mothers and the ir children ". The requirements for the protection of infant and child life are discussed at length. It is pointed out that the Children Act, the Education (Scotland) Act, and the Notification of Births (Extension) Act involve such a multiplicity of administrative authorities that efforts at control- ling the health, education, and crime of children are at present inco-ordinated and conflicting. The existing provision for medical treatment, the provisioa

2^2 Aberdeen University Review

of hospitals, of homes, of nurseries, of play centres, and playgrounds for chil- dren is fully considered, and in every case it is found that the demand for such provision exceeds the supply. "But the young children are now coming into their own. They are to receive systematic medical attention while they are yet well and the evil days come not. They are no longer to be considered as needing attention only when they are near death's door."

The chapters dealing with health visitors and their training are of special interest, since it is only in very recent years that it has been generally recog- nized that properly-trained health visitors form the most essential and effective part of the machinery for dealing with mother and child welfare and the wel- fare of industrial workers. In his report Dr. Mackenzie submits a curriculum for the training of health visitors suggested by Professor Matthew Hay. This suggested curriculum recognizes that two broad categories of information are required by the health worker. She must have accurate knowledge of economic conditions, and she must have accurate knowledge of health and disease. The suggested course of instruction would extend to four years. One and a half years would be given to prescribed courses of instruction, systematic and practical, on social economics ; anatomy and physiology ; food, feeding, and cookery ; personal and domestic hygiene ; the nature and causation of disease. The next two years would be spent in training in a general hospital, a hospital for infectious diseases, or a hospital for sick chil- dren. The final six months of the four years would be employed in attending the practice of a maternity hospital, including a prenatal ward, and along with this the practice of a mother and child welfare centre. That this suggested course of instruction does not meet with universal approval is manifest in the Milroy lectures for 1918 by Professor Kenwood, who can find no justification for the tendency to develop specially the health visitor's training in nursing. He demands a minimum training of sixteen months, four months of which are to be spent in a children's hospital and two months at a welfare centre. This may be said to be the view held by administrators and laboratory workers in general who ignore the results of clinical experience. If the welfare worker is to be of real use, however, she must be an expert. She must know disease and the beginning of disease when she sees it. She cannot get that knowledge from lectures. The natural laboratory of a public health worker is a hospital If welfare workers are to serve their purpose they must have a comprehensive hospital training.

The special regional studies are of great interest. Here Dr. Mackenzie and his collaborators give us a series of pictures of representative areas, of a mainland district in the Highlands, of the outer Hebrides and Shetland islands, of east coast fishing villages, of a group of industrial villages and mining districts, and of the Caithness tinkers. In all these regional studies the author in a masterly way traces the effect of nutrition and environment on the health of mothers and children. Dr. Mackenzie then goes on to describe the existing schemes of maternity and child welfare in the towns and counties of Scotland. A survey of these schemes leaves me very doubt- ful whether the good they are expected to do will be realized or the expense entailed justified. Thousands of infants in this country die every year of causes at present wholly unknown. The physiological processes of the growing child and their response to disease poisons are not understood, and will only be understood when medical research is properly organized and endowed. A

Reviews 253

monument of stone and lime in the shape of an institute of maternal and child welfare will not alone solve the problem.

In his introductory letter Dr. Mackenzie says that in presenting the facts he has had to mention some public bodies, both central and local, but that he has scrupulously avoided all discussion of departmental policy. I venture , to believe that no one can read his report on the welfare of Scottish mothers and children with its indications of the need for the prevention of disease, for the early diagnosis and treatment of disease, and for the proper organization of institutional and nursing services without being fully convinced that the first requirement is the establishment of a State or communal medical service. Throughout the report Dr. Mackenzie exhibits that literary skill of which, among medical officers of health, he is the greatest exponent.

J. P. KiNLOCH.

Roll of Commissioned Officers in the Medical Service of the British Army who served on full pay within the period between the accession of George II and the formation of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 20 June, 1727, to 23 June, 1898, with an introduction showing the historical evolution of the Corps. By Colonel William Johnston, C.B., M.A., LL.D. (Aber.), M.D. Edin., Army Medical Staff (ret.). Edited by Lieut.-Col. Harry A. L. Howell, R.A.M.C. Aberdeen : At the Uni- versity Press. Pp. Ixxii + 638 with portrait. (Aberdeen University Studies, No. 76.) 21s. net.

This is a colossal piece of work — a. labour of love by one whose life was passed in the Service, and who was also a graduate of Aberdeen.

Most encyclopaedias have the fault of giving what every educated person knows, and almost never informing one of the matter one just wants to know. The same thing can hardly be said of the present book, for we have turned up the names of a good many of those Army Medical Officers in it, and in nearly all found something we did not know. No doubt most of the informa- tion was in the records of the Department, but these were not available.

Colonel Johnston's book is not likely to command a great sale or find many readers. Rather it is the sort of work which, decades or centuries hence, will be regarded as of great value, like the Domesday Book or the Poll Book of Aberdeenshire of 1696, which no one reads but many consult, giving as they do information obtainable nowhere else.

It was the fruit of his old age, when he had retired from active service ; it was prosecuted under difficulties with his eyesight, which had long been far from good ; an immense amount of work went to the formation of it ; and it will, we feel glad to think, keep the memory of William Johnston fresh in his native city and his own University.

The work was not quite completed when Colonel Johnston died, some- what suddenly, in December, 19 14, and the task of completing it fell to the exceedingly competent hands of Lieut. -Colonel H. A. L. Howell, who has also collaborated in the history of the A. M.S. which forms the introduction. A fine appreciation of Colonel Johnston is contributed by Surgeon-General Sir William Babtie, who mentions that Johnston was "with the origin of the Field Ambulance, which to-day fills such an important part in the medical operations of war," and records that "It was to Colonel Johnston, as much as

2 54 Aberdeen University Review

any man, that the medical service became a corps in the Army ". And of the charming personality of Colonel Johnston, Sir William writes : —

I have said nothing of the man, and it is difficult to speak restrainedly of his enthu- siasm, of his breadth of view, of his sanse of proportion, and his passionate regard for accuracy. His hospitality, his love of his home at Newton Dae, of its woods and its walks, his friendship and appreciation and understanding of the younger generation of officers, and, above all, his devotion to the corps he served so long and well, are abiding memories to men in every theatre of war where British troops are now engaged.

Alex. Ogston.

Papers Relating to the Army of the Solemn League and Coven- ant, 1643-1647. Edited with an Introduction by Charles Sanford Terr)-. Two vols. Edinburgh : Scottish History Society. Pp. cvi + 696.

The documents in these two volumes relate to the organization of the Scottish Army called out in 1643 to assist the Parliamentary forces in England in the prosecution of the Civil War against Charles I — the army which, under the command of Alexander Leslie, Earl of Leven, fought at Marston Moor and elsewhere, and eventually handed over Charles to the English. Included among these papers are the " Articles and Ordinances of Warre " issued by Leven for the campaign of 1644, printed from a copy of the original pamphlet in Professor Terry's possession, and a statement of the arms and ammunition with which the expeditionary force was equipped ; but the bulk of the docu- ments consist of the accounts of Sir Adam Hepburn, Lord Humbie, who was Commissary-General of the Army. The details of many of these accounts may appear excessively trifling, and perusal of them, we are free to confess, is apt to become wearisome, but a careful examination reveals numerous items of interest, while, taken altogether, they show with what care and exactitude the financial side of a campaign was conducted even three centuries ago. Most of the entries deal necessarily with payments to officers and men, the <:ost of billeting, allowances for sick soldiers, and the provision of supplies. Judging from the number of sheep bought, one would almost imagine that mutton was the mainstay of the army, but the soldiers subsisted also on meal, oats, " whyt peis," herrings, and butter, with sack and claret for liquid refresh- ment. The frequent purchase of bolls of salt is very noticeable ; a suggestive payment also is that for '* one chest of droggs to the chirurgeon of the regi- ment ". In the materiel of the army were " salt hydis for covering the pouder and match," and there is a payment for the "fraucht " for *' 25 cask of match and 60 barrills of musquit balls from London to Newcastle ".

For the general reader and the historical student alike, however, the chief interest in these two volumes lies in the admirable Introduction, extending to 100 pages, furnished by Professor Terry. With his usual lucidity and mastery of details, he outlines the operations of the Scottish Army in England, and then furnishes an account of the organization of the army and its armament, a conspicuous feature of this account being lists of the several regiments and of their chief officers. These lists are exceedingly valuable, in relation particularly to the territorial connections of the officers. There was, for in- stance, a Mearns and Aberdeen Regiment, of which the seventh Earl Marischal, the leader of the Covenanters in this region, was Colonel ; among the officers are such familiar north-country names as Forbes, Keith, Leslie, Davidson, Ross, -and Strachan. The regiment consisted of ten companies, comprising 450 rank

Reviews 255

and file ; it was engaged at the sieges of Newcastle, Hereford, and Newark. Four troops (200 horse) from Kincardine and the Earl Marischal's part of Aberdeenshire formed part of the Earl of Balcarres's cavalry regiment ; and a single troop was under the command of Lord Gordon, the first Viscount Aboyne, afterwards second Marquis of Huntly.

From this Introduction we learn that, while military service was exigible from the barons, freeholders, and royal burghs as a condition of their tenure, "in times of national peril an obligation to military service rested upon the entire male population between the ages of sixteen and sixty". Accordingly, " fencible persons of all ranks and degrees " between these ages were called up, a penalty of ;^2o Scots (;^i 13s. 4d. sterling) being imposed upon every person who mustered without a musket, if possessed of the means to purchase one, and a fine of ten merks if negligently unprovided with a pike. It is not sur- prising that "Kirk discipline" was a marked feature of the army. Several of the Articles of War on this point were very rigorous. There was a Kirk Session in every regiment, and a general eldership or common ecclesiastical judicatory was constituted to ensure *' uniformitie thorowout the whole army in all matters ecclesiasticall ".

Morning and evening prayers and Sunday morning and afternoon sermons, to which the camp was summoned by sound of trumpet or drum, were occasions which might not be neglected, under penalty of censure by the eldership and punishment by imprisonment or otherwise, as the fault deserve! ..." Common and ordinary swearing and cursing, open prophaning of the Lord's Day, wronging ot his Ministers, and other Acts of that kind" were punishable by loss of pay and imprisonment, with the further obligation upon the offender to make " publike repentance in the midst of the Congregation " of the regiment. *' If they will not be reclaimed," the Article enjoins sternly, " they shall with disgrace be openly casseered and discharged, as unworthy of the meanest place in the Army ".

And Article X, illustrative of the general spirit inculcated in the Scottish Army of the Covenant, bears favourable comparison with the practice of the modern German Army : —

No man on his march, or at his lodging, within or without the Countrey upon whatso- ever pretext, shall take by violence, either horse, cattell, goods, money, or any other thing lesse or more, but shall pay the usuall prices for his meat and drinke, or be furnished in an orderly way upon count, at the sight ot the Commissar, according to the order given by the Committee upon paine of death, without mercy.

If any man sh ill presume to pull downe, or set on fire any dwelling house, though a Cottage, or hew downe any Fruit-trees ; or to waste or deface any part of the beauty of the Countrey, he shall be punished most severely, according to the importance of the fault.

Robert Anderson.

Syria and the Holy Land. By Very Rev. Sir George Adam Smith, Kt., etc.. Principal of Aberdeen IJniversity. London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1918. IS. net. Pp. 56.

The occupation of Jerusalem by a British army stirred men's emotions more profoundly perhaps than any other incident of the war. A universal thrill of gratification was experienced when it was learned that the Holy Places had been wrested from the infidel, and that Palestine, with whose history Chris- tianity is so indelibly associated, was at last freed from Ottoman domination. Jews rejoiced as well as Christians, for to them the deliverance of their ancient land inspired fresh confidence and hope. The waning of the Crescent, in fact, creates an entirely new situation, and raises a whole series of problems

256 Aberdeen University Review

to be dealt with ; and it is to the task of reconstruction thus involved that Sir George Adam Smith's little work is in the main directed. On the Principal's competence to write on the subject of the Holy Land it is as unnecessary as it would be unbecoming to dilate : his mastery of it has been manifested in previous and much more important works.

The book opens with a brief but grapfiic sketch of the history of Syria — a country, says Sir George, which, chiefly because including Phoenicia and Palestine, has been of greater significance to mankind, spiritually and materi- ally, than any other single country in the world.

The home of two of the monotheisms which have spread round the earth, and close neighbour to that of the third, Syria holds sites sacred to them all, and is still the resort of their pilgrims from nearly every nation under the sun. To the farthest Christian the land is almost as familiar as his own ; his Bible is her geography from Beersheba to Antioch, and her history from Abraham to Paul. Above all, she is the land of His Lord's Nativity, Ministry, Cross, and Resurrection ; for the traditional scenes of which Christian sects have fought with each other or held a jealous truce under the contemptuous patronage of the Turk. To the Jew and the Mohammedan equally with the Christians, Jerusalem is " The Holy City". The Rock, from which rose the great Altar in front of the Temple of Israel, is for the heart of the Moslem the spot on which his Prophet prayed, and inferior in sanctity- only to the Kaaba of Mecca, In Hebron the Jew, the Christian, and the Mohammedan have, each in his turn, built and dedicated the Sanctuary which covers the tombs of the common Fathers of their Faiths. The nerves of all three religions still quiver in the soil of Syria, and sometimes round the same stones.

Then follows a rapid survey of the country and of its chief topographical features, and with this is incorporated accounts of its former and present pro- ductiveness and industries, and estimates of future possibilities. The ruins of ancient townships, it is remarked, are proofs of the natural resources of the country, and melancholy protests against the incompetence of the Turkish Government ; and the author emphatically declares that under proper care Syria is capable of a pitch of productiveness beyond that reached even in the most prosperous period of its history. Hauran, for instance, could become again one of the food-producing centres of Western Asia ; even at present Hauran wheat is in repute all round the Levant. In ancient times Moab and Gilead provided meat and cereals for the people of Western Palestine ; and in 1904 Sir George Adam Smith met corn-brokers from Jerusalem ne- gotiating for the harvests before they were reaped. It would not be difficult, he maintains, to restore the ancient wealth of fruit-trees and corn by drainage and irrigation, to reclaim the once fertile but now wasted areas of the country, and to develop other areas; and he writes hopefully of the prospect of "a rich and a varied future for a secure and emancipated people ". The Turk, however, must go. He has ruined the country by neglect and oppression ; he "is an alien in Syria, with no native claim to the soil, and few or no family ties to the people ". On the other hand, one of the heaviest problems of the immediate future is how to defend the opulence of Syria from the hungry and marauding tribes of Arabia.

The concluding section of the work is devoted to a consideration of the claim of the modern Jew to " a national home " in Palestine. While dis- playing a keenly sympathetic regard for " Zionism," and the idea of " Pales- tine for the Jews," Sir George Adam Smith is no less alive to the vagueness which still envelops the hopes and purposes of Zionism, and is of opinion that " however deserving of our sympathy, the Jewish claims have not been so thought out in face of the present facts of Palestine as to command our

Reviews 257

unqualified support ". There are many difficulties in the way of creating Palestine a Jewish state, not least the due consideration of the rights of the fellahin or native peasantry and the rights also of the native Christians, Syrian and Greek. It is well to be reminded, as Sir George reminds us, that it is not true, as so often claimed, that " Palestine is the national home of the Jewish people and of no other people ".

Robert Anderson.

Reconstruction in the Universities. Aberdeen : The Rosemount Press. 1918. IS. Pp. 39.

This little work embodies the substance of a series of articles which appeared in the " Aberdeen Free Press " in the beginning of the year, and which were subsequently rewritten with the intention of being inserted in the University Review. Various objections to that course presented themselves, however, and independent publication was decided upon. The " Free Press," in a notice of the work, announced that " the author has for many years been closely associated with University affairs, and he writes with special knowledge and authority " . Internal evidence suggests, however, that the writer is not a graduate of Aberdeen.

A brief but comprehensive survey is given of the modern history of the Scottish Universities since the passing of the Act of 1858 and of the different branches of their government — the Court, the Senatus, and the General Council — ^and their respective functions and powers. This survey, so far as details are concerned, is fairly accurate, though it is not correct to say that the Council consists of M.A.s and M.D.s — all graduates are members whatever their degree — and the amount of the Carnegie grants received by Aberdeen University (p. 32) is enormously over-stated. It is as regards the views ex- pressed and the reforms advocated that opinions \vill probably differ. The main criticism of the anonymous author is directed against " the august body we know as the Senatus " ; its competence to deal with wide educational interests is regarded with " much doubt and some suspicion " . Complaint is made that in practice academic policy is indirectly, if not directly, determined in equal or greater measure by the Senatus, and it is argued that the Court alone should have power to determine the lines of academic p>olicy, including the expansion of the University into spheres with which it does not at present concern itself. Accordingly, in the " reconstruction " contemplated, the rep- resentation of the Senatus in the Court would be reduced from four Asses- sors to three, and the Assessors of the Council increased from four to " at least " five. The Chancellor's and Rector's Assessors would be swept away : a hint is thrown out that the Rector even might be dispensed with — ^at any rate, " if the students are to have genuine representation, it must be by a Rector who is a reality and not a figurehead or a myth " . Either the Lord Provost of Aberdeen or his Assessor would disappear from the Court, and Assessors would be appointed for the Aberdeenshire County Council, the other Northern County Councils, the Aberdeen School Board, and Gordon's College. The Senatus is otherwise attacked as an anachronism, as it does not include nearly all the accredited University teachers ; and it is proposed to " reinforce " it by admitting the Lecturers, and then to have its business

17

258 Aberdeen University Review

conducted through Faculties or Boards of Studies, to the meetings of which the Assistants should be admitted, at any rate as deliberative members.

The reorganization of the University machinery, however, is not the only thing aimed at. A wholesale reconstruction of the curriculum and of the subjects of studies is, the author maintains, necessitated by the demands of the times, particularly in relation to the changes that the war is effecting. " There must be a revision of academic effort, based upon educational values and making provision for the respective spheres of all the Universities," and the suggestion is added that there should be a periodical revision of the same kind every decade or two. The range of studies must be extended in order to meet current requirements as they arise ; and among the most urgent of subjects to be included in University teaching Engineering, Commerce, Modern Languages, Economics, Education, Geography, Social Science, the Fine Art-, including Music, and Journalism are enumerated. Such are some of the leading features of the " reconstruction " advocated, but there is much else in the little work besides, in the way both of criticism and of suggestion, that will be found interesting and worthy of consideration.

The Oxford Stamp and Other Essays : Articles from the Educational Creed of an American Oxonian. By Frank Aydelotte. Oxford Uni- versity Press. Pp. viii + 219. 6s. net.

The essays collected in this volume, says the author, who is Professor of English in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, are all fruits of a Rhodes Scholarship at Oxford. They are interesting as representing the views of an American who has come to appreciate the "Oxford stamp" — the social life of the University, the really sportsmanlike character of the athletics, and the thoroughness of the intellectual work — qualities which he maintains are lacking in American Universities. He is doubtful if the Rhodes scholarships have achieved any notable results so far as America are concerned. The com- petition for them and the interest taken in them have been " disgracefully small"; "in state after state each year the number of candidates is so small that the appointments go by default to men who are not fitted to hold them ". Then a class of American educators declare that Rhodes scholars who return from Oxford have lost that indefinable American characteristic known as " punch " — have been " tamed " in fact, have become emasculated. Professor Aydelotte has much to say that is sensible in depreciation of " punch," which is correlated to the vulgar commercial policy of " getting on " ; and he is also strong in his denunciation of the excessive attention paid to athletics in American Universities and of the extensive disregard of the principle of " playing the game," as we understand the phrase — and practise it. One definite result of value, however, he recognizes as having been obtained through the Rhodes scholarships. This is the adoption of English methods in educa- tion, particularly tutorial instruction, which is now being employed on a much wider scale, and a new system of examinations for a degree with honours. "All these changes mean in the end," he says hopefully, "a less pretentious programme of study and a more thorough individual accomplishment ". Half a dozen of the ten essays in the little volume deal with the study of English as a means of liberal and literary education, in which, according to the Professor, there is, in America, great room for improvement.

Reviews. 259

Cecil Barclay Simpson : A Memorial by Two Friends. With a Foreword by the Rev, Professor H. A. A. Kennedy, D.D. Edinburgh : TumbuU & Spears, Thistle Street. 1918. Pp. 37. With Portrait.

The " Two Friends " have produced a very noticeable memorial to a brilliant graduate of the University, whose untimely death at the front is recorded on page 94 of this volume of the Review. Each contributes an appreciation — one in prose and the other in verse ; and both appreciations are written evi- dently from close personal intimacy and are inspired, not only by affection, but by an intense admiration of a striking personality and an exceptionally fine nature. In the course of the first, Mr. D. M. Baillie writes : —

The personality which thus disappeared from our ken was a remarkable blend of in- tellectual and moral forces, and his friends will ever despair of reproducing in words what was to them such a vivid thing. They have, indeed, for themselves, a memory which can never lade, but as they dwell upon that memory and call to mind their hopes, they must feel that the Church at large has suffered a greater loss than it can ever know.

From the outline of Simpson's character and ideals that follows, this estimate seems by no means overdrawn. The memorial verses are furnished by Rev. A. J. Young. There are twenty-six of them, and their style and the feeling that animates them may be gauged from this specimen : —

Why wast thou held of such unequal worth,

That these lived the full shadow of their sun

And had their noon-day ere their day was done ; And thou who wast of finer sky and earth Sawst not the fullness of thy sand-glass run,

But darkness fell upon thy rising noon,

And dawn upon the waxing of thy moon. And sudden death came 00 thee as untimely birth ?

We have received the following : —

"The Prophets of the Old Testament," by Alex. R. Gordon, D.Litt., D.D. London : Hodder & Stoughton.

"French Prose from Calvin to Anatole France," by R. L. Graeme Ritchie, M.A., and James M. Moore, M.A., London : J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd. 4s. 6d. net.

" British Opinions on State Purchase and Control," with foreword by Rev. James Milne, Auckland, New Zealand [M.A., 1887.]

" The Upanishads and Life " — a learned and lucid exposition of the con- tents and intellectual effects of these works of Hindoo philosophy, with a chapter on "The Need of Theism and the Message of Christianity" — by W. S. Urquhart, D. Phil., Professor of Philosophy in the Scottish Churches College, Calcutta [M.A., 1897].

"The Athenaeum Subject Index to Periodicals, 19 16. — Class List fo- Science and Technology, including Hygiene and Sport." Pp. 162. "Educa- tion and Child Welfare." Pp. 20. The Athenaeum, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C. 4.

The " University of Durham College of Medicine Gazette " continues its bright and steadfast progress ; the obituaries of its fallen members are of un- usual interest.

We continue to receive the successive numbers of "The Magazine of the

26o Aberdeen University Review

Scottish Churches College," Calcutta, revealing a sustained activity in the departments both of mental culture and athletics.

We have also received the "Columbia University Quarterly," vol. xix, No. 4, September, 191 7, containing a poem on "Youth Dying" by John Erskine, Professor of English, and articles on " International Duty of the United States," "The American Museum and Education in Science," "The University and the Nation," and other subjects ; there is also an interesting account of " The Mobilization of the University ".

"University of Toronto, Roll of Service, 1914-17." [Summary: Members of the University and former students on service as ofl&cers or in the ranks, 4052. Killed in action or died on service, 316. Wounded, 471. Missing and prisoners, 39.]

"The Alumni Register: University of Pennsylvania," Vol. XX., Nos. 7 and 8 (April and May, 19 18). Philadelphia: The General Alumni Society, 1328 Chestnut Street. — Among the more notable contents are an article (in two parts) on "The Ceremonial Side of Greek Religion," by Dr. Walter Woodbum Hyde, of the Greek Department of the University ; and a pleasing sketch, under the title "University Characters," of a number of faithful ser- vants of the University of high and low degree — one family alone furnished a succession of three janitors, whose continuous tenure extended over forty years. A contributor claims that Dr. Thomas Cooper, Professor of Chemistry in the University, 1816-20, was the true begetter of Lincoln's famous phrase, " the government of the people, by the people, and for the people ". The " War Record " is a conspicuous feature of both numbers.

In "The Path to India's Future" — an offprint from the "Madras Christian College Magazine" for January — we have Dr. Miller's message (from Burgo Park, Bridge of Allan) to the members of the College Day Association, read at the College Day gathering on 26 December. A pe- culiar interest attaches to the message, for the worthy Principal, who is now in his eighty-first year — he graduated at Marischal College in 1856 — intimates that it must be regarded as his last message, as "it is in the highest degree improbable," he says, " that another communication like this will again reach you from me " . The message lays stress on the genuine desire of Britain for India to become a fully self-directing member of the world-wide British commonwealth, and shows how, in various spheres of activity, notably educa- tion and municipal administration, the remissness and opposition which have long stood in the way of changes are disappearing, and a certain amount of progress has been made. There are defects on the Indian side as well as the British, it is pointed out ; and the main contention of the message is that it is only by following the path of continuous reform and turning aside from that of catastrophic revolution that India can become a self-directing free com- munity.

University Topics.

RESIDENCE FOR STUDENTS.

T the meeting of the General Council on 13 April, the Sub-Committee on Systems of Residence (Mr. Henry Alexander, Convener) presented a long and elaborate report.

It dealt at the outset with the residential system which formerly existed at King's College (down to 1825) to which allusion is made in Mr. Keith Leask's article on "Elphinstone Hall" in the last number of the Review, and went on to say that the arrangements as to board were entrusted to a functionary styled the " Economist," who undertook to board students eating at the First Table for 50 merks Scots {j^z 15s 6|d.) per quarter, and students eating at the Second Table for ^£2 per quarter. The Economist had to submit a bill of fare for approval by the Faculty. That prepared by Alexander Leslie, " vintner in Edinburgh," who was appointed Economist in 1753, has been preserved, and throws an interesting light on the life of the students of that period.

	FIRST TABLE.		SECOND TABLE.
z. 2. 3-	Sunday's Sirloin of roast beef. Plum pudding or beef-steak pie. Fricassee of chicken or rabbit.	Supper. 1. Roast veal or mutton. 2. Milk and rice.
I. 2. 3-	Monday's Brown soup with toasted bread. Boiled mutton and roots. Florentine of veal.	Dinner. 1. Cabbage kail. 2. Boiled mutton and roots.
I. 2. 3-	Pease soup or white broth. Saddle of roast mutton. Apple pie or veal pie.	Tuesday's	Dinner. 1. Fish and potatoes. 2. Cold meat.
I. 2. 3-	Wednesday' Celery soup. Salt beef and greens. Apple tart or potato pudding.	's Dinner. 1. Broth. 2. Beef and greens.
I. 2. 3.	Green soup. Roast ducks or pullets. Pigeon pie.	Thursday's	Dinner. 1. Pease soup. 2. Tripe.
I. 2. 3-	Turbot with white sauce. Potato or pease pudding. Tongue or a green goose.	Friday's	Dinner. 1. Turbot with fried flounders, 2. Cold meat or a fricassee.
I. 2. 3-	Salt pork and greens. Boiled lowls with kidney b Bread pudding.	Saturday' i cans.	! Dinner. 1. Sheep's-head broth. 2. Roast mutton.

262 Aberdeen University Review

Supper Dishes. Dropped eggs, parsnips, cold meat, milk Porridge and milk or ale, milk and bread, and rice, Finnan haddies and butter, and sometimes a fricassee,

ale saps; any of the above as called Breakfast: Porridge and ale or milk, for, and the same for breakfast. bread and drink.

The report proceeded to state that the residential system in its most fully- developed form is to be seen at Oxford and Cambridge, but even there it is impossible to accommodate all the students inside the various Colleges. The only other place in this country where the system is on a large scale is at the University College, Reading. Accommodation is provided there for 142 men and 161 women. St. Andrews has a University Hall with residence for some fifty women students, but has no residence for men. Glasgow possesses Queen Margaret Hall of Residence for Women, a residence foi: nineteen divinity students of the Church of Scotland, and two hostels for medical students. Edinburgh's University Hall, founded by Professor Patrick Geddes, consists of five houses, under the Town and Gown Association, and accomo- dates 140 men students. In the Universities of Canada and the United States the residential system is not compulsory, but it is encouraged, and in a number of cases, as, for instance, Toronto, Harvard, and Princeton, it seems to be largely developed.

There is a great variety of practice as to the provision and control of Halls of Residence (the report continued). In some cases the residences are provided by benefactors and controlled directly by the University authorities. In other cases they are established by Committees acting in Association with the University authorities. The degree of connection between these bodies and the University authorities may vary widely. In most residences there are wardens or heads. The Houses established by Professor Patrick Geddes at Edinburgh have no wardens. His view was that the community in each House should be self-governing.

Details were given of the joint residence or hostel in Edinburgh established for women students of the Provincial Committee and women students of the University ; and of the residence for women students in connection with the University College of North Wales, Bangor. The Aberdeen Provincial Committee had prepared a scheme for the erection of residences or hostels for its women students, and had acquired a site of 20 acres at Hilton, but the progress of the scheme has been suspended owing to the war. The Aberdeen University Court did not see its way to join in this scheme though mvited to do so.

The report concluded as follows : —

The Sub-Committee are of opinion that the introduction of residential facilities would be a desirable development in the life of the University. They recognize, however, that at the present moment it is not expedient or pos- sible for the General Council to commit itself to any definite scheme. Owing to the war no estimate of building costs can be submitted, and on that account it is useless at this stage to enter into the matter in any detail or to present specific proposals. The most that can be done is to state some general considerations.

The Sub-Committee believe that the establishment of a Hall of Residence in connection with the University would be welcomed by students, and that it would add to the corporate character and social amenity of the University. It would not be desirable to make the system compulsory or to interfere with the large measure of independence and individual responsibility which have

University Topics 263

always been associated with undergraduate life in Aberdeen. The expendi- ture involved in providing residential accommodation for all the students attending the University would be prohibitive. It would be enough to begin with a single Hall as an experiment, giving preference perhaps to junior students, and it would be desirable that, in choosing the site, the possible erection of additional residences in the vicinity should be kept in view. Ultimately there might be a group of residences tor men students and another group for women students. Whether the first residence to be built should be for men or for women is a point which depends to some extent upon the decision come to regarding the Aberdeen Provincial Committee scheme, which is referred to above

This scheme is in a state of suspense at present on account of the war, but it will no doubt be revived, and the Sub-Committee are of opinion that the University might with advantage confer with the Provincial Committee and ascertain whether the scheme might not, when it is revived, be enlarged in scof)e and made a joint undertaking on the lines that have been followed in Edinburgh. Difficulties may emerge in the course of actual conference, and co-operation may not prove possible, but the Sub-Committee would strongly urge that consultation should at least take place between the Uni- versity and the Provincial Committee. It would be unfortunate if two over- lapping schemes were to go forward when one might suffice.

Assuming that co-operation with the Provincial Committee proved possible in the case of women students, it would lie with the University to make a start with a residential hall for men students. It would be important to encourage diversity of interests and to open the residence to students from all the Faculties.

With regard to finance, the Sub-Committee direct attention to the fact that in Edinburgh the Carnegie Trust has advanced ;^25,ooo at a low rate of interest, and they have no doubt that corresponding support would be given to a similar scheme in Aberdeen.

Mr. Alexander (at the Council meeting) moved —

That the General Council communicate the report on systems of residence to the University Court and Senatus, and also to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scot- land ; and, further, that the Council empower the Business Committee to continue the consideration of the subject with the view of the presentation of more definite proposals at the first suitable moment.

Residence, he said, would enormously strengthen the corporate life of the University, and the social element was as important as the educational one in moulding manners and developing the humanities. There was another advantage of the residential system which had been pointed out in a paper by Professor Harrower, contributed some years ago. He pointed out that in Aberdeen, where the students lived in different parts of the town, it was im- possible to develop anything in the nature of a tutorial system. Under the residential system the students would be brought together and have oppor- tunities of discussing not necessarily subjects of study but the affairs of the day with other men, particularly with older men, and in that clash of minds they would have a great stimulus to intellectual development. The Com- mittee did not suggest that such a system should be compulsory. To house 1000 students, which was the size of the roll in Aberdeen University before the war, was out of the question, and what the Committee contemplated was that one residence or a group of residences might be established. They directed attention particularly to a joint scheme that had been established in Edinburgh between the Provincial Committee for the Training of Teachers

264 Aberdeen University Review

and the University, where five-sevenths of the cost was provided by the Provincial Committee out of Government funds, and the other two-sevenths was provided by the University. That two-sevenths, which amounted to ^^25,000, took the form of a loan from the Carnegie Trustees advanced at 2^ per cent interest. There was every prospect that similar assistance would be given in Aberdeen.

The motion was agreed to unanimously.

UNIVERSITY MEDALS AND SCHOLARSHIPS.

An important change has been notified with regard to the award of the Town Council's gold medal. A gold medal was given annually by the Town Council from 1851 to 19 13 to the most distinguished scholar at the termina- tion of the Arts curriculum, and since 1914 two medals have been given — one in the departments of Language and Philosophy, and one in Science. The Senatus recently represented to the Town Council that it had been found increasingly difficult to discriminate as regards "the most distinguished scholar " in any year, in view of the number of new honours groups that had now been instituted and the wide selection of optional subjects available for graduation ; and the Senatus suggested that the Town Council's generous benefaction might take the form of prizes (in money or books) for award to the best graduate in one or more of the honours groups which were less ade- quately provided with prizes than were the older honours schools. Acting on this suggestion, the Town Council has now intimated that in future it pro- poses to give a sum of ;^io instead of a medal — not to the most distinguished graduate of the year in Arts, as formerly, but to the most distinguished student of the year in Economic Science. The prize will take the form either of money or books, or a medal, as may be approved by the successful student.

Mrs. Logie Pirie has instituted a number of undergraduate scholarships of the value of ;^io or ;^i2 per annum, to be tenable in any faculty at the University for sons or daughters of employees at the Aberdeenshire works of Messrs. Alexander Pirie & Sons, Limited, paper manufacturers.

GIFTS TO THE UNIVERSITY.

About 500 volumes have been received by the University Librarian in accordance with the directions of the late Lord Kennedy. The volumes formed part of his lordship's library, and will constitute a very valuable addi- tion to the law library at Marischal College. It is intended that they should form a special section by themselves.

The family of the late Professor Dickie have presented a number of valuable specimens to the Natural History Museum, including specimens of Australian duck moles, a beaver, an unusually fine Narwahl tusk, numerous birds' skins, etc.

THE CARNEGIE TRUST.

The annual meeting of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland was held in London on 20 February — Lord Balfour of Burleigh (who has been appointed Chairman of the Trust in succession to the late Lord Elgin) presiding. The report of the Executive Committee for the year 19 16-17 was adopted, on the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Lord Shaw of Dun- fermline.

The report stated that the expenditure of the Trust on assistance in the

University Topics 265

payment of class fees has again been reduced. As compared with ^29,417 14s. 6d. paid on behalf of 2445 individual beneficiaries for 191 5-1 6, the ex- penditure for 1 91 6- 1 7 had been ;^26,244 6s. on behalf of 2 112 individual beneficiaries. During the year a sum of ;^i,3o8 12s. 6d, was voluntarily re- funded by or on behalf of twenty-one beneficiaries for whom class fees had been paid by the Trust. This is by far the largest sum received in any one year.

The number of students in Aberdeen University whose fees were paid was 425, the total class fees paid was ;^5366 14s., and the average per bene- ficiary was j£i2 i2s. 6d. The details of the Aberdeen allocation are : —

Men. Women.

Arts 56 200

Science 10 7

Divinity .......... 11

Law I

Medicine .......... 80 60

158 267

The class fees paid in respect of the men amounted to ;^2 2 72 9s., and in respect of the women to ;^3094 5s.

The expenditure of the Trust under the scheme of endowment of research had been, for the year, ^5624 los. 7d.

Sir George T. Beilby has been added to the Executive Committee in place of Lord Elgin, and Lord Sands in place of the late Lord Kinnear.

Owing to the scarcity of paper, it was decided not to issue copies of the report, but anyone interested may have a copy on application to the Trust Offices.

Lord Balfour of Burleigh, in moving the adoption of the report, pointed out, in connection with the future development of the Trust, that during the war it would be impossible for the Trustees to start any new scheme. That year being the last of the current third quinquennial scheme of distribution, would naturally have been the time for the Trustees to consider a scheme for the next five years, but with the approval of the Universities that had been postponed. When the time came to consider the matter, however, he trusted that the Trustees would be in full sympathy with the needs of the Universities, which had gone through a period of great trial and privation during the last three years owing to the great diminution in the amounts of fees. He hoped the Trustees would do their best to meet the great claims for scientific and industrial education and development required for the reconstruction of our national industries and life after the war.

Among those present at the meeting was Professor Matthew Hay.

KITCHENER SCHOLARSHIPS.

The Council of the Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund, adopting a scheme prepared by a special Committee (of which Sir John Struthers was a member), propose instituting Scholarships for the benefit of officers and men of the navy and army of suitable age, and of the sons of deceased and disabled officers and men of the navy and army. These scholarships are designed for the purpose of affording sound education of an advanced character for those engaged or about to be engaged in commerce or industry, and will be of such value and length of tenure as will enable successful candidates to undertake

266 Aberdeen University Review

a complete course of industrial or commercial education at any University or institution of University rank, or other institution specially approved by the Scholarship Committee. It is also proposed to give some of the scholarships — in ordinary times — for post-graduate study, including study and research both abroad and at home. These would be allotted to specially selected students at the Universities, o^ at Colleges of University rank, who had com- pleted their degree course or diploma course, or to other students not being University students specially approved by the Scholarship Committee, f hey v.ould be given to those who were most likely t ) profit by one, two, or three years' additional study at home or abroad, or both at home and abroad, in subjects such as Foreign Languages, Commercial Subjects, Methods of In- dustrial Development, or Scientific and Technological Subjects with special reference to Trade and Industry in the British Empire. Applications should be addressed to the Joint Hon. Secretaries, Lord Kitchener National Memo- rial Fund, 34 Noifolk Street, Strand, London, W.C. 2.

AN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES' DELEGATE ON THE WAR.

An event of some note in the annals of the University was a meeting in the Mitchell Hall on the evening of Friday, 7 June, when an address on " America's Entrance into the War " was delivered by Dr. Andrew C. M 'Laughlin, Professor of History in the University of Chicago, and editor of the " American Historical Review ". Professor M'Laughlin is a member of the National Board for Historical Service which was formed by the History Faculties of the American Universities for the purpose of expounding the historical causes that have led up to the entrance of the United States into the war, and he was specially delegated by these Universities to visit the British Universities and give addresses on the American attitude to the con- flict and the future relations of Great Britain and the United States. He was accompanied to Aberdeen by Mr. Charles Moore, Michigan, President of the Federal Board of Fine Arts. In the unavoidable absence of the Chancellor, and as the Principal was fulfilling on the other side of the Atlantic the com- plement of the mission on this side with which Professor M 'Laughlin was entrusted, the chair was taken by Professor Terry at the request of his profes- sorial colleagues, it being thought fitting (as Professor Terrj^ explained) that one Professor of History should extend a welcome to another.

Professor M 'Laughlin dealt at considerable length with the experiences of the United States in the first three years of the war, fully explaining the suc- cession of incidents along with the concurrent mental processes which finally determined the participation of the Americans in the cause of the Allies. The address, lucid in statement and cogent in reasoning, was quietly but none the less effectively delivered, and though it extended to an hour and twenty minutes, the audience exper enced no weariness, evidently appreciating the f.esh and vigorous presentation of a somewhat unfamiliar phase of political thought and action. After a brief speech from the Marquis of Aberdeen, Lord Provost Taggart moved a vote of thanks to Professor M 'Laughlin, and Professor Davidson seconded. Professor M 'Laughlin, in acknowledging^ mentioned, as an interesting coincidence, that while he had been addressing the University of Aberdeen, their Principal, Sir George Adam Smith, was that day speaking in the city of his University, Chicago. On the call of the Chair- man, three cheers were given for President Wilson, and the meeting terminated with the singing of the National Anthem.

University Topics 267

THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR.

Among announcements of distinctions awarded for war services since the issue of the February number of the Review the names of the following Uni- versity men occur. Probably, however, some names may have been over- looked, and the subjoined lists do not pretend to be complete : —

To be C.B.—

Colonel Stuart Macdonald, C.M.G., Army Medical Service (M.B.,

1884). To be C.M.G.—

Major and Temporary Colonel Henry M'llree Williamson Gray, C.B.,

R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1895 ; F.R.C.S.). The Distinguished Service Order has been awarded to —

Lieutenant-Colonel James William Garden, R.F.A. (T.F.) (M.A.,

1899 ; B.L., 1902). Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Charles Reid, Gordon High- landers (M.A., 1909). Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Alfred John Williamson,

R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1905 ; M.D.). Major Henry Jackson Butchart, Yeomanry (B.L., 1905). The Military Cross has been awarded to —

Major Douglas George Robb, R.E. (M.A., 1905).

Major James Ettershank Gordon Thomson, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1907).

Captain Lawrence Weir Bain, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1913).

Captain Douglas Wales Berry, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915).

Captain Benjamin Knowles, M.M., R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1907).

Captain James Mitchell Mitchell, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915).

Captain Herbert Murray, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1908).

Captain William Smith, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1910).

Temporary Captain Alexander Urquhart Webster, R.A.M.C. (M.A.»

1906; M.B.). Lieutenant Charles Clyne, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1910). Lieutenant Charles Gordon Mitchell, 4th Cameron Highlanders

(M.A., 1911 ; B.Sc). Second Lieutenant William James Johnston, Cameron Highlanders

(ist Med., 1915-16). Second Lieutenant James Harold Stuart Peterkin, M.-G. Corps (ist

Arts). Awarded a bar to the Military Cross previously received —

Captain (Acting Major) Herbert S. Milne, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909). Temporary Captain James Williamson Tocher, R.A.M.C. (M.B.»

1911).

The following, among others, have been " mentioned in dispatches " by Field-Marshal Sir Douglas Haig : —

Colonel Stuart Macdonald, C.B., C.M.G., Army Medical Service

(M.B., 1884)— fifth mention. Lieutenant-Colonel A. Galium, R.A.M.C. (T.F.) (M.B., 1903). Lieutenant- Colonel James William Garden, D.S.O., R.F.A. (T.F.)

(M.A., 1899; B.L., 1902) — second mention. Lieutenant- Colonel T. B. Nicholls, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908).

268 Aberdeen University Review

Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) H. M. W. Gray, C.B., C.M.G., R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1895 ; F.R.C.S.)— fourth mention.

Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Charles Reid, Gordon High- landers, D.S.O. (M.A., 1909) — second mention.

Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) A. J. Williamson, D.S.O., R.A.M.C. (T.F.) (M.A., 1905; M.D.)— second mention.

Major A. S. K. Anderson, D.S.O., M.C. (with bar) (M.A., 1909; M.B., 1914).

Major Eric W. H. Brander, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1910; ■^^ LL.B.) — third mention.

Major Lachlan Mackinnon, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1906 ; LL.B., 1910).

Major Douglas George Robb, R.E. (M.A., 1905).

Captain John Mackintosh, Seaforth Highlanders (M.A., 1913; LL.B., 1915).

Captain William Percival Mulligan, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1913).

Captain George William Riddel, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914).

Captain (Rev.) Hugh Philip Skakle, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 191 1 ; B.D., 1914) — posthumous mention (killed in action. 21 November).

Temporary Captain Adam Gray, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).

Temporary Captain John Proctor, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).

Lieutenant (Acting Captain) William Smith, Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1912; B.Sc. A^r., 1913; assistant. Agricultural De- partment).

The following were mentioned in dispatches by General Sir Herbert Plumer : —

Captain (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Archer Irvine Fortescue,

R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1904). Captain George Christie Soutter, R.A.M.C. (T.F.) (M.B., 1909).

For services at Salonika —

Major (Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) A. W. Falconer, D.S.O., R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1901 ; M.D.) — second mention.

For services in Mesopotamia : —

Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) William Lethbridge, Indian

Medical Service (M.B., 1895). Captain William Anderson Mearns, Indian Medical Service (M.A.,

1899; M.B., 1903). Captain John Phimister Mitchell, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1907 ; M.D.)—

second mention.

For services in Palestine : —

Major H. J. Butchart, D.S.O., Yeomanry (B.L., 1905). Captain George A. Williamson, R.A.M.C. (T.F.) (M.A., 1889; M.B., 1893; M.D., 1899).

For services in East Africa : —

Major William Sim M'Gillivray, Indian Medical Service (M.B.,

1903) — second mention. Captain Robert Morrison Easton, Indian Medical Service (M.A.,

1907 ; M.B., 1911).

University Topics 269

The names of the following officers, among others, have been brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War, for services rendered in connec- tion with the war : —

Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Milne, Indian Medical Service (M.B.,

1891). Major Lachlan Mackinnon, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1906;

LL.B., 1910). Captain Robert Morrison Easton, Indian Medical Service (M.A.,

1907 ; M.B., 1911). Captain (Temporary) John P. Kinloch, R.A,M.C. (T.F.), Lecturer

in Public Health at Aberdeen University (M.D. [Glasg.]). Rev. James Smith, T.D., Chaplain to the Forces, senior chaplain of

the ist Scottish General Hospital (M.A., 1874 ; B.D.). Rev. Robert Harvey Strachan, Chaplain to the Forces (Temporary)

(M.A., 1893). The following are known to have been taken prisoners of war by the Germans since the beginning of the spring offensive on 2 1 March : —

Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Fleming, D.S.O., R.F.A. (former Arts

student). Major James Stewart McConnachie, M.C., Field Ambulance, 51st

Division (M.B., 1906). Major William Milne, Machine Gun Corps (M.A., 19 14). Captain John George Elder, R.A.M.C. (M.B,, 1912). Captain George Robertson Lipp, M.C., R.A.M.C. (M.B., 19 14). Captain Douglas Martin Spring, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909). Lieutenant John Hendry (Science student). Second Lieutenant Norman K. Robson (student at the Agricultural

College). Private Robert A. Forbes, Seaforth Highlanders (Medical student). The following are among those reported missing : —

Captain William Ernest Coutts, Black Watch (M.A., 191 2). Lieutenant Robert F. Copland, attached Wilts Regiment (M.B.,

1915)- Second Lieutenant Alexander Ritchie Doughty McKenzie, Gordon

Highlanders (M.A., 1916). Corporal Robert Sutherland, R.E. (M.A., 1912 ; B.Sc). The following are additional particulars regarding women graduates on war service : —

Beveridge, Catherine (M.A., 1907) — Secretary in the City Food

Controller's Office, Aberdeen. Bisset, Eleanor (M.A,, 19 14) — Secretary to the Board of Scientific

Societies, Burlington House, London. Duncan, Maggie Anne (M.A., 191 7) — Clerk in the Naval Stores,

Aberdeen. MacKenzie, Myra (M.B., 1900) — Previously reported as acting as

Tuberculosis Officer for Staffordshire, has left for Macedonia

to act as Medical Officer to a unit of the Scottish Women's

Hospitals. Murray, Ethel Macgregor (M.A., 1915) — Clerk in the Naval Stores,

Aberdeen. Wiseman, Evelyn Mary (M.A., 1908) — Assistant in the wives and

dependants' section of the Pension Office, Aberdeen.

/

270 Aberdeen University Review

Replacing men on active service : —

Abercromby, Anna M. R. (M.A., 191 7) — 'Teaching mathematics

and science in Elgin Academy. Burgess, Elsie Mary (M.A., 191 7) — Teaching mathematics and science in Forres Academy. [Was working for some time in M'Kinnon's shell factory, Aberdeen.] Hay, Jessie (M.A., 1913) — Teaching in the Murray Boys' School,

Rugby. Herbert, Ellenor (M.A., 19 16) — Teaching in Gordon's College,

Aberdeen. Lumsden, Edith Ross (M.A., 19 16) — Teaching mathematics in

Gordon's College. Mackay, Mary Ross (M.A., 19 17) — Teaching science in Golspie. Macleod, Elizabeth Kate (M.A., 191 7) — Teaching mathematics and

science in Forres Academy. Ogilvie, Helen (M.A., 191 6) — Teaching English in Stonehaven

Academy. Shearer, Margaret F. P. (M.A., 191 7) — Teaching mathematics and

science in Keith Academy. Stewart, Mina (M.A., 19 17) — Teaching mathematics and science in

Wick Academy. Weir, Florence Smith (M.A., 1916) — Teaching English and Latin in Kingussie. Captain George Stewart Davidson, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1914; M.B., 1916) has been awarded the Serbian Order of St. Sava " for services rendered in the war during the years 1916-17 on the Salonika front".

Captain Robert Godfrey Martyn, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1912), has been made a Chevalier of the Ordre de Leopold, and has had conferred on him also by the King of the Belgians the Croix de Guerre.

Surgeon-General James Lawrence Smith, C.B., M.V.O., R.N. (M.B., 1883), has been appointed an officer of the French Legion of Honour for dis- tinguished services rendered during the war.

Major Charles Duncan Peterkin, Gordon Highlanders, Special Reserve (M.A., 1908; LL.B.) has been gazetted Deputy-Assistant-Quarter-Master- General, vice Lieut.-Col. T. Ogilvie, C.M.G.

Numerous promotions have been made of late, among them : Lieutenant- Colonel Francis Kelly, R.A.M.C, to be Temporary Colonel whilst holding the appointment of Assistant Director of Medical Services; Major and Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Wardrop Griffith, C.M.G., R.A.M.C, to be Lieutenant-Colonel ; Major J. W, Garden, D.S.O., R.F.A., to be Lieu- tenant-Colonel; Temporary Major A. W. Falconer, D.S.O., R.A.M.C, to be Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel; Captain A. I. Fortescue, R.A.M.C, and Captain R. W. Galloway, M.C, R.A.M.C, to be Acting Lieutenant-Colonel whilst in command of a medical unit ; Captain Robert Adam, M.C, Gordon Highlanders, to be Brigade Major; Captain Eric W. H. Brander, Gordon Highlanders, Brevet- Major ; Captain George M. M'Gillivray, R.A.M.C, to be Acting Major whilst specially employed ; and Captain John F. W. Sandison, R.A.M.C, Captain James Watson, Gordon Highlanders, Temporary Captain Benjamin Knowles, R.A.M.C, and Temporary Captain John Proctor, R.A.M.C, to be Acting Majors.

Sir Alexander Ogston, K.CV.O. ; Sir John Duthie, K.B.E. ; and Colonel Scott Riddell, C.B.E., M.V.O,, have been appointed members of a Joint

University Topics 271

Committee representing the Department of Voluntary Organizations and the Scottish Branch of the British Red Cross Society, to organize the gathering and cleaning of sphagnum moss throughout Scotland. Sir John Duthie is Chairman of the Joint Committee.

Dr. Colin Finlayson Simpson (M.A., 1906; M.B.), who served with the Russian Army from the beginning of the war, arrived at his home in Fraser- burgh in March last. On the outbreak of the war he was a Professor in the Medical College at Mukden, Manchuria, but was unable to get through Russia to this country, where he was anxious to render service. He was advised by the British Ambassador at Petrograd to attach himself to the Russian army, which was badly in need of medical men. He accordingly accepted an appointment under the Russian Red Cross and was attached to the 3rd Army with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He superintended the removal of 18,000 wounded from Lodz (see vol. iii., 76), and for his services received the congratulations of the Grand Duke and Duchess Cyril and was granted the Vladimir decoration with swords. He was appointed Colonel, and served with the 8th and 9th Army in the Carpathians, performing numer- ous medical operations. After the collapse of the Russian army, it took Dr. Simpson two months and a half to reach home. He journeyed to Moscow and Petrograd, passed through Finland, Sweden, and Norway, and from Norway he reached Aberdeen by steamer. It may be mentioned that, after graduating, Dr. Simpson was attached to a British Boundary Commission in Bolivia, and visited places in South America in which no white man had previously set foot.

Mr. William Gammie Ogg (M.A., 191 2 ; B.Sc.) last year received an appointment under the Ministry of Munitions (High Explosives Department). He was previously a chemist in another explosives works. Mr. Ogg, after graduating, was for a time engaged in chemical research under Professor Hendrick, and left to take up a position as a works chemist with Messrs. Chance & Hunt, Birmingham.

Rev. Alfred Augustus Cooper (M.A., 1887), minister of the United Free High Church, Inverness, was engaged lecturing to the British troops in France during April and part of May.

Rev. Patrick Lindsay Gordon (M.A., 1886 ; B.D.), minister of the parish of Glenbervie, has been wounded and was for some time in hospital in France. At the outbreak of the war, Mr. Gordon qualified as a motor-car driver and offered his services to the British Red Cross. On account of his age he was refused, but nothing daunted he presented a motor ambulance to the French Red Cross and offering to drive it in France his services were accepted, and he has been driving an ambulance in the French lines for about tsvo years. Mr. Gordon, who named his ambulance car the "Glenbervie," jocularly re- marked in a letter to a friend that during these two years in the field he still slept in Glenbervie. Mr. Gordon is a brother of Rev. W. Lindsay Gordon (M. A., 1893 ; B.D.), formerly minister of the South Parish Church, Aberdeen, and now on service as a chaplain in Italy.

The ubiquity of the Aberdeen graduate is proverbial and has been parti- cularly observable during the war. Perhaps one of its oddest manifestations was the following announcement in the *' Bagdad Times," a paper presumably staited by some men of the army of occupation : " It is proposed to hold an Aberdeen Schools and University Dinner on Friday, 5 April, 1 918, at the Hotel Maiide. Will those who wish to attend please send their names to Captain Melvin, c/o ' Bagdad Times '? "

Personalia.

Among the recipients of King's Birthday honours were the following : — K.B.E. — James Taggart, Lord Provost of Aberdeen (Member of the University Court ex officio). John Duthie of Cairnbulg, barrister (alumnus, Arts, 1875- 76). C.B.E. — Robert Sangster Rait, Professor of Scottish History and

Literature, Glasgow University (M.A,, 1894). O.B.E. — Rev. David Smith Cairns, Professor of Systematic Theology and Apologetics, United Free Church College, Aber- deen (D.D., 1909). Hector Munro Macdonald, Professor of Mathematics,

Aberdeen University (M.A. , 1886; F.R.S.). Peter Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (M.A., 1884; LL.D., 1914 ; F.R.S.). James Charles Philip, Professor of Physical Chemistry Imperial College of Science, South Kensington (M.A., 1893; B.Sc, 1895; D.Sc, 1906). I.S.O. — William John Henderson Sinclair, Medical Officer, Barlinnie Prison, Glasgow (M.B., 1883).

The list of New Year honours given in our last issue should have included the following : —

O.B.E. — John Russell, M.B., Vice-President of the Burslem and

Tunstall Division and Assistant County Inspector for the North

Staffordshire Area, British Red Cross and Order of St. John

of Jerusalem (M.A., 1883; M.B., 1886).

M.B.E. — James Cran, M.D., Belize, British Honduras (M.B., 1895 ;

M.D., 1904).

Judging from some American papers that have reached us, and from

information in private letters, the Principal's lecturing tours in the United

States on the Moral Aims of the War have been most successful. In the

course of the first month of his work, he travelled as far west as Kansas City

and Denver, and addressed over fifty meetings, the attendance averaging more

than 1000 at each place. One of the most striking gatherings was in the

Symphony Hall, Boston, presided over by President A. Lawrence Lowell, of

Harvard University ; and in connection with it the " Boston Transcript "

published a descriptive sketch of the Principal (accompanied by a large-sized

Personalia 273

portrait) along with the customary " interview ". In the course of the sketch the writer said : —

None of Britain's leading men has had greater success in presenting the British case or in expounding, on a very high plane of thought, the effect of the war on British life and character than the Principal of Aberdeen University. This success has been due to the peculiar qualities of the man. He is the very embodiment of earnestness. The dignity and tremendousness of his mission are first in his thought. He is a seeker after truth — a teller of the truth. He wants America to know the facts — as he himself has seen them. He has been in America before, understands the American character, appreciates what it has meant to the world for America to enter the war and desires to express the gratitude of his country for America's declarations for humanity. And he does it all in such a human, modest way — so full of fine-mindedness when touching upon the higher aspects of it, and so full of passion when he touches on the darker side of it— that, wherever he has spoken, he has left behind a great personal triumph and a labour well perfortned for the Allied cause. A listener in Washington remarked the other day that of all the speakers who had come over, this man had left the deepest mark upon his hearers.

At Boston the Principal had the great honour of being invited to the House of Representatives, then in session. The Speaker welcomed him, and all the members rose to receive him, and after he had spoken they gave him a perfect ovation.

A descriptive sketch of the Principal in a New York paper opened in this fashion : —

A gray and grizzled Scotch theologian in the khaki of a Colonel in the British Army, who likes the feel of a blackened old pipe between his teeth as he discourses in the seclu- sion of his room on the old Satan of Calvin's day and the new Satan of Kaiserism, is in New York. He is one of the world's most famous Biblical scholars — Sir George Adam Smith, Principal of that hoary-headed but militant Scotch university, Aberdeen University, and a chaplain in the army with the rank of Colonel. ... It is a sturdy champion of the contention that the war is strengthening men and women in the spiritual dimensions that has come to us.

At a meeting of the University Court on n June, a letter was read from the executive secretary of the National Committee in America under whose auspices the Principal is visiting the States. In the course of the letter the secretary said : —

Your Principal, the Very Rev. Sir George Adam Smith, who has been in America since early in April, has been giving a most wonderful message, and has stirred up the enthusiasm and response to the great moral issues of this world-wide war in a most remarkable manner. No visitor to America in recent years has made such a contribution, and the meetings have been largely attended.

The secretary added that, in view of the many calls for Sir George's services, the Committee had agreed to request that his visit might be prolonged through the months of May and June, and this had been arranged accord- ingly. The Court received this gratifying intelligence of the success of the Principal's visit to the United States with much pleasure.

Mr. James E. Crombie, LL.D., has been re-nominated by the Duke of Richmond and Gordon as Chancellor's Assessor in the University Court, for a further term of four years. Dr. Crombie was first nominated Chancellor's Assessor in 191 3 by Lord Strathcona, and held the post during the Chancel- lorship of the Earl of Elgin.

The Deans of the respective Faculties for the current year have been appointed as follows : Arts — Professor Jack ; Science — Professor Hendrick ; Divinity — Professor Cowan ; Law — Professor Irvine ; Medicine — Professor Shennan.

Professors Harrower, Davidson, Macdonald, and Baillie were the Aberdeen representatives at a Conference of Universities of the United Kingdom held

18

2 74 Aberdeen University Review

in London on lo May, to consider what steps should be taken to promote uniform action with regard to the admission of advanced students from foreign countries and British Dominions overseas to the Universities of this country, and as to the granting of a special degree to such students. It is proposed that this degree should be Doctor of Philosophy.

Professor Terry has received the degree of Litt.D. from Cambridge Uni- versity. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge (B.A., Hist. Trip., 1886; M.A., 1890), and became connected with Aberdeen University in 1898 as Lecturer in History, a position which he held until 1903, when he was elevated to the Chair of that subject.

Dr. Robert Walker has resigned the office of Registrar of the University, to which he was appointed by the Senatus on 10 March, 1877 — forty-one years ago ; and the University Court has accepted his resignation on the understanding that his name be retained on the list of the University staff with the title of Registrar Emeritus. Dr. Walker will thus continue to rank as the senior official of the University, whose service he entered as assistant to the Professor of Mathematics on 6 November, 1866. The Business Com- mittee of the General Council of the University, in reporting Dr. Walker's resignation, added — " The Business Committee feels sure that the General Council will not allow a man so universally esteemed as Dr. Walker to retire from active duties without expressing to him its recognition of the debt which the University owes to his never-failing solicitude for her welfare and for the accuracy of her records. Graduates will learn with pleasure that Reminiscences of University Life during half a century may be looked for from Dr. Walker's pen in the pages of the Aberdeen University Review."

Rev. William Brodie (M.A., 1871 ; B.D. [Edin.], 1875) has resigned the charge of the parish of Kirkpatrick-Juxta, Dumfries-shire, of which he has been minister since 1877.

Mr, William Speirs Bruce (LL.D., 1907), of the Oceanographical Labora- tory, Edinburgh, has been appointed Thomson Lecturer at the Aberdeen United Free Church College for the session 191 8-1 9. The subject of his lectures will be "The Contribution of Polar Exploration to Science".

Mr. Frederick G. D. Chalmers (M.A., 1916; B.Sc, 1917), recently employed as a research chemist with Messrs. Chance & Hunt, Birmingham, has been appointed chief assistant in the laboratory of Drs. Bostock, Hill, & Rigby, public analysts for Worcester, Hereford, Shrewsbury, and Warwick- shire.

Mr. John B. Chapman (M.A., 1897), who for several years was Classical Master in Airdrie Academy, has now joined the staff of Hutchesons' Grammar School, Glasgow. Mr. Chapman is the editor of Professor Hutton Webster's "Ancient History " and the author of two most useful volumes on " H race and His Poetry". To the last number of the Review he contributed an article on " Huns : Ancient and Modern ".

Professor Arthur Robertson Cushny (M.A., 1886; M.B., 1889; M.D., 1892; LL.D., 19H; F.R.S.), who has been Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacology, University College, London, since 1905, has been unani- mously appointed by the Curators of the Chair to succeed Sir Thomas Eraser as Professor of Materia Medica in Edinburgh University.

Professor John Wight Duff (M.A., 1886; D. Litt. [Durh.]), has been appointed Vice-President of Armstrong College, Newcastle.

Mr. Alexander Emslie (M.A., 1895), Rector of Ayr Academy, was dis- missed from the service of the Ayr School Board at a special meeting of the

Personalia 275

Board held on 28 February, the resolution to that effect being adopted by 6 votes to 3. Mr. Emslie appealed against the decision to the Scotch Edu- cation Department, and his case has been taken up also by the Educational Institute. Prior to being appointed Rector of the Ayr Academy, Mr. Emslie had been successively classical master at the Miller Institution, Thurso; Rector of Fordyce Academy ; and head master of Keith Public School.

Rev. Sidney Knight Finlayson (M.A., 1913; B.D.) has been inducted to the charge of Maryculter United Free Church, this step having become necessary in view of the church having been recently raised to the status of a full charge.

Rev. Arthur Cayley Headlam (D.D., 1906), formerly Principal of King's College, London, has been appointed Canon of Christ Church and Regius Professor of Divinity, Oxford. He represented King's College, London, at the Quatercentenary celebrations in 1906, and was one of those on whom the honorary degree of D.D. was conferred.

Rev. August John Kesting (M.A., 1894; B.D., 1897), minister of the Scots Church in Paris in connection with the Church of Scotland, has been appointed to the pastorate of Mossgreen Parish Church, Fifeshire.

Mr. Wilson Summers Leslie (M.A., 1915; B.D., 1918); and Mr. John Leslie Robertson (M.A., 1907) have been licensed to preach.

Rev. James Philip Lilley (M.A., 1865; D.D., 1903), who has been minister of Knox's Free (now United Free) Church, Arbroath, for the past forty-four years, has applied for the appointment of a colleague and successor,

Mr. William Grant MacConnachie (M.A., 1886), second master, High School, Inverness, has been appointed head master of the Farraline Park Public School, Inverness.

Rev. Robert John Mackay (M.A., 191 1 ; LL.B., 1918), assistant, High United Free Church, Aberdeen, has been elected minister of Beauly U.F. Church. He served in the ranks of the 4th Gordon Highlanders, and after- wards received a commission in the 5 th Seaforths. Last year he was wounded in the left elbow and was discharged. He was studying for the B.D. degree last session.

Rev. John Wood Macphail — not Rev. John Wood, as erroneously stated on p. 182 — (M.A., 1907), minister of the United Free Church, Forgue, Aberdeenshire, has been elected colleague and successor to Rev. John Yeliow- lees, Carron United Free Church, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.

Mr. Andrew Stenhouse Melvin (M.A., 1900), assistant, Glasgow High School, has been appointed head master of the Higher Grade and Elementary School, TurriflT, Aberdeenshire.

Dr. George Stevenson Middleton (M.A., 1873; M.D. [Glasg.]) has been elected one of the Assessors of the Glasgow University Council in the Uni- versity Court, in succession to the late Sir David M'Vail.

Rev. Robert Nicol Paton (M.A., 1907; B.D., 1910), minister of the quoad sacra parish of New Byth, Aberdeenshire, has been elected minister of the quoad sacra parish of Lochgelly, Fifeshire.

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE. (M.A., 1878; M.B., 1883 ; LL.D., 1900), Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, has been appointed Chairman of the New Horticultural Advisory Committee established by the Board of Agriculture of England.

Dr. George Riddoch (M.B., 1913; M.D., 1917) has been admitted a member of the Royal College of Physicians of England.

276 Aberdeen University Review

Rev. James Alexander Robertson (M.A., 1902) — who recently retired from the ministry of Palmerston Place United Free Church, Edinburgh, his health proving unequal to the demands of such a large congregation — has been elected minister of the United Free Church at Ballater, Aberdeenshire.

Mr. Robert Dawson Robertson (M.A., 1872) has retired from the head- mastership of Clochcan Public School, Auchnagatt, having reached the age limit.

Rev. James George Dawson Scott (M.A., 1892), Union United Free Church, Edinburgh, has received a call from the congregation of Brandon Street Church, Motherwell.

Mr. George Shearer (M.A., 1903), Strachan Public School, Kincardine- shire, has been appointed head master of Chapel of Garioch Public School, Aberdeenshire.

Mr. Alexander Garden Sinclair (alumnus, 1876-77) has been elected an Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. He began the Arts course, but found the call of art irresistible, and went to Edinburgh to study. He is one of the group of painters known as the Society of Eight, who exhibit regularly in Edinburgh. Mr. Sinclair is a son of the manse, his father having been minister of the Free Church, Kenmore, Perthshire.

Rev. Robert Troup Sivewright (M.A., 1902) has been ordained as locum tenens of Alexandria Parish Church, Dumbartonshire, in room of Rev. W. Gordon M'Lean (B.D., 191 2), who has left to be a Chaplain with the Forces.

Rev. William Connan Smith (M.A., 1894), minister of the United Free Church, Kirkliston, Linlithgowshire, has been appointed colleague and suc- cessor to Rev. Alexander Wishart, minister of the U.F. Church, Forgue, Aberdeenshire (retired), in room of Rev. John Wood Macphail (M.A., 1907), translated to Carron U.F. Church, Falkirk.

Mr. Walter Allan Stewart (B.Sc. Agr., 1913), has received an important appointment under the Sudan Government. Shortly after the outbreak of the war — being at the time a member of the agricultural staff of Wye College — he received a commission in the Lovat Scouts, and later was transferred to the R.F.A. He took part in General AUenby's campaign in Palestine, being present at the capture of Gaza and in subsequent engagements. He has now been transferred to the Sudan Resources Board, with the rank of Bimbashi (Major). This Board was created at the outset of the war for the purpose of developing the agricultural resources of the Sudan.

Rev. Robert Harvey Strachan (M.A., 1893), minister of the English Pres- byterian Church, Cambridge, has been elected minister of Langside Hill United Free Church, Glasgow.

Rev. George Leslie Smith Thompson (M.A., 1913; B.D., 191 7) has been elected minister of the Congregational Church, Perth.

Rev. Donald Thomson (M.A., 1915; B.D., 1918) has been elected minister of the United Free Church, Avoch, Ross-shire (see p. 183).

Dr. Henry James Thomson (M.B., 19 10) has been appointed assistant medical officer of health for Lanarkshire, his whole time practically to be devoted to the work connected with maternity service and child welfare schemes.

Mr. William Stewart Thomson (M.A., 1885), a recent student in divinity at the University (see vol. iv., 79), has been licensed by the Presbytery of Aberdeen, the Examining Committee dispensing with the usual written examination.

Dr. Robert Samuel Trotter (M.B., 1898; M.D., 1903; D.P.H.) is now Chief Medical Officer, Cook Islands Administration, Rarotonga, Eastern Pacific.

Personalia 277

Sir Charles Edward Troup, G.C.V.O., K.C.B. (M.A., 1876 ; LL.D., 1912) has been appointed Secretary of the Order of the British Empire.

Rev. George Elmslie Troup (M.A., 1876) has resigned the pastorate of the West United Free Church, Broughty Ferry. He has been minister of the church (formerly Free Church) since 1880.

Mr. James McPherson Wattie (M.A., 1883), H.M. Chief Inspector of Schools, Aberdeen, has been appointed an additional member of the Local Advisory Committee appointed by the Ministry of Labour in connection with the Employment Exchange area of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine — ^as representing the Juvenile Advisory Committee.

Rev. Robert Webster (M.A., 1899) has been ordained and inducted to the charge of High Bonnybridge United Free Church.

Rev. John McLaren Wilson (M.A., 1910) has been elected colleague and successor to Rev. Thomas Laing, M.A., Auchindoir United Free Church, retired.

Mr. Frederick Wishart (M.A., 1909; LL.B., 1912) has been called to the English bar, the final examinations for which he passed with highest honours. He belongs to the Inner Temple.

Rev. William Philip Wishart (M.A., 1909; B.D., 191 7) has been elected minister of the East Parish, Peterhead.

Miss Dorothy M. J. Emslie, a fourth year student of medicine at the

University, has been appointed resident physician at the War Hospital, Derby.

Miss Ethel Hope Kemp (M.A., 1913), assistant classical mistress in the

Girls' High School, Aberdeen, has been appointed classical mistress in the

Girls' High School, Manchester.

Miss Annie Macdonald (M.A., 19 15) has been appointed Lecturer in Political Economy for next session, in the absence of Mr. R. B. Forrester, who is on military service.

Miss Constance Elizabeth Peterkin (M.A., 1907) has been appointed head mistress of the Girls' School, Damanhiir, Behera, Egypt — a school for high-class natives.

Miss Isabella Jane Smith (M.A., 191 7) has been elected to an exhibition of ;;^4o at Somerville College, Oxford.

Miss L. Mary Buchanan Smith (M.A., 1916) accompanied her father, the Principal, to the United States as his secretary.

"This Life and the Next ; the Effect on this Life of Faith in Another," is the title of a work by Principal P. T. Forsyth recently published.

Professor Terry has completed a new translation of J. N. Forkel's " Johann Sebastian Bach," the earliest monograph on the life and work of the master. An English version of the book, in which Charles Wesley took keen interest, was published in 1820, but, besides being long since unprocurable, it is defective and unreliable. The new translation will contain a complete bibliography of Bach literature, an index to the publications of the old and new Bachgesellschaft, a catalogue of Bach's works chronologically arranged, and a similar arrangement of the cantatas, with notes on their libretti.

Mr. P. J. Anderson has been appointed Registrar of the General Council, in place of Dr. Robert Walker.

Miss Ethel M. Barnett and Miss Maggie Brown having acted as assistants in the University Library for some years, the University Court has now approved their appointment to places that have become vacant on the Library staff.

278 Aberdeen University Review

At the spring graduation on 22 March — at which (as mentioned on p. 236) Professor Trail, the senior member of the professoriate, presided in the absence of the Vice-Chancellor — the degree of M. A. was conferred on thirteen students (on three of these with first-class honours, on one with second-class honours, and on two with third-class honours) ; B Sc, on six; B.D., on two ; LL.B., on one; and M.B., on five (on one with second-class honours) — twenty-seven degrees in all; but as two of the graduates in Science also graduated in Arts, the total number of graduates was twenty-five, probably the smallest on record for a spring graduation. The diploma in Agriculture was granted to a single student. Of the Arts graduates, nine were women and only four men, but in Science there were four male graduates and two female, and in Medicine three males and two females. The small number of degrees in Medicine (five), said Professor Shennan, was unprecedented in the annals of the University. The degree of M.D. was conferred upon Major John Macpherson, Australian Army Medical Corps; Captain W. L. Millar, R.A.M.C, Salonika; Captain F. L. Keith, R.A.M.C. ; and Dr. W. B. Livermore, Didworthy, Brent, Devonshire.

Mr. John Gavin Tait, Inverness, carried off the Simpson Greek prize and Robbie gold medal, and the Seafield gold medal in Latin, and also won — being the only candidate — the Dr. Black prize in Latin, but was ineligible to hold it. Mr. William O. Kermack, Kirriemuir, won the Simpson Mathe- matical prize, the Greig prize in Natural Philosophy, and the Dr. David Rennet gold medal in Mathematics. The Boxill Mathematical prize fell to Mr. Charles D. Niven, Aberdeen ; and the Neil Arnott prize in Experimental Physics to Miss Williamina A. Barron, Letham, Forfar. There was no candi- date for the Liddel prize.

Mr. Tait was subsequently awarded the Croom Robertson Fellowship, of the annual value of ;^20o, tenable for three years.

The following graduates of Aberdeen University now occupy professorial Chairs in Edinburgh : —

Professor A. R. Cushny Materia Medica.

„ H. J. C. Grierson English Literature. „ A. R. S. Kennedy Hebrew. „ A. W. Mair Greek.

„ W. J. Watson Celtic.

Arrangements have just been made for the compilation of the Register of Parliamentary Voters for the University. The existing General Council Register, corrected up to 15 April, and with the names of woman members who are not 30 specially marked, will come into force as the Parliamentary Register on i October, and remain in force till 15 March. Appended to it will be a list of the male graduates on naval or military service who were under 2 1 on 15 April, but become Parliamentary electors under the new Act. The General Council Register will be again corrected in December of this year, and the names of the summer graduates added, these, however, not thereby acquiring a Parliamentary vote. The names of the summer graduates of 1918 will be included in the list of graduates printed in the "University Calendar," with a preliminary note indicating that no one who has graduated since 30 November, 19 14, can be registered as a member of General Council until I January, 191 9.

Obituary.

Among distinguished graduates who have died recently was Sir John Anderson, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., LL.D., Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Ceylon. He died in the island, after undergoing a severe operation, on 24 March.

Sir John Anderson, who had just entered on his sixty-first year, was a native of Gartly, Aberdeenshire, and was the son of Mr. John Anderson, teacher of the local Free Church day school, who afterwards became super- intendent of the Gordon Mission, Aberdeen. After a preparatory training in the Old Aberdeen Grammar School under Dr. William Dey, he entered Aberdeen University as ninth bursar in 1873, and graduated four years later with first-class honours in mathematics and natural philosophy, carrying off the Simpson mathematical prize, the Seafield English medal, and the Town Council gold medal for general proficiency ; he also won the FuUerton scholar- ship in mathematics. In April, 1879, he gained a first-class clerkship in the Civil Service, coming out facile princeps with 2258 marks, the next highest, an Oxford graduate, having 1764. In the course of the next few years, while a clerk in the Colonial Office, he secured a scholarship at Gray's Inn and a studentship in the Inns of Court. In 1892 he was appointed private secretary to the then Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir R. Meade, and was attached to the staff for the Behring Sea Arbitration in London and Paris in 1892-93. He obtained a first-class clerkship in 1896, and a year later was advanced to the position of principal clerk. Sir John acted as secretary to the Conference of Colonial Premiers in 1897, Mr. Chamberlain being then Colonial Secretar)' ; and he was again secretary to the Conference held in 1902.

Sir John Anderson, who was created a K.C.M.G. in 1901, accompanied King George (then Prince of Wales) on his Colonial tour in that year, acting as secretary. In 1904 he was appointed Governor of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States and in 1906 High Commissioner for the State of Brunei — posts he held until 191 1, when he returned to the Colonial Office as Permanent Under-Secretary. He was created G.C.M.G. in 1909, and K.C.B. in 1913. In 1916 he was appointed Governor of Ceylon, with a special mission to investigate the methods by which an outbreak of the native population had been suppressed. He re- ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from his Alma Mater in 1907, and from Edinburgh University in 191 1. On 24 June, 1913, he was entertained at

2 8o Aberdeen University Review

dinner at the Carlton Hotel, London, and presented with a replica of the portrait of himself painted by Mr. William Orpen, A.R.A., which now hangs in the Victoria Memorial Hall at Singapore, beside the portraits of other distinguished occupants of the Governorship.

Dr. Norman William Anderson (M.B., 1893; M.D., 1902) died at Zaaiplaats, Transvaal, South Africa, on 10 March, aged forty-seven. He had been in practice at Fraserburgh, Strathmiglo, Fife; Dunbar, and Aberdeen. He was the youngest son of the late Mr. J. M. Anderson, Fraserburgh.

Brigade-Surgeon-Colonel James Forbes Beattie (M.A., King's College, i860; M.D., 1863), Army Medical Service (retired), died at his residence, Emerald Bank, Insch, Aberdeenshire, on 27 March. He was a son of the late Mr. Andrew Beattie (M.A., King's College, 1818), farmer, Dunnideer, Insch, and was born there in 1841. After graduating in medicine, he was appointed staff assistant surgeon in the Army Medical Service, and being sent to India in 1864, was appointed assistant surgeon to the Cameron High- landers. With this regiment he was stationed at Ferozepore, Rawal Pindi, Delhi, and Roorka. In 1869 he had leave of absence to England, and the following year he rejoined his regiment at Kamptee, Madras. Returning to England in 187 1, he was transferred from the 79th Regiment to the staff and was stationed at Netley, Aldershot. He embarked in November, 1873, for the first Ashanti Expedition, from which he returned in 1874. Then he was stationed at Glasgow. He was promoted surgeon-major in 1876, and return- ing to India three years later was stationed at Karachi. In 1880 he was in Afghanistan, being present at the disaster of Maiwand on 27 July of that year, and was shut up in Kandahar from 28 July till the city was relieved on i Sep- tember. Next year he was stationed at Mhow, and was able to visit Australia. He embarked at Bombay in August, 1882, for Egypt, and was at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir on 13 September. After a short period at Aldershot he left for Egypt, taking part in the Nile Expedition in October, 1 884, and being after- wards appointed to the charge of the Base Hospital at Cairo. He returned to England in 1886, and in the following year was appointed Assistant Pro- fessor of Military Medicine in the Army Medical School at Netley. He was promoted brigade-surgeon in 1888. He retired from the service on account of bad health in 1890, and in 1893 Was gazetted brigade-surgeon-lieu t. -colonel. During his retirement he divided his time between London, Scotland, and Cap d'Antibes, France. After the present war broke out he rejoined the service, and was appointed president of one of the Government Inquiry Committees. After finally retiring from the service he was promoted colonel in October last year for war service. He held decorations for the following campaigns : Ashanti War, 1873-74 (medal) ; Afghan Wars, 1878-80 ; Defence of Kandahar (medal with clasp) ; Egyptian Expedition, 1882, and Battle of Tel-el-Kebir (medal with clasp and bronze star).

Duncan Burgess (M.A., Hons., 1868) died on 17 January, 191 7, aged sixty-seven. He was a native of Cromdale. After graduating at Aberdeen, he was Assistant to the Professor of Mathematics, 1870-71, and thereafter went to Cambridge, and was 13th Wrangler in 1875, becoming B.A. He took the M. A. degree three years later and was elected a Fellow of Corpus Christi Col- lege. Devoting himself to the study of medicine, he graduated M.B. (Cantab.) in 1882, and also became an F.R.C.P., London. For many years he was senior physician of the Sheffield Royal Hospital and Professor of Medicine at

Obituary 281

Sheffield University. He was the representative of the University of Aber- deen on the University Court of the University of Sheffield.

Dr. James Gellie Davidson (M.B., 1901), died suddenly at his resi- dence, 118 Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey, on 17 March, aged thirty-nine. He had been in partnership for a number of years with his two brothers — Dr. Francis William Davidson (M.B., 1904) and Dr. Robert Gibson Davidson (M.B., 1909) ; and the three brothers had built up a very successful practice. Their father was the late Mr. Alexander Duncan Davidson, clothier, London, who was a native of Cullen, Banffshire.

Rev. George Dingwall (M.A., 1875 ; B.D., 1881), minister of the united parishes of Liff and Benvie, Forfarshire, died at LifT Manse on 19 May, after a few days' illness, aged sixty-three. He was a native of Turriff, Aberdeenshire. In 1881 he succeeded Rev. William Forbes as minister of the newly-formed church of Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, and it was during his ministry that the present church was erected, the services prior thereto being conducted in an iron building. The church was opened free of debt in 1883, and the endowment was completed in 1886, and Craigiebuckler erected into a quoad sacra parish. In 1892 Mr. Dingwall accepted a call to Liff and Benvie.

Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Leonard Duke (M.B., 1888; D.P.H., 1889) died at Quetta, of acute pneumonia, in March, aged fifty-one. He entered the Indian Medical Service in 1889, passing first out of a large number of candidates who presented themselves. After being attached for a short period to the Grinpura Irregular Force, he spent several years in Persia, being stationed at Meshed for a part of the time. He had the distinction of accompanying the Amir of Afghanistan on his tour in India in 1907. For a considerable time previous to his death he was stationed at Quetta and was Chief Medical Officer for Baluchistan. He was the second son of the late Rev. Dr. Duke, minister of St. Vigeans, Arbroath.

Mr. John Edmond of Kingswells (alumnus, 1861-64) died at his resi- dence. Bourne Side, The Goffs, Eastbourne, on 1 2 April, aged seventy-two. He was the fifth and last surviving son of the late Dr. Francis Edmond of Kingswells, advocate in Aberdeen (M.A., King's College, 1823; LL.D., Aberd., 1881). He became a member of the Society of Advocates in Aber- deen in 1880, and was a partner in the legal firm of Messrs. Edmonds & Macqueen, subsequently Messrs. Edmonds & Ledingham. He gave up active business in 1895, and had since lived in retirement in the south of England.

The Right Hon. Robert Farquharson, M.D. (LL.D., Aberd., 1883), of Finzean, Aberdeenshire, M.P. for West Aberdeenshire, 1880-1905, died at Finzean House 8 June, aged eighty-two.

Robert Mather Fin layson (law student, 1908-10) diedatBraco, Perth- shire,' on 1 1 April, aged thirty-three. He was the younger son of Provost Finlayson, Fraserburgh. He studied law in Aberdeen, being a prizeman in Scots Law and Conveyancing, and became a law agent in 191 2. He began the practice of his profession in association with his father in Fraserburgh, but within a year his health gave way and necessitated his removal to a milder part of the country.

Dr. Peter Galloway (M.B., 1881), of Spalding, Lincolnshire, died at Nottingham on 10 March, aged sixty-two. He was for some years in practice

282 Aberdeen University Review

at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, thereafter at Willingham-by-Stow, Lincolnshire, and then at Spalding. He was a native of Lonraay, Aberdeenshire.

Mr. Joseph Grant (M.A., 1882), for over thirty-one years schoolmaster at Midmar, Aberdeenshire, died suddenly at the schoolhouse there on 18 May, aged sixty-two. He was a native of Inverurie, a son of the late Mr. Joseph Grant, overseer, Keith-hall. He had been Chairman of the Midmar Parish Council since its institution.

Mr. Hugh Henderson (M.A., 1872), formerly Rector of Lanark Grammar School, died at his residence, 274 Renfrew Street, Glasgow, on 2 March, aged seventy. He was a native of New Deer, Aberdeenshire.

Rev. Dr. Henry Scott Holland (D.D., Aberd., 1903), Regius Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, died at his lodgings in Christ Church on Sunday, 17 March. He delivered one of the Murtle Lectures in 1 903, he being at that time a Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral.

Alexander Larg (M.A., 191 5) died at 6 Gloucester Crescent, Regent's Park, London, on 13 May, aged twenty-seven years. He was modern lan- guages master in the City of London College — he graduated with first-class honours in modern languages. After serving some time in the Artists' Rifles, he was invalided out of the army, and he obtained the mastership in the City of London College in March of last year. Mr. Larg was the elder son of the late Mr. Peter Larg, music-seller, Aberdeen, and was married to Isabella Beaton Michelsen (M.A., 1915).

Rev. James Skinner Mackenzie (M.A., King's College, 1853), senior minister of the parish of Little Dunkeld, Perthshire, died at Stenton Manse, East Lothian, on 26 April, aged eighty-four. He was born in Nova Scotia in 1834, and was the eldest son of Rev. Hugh Mackenzie, who was ministering to Sutherland Highlanders settled there, and who afterwards became Gaelic minister in Inverness. He was educated at Inverness Academy and at King's College. Mr. Mackenzie was licensed in 1857, and two years later was or- dained minister of Fort Augustus. In i860 he was translated to Carnoch, Strathconan, and he ministered there until 1866, when he was inducted as minister of Little Dunkeld. He remained there until he retired in January, 1 914, in favour of an assistant and successor, Rev. C. M. Robertson, nephew of the Very Rev. Dr. Robertson of Whittingehame. About five years and a half ago, he became almost entirely blind. Since his retirement he had lived with his younger son, Rev. Hugh Skinner Mackenzie (M.A., 1899; B.D.), first at Mouswald Manse, Dumfries-shire, and latterly at Stenton Manse. When minister of Little Dunkeld, Mr. Mackenzie took a leading part in the work of all the local boards in the parish, and was specially interested in tem- perance ; several years ago he wrote a temperance tale entitled " The Wrecker's Light".

Hon. Sir John Madden, G.C.M.G. (LL.D., Aberd., 1906), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria, Australia, died in March, aged seventy- four. He was Chancellor of Melbourne University, and represented it at the Aberdeen Quatercentenary in 1906, when he received the degree of LL.D.

Rev. William W. Merry (LL.D., 1906), Rector of Lincoln College, Ox- ford, died on 5 March, aged eighty-three. He was present at the Quater- centenary celebrations in 1906, on which occasion he received the honorary degree of LL.D. He was at the time Vice-Chan cellor of Oxford University and headed the procession of delegates from other Universities, and he de-

Obituary 283

livered, on behalf of the British institutions, a felicitous address in the Strath- cona Hall.

Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Findlay Milne (M.A., 1877 ; M.B., 1880), Indian Medical Service (ret.), died at Morkeu House, Cults, Aber- deen, on 29 May, aged sixty-two. He was the eldest son of the late Mr. William Milne, farmer. Upper Crichie, Old Deer, Aberdeenshire. After graduating, he entered the Indian Medical Service (Bombay) in 188 1, gaining the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1901. Thereafter, he was for several years Assay Master at the Bombay Mint. On returning home about eight years ago, he purchased the estate of Morkeu, and largely rebuilt the house.

Rev. Dr. John Milne (M.A., Marischal College, 1857; D.D., 1907), minister of the parish of Newlands, Peebles-shire, died at Newlands Manse on 26 May, aged seventy-eight. He was a native of Auchinblae, Kincardineshire. He was successively minister of the parish of Kirkurd, Peebles-shire ; Green- side Church, Edinburgh ; and Newlands, being appointed to the last-named charge in 1884. For six months in 1875 and 1876 he carried out work of the Church's Jewish Committee in Syria. Dr. Milne had a considerable re- putation as a scholar and linguist. He published a lecture on the religions of Persia and contributed many articles on Oriental subjects to "Chambers's Encyclopaedia ".

Mr. Alexander Murray (alumnus, Marischal College, 1856-59) died at his residence, 19 Dee Place, Aberdeen, on 27 March, aged seventy-seven. He was the eldest son of the late Mr. Andrew Murray of Allathan, New Deer, advocate in Aberdeen (M.A., Marischal College, 1828). He was ad- mitted a member of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in 1865, and be- came a partner in his father's firm, Messrs. Murray & McCombie, and subse- <iuently in Messrs. Murray, McCombie, & Bennett, but retired from business several years ago.

Dr. Thomas Nathaniel Orchard (M.B., 1870; M.D., 1875) died at his residence, Ashfield House, Pendleton, Manchester, in May, aged sixty-nine. He was an authority on astronomy, a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and the author of a comprehensive work on Milton's Astronomy, which has run through several editions. A son of the late Dr. John C. Orchard, of Kingussie, he was the eldest of three brothers all of whom became medical graduates of Aberdeen University. The other two are: Dr. James Stuart Orchard, West Didsbury, Manchester (M.B., 187 1); and Dr. Edward Russell Orchard, Kingussie (M.B., 1886).

WAR OBITUARY.

Robert Anderson (2nd Med., 1898), Second Lieutenant, Somerset Light Infantry, was killed in action in France in April. He was the second son of Mr. George S. Anderson, tea planter on the Troup Estate, Dimbula, Ceylon, but was born at Riverstone House, near the Bridge of Feugh, in 1878. He intended being a doctor and had studied for two years at the University, but when the Boer War broke out he enlisted in the Gordon Highlanders. On his discharge he went to Ceylon and joined his father in tea planting. When the present war occurred, he went to France and served for several months in the Foreign Legion. He was then transferred to the Devon Regiment, and got his commission only a month before he was killed.

284 Aberdeen University Review

John Archibald (2nd Arts, 1913-14), Captain, Gordon Highlanders^ died of wounds received in action in France, 3 1 March, aged twenty-four.

Rev. Robert Stephen Barclay (alumnus, 1893-97), Second Lieutenant,^ Royal Scots, was killed in action in France in March ; it is understood that he fell gallantly leading on his men. He was a native of Fraserburgh, the son of a ship carpenter. After serving as a pupil teacher in Fraserburgh Public School, he studied Arts at Aberdeen University and Divinity at St. Andrews University. He was licensed in May, 1901, and shortly afterwards was appointed assistant in St. Andrew's Church, Perth ; but, owing to a dis- pute which excited a heated controversy in the city, he severed his connec- tion with St. Andrew's Church. Many members of the congregation followed Mr. Barclay, who for a considerable time conducted services in the Co- operative Hall, and eventually a separate congregation in connection with the Church of Scotland was formed. Mr. Barclay was ordained in 1905^ and St. Mark's Church was opened in October, 1907. In January, 1916, Mr. Barclay enlisted in the Royal Scots, and in the following July he received his commission; and in November, 191 7, he proceeded to France.

Dr. Bernard Gordon Beveridge, M.C. (M.B., 191 2), Captain, R.A.M.C.,, was killed in action in France on 2 1 March — the day of the opening of the great German offensive on the British front. He was the only son of Dr. A. T. Gordon Beveridge, Aberdeen (M.A., 1884; M.B., 1887), and, after gradu- ating, became associated with his father in practice. He obtained his commission in 1914, and had seen a considerable amount of active service. Last year, he was awarded the Military Cross for organising and carrying out the removal of wounded men over the open under continuous fire. Captain Beveridge was married to a daughter of Mr. Thomas Buffy, Mus.D., Hull.

John Lyon Booth, M.C. (M.A., 1914), Captain, Seaforth Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 1 8 April. At the outbreak of the war he was a sub-editor on the staff of the " Aberdeen Daily Journal " . He joined the 4th Gordon Highlanders as a private, and obtained his commission on the field in August, 191 5, joining one of the regular battalions of the Seaforth Highlanders. He was awarded the Military Cross in November, 191 6, for conspicuous gallantry in action, •' leading his company with great courage and initiative, capturing the position and maintaining it against very heavy odds for five hours " . Captain Booth held the acting rank of Major while serving on a headquarters battalion, and for a period while commanding a battalion last year had the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He was a son of Mr. Alexander Booth, 75 Bonnymuir Place, and was twenty-six years of age.

William George Bruce (ist Sci., 1913-14), Lieutenant, R.E. (T.F.), was killed in action on 25 April. He was the elder son of Mr. A. S. R. Bruce, advocate, Aberdeen, and was twenty-two years of age. When the war broke out he was in the Signal Company of the Gordon Highlanders (T.F.), and at the beginning of 19 15 he was transferred to the R.E. He got his commission in May, 1915, and was promoted Lieutenant in July of that year. He had been in France since November.

Cyril Martin Hadden (M.A., 1902 ; B.L.), Captain, Royal Scots Fusiliers, was killed in action in France in April. He became a member of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in 1 906. He did not practice, how- ever, but went to Edinburgh and entered the service of the North British Railway Company. He was employed in the office of the general manager, and held the position of secretary to the Conciliation Boards.

Obituary 285

James MacDonald Henderson, M.C. (M.A., 1912), Acting Major, Gordon Highlanders (attached to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders), was killed in action in France, in April. He was a distinguished student, graduating with first-class honours in English and carrying off the Seafield Medal and the Minto Prize. He was University Assistant in English, and on the outbreak of the war enlisted in the 2/4th Battalion of the Gordon Highlanders, subsequently receiving a commission. He had distinguished himself in the war, winning the Military Cross for bravery in leading a charge, and, later, a bar to the Cross. Twenty-seven years of age, he was a son of Mrs. Henderson, Culcairn, Invergordon, and was married to a daughter of Mr. John L. McNaughton, solicitor and Town Clerk, Buckie.

An enthusiastic appreciation of Major Henderson as a student appeared in the " Free Press " of 18 April, over the initials " A.S." The writer expressed the conviction that in his death " the field of English literary criticism has lost one of its most promising intellects " .

Edward White Irvine (2nd Medical), Second Lieutenant, R.F.A., was killed in action in France, on 2 7 March. He was the third and youngest son of Rev. John A. Irvine, South United Free Church, Aberdeen, and was twenty years of age.

John Johnston (2nd Arts, 1914-15), Second Lieutenant, R.E., was killed in action in France in April. He was a son of Mr. William Johnston, Hatton of Fintray ; enlisted three years ago and received his commission last year. He was twenty-four years of age.

Andrew M. Kennedy (4th year's Medicine, 19 13-14), Second Lieutenant, Lancashire Fusiliers, was killed in action in France in April. He held a situation in Borneo, but on the outbreak of the war he returned to this country and enlisted in the Seaforth Highlanders. About a year ago he received a commission in the Lancashire Fusiliers. Lieutenant Kennedy was the youngest son of the late Mr. Donald Kennedy and of Mrs. Kennedy, 40 Lovat Road, Inverness.

Douglas Meldrum Watson Leith, M.C. (M.A., 1913; B.Sc. Agr., 1 9 14), Lieutenant, 4th Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 2 1 March. He had just finished his University curriculum and was intend- ing joining the Indian Forestry Department when the war broke out. He enlisted immediately, and had been on active service continuously since 19 15, and had taken part in some of the most severe fighting. He was slightly wounded last autumn. In January of this year he was awarded the Military Cross. Lieutenant Leith was the elder son of the late Rev. John Watson Leith, B.D., minister of the parish of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire, and was twenty- six years of age. He was a well-known athlete.

William Symington MacIlwraith (M.A., 1908), Pioneer, Royal Engineers — killed in action — was Science Master in Tayport Academy when he joined the colours in September last. He was the eldest son of Mr. William MacIlwraith, ironmonger, Elgin, and was aged thirty-three.

Leslie M'Kenzie (M.A., 19 15), Lieutenant, Black Watch, died in hospital on 2 April, of wounds received in action. He was dux of Robert Gordon's College, and at the University he proved one of the best classical scholars of his year, gaining the Jenkyns Prize in Classical Philology in 19 14. After he had finished his third year of study for honours in classics, he was, on the outbreak of the war, mobilised with U Company of the 4th Gordon

2 86 Aberdeen University Review

Highlanders. While the battalion was in training in England, he was gazetted to a battalion of the Black Watch, with which he crossed to France in 1915. Severely wounded in the arm during one of his first spells in the trenches, he was in this country for some time, but returned to France shortly before the opening of the Somme offensive of 1916. He was wounded again at Longueval, but was able, after a brief rest, to go once more to the front, where he served continuously until he was fatally wounded. Lieutenant M'Kenzie was the only son of the Rev. Alexander M'Kenzie (M.A., 1877 ; B.D. [Edin.]), minister of the parish of CouU, Aberdeenshire, and was twenty - four years of age.

Patrick George Milne (M.B., 1915), Captain, R A.M.C. — instan- taneously killed by a shell in a forward dressing station, April. He gained his commission in July, 191 5. He was for some time president of the Medical Board at Chatham, and was afterwards medical officer of the Notts and Derby Regiment; and he had been at the front since the end of 1915. Captain Milne was a son of the late Mr. James Milne, farmer, Derbyhall, Fraserburgh, and of Mrs. Milne, late of Derbyhall, Inverurie. He was thirty-two years of age.

Dr. Eric Newton (M.B., 1915), Captain, R.A.M.C., for some time re- ported missing, is now stated to have been killed in action in East Africa on 5 August, 1917. He joined the R. A.M.C. soon after graduating. While at the University he was very well known as an all-round sportsman, and par- ticularly as a tennis and hockey player, excelling so greatly in hockey that he was chosen to represent Scotland in an international match. He was a son of Captain I. Newton, Medical Officer, Bhatinda, and was twenty-eight years of age.

John Alexander Philip (N.D.A., Agr., 1913), Second Lieutenant, R.F.A., died of wounds on 7 May. At the outbreak of the war he was a member of the University R.A.M.C., and at once volunteered for service abroad. After some time in Egypt, he was sent to the Dardanelles and went through the whole of the Gallipoli campaign, rapidly earning promotion for good work until he became sergeant. He was afterwards again in Egypt and then in France. Being recommended for a commission, he was trained in this country for the R.F.A. and was only recently posted to his brigade. Lieutenant Philip was the second son of the late Mr. James Philip, Clayfords, Strichen, and a grandson of the late Mr. John Sleigh, Strichen.

Dr. James Robertson (M.B., 1904; M.D.), Lieutenant-Colonel, R. A.M.C, was killed in action in France on 21 March — the day on which the great German attack on the British line began. After graduating, he was house surgeon at the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for about a year. He after- wards went out to India as a locum tenens ; was later attached for three months to a hospital in Berlin ; and was subsequently engaged in a hospital in Dublin. He commenced practice in Aberdeen about 1910; acquired the large practice of the late Dr. George Watt, Albyn Place ; and held several public appointments, being professionally connected with the Aberdeen Parish Council and the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. He had been an enthusiastic Volunteer in the medical branch from his student days, and transferred into the Territorials when that force was formed. He held the rank of Captain when war broke out, and after being stationed at Bedford for some time, he returned to Aberdeen to raise a field ambulance. He received rapid promotion, and

Obituary 287

about two years and a half ago he was sent to the front in command of the unit which had been formed as the result of his efforts. Lieut. -Colonel Robertson was a son of the late Mr. John Robertson, Cooper, Aberdeen, and was married to a daughter of the late Rev. John Catto, minister of the parish of Fintray, Aberdeenshire. He was thirty-seven years of age.

Rev. G. H. Donald, minister of the West Parish, Aberdeen, made the following reference to his death on Sunday, 24 March : —

Asa Church we have already, since this new offensive began, suffered grievous loss by the death of Lieut.-Colonel James Robertson, R.A.M.C, who was killed in action on the 2ist inst. while in command of one of our hospitals in the line. Colonel Robertson was a man to whom religion was a serious matter of conscience and life. I found him possessed of the highest ideals and most sterling qualities. As the head of a most efficient hospital he did much outstanding administrative and practical work. He was beloved by all the officers and doctors associated with him and held in high reg rd and respect by the men under him. By his death the Royal Army Medical Corps has lost a valuable and efficient commanding officer. We here mourn the loss of one who represented the highest tradi- tions of the younger men of the Church. He was marked out for the eldership, and only the other day we spoke after a session meeting of electing him to the office of the eldership after the war was over. But God has called him to a higher and better service.

John Sutherland (M.A., 1913), Lieutenant, Lancashire Fusiliers, was killed in action in France in April, aged twenty-seven. He was an assistant master at Fetteresso Public School, Stonehaven, when he volunteered for service. He joined the Gordon Highlanders as a private, but afterwards obtained a commission in the Lancashire Fusiliers and was Acting Quarter- master when he lost his life. He was a son of Mr. Adam Sutherland, Ivy Cottage, Tarves.

John S. Urquhart (M.A., 1906), Captain, Argyll and Sutherland High- landers, was killed on 24 April, 1917. He was a teacher by profession.

Hugh Alexander Wark (2nd Arts, 1913-14), Lieutenant, 7th Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 14 March. He enlisted in the 7th Battalion of the Gordons on the outbreak of the war, and after twelve months in the ranks he received a commission in the battalion. He had been two years at the front. Lieutenant Wark was the only son of Rev. James R. Wark, minister of the North United Free Church, Banchory, and was twenty-three years of age. At the University he was a prizeman in English and History, and was going forward to the ministry.

"W.M.G.," in the course of an appreciative notice in the "Free Press" of 25 March, said : —

At the outbreak of the war he was an Honours student at the University, where (as in the Grammar School) he had shown promise of a fine scholarship, which was already dedi- cated to the Church. But the call of the country found him, and in November, 1914, he enlisted as a private. It was characteristic of his intense and dutiful nature that he dropped none of his favourite studies. In the Welfare of Youth Examinations (1915) he gained the second place in the lists, a fine achievement for one who had prepared himself in the intervals of military service. His work as a soldier he regarded as part of his service in the Kingdom of God, and he moved from one to the other with the unconscious ease and eagerness of his nature. In course of time he became a full Lieutenant, but during his " leaves " in Banchory he took his old place in the choir and in the Sunday School ; it was service, it was " pietas," and Hugh was full of all the loyalties.

George Park Webster (ist Arts, 1915-16), private, 3rd Gordon High- landers, reported missing on 1 1 May, 1 9 1 7, is now officially reported as killed on that date. He was dux of Robert Gordon's College on the classical side and Town Council gold medallist ; and he was fifth bursar in the competition

288 Aberdeen University Review

in 1915. Of sterling character and possessed of undoubted ability, he gave every indication of a future of much distinction. Mr. Webster was the third and youngest son of Mr. William Webster, engineer, 4 Westburn Road, Aberdeen, and was nineteen years of age. The loss of a son of such promise has been a great grief to his bereaved parents.

George Wood (M.A., 1908), Lieutenant, was reported on 11 December, 191 7, as having died of wounds. He was thirty-one years of age, and prior to the war was on the staff of the University of Western Australia, Perth.

Dr. Robert James Barron Wright (M.B., 1904), R.A.M.C., died at a military hospital at Catterick, Yorkshire, on 13 May. After acting as assistant to a doctor in Cumberland, he engaged in practice — first at Insch, and then at Forgue, with which he was connected, he being the elder son of the late Mr. Robert Wright (M.A., 1877), schoolmaster of Forgue. He was com- missioned in the R.A.M.C. some time ago, but had never been on active service. Dr. Wright was thirty-five years of age.

ERRATA.

P. 82, line 13. — For " 1875 " read " 1842 ".

P. 88, line 18. — Rev. James Yuill was not minister of the parish of Peterhead, but of the East Church, Peterhead, a Chapel of Ease until 1843, when it became a Free Church.

P. 93, line 36. — Rev. A. A. Milne was not minister of Cambuslang Parish Church ; he was the Baptist minister at Cambuslang, but is now retired.

P. 182, line 44. — For •' Rev. John Wood " read " Rev. John Wood Macphail ".

P. 189, line 44.— For " thirty-three " read " thirty-two ".

Index to Volume V.

Abercromby, Anna M. R. : note on, 270.

Aberdeen dinner in Bagdad, 271.

Aberdeen Influence on American Universities.

By P. J. Anderson, 27. Aberdeen University War Statistics, 96. Adam, Alexander T. : death of, 189. Adam, Dr. Charles : death of, 189. Adam, Major Robert: M.C., 167; note on,

270. Address at the Graduation. By Professor

Trail, 236. Admission to Universities, 176. Agassiz, Capt. Cuthbert D. S, : M.C., 65 ;

bar to M.C., 168. Alexander, Henry, Convener of Committee

on Residence, 176; speech on systems

of residence, 263. American Universities, Aberdeen Influence

on. By P. J. Anderson, 27. Anderson, Rev. Alexander : note on, 180. Anderson, Major Arch. S. K. : D.S.O., 167;

dispatches, 268. Anderson, Lt. James S. : note on, 71. Anderson, Sir John : death of, 279. Anderson, Dr. Joseph : death of, 186. Anderson, Dr. Norman William : death of,

280. Anderson, P. J.: Aberdeen Influence on

American Universities, 2"]; Elph nstme

Hall, 58, 160 ; Lord Kennedy, 210 ;

Registrar of General Council, 277. Anderson, Robert : Obituary, 82, 185, 279 ;

Personalia, 74, 178, 272 ; University

Topics, 62, 166, 261 ; reviews Prin- cipal's Syri% and Holy Land, 255;

Terry's Army 0/ Solemn League, 254. Anderson, 2nd Lieut. Robert : death of, 283. Anderson, Lce.-Cpl. Thomas : death of, 90. Angus, William : note on, 74. Anvil, The. By Frank D. Simpson, 145. Archibald, Capt. John : death of, 284. Art, Lectures on, 177. " Aye Waukin' O " in Greek. By Professor

narrower, 133.

Badenoch, Capt. David : note on, 70. Badenoch, George : note on, 70. Badenoch, Isabella : note on, 70. Badenoch, Jessie : note on, 70. Badenoch, Pte. John : note on, 70 ; death

of, 90. Badenoch, Capt. William M. : dispatches,

67 ; note on, 70.

Baillie, Professor James B. : notes on, 68, 273 ; reviews Pringle-Pattison's Gtfford Lectures, 41.

Bain, Capt. Lawrence W. : M.C., 267.

Barclay, 2nd Lt. Rev. Robert S. : death of, 284.

Barnett, Ethel M. : note on, 277.

Barron, Lt. Arthur M. : M.C., 66.

Barron, John Hall : note on, 74.

Barron, Williamina A. : note on, 278.

Beattie, Col. James F. : notes on, 68, 78 ; death of, 280.

Beilby, Sir George : on Carnegie Trust, 265.

Benton, Alexander H. : note on, 78; death of, 83.

Benton, James : murdered, 83.

Benton, Sir John : note on, 83.

Benton, William : note on, 83.

Benton, William S. : murdered, 83.

Berry, Capt. Douglas W. : dispatches, 170 ; M.C., 267.

Berry, Harriet, A. F. : note on, 171.

Best, Maud Storr : reviews Murray's Biblio- graphy, 149 ; Roll of Upper Canada Col- lege, 155.

Beveridge, Capt. Bernard G, : M.C., 66; death of, 284.

Beveridge, Catherine : note on, 269.

Beveridge, Rev. William : note on, 70.

Bisset, Eleanor : note on, 269.

Black, Dr. James W. : death of, 180.

Black, Capt. John : death of, 74.

Black, Robert S. : note on, 181.

Blackie, Mary J. G. : note on, 183.

Booth, Capt. John Lyon : death of, 284,

Bowman, Rev. Ernest D. : note on, 174.

Brand, Major Alexander T. : note on, 173.

Brander, Capt. Eric W. H. : dispatches, 169, 268 ; note on, 270.

Bremner, Lt.-Col. James M. G. : dispatches, 170.

Brendd's Way. By R., 230.

Brodie, Rev. William : note on, 274.

Brodie, Capt. William H. : dispatches, 169.

Brown, Emily: note on, 172.

Brown, George, R.N. : death of, 90.

Brown, Lt.-Col. Harry H. : note on, C5.

Brown, Louise : note on, 172.

Brown, Maggie : note on, 277.

Brown, Professor Thomas B. Rudmose : note

on, 183. Bruce, Pte. Andrew M. : death of, 90. Bruce, Kenneth : note on, 78.

289

19

290 Aberdeen University Review

Bruce, Lt.-Col. Robert B. : note on, 69. Bruce, Lt. William G. : death of, 284. Bruce, William S. : note on, 274. Buchan, 2nd Lt. Rev. Charles: death of,

189. Buchanan, Capt. Donald : dispatches, 169. Bulloch, J. M. : on Elphinstone Hall, 162. Burgess, Professor Duncan : death of, 280. Burgess, Elsie M. : note on, 270. Burnett, 2nd Lt. Ian A. Kendall : death of,

74. 189. Burns, Henry S. M. : second bursar, 79. Burns Family in Kincardineshire. By Dr

W. A. Macnaughton, 15. Butchart, Major Henry J.: D.S.O., 267;

dispatches, 268.

Cairns, Rev. Prof. David S. : O.B.E., 272. Callum, Lt.-Col. A. : dispatches, 267. Cameron, Pte. George A. : death of, 190. Campbell, Francis E. A. : note on, 173. Campbell, Sir James : Kt., 178. Campbell, William W. : death of, 186. Canadian Provincial University, By Rev.

G. Watt Smith, 240. Cantlie, Sir James: K.B.E., 178. Cantlie, Capt. Neil: M.C., 167. Carmichael, Dr. Archibald : bequest, 73. Carnegie Trust, 64, 264. Cash, Professor John T. : note on, 71. Chalmers, Frederick G. D. : note on, 274. Chambers, Capt. Eber : note on, 68. Chancellor, Installation of, 62. Chapman, John B. Huns Ancient and

Modern, 138 ; note on, 274. Cheyne, Rev. James : note on, 74. Chisholm, Bishop ^Eneas : death of, 186. Chree, Charles : note on, 184. Christie, Very Rev. William L. : note on, 74,

183. Churchill, Right Hon. Winston : extension

of his Rectorship, 63. Clark, George : death of, 83. Clark, Sir William M. : death of, 83. Clarke, Capt. Austin B. : death of, 190. Clyne, Lt. Charles : M.C., 267. Cobban, Major Clement L. : note on, 65. Collie, Frank L. : note on, 74. Collie, Col. Sir John : notes on, 68, 170,

172; C.M.G., 178. Collie, John William : death of, 84. Collie, Lt.-Col. Mackintosh A. T. : note on,

68. Colt, Major George H. : dispatches, 169 ;

note on, 174. Connell, Rev. Robert : gift to Library, 63. Cook, Rev. John : note on, 75. Cook, Mary J. S. : note on, 77. Cooper, Rev. Alfred A. : note on, 271. Cooper, Right Rev. Professor James : notes

on, 75, 79, 179. Cooper, Capt. Patrick A. : note on, 65. Copland, Lt. Robert F. : missing, 269. Corbett, Lizzie M. : note on, 77.

Correspondence : —

'• / Remember.^' By J. R. Renton, 61. On Change of Name. By Robert

Walker, 164. Professor Fyfe, 166. Proposed Elphinstone Hall. By P. J.

Anderson, 161. Proposed Elphinstone Hall. By W. Keith

Lea^k, 58. The University Gotvn. By Janet B. Rankine (Mrs. Binns), 248. Coutts, Capt. William E. : missing, 269. Cowan, Rev. Professor Henry : Dean of

Faculty of Divinity, 273. Cowie, Major William : note on, 173. Craik, Sir Henry, M.P. : note on, 74 ; on

Elphinstone Hall, 162 ; P.C, 17.^. Cran, James: M.B.E., 272. Cranston, 2nd Lt. Thomas : note on, 170. Crichton, Rev. William J. : note on, 181. Crockart (or Milne), Jane M. : note on, 172. Crombie, James E. : note on, 273. Cruickshank, Major William : note on, 173. Cushny, Professor Arthur R. : notes on, i8i, 274, 278.

Dallas, Marjorie G. : note on, 171. Danson, Right Rev. Ernest D. L. : note on,

75-

Davidson, Alexander, R. : first bursar, 79,

Davidson, Lt. Francis W. : dispatches, 67.

Davidson, Capt. George S.: note on, 270.

Davidson, Lieut.-Col. James : death of, 84.

Davidson, James Alexander : Order of St. Sava, 67.

Davidson, Dr. James G. : death of, 281.

Davidson, Rev. Robert : note on, 75.

Davidson, Sergt. Robert: M.M., 168.

Davidson, Professor W. L. : note on, 273.

Davis, Capt. Bernard L. : dispatches, itg.

Davis, Gwilym A. T. : note on, 174.

Dawson, Lt. Rev. David S. : death of, 90.

Dead, The. By Frank D. Simpson, 146.

Degree in Education, 175.

Denny, Rev. Principal James : death of, 84.

Desseignet, Jules: note on, 173.

Dewar, Col. Thomas F. : dispatches, i6g; C.B., 178.

Diack, Charles: death, 186.

Dickie, family of Professor : present speci- mens, 264.

Dingwall, Rev. George : death, 281.

Divinity students : dearth of, 64.

Donald, James : C.i.E., 178.

Dow, Elizabeth M. : note on, 183.

Dow, Griselda A. : note on, 77.

Duff, Professor John Wight : note on, 274.

Duffus, Alexander : note on, 181.

Duffus, 2nd Lt. William : death of, 190.

Duke, Lt.-Col. Alexander : death of, 281.

Duncan, Rev. G. M. : note on, 183.

Duncan, Rev. James B. : death of, 84.

Duncan, Maggie A. : note on, 269.

Durward, 2nd Lt. James : dispatches, 170.

Index to Volume V

291

Duthie, Capt. Andrew M. : D.S.O., 167. Duthie, Sir John : note on, 271 ; K.B.E.,

272. Duthie, Lance-Cpl. John M. : death of, go.

Easton, Capt. Robert M. : dispatches, 268; note on, 269.

Edinburgh University War Statistics, 96.

Edmond, John : death of, 281.

Education, Degree in, 175.

Edwards, Elizabeth M. : note on, 70 ; dis- patches, 170.

Elder, Capt. John G. : prisoner, 269.

Ellis, Lt.-Col. Clarence I. : dispatches, i6g; C.B., 178.

Ellis, Ethel : note on, 171.

Eiphinstone Hall. By P. J. Anderson, 58, 161 ; by W. Keith Leask, 58, 123.

Emslie, Alexander : note on, 274.

Emslie, Dorothy M. J. : note on, 277.

Emslie, Pte. Frank : note on, 78.

Esslemont, George G. : M.B.E., 179.

Esslemont, Mary : note on, 77.

Esson, Lieut. Herbert W. : M.C., 66.

Ewan, Matilda A. : note on, 171.

Ewart, Charles Theodore : death of, 85.

Exchange with other Universities, 177.

Experiences in a Munitions Factory. By James Taylor, in.

Falconer, Major Arthur W. : D.S.O., 167 ;

dispatches, 169, 268; notes on, 174, 270 Farquharson, Rt. Hon. Robert : death of, 281. Ferguson, 2nd Lt. Robert W. : death of, 91. Ferguson Scholarships, 77. Ferrier, Sir David : note on, 181. Fettes, Capt. David : dispatches, 169. Fiddes, Major John D. : M.C., 167; dis- patches, 169. Findlay, Rev. Adam F. : note on, 181. Findlay, 2nd Lt. James : death of, 91. Finlayson, Robert M. : death of, 281. Finlayson, Rev. Sidney K. : note on, 275. Fleming, Lt.-Col. Frank: D.S.O., 167;

prisoner, 269. Fleming, Sir John : Rector's Assessor, 63 ;

note on, 74. Forbes, Lt. James S. B. : note on, 170. Forbes, Pte. Robert A. : prisoner, 269. Forrester, R. B. : note on, 277. Forsyth, Principal Peter T. : note on, 277. Fortescue, Lt.-Col. Archer L : dispatches,

169, 268 ; note on, 270. Fowler, Surg. Prob. Alexander C. : D.S.C.,

66. Fowler, Major Andrew: T.D., 174. Fowlie, 2nd Lt. Spencer S. : M.C., 66. Eraser, Lt.-Col. Alexander D. : Croix de

Guerre, 168. Eraser, Rev. Hugh : note on, 75. Eraser, Rev. James : note on, 78. Eraser, John : reviews MacBain's Gaelic

Dictionary, 50.

Fraser, Lt -Col. Thomas : D.S.O., 167 ; dis- patches, i6g

Fulton, Professor William : reviews Forsyth's Church and Sacraments, 147.

Fyfe, Professor John : note on, 166.

Galloway, Col. Sir James : notes on, 67, 68 ;

K.B.E., 178. Galloway, Dr. Peter : death of, 281. Galloway, Lt.-Col. R. W. : note on, 270, Garden, Rev. Francis : note on, 181. Garden, Lt.-Col. James W. : D.S.O., 267 ;

dispatches, 267 ; note on, 270. Garden, Sergt. R. R. : note on, 170. Gawn, Capt. Reginald D. : M.C., 167. Geddes, Capt. A. E. McL. : dispatches, 170. Geddes, Lt. Godfrey P. : D.S.O., 65 ; dis- patches, 169. Geddes, Jeannie : note on, 183. General Council Assessors, continued in

office, 63 ; Register, 278. Gentles, Capt. Robert : note on, 78, 184. Gentles, Rev. Thomas : note on, 184. Gibb, Rev. Alexander G. : note on, 181. Giles, Peter, LL.D,: on Eiphinstone Hall,

162. Glasgow University War Statistics, 96. Glennie, WiUiam G. : death 85. Gordon, Professor Alex. R. : notes on, 79, 183,

259. Gordon, Capt. Edward : M.C., 168. Gordon, John : note on, 75. Gordon, Rev. Patrick Lindsay: note on, 271. Gordon, William, Town Clerk : O.B.E., 75. Gordon, Rev. William Lindsay : note on, 271. Grant, Rev. Alexander T. : note on, 78. Grant, 2nd Lt. John : M.C., 168 ; dispatches,

169. Grant, Joseph : death, 282. Gray, Capt. Adam : dispatches, 268. Gray, Elizabeth : note on, 171. Gray, Col. Henry M. W. : dispatches, 169,

268; C.M.G., 267. Gray, Winnifred M. : note on, 171. Grierson, Professor H. J. C. : note on, 278 ;

reviews Miss Ramsay's Les Doctrines

Medievales chez Donne, 48. Griffith, Major Thomas W. : notes on, 68,

270; C.M.G., 178. Gunn, Donald B. : note on, 78. Guthrie, Lt. Alexander : death of, 91.

Hadden, Capt. Martin : death of, 284. Haig, 2nd Lt. George R : note on, 170. Hall, Rev. Herbert W. : note on, 70. Hardie, Annie : note on, 171. Hardie (or Hasluck), Margaret : note on,

171. Harper, Lieut., Alexander S. : death of, 91. narrower. Professor J. : Assessor in Court,

179 ; Greek version of lines by Newbolt,

26 ; Noctis Imagines, 133 ; note on, 273 ;

to lecture on classical sculpture, 177. Harrowes, Rev. William H. : note on, 70.

292 Aberdeen University Review

Hastings, Ann W. : note en, 171.

Hastings, Rev. James, D,D. : note on, 79.

Hay, Annabel la : death of, 85.

Hay, Jessie : note on, 270.

Hay, Professor Matthew : The Rev. y antes

Smith, 134. Headlam, Rev. Arthur C. : note on, 275. Hector, Mabel : note on, 171. Henderson, Rev. George: note on, 69. Henderson, Hugh : death of, 282. Henderson, Major James M. : bar to M.C.,

65 ; death of, 285. Hendrick, Professor James : Dean of Faculty

of fccience, 273 ; note on, 179. Hendry, Helen : note on, 183. Hendry, Lt. John : prisoner, 269. Herbert, Ellenor : note on, 270. Hetherwick, Rev. Alexander : note on, 181. Hitchins, Ada F. : note on, 171. Holland, Rev. Professor Henry Scott: death

of, 282. Hosie, Lt.-Col. Andrew: dispatches, 67. Hossack, William C. : death of, 186. Howitt, Capt. Adam G. : M.C., 66; death

of, gi. Huns, Ancient and Modern. By J. B. Chap- man, 13S, Hunt, Capt. William G. P.: M.C., 66;

death of, 92.

In Memoriam G.M. By A. P., 247. Innes, Elizabeth J. : note on, 173. Irvine, 2nd Lt. Edward W. : death of, 285. Irvine, Professor J. M. : Dean of Faculty of Law, 273 ; note on, 68.

Jack, Professor A. A. : Dean of Faculty of Arts, 273 ; Literature and Character, i.

Jaffray, Ada : note on, 172.

James, Surg.-Col. Walter C. : note on, 68.

Jameson, Capt. William W. : note on, 68.

Jamieson, Ruth C. : note on, 77.

Jardine, Helen M. : note on, 183.

Jenkins, 2nd Lt. James T. : death of, 93.

Jobberns, Rev. Joseph : note on, 183.

Johnston, Alexander : death of, 186.

Johnston, Capt. Henry W. : M.C., 167.

Johnston, James C. : note on, 75.

Johnston, 2nd Lt. John : death of, 285.

Johnston, 2nd Lt. William J. : M.C., 267.

Johnstone, Alexander : note on, 171.

Johnstone, J. F. Kellas : reviews Anderson's Bibliography of Inverness-shire, 51.

Joss, Pte. Alexander W. : death of, 93.

Joss, 2nd Lt. William T. B. : M.C., 66.

Keith, Professor Arthur : note on, 181, Keith, Capt. F. L. : M.D., 278. Kelly, Col. Francis: notes on, 68, 270. Kelly, Mary C. : note on, 171. Kelly, William: lecturer on architecture, 177. Kelty, Dr. William : death of, i86. Kemp, Ethel Hope : note on, 277. Kemp, Capt. James O. : death of, 190.

Kennedy, Prof. A. R. S. : note on, 278. Kennedy, 2nd Lt. Andrew M. : death of, 285. Kennedy, Neil John, Lord : death of, 185 ;

part of Library gifted to University,

264. Kennedy, Lord. By P. J. Anderson and

Professor John Rankine, 210. Kermack, William O. : note on, 278. Kesting, Rev. August J. : note on, 275. King's College in 1818, 143. Kinloch, Capt. John P. : notes on, 71, 269;

reviews Leslie Mackenzie's Scottish

Mothers, 250. Kirton, Capt. John : M.C., 66. Kitchener Scholarships, 265. Knowles, Capt. Benjamin : M.C., 267. Knowles, Mary : note on, 171. Knox, Capt. Alex. C, W. : M.C., 168. Knox, Joseph : note on, 75. Kynoch, 2nd Lt, Douglas J. : M.C., 168.

Laing, Rev. Adam A. : note on, 78. Lamb, Capt. John G. : dispatches, 170. Larg, Alexander : death of, 282. Lawrence, G. S. : note on, 171. Leask, W. K. : Proposed Elphinstone Hall,

58 ; Elphinstone Hall, 123 ; his Inter-

amna Borealis. By J. D. Symon, 32. Lectures at the Front. By Professor Terry,

218. Ledingham, Lt.-Col. John C. G. : C.M.G.,

178 ; note on, 170. Leith, Lt. Douglas M. W. : M.C., 168 ;

death of. 285. Lendrum, and Lieut. Harold B, : death, 93. Leslie, Alexander : economist, 261. Leslie, Capt. William : M.C., 66. Lethbridge, Lt.-Col. William : dispatches,

268. Lewis, Rev. Dr. Martin : note on, iSi. Library : gifts to, 63. Lilley, Rev. James P. : note on, 275. Lillie, Helen : note on, 171. Lindsay, Johan : note on, 172. Lipp, Capt. George R. : M.C., 65 ; prisoner,

269. Lipp, 2nd Lt. Robert J. G. : M.C., 66. Lippe, Charles E. : note on, 75. Liiera'.ure and Character. By Professor

A. A. Jack, I. Livermore, W. B. : M.D., 278. Lumsden, A G. ; note on, 171. Lumsden, Edith R. : note on, 270. Lumsden, James, F. : death of, 187.

Macalister, Principal Sir Donald : Transla- tions into Russian, 122.

MacBain, Capt. Ian: M.C., 168.

MacCombie, Capt. Hamilton: D.S.O., 167.

MacConnachie, Major James S. : M.C,, 66; prisoner, 260.

MacConnachie, William G. : note on, 275.

MacCreadie, Capt. Anthony J. : M.C, 66.

Index to Volume V

293

MacDonald, Capt. Alistair C. : dispatches,

169. MacDonald, Annie : note on, 277. MacDonald, Rev. Charles C. : note on, 75. MacDonald, Professor Hector M. : notes on,

69, 273 ; O.B.E., 272. MacDonald, Kenneth N., R.N.R. : death of,

93- MacDonald, Ranald R. : death of, 187. MacDonald, Col. Stuart : dispatches, 169,

267 ; C.B., 267. MacDonell, William R. : note on, 79. Macfie, Ronald C. : note on, 183 ; Rewards,

216 ; books by, reviewed, 241. MacGillivray, Major George M. : note on,

270. MacGillivray, Major William S. : dispatches,

268. MacGrigor, Sir James : note on, 80, MacHardy, Sir Alexander B. : death of, 82. Macllwraith, William S., R.E. : death of, 285. MacKay, Mary R. : note on, 270. MacKay, Rev. Robert J. : note on, 275. Mackenzie, A. Marshall : R.S.A., 181. Mackenzie, 2nd Lt. Alex. R. D. : missing,

269. Mackenzie, Lt. David : bar to M.C., 66 ;

Croix de guerre, 66. Mackenzie, Rev. Donald : Examiner, 64. Mackenzie, 2nd Lt. Donald : note on, 69. Mackenzie, Sergt. Donald: M.M., 168. Mackenzie, Eneas K. ; note on, 75. Mackenzie, George H. : note on, 183. Mackenzie, Rev. James S. : death of, 282. Mackenzie, Janie : note on, 171. Mackenzie, Lt. Leslie : death of, 285. Mackenzie, Myra : notes on, 172. 269, Mackenzie, William Leslie : notes on, 173,

183 ; book by, reviewed, 250. Mackilligan, Winifred : note on, 77. Mackinnon, Alan : note on, 181. Mackinnon, Doris L. : note on, 182. Mackinnon, Lachlan : note on, 75. Mackinnon, Major Lachlan: note on, 269;

dispatches, 268. Mackinnon, Lt. W. C. : note on, 170. Mackintosh, Professor Ashley W. : note on,

173- Mackintosh, Elizabeth A. : note on, 77. Mackintosh, Grace : note on, 77. Mackintosh, Herbert : third bursar, 79. Mackintosh, Capt. John : dispatches, 268. MacLaughlin, Professor Andrew C. : on the

War, 266. MacLennan, Janet : note on, 171. MacLennan, John F. : note on, 182. MacLennan, Capt. Kenneth : M.C., 168. MacLennan, Rev. Kenneth : note on, 70. MacLeod, Catherine J. : death of, 187. MacLeod, Capt. Clement R. : M.C., 66. MacLeod, Elizabeth K. : note on, 270. MacLeod, -Laura S. : note on, .77. MacLeod, Principal Roderick : sixty-stven

years' academic service, 79.

MacLeod, Lce.-Cpl. William P. : death of,

191. MacNaughton, Dr. W. A. : Burns Family

in Kincardineshire, 15. Macphail, Rev. John W. : notes on, 275,

276, 288. MacPherson, C. W. : note on, 171. Macpherson, Professor Hugh : sixty-one

years' service, 79. MacPherson, Major John: M.D., 278. MacPherson (or Innes), Lucy Jane : note on,

79. MacPherson, Professor Norman : note on, 79. MacQueen, Capt. James M. : dispatches, 67.

Mac Robert, Sir Alexander : note on, 76.

MacRobert, G. R. : note on, 171.

MacRobie, Dorothy : note on, 171.

MacWilliam, Lt. Charles T. : note on, 70.

MacWilliam, Rev. George : note on, 182.

MacWilliam, George P. : note on, 70.

MacWilliam, Professor J. A, : Assessor in Court, 179 ; reviews Macfie's Art of Keeping Well and Romance of Human Body, 241.

MacWilliam, Rev. Thomas : note on, 70.

Madden, Hon. Sir John : death of, 282.

Mair, Professor A. W. : note on, 278.

Mair, George, R.N. : death of, 85.

Mair, George H. : note on, 85.

Mair, Very Rev. William, D.D. : notes on, 78, 183.

Marnoch, Professor John : notes on, 68, 173.

Marr, Pte. Charles S. : death of, 93.

Marr, William Law : note on, 76.

Martyn, Capt. Robert G. : note on, 270.

Master of Education degree (M.Ed.), recom- mended, 175.

Matthews, Lt.-Col. William R. : dispatches, 67 ; D.S.O., 167 ; note on, 173.

Mearns, Capt. William A. : dispatches, 268.

Meleager. Translations by F. G. Mordaunt, 2o8.

Melvin, Andrew S. : note on, 275.

Melvin, Capt. James : M.C., 66.

Mennie, Annie J. B. : note on, 182.

Menzies, Capt. Louis : M.C., 168.

Menzies, Thomas : note on, 170.

Merry, Rev. Dr. William : death of, 282.

Meston, Sir James S. : notes on, 76, 182.

Middleton, Dr. George S. : note on, 275.

Millar, Capt. W. L. : M.D., 278.

Miller, Rev. William, LL.D. : notes on, 81, 260.

Milligan, David M. M. : Convener of Com- mittee on Post- War Development, 170.

Milne, Lt.-Col. Alexander F. : death of, 283.

Milne, Alexander J. B. : fourth bursar, 79.

Milne, 2nd Lt. Alexander James B. : death of, 93-

Milne, 2nd Lt. Allan S. : death of, 93.

Milne, Lt.-Col. Arthur D. : dispatches, 67.

Milne, Lt.-Col. Charles : note on. 269.

Milne, Lt.-Gen. George F. : G.O. St. M. and St. L., 67.

2 94 Aberdeen University Review

Milne, Lt. George S. M. : death of, 93. Milne, Major Herbert S. : bar to M.C., 267. Milne, Rev. Dr. John : death of, 283. Milne, Capt. Patrick G. : death o', 286. Milne, Major William : prisoner, 269. Milne, Lt. William C. : death of, 94. Minty, Lt. George : death of, igi. Mirrlees, Cpl. William M. : M.M., 168. Mitchell, Lt. Charles Gordon : M.C., 267. Mitchell, Capt. James M. : M.C., 267. Mitchell, Capt. John P. : dispatches, 268. Mitchell, Lt.-Col. Peter : note on, 174, Mitchell, Peter C. : O.B.E., 272. Modern Art and the Future. By Douglas

Strachan, 193. Moffatt, James : reviews Mayor's Tertulliani

Apologeticus, 44. Moir, Lt.-Col. John M. : note on, 68. Moir, W. 'J. : note on, 171. Mordaunt, F. G. : translations from Greek

Anthology, 208. Morrison, Elspet E. : note on, 171. Morrison, Rev. James H. : note on, 76. Morrison, James M. : note on, 171. Mortimer, Capt. Hector : dispatches, i6g. Mowat, Major hnAtew : note on, 68. Mulligan, Capt. William P. : dispatches,

268. Munro, Andrew : examiner, 182. Munro, Rev. Donald: Moderator of F.C.,

180. Munro, Capt. William F, : M.C, 65. Murdoch (or Alderson), Jessie E. : note on,

172. Murdoch, Mary H. : note on, 77. Murray, Alexander: death of, 283. Murray, 2nd Lt. Andrew J. : M.C, 66. Murray, Ethel Macgregor : note on, 269. Murray, Rev. Dr. Gordon J. : on higher de- grees, 176 ; Convener of Sub-Committee,

176, Murray, Capt. Herbert: M.C, 267. Murray, William : death of, 85. Myles, Capt. Thos. B. : M.C, 168 ; death of,

94.

Newton, Capt. Eric : death of, 286.

Nicholls, Lt.-Col. T. B. : dispatches, 267.

Nicholson, J. A. : note on, 171.

Nicol, W. W. : note on 170.

Nicoll, Sir W. Robertson : note on, 183 ;

on Elphinstone Hall, 161. Niven, Charles D. : note on, 278. Noctis Imagines (Greek). By Professor

narrower, 133.

Obituary, 82, 185, 279.

Officers Training Corps, 71.

Ogg, William G. : note on, 271.

Ogilvie, Major Frank G. : note on, 65.

Ogilvie, Helen : note on, 270.

Ogilvie, Right Rev. James N. : Moderator,

' ' '. ^79.

Ogilvy, Rev. Alexander : death of, 86,

Ogston, Sir Alexander: note on, 270;

reviews Col. Johnston's Roll, 253. Ogston, Frank : death ot, 86. Orchard, Dr. Thomas N. : death of, 283. Orr, Capt. John B. : D.S.O., 65; dispatches,

169.

P., A. : In Memoriam G. M., 247.

Parliamentary Roll, 278.

Patterson, Arthur E. : death of, 86.

Perry, Rev. William : note on, 183.

Personalia, 74, 178, 272.

Peter, Capt. Alastair, 9 ; death of, 94.

Peterkin, Major Charles D. : dispatches,

168 ; note on, 270. Peterkin, Constance E. : note on, 277. Peterkin, 2nd Lt. James H. S. : M.C., 267. Petrie, David : O.B.E., 178. Philip, Alice M. : note on, 183. Philip, Professor James C : O.B.E , 272. Philip, 2nd Lt. John A. : death, 286. Philip, Rev. Robert G. : note on, 76. Pirie, Mrs. Logic : founds scholarships, 264. Pirie, Major William R. : note on, 67. Poetry of the Rowley Poems. By Margaret

A. Sutherland, 141. Poison, John : death of, 86. Prain, Lt.-Col. Sir David : note on, 275. Preddy, Adeline J.: note on, 171. Principal's Itinerary in the United States,

232. Proctor, Major John : dispatches, 268 ; note

on, 270. Profeit, Col. Charles W. : dispatches, i6g ;

CM.G , 178. Purdy, Lt.-Col. John S. : D.S.O., 65.

R. : Brendd's Way, 230.

Rae, Beatrice : note on, 172.

Raffan, Elsie J. : note on, 183.

Rait, Professor R. S. : on Elphinstone Hall, 163; C.B.E., 272.

Ramsay, Mary P. : note on, 172.

Ramsay, Sir William M. : note on, 182.

Rankine (or Binns), Janet B. : The Univer- sity Gown, 248.

Rankine, Professor John : Lord Kennedy, 213.

Reconstruction in the Universities : reviewed,

257- Rectorship, Extension of Mr. Churchill's, 63. Rees, Pte. David C : dispatches, 67. Reid, Alexander W. : note on, 182. Reid, Lt.-Col. Charles : dispatches, 168, 268 ;

D S.O., 267. Reid, Capt. Edmund L. : M.C, 168. Reid, George : O.B.E., 178. Reid, 2nd Lt. William J. : death of, 191. Rennet, Brevet Lt.-Col. David : note on, 68. Residence for students, 261. Reviews : —

Anderson, P. J. : Bibliography of Inver- ness-shire, 51.

Aydelotte, Frank : Oxford Stamp, 258.

Index to Volume V

295

Reviews (cont.) ; —

Barb6, Louis A. : Margaret of Scotland,

Cecil Barclay Simpson, 259.

Clarke, John : School and other Educators, 151.

Classical Association of Scotland : Pro- ceedings, 153.

Columbia University Quarterly, 260.

Ferguson, John : Stealthy Terror, 159.

Forsyth, P. T. : Church and Sacraments, 147.

Hermes, 160.

Johnston, Col. W, : Roll of Medical Ser- vice, 253.

Keith, Professor Arthur: Ethnology of Scotland, 54.

Leask, W. K. : Interamna Borealis, 32.

MacBain, Alex. : Etymological Dictionary, 50.

Macfie, R. C. : Art of Keeping Well, 241.

Maciie, R. C. : Evolutionary Consequences of War, 55.

Macfie, R. C. : Romance of the Human Body, 241.

Mackenzie, Donald A. : Wonder Tales, 159.

Mackenzie, W. Leslie : Scottish Mothers and Children, 250.

Mayor, J. £. B. : Tertulliani Apologeticus , 44.

Murray, David : Bibliography, 149.

Neilson, W. A. : Robert Burns, 160.

Nevins, Allan : Illinois, 156.

Otago University Review, 160.

Pattison, J. S. Pringle- : Gifford Lectures,

Pennsylvania Alumni Register, 56, 260. Prain, Sir David : Presidential Address,

150. Ramsay, Mary P. : Les Doctrines medie-

vales chez Donne, 48. Reconstruction in the Universities, 257. Rice Institute. Book of the Opening, 152. Selfridge, H. G. : Romance of Commerce,

158. Smith, Sir George Adam : Syria and the

Holy Land, 255. Smith, Rev. Harry : Layman's Book, 53. Stebbing, E. P. : At Serbian Front in

Macedonia, 156. Sydney University Medical youmal, 56,

160. Terry, Professor C. S. : Army of Solemn

League, 254 ; Bach's Chorals, 46. Upper Canada College, Toronto. Roll of

Pupils, 155 Ward, Sir A. W. : Founder'i Day in War

Time, 53. Rewards. By R, C. Macfie, 210. Riddel, Capt. George W, : dispatches, 268. Riddell, Col. John S. : notes on, 68, 173, 270 ;

C.B.E., 178. Riddoch, George : note on, 275.

Ritchie, James : note on, 182.

Ritchie, Maggie: note on, 172.

Ritchie, R L. Graeme : note on, 259.

Robb, Alexander B. : note on, 76.

Robb, Alexander K. : note on, 171.

Robb, Major Douglas G. : M.C., 267; dis- patches, 268.

Robb, Lt.-Col. John : death of, 187.

Robertson, Alexander : death of, 187. i Robertson (or Crawford), Alice : note on, 172.

Robertson, James, R.F.A. : death of, 94.

Robertson, Lt.-Col. James : death of, 286.

Robertson, Rev. James A. : notes on, 183, 276.

Robertson, Robert D. : note on, 276.

Robertson, William G. : note on, 76.

Robson, 2nd Lt. Norman K. : prisoner, 269.

Roll of Service, Provisional, 175.

Rorie, Lt.-Col. David: note on, 173.

Rose, Beatrice M. : note on, 171.

Rose, Capt. George C. : note on, 69.

Rose, 2nd Lt. George D. : death of, 94.

Ross, 2nd Lt. George J. : death of, 191.

Rowe, Joseph Hambley: note on, 76.

Russell, John : note on, 173 ; O.B.E., 272.

Russian, Translation into. By Principal Sir Donald Macalister, 122.

Sandison, Major John F. W. : note on, 270. Sands, Lord : on Carnegie Trust, 265. Scatterby, Major William : note on, 68. Scheviakoff, Professor Vladimir: note on,

76. Science for Life. By Professor J. A. Thom- son, 97. Scott, Lt.-Col. George : dispatches, 67. Scott, James G. D. : note on, 276. Scott, Joseph : death of, 87. Scrogie, J. T. : note on, 171. Shearer, George : note on, 276. Shearer, Margaret F. P. : note on, 270. Shennan, Profesbor Theodore : Dean of

Faculty ot Medicine, 273. Shepherd, Rev. J. H. : note on, 183. Sheppard, Capt. Herbert P. : dispatches, 67. Simmers, Rev. George : death of, 87. Simpson, Beatrice W. : note on, 183. Simpson, 2nd Lt. Rev. Cecil B. : death of,

94, 192 ; Memorial, 259. Simpson, Dr. Colin F. : note on, 271. Simpson, Frank D. : The Anvil, 145 ; The

Dead, 146. Simpson, Jessie : note on, 172. Sinclair, Alexander G. : note on, 276. Sinclair, Capt. Harold A. : bar to M.C., 66. Sinclair, William J. H. : LS.O., 272. Sivewright, Rev. Robert T. : note on, 276. Skakle, Capt. Revi Hugh P. : dispatches,

268 ; death of, 192. Skinner, Principal John : notes on, 76, 183. Skinner, John Emslie : note on, 173. Smart, Brevet Lt.-Col. James : note on, 68. Smith (or Emslie), Elizabeth P. : note on,

78.

2g6 Aberdeen University Review

Smith, Dr. George : on Degree of M.Ed., 176.

Smith, Lt.-Col. George A. : dispatches, 168.

Smith, Principal Sir George Adam : invita- tion to America, 179; Itinerary in the United States, 232 ; tour in U.S., 272.

Smith, Rev. George Watt: A Canadian Provincial University, 240.

Smith (or Johnson), Isabel C. : note on, 172.

Smith, Isabella S. : notes on, 183, 277.

Smith, Rev. Jame«, LL.D. : death of, 78, 82,

Smith, Rev. James, Newhills. By Prof. Matthew Hay, 134.

Smith, Rev. James, T.D. : note on, 269.

Smith, Surg.-Gen. James L. : C.B., 178; Legion of Honour, 270.

Smith, Rev. John : note on, 78.

Smith, Lilian Mary Buchanan : notes on, 172, 277.

Smith, Margaret : note on, 77.

Smith, Capt. Robert D. : death of, 89.

Smith, Robert J. : note on, 171.

Smith, Thomas H. M. : death of, 87.

Smith, William : death of, 187.

Smith, Capt. William: M.C., 267; dis- patches, 268.

Smith, Principal William : portrait of, 27.

Smith, Rev. William C. : note on, 276.

Soutter, Capt. George C. : dispatches, 268.

Spark, 2nd Lt. Charles S. : death of, 94.

Spittal, Capt. Robert H. : death of, 95.

Spring, Capt. Douglas M. : prisoner, 269.

Stark, Rev. James: note on, 183.

Stephen, Capt. David J. S. : bar to M.C., 66 ; death of, 95.

Stephenson, Lt. Arthur F. V. : death of, 95.

Stewart, James H. : death of, 87.

Stewart, Jessie : note on, 172.

Stewart, 2nd Lt. John A. : M.C., 66.

Stewart, Mary A. F. : note on, 171.

Stewart, Mina : note on, 270.

Stewart, Walter Allan : note on, 276.

Strachan, Douglas: Modern Art and the Future, 193.

Strachan, Lce.-Cpl. Peter M. : death of, 95.

Strachan, Rev. Robert H. : notes on, 269, 276.

Stuart, Alexander M. : note on, 76.

Sturt, Henry : lecturer, 6g.

Superannuation schemes, 64.

Sutherland, Rev. Archibald : death of, 87.

Sutherland, James D. : death of, 192.

Sutherland, Lt. John : death of, 287.

Sutherland, Margaret A. : Poetry of the Rowley Poems, 141.

Sutherland, Cpl. Robert : missing, 269.

Sutherland, 2nd Lt. William H. : M.C., 168.

Symon, Capt. James A. : D.S.O., 65.

Symon, James D. : Mr. Keith Leask's " Inter- amna Borealis," 32 ; on Elphinstone Hall, 163.

Taggart, Lord Provost Sir James : K.B.E., 272.

Tait, John Gavin : Croom Robertson fellow^ 278.

Taylor, Ja es : Experiences in a Munition Factory, 11 1.

Tayl r, Lt. S. : note on, 174.

Taylor, Capt. William J. : death of, 95.

Terry, Professor C. S. : Litt.D., 274 ; Lec- tures at the Front, 218 ; visits France, 179 ; notes on, 79, 277.

Thom, Robert : note on, 170.

Thompson, Alice : note on, 77.

Thompson, Rev. George L. S. : note on, 276,

Thomson, Andrew W. : Ferguson scholar,

77- Thomson, Donald : note on, 183. Thomson, Rev. Donald : note on, 276. Thomson, Lt. Col. Henry: note on, 67. Thomson, Henry J., note on, 276. Thomson, Major James E. G. : M.C., 267. Thomson, Professor John Arthur : Science

for Life, 97. Thomson, Maribel : note on, 172. Thomson, Rev. William Stewart : note on,

276. Thursfield, Thomas W. : first graduate of the

University, 76. Tighe, Charles : note on, 170. Tmdall, Capt. Robert : M.C., 168. Tocher, Capt. James W. : M.C., 65, 267. Tomory, Major David : D.S.O., 167. Topping, Andrew: note on, 171. Town Council medals, 261. Townend, Harry : lecturer on painting, 177. Trail, Professor J. W. H. : Address at the

Graduation, 236 ; gift to Library, 63 ;

reviews Prain's Presidential Address,

150. Trail, Mary : note on, 172. Trail, 2nd Lt. Richard R. : M.C., 66. Traill, William : death of, 87. Trotter, Robert S. : note on, 276. Troup, Sir Charles E. : G.C.V.O., 178; note

on, 277. Troup, Lt.-Col. George A. : dispatches, 67. Troup, Rev. George E. : note on, 277. Troup, James : note on, 78. Turner, Capt. Adam A. : M.C., 66.

University O.T.C. as forestry workers, 64.. University Topics, 62, 166, 261. Urquhart, Alexander R. : death of, 87. Urquhart, Capt. John S. : death of, 287. Urquhart, Rev. W. S. : note on, 81. Urquhart, Professor W, S. : note on 259.

Walker, 2nd Lt. Daniel J. : note on, 73.

Walker, Sir James : K.C.I. E., 76.

Walker, Dr. Robert : On Change of Name, 164 ; Registrar-Emeritus, 274 ; to write his Reminiscences for Review, 274.

Walker, Sir Thomas G. : death of, 188.

Wallace, Capt. E. C. : M.C., 168.

Walton, Capt. Percy: M.C., 168.

Index to Volume V

297

War Statistics, 96,

Wardrop, Col. Douglas: note on, 67. Wark, Lt. Hugh Alex. : death of, 287. Watson, Prof. W. J. : note on, 278. Watt, Rev. Principal J. : note on, 81. Watt, Rev. Lachlan M. : visit to America,

179. Watt, Margaret : note on, 172. Watt, T. D. : note on, 170. Watt, W, R. : note on, 170. Wattie, James M, : note on, 277. Wattie, Katherine B. M. : note on, 78. Wattie, Mary F. C. : note on, 172. Webb, Clement C. J. : Gifford lectures, 179. Webster, Capt. Alexander V. : M.C., 267. Webster, Pte. George Park : death of, 287. Webster, Rev. Robert : note on, 277. Webster, Capt. William J. : M.C., 168. Weir, Florence S. : note on, 270. Whyte, Rev. Dr. Alexander : note on, 182. Will, Col. George: death of, 188. Will, Lce.-Cpl. James: death of, 96. Will, Rev. John : note on, 182. Williamson, Lt.-Col. Alfred J. : D.S.O.,

267 ; dispatches, 268. Williamson, Capt. George A. : note on, 69;

dispatches, 268.

Williamson, Capt. Maurice J. : dispatches^

169. Wilson, Capt. Alexander : dispatches, 169. Wilson, Rev. Alexander : death of, 88. Wilson, Claudine I.: note on, 172. Wilson, Sir John C. Dove: Kt., 178. Wilson, Rev. John M. : note on, 277. Wilson (or Gentles), Lisette A. M. : note

on, 78. Wiseman, Eveljm M. : note on, 269. Wishart, Frederick : note on, 277. Wishart, Rev. William P. : note on, 277. Wood, Lt. George : death of, 288. Wood, Rev. John : note on, 182. Wright, Effie : note on, 172. Wright, Rev. George T. : note on, 182. Wright, Rev. H. W. : reviews Terry's Baches

Chorals, 46. Wright, Dr. Robert J. B. : death of, 288.

Young, Charlotte R. D. : note on, 183.

Yuill, George S. : death of, 88.

Yuill, Rev. James : note on, 288.

Yule, Jean : note on, 171.

Yule, Capt. Joseph L. D. : Albert Medal, 66 ;

note on, 170. Yule, V. T. B. : note on, 171.

M^

Illustrations.

Rev. William Smith, D.D. . . i Frontispiece

Rev. James Smith, M.A., LL.D. ....... To face page 134

Hon. Lord Kennedy, K.C, M.A., LL.D „ 210

^

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

THIRD

SUPPLEMENT

TO

PROVISIONAL ROLL OF SERVICE

19 I 7- 1 8

The Third Supplement to the Provisional Roll of Service has been brought down to the end of June, 191 8, and covers practically a year from the close of the Second Supplement, issued with the July, 191 7, number of the Aberdeen Univer- sity Review.

This Supplement contains not only all new names re- ported during the year, but the names of any transferred from one branch of H.M.'s Forces to another, and of all previously in the ranks who have now been reported commissioned.

It is not possible to record all promotions : a list of those reported to us is being kept ; and students and graduates are earnestly requested to send the Principal information of any changes in their units or ranks.

The lists of commissions and enlistments in the Volunteer Force are necessarily very imperfect. The same is the case with the list of workers on munitions.

The list of the Fallen, two hundred and forty-nine, is given from the beginning.

The list of the Honours gained by graduates and students on service is continued from last year.

The bracket (O.T.C.) after a name signifies previous ser- vice in the Aberd. Univ. Contingent O.T.C. ; the bracket (Cdt. ) previous training in an Officer Cadet Battalion.

Corrections and Additions should be addressed to,

AND WILL be gratefully RECEIVED BY,

THE PRINCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN,

Marischal College, Aberdeen.

CONTENTS.

PACK

3n /IDemoriam r

I. The Staff 20

II. Graduates 21

Commissioned . . . . . . . . .21

Enlisted . 32

Red Cross, Munitions, etc . -37

III. Alumni 41

IV. Students 42

Commissioned ......... 42

Enlisted 46

V. Orders and Decorations 54

Summary of Provisional Roll and Supplements . . -63

Jn ^cmonam^

1914.

Medical Officer Thomas Peppe Fraser, H.M. Colonial Medical Service, West African Medical Staff, attached to troops on reconnaissance on the eastern frontier of Nigeria, where he was killed in action, 5 September, aged 35 M.B., Ch.B., '01

Maj. Alexander Kirkland Robb, Durham Light Infantry, died of wounds received in action, France, 20 Sep- tember Matr. Student, '89

1915.

Surgeon William Mellis Mearns, Royal Navy, sank with

H.M.S. "Formidable," i Jan., aged 31 M.B., Ch.B., '08

Lieut-Col, William Henry Gray, Indian Medical Service,

died on recall to Service, 14 January, aged 52 M.B., Ch.B., '86

Lieut. Angus Forsyth Legge, attached Singapore Volun- teer Corps, killed in the Singapore Mutiny, 16 February, aged 25 M.B., Ch.B., '12

2nd Lieut. Lewis Neil Griffith Ramsay, 2nd Gordon Hrs., killed in action at Neuve Chapelle, 21 March, aged 25 M.A., 191 1 ; B.Sc. (with special distinction in Botany), '12

Lance-Corpl. Edward Watt, 4th Seaforth Hrs., died 22 March of wounds received at Neuve Chapelle, 10 March, aged 23 B.Sc. (Agr.), '14

Private James Orr Cruickshank, D (late U) Coy. 4th

Gordon Hrs., killed in Flanders, 15 April, aged 19 ist Sci.

Sergt. Alexander Skinner, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in Flanders, 22 April, aged 31

Teacher in Dumbarton ; Arts & Sci. Stud., 'o9-'ii

2 In Memoriam

Sergt, Victor Charles MacRae, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in Flanders when attempting to remove a wounded comrade, 28 April, aged 23

M.A., 1st Class Hons. in Classics, '14

Corpl. Keith Mackay, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., died 28 April, in a Casualty Clearing Hospital, France, of wounds received in action, 20 March, aged 20 2nd Arts & 1st Med. ; M.A., '15

Private Alexander Mitchell, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., died 28 April, in a Field Hosp., France, of wounds received 27 April, aged 25 2nd Arts

Lieut. Geoffrey Gordon, S.R.O., attd. 12th Lancers, killed

in action in Flanders, 30 April I.C.S. ; M.A., Hons. Maths., '03

Private John Forbes Knowles, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 5 May, aged 24

United Free Church Div. Student; M.A., '12

Private David Wood Crichton, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon

Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 7 May, aged 18 1st Agr.

Sapper James Sanford Murray, 51st (Highl. Divisional) Signal Coy. (formerly 4th Gordon Hrs.), died in a Field Hosp., France, of wounds, 27 May, aged 20. 2nd Arts

Private Robert Hugh Middleton, D (late U) Coy. Gordon

Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, i June, aged 22 3rd Arts

Private Marianus Alex. Gumming, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 13 June, aged 23

Teacher, Kemnay ; M.A., '12

Lieut. Wm. Leslie Scott, 5th Gordon Hrs., killed in action,

Flanders, 16 June, aged 22 3rd Med.

L. -Corpl. Andrew Thomson Fowlie, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed

in action, Flanders, 16 June, aged 26 Un. Dipl. Agr., '09

Private James Clapperton Forbes, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 16 June, aged 20 3rcl Agr.

Private James Whyte, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., died of wounds received in action, 16 June, aged 21 2nd Arts

Private Robert Patrick Gordon, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 17 June, aged 19 2nd Arts

In Memoriam 3

Private George McSween, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 16 June, aged 23

Aberdeen Training Centre

Private Harry Lyon, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action,

Flanders, 17 June, aged 22 2nd Arts

L.-Sergt. Alex. David Duncan, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., died of wounds received in action, 16 or 17 June, aged 21 M.A., '14

L.-Corpl. Murdo Maclver, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon

Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 19 June, aged 20 3rd Agr.

Lance-Corpl. James Cruickshank, ist Gordon Hrs., died

of wounds, Flanders, July, aged 19 ist Arts ; 3rd Bursar, '14

Sergt. (of Bombers) Alexander Allardyce, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 20 July, aged 30

M.A., '04 ; B.L.

Sergt John McLean Thomson, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in Flanders, 22 July, aged 26

United Free Church Div. Student ; M.A., 'i i

Capt. Arthur Kellas, 89th Field Ambulance, killed in

action on the Dardanelles, 6 August, aged 31 M.B., '06

? Douglas Jamieson, 8th Australian Light Horse, killed in

action on the Dardanelles, 7 August Former Agr. Stud.

2nd Lieut. Frederick Alexander Rose, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in Flanders, 10 August, aged 25

M.A., 1st Hons. Eng., '11 ; B.A., Oxon.

Sergt. George Cameron Auchinachie, ist Gordon Hrs., killed in Flanders, 23 August, aged 24, by bursting of a shell ; previously thrice wounded Med., 'io-'i3

Private Alexander John Fowlie, 13th Infantry Batt., Australian Imperial Force, killed in action on the Dardanelles, August, aged 26 M.A., 'li

Lieut. -Col. John Ellison Macqueen, commanding 6th Gordon Hrs., killed in action about Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 40 Law, '91-95

Lieut. Alex. Rennie Henderson, 4th Gordon Hrs., reported wounded and missing after action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, presumed killed on that date, aged 27 Teacher; M.A., 'il

4 In Memoriam

Lieut James Scott, 6th Gordon Hrs., missing after action about Loos, 25 September, presumed killed on that date, aged 25 Teacher, M.A., '13

Lieut. Frederick Charles Stephen, 6th Gordon Hrs., killed in action about Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 29

M.A, 1st Hons. Maths., '09

2nd Lieut. George Macbeth Calder, 8th Gordon Hrs. (previously Sergt. U Coy.), killed in action, about Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 24 2nd Med., M.A, '15

2nd Lieut. Ian Catto Fraser, 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 25 September, aged 20 I St Arts

2nd Lieut. Walter Inkster, 4th Gordon Hrs., missing after action at Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, now pre- sumed killed on that date, aged 25 M.A., 'i i ; B.Sc. (Agr.)

2nd Lieut. William Robert Kennedy, 4th Seaforth Hrs. (previously U Coy. 4th Gordons), killed in action in Flanders, 25 September, aged 19 ist Med., 'i4-'i5

2nd Lieut. George Low, 4th Gordon Hrs. (previously Sergt. Maj. U Coy.), missing after action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, presumed killed on that date, aged 25 Teacher; M.A., ist Hons. Classics, '14

2nd Lieut. John Cook Macpherson, ist Gordon Hrs., died of wounds received in action about Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 29 M.A, '10 ; LL.B.

2nd Lieut. Ian Charles McPherson, 2nd Gordon Hrs., killed in action about Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 21 M.A., '14

2nd Lieut. George Buchanan Smith, S.R.O., attd. 2nd Gordon Hrs., killed in action about Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 24 M.A., Hons. Hist. (Glas.) ; LL.B., '14

2nd Lieut. William John Campbell Sangster, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action about Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 20 M.A., '14

Sergt. John Keith Forbes, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in actiod near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 32

United Free Church Div. Student ; M.A., '05

Sergt. Alexander David Marr, 7th Gordon Hrs., killed in

action, Flanders, 25 September, aged 23 M.A., Hons. Maths., '14

In Memoriam 5

Sergt. Bertram Wilkie Tawse, 4th Cameron Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 25 September, aged 31

M.A., Hons. Maths., '05 ; B.Sc.

Corpl, William Stephen Haig, 4th Gordon Hrs. (previously U Coy.), killed in action about Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 22 M.A., '14

Lance-Corpl. Alexander Findlater, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., missing after action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, presumed killed on that date, aged 19 1st Arts

Private James Hume Adams, 6th Cameron Hrs., killed in action about Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 27

1st Arts and Law, 'i4-'i5

Private William Duncan Alexander, 4th Gordon Hrs., missing after action at Hooge, Flanders, 25 Sep- tember, now presumed killed on that date, aged 23 2nd Med.

Private James Anderson, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs. , died a prisoner at Giessen from wounds received in action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 23 3rd Arts

Private William Donald, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., missing after action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 Sep- tember, presumed killed on that date, aged 22 2nd Arts

Private John Birnie Ewen, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action about Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 22

M.A., Hons. Class,, '14

Private John Hampton Strachan Mason, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action near Hooge, 25 September, aged 24

M.A., Hons. Engl,, '13

Private Duncan MacGregor, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in

action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September About to matriculate

Private Roderick Dewar MacLennan, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action near Hooge, Flanders, 25^eptember, aged 18 1st Arts, 'i4-'i5

Private Gordon Dean Munro, 4th Gordon Hrs., died, a prisoner, of wounds received in action near Hooge, 25 September, aged 20 1st Med.

Private Murdo Morrison Murray, 5th Cameron Hrs., killed

in action about Loos, 25 September, aged 30 Teacher ; M.A., '08

6 In Memoriam

Private George Kemp Saunders, 4th Gordon Hrs., missing after action at Hooge, Flanders, 25 th September, now presumed killed on that date, aged 21 ist Med.

Private John William Shanks, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gor- don Hrs., reported missing after action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, now presumed killed on that date, aged 22 2nd Arts

Private Alexander Silver, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., died a prisoner in a German Hospital of wounds received in action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 21 2nd Arts and Agr.

Private James Mathewson Stuart, 6th Gordon Hrs., killed

in action near Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 21 ist Arts

Maj. (Tempy.) James Mowat, R.A.M.C., late Fleet-Surg.

R.N., sank with transport in Mediterranean, aged 45 M.B., '91

Herbert Mather Jamieson, entd. as Tempy. Lieut. R.A.M.C., volunteered for med. service in R.N., died 26 September, aged 33 M.B., '04

Private Frederick William Milne, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed

in action near Hooge, October, aged 19 ist Med., '14-1$

Rev. Robert Murray, Chaplain, Roy. Austral. Naval Res.,

died 9 October, aged 52 M.A., '83 ; B.D. St. And.

Lieut. Hector MacLennan Guthrie, 3rd Lancashire Fusi- liers (previously Sergt. U Coy. 4th Gordons), killed in action, Gallipoli, November, aged 23 M. A., ist Hons. Eng., '14

Lieut. James Reston Gardiner Garbutt, R.A.M.C., attd. King's Own Scottish Borderers, killed in action in Flanders, i December, aged 26 M.B., '11

L.-Corpl. Alexander Slorach, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., accidentally killed in the trenches near Hooge, Flanders, 25 December, aged 21 2nd Arts

Christian Davidson Maitland or Grant, sank with her husband on the "Persia," torpedoed 30 December, aged 29 B.Sc, '08 ; M.B. (Edin.)

Surgeon (Tempy.) Douglas Whimster Keiller Moody, R.N., sank with H.M.S. ** Natal" in harbour, 30 December, aged 42 M.B., '00; M.D.

In Memoriam 7

1916.

Lieut. William George Rae Smith, i oth King's Own York- shire Light Infantry, attd. 2 1st Divisional Cyclists, killed in action while saving a wounded comrade, 24 January, aged 27 Agr., '04-05 and 'o8-'09

Lieut George Dewar,R. A.M. C, killed in action in Flanders,

January, aged 23 M.B., '15

Lieut Richard Gavin Brown, R.A.M.C, died in 5th S. Gen. Hosp. (after operation following on dysentery contracted in Gallipoli, 14th Cas. CI. Stn., nth Div. Suvla Bay), 14 February, aged 33 M.B., '03

Private Charles Spence Marr, 50th Can. Batt, died in train- ing camp, Bramshott, Hants, 3 March, aged 28 Teacher ; M.A., '10

Lieut Charles Thomas McWilliam, 5th Gordon Hrs., attd. 51st Divisional Cyclist Coy., killed in action in France, 18 March, aged 23 Law Stud. ; M.A., '13

Captain (Tempy.) George Mitchell Johnston, attd. 7th Royal Irish Rifles, killed in action in France, 3 April, aged 26 B.Sc. (Agr.), '11

Lieut James Duguid, 7th N. Staffordshire Regt, killed in

action, Mesopotamia, 9 April, aged 23 Arts, 'i2-'i4 ; Agr., '14

Private David George Melrose Watt, R.AM.C, died at

Aldershot, 26 April, aged 19 1st Med., 'i5-'l6

Fleet-Surg. William Rudolf Center, died from injuries sus- tained on the sinking of H.M.S. " Russell," 28 April, aged about 45 Former Med. Stud.

Deputy-Surg. General Cyril James Mansfield, died at Gos-

port, 7 May, aged 55 M.B., '83 ; M.D., '96

Qr. M.-Sergt Charles McGregor, loth Gordon Hrs., died of wounds in France, 14 May, aged 43

M.A., 1st Hons. Maths., '96

2nd Lieut. Robert Reid, 9th Gordon Hrs., killed in action

in France, 21 May, aged 23 M.A., Hons. Class., '14

Corpl. Norman John Robertson, 4th Gordon Hrs., died of

wounds in France, 30 May, aged 26 M.A., '14

2nd Lieut. Frank Lipp, Scottish Rifles, attd. Welsh Fusiliers, died at Karachi, 30 May, of wounds received in Mesopotamia, aged 24 M.A., 'i i

8 In Memoriam

Coy.-Sergt-Major Charles Neilson, Gordon Hrs., killed

in action in France, i June, aged 26 Teacher ; M.A., ' 1 3

Private George Alexander Brown, Machine Gun Section, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, 9 June, aged 19 7th Arts Bursar, '14

Sergt. Robert Donald, Intelligence Section, 4th Gordon

Hrs., killed in action in France, 9 June, aged 21 ist Arts

Lieut. Alfred George Morris, Gordon Hrs., died of wounds

received in action, 10 June, aged 21 Agr., '11

2nd Lieut. James Smith Hastings, 4th Gordon Hrs., died

at Ripon, 25 June, aged 26 M.A., '12

Corpl. John Bowie, Special Brigade, R.E., died of gas- poisoning in France, 27 June, aged 21 1st Arts & Sci.

Corpl. George Dawson, Special Brigade, R.E., killed in action in France, 28 June, aged 33

M.A., ist Hons. Maths., '05 ; B.Sc. (Spec, dist.)

Pioneer James Roderick Watt, Special (Gas) Section, R.E. (previously U Coy. 4th Gordons), killed in action at Carnoy, France, 30 June, aged 22 1st Med.

Private William Abernethy, Special (Gas) Section, R.E.,

wounded in action in France, 29, died 30, June, aged 23 ist Sci.

Lieut. Robert Mackie Riddel, Gordon Hrs., killed in action

in France, i July, aged 24 2nd Arts

2nd Lieut. George McCurrach, 13th Highl. Light Infantry,

killed in action in France, I July, aged 35 Teacher; M.A., '08

2nd Lieut. William Adrian Davidson, 2nd Gordon Hrs., wounded at Loos, .25 September 191 5, died of wounds received in action, 2 July, aged 21 1st Med.

2nd Lieut. Frederick Attenborow Conner, 2nd Seaforth

Hrs., killed in action in France, 2 July, aged 21 ist Agr.

Alfred Reginald MacRae, Punjab Police Force, India, died of cholera on service at Nasiryeh, Mesopotamia aged 28 Arts, '05 -'08

2nd Lieut. John McRobb Hall, 21st Northumb. Fusiliers,

killed in action in France, July, aged 20 About to matriculate

2nd Lieut. John Mortimer McBain, Special Reserve R.F.A., died of wounds in German Fd. Hosp., Vrau- court, 9 July, aged 22 2nd Arts, 'i4-'i5

In Memoriam 9

2nd Lieut. Colin MacKenzie Selbie, nth Scottish Rifles

killed in action in Picardy, 1 5 July, aged 27 B.Sc, '10 (spec, dist)

Private Alexander William Joss, Highland Light Infantry, missing after action in Picardy, 15 July, now pre- sumed killed on that date, aged 28 Law, 'o8-'o9

Lieut. Colonel Arthur Hugh Lister, C.M.G., R.A.M.C. (T.),

died at sea, 17 July, aged 52 B.A. (Cantab.), M.B., '95

Sergt. Andrew Fraser, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action

in Picardy, 22 July, aged 28 U.F.C. Div. Stud. ; M.A., '10

Lieut. Arthur Frederick Vere Stephenson, 4th Gordon Hrs., missing after action in Picardy, 23 July, now ascertained to have died of wounds on that date, aged 33 Sc. Stud., '02, '09

Coy.-Sergt.-Major Robert Falconer, 4th Gordon Hrs., missing after action in Picardy, 23 July, now pre- sumed killed on that date, aged 26 2nd Law

Lance-Sergt. Alexander J. Gunn, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs., wounded 25 September, 191 5, missing after action in Picardy, 23 July, presumed killed on that date, aged 22 1st Med.

Private Leslie Fyfe, Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France,

23 July, aged 23 Arts, 'll-'l2

Capt. Henry Brian Brooke, Gordon Hrs., died of wounds,

July, in Picardy, on 24 July, aged 27 Agr., '06-07

2nd Lieut. (Tempy.) Alexander Lundie Hunter Ferguson, nth, attd. 8th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in Picardy, July, aged 21 Arts, 'i2-'i3

Sergt. John Alexander McCombie, 4th Gordon Hrs., died

of wounds in Picardy, 26 July, aged 21 ist Med.

Corpl. Charles James Donald Simpson Gordon, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordons, missing after action on the Somme, 28 July, presumed killed on that date, aged 21 ist Med.

Capt. (Tempy.) Robert Lyon, 5th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in Picardy, 30 July, aged 25

M.A., Hons. Econ., '12 ; LL.B., '14

Capt. John Alexander Kennedy, 6th Seaforth Hrs., died of wounds received in action in Picardy, 6 August, aged 37 Teacher ; M.A., Hons. Maths., '02 ; B.Sc.

lo In Memoriam

Capt. A. W. Robertson, Royal Berkshires (formerly Col, commanding 3rd Vol, BatL Gordon Hrs., and with 2nd Gordons, Boer War ; Queen's Medal, 3 clasps), killed in action in France, August, aged 41

Arts, Aberd. '94'-95, and Edin.

Private Malcolm Robert Bain, 6th Seaforth Hrs., killed

in action in Picardy, August, aged 19 i6th Arts Bursar, '15

Lieut. William Urquhart, Black Watch, killed in action in Picardy, 16 August, aged 32

C. of S. Minister ; M.A., Hons. Phil., '06 ; B.D,, '09

Private Gilbert Alexander Pirie, 4th Cameron Hrs. killed

in action in Picardy, 18 August, aged 22 2nd Med., '15-16

Capt. George Harper McDonald, 12th, attd. 2nd Gordon Hrs., wounded i July, killed in action in Picardy, 6 September, aged 30 Teacher ; M.A., '08

2nd Lieut Alexander Francis Johnston, nth London, attd. 1st Queen's Westminsters, killed in action, 10 September, aged 31 Teacher; M.A., '07

2nd Lieut. John Alexander King, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in Picardy, 12 September, aged 32

Teacher ; M.A., Hons. Class., '09

Capt. Robert S. Kilgour Thom Catto, 4th Gordon Hrs.,

killed in action in Picardy, 5 October, aged 43 Med. Stud., '91-92

2nd Lieut. Edward Martin Cook Tennant, 4th Gordon Hrs., wounded 25 September, 191 5, died of wounds re- ceived 16 October, aged 21 ist Sci.

Surgeon Probationer Alexander Ledingham Strachan, R.N.V.R., sank with H.M.S. " Genista," 23 October, aged 21 3rd Med., ' 1 5-' 1 6

2nd Lieut. Donald Eraser Jenkins, M.C., 6th Seaforth Hrs., killed in action in Picardy, 13 November, aged 19 1st Agr., 'i4-'i5

Capt. William Murison Smith Merson, 7th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in Picardy, 1 3 November, aged 24

M.A., '13; LL.B., '14

Capt. William Stephen, 5th Gordon Hrs., killed in action

in Picardy, 1 3 November, aged 34 Merchant ; M. A. , '05

2nd Lieut. John Alexander Wilson, Gordon Hrs., T.F., killed in action in Picardy, 1 3 November, aged 26

Teacher; M.A., '13

In Memoriam ir

2nd Lieut. Robert James Smith, 6th Seaforth Hrs., killed in action in Picardy, while rescuing wounded com- rade, 13 November, aged 27. Recommended for V.C Agr., 'io-'i4, U.D.A.

2nd Lieut Robert William Ferguson, 5th Gordon Hrs., missing after action at Beaumont Hamel, 1 3 Novem- ber, now reported killed on that date, aged 29

Teacher ; M.A., '09 ; B.Sc.

Lieut. James Lyall, Gordon Hrs., killed in action in

Picardy, November, aged 29 Teacher; M.A., '10

Sergt. Norman Birss, 7th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in

Picardy, 13 November, aged 23 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4

Capt. Henry Begg, ist Highland Fd. Amb., R.A.M.C,

killed in action, 14 November, aged 36 M.B., '06

Capt. (Tempy. Major) James Brown Gillies, 4th Gordon Hrs., died of wounds received in action, 14 November, aged 31 Stud., 'o4-'o5 ; B.L., 'o&

Rev. William A. Macleod, V.M.C.A. Service, Medit Exped. Force, died of dysentery at Salonika, 16 November, aged 36 Arts, '07-' 13 ; Div., '13-'! 5

2nd Lieut. Norman Crichton, 5th Seaforth Hrs., killed in action in Picardy, November, aged 29

U.F.C. Prob. ; M.A., '11

2nd Lieut. John Watt Simpson, 7th Border Regt., acci- dentally killed by premature shell explosion, 8 De- cember, aged 28 M.A., '09; LL.B^

Major William Russell, S. Afr. Exped. Force, trsf. Tempy. Capt. R.A.M.C, died at Kimberley, after resuming practise, 10 December, aged 45 M.B., '90; M.D.

Private Richard Surtees, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action

in Picardy, 16 December, aged 24 M.A., '14

Private James Kirton Collie, Gordon Hrs., killed in action

in Picardy, 16 December, aged 23 M.A., '16

Private Andrew James Baxter Taylor, 4th Gordon Hrs., Signal Section, died 28, of wounds received in action 26, December, Picardy, aged 21 3rd Arts, 'i5-'i6; M.A., \f

12 In Memoriam

1917.

2nd Lieut. Edgar George William Bisset, Gordon Hrs. and R.F.C., died 7 January of wounds received in Picardy, aged 20 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6

Private William Mitchell Reid, S. Afr. Force in E. Africa (through S.W, Afr. Campaign), died of wounds, Janu- ary, aged 28 Teacher; M.A., '09

Corpl. John Galloway, Tasmanian Contingent, died in a Military Hosp., Salisbury, 17 January, aged 35

Arts, '04-' 06 ; Sc, '04

Lance-Corpl. Alex. Robertson Home, 4th Gordon Hrs., died in Military Hosp,, Northampton, 25 January, of wounds received in action, aged 29 Teacher ; M.A., '09

Seaman John Winchester Cowie, Hawke Batt., R.N.D., wounded on the Ancre, November, 19 16, killed in action, January, aged 26 Arts, '11 -'13

Capt. Joseph Ellis Milne, D.S.O., R.A.M.C, killed in

action on the Somme, 22 February, aged 48 M.A., '88 ; M.D.

Lieut. Hector Robert Macdonald, Seaforth Hrs., killed in

action in Mesopotamia, 22 February, aged 22 2nd Arts

2nd Lieut. William George Reid, 3rd Scottish Rifles, killed

in action in March, aged 28 M.A. ; ist Class Hons. Class., 'il

2nd Lieut. Ian Forbes Clark Badenoch, 20th Royal Fusiliers (3rd Public Schools Batt), died of wounds in France, 19 March, aged 20 Arts Bursar, '15

2nd Lieut. John Moir Sim, 6th Gordon Hrs., and R.F.C. (previously U Coy. 4th Gordons), wounded twice, 25 September, 191 5, and 30 July, 191 6, and killed in action in the air, 25 March, aged 23 ist Arts

Private Robert Mackie Simpson, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed

by bursting of a shell, i April, aged 21 ist Arts, 'i4-'i5

Lieut, (the Rev.) John Spence Grant, M.C., 6th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, April, aged 27

Prob. C. ofS. ; M.A., 'ii; B.D.

Corpl. (Tempy.) John MacCulloch, 5th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, 9 April, aged 3 1

Teacher; M.A. ; ist Class Hons. Class, '09.

In Memoriam 13

2nd Lieut. George Reid, Gordon Hrs. (previously U Coy.

4th Gordons), killed in action in France, April, aged 25 2nd Med. 2nd Lieut. William Bruce Anderson, M.C., Sth Gordon

Hrs., killed in action in France, April, aged 29 M.A., '11

Lieut. James Rae, R.A.M.C, missing and believed to

have been drowned at sea, 1 5 April, aged 37 M. A., '04 ; M.D. Capt. Robert Ferguson Russell, R. AM.C, died on service

in France, 22 April, aged 33 M.B., '05

2nd Lieut. John Dean Riddel, Gordon Hrs., died of

wounds received in action, April, aged 24

2nd Arts and Med., '15-16 Captain William S. Pirie, D.C.M., Royal Scots Fusiliers

(previously Sergt. promoted on the field), killed in

action in France, 23 April, aged 29 Teacher; Arts, 'o5-'o7

Lieut. Simon Fraser Ross, Gordon Hrs. T.F., killed in

action in France, 23 April, aged 30

Div. Stud.; M.A., Hons. Classics, '11 2nd Lieut. William David Macbeth, Black Watch, killed

in action in France, 23 April, aged 32 Teacher; M.A,, '09

Private Andrew Mitchell Bruce, 5th Gordon Hrs., missing

after action in France, 23 April, now reported killed

on that date, aged 39 Teacher ; M.A., '08

Capt. John [S.] Urquhart, attd. 14th Batt Argyll & Suther- land Hrs., killed in action at Beaucamp, E.S.E. of

Bapaume, 24 April, aged 32 Teacher; MA.., '06

Capt. Leopold Profeit, The King's (Shropshire) Light

Infantry, killed in action in France, 25 April, aged 30

Actor ; M. A., '96 Lieut. Edgar Hunter Ewen, Royal Scots T.F., accidentally

killed at Catterick, May, aged 36 Teacher ; M.A., '04

Capt. John Ogilvie Taylor, The Buffs, trsfd. Middlesex

Regt., killed in action in France, 3 May, aged 32

Teacher; M.A., '10 Lieut, (the Rev.) Marshall Merson, 5th Royal Scots

Fusiliers (Pte. 4th Gordons), killed in action in France,

3 May, 191 7, aged 27 C. of S. Prob. ; M.A., '12

2nd Lieut. James Alex. Masson, R.G.A., died of wounds

received in action, May, aged 25

Teacher; M.A., ist Hons. Class, '13

14 In Memoriam

2nd Lieut. WilHejohn Oberlin Gilmour, Scottish Horse,

killed in action, May, aged 33 M.A., 'li

Lance-Corpl. Henry Wilkieson Thomson, Canadian Con- tingent, wounded October, 191 6, killed in action in France, 5 May, aged 31 M.A., Hons. Class, '07

Private George Park Webster, 3rd Gordon Hrs., killed in

action in France, il May, aged 19 ist Arts, 'i5-'i6

2nd Lieut. Edwin Alfred Kennedy, Seaforth Hrs., killed

in action in France, 13 May, aged 22 1st Arts, 'i4-'i5

Capt. William Alexr. Smith, R.A.M.C., died of wounds

received in action, June, aged 37 M.B., '04

Lieut. Finlay George Macleod Ross, British East African Medical Service, after retiring from service, died at Klerksdorp, 4 June, aged 30 M.B., '09

2nd Lieut. William Anderson, 2nd Lovat Scouts, killed

in action, 4 June, aged 24 Un. Dip. Ag., '12

Capt. Robert Dunlop Smith, 33rd Punjabis Indian Army, Brigade Machine Gun Officer, Indian Expeditionary Force E, killed in action in East Africa, 12 June, aged 24 Arts Stud, '11 -'12

Capt. Ian A. Kendall Burnett, East Lancashire Regt., missing after action in France, June, now pre- sumed killed at that time, aged 33 M.A., '07

Lieut. James Findlay, 12th Northumberland Fusiliers (Pte. Roy. Fusiliers), killed in action in France, June, aged 22 1st Med., 'i5-'i6

2nd Lieut. Allan Smith Milne, 5th Gordon Hrs., T.F.,

killed in action in France, 26 June, aged 38 M.A., '02 ; B.L.

Lieut Alexander Guthrie, 1st Highl. Brig. R.F.A., T.F., killed in action in France in the attempt to save a comrade, 13 July, aged 24 2nd Arts, 'i4-'i5

Private John Badenoch, R.A.M.C., died of heat stroke at

Basra, Mesopotamia, 1 1 July, aged 40 M.A., '00

Capt. (Tempy.) Alistair Gordon Peter, M.C., R.A.M.C., died of wounds received in action, July, aged 40

M.A., '98; M.B.

Lieut. Harold Bruce Lendrum, 6th Seaforth Hrs. (formerly Lance-Corpl), wounded May, died of wounds, i August, aged 21 1st. Arts, 'i3-'i4

In Memoriam 15

Lieut. William John Taylor, loth Seaforth Hrs., severely wounded 23 April, died of pneumonia, i August, aged 29 Teacher; M.A., '10

2nd Lieut. Archibald Charles Spark, Gordon Hrs., killed

in action in France, 31 July, aged 21 1st Arts, 'l5-'i6

Capt. (Tempy.) Thomas Booth Myles, M.C., 12th Highl. Light Infantry, killed in action in France, i August, aged 24 3rd Agr., 'I3-'I4

Capt. Adam Gordon Howitt, M.C., 12th E. Surrey Regt (formerly of Capetown Hrs.), killed in action in France, 5 August, aged 33 B.Sc. (Agr.), '10

Signaller D Lyall Japp, Black Watch, killed while

assisting to bring in wounded, France, August, aged 19 About to matriculate

Lance-Corpl. John Mitchell Duthie, 4th Gordon Hrs.,

killed in action, August, aged 19 1st Med., 'l5-'l6

Signaller James Robertson, R.F.A., T.F., killed in action

in , August, aged 20 i st Arts, ' 1 4-' 1 5

2nd Lieut. Alex. James Bolton Milne, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, 22 August, aged 30

4th Div., 'i4-'i5

Capt. Eric Newton, R.A.M.C., killed in action in East

Africa on 5 August, aged 28 M.B., Ch.B., 'l 5

Capt. William George Philip Hunt, M.C., loth Essex Regt, of wounds received in action, 31 July, died 15 August, aged 25 Teacher; M.A., '12

Deck-hand (Gunner) Kenneth Norman Macdonald, Royal Naval Reserve, lost at sea on one of H.M. ships on war service, August, aged 19 2nd Arts, and Med., '15-'! 6

2nd Lieut. George Douglas Rose, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, 20 September, aged 22

M.A., Hons. Econ., '15

2nd Lieut. James Temple Jenkins, 4th (Ross Highland)

Seaforth Hrs., killed in action, 20 September, aged 33 M.A., '04

Lance-Corpl. Thomas Anderson, 4th Gordon Hrs., died of wounds received in action the previous day, on 23 September, aged 24 Teacher; M.A., '12

Lance-Corpl. R M'Connachie,

killed in action, September, aged 19 About to matriculate

1 6 In Memoriam

Lance-Corpl. James Will, 4th Gordon Hrs. (U Coy.), died of wounds received in France on September, aged 23 1st Arts, 'i3-'r4

Lance-Corpl. Peter Melvin Strachan (bomb-thrower), 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, 20 September, aged 21 1st Sci., '14-'! 5

2nd Lieut, (the Rev.) Cecil Barclay Simpson, 4th Seaforth Hrs,, killed in action, October, aged 32

M.A., Hons. Class, and Phil., '07

Capt. Robert Haig Spittal, R.A.M.C., killed in action,

4 October, aged 35 • M.B., '05

Lieut. Greorge Smith Mitchell Milne, 8/1 oth Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, 14 October, aged 23

Law Stud.; M.A., '14

2nd Lieut, (the Rev.) David Stewart Dawson, S.R.O., 3rd Gordon Hrs., wounded September, 1916, died 20 October, 191 7, aged 27 M.A., '10

Surgeon-Probationer George Brown, R.N. killed in

action at sea, 21 October, aged 22 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6

Lieut. Alex. Simpson Harper, Royal Hrs. (Black Watch) (formerly Lance-Corpl., 7th Gordon Hrs.), killed in action , 12 October, aged 27

Teacher; M.A., Hons. Maths., 'ii

Lieut. William Charles Milne, Pioneers Indian Army Reserve of Officers, died of enteric fever at Baghdad, Mesopotamia, October, aged 31 M.A., 'o&

Capt. David James Shirres Stephen, M.C. (with bar), R.A.M.C., died of wounds by gas-shell, 24 October, aged 29 M.B., '10 ; M.D.

Capt. Hugh Philip Skakle, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action at the capture of Cantaing, 21 November, aged 29 M.A., '11 ; B.D.

Lieut. George Minty, 6th Gordon Hrs., killed November,

aged 37 Teacher; M.A., '08

Lance-Corpl. Wm. Patrick Macleod, 7th Seaforth Hrs., killed in action in Mesopotamia, 5 November, aged 31 Teacher; M.A,, '10

2nd Lieut. William Duffus, 6th Gordon Hrs., died of wounds received in action before Cambrai, i December, aged 2 1 About to matriculate

In Memoriam 17

2nd Lieut (Tempy.) William John Reid, Gordon Hrs., died of wounds received in action, 26 November, aged 25 3rd Arts, ' 1 3-' 1 4

2nd Lieut. Charles Buchan, Lanes. Fusiliers, killed in

action, December, aged 26 Probationer C, of S. ; M.A., '12

Pioneer Alexander Thomson Adam, Chemist Special Coy., R.E., killed in action, 2nd December, aged 36

Teacher; M.A., '03; B.Sc.

Lieut. G[eorge] Wood, Australian Infantry, reported 1 1

December as died of wounds, aged 31 M.A., '08

Capt. Austin Basil Clarke, M.C., R.AM.C., S.R.O., killed

in action in France, 23 November, aged 25 M.B., '15

Capt. (acting Lieut -Col.) James Ogilvie Kemp, 5 th Royal Scots (Queen's Edinburgh Rifles), died from illness contracted on service, on 12 December, aged 52 M.A., '86

Pioneer James David Sutherland, Royal Engineers, died

from gas-poisoning, December, aged 23 Agr. Stud., 'i i-'i4

Private George Alexander Cameron, ist Q.O. Cameron Hrs., died of wounds received in action, Flanders, 12 November, aged 28 M.A, '12

1 91 8.

2nd Lieut. George James Ross, Royal Scots Fusiliers,

killed as result of a bombing accident on active

service, 30 January, aged 25 Agr., '09-' 10

Lieut Hugh Alexr. Wark, 7th Grordon Hrs., killed in

action in France, 14 March, aged 23 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4

Lieut Douglas Meldrum Watson Leith, M.C.,4th Gordon

Hrs., killed in action in France, 21 March, aged 26

M.A., '13; B.Sc. (Agr.), '14 Capt Bernard Gordon Beveridge, M.C., R.A.M.C. (T.),

killed in action in France, 21 March, aged 30 M.B., Ch.B., '12 Lt -Colonel James Robertson, R.A.M.C. (T.), killed in

action in France, 21 March, aged 37 M.B., '04; M.D., Ch.M.

2nd Lieut Robert Stephen Barclay, Royal Scots, killed

in action in France, March, aged 49

Arts, '93-'97 ; Div., '98-'99 2nd Lieut Edward White Irvine, R.F.A., killed in action

in France, 27 March, aged 20 2nd Med., '16- ly

2

1 8 In Memoriam

Capt John Archibald, Gordon Hrs., died of wounds

received in action in France, 3 1 March, aged 24

2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4 Capt. Patrick George Milne, R.A.M.C., killed in action,

April, aged 32 M.B., '15

2nd Lieut. Andrew MacPherson Kennedy, Lancashire

Fusiliers, killed in action in France, April, aged 27

4th Med., 'i3-'i4 Lieut. Leslie McKenzie, Black Watch, died of

wounds received in action in France, 2 April, aged 24 M.A., '15 Major James Macdonald Henderson, M.C. (with bar),

Gordon Hrs. (attd. Argyll and Sutherland Hrs.),

killed in action in France, April, aged 27

M.A. ; L Hons. Eng., '12 Lieut. John Sutherland, Lancashire Fusiliers, killed in

action in France, April, aged 27 Teacher; M.A., '13

2nd Lieut. John Johnston, R.E., killed in action in France,

April, aged 24 2nd Arts, 'i4-'i5

2nd Lieut Robert Anderson, Somerset Light Infantry,

killed in action in France, April, aged 40 2nd Med., '98

Capt John Lyon Booth, M.C., Seaforth Hrs., killed in

action in France, 18 April, aged 26 M.A., '14

Pioneer Wm. Symington Macllwraith, R.E., killed in

action, , aged 33 M.A., '08

Capt Cyril Martin Hadden, Roy. Scots Fusiliers, killed in

action in France, April, aged 37 M.A., '02 ; B.L., '05

Lieut Wm. George Bruce, R.E. (T.F.), killed in action in

France, 25 April, aged 22 1st Sci., '13-'! 4

2nd Lieut John A. Philip, R.F. A, died of wounds received

in action in France, 7 May, aged 23 Dip. Agric, '13

Capt Robert Jas. Barron Wright, R.A.M.C. (T.), died

at Catterick Military Hospital, Yorkshire, 13 May,

aged 35 M.B., '04

Lieut George Andrew Falconer Henderson, 3rd Gordon

Hrs. (attd. Royal Air Force), died at Grantham of

injuries received in an aeroplane accident, 4th July,

aged 23 1st Arts, 'i3-'i4

In Memoriam

19

	Summary.
Year 1914
,, 191 5
„ 1916
» 191;
„ 1918

Total

2 74 71 80 22

249

I. THE STAFF.

MEMBERS OF THE TEACHING AND RESEARCH

STAFFS.

Professor John Theodore Cash, M.D., LL.D., City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt.

Professor James Hendrick, B.Sc, City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt.

Professor Frederick Soddy, M.A., F.R.S., City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt.

Robert Blair Forrester, M.A., Lecturer in Political Economy, City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt., called up for Military Service, June, 1918.

James Lewis Mclntyre, M.A., D.Sc, Lecturer in Comparative Psy- chology, City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt, County Director for Aberdeenshire under the Red Cross (V.A. Detachments).

John Boyd Orr, D.S.O., M.C., M.A., M.D., Researcher in Animal Nutrition. Temporary Surgeon, R.N. (formerly Tempy. Lieut. R.A.M.C.).

SECRETARY TO THE UNIVERSITY. Donaldson Rose Thom, M.A., City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt.

MILITARY EDUCATION COMMITTEE.

The Principal, Chairman (Chaplain (ist Class) of the University Contingent O.T.C.), Sir John Fleming, M.P., D.L., LL.D., Colonel Scott Riddell, M.V.O., C.B.E., T.D., M.B., CM., and Rev. James Smith, T.D., M.A., B.D., Chaplain (ist Class), representing the Court; Professors James W. H. Trail, M.D., F.R.S., Robert W. Reid, M.D., F.R.C.S., Hector M. Macdonald, M.A., F.R.S., and Theodore Shennan, M.D., F.R.C.S.E., Dean of the Faculty of Medicine ; with Captain George A. Williamson, M.D., and Capt John P. Kinloch, M.D.

20

II. GRADUATES.

GRADUATES HOLDING COMMISSIONS. ROYAL NAVY.

Surg. (Tempy.) James Duncan Brown M.B., 'i8

„ (Tempy.) Duncan William Mackay M.B., '17

„ (Tempy.) William Alexander Hogg McKerrow M.B., '06

„ (Tempy.) Alex. Ritchie M.B., '18

Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.

Tempy. Sub-Lieut Alfred James Smith, H.M.S. "Tarlair"

for Hydrophone Service M.A, '05

Surgeon Probationer. Charles Joiner (AS.B., 2nd Sup., p. 27) M.A, '15; 2nd Med, '15-16

REGULAR ARMY.

GOVERNOR OF CEYLON.

Sir John Anderson, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., Governor and

Commander-in-Chief M.A, ^77

WAR OFFICE AND OTHER STAFFS.

Thomas William Lumsden, Civilian Member of the Special Medical Board, and Medical Referee for Pensions for Chelsea, Westminster, and Lambeth M.B., '97 ; M.D.

LOCAL, TEMPORARY, ACTING, AND HONORARY RANK.

Lieut John Rudolph Wardlaw Burnet, Employed Re- cruiting Duties B.A (Cantab.); LL.B., '11

21

2 2 Graduates

Royal Artillery.

Capt John Wishart Henderson, R.F.A. (T.F.), Stafif Capt.

64th Divisional Artillery M.A., '04; B.L.

Lieut William Robert Tennant, R.G.A., S.R.O., 23rd Mountain Batty., N.W. Frontier, India, 21st Kohat Mountain Batty., Mesopotamian Exped. Force M.A., '14

2nd Lieut Alexr. Wilson Anderson, R.G. A, S.R.O. (Pte.

R.A.M.C., Bdr. R.F.A., p. 23) Med. Stud. ; B.Sc, '13 „ „ Edmund Blaikie Boyd, 60th Siege Batty. R.G.A, S.R.O. (Gunner, 2nd Sup., p. 28), B.E.F,, France M.A., '16

„ „ William Drummond Hunter, R.G.A. (Serg.-

Instr., 1st Sup., p. 22) U.F.C. Div. Stud. ; M.A., '12 „ „ John Robert Jamieson, 178th Siege Batty.

R.G.A Teacher ; M. A, '01

„ „ Alfred Wm. Coutts Mitchell, R.G.A., S.R.O. M.A., '09 „ John Murray, R.G.A., S.R. (Pte. Royal

Scots) Teacher, M.A. (Hons. Eng.), '07

„ „ David Cooper Rees, R.F.A, S.R.O. (Corpl.

R.AM.C. and Cdt, Roll, p. 49) M.A, '11

„ „ William Shewan Riddell, R.F.A, S.R.O.

Teacher; M.A., '13

Royal Engineers.

2nd Lieut William Barrett (Pte. H.L.I., ist Sup., p. 22)

Teacher; M.A, '09 „ „ Donald MacKenzie (Pte. U Coy., 4th Gordons

and Sergt R.K, Roll, p. 46) M.A., '13

Tempy. 2nd Lieut Alexr. Thomson, 254 Tunnelling Coy.,

B.E.F., France B.Sc., '04

Infantry.

Major Hamilton McCombie, D.S.O., M.C, Chemical Ad- viser, H.Q, First Army (formerly 7th Wore. Regt. Mentd. (2) M.A., '00

fCapt Adam Gordon Howitt, M.C, 12th E. Surrey Regt. (formerly Sergt. and 2nd Lieut., Capetown Hrs., Roll, p. 42), promoted Capt for organising raid. Killed in action in France, Aug., 1917, aged 33 B.Sc, Agr., '10

Commissions 2 3

f Tempy. 2nd Lieut. Charles Buchan, Lanes. Fusiliers,

(Pte. Gordons, p. 29), killed in action, Deer., 191 7, aged 26 M.A., '12 „ „ „ Alexander Park Cranna, S.R.O.,

attd. Gordon Hrs. M.A., '10

„ „ „ Abercromby Gordon Donald, Highl.

Light Inf. (from Cdt Batt)

Teacher; M.A, '01 2nd Lieut Leslie Duncan, S.R.O., attd. Queen's Own

Cameron Hrs. (Macedonia) M.A., '09

„ „ Horace Courtenay Forbes Finlayson, New

Army, attd China Labour Corps Professor; M.A., '07 „ „ Herbert Imray, S.R.O., attd. Gordon Hrs.

Teacher; M.A., '13 Tempy. 2nd Lieut John Robert Learmonth, ist and 2nd

Arg. & Suth. Hrs. Teacher; M.A., '05

2nd Lieut Thomas Watson MacCallum, S.R.O., attd.

Cameron Hrs. (from Cdt Batt) Teacher; M.A., '04 „ „ Alexr. Grant MacLeod, 3rd (Res.) Batt

Cameron Hrs. Teacher; M.A., '09

„ „ Alexr. John Marr, 3rd Seaforth Hrs. (Pte.

Royal Scots) Teacher; M.A., '13

„ „ William Lorimer Shiach, S.R.O., attd. Royal

Scots Teacher; M.A., '11

Cyclist Corps.

Lieut William Smith, XVH. Cyclist Batt XVH. Corps,

B.E.F. (Roll. p. 25) M.A., '07 ; B.Sc. (Agr.)

Tank Corps.

2nd Lieut Henry Watt Johnston, M.C. (from 4th Gordon

Hrs., 1st Sup., p. 16) Teacher; M.A., '11

„ „ William Reid (Sergt 5th Seaforth Hrs., pro- moted on field, 1st Jan., 191 6, transfd. R.M.G.C., 14th Feb., 191 7, then to Tank Corps on formation) Teacher; M.A., '09

24 Graduates

Royal Air Force.

Lieut. David Clark (previously commd in S. Africa

Forces) Teacher; M.A., 'lo

Staff-Lieut. Donald Benjamin Gunn, attd. for staff duties

(Corpl. R.A.M.C., 2nd Sup., p. 30) Law Stud. ; M.A, '15

ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS.

Retired Officers temporarily re-employed.

Colonel Octavius Todd, Dep. Asst Din of Med. Services M.B., '78 William Edward Webb M.B., '73 ; M.D.

R.A.M.C. Temporary Lieut.-Colonels.

John Charles Grant Ledingham, C.M.G. M.A, '95 ; D.Sc.

R.A.M.C. Temporary Majors.

Alexander Theodore Brand, O.C, 3rd Field Amb., 11 East Yorks Med. Vol. Corps (late Surgeon-Major, II Vol. Batt East Yorks Regt. V.D.) M.B., '81

George Mortimer MacGillivray M.B., '12

James Moir Mathieson, Wharncliffe War Hospital (commd.,

April, '15) M.B., '07

R.A.M.C. Temporary Captains.

Alexander Greig Anderson, 43rd Gen. Hosp., Salonika

Exped. Force M.A., '05 ; M.D. ; M.R.C.P. (Lond.)

Wilson Astin M.B., '94

William John Calder, for duty with S. African Labour

Corps, relinq. commn., Nov. 17 M.A, '06 ; M.B.

Alexander John Douglas Cameron M.B., '09

Eber Chambers M.B., '73 ; M.D.

Duncan Finlayson M.B., '92

William Eraser B.Sc, '00 ; M.B.

Henry William Garden M.B., '97

Alexr. Grant, Military Hospital, Cromarty M.B., '92 ; B.Sc. (Man.) James Garden Gray, Barracks, Aldershot

M.A., '92 ; L.R.C.P. & S.Ed. Thomas Chalmers Hynd M.B., '99

Commissions R.A.M.C. 25

Joseph Jaffe M.B., '13

John Grant Jones M.B, '96 ; M.D.

Neil Kennedy M.A., '00 ; M.B.

William Louis Anderson Leslie M.B., 02

Ronald Cadell MacDonald, 104th T.R.B., Edinburgh

M.B., '93 ; M.D. Norman Macphail M.B., '12

Ian MacQuarrie, attd. Cumbd. and Westmoreland Yeo- manry M.B., '98 William Duke Gorges MuUoy M.B., 'oi Robert Tindall, M.C. M.B., '09 Joseph Lockhart Downes Yule, Mesopotamia, Albert

Medal for valour M.B., '13

R.A.M.C. Temporary Lieutenants.

William Angus M.B., '07 ; M.D. ; D.P.H. (Camb.) William Bain (formerly Private R.AM.C., 1st Sup., p. 23) M.B., '08

John Brown M.B., '08

Francis James Browne, relinq. commn. M.B., '06

Alexander George Craib M.B., '14

William Dalgliesh M.B., '06

Arthur Harold Duckett M.B., '09

Walter Allen Elwood M.B., '05

James Hunter M.B., '11

John Elrick Kesson M.B., '07

George Henry Charles Lumsden M.B., '07

George Grant MacDonald M.A., '99 ; M.B.

John Alexander Mearns M.B., '01

Kenneth Stewart Melvin M.B., '03

George Milne M.B., '05 ; M.D.

Thomas Basil Mitchell M.B., '02

George Mowat M.B., '98

Harry James Rae M.A., '07 ; M.B.

Augustus George Stewart M.B., '05 ; M.D.

Philip Wilson Stewart M.A., '09; M.B.

Alexr. William Mackintosh Sutherland, Cairo M.B., '99

Arthur Westerman M.B., '00; M.D.

James Miller Swanson Wood M.B., '00

26 Graduates

Attached R.A.M.C.

Captain Spencer Smithson Dunn, Australian Army Med.

Corps, formerly Surg.-Capt. Imperial Bushmen's Corps M.B., '8S

R.A.M.C. Special Reserve Supplementary Officers.

Lieut. John Wilson Bowman (O.T.C.) M.B., '17

„ Charles Alexander Harvey (O.T.C.) M.B., '17

„ Ian George Innes M.A., '11 ; B.Sc. ; M.B., 'iS

„ Benjamin Wignall Jones (O.T.C.) M.B., '17

„ Arthur Young Milne (O.T.C.) M.B., '17

„ George Fowler Mitchell (?2nd Lieut O.T.C, p. 74) M.B., '17

„ Charles Reid (O.T.C.) M.A, '14 ; B.Sc. ; M.B., '17

„ Henry Roger (O.T.C.) M.A., '13 ; M.B., '17

„ James Maxwell Savege, Ind. Exped Force D. Mesopotamia (previously Lieut KG. A., T.F.,

Roll, p. 26) M.A., '13 ; M.B., '17

„ Charles Wood (Pte. U Coy. 4th Gordons, Roll,

p. 69) M.B., '17

„ William Lyall Yell (O.T.C), Mesopotamia M.B., '17

Hospital Service.

Elizabeth Mary Edwards, attd. R.AM.C Base Hosp.,

Malta; Gen, Hosp., Salonika M.B., '12

Elizabeth Gray, attd. R.A.M.C., Woolwich M.B., '15

Winniefred Margaret Gray, attd. R.AM.C., Northampton- shire War Hosp. M.A., '10 ; M.B., '13 ; D.RH.

Helen Lillie, Scottish Women's Hospital, Macedonia

M.A., '10; M.B.

Myra Mackenzie, Scottish Women's Hospital, Macedonia M.B., '00

TERRITORIAL FORCE. Royal Artillery.

Major John Mearns Allan, ist Lowland Brig., R.F.A.

(since beginning of War) Teacher; M.A., '04

Captain Robert Mackay Ledingham, A Batty. 255th

Brig., R.F.A. Law Stud ; M.A., '13

2nd Lieut Charles Edward Cruickshank, 8/5 th Res. Brig. R.F.A. (Highl.) (Sergt Scottish Horse)

Teacher; M.A., '05

Commissions T.F. 27

2nd Lieut Thomas Hunter Donald, R.G.A., S.R.O.

(Cdt. Artists' Rifles, 2nd Sup., p. 31) M.A., '02 ; B.Sc. „ Robert Fraser Forbes, R.G.A. (Offr. Cdt

Unit) M.A., '13

„ „ William Dawson Henderson, 2/1 st W. Riding

Heavy Batty., R.G.A. M.A., '02 ; B.Sc.

„ „ Herbert Horace Eugene Wiseman, R.G.A. M.A., '07

Royal Engineers.

2nd Lieut Thomas Cranston, Meteorological Section

(Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 44) M.A., '12

Infantry.

Capt George Marr Giles, Adjt 3rd Batt London Regt M.A., '03 Lieut William Stephen Catto, unattd. List T.F., for serv.

with Geo. Watson's O.T.C. B.Sc, '06

„ Jas. Fowler Fraser, 3rd Batt Arg. and Suth. Hrs.

(Sergt. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 44) „ Alexr. Peterkin, 6th Gordon Hrs,, Bombing Instr.

XVn. Corps Teacher; M.A., 'oa

2nd Lieut John Stuart Burns, Gordon Hrs. (Corpl. 3rd Gordons, 2nd Sup., p. 29; also p. 25)

Teacher ; M. A, '99^ „ „ David Stuart Davidson, Grordon Hrs. (L.-

Sergt and Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 28) Teacher; M.A., '08 Alexr. Davie, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Offr. Cdt

Unit) Teacher; M.A., 'lO

Lewis Gavin, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Corpl., Roll,

p. 45, and Cdt Unit) Teacher; M.A., '12

James Temple Jenkins, 4th Seaforth Hrs. (Ross High!. Batt) (From Inns of Court O. T. C. , 2nd Sup. , p. 31.) After serving with Res. Batt, T.F., went to the front, killed in action near Ypres on 20th Sept 19 17, aged 33 M.A, '04

James Keir, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Re&)

Headmaster, M.A., '04 John Douglas MacLaggan, 4th Gordon Hrs.

(Sergt, etc. Roll, p. 46), returned to study M.A., '14.

>i >j

2 8 Graduates

2nd Lieut Robert Pearson Masson, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 1st

Gordons and Cdt Unit). Wounded Oct.,

1917 University Tutor ; M.A., '06 ; LL.B.

f „ „ Allan Smith Milne, Gordon Hrs., killed in

action in France, 26th June, 191 7, aged 36

M.A., '02; B.L. „ „ James Mathewson Milne, 5th Scottish Rifles

(Pte. R.A.M.C., 1st Sup., p. 23) Teacher; M.A, '06 „ „ Harry Thomson Reid, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 4th

Gordons and Cdt) M.A., '03

„ „ William Reid, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 4th Gordons

and Cdt) M.A, '12

„ „ Alex. Robertson, 2nd Seaforths (Pr. Sp. Brig.

R.E., 1st Sup., p. 36) „ „ James Alexr. Scott, R. Sc Fusiliers Teacher, M.A., '99 „ „ John Baird Simpson, Gordon Hrs. (Roll, p. 47),

wounded 17 Oct 1917 B.Sc (Agr.), '14

-f „ „ (the Rev.) Cecil Barclay Simpson, 4th Sea-

forth Hrs. (Cdt, 1st Sup., p. 23), killed in

action, 17 Oct 191 7 M.A., '07

„ „ John Trail Stephen, 4th Gordons M.A, 'i2

„ „ William Henry Sutherland, M.C., 4th Gordons,

Signal Officer, 12th Black Watch M.A., '14

„ „ John Sutherland, 6th Lanes. Fusiliers (Pte. 5th

Gordons) Teacher; M.A, 13

Territorial Force Reserve.

Col. Douglas Duncan, member City of Aberdeen T.F.

Assocn. Com. M.C., '56-'59

Labour Corps.

2nd Lieut Harry Williamson Smart (Pte. Seaforths, 2nd

Sup., p. 30, and Cdt Unit) Teacher; M.A, '09

Royal Army Medical Corps y T.F.

Lieut -Col. Robert Bruce, D.S.O., late Lieut -Col. 7th Gor- don Hrs. (Roll, p. 26) M.A, '93 ; M.D. „ William Arthur Carline, 4th Northern Gen.

Hosp., Lincoln M.B., '75 ; M.D.

Volunteers 29

Lieut -Col. John Gray, O.C 2/3rd Northumbrian Fd. Amb.,

Brit. Salonika Force, since Deer, 1916 M.B., '90

Major James Matthews Duncan, 46 Stationary Hosp.,

Etaples, B.E.F. (Roll, p. 32). M.A., '94; M.B.

„ Alexr. George Lovett-Campbell, attd. 2nd Lovat's

Scouts (Roll, p. 33) M.B., '95

Capt John Webster Archibald, M.O. 295th Brig., R.F.A. M.B,, '07 „ Henry Wm. Godfrey, M.O. 8th Cyclist Batt Essex

Regt, T. M.B., '85

„ John Humphrey, 2nd East Anglian Fd. Amb. M.B., '13

„ John Marsters Mitchell, M.O. 3rd Middlesex Regt, France and Salonika, M.O. 2nd D.C.L.I. Regt, Salonika ; I /3rd Lowland Fd. Amb., Eg. Exped. Force (Roll, p. 22) M.B., '11

„ Joseph Pearson, attd. 3rd Northern Gren. Hosp.,

Sheffield M.B., '8;

„ Alexr. Presslie, M.O. 2/4th Gloucesters, B.E.F.,

France M.B., '96

Lieut Charles Clyne, M.C. (late Trooper, Assam Valley

Light Horse, ist Sup., p. 24) M.B., '10

2nd Lieut Daniel Ironside Walker, unattd. List for ser- vice with Aberd. Univ. O.T.C. (Sergt U Coy. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 67, wounded) M.A, '16

Sanitary Service.

Capt Alexr. Eraser MacBean, Highl. Divisional Sanitary

Section (ist Sup., p. 18). M.A., '01 ; M.B.

? Lieut Cyril Moore Smith, ist London Sanitary Coy. M.B., '04

VOLUNTEERS.

County of Aberdeen Volunteer Regiment.

Tempy. Capt and M.O. John Osbert Wilson M.A., '73 ; M.D.

„ Lieut James Gordon Souter Teacher; M.A., '03

„ 2nd Lieut Alexr. Donald Craigmyle Teacher ; M. A., '07

Kincardineshire Volunteer Regiment. Tempy. Lieut and M.O. Charles Aymer M.B.,'89

JO Graduates

Banffshire Volunteer Regiment

Tempy. Capt Charles Smith McPherson (late Capt. Vol.

Brig. Gordon Hrs.) Rector; M.A., '79

? „ Lieut. Hugh McKay Teacher; M. A., '13

„ „ Robert George Smith M.A., '85

Morayshire Volunteer Regiment. Tempy. 2nd Lieut John Davidson Dickie Teacher; M.A., '02

Northern Counties Highland Volunteer Regiment.

?2nd Lieut. Donald Macleod Teacher; M.A., '03?

„ „ Hugh George Strachan, ist Batt B.L., '04

West Riding Volunteers.

John Barclay, Platoon Commander and M.O., 5th Batt M.B., '88

Lieut Joseph Hambley Rowe, 21st Batt (late Lieut

R.A.M.C.) M.B., '94

ARMY CHAPLAINS' DEPARTMENT.

Temporary Chaplains.

Rev. Robert James Bain, 4th Class M.A., '09

Richard Mackie Clark, 4th Class M.A., '04

John Spence Ewen, 4th Class M.A., '99 ; B.Sc.

James Gibb, 4th Class M.A., '98

William Lindsay Gordon, 4th Class M.A., '93 ; B.D. (Edin.)

George Gray, 4th Class M.A., '07

James Stewart Watt Irvine, 4th Class M.A., '00

Duncan MacDonald, 4th Class, attd. 320th Brig.,

R.F.A., 64th (H.) Division M.A., '07

Kenneth MacLennan, attd. Seaforth Hrs. M.A., '96 ; B.D.

Alexr. Maclean M.A., '03

Douglas McRitchie, 4th Class M.A., '08

Alexr. Morrison, 4th Class M.A., '09

William Dickie Niven, 4th Class M.A., '00

George Mathieson Park, Class M.A., '86 ; B.D.

William Walker Reid, 4th Class M.A., '94 ; B.D. (Edin.)

George Eddie Thomson, 4th Class M.A., '02 ; B.D.

John William Walker, 4th Class M.A., '98

Forces of H.M. Dominions 31

Territorial Force Chaplains. Rev, William Henderson Harrowes, 4th Class M.A., '96

INDIAN ARMY.

Capt. James McPherson, Indian Labour Corps, France

Teacher; M.A., '04 Lieut. Ivan Terence Pringle, a Volunteer Corps M.A., '09

+ „ William Charles Milne, Pioneers, Reserve of Offrs., died of enteric fever, 29th Oct 191 7, in Meso- potamia, aged 31 M.A., '08

Indian Medical Service.

Col. Walter Gawen King, CLE. (ret), Asst Din of Med.

Serv. M.B., '73

Lieut -Col. Mackintosh Alex. Thomas Collie M.B., '81

„ Charles Lethbridge Swaine M.B., '74 ; M.D.

„ Henry Thomson M.B., '79 ; M.D.

„ Alexr. John Willcocks, C.M.G. (ret) tempor- arily employed M.B., '71 ; M.D.

FORCES OF H.M. DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS.

Canadian.

Capt George Christian Rose, 102nd Reg^ Rocky Moun- tain Rangers M.A., '91 Lieut Alexander Millar Boyd M.A., '02 „ Alexander Murray Garden, Canadian Artillery M.A., '09

British West Indies Regiment. Surg. -Lieut. Arthur Ambrose Hearne M.B., '16

West African Service, Medical Offr. Joseph Henry Collier M.B., '94

East African Service.

Rev. Ernest Drewitt Bowman, attd. Nyassaland Volunteer Reserve, acting as Portuguese Liaison Officer, Ch. of S. Mission Port, E. Africa M.A., '03 ; B.D., '10

3 2 Graduates

South African Service.

Capt. Joseph Macrae Macdonald, S. African Medical

Corps M.B,, '06

„ William Smith, No. i S. African Fd. Amb,,

S.A.M.C. M.B., '10

Australian Forces.

Major John McPherson, Austral. Army Medical Corps,

9th Austral. Fd. Amb., France (ist Sup., p. 17) M.B., '09

? Capt. Maurice Buchan Johnson M.B., '03 ; M.D.

Capt. Douglas Wood, Austral. Army Med. Corps M.B., '08 ; M.D.

„ William Wood, Austral. Army Med. Corps M.B., '04; M.D.

„ Andrew Bernard Morris, Austral. Army Med. Corps M.B., '03

Lieut. Robert James Grant Lipp, M.C., Field Artillery

M.A., '10; B.Sc. (Agr.) f Lieut. Greorge Wood, Australian Infantry, died of wounds,

Nov., Dec, 1 91 7 M.A, '08

Rev. John Calder, Chaplain, 4th Class M.A., '00

Naval Instructor (with commission) John Cormack Slater,

Royal Australian Naval College M.A., '12; B.Sc*

United States Army.

Major John Fairbairn Binnie, U.S. Med. Offr., Reserve

Corps, Director Red Cross Base Hosp. No. 28 M.A., '82 ; M.B.

GRADUATES ENLISTED OR RE-ENLISTED.

Royal Flying Corps.

101102 Donald Mackay, 3rd A.M., Hulton Camp, North

Bucks M.A., '15

Cavalry,

Trooper Greorge Fairbairn Lamb, 3rd Dragoon Guards,

transferred to Infantry, p. 35. M.A., '08

Royal Artillery.

Coy.-Sergt-Major (I.G.) James Leckie Reid, School of

Gunnery, attd. No. 21 R.G.A. Teacher; M.A, '01

Enlisted 3 3

Corpl. Wm. Millar Henry, R.G.A., B.KF., France

Teacher; M.A., '03 „ Andrew Milne, 415th Siege Batty., R.G.A

Teacher; M.A-, '13 ,, George James Milne, Observer, attd. 420th Siege

Batty., R.G.A Teacher; M.A., '05

L. -Corpl. David Coutts, Asst Instr. in Signalling, 2/ist

H.C.B., Tay Garrison Teacher; M.A., '10

142850 Bombardier John Wm. Gillanders Cameron,

R.F.A. (T.), B/5 Res. Brig. Teacher; M.A., '09

Bombardier David Eaton, 424th Siege Batty., R.G.A.

Teacher; B.Sc, '06 4185 Bombardier Edward John Thompson, R.F.A.

Teacher; M.A., '10 Bombardier John Sutherland, 200th Siege Batty., R.G.A.,

discharged for health, Jan. 1917 Teacher; M.A., '07

107226 Acting Bombardier Robert Cummins Wilson,

363rd (S.) Batty., R.G.A. Teacher; M.A., '06

129894 Gunner Robert Cormack Teacher; M.A., '12

Gunner George Forbes, R.G.A. Teacher; M.A., '05

„ George Hendry, R.G.A., Cooden Camp, Bexhill

Teacher; M.A, '03 „ Alexr. Kemp, 51st A. A. Coy., R.G.A.

M.A., '09; B.Sc. (Agr.) „ William Proctor Law, R.G.A M.A., '12 ; B.Sc.

242636 Gunner Donald Neil Lowe, R.F.A Headmaster, M.A, '12 153035 Gunner Donald Maclean, Signal Training Depdt,

R.G.A Teacher; M.A., '02

1 58426 Gunner Roderick Macrae, 448th Siege Batty.,

R.G.A Teacher; M.A, '11

163409 Gunner Alexr. Duffus Robertson, R.G.A.

Teacher; M.A, '12 Gunner Alexr. Wilson Ross, R.G.A, in France Teacher, M.A., '10 „ Robert Stuart (formerly Stewart), R.F.A. M.A., '05

250564 Gunner Alexander Monro Sefton, B Batty., 2nd

Res. Brig., R.F.A M.A, '11

Gunner James Taylor, North Scottish R.G.A. Teacher ; M.A, '01 15934 Gunner George Thomson, R.G.A Headmaster; M.A., '05

Gunner John Christie Wilkie, R.G.A, June, 'i6-April, '17 ;

Army Reserve, Class W Teacher; M.A., '14

3

34 Graduates

Royal Engineers.

CorpL Stewart TurnbuU Alexr. Mirrlees, Meteorological

Section (Roll, p. 46) M.A., '14

„ Fred Grant Duncan Chalmers, Chemists' Corps, discharged for medical reasons (ist Sup., p. 36)

M.A.,'i6; B.Sc.

L.-Corpl. George Bruce Teacher; M.A., '08

„ Robert Sutherland, Gas Corps Teacher; M.A., '12; B.Sc.

f Pioneer Chemist Alexr. Thomson Adam, 8/C Section, No. I Spec. Coy., killed in action 2nd Dec, 191 7, aged 36 Teacher; M.A, '03 ; B.Sc.

Pioneer George Adam, Special Brigade B.Sc, '10

195988 Pioneer Henry James Dawson, A Coy., ist Spec.

Batt (O.T.C.), invalided Stud, of Med, M.A., '16

Pioneer Frank Scorgie, Special Brigade Teacher; M.A., '14

170797 Pioneer David Simpson, 17th Sect. D Spec Coy.,

B.E.F., France M.A., '10 ; B.Sc (Agr.)

Pioneer Robert William Smart, L Spec. Coy. Teacher; M.A., '14

Sapper William James Fortune, Wireless Section (Intelli- gence Dept.) Teacher; M.A., '08

199050 Sapper David Glass Larg, Q Section Wireless 1 5th

Corps Sigs., B.E.F. (ist Sup., pp. 8, 22) M.A., '15

563501 Sapper Gordon Lyall, London Electrical Engi- neers, No. 5 Coy. Teacher; M.A., '07

404235 Sapper William George Walker Teacher ; M.A., '13

301 201 Sapper Rohiert Weir, P 6th Coy. Great Lines

Camp, Chatham Teacher; M.A., '12

Infantry^ Etc

Sergt James Halliday Cardno, 17th Caraeronians (Scott.

Rifles) Teacher; M. A., '12 ; B.Sc

„ David More (from Seaforth Hrs.), 3rd Army Head- quarters Intelligence (b) XIX. Corps Teacher; M.A., '08 „ Finlay Maciver, 13th Yorkshire Inf. Regt. (from

A.V.C., 1st Sup., p. 23) B.Sc (Agr.), '15

L. -Sergt James Alexr. Mackie, ist Gordons, served in France Oct. '14-19 July, '16, wounded, discharged on medical grounds, 30 June, '17 Teacher; M.A., '07

Enlisted 3 5

202869 Corpl. John Boyd McFarlan, 5th (Res.) Arg. and

Suth. Hrs. Teacher; M.A., '12

Corpl. Edmond McKay, loth, now with 5/6th Royal Scots,

B.E.F. Teacher; M.A.,'io

„ John Murray, 14th Royal Scots, now 201st Inf.

BatL (waiting for Cdt. Batt.) Teacher; M.A., '07

L. -Corpl. Alexr. John Smith, 4th Highl. Light Inf., Meso- potamia (prev. Instr. Signalling) M.A, '05 Private Walter Dinnie Annand, H.AC. 1st Res. Batt.

Teacher; M.A, '07 f „ Andrew Mitchell Bruce, 5th Gordon Hrs., missing after 23 April, 191 7, now reported killed in action on that date, aged 39 Teacher ; M.A., '08

„ John Falconer, 4th (Res.) Batt. Gordon Hrs.

Teacher; M.A, '14 23239 Private John Reid Gall, 3rd Seaforth Hrs., i8th

Inf. Base Depot, B.E.F. Teacher; M.A, '12

Private Arthur Colson Hay, 4th (Res.) Batt Gordon Hrs.

Teacher; M.A, 05 „ Alexr. Cruden Knox, 4th (Res.) Batt Gordon

Hrs. Teacher; M.A, '07

„ Gordon Cecil Lawson, 3rd Gordon Hrs. Teacher; M.A, '07 „ George Fairbaim Lamb, 5th (Res.) West Yorks

Regt, D Coy. (see p. 32) Teacher; M.A, '08

„ Gordon Stuart McCombie, 4th (Res.) Royal Scots, Q.E.R., March-May, 1916, discharged on medi- cal grounds M.A, '00 „ William Nevins MacDonald, 4th Gordon Hrs.

Teacher ; M.A, '03 „ Donald Macleod, 3rd Cameron Hrs. Teacher ; M.A, '10

„ James Mair, 1 5th Scottish Rifles Teacher ; M. A., '90

17865 Private Alexr. Leith Metcalfe, D Coy. 3rd Gordon

Hrs. M.A., 'II

?iPrivate George Alexr. Murray, Royal Scots Teacher; M.A., '10

67548 Private John Mutch, No, 8 Machine Gun Coy.,

B.E.F. Teacher, M.A, '13

Private George Sorrie, i6th Highl. Light Inf., B.E.F.,

France M.A, '02 ; B.L.

36 Graduates

Army Service Corps.

327105 Driver William Finlayson, 4th Section, Aux. Horse Transport, Forest Control, Second Army, B.E.F., France Teacher; M.A., '10

Private John Kelman, Motor Transport M.A., '09 ; B.Sc., '11

R.A.M.C.

47734 Sergt Alexander Cheyne, Citadel Hospital, Cairo

Teacher; M.A., '12 Corpl. Robert Tulloch, B.E.F. Teacher; M.A., '07

307133 L. -Corpl. William Ritchie, 49th Gen. Hosp.,

Salonika Teacher; M.A, '12

Private William Copland Teacher; M.A., '08

92885 Private Frederick William Hardie, 41st Stationary

Hosp., B.E.F., France Teacher; M.A., '09

83854 Private Alexander MacKenzie, 42nd Gen. Hosp.,

Salonika Div. Stud. ; M.A., '14

Private Malcolm William Murray Teacher ; M.A., '02

Army Veterinary Corps.

Private Charles Milne B.Sc (Agr.), '16

? Donald George Munro B.Sc (Agr.), '15

Labour Corps.

820 Corpl. William Bonnar Donald, No. 2 Lab. Corps,

X Group, 13th Corps, B.E.F., France Teacher; M.A, '06

Officers Training Corps and Officer Cadet Units.

Joseph Ogilvie Clark, No. 3 R.G.A. School, Bournemouth

Teacher; M.A., '10 John Gordon, R.G.A School, Uckfield, Sussex (Gunner

Siege Batty., R.G.A.) M.A., '04; B.Sc. (Agr.)

John Macdonald (Helensburgh), Artists' Rifles O.T.C.

Teacher; M.A., '02 Henry Philip Morrison, R.G.A Cadet Sch., Maresfield Park

Camp, Sussex (formerly Toronto Univ. O.T.C.) M.A, '12

Alfred Ross Murison, Inns of Court O.T.C. M.A., '12

David Drummond Smith, R.G.A. Cdt School, Uckfield,

Sussex Teacher; M.A., '04

Red Cross 37

H.M. Forces in India and Overseas Dominions.

Sergt. John Robert Renton, 95 th Regtl. Draft for 28th

BatL Canad Exped. Force M.A., '96

Sergt (the Rev.) Alexander Robertson, Volunteers, Poona M.A., '98 ? John Ernest Gillies, United Pioneers Volunteers I.C.S., M.A,, '11 ? John MacLean, Artillery Volunteers, Bombay M.A, '09 ; B.Sc.

f Private Charles Spence Marr, 50th Canadian Batt, died at training camp, Bramshott, Hants, 3rd March, 1916, aged 28 Teacher; M.A., '10

Gunner William Rae Sherriffs, Madras Artillery Corps,

Indian Defence Force M.A., '08 ; B.Sc

Y.M.C.A. and Church Huts.

Rev. William Beveridge, New Deer M.A., '84 Rev. Herbert William Hall, Greenock, Church Army Hut

Superintendent M.A, '11

Ann Wilson Hastings, Y.M.CA. Huts, Marseilles M.A., '15 Rev. Robert Gordon Macdonald, Secretary, Y.M.C.A.,

3rd Army Area M.A., '07

Rev. John Mansie, Dundee, Gassed M.A., '89

County of Aberdeen Volunteer Regiment.

Sergt John Alexander Thomson, i/ist Batt Teacher; M.A, '00

L.-Corpl. Alexander Smith, 2/ist Batt Teacher; M.A., '02

Other Volunteer Regiments.

Sergt William Johnston Gordon, 2nd Batt Perthshire

Vol. Regt. Teacher; M.A, '05

Private James Alexr. Scott, 2/ist Batt, Midlothian.

Teacher; M.A, '99

N on-Combatant Corps. Private Donald Morrison (Garrabost, Stornoway) M.A, '16

BRITISH RED CROSS SOCIETY.

Felix Pryor MacLennan, Aux. Hosp., Letters Lodge,

Strachur M.B., '91

John Mcintosh Wilson, Aberdare and Merthyr Hosp.

M.A., '05 ; M.B.

3 8 Graduates

St. John Ambulance Brigade.

Charles Harold Dyer, Commandant and M.O., V.A.D.,

St. John 331, Kent 25 M.B., '95 ; M.D.

Civil Surgeons, Etc.

Frederick Wm. Carter, Military Hosp., Edmonton (?) M.B., '17

Alexander Cruickshank, Medical Referee for Kincardine- shire for treatment of discharged soldiers M.B., '96 James Gilchrist, Hon. M.O., V.A.D., Kent 47 M.A., '98 ; M.D. James Andrew Sandilands Grant, Surg, and Agent for

Admiralty, Montrose M.A., '96 ; M.B.

Lewis Grant, two V.A.D. Hospitals M.A., '91 ; M.D. (Edin.)

Alexr. Hutchison, M.O., Prisoners of War Camp, Nethy

Bridge M.A., '99 ; M.B.

John Ingram, Military Hosp., Devonport M.B., '93

Elizabeth Jane Innes, Medical Examiner of Recruits in

connection with W.AA.C. M.B., '08

George McPherson, exempt at present. Govt, appointment,

munition area M.B., '09

James Marr, Examiner of Volunteers for Military Serv.

and local Flying Corps M.B., '92

Robert Mitchell, M.O., Hooton Pagnell Hall, Military

Hosp. No. 134, 144 beds M.A., '93 ; M.D.

David Rodger Moir, Physician to the Naval Hosp., Hull

M.A., '93 ; M.B. Edward Oliphant, Surg, and Agt. R.N. and M.O. to

troops, Stoneywood M.B., '94

Edward Marten Payne, M.O. Queen Mary's Military

Hosp., Whalley, Lanes M.B., '95

William Ledingham Ruxton, attd. 1st Northern Gen.

Hosp., Newcastle M.B., '84

Walter William Sinclair, Military Hosp., Ipswich M.B., '91

David Sivewright, Anaesthetist, Lewisham Mil. Hosp. M. A, '92 ; M.D. John Emslie Skinner, Medical Examiner for recruits,

2/ 1st Batt County of Aberd, Vol. Regt. M.B., '95

Alexr. Stables, Ophthalmic Surg., Roy. Victoria and W.

Hants Hosp., for naval and military cases M.B., '93

Robert Bell Tawse, Consult. Surg., Nottingham Mil. Hosp. M.B., '00 Jean Yule, R.A.M.C., Mil. Hosp., Colchester, Civ. Surg. M.B., '17

Red Cross 39

Red Cross Orderlies, Etc.

Alfred John Adams, Section Leader, Men's Detachment,

Morayshire Red Cross, Fochabers Aux. Hosp. M.A., '02

William Philip Wishart, 1st Scottish Gen. Hosp. M.A, '09 ; B.D., '17

Munition Work.

Alexander Duncan Cameron, Personal Assist, to Dep.

Dir. Gen. for shell manufacture M.A., '00

Frederick Grrant Duncan Chalmers, Research Chemist,

Chance & Hunt, Birmingham (p. 28) M.A., '16; B.Sc.

Mary Knowles, Chemist, Nobel's Explosive Coy. B.Sc, '14

Dorothy McRobie, steel-testing, Admiralty Laboratory,

Middlesborough M.A, '16

George Newlands, in Chemical Works, B'rmingham M.A, 'i i ; B.Sc. Adeline Jane Preddy, steel-testing, Admiralty Laboratory,

Middlesborough M.A., '15

Beatrix Rae, Analyst, Sheffield M.A, '16

Mary Paton Ramsay, munition work, Leith, then W. A.A.C. M. A., '08 Margaret Stephen Ritchie, steel-testing, Middlesborough M.A, '17 Alice Robertson (Mrs. Crawford), Ministry of Munitions M.A, '10 David Easton Sharp, Chemist, Nobel's Explosives Coy.,

Arden B.Sc, '11

Lilias Innes Anderson Simpson, Admiralty Laboratory,

Glasgow M.A, '16

Jessie Rae Stewart, munitions, Coventry M.A., '12

John Third, Chemist on staff of Nobel's Explosives Coy.

since Dec '15 M.A, '14; B.Sc.

Mary Frances Carney Wattie, Welfare Supervisor, Gretna

Explosives Factories Teacher; M.A., '14

Other Work for Purposes of the War.

Harriet Ann Ford Berry, Health Welfare Dept, Ministry

of Munitions M.A, '08

Wm. Grant Craib (exempt from Military Service on medical grounds), timber examination and testing for the Air Ministry M.A, '07

Maggie A. Duncan, clerk. Naval Stores, Aberdeen M.A, '17

Ethel Ellis, V.AD., Glasgow Hospital M.A, '16

^o Graduates

George Gall Esslemont, Executive Off. for Food Pro- duction, City of Aberdeen B.Sc, 'oo Matilda Annie Ewan, Secret Service Dept, War Office M.A, '12 Annie Hardie, War Office Teacher; M.A., '10 Margaret Masson Hardie or Hasluck, War Office M.A, '07 John Locke Irvine (exempt from Military Service on medical grounds), work under the Foreign Office in the British Legation, Copenhagen M.A, '15 Mary Carmichael Kelly, Electricity Dept, Bangour Military

Hosp. M.A., '16

Mary Ethel Macgregor, clerk. Naval Stores, Aberdeen M.A., '15

Janie Mackenzie, War Office, Cairo, special mission to

Khartum M.A, '09

John Love MacNaughton, B III, Assist to Military Re- presentative M.A, '11 Elspet Eleanor Morrison, Censor's Office M.A., 'il George Herbert Mair M.A, '05 William Peters, in the service of the Russian Ministry of

Commerce and Industry, Petrograd, for war work M.A., '10

William Poison, work of national importance as a Chemist,

J. Bibby & Sons, Ltd., London M.A., '11 ; B.Sc

Walter Ritchie, war work under Board of Trade, Timber

Supply Commission B.Sc. (Agr,), '13

Beatrice Mary Rose, under the Admiralty M.A., '12

William Alexr. Ross, under Civil Liabilities Committee M.A., '97 Jessie Mary Simpson, Censor's Office M.A, 'il

Lilian Mary Buchanan Smith, Secretary to her Father,

the Principal, during his work in America M.A., '16

Mary Ann Forbes Stewart, Censor's Office, London M.A, '08

Maribel Thomson, timber measuring M.A., '16

James Strachan Wilson, military representative, Brierfield,

Lanes M.B., '96

James Wood, certified by Royal Society for exemption from Military Service as "engaged in work of national importance in connection with the war," Analyt Chemist, County Council, Lanes M.A., '02 ; B.Sc

%* For the names of women graduates who are taking the places of teachers called up on Naval and Military Service, see " Personalia " in this and the last number of the REVIEW.

III. ALUMNI.

Artillery.

Lieut Montgomery Smith, M.C., R.F.A. Univ. Dip. Agn, 'oi

2nd Lieut John Macdonald (Gairloch), R.G.A. (S.R.),

formerly Private, Artists' Rifles Arts, '99-'o2

Infantry.

'fand Lieut. Robert Stephen Barclay, Royal Scots, killed

in action in France, March, 191 8, aged 49

Arts, '93-'97 ; Div., '98-'99 Lieut John M. Clyne, M.C., 12th London Regiment Med., '09-' 10 Corporal James Reid (Scottish Rifles), now engaged in

clerical duties in France Med. Stud., 1895-

t Private Alex. William Joss, Highland Light Inf., missing

after 15th July, 1916, now presumed killed on that

date, aged 28 Law, 'o8-'09

R.A.M.C.

Capt. Stephen Smith, Army Dental Surgeon, attd.

R.A.M.C. Stud., '96-'99

Tempy. Capt Edward Chapman Wallace, M.C., R.A.M.C.

Med. Stud., '01

Honorary Chaplain.

Rev. Joseph A. Robinson (Diocesan Supernumerary) to Church of England wounded soldiers in Royal In- firmary, Aberdeen M.A. (Edin.), ist Div., 'i6-'i7

War Office.

Sir John Duthie, K.B.E., Chief Assistant to Director Gen.

of Voluntary Organisations Arts, '75-'76

41

IV. STUDENTS.

STUDENTS HOLDING COMMISSIONS {including Surgeon Probationers). Surgeon Probationers.

f Greorge Brown (A.S.B., 2nd Sup., p. 40), killed in action

at sea, Oct. 1917 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6

Gerard Burnett (O.T.C., 1st Sup., p. 41) 2nd Med., '16-17

William Smith Cochar (A.S.B., 2nd Sup., p. 40) ist Med, 'i5-'i6

John Grant (A. S. B. , 2nd Sup. , p. 40). Formerly H. M. H. S.

"Rewa," torpedoed in Bristol Channel 2nd Med, 'l5-'i6

Horatio David Low, H.M.S. " Ithuriel " 3rd Med, '16-17

Douglas Reginald MacDonald, H.M.S. "Ursa" (O.T.C.,

1st Sup., p. 40) 2nd Med, '16-17

John Innes Moir (O.T.C., ist Sup., p. 41) 2nd Med, '16-17

Frederic Herman Molli^re (A.S.B., 1st Sup., p. 35), H.M.S.

p. 43 2nd Med, 'i5-'l6

Alexr. Edwin Reid, (O.T.C., ist Sup., p. 40) 2nd Med., '16-17

Edwin Norman Duncan Repper (from 41st T.R.B., 2nd

Sup., p. 45) 2nd Med, '16-17

Ian Robert Spark (2nd Sup., p. 42) 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6

Vincent M. M. Watson (A.S.B., ist Sup., p. 35), H.M.S.

" Pylades " 2nd Med. , ' 1 5 -' 1 6

Royal Naval Air Service.

P.F.O. Alexander Robertson Gray (L.-Corpl., 2nd Sup.,

p. 44) 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7

Royal Air Force.

Lieut. George R. Mclntyre (Pioneer and Corporal R.E.,

Roll, p. 65, Flight Sub-Lieut R.N. AS., '17) ist Science, 'i4-'i5 2nd Lieut. Charles Cumming Connochie 1st Med., 'i6-'i7

42

Commissions 43^

2nd Lieut. Douglas Alexander Hunter (O.T.C ist Sup.,

p. 40) 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7

„ „ John Hercules Johnson 2nd Sci. (Agr.), '16-17

„ „ Norman Charles Simpson (O.T.C, 2nd Sup.,

p. 47) 2nd Med., '16-17

„ „ John Tower Sorley 57th Bursar, '17

„ „ John Alex. Spark 8th Bursar, '17

Royal Artillery.

2nd Lieut. Chas. Alastair Aymer, R.G.A. (2nd Sup., p. 45)

1st Med, 'i5-'i6 Allan Turner Brown, R.F.A. (Pte. R.A.M.C.,

Roll, p. 72, Cdt) 2nd Arts, 'i3-'l4

Hugh FowHe, R.F.A. (Sergt. R.A.M.C, Roll,

p. 71) 1st Arts, 'i3-'l4

Walter Burns Gordon, R.G.A. (S.R.), Anti-

Aircraft Res, Brig. ist Med., '16- if

James Campbell Leslie, R.F.A. (Corpl. 2nd

Sup., p. 40 and Cdt.) ist Arts, 'i4-'i5

Donald Meldrum, R.F.A. (Cdt., 2nd Sup., p.

45), attd. 8th Res Brig., Bulford 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7

Cecil Vivian Spark, R.F.A. (from a Cdt Unit)

1st Med., 'i6-'i7 Richard Robertson Trail, M.C., R.G.A.

(Gunner and Cdt), wounded Aug. '17,

again Sept '17 4th Arts, '15-'! 6

Lewis Morgan, R.F.A. (R. Naval Div.), (ist

Sup., p. 41, 2nd Sup., p. 45) 1st Med, 'i6-'i7

Royal Engineers.

2nd Lieu;. James Durward, Meteorological Section (Roll,

pp. 61, 69) 3rd Arts and Sci., 'l3-'i4.

„ „ George Robert Hay, Meteorological Section

(Roll, p. 70) 3rd Arts, 'i3-'i4

Infantry.

2nd Lieut John George Jamieson Coghill, Lanes. Fusiliers (Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 45). Gassed March, '18 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7^

44 Students

2nd Lieut. William Taylor Barron Joss, M.C (ist) 3rd

Northumbd. Fusiliers (Roll, p. ^2) About to matriculate „ „ William James Grassick, Gordon Hrs., S.R.O.

(Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 69) 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4

„ „ (Tempy.) Charles Robert Philip, Rifle Brigade (Corpl. R.A.M.C., Roll, p. 72), wounded Oct. '17 1st Med,, 'i3-'i4

f,, „ „ William John Reid, Gordon Hrs.

(previously Pte. R.A.M.C., 2nd Sup., p. 46), died of wounds re- ceived in action 26th Nov. 191 7

3rd Arts, 'I3-'I4 „ „ Alex. Robertson, 2nd Seaforth Hrs. (Pte.

R.E., 1st Sup., p. 36) 2nd Arts and Sci., 'i5-'i6

„ „ Alick Drummond Buchanan Smith, 3rd Gordon

Hrs., S.R.O. (Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 45) 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7 i^,, „ Archibald Charles Spark, Gordon Hrs. (L.- Corpl., 2nd Sup., p. 44), killed in action in France, Aug. 191 7, aged 21 ist Arts, '15 -'16

„ „ Moore Taylor, King's Own York Light Inf. (2nd Sup., p. 42). Previously Pioneer, Sp. Brig. R. E. i st Med. , ' 1 5 -' 1 6

Infantry {Garrison Battalion).

and Lieut William Alexr. Asher (Sergt. U Coy. 4th

Gordons, Roll, p. ^"j^ and Cdt Corps) 2nd Arts, 'i 3-'i4

Machine Gun Corps.

2nd Lieut Ronald Kirkham Grant (O.T.C., previously 4th Gordons and Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 45)

2nd Med, * 16-17

TERRITORIAL FORCE.

Royal Engineers.

Lieut Wm. Geo. Bruce, killed in action, 25 April, '18,

aged 22 _ I3t Sc, 'i3-'i4

Commissions T.F. 45

Royal Artillery.

2nd Lieut. Archibald Newlands Forsyth, R.F.A, (Cdt,

2nd Sup., p. 45) 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7

„ „ Francis MacLeod Glennie, R.G.A. (Gunner,

2nd Sup., p. 41) Lorimer Bursar, '17.

t„ „ John Alex. Philip, R.F.A. (Private R.A.M.C, T.F., Roll, p. 71), died of wounds, 7 May, '18 N.D.A., 4th Sc. (Agr.), 'i3-'i4

Infantry.

Capt. Andrew May Duthie, D.S.O., M.C., 4th Batt. London Regt. (Royal Fusiliers) (Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 6y\ 2nd Lieut, Gordons, July, '15, attd. London Regt. Wounded Bullecourt, '17, and Arras, March, '18 1st Arts, 'I3-*I4

Lieut. Norman Macpherson MacLennan, Cameron Hrs. Wounded at Arras, May, '17 (correct ist Sup., p. 38) 1st Med., 'i4-'i5

2nd Lieut. Robert Andrew Cameron, Gordon Hrs. (L.-

Corpl. and Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 44) ist Med., 'i6-'i7

Arthur Austin Eagger, Gordon Hrs. (Cdt,

2nd Sup., p. 45) 1st Med, 'i6-'i7

Ian Munro Gill, Gordon Hrs. (Sergt AV.S.,

1st Sup., p. 39) 1st Sci. (Agr.), '14-'! 5

Edward James, Bedford Regt ; attd. 4th Res. Batt West Surreys (formerly Pte. A. and S. Hrs., and Cdt, Cambridge) ist Med., 'i6-'i7 William George Jamieson, 4th Res. Gordon

Hrs. (Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 70) 2nd Arts, 'i4-'i5 John Mackie Kinghorn, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 70), wounded Aug. 1917 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4

John Maclver, Labour Corps, Scottish Com- mand Labour Centre, Blairgowrie (Corpl. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 6"] and Cdt). 3rd Arts, 'i3-'i4 Peter Craik Macquoid, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Pte.

1st Sup., p. 37 and Cdt) 3rd Arts, 'l5-'i6

Charles Keith McWilliam, 4th Gordon Hrs.

(Pte., Roll, p. 68, and Cdt) 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4

46 Students

2nd Lieut David George Ewen Main, Gordon Hrs. (Pte.

T.R.B. and Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 44)

3rd Arts; 2nd Med, '16-17 Robert Bruce Milne, 6th (?) Gordon Hrs. (Cdt,

2nd Sup., p. 45) 2nd Med., '16-17

John Watt Silver, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 4th

Gordons, Roll, p. 66, and Cdt) ist Arts, 'i3-'i4

Roy Brown Strathdee, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Pte.

4th Gordons and Cdt , i st Sup. , p. 3 7) i st Arts, ' 1 4-' 1 5 James F Walker, Gordon Hrs. (Pte.,

Roll, p. 66), wounded, Aug. '17 About to matriculate John Ogilvie Watt, Gordon Hrs. (Corpl., ist

Sup., p. 37) 1st Arts, 'i4-'i5

Indian Army.

2nd Lieut Thomas James Gordon, M.C. (Lt R.E.T.F.,

Roll, p. 63) 1st Med., 'i3-'i4

Labour Corps.

2nd Lieut Allan M. Thomson, 9th Labour Batt

1st Arts and Med., 'i6-'i7

STUDENTS ENLISTED.

Royal Navy.

Anthony Morrice Hendry, Seaman, H.M.S. "Larkspur," c/o S.N.O. Granton, corrected from entry on rst Sup., p. 36 1st Arts and Sci., 'i5-'i6

Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.

Robert F. G. McCallum, Wireless Telegraphist R.N.V.R.

38th Bursar, '17

Yeomanry.

Peter Scott Noble, 2/2nd Scottish Horse 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7

Cavalry.

Trooper James Greo. Bremner, 6th Res. Regt of Cavalry

(2nd Sup., p. 43). Returned to study 1st Med., 'i6-'i7

Enlisted 47

Royal Flying Corps.

Alex. Duncan D. Mackay, 35th K.B.S., R.F.C (Pte.

4th Gordons, 1st Sup., p. 37) 2nd Arts, '14-'! 5

Artillery.

Gunner Kenneth Oneal Kummal Benjamin, C. Batt, 321st

Brigade, R.F.A., Heydon Hall, Norfolk 2nd Med, 'i6-'i7 „ Walter Louis Esson, R.G.A. ist Arts, 'i6-'i7

„ Alex. Hastings, R.G.A. Retd. to study. 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7 Wm. Lillie, R.G.A (Anti-Aircraft Section.)

(Edin. Univ. O.T.C.) ist Arts, 'i6-'i7

„ John Macleod, R.F.A. (CdL Unit, Ross and Cromarty Mountn. Batty.), Salonika Field Force (Roll, p. 64) 1st Med, 'i3-'i4

Royal Engineers.

L^-Corpl. Murdo Mackenzie Gunn (2nd Sup., p. 41).

Wounded at Ypres, Sept. '17. Retd. to study, ist Med., 'l5-*i6 Sergt. George Robert Hay, Meteorological Section,

B.KF., France (Roll, p. 70) 3rd Arts, 'i3-'l4

Pioneer John Milne (2nd Sup., p. 42), Special Brigade.

Returned to study 1st Med., 'i5-'i6

„ Victor Edmond Milne (2nd Sup., p. 42). Special

Brigade. Returned to study ist Med., 'i5-'i6

„ Chas. Mann Stuart (2nd Sup., p. 42), Special

Brigade. Returned to study ist Med., 'i 5-' 16

„ James Denham Pole (ist Sup., p. 35). Returned

to study 1st Med, 'i5-'i6

„ John Lennox Riddell, 5th F.S.C., R.E. (formerly Pte. A. and S. Hrs.). Wounded March, '18. Returned to study 1st Med., 'i6-'i7

Black Watch.

-f Signaller D. Lyall Japp, killed by shell fire while helping to bring in wounded, France, Aug. '17, aged 19

About to matriculate Private James Elphinstone Pirie 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7

48 Students

London Scottish.

Private Douglas Gordon Bonner, Hazely Down Camp,

near Winchester i st Med , ' 1 6-' 1 7

„ Laurence Don Robertson, Chiseldon Camp. Re- turned to study 1st Med, ' 1 6-' 1 7

2nd Gordon Highlanders.

Private James A. Symon (2nd Sup., p. 43)

2nd Arts and ist Med., 'i6-'i7

/fth Gordon Highlanders. Private Peter Dustan. Wounded 27th Sept. '17 ist Arts, 'i4-'i5

6th Gordon Highlanders. Private John Clark Milne, B.E.F., France 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7

Seaforth Highlanders.

Private Herbert J Longmore, 3rd Batt, Cromarty

34th Bursar, '17 „ Wm. K Grordon. Wounded, March, '18 ist Med, '17

jgth Training Reserve Battalion {Seaforth Hrs.).

Most of our students in the 40th (2nd Sup., p. 44) were transferred to a Company in this Battalion

/foth Training Reserve Battalion {Cameron Hrs.).

Private William Chrystall 2nd Arts, '16-1/

„ James Duncan, discharged on medical grounds

1st Med, 'i6-'i7

^ist Training Reserve Battalion {Argyll and Sutherland Hrs.).

L.-Corpl. Walter D Bisset nth Bursar, '17

„ William Ernest Gordon, C Coy. ist Med., '17

Private William Chisholm 37th Bursar, '17

1 52721 1 Private Walter Gregor, B Coy. ist Med., 'i6-'i7

Private Alexr. J B Milne 4th Bursar, '17

Enlisted 49

S2nd Training Battalion Gordon Hrs.

9876 Ronald George Juta Fraser 1st Sci., 'i6-'i7

Alexander Henderson Gellan . 3rd Sci. (Agn), 'i6-'l7

53rd (K5.) Battalion Gordon Hrs. 19522 Private James Gordon Stewart ist Med., '17

yth Lincolnshire Regiment.

Private Lionel S. K. Benjamin 2nd Med., '18

Machine Gun Corps.

Private James B. Jessiman (2nd Sup., p. 47). Prisoner of

War 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6

Officers Training Corps and Cadet Schools.

Herbert John Edwards, Edin. Univ. O.T.C. 44th Bursar, '17

Walter Bums Gordon, No. 4 R.G.A Cadet School, Golden

Hill, Isle of Wight I St Med , ' 1 6-' 1 7

Douglas Alexander Hunter, R.F.C., Cadet School, now

commd., p. 43 2nd Med, 'i6-'i7

Edward James, Offr. Cadet Batt, Jesus College, Cam- bridge; now commd., p. 45 ist Med, *i6-'i7 Eric James Jolly, loth Offr. Cadet Batt, Gailes 1st Med, 'i6-'i7 Charles Gray Kennaway, Edin. Univ. O.T.C, afterwards

Offr. Cadet Batt., Gailes 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7

Richard Elual Kerrin, 2nd Artists' Rifles O.T.C. 2nd Arts, 'i6-'i7

Walter Johnstone Ogilvie, R.A., Cadet Sch., Exeter, 2nd Arts, 'i6-'i7 William George Duncan Maclennan, Cadet, Royal Air

Force 5th Bursar, '17

Alfred William John Catto Mitchell, 3rd R.F.A., Offr.

Cadet School, Weedon. Returned to study, April, ' 1 8

1st Med., 'i6-'i7 Ian Mitchell Rhind, B Coy., loth Offr. Cadet Batt.,

Gailes ist Med, '16-17

Herbert Ritchie, No. 3 R.F.A. Offr. Cadet School,

Weedon, Northants 1st Med, '16- ly

Norman Sutherland Rose, Edin. Univ. O.T.C, Artillery

Unit 1st Arts, 'i6-iy

4

50 Students

George Saint, C Coy. No. 4 Offr. Cadet Batt, Keble

College, Oxford 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7

Allan Murray Thomson, Garrison Offr. Cadet Batt, Cam- bridge 1st Arts, '16-17

Andrew John Waters, Flight Cadet, R.A.F. 6th Bursar, '17

Labour Units.

Corpl. Horace Armstrong Barker, 77th Labour Coy.

3rd Med., 'i5-'i6

Royal Army Medical Corps.

Q.M.S. Henry Geo. Edwards, R.AM.C., 49th General Hospital, Salonika (formerly D Coy. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 65) Arts Bursar, '14

1 046 1 2 Pte. Richard Gibb, R.A.M.C., 40th Stationary

Hosp., B.E.F., France, gone to Italy 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7

t Private William John Reid, enlisted 191 4, served in France till 1917, commd. 30th May, 1917, p. 44; died of wounds received in action 26th Nov. 1917

3rd Arts, 'i3-'i4

Army Veterinary Corps.

27968 Private William James Third, No. 4 Hut Hospital,

Latham Park, Ormskirk 2nd Sci. (Agr.), 'i6-'i7

Cyclist Corps.

L. -Corpl. Thomas Ruxton, 65th Lowland Divisional

Cyclist Coy. 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7

Units Unknown.

L.-Corpl. R McConnochie, killed in action in

France, September, 191 7 About to matriculate

George Ross 27th Bursar, '17

Volunteers.

Corpl. Greorge Taylor Brown, Kincardineshire Vol. Regt

First Bursar, '11 ; 3rd Arts, 'i3-'i4

Enlisted 51

Munitions^ Certified Occupations^ or other War Work.

Ada F. Hitchins, Admiralty Lab., Glasgow Sci. Research Stud.

Johan Dunlop Lindsay, Steel-testing, Middlesborough.

Returned to study 4th Arts and Sci., 'i7-'i8

Janet MacLennan, Admiralty Laboratory, Sheffield 2nd Sci., 'i5-'i6

ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY CONTINGENT— OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS.

\st Section Field Ambulance, Medical Corps.

June, 1918.

Capt Greorge Alexander Williamson, R.AM.C., T.F. At present on duty with Medit. Exped. Force „ J. P. Kinloch, R.AM.C., T.F. 2nd Lieut J. S. Anderson, unattd. list for T.F. ; attd. A.U.O.T.C. „ D. J. Walker, unattd. list for T.F. ; attd. A.U.O.T.C.

Cadets with Previous Service in Army Abroad,

Allan, C. A. Macleod, R.

Anderson, W. Meldrum, W. J.

Campbell, R. J. Michelson, E. G.

Cooper, A. Milne, J.

Dawson, H. J. Milne, V. E.

Dawson, R. Pole, J. D.

Girdwood, R. O. Riddell, J. L.

Gordon, F. W. Roden, K. S.

Grant, R. K Shearer, W. F.

Gunn, M. M. Stuart, C. M.

Hay, G. G. W. Symon, J. A. Hill, A. C.

Cadets with Previous Service in Army at Home.

Anderson, J. J. H. Grigor, W.

Bodie, S. M. W. Hastings, A.

Bremner, J. G. Mitchell, A. W. J. C.

Buchan, W. Ritchie, H.

Falconer, W. A. Robertson, L. D. Gordon, J. O.

52

Students

Joined Previous to Summer Term, 191 8.

Anderson, S, M. Benzie, A. S. Buchan, A. J. Burnett D. Burns, h. S. Burns, H. S. M. Clark, A B. Connacher, A Cook, J. S. Coutts, W. A Cruickshank, A Cruickshank, R. Cumming, J. K. Curr, A. I. Davidson, J. F. Davidson, S. G. Davidson, T. J. Dawson, J. A Dean, D. Don, A V. R. Dugan, A M. Duncan, H. L. Duncan, L. J. Duthie, R. J. Emslie, J. A. S. Escoffery, G. S. Falconer, G. B. Ferguson, W. Findlay, A Fulton, E. E. A W. Gordon, A. N. Gordon, J. L. V. L. Gow, H. Gray, S. D. Hall, J. C. Hay, C. A Hector, W. L. Ironside, R. N.

Lambie, H. R. Lamont, F. S. Leach, W. J. Leslie, W. J. Lindsay, J. MacCulloch, G. L. Mackay, G. R. Mackay, G. W. M. McKenzie, A. McKenzle, J. M. Mackintosh, H. Macpherson, W. McC. Mann, J. W. Melvin, R. G. Morrison, J. Munro, G. M. Mutch, G. G. J. Nicol, A A M. O'Connor, W. J. Overstead, J. E. Penny, C. Proctor, S. S. Rannie, J. Riddell, C K Ross, P. Royston, C. J. Samson, J. B. Shepherd, G. A. Shepherd, J. F. Slater, A R. Sleigh, F. R. Smith, J. G. Smith, J. N. Stephen, R. Stephen, W. H. Stewart, D. M. Stuart, A Stuart, J. M.

Enlisted 5 3

Tait, A. Walker, J. S.

Thomson, D. McK. Wilson, W. W.

Thomson, R. Wood, H.

Trail, H. • Yule, B.

Joined in Summer Term, 191 8.

Anderson, R. LilHe, J. P.

Brown, W. B. B. MacGregor, I. W.

Cameron, C. W. M. McGregor, N. R. L.

Dove, J. M. Macrae, C. D.

Duthie, C. Murray, W.

Fraser, A. M. Sellar, S. K.

Gammie, R. P. Smith, H. G. T.

Gill, T. P. Watson, H. G.

Laidlaw, R. R. . Wilson, J. A G.

V. LIST OF ORDERS AND DECORATIONS.

K.C.B— I.

Lieut-Gen. Sir George Francis Milne, K.C.B., D.S.O.

Arts Stud., '8 1 -'83

K,B.E. KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE— 3.

Surg. -Col. James Cantlie, V.D. M.A., '71 ; M.B., F.R.C.S.

John Duthie, Chief Asst. to Dir. Gen. of Voluntary

Organisations Arts, '75-'76

Col. (Tempy.) James Galloway, C.B., A. M.S.

M.B., '83 ; M.D., F.R.CS.

C.B.— 4.

Surg. -Gen. James Lawrence Smith, M.V.O., R.N.

M.B., '83 ; M.D., '96 Lieut -Col. Thomas Finlayson Dewar, R.AM.C., T.F.,

mentd twice M.B., '87 ; M.D.

„ Clarence Isidore Ellis, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '96 ; M.D.

Col. Stuart Macdonald, C.M.G., Army Medical Service M.B., '84

C.M.G.— 5.

Col. Charles William Profeit, D.S.O. ' M.B., '93

Hon. Col. Sir Robert John Collie M.B., '82

Maj. and Tempy. Col. Henry M. W. Gray, C.B., R.A.M.C. M.B., '95 Tempy. Lieut -Col. John Charles Grant Ledingham,

R.A.M.C. M.A, '95; D.Sc

Maj. Thomas Wardrop Griffith, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '82 ; M.D.

CLE.— 2. James Donald, I.C.S. M.A., '93

David Petrie, Indian Police M.A., '00

54

Distinguished Service Order 55

G.C.V.O.— I. Sir Charles Edward Troup, K.CB. M.A., '76 ; LL.D., '12

C.V.O.— I. Lieut -Col. John Marnoch, R.A,M.C., T.F. M.A., '88 ; M.B.

C.B.E.— I. Col. John Scott Riddell, M.V.O., T.D. M.A., '84 ; M.B., '88

O.B.E.— 2. Hector Munro Macdonald, M.A., F.R.S. Professor, M.A., '86

George Reid, M.O. of Health, Staffordshire M.B., '75

ORDER OF THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN OF

JERUSALEM— I.

Col. John Scott Riddell, to the Knight of Grace M. A., '84 ; M.B., '88

DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER— 15. Lieut.-Col. Frank Fleming, R.F.A., T.F. Arts, '91 -'92

„ „ Thomas Eraser, R.A.M.C., T.F,, mentd. twice

M.A., '94 ; M.B., '98 „ William Riddell Matthews, R.A.M.C., T.F.,

mentd. M.B., '95

,, ,, John Smith Purdy, Australian Army Medical

Corps M.B., '98 ; M.D.

Maj. David Morice Tomory, South Africa A.M.C. M.B., '90

Capt. (Tempy. Maj.) Arthur Wellesley Falconer,

R.A.M.C M.B., '01 ; M.D.

„ Andrew May Duthie, 4th Batt London Regt,

T.F. 1st Arts, 'i3-'i4

Tempy. Capt. Archibald Stirling Kennedy Anderson,

R.A.M.C., M.C. with bar M.A., '09; M.B., '14

„ John Boyd Orr, M.C., R.A.M.C., mentd. Haig, 24th Dec. '17. Now Temp. Surg., R.N. Researcher; M.A., M.D. (Glasg.)

Lieut. (Tempy.) Godfrey Power Geddes, Gordon Hrs.,

mentd. M.A., '15

„ (Act Capt) James Alexr. Symon, 7th Cameron

Hrs. M.A., B.Sc (Agr.), 'II

56 List of Orders and Decorations

Lieut -Col. James William Garden, R.F.A., T.F.

M.A., '99 ; B.L., '02 Maj. (Acting Lieut.-Col.) Charles Reid, Gordon Hrs. M.A., '09

„ „ „ Alfred John Williamson, R.AM. C.

M.A, 05 ; M.D. Maj. Henry J. Butchart, Yeomanry B.L., '05

MILITARY CROSS— 59. Maj. Douglas Geo. Robb, R.E. M.A., '05

„ Jas. Ettershank Gordon Thomson, R.A.M.C. M.B., '07

Capt (now Maj.) Hamilton McCombie, 7th Batt Wor- cestershire Regt, graded as Deputy Asst. Adj. General, Chemical Adviser, H.Q. First Army, mentd. (2) M.A., '00 ; B.Sc (Lond); Ph.D.

„ (Acting Maj.) Herbert Stewart Milne, R.A.M.C,

Bar to M.C M.B., '09

„ Herbert Murray, 4th Gordon Hrs. M.A, '08

„ William Smith, R.A.M.C. M.B., '10

„ (Tempy. Maj.) John Douglas Fiddes, R.A.M.C.,

T.F., mentd. M.A., 05 ; B.Sc, M.B., '09

„ Robert Adam, 7th Gordon Hrs., twice mentd.

Advocate; M.A., '00; B.L. „ Cuthbert Delaval Shafto Agassiz, R.A.M.C., T.F.,

with a bar M.B., '08 ; M.D.

„ Lawrence Weir Bain, R.A.M.C. M.B., '13

„ Andrew M. Duthie, D.S.O., 4th London Regt. 1st Arts,' 1 3-' 14

t „ Bernard Gordon Beveridge, R.AM.C., T.F. M.B., '12

„ Neil Cantlie, R.A.M.C. M.B., '14

„ Reginald Douglas Gawn, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '96

f „ Adam Gordon Howitt, 12th E. Surrey Regt. B.Sc (Agr.), '10

,, Henry Watt Johnston, 4th Gordons and Tank Corps M. A., 'i i

•f ,, William George Philip Hunt, loth Essex Regt. M.A., '12

„ Benjamin Knowles, M.M., R.A.M.C. M.B., '07

„ Jas. Mitchell Mitchell, R.AM.C. M.B., '15

„ Douglas W. Berry, R. AM. C. M.B., '15

Tempy. Capt. James Stewart McConnachie, 1st Highl,

Field Amb., 154th Inf. Brig., B.E.F. M.B., '06 „ „ Kenneth MacLennan, R.AM.C., T.F.,

Sanitary Service B.Sc (Agr.), '12

Military Cross 57

Tempy. Capt. Adam Annand Turner, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '13

,, ,, Percy Walton, Gordon Hrs.

Former Lecturer, Agr. Coll. „ „ William Joseph Webster, R.A.M.C.,

S.R.O. M.B., '15

Edward Gordon, R. A. M.C. M.A., '11 ; M.B.

John Kirton, R.A.M.C. M.A., '11 ; M.B.

„ „• Alexr. Campbell White Knox, R. A. M.C. M.B.,'13

,, „ William Leslie, R.A.M.C., wounded Aug.

'17 M.A., '10; M.B.

„ Anthony John McCreadie, R. A. M.C. M.B.,'13

„ - „ Clement Rickard Macleod, R.A.M.C.

M.B., '09; D.P.H. (Camb.). „ „ James Melvin, R.A.M.C., S.R.O., attd.

I R.F.A. M.B., '15

„ „ John Louis Menzies, R.A.M.C. M.B., '09

+ „ „ Thomas Booth Myles, 12th Highl.

Light Inf. 3rd Agr., 'i3-'i4

Edmund Lewis Reid.R. A. M.C. M.B., '10; F.R.C.S. John Ross, R, AM. C M.B., '11

Robert Tindall, R.A.M.C. M.B., '09

„ „ Edward Chapman Wallace, R. A. M.C. Med. Stud., '01

Alex. Urquhart Webster, R. A. M.C. M.A., '06 ; M.B. „ James W. Tocher, R, A. M.C. Bar to Mili- tary Cross (2nd Sup., pp. 24, 50). M.B., '11 Lieut Chas. Gordon Mitchell, 4th Cameron Hrs. M.A., '11 ; B.Sc. ■f „ Douglas Meldrum Watson Leith, 4th Gordon Hrs. M.A., '13 „ John M. Clyne, 12th London Regt Med., 'o9-'io „ Montgomery Smith, R.F.A. Univ. Dip. Agr., '01 Tempy. Lieut. (Acting Capt) Ian McBain, North Scottish

R.G.A. 1 6th Bursar, '14

Lieut Herbert William Esson, 4th Gordon Hrs. ist Arts, 'i4-'i5

„ Charles Clyne, R.A.M.C. M.B., '10

2nd Lieut (Tempy. Lieut, and Acting Capt) Henry Watt Johnston, 4th Gordon Hrs. and Tank Corps

Teacher; M.A., 'ii „ „ Arthur Morrison Barron, 7th Grordon Hrs.

1st Arts, 'i3-'i4 „ ,, Spencer Stephen Fowlie, Seaforth Hrs., R.F. M.A., '12

58 List of Orders and Decorations

2nd Lieut John Grant, 15th Division Salvage Coy., R.E. M.A., '15 ,, „ William Taylor Barron Joss, 3rd Northumber- land Fusiliers About to matriculate „ „ Douglas John Kynoch, 4th Gordon Hrs. ist Med., '14-'! 5 „ „ Robert James Grant Lipp, Australian Forces

M.A., '10; B.Sc. (Agr.) „ ,, Andrew John Murray, 4th Grordon Hrs. ist Med, 'i3-'i4 „ „ John Alexander Stewart, Indian Army Reserve

of Officers M.A., '03

„ „ William Henry Sutherland, 4th Gordons, Sign.

Offcer., 1 2th Black Watch M.A., '14

„ „ Richard Robertson Trail, KG. A., S.R.O. 4th Arts, 'i 5-' 16 „ „ Wm. James Johnston, Cameron Hrs. Med. Stud., 'i5-'l6 „ „ J. H. S. Peterkin, Machine Gun Corps ist Arts, 'i3-'l4

ALBERT MEDAL— I.

Tempy. Capt Joseph Lockhart Downes Yule, R.A.M.C.,

on the Tigris, Mesopotamia M.B., '13

MILITARY MEDAL— 3.

Sergt. Robert Davidson, 4th Gordon Hrs. ist Arts, '14-*! 5

„ Donald Mackenzie, Signalling Coy., 51st Div. R.E.,

(now commd.) M.A., '13

Corpl. William Minto Mirrlees, 4th Grordons, Signallers

1st Arts, 'i3-'i4

DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS— i. Surg. Prob. Alexander Coutts Fowler, R.N.V.R. 4th Med, 'i7-'i8

FOREIGN ORDERS AND DECORATIONS— 9.

Surg. -Gen. Jas. Lawrence Smith, C.B., M.V.O., R.N.

Officer of the Legion of Honour, France M.B., '83

Capt (Act Lieut-Col.) Alexr. Donald Eraser, D.S.O.,

M.C., RA.M.C., Croix de Guerre, mentd twice M.B., '06 „ Bernard Langridge Davis, R.A.M.C., T.F., Serbian

Order of St Sava M.B., '15

„ George S. Davidson, R.A.M.C., Serbian Order of

St Sava M.A, 14 ; M.B., '16

Mentioned in Dispatches 59

Capt. Robert Godfrey Martyn, R.A.M.C, Chevalier of the Ordre de Leopold and the Croix de Guerre (Belgian) M.B./12

Tempy. Capt. James Alexr. Davidson, R.A.M.C, Serbian

Order of St Sava M.B., '07 ; M.D..

t „ „ Robert Haig Spittal, R.A.M.C., Serbian

Order of St. Sava M.B., '05

Lieut. David Mackenzie, M.C.,6th Gordon Hrs , Croix de

Guerre M.A., '05

Dr. Colin Finlayson Simpson (formerly Colonel in the Russian Army), Russian Order of Vladimir with swords M.A., '06 ; M.B.

MENTIONED IN DISPATCHES— 57.

Col. Stuart Macdonald, C.B., C.M.G., Army Medical Ser- vice— fifth mention M.B., '84. Lieut -CoL Clarence Isidore Ellis, R.A.M.C., T.F., Haig,

24th Dec. '17 M.B., '96 ; M.D.

„ „ Thomas Eraser, R.A.M.C., T.F., Haig, 24th Dec '17; previously by Haig and by Hamilton, Gallipoli M.A.,' 94 ; M.B., '98^

„ „ Andrew Hosie, C.M.G., R.A.M.C. (ret pay).

Eg. Exp. Force, July, '17 M.B., '83 ; M.D.

„ William Riddell Matthews, R.A.M.C., T.F.,

Eg. Exp. Force, July, '17 M.B., '95

„ „ George Scott, C.M.G., R.A.M.C. (ret pay.).

Eg. Exp, Force, July, '17 M.B., '85

„ A. Callam, R.A.M,C., T.F. M.B., '03

„ J. W. Garden, R.F.A., T.F. M.A., '99 ; B.L.

„ T. B. Nicholls, R.A.M.C. M.B., '08

Maj. (Act Lieut -Col.) George A. Smith, D.S.O., Gor- don Hrs., Haig, Nov. '17

Law Stud, '87-'88

H. M. W. Gray, C.B., C.M.G.,

R. A. M.C.— fourth mention M.B., '95

W. Lethbridge, I.M.S. M.B., '95

„ „ „ Charles Reid, 4th Gordon Hrs. —

second mention M.A,, '09

A. J. Williamson., R. A.M. C, T.F.

M.A., '05 ; M.D.

6o List of Orders and Decorations

Maj. (Tempy. Lieut. -Col.) George Alexander Troup,

R.AM.C., Eg. Exp. Force, July, '17 M.B. '94; M.D.

„ A. S. K. Anderson, D.S.O., M.C. (with bar),

R.A.M.C. M.A, '09; M.B., '14

„ Charles Duncan Peterkin, Gordon Hrs., Haig, Nov.

'17 M.A., '08; LL.B.

„ George H erbert Colt, R. A. M. C. , T. F. , Brit. Salonika

Force Univ. Asst., F.R.C.S.

„ H. J. Butchart, D.S.O., Yeomanry B.L., '05

,, Wm. Sim M'Gillivray, I.M.S. — second mention M.B., '03

„ Lachlan Mackinnon, 4th Gordon Hrs. M.A., '06; LL.B., '10 „ Douglas Geo. Robb, R.E. M.A., '05

Capt (Act. Lieut. -Col.) Archer Irvine Fortescue, R.A.M.C.,

Haig, 24 Dec '17 M.B., '04

„ (Tempy. Maj.) Arthur Wellesley Falconer, D.S.O., R.A.M.C, T.F. (seconded for duty with R.A.M.C.), Brit Salonika Force — second men- tion M.B., '01 ; M.D. „ (Tempy. Maj.) John Douglas Fiddes, R. AM.C, T.F.,

Haig, 24 Dec. '17 M.A., '05 ; B.Sc, M.B., 09

„ William Hugh Brodie, R.A.M.C., T.F., Brit Salon- ika Force M.B., '13 „ Donald Buchanan, R.A.M.C, T.F,, Haig, 24 Dec. 17

M.B., '08; M.D. „ Bernard Langridge Davis, R.A.M.C., T.F., Brit

Salonika Force M.B., '15

„ Alistair Cameron Macdonald, R.A.M.C., S.R.O.,

Salonika M.A., '13 ; M.B., '16

„ Douglas John Marr, R.A.M.C., T.F., Egypt, June,

'17 M.B., '06

„ James Mitchell Mitchell, R.A.M.C., 22nd Mounted Brig. Field Ambulance, Palestine, Murray, 28 June, '17 M.B., '15

„ Maurice Joseph Williamson, M.C, R.A.M.C, Brit

Salonika Force M.B., '08

„ George A. Williamson, R. A.M. C, T.F. M.A., 89 ; M.D., 99

„ Eric W. H. Brander, 4th Gordon Hrs. — third

mention M.A, '10; LL.B.

„ Robert M. Easton, I.M.S. M.A., '07; M.B., '11

Mentioned in Dispatches 6i

Capt. William A. Mearns, I.M.S. M.A., '99; M.B., '03

„ John P. Mitchell, R. A. M.C— second mention M.B., '07; M.D.

„ William P. Mulligan, R.A.M.C. M.B., '13

„ George W. Riddell, R.A.M.C M.B., '14

t „ (Rev.) Hugh P. Skakle, 4th Gordon Hrs.—

posthumous mention M.A., '11 ; B.D., '14

„ George C Souter, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '09

„ John Mackintosh, Seaforth Hrs. M.A., '13 ; LL.B., '15

Tempy. Capt William Minty Badenoch, R.A.M.C., Mes.

Exp, Force M.B., '08

„ „ David Fettes, R.A.M.C., Brit. Salonika

Force M.B., '14

? „ „ Clement Rickard Macleod, R.A.M.C. M.B., '09

„ „ James Milroy McQueen, R.A.M.C., Meso--

potamia, 15 Aug. M.A., '03 ; B.Sc, M.B.

„ „ Hector Mortimer, R.A.M.C., Haig, 24 Dec.

'17 M.B., '14

+ „ „ Thomas Booth Myles, 12th Highl. Light

Inf. 3rd Agr„'i3-'i4

„ „ Herbert Playford Sheppard, R.A.M.C.,

Eg. Exp. Force M.B., 'cK)

„ „ Alexander Wilson, R.A.M.C., Haig, 24

Dec '17 M.B., '09

„ „ Adam Gray, R.A.M.C. M.B., '09

„ John Proctor, R.A.M.C. M.B,, '09

Lieut. (Act Capt.) Ian McBain, N. Scottish R.G.A.

lOth Bursar, '14 „ „ ,, William Smith, Gordon Hrs.

M.A., '12; B.Sc. (Agr,), '13 „ Geo. Roderick Morgan, R.F.A. (Roy. Nav. Div.)

1st Med,, 'i5-'i6 Tempy. Lieut. Francis William Davidson, R.A.M.C., Eg.

Exp. Force, July, '17 M.B., '04

Private David Cooper Rees, R.A.M.C. M.A., 'i i

The following were brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War for Valuable Services rendered in connection with the War (22) .• —

Col. (Tempy.) James Galloway, C,B., A.M.S.

M.B., 83 ; M,D., F.R.C.S. Francis Kelly, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '89 ; M.D.

62 List of Orders and Decorations

Col. Octavius Todd, Dept. Asst. Dir. Med. Services,

R.A.M.C. M.B., '78

„ Douglas Wardrop, C.B., C.V.O., R.A.M.C. M.B., '75

Tempy. Hon. Col. Sir John Collie, M.G., A. M.S. M.B., '82 ; M.D.

Hon. Surg. Col. Walter Culver James, H.A.C. M.B., '76 ; M.D.

Lieut-Col. Mackintosh A, T. Collie, I.M.S. M.B., '81

„ „ Ashley Watson Mackintosh, R.A.M.C, T.F.

M.A., '88 ; M.D.

„ ' „ John Munro Moir, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '76

„ Henry Thomson, I.M.S. M.B., '79 ; M.D.

„ Charles Milne, I.M.S. M.B., '91

Maj. Thomas Wardrop Griffith, R.A.M.C, T.F. M.B., '82 ; M.D.

„ Andrew Mowat, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '95

„ William Rattray Pirie, RA.M.C., T.F., Aberdeen

Medical Board M.A., '88 ; M.B.

„ William Scatterty, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.A., '81 ; M.D.

„ Lachlan Mackinnon, 4th Gordon Hrs. M.A., '06 ; LL.B., '10

Capt. Robert M. Easton, I.M.S. M.A., '07 ; M.B., '11

Tempy. Capt. Eber Chambers, R.A.M.C. M.B., '73 ; M.D.

„ William Wilson Jameson, R.A.M.C. M.A, '05 ; M.D.

„ John P. Kinloch, R.A.M.C., T.F., Lecturer

in Public Health M.D. [Glasg.]

Rev. James Smith, T.D., C.F. (ist Class) M.A., 74 ; B.D.

„ R. Harvey Strachan, C.F. (temp.) M.A., '93.

Summary of the Provisional Roll 63

Summary of the Provisional Roll and Three

Supplements.

I. Members of the Staff not Graduates of this University
II. Graduates Commissioned —
Royal Navy — Medical Service (incl. 4 civilians)	S3
Regular Army, incl. S.R.O. and Tempy. Commissions	117
„ R.A.M.C., incl. S.R.O. and Tempy.
Commissions ......	542
Territorial Force	223
„ R.A.M.C	216
Volunteers .	21
Indian Army, incl. Reserve of Offirs. and Volunteers	15
„ „ Chaplains ......	2
Indian Medical Service ......	46
Army Chaplains Department	64
Overseas Forces . . . . . . .	27
„ „ Chaplains	4
„ „ Medical Service ....	S3

Graduates Commissioned . Graduates Enlisted . . . . . .284

„ Volunteers (very imperfect list) . • 13 „ in charge of Red Cross or Mil. Hosp., etc. . 60 „ Serving with Brit. Red Cross or as Dressers 8 ,, on Y.M.C.A. Service to Troops . .11

1383

Graduates on Service . III. Alumni (Non-Graduates) Commd. . . . . .

„ „ Enlisted . . . . .

„ „ Serving with Brit. Red Cross, etc.

25

376

1759

94

83 2

Alumni on Service . 179

IV. Students Commissioned . . . . . .221

„ Enlisted (incl. Officers Cadet Schools) . . 385 „ Serving as Dressers, etc. ..... 8

,, Aberdeen Univ. O.T.C. (exclusive of 36 who had

previously served in the Army) . . .102

Students on Service . 716

Total of Members of Univ. and Alumni on Service 2679

Add Students about to matriculate on outbreak of War . 32

„ Sacrist and Univ. Servants on Service (2 commd.) . 18 „ Graduates and Students engaged in Munition and

other work for War purposes, so far as reported . 5 7

Total . . . 2786

64 Summary of the Provisional Roll

The Roll of the Fallen now numbers two hundred and forty- nine since the co^imencement of the War.

The Orders and Decorations conferred on Graduates and Students on service have been as follows : —

K.C.B. .				I	D.S.O	38
K.C.M.G.				I	Mil. Cross ....	I OS
K.B.E. .				3	Albert Med	I
C.B. .				8	Disting. Conduct Medal.	I
C.M.G. .				• 13	Military Medal	5
CLE. .				2	Dis. Service Cross .	I
G.C.V.O.				I	Foreign Orders and Decora-
C.V.O. .				I	tions .....	18
C.B.E. .				I	" Mentioned in Dispatches " .	141
O.B.E. .				2	Brought to notice of Sec. of
Order of Hosp. of St. John of	State for War for valuable
Jerusalem				I	services rendered	22

14

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