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^^^ ■ AS !■ ■ .C21 H ■ P9 n ■ 1870-1871 ^^^^^1 BUHR		1
1 ^__^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^1 B 1. 107,684 ^H	^^^^^^^Hk
1 •»		\ i	iH
i	L .
1		1 J

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BE

EDITED BY

THE HONORARY SECRETAR]

JANUARY TO DEOEM

18 7 0.

CALCUTTA:

PBIKTED BT C. B. LEWIS, BAPTIST lOSSIOB' 1870.

CONTENTS.

List of Members of the Asiatic Society of Bengal on the 31st December, 1869, Appendix, in February Proceedings, Abstract Statement of Receipts and Disbursements of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for the year 1869, Appendix, in February Proceedings, - - - - -

Proceedings for January, 1870, (with pi. I), - - -

Do. for February, 1870, including Annual Report, and President's Address, - . -

Do. „ March, 1870, (including Proceedings of an ex- traordinary Meeting held on 16th March,

1870),

April, 1870, - - - - 1

^ay> }) (with pi. 11), - - - ]

June, „ - - - - ]

July, August, September, November,

December (including list of papers read at the Meetings of the Society during the year 1870, index &c.), - - - - - 3

(	Do. ,
h	Do. ,
\	Do. ,
\	Do. ,
	Do. ,
\	Do. ,
{	Do. ,
	Do. ,
\

(with pis. m, IV, V),

r

PROCEEDmaS

ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL

Fob Jantjahy, 1870.

The moiitlily meeting of the Socioty was held on WednesJay, the 5tii mstaut, at 0 p. u.

Th« IIonM)le J. B. Ph^ar, Vice-Pl'Gsident, in the cliair.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmt*d.

The rt>ceipt of the following presentations was annoimoed : —

1. Fi*«jm n, H oxter, Esq., a specimen of Chammlm rul0ar(df obtained near Bughodeer, Omnd-tnink road.

Dr. 8toliezka obsen-ed that the spe<dmen exhibited was a very interesting one, representing a poculiar variety of Ck VHl^irhf not common in India.

The &kin is somewhat stretched, but the total length of the speei- men was certainly 12 inches, or a little more, the tail meafttu'ing alightly more than one half of it. Dr. G ii n t h o r (Hoptile« of India, p. 162) remarks that moat of the Indian specimens ai'e of a green ^eolonr, and Dr. Qray^ in his monograph of the Charimieontidm (Proc. Zool. Soc. for 186 i, p. 469) etatos tliat '* the bands are in Intlinn specimena generally absent, though in some (specimens) I cL.^ar3y indicated.*'

llie general colour of the body in the present sppcim^^n is a dis- ' tinrt greyish oUve, having throughout a slight grocn tinge which, ac- cording to Mr. n e X t e r's ojccouut, appeal's to have been mcuHt pro* valent, and variable in the live animal, but itfiided rermirkably quick- ly after death. Kath side is mai*ked with eight somewhat ij'n'gular firangis brown cross bands ; the first three baadrt i>f the fore part of the lK)dy being diviiied into a few epot^ ; above the shoulder there h a conspicuous white ^p«*t, and a broadissh horizontal strip of the snrue voloiu' bohind the fore foot. The head above, and partitdly at tho

2 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ J.vn.

sides, the greater part of the feet and three-fourths of the torniinal end of the tail are bright yellow, the feet and tail being rather narrowly banded with bright orange. The upper crest of the body is grey, it slightly continues on the anterior greyish por- tion of the tail ; the lower crest is white, and specially in front very distinctly developed. The forehead is very concave and the occipital crest high ; the posterior flaps are not develoj)ed, but the orbital ridge which begins at the rostral end is very prominent, and joins the posterior end of the occij)ital ridge by a floxuous curve, being slightly bent downwtirds behind the eye, but at the same time continuous throughout. A distinctly separ- ate low ridge runs from the end of the occipital crest to the upper posterior end of the tympanoid region ; the scales on this ridge aro elongately tubercular, but not much larger than those accompanying it on both sides. The scales on the gidar sack are small and arranged longitudinally in two rows.

The deeply excavated forehead and the numerous cross bands distinguish the present specimen as the variety called by Dr. Gray marmaratus, but the author of the monograph does not state where that variety was obtained ; it is certainly a i)eculiar one, for judging from our specimen, it does not exhibit a trace of tiio two longitudinal bands on the sides of the body, noted as charaetor- istic of the typical Ch. vulgaris of Africa and Europe. F i t z i n g o r applied the name Ch. Coromandelicm to the Indian Chnmaleon, but the name G\. Ceylonicm, Laur., used by Dr. J o r d o n in his account of the species has priority (J. Asiat. Soc. B., XXII, p. 466.)

Dr.. Gray (loo. cit.) however, says that " after rigorous examina- tion and comparison," the differences existing in the European, African and Asiatic forms do not possess specific value. There can be no doubt that both forms are very similar and perhaps referable to one species only. Setting aside coloration and compai-ing various specimens of the Indian Chamceleon^ it is remarkable to find that the posterior extension of the supraorbital ridge is always very distinct in them, and the same also applies to the ridge descend- ing from the posterior end of the occijntal crest downwai'ds, while in the African form these ridges apjioar to bo much less developed. In Geofi^roy's figure of the Egyptian Chamaleon (Descript. scient.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 3

de 1^ Eg^^^it (fee, pi. 4) those ridges are scarcely noticeable, and the second one mentioned almost entirely absent.

According to VLi\ 11 e x t e r' s account, the specimen submitted was obtained in the jungles near Bughodeer, and appears to be rare. The geograx>hical distribution of the species is stated to be (among others) ** India generally," but I do not know how far it extends in India northwards, for its special haunts are Ceylon and the whole of Southern India. I do not know whether it has been recorded from Central India, but in any case its occurrence so far North as the Grand trunk road deserves special notice.

2. From the Superintendent, Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, — 2 cox)ie8 of Eeport of the Operations of the Trigonometrical Survey for 1868-69.

3. From the Government of India, Foreign Department, — three Amharic MSS. from Magdala.

The Ilon'ble Mr. P h e a r stated that the three volumes are the only ones which we possess in Amharic, and they form, therefore, a valuable acquisition to our library.

4. From the author tlirough the Eev. C. 11. Dall, — a copy of Observations on the Geology of Alaska, by W. H. D a 1 1.

5. From the author, — a copy of a pamphlet entitled " On the Desirability of a National Institution for the Cultivation of the Sciences by the Natives of India, by Dr. MahendraHl Sircar."

6. From J. A v d a 1 1, Esq., — a copy of Lettre d* Abgar, ou his- toire de la conversion des Edesseens, par Laboubnia, traduite 8ur la version Armenienne du Yme. Siecle, Venice, 1868. ,

7. From Allan Hume, Esq., — one volume entitled "My Scrap Book, or Bough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology ;" Part I., Raptores, No. 1, Calcutta, 1869.

Tliis is an important publication on Indian Ornithology, complet- ing in many resi>ect8 Dr. Jerdon's " Birds of India."

The following gentlemen didy proposed and seconded at the last meeting were balloted for as ordinary members : —

Allan Ilume, Esq., J. Wood Mason, Esq., Capt. A. G. Boss.

Tlio following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next meeting : —

4 Proceeding B of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.

Baden Powell, Esq , 0. 8., Lahore, proposed by Colonel R. Maclagan, seconded l^ Mr. Thornton.

J. H. Newman, Esq., M. D., Assistant Surgeon to the Political Agency, Joudhpur, proposed by R. M. Adam, Esq., seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

Fred. Wm. Alexander de Fabeck, Bengal Medical Ser- vice, Jeypore, Rajpootana ; proposed by H. H. Locke, Esq., seconded by Dr. J. Anderson.

The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw from the Society, — T. E. Coxhead, Esq., W. U. Bourke, Esq., Baron 0. Ernsthausen, J. A. Crawford, Esq.

The following letters were read : —

1. From John Beames, Esq., C. S., — dated Balasore Dis- trict, Camp Agarpara, December 16th, 1869.

" Enclosed (^Vide pi. I ) I send an accurate copy of an inscrip- tion I stumbled upon yesterday among the ruins of an old temple at Kopari some thirty miles south of Balasore.

** The inscription was cut on the back of a slab of grey stone, the front of which was adorned with a statuette of a divinity, resembling that of Lakshmi. I would have sent the whole thing to the Society, but the villagers appear to worship it, and went so far as to send for a Brahmin to turn the image round for me to copy the inscription !

** Perhaps Babu BajendraHla, or some other member, would kindly favour me with a translation. The people were anxious to know what it meant, and I promised to get one of the great * Calcutta pandits' to translate it. If it has any general interest, pray use it in your Journal."

The copy of the inscription was submitted to B4bu R d j e n d r a- I6la Mitra, who writes imder date of 5th January, 1870, as follows : —

** The bulk of the inscription is made up of the well-known Bud- dhist creed Ye dhannd heiu, ^'^., incised in the Kutila character of the 10th century. The letters are ill-formed and defective, and the spelling full of gross mistakes. The latter half of the fifth lino and the whole of the sixth and seventh lines contain new matter, but the last, with the exception of the concluding two

^^>^)»VX\;.'^\^

Ccpif of'

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 5

letters, is illegible, and a lacuna, in the middle of the sixth, renders it very doubtful reading. The words Om sarva tath-a gata hridaya and dharma tunga are distinct, and they imply that for " the en- hancement of virtue" (dharma tunga) and the delight (?) ** of the hearts of all Tath-agatas" or Buddhas, the statuette was dedicated by some one. The name of the donor has been lost in the last line.

" The statuette is, of course, not of Lakshmi, but of a Buddhist divinity, probably of Mayfidevf.

** The discovery of the statuette is interesting as affording a proof in support of the opinion that Balasore was once a flourishing seat of Buddhism and contained many topes and shrines of great sanctity."

2. From Mr. M. L. Ferrar, C. 8., dated Pertabgurh, 22nd December, 1869 : —

I have been asked by a friend in England to try to find out who was the gentleman whoso seal bears the following inscription— that is to say, to find out the rank he held in India, and in whose ser- vice. The seal is said to be a red cornelian in gold setting.

" Iftikhdr ud daulah ihtisMm ul mulk William Douglas Nix Bahddur Shahamat Jang, 1215." (Hijri, I presume.)

Could you, or any of my fellow-members of the Society inform me?

The following papers were read : —

I. — Note on a Circle of Stones sittjated in the DisTRicrr op EusuFZYE, — ^y Colonel Sir Arthur Phayre. (Abstract.)

The writer describes a stone-hongo situated near Sung Butte, about fifteen miles east of Marddn, the head quarter station of the Corps of Guides, and relates several traditions regarding them.

An Bxcollent photograph accompanies the description.

The paper and a lithograph of the stone-hengo will shortly be published in the Journal.

The Hon*ble Mr. P h e a r observed — that stone structures similar to those described by Sir A. Phayre, wore found scattered over a very large area of the earth's surface. They were often taken to be evidence of the wide spread existence of a particular race "of

6 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.

people, but it would probably be safer to say only, that they 'were indicative of a particidar stage of civilization. It is curio\is that in Cornwall, whore monolithic remains of a somewhat similar character are found, essentially the same local tradition often attaches to them^as that mentioned by 8ir A. P h a y r e, namely, that a party passing over the moor on some excursion was turned into a group of stone pillars by the evil power. Clearly the tradi- tion belongs to a late date, when all knowledge of the purpose of the original structure was lost, and itself points to a certain ill in- formed stage of civilization, which looks to supernatural agency to accoimt for anything lying outside the conmion experiences of life. But the community of tradition does not necessarily imply com- munity of race in the people who give rise to it and transmit it.

Mr. Blochmann said that similar stone-henges had been allud- ed to as existing in Kashmir by Lt.-Col. N e w a 1 1 in his paper on the * Temples of Razd^n,' lately read before the Society. Col. N e w a 1 1 mentioned especially a place called Bhadiakid near which, as it would appear, extensive monuments exist of * Druidical' worship from times prior to the Buddhistic Era.

Sir Richard Temple mentioned that those stone circles were found almost throughout India.

Dr. Stoliczka said that Sir John Lubbock in his last edition of the " Pre-historic times," mentions the occurrence of these stone circles throughout Asia, from the borders of Russia down to the Pacific seas. He describes and figures several of them as ** sepulchral stone circles" of the so-called megalithic period.

n. — Observations on a Sanad, granted by Shah 'A'lam to Rajah Pitya'mbar Mitra Baha'di5r, — by H. Blochmann, Esq. , M. A.

I have been asked by Babu Rajendral&la Mitra to exhibit a Sanad granted by Sh^h * Alam to R^jah Pity^mbar Mitra Bali^dur, one of the Bfibu's ancestors.

Tlie Sanad is of the kind called Farmdn i Sahti (,^ ^^^, A'in i Akbari, p. 261, No. 2) and confers ux)on the Rajali 14 villa<^os in the Parganah of Haweli i Il^dbdd, generally called Chail, the revenue of which [villages] amoimts to 21891 rupees. The grant specifies an Altamgha tenure for ever fin^dm i altamghd, na^alan ba'da

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 7

nasalin o ha(nan ba^da bafninj without ta^diq o yddditshtj or liability of keeping up a military establishment. Nor is the income liable to future taxation, on the ground that the revenue of the villages has increased. All taxes are remitted, as pesMash, mdl, jihdt, faujddri ; also aayir imposts, as qanalghah^* muhaqqildnah^ ddroghd'nah, zdhitdnah (surveying taxes), shikdr o bekdr (?), the five per cent, muqaddami, and the two per cent, qdnungoi.

The date of the grant is 5th Jumdda II., of the 26th year, A. H. 1199, or A. D. 1784.

On the back of the grant, the following fourteen villages are specified : —

1. MahgdnWf the j^gir of Rajah j^Lwa. (?) R 4 m.

2 (name not legible), an altamghd tenure of the late

Baqdullah Khdn, in exchange for a mauzd' of the name ;of S[>^ K'hanwld.

3. ITatwd, held in Altamghd by .... Mumhi % Mmtaufl.

4. jK<wii/^iir, the jagir of the late Bahddur 'Ali Kh^n.

5. Amraul, in the name of Amiruddin Khdn, the Diwani of the fubah of Il6habad.

6. Bhimrauli (Jchdg)

7. Achharpiira Sarauli,

8. Bargdnw,

9. BahrdmpiLr.

10. JBasond,

11. Bak'hhdhh [or Yak'hdlah f?y\

12. Jagdespur Sobhd.

13. iVrti Sardi,

14. Bluili.

The Surveyor General's Map of the District of Allahabad for 1845, contains the names of villages Nos. 3, 4, 5, G, 8, 10, 12, 14, of which Amraul (5), Basona (10) and Jagdespur (12) lie on the Jam- nah, the last on the right bank, in the Parganah of Barah. Tho other villages lie north and north-west of Allahabad. No. 7,

• I do not know tho correct pronunciation of tho (Turkish) word AiJUj. Ifc is not given in any Dictionary or Glossary, native or Eui-opoaii. On tho fly leaf of one of my MSS. I found tho remark that A*JUi is the same as the Hindi UxA»>, coriander seed. Tho tux on qanahjhah is mentioned by Abnl Fazl (Aid text, p. 301) aa one of the vc£atioas taxes which Akbar abolished.

8 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [ Jait.

AckharpuTy may correspond to the l/lchar'pur of the map. For No. 13, Nai Saruiy the map has Sardi Neem, Instead of No. 9, Bohr dm" pur, the map has Ihrdhimpvr and Ihrdhimdhdd, which names are often interchanged.

The right hand corner Sanad is adorned with a black seal, contain- ing in gold the name of Ahul Muzaffar Jalaluddin Shiih ^Alam PddisMh i Ghdziy and the words J^l i-w and the year 1173, [A. D. 1759], the first year of Shah 'A lam's reign. The seal is surrounded by an eccentric circle, and the space between the two circumferences is filled, up by fourteen small circles each conttiining the name of a Timuride, from Timurto 'Alamgfr Pddishah, son of Jahdnddr P d d i 8 h d h. To the left of the seal in the middle, above the grant, the name of the reigning P^dishdh is given in large Tughrd cha- racters ; and to the left of it, in the left hand corner of the paper, tlie Sanad itseK commences with two short lines according to custom {vide Am translation, p. 263.) The reverse of the Sanad contains a large ink seal with the names of Jumlatulmulk Maddrulmahdvi IHirnddtidxlnulah ^A^a^'dh Burhdn ul muiky Abulmangur Khan (Jafdnrjangy ShujWuddcmlah, Najih Khan ^ Aqafuddnulah Bahadur Hizharjang, Ydr i Wafdddr Sipah- adldr Mmtam iHind, Shdh ^ Alam Pddishdh i Ghdzi ; and below another ink seal containing the words Khdnahzdd Ehdn BaJuidur Fidwi i SJuih 'Alam Pddishdh i Ohdzi, with the year 1188 [A. D. 1774.]

The following is the text of the Sanad : —

AT* ^\j\sJt aj^ J \^y^ JjU. oyj L5^>^ ^ji *^ «;*^j^J^ ^y* j\ c>^ ^*;] (J^l^ ^i^J ^^J t>y J «X/AiikA J j\jA ^^J c^—Aj ^yo

cujlii' jU^^ ^\y ^l^j j\.iSLe^^\fi ^1^1 J j\c^)i\y^ f^\j\^ , (princes)

^i^ljtx^*Xftx) f^^^^yj j\jJ^]j j\yd^l':> ^'^y^j l*^! J^a^L> J^^H)V^ li^li^ J liXJla. ^^j «>jo uJajj cl**j *^*J ^t-s) \j dJo^9jjo ^\yo 2$Ja.w^ f^jjS^ J yj'y^i^ di^ J (sic) j^} C»i'>^3* 3 iXJjIji (j l^T ^J^

• It was Akbar who cbaiij<ed tho uamo Ildhdhas^ which existed before his tiine«, to Jldlufbdd ; H»U Badaoui, II, p. 176, and Mr. Boames's oditiou of Elliot's Glossary, II, 262.

1870.]

Pr&e^in^s of the AMiaiw Society,

I

I I

I

J i/^H^i ^^^^ JSjtj ^j^ lA*^* 1 r^!>^ ijj^9^^ iJi^*>-^j

The oxpresaion <fz panjmth i rahi* i hi <»/, * from five-sijctha af tlie month of Eabf of the (Clia^titai) yerti-of the Zoi (dragon)* is unrlear to me, and the subatitutioa of the cltiinay tr^rlos of tho Clxug:dt4i Era for Akbar*s Era, or the HijraU, is mir|:>ri8ing, The word hkS^^ I do not understand ; t^^ a rnktuke for ^\ wit]jout tho nmdd, and y^ is a qneer spelling for j^ or meruly j^ taghir, 1 kuow nothing aa to the valiflity of tho 8unad.

ni.^-A THIRD U8T OF Benoal Ai-g.^» deUfnmmd hj Di\ G. v* M a r t e n t(^ Profiftsor o/Baian^ in SluU^ard, — mmmmiicaUd thtQU^k Mi\ S. K u r z.

The following is a contiiiuation of Pl'ofessor t. M a r t o i* s^ numer- ous dotorminatiotis of AlgsB, which I coOeeted in the counie of tho last few years in the Bengal Presidency, on tho Andaman islands, lu Arracan, and in Burma* Two listo, containing about 20 to *25 speoieSf have been already published in the Botanical Journal ** Flora* ^ for 1 869. In submitting this third series of determinations, I have only t^ express my deep obligations to Prof* v. Martens^ for the great iutorost which ho had taken in the titudy of th© Bengal Algre, and for the liberality with which ho has placed the result of hia exami- nation at my disposal.

The freshwater- Algs9 of Bengal, and indeed of India generally, are aa yet viary imporfoetly known, though the number of species to be met with everywhere in our j heels, tanks, rivers, &o,, appears to be a very largo one. The minuteaesa of many forms, the oare necessary in tho preparation of the oolieoted materiala, and eapeeiaily th*3 great dilfioulty which is experienced in tho determination of Fresh water- Algso in a dried state, seem to have been the [irinoi- pal uauiie of their having beea almost totally uegieuted by Iiidiau

10 Froceedifigs of the Asiatic Society. [J ait.

botanists, meanwhile more than 1000 species of Musci and Hepaticte have become known from British India alone. With regard to Indian seaweeds, Prof. v. Martens' work "Die Tange der Freussischen Expedition nach Ost-Asien," contains almost all that is known about them. In a very cursory exploration of Bengal I have obtained about 40 to 50 species of fi^osh- and brackwater- Algee, but this number is only a fraction of what really can bo found in a country like Lower Bengal, in the flora of which the richness of water plants is the most characteristic feature. As my researches into the flora of the cryptogamic plants of Bengal, and of India generally, are now in progress, I defer for a future op- portunity the communication to the Society of a systematical list, containing all that is known of Bengal Algso.

S. KuKZ,

81st December, 1869.

1. — From the Sikkim Himalaya.

1885.* OsciUaria interrupta^ Martens, fllis 1/1000 lin. crassis, laete aerugineis, distincte articulatis ; articulis diamotro aequalibus ad duplo longioribus, punctatis, linea hyalina iutorruptis. — Oct. 1 868. Above Senadah, 7100 feet. — Mixed with it are threads of Oacillarta antliaria, Mart.

1886. Oscillarta hreiisy K ii t z i n g.— Oct. 1868, Sinchul, 700O feet.

1887. Spirogyra decimina^ Link. — Jellapahar, 7800 feet.

1 888. Zygnetna imigne, K g. = Tyndarid^a imignisy H a s s a 1. — Between Khersiong and Senadah, 6 — 7000 feet.

1889. Fae^A^rui, without fructiflcation and, therefore, indeter- minable, 7000 feet.

1890. Scytonema aureum, Meneghini. — Near Punkabai'ee, on rocks, 1500—2000 feet.

Ckroolepua viliosum, Kg. — Tongloo, 10,000 feet. 2. lYom Lower Bengal.

1743. Oscillaria Jtdiana, Men. — In drains at Sealdah, Calcutta.

1 756. Microcystis aeruginosa^ K g. — Forms in May a thin superfi- cial layer in tanks at Sibpur near Howrah. (Formerly known only from Stuttgard, where I detected it in the Royal Gardens.)

• These aod the consecutive arc the current onmbors of my " Cryptogamao cellularcs/' now amounting to more than 2600. (S. K u a z.)

1870.]

Knjinabfil Lill>i. wafi^rfjiH near

1757* Spirog^ra tiditnfa, Tj f n V. Saliibgunge.

1763. Jltjilrocohum h^Urntfiihiim^ IC g* — Matjltlium^Kasf^^ru BnhAi'.

1764. Ch^ifttf/pfwra Imiica^ Mart., globosa, majuscula, riri- dia ; fills fliicciciis, rejwtite di<ihotomis, elongatis, apiiraiiifitis; articu- lia diametro aoqulibas vel duplo ad qnadrnplum Inngioribiis^ saopa obsoletis ; spertnatiis globosis, eeussilibus, — ^Forma JVb/t^or*shaped ohoiuB on dead braaehes iu rivuleta, iitiur BeMrinath, Manbhiini.

1789. Sc^hHema paltnarumf Mart., cespite oompact«> ex virl- di uinereo; filis parco ram<3si»T subdoxiinsis, aoquicraftaU, euin vagina arota 1/22^5 ad 1/200 lin. crassia, lutt-Hjlis vel sorJide virescentib^i?*, ba«i hvalims ; artit^tiliB diametro brevioribus, distinctia, j^anulatis, — Cabnitta^ Botanio Garden, betwenn the old tihoaths oo tU« Btoma oi Phoenix ftyhrafrh^ wlioroin rain-Avater is iisaallj accumulating.

1794. S^ngdra JJhha^ Ehrenberg, witli single throad* of OseiUaria auh/tisca, V a u c b e r. — At the waterfall near MabftrAjpiirj Eajmabdl hills.

1804. Se^ion^ma tamfniamm^ Kg, — Calcutta Botanic Garden.

1HH2. Pahmt^lmi Kurzmna^ Mart., gelatinosa, late oxpan^a, pbttme lobota, 3 ad 6 lin. crassa, olivaceo — lutascens, laovis, wxati-

tione collabeas nigidosa, chartae arete adliaerena; globuUs mimeroais, ellipticta, l/2oO lin. longis, 1/300 lin. crassisi iWm teniiissiniLs, byalinis, fioxuosis iat43rtexti5. — Calcutta, Botanic Gar- don, on brick-laid paths, during and, especiallj, towards the close of the rainy season.

1933 and 188«J. Sptrogyra nitidn^ Lk. — Northern Bengal, be- tween Kissengungu and Titalya* frofpieut ; also at Howrah, &c.

1893. Zijgngomum JimtjnUnati^ Mart., filis paree ramosia, elon- gatis, hjalini«, articnlis diametro ( 1/150 ad \/V2^ lin.) 4- ad 8- pluui longioribus ; substantia gouimira in globuloH fuscos biparti- ta ; spermatiis globosis 1/80 lin* crasais. — Xorthern Bengal, in deep etagaant waters between Silligoree and Titalya, forming larga i rounded greyish cloudy masses.

1 894. IJyphfothrix inveHiettit Mar t., strato effiiso, Inride oil- filis intemis diluto aerugineis* 1 750 lin. crassis, obsok^te

"^rtienlatis, tiiniLisis, pimctatis ; vaginis rubespontibus, opaeis, arctic, l/oOO lin. craasis, — Northcru Bengal, between Silligoree ant] Titalyu^ in stagnant waters, forming a dense covering on wator-plants.

1 2 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [ Jak.

More or less intermixed with the last species occiu' Scytofiema cMorophaeum^ K g., /8. tenuiw, Mart., and the next one.

Allogonium depressum, Mart., fills hyalinis, articulis diametro (1/450 lin.) 5-ad G-plum longioribus, demum partim in globuloa concatenatos lutescentes, margine hyalinos 1/125 lin. latos et 1/180 lin. tantum longos intumescentibus.

1932. Fhormidium oryzetarum, Mart.,* strato membranaceo, tenui, viridi ; fills tenerrimis, parum flexuosis, aerugineis ; arti- culis obsoletis, diametro (1/1800 lin.) brevioribus. — In inundated rice fields in Howrah District, Calcutta ; floating.

1934. Spirogyra elongata. Kg., occurs with the fopmer and with Oscillaria Grateloupii, B o r y.

1935. Ulothrix pectinalisy Kg., in stagnant waters and tanks in Howrah district.

1936. Oscillaria Kurziana, Mart., strato tenui, saturate viridi ; fills pulchre aerugineis, non granulatis ; articulis diametro (1/450 lin.) aequalibus, geniculis hyalinis ; apiculo attenuate, curvulo, O. Cortianae, P o 1 1 i n i, affinis. — Calcutta, Botcmic Garden, in shallow waters of the flower-pots, wherein water-plants are cultivated, as Crypiocaryne, etc., also occurring with Ndvicula cryptocephalay K g.

1937. Cladophora Roettleri, K g., Howrah, Aug. 1869.

1938. Spirogyra Eeeriana, N a e g e 1 i, Calcutta, Aug. 1869.

IV. — On some new ob ncPEEFECTLY KNOWN Indian plants, — by ^'8. K u r z. Esq , (Abstract.)

This paper contains descriptions of 26 new species belonging to various families, chiefly of phanerogamic plants. Besides that varied and very important information is given regarding other Indian plants which were up to this imperfectly known, or incorrectly identified.

The paper is accompanied by two plates ; on one of them three figures are given representing the distinctive characteristics in the sheaths of Schizostachyum hrachycladum, 2iollingeri and hngispiculatum^ considered by Col. Munro as belonging to one and the same species, but evidently distinct. On the other plate an illustration of the interesting Javanese fern Hemionitis ZolUngeri, K u r z, is supplied.

• This is the most common Alga in Lower Bengal, covering in large spongy patches the ponds, ricefields, &c., and adding mnch towards a natural manure of the fields. (S. K u jk z.

1870,]

JProuedin^i of ihn Asiatic Sncirff/,

Id

V. — List of bthds obtatpted m tite KriASUL aitd Noam Oachab HILLS, — ^by Major II. H. G o d w i n - A u 6 1 o n, F. B. G* 8., De- puty Supdt. Topograph. Survey of India. (Abstract,)

In this list Major Godwin-Austen enumerfttes about 200 species from the above named hilla. A fnw now Rpocies aro de- ecribed, and very valuable information is recorded of many which were Bomewliat imperfectly known. In cases where rare birds wore obtained, a description and measurements, taken from live speeimons, were submitted. As regards the geographical distribu- tion of Indian birds, the list must be looked upon as a very interest- ing on, for the whole of that impoi-tant Indo-Oliinose province is not included in Dr. J e r d o n's work, thougli the names of the birds are mostly noticed. The author was cautious not to burden literature with new names unless sufficiently authenticated. Ho has grven descriptions of several species which he considered may be new, and a few of tliese species (as a Cypnelua^ Troch^ihpttsrun) will be described by Dr. J e r d o n.

The author further acknowledges the great assistance he has received from Dr. Jerdon persoiially, ** who htis named many doubtful species, and some that I — says the author^ — ^had been unable

I identify.**

'TT, — Note on m^ Kjoickenmoddixgs or tub Axdaalix islakds, — by Dr. F. Stoliczka,

On my recent visit to Port Blair, I was informed by Mr. Fr. Ad. de E o e x> s t o r f f, Extra A^st. Supdt. at Chatliam island, of the existence of several kitchen-middens in the neigh bourh^iod of the settlement. The same officer also shewed me a great ntunber of shells and fragments of pottery which he lately obtained from one of the shell mounds. Being personally acquainted with the numerous Kjokkenmoddings on the Danish coasts, Mr. Boepstorff readily recognised the identity of VHith these formations ; mid the impor- tance of their being subjected to a carefid search. I was naturally very desirous to examine some of these mounds, but as my stay was ' to be only a veiy short one, Mr. Ttoepstorff suggested that I [lould visit a place near Chatham island, the so called Hope T*>wn, ad very kindly offered t43 aoeompany me to the exact locality whiuK he had previously seen.

14 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Jaw.

Hope Town is a small convict settlement in a shallow bay, north of Chatham island. The inner edge of the Bay is occupied by a mangrove swamp, and in the eastern corner of it, we met with the first shell mound, just behind the mangrove swamp, and at the bank of a small &esh water stream. This Kjokkenmodd- ing, evidently of a somewhat round circumference, was about 60 feet in diameter, and some 12 feet in height, but nearly half of it had been used in making a road which leads close by. This was,, in some respects, welcome, because it saved a good deal of digging.

The mound in itself does not present anything extraordinary, it is a simple accumulation of shells intermixed with a great num- ber of bones of the Andaman pig, Sue Andemanemie, fragments of rude pottery, and numerous stones varying in shape and size, — such as a Kjokkenmodding near Copenhagen or any other place in Denmark can be observed. A few large trees growing on it indicate that it could not have been much disturbed, at least during the last two or three decenniums.

1. We examined the mound all round and dug up a por- tion of it, in order to see what kind of shells prevail, and which of them principally served as food to the inhabitants. The most common species appeared to be Trochm NiloticuSy Fteroceras chi- ragra and lamhisy Turho (SenectueJ articulatuSy Murex adustue and an- guliferue, Nerita albicilia, polita, Oeorgina and exuvia ^c. The Neritte especially were very numerous ; and the last two are mostly found on the branches and roots of the mangrove vegetation close by. Among the first named Gastropods, the specimens of Trochun^ Pterocerasy Murex &c., &c., chiefly were of very large size, not many were half grown. Pelecypoda (or Bivalves), as Spondglus aurantiuSf Area acapha and fasciata, Tridacna gigae and equamosaj Capea deflorata, Paphia gldbratay &c., &c., are not uncommon, but still far less nimierous than the Gastropods. Of Oetrea crista galliy Lam., a species of quite an ancient type and very closely allied to the Jurassic 0. Marshii, Sow., or flahelloid^Sy Lam., I have also obtained several valves, and this is one of the very few species which now appears to be rare in the harbour, for I have observed scarcely any live specimen during my stay, while

1870.]

ProoaedinffM of ih» Asiatic ^uvUt^*

16

at the Nioobars I found it to be oominoiu Spondj^lwi aui^antim ia also a rare shell now. All the other species of MoUnsos above eniuuerated, and many others not particidarly alluded to> nvmiT in largo quantities on tho neighbouring coral^reof^, fi'oni which they evidently were obtained, with the exoeption of the Nt^itm which, as already noted, aro generally found on the mangrove vegetation. Of land-ehelb Cychphoms folimettg and Spiraxts HafiffMoni\ both extremely common in tho j imgles all round, were also numerou^s, and evidently formed an article of food.

Looking at tho eh ell faima, there is no diffcreneo to bo observ- ed in tho size of tho jspeirimens found in tlm KjiikkcnmiidiUiig and those at present occurring near the islands. The Trochi gene- rally have ih^ top part of the shell brt>ken off, tlie specimens of JHeroceraa and Mttrcx me broken ou tlie biK k uf the Ifu^t whorl, where the shell is thin, and other species of Gastropods have been treutod in a similar, or slightly different, mamier^ in oi-der to facilitate the extraction of the tleshy portion of the animal. The valves of Pelecy^joda are simply opened, but as already mentioned, they are not e^pially numerous. Thi<.'k shells like Iridnen^^ and othersi like Ostrem and SpondtfU which live more or less firmly attached to rocks or corals, are not so easily obtained as Gastropofls ; and if obtaim^d, the valves are sometimes oj>ened only with the groateat dillieidty during tlie life of thn animal. Spec^iea of Pinna for instance, whlib are eanily procured and posses a thin sht*ll, but con- tain comparatively very little fleshy substance, are hardly rc^presented in the mound I Tliis shews that the Andamanese made, if possible, a judicious selection fnjm the scanty materials available for their table,

2. The large number of bones of the Andaman pig is remark- able. A coniploto skidl obtained from the mound did nut exliibit any difference from the living animal, it belonged though to a very small but not a young specimen. Heveral of the thicker bones which contained man'ow, were split aud broken up in tho usual manner, as has been the practice with ancient peuple in EuiH)pe and elsewhere. I have not observed any other kind of bones of fishes or birds, but they may *>cc*ur.

3. Tho iragments of pottery are of a ratber thin kind, on tlio BUiiac^e roughly grooved or striated, and indicate by their form that

16 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Jan.

they were derived from cup-shaped vessels of a very simple con- struction. The scratches or grooves on both the inner and outer surfaces are very dense, crossing each other irregularly ; they are mostly straight, and have apparently been made by an obtuse point of a shell or a stone. The material is common clay, mixed with a little sand* and very imi)erfectly moulded, as seen by the irre- g^ar fracture. No potter's wheel has evidently been applied, and the vessels were not burnt but only baked in the jsun. On a few of the fragments, which appear to be from near the upper peri- pherical edge of the pot, a few curved lines are to be observed, but on the whole they are very rudely and irregidarly executed.

Kegarding the form of the pottery itself, the question was very soon settled. For, on visiting on the subsequent morning, the North Bay with the object of examining a recently made settlement, or ra- ther a small camp, of the Andamanese, Mr. Boepstorff found in the jungle, not far from the deserted camp, a large pot which must have been in use only a short time previous. This pot is of a sim- ple cup-form, f rounded below, about 10 inches high, and with a diameter of about 1 1 inches at the outer margin. The thickness of the material varies from J to i of an inch ; the inner and outer surface is marked with irregular grooves, the perpendicular ones being much more distant than the horizontal. Fragments of this pot are not distinguishable from those found in the shell mounds^ The only fire-place near the camp was indicated by a few scattered stones, rather inconvenient for such a kind of cooking pot !

It is not even certain, whether this rude kind of pottery is generally used by the Andamanese, for I have been informed that in some parts of the island their only cooking utensils are large specimens of Turbo marmoratus^ valves of I^idacna gigas and others.

In submitting the -ude fragments of pottery, previously men- tionedjv to an archaeologist in Europe, no one would long hesitate in referring them to the stone age, at least to the neolithic period ; for, indeed, they are almost identical with the fragments of pottery found in the Danish kitchen middens^ though here fragments of pottery are comparatively very rare.

• Derived from the decomposition of tertiary sandstone.

t That no improvement in this very simple kind of pottery has taken phu3e is remarkable, for the Nicobarese are well known to possess good pottery, car- rying on a regular trade with it between their different islands.

1 8 Proceedings of the Asiatic Socicft/. [ Jak«

hardly be regarded as sufficient for killing the Andamaneso pig, as already pointed out by Mr. Theobald, a few years ago.* For this purpose, more effective implements of iron, such as the inhabitants use at the present date, must, no doubt, have been employed for some little time past.

To the east of Port Mouat, there is an extensive Gabbro forma- tion, and in this nests of hornstone occur. It is probable that from this, and similar other localities, the chert chips were obtained, which Mr. Theobald/"/, cit.) quotes oa having been found by Goh Haughton in an Andamanese camp. It is only natural that the aborigines did their best to procure a better material than the sand- stone which is the prevalent formation. South of Port Mouat, a small patch of a metamorphic rock occurs, and as some beds of it are rather quarzose and hard, they very likely did not remain imnoticed by the aborigines. Further examinations of the Kjok- kenmiiddings will, no doubt, prove successful in this respect.

Mr. Roepstorff informs me, that especially at Port Mouat there are in several places very extensive shell mounds, all in similar situations to the one I have described. In fact they are scarcely any- where wanting near the sea shore, where there is a situablo locality, with a supply of fresh water and with a coral-reef not far distant, from which shells can be obtained. Some of the mounds are still in process of increasing ; for the Andamanese always return after a certain time to the same locality, and generally stoj) as long as the sui>ply of shells and jungle fruits lasts ; they do not ax)pear to bo very proficient in fishing, at least as far as one can judge from the population near Port Blair.

Viewing the occuiTence of these Kjokkenmoddings in the light of what we already know of the very low state of civilization of the Andamanese, there could scarcely be anything very remarkable about tliem. They shew us that an aboriginal populationf was, or still is, very largely subsiding on Molluscs whicli are either collected on the coral-reefs or in the jungles ; that the people hunt down the pig — the only large mammal probably to be found, — extract the marrow from the bones, employ stone axes and other stone

• Vide Journal, Asiatio Society, 1802, p. 326.

t Short people with oval skulls, roundish face, uot peculiarly promiQent eyebrows, with hairs growing in small tufts, &o., &c.

1870.] Proceedings of ths Asiatic Society. 19

implements as their daily utensils, that they make a kind of coarse pottery, not burning but only drying the same in the sun, that they do not appear to be acquainted with any sort of grain or other kind of cereals, &c. — However, when we come to compare these few simple facts with what we know of the Kjokkenmoddings of other parts of the world, they become of an intense interest. We could almost verbally repeat the same as the results of the many successful examinations of the Danish and other shell-mounds by Steenstrup, Worsaae, Sir J. Lubbocfc, Sir Ch. Lyell and many others. In Europe, especially in Denmark, some parts of Scotland, &c., we look upon the kitchen-middens as the pro-historic remains of an ancient population which has entirely disappeared ; here we have exactly similar mounds formed by a population which still vigorously strives for its existence with the foreigner. It is only natural to expect, therefore, that a study of the latter will supply the most reliable data in comparing the two thoroughly allied formations, and that thus the archcoologist may greatly profit from the researches of the historian.

I cannot, however, venture to enter now upon this large field of inquiry with the very scanty materials at my disposal, but I may bo allowed to indicate, at least, a few points which will shew how valuable a thorough examination of the Kjokkenmoddings on the Andaman, and other similarly situated islands, can become for the study of European Archaoology, and at the same time increase our knowledge of the physical changes of the islands themselves.

The kitchen-middens are always situated close to the sea shore. The occurrence of them far inland would indicate that some terrestrial changes in the islands have taken place. Mr. K u r z in his report on the Andamans, (selection of the Bengal Government 1868), drew the conclusion from the occurrence of some purely terrestrial trees in what is now a mangrove swamp, that the islands are in a sinking state. But from the account which he gives of several conglo- merate banks on the western side of the islands, it is clear that the beach must have been locally raised. On some of the Nicobar islands, considerable upheavoments along the sea-shore have taken place, as indicated by comparatively recently-formed strata high above the present sea level ; and it is very probable that on the

20 Proee4fdingfi of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.

AndamaiiB oscillatory inovoiiiouts of the j^^rouiul have takuu place similar to those known from other parts of the Bengal Bay. It would be interesting to see whether and how far these changes afifected the i>opulation, the history of wliich we have very probably to decipher from the few remains, (such as the Kjokkenmoddings) which we find on the islands, for there is, I am afraid, no chance of the discovery of many other kinds of Andamanese libraries !

Of no smaller interest will the examination of the mounds be with regard to the fauna of the islands at large. Perhaps the occur- rence of other larger mammalia, than the pig, may be indicated. I have already stated that Ostrea crista galU and Pectwiadus aurantius appear to be at present rare in localities, where those sj^ecies soem to have been common at no distant time ; the demand for the Andamanese table evidently seems to have interfered with their natural increase. A complete series of the shells occurring in the mounds, — some of which are, no doubt, of great antiquity, — ^maj shew similar changes, as those known from the Baltic coast, whore Littorina littorea and Cardium edtUe never reach now the size which they did, when, thousands of years ago, the ancient population lived npon them.

Again, much has been written for and against the cannibal- ism of the Andamanese, but direct evidence is in every ccwe wanting. They are reported as the wildest cannibals by some of the oldest Arab merchants,* who had notice of them, while the Nicobarese (on the Londjebalous islands) are represented as a quiet people, who approach the foreigners' ship in small canoes, and are anxious to exchange ambergris and cocoa-nuts for iron. — If we find in the Kjokkenmoddings hiunan bones intermixed with those of other animals, and treated in a similar manner as these, we may be pei-uiitted to say that the Andamanese were, at one time, or are up to tliis date, cannibals. In the Danish Kjokkenmoddings researches in this respect were unsuccessful. In fact the occurrence of human bones is there of an extreme rarity, only a few skulls which are be- lieved to be contemporaneous wdth the shell-mounds having as yet been discovered.

• G^ographie d*Abonlfeda, &c. &c., par M. Reinand, T, p. CDXIV. The antlior states that the Andamaneso have no canoes j for if they had any they would eat up all the people inhabiting the neighbouring ialands.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 21

The customs now prevalent among the Andamaneso islanders, may help us to explain this scarcity of human bones during the stone-age in Europe. The reverence paid by the Andamanese to the dead seems to be the only expression which apj)roaches to any- thing like a religious view. In case of death the body is buried, and after a year or so dug out, and the bones are divided among the near- est relations. If a married man, the widow, or one of the children, receives the skull, which is painted over with red earth and carried about in a net work, tied with strings round the waist or neck. For this reason it is very difficult to procure a perfect skeleton, and we can hardly expect to obtain human remains of their own tribe in the mounds. — It is just possible that similar customs may have pre- vailed during ancient times in Europe, for here the occurrence of human bones with implements and other remains is known to be always of extreme rarity.

The Nicobarese, (or Najbdrs, as they are called by the most ancient Muhammadan travellers, vide Jour. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, V, p. 467), treat their dead in a very similar manner, but whether they brought this custom with them when they spread over the Nicobar islands, or whether they accepted it from the aboriginal islanders which they seem to have nearly exterminated, it is diffi- cult to prove. I don't think there can be a doubt that the present Nicobarese are descendants of the Malays, and they certainly must have immigrated before the Muhammadan creed was spread over the neighbouring islands, which took place in Sumatra as well as in Malacca, &c. &c., before the close of the thirteenth cen- tury.* But a comparison of the present very deficient social state of the Nicobarese with the advanced political and social airange- ments of the Malays on Simiatra, &c. &c., during the 1 1th and 12th centuries indicates that their separation is very probably of a much older date. The study of the languages! ^^ those different insular tribes is probably best adapted in approximately deciphering the data, and I only allude to them here because the immigration of the Malay Nicobarese appears to have had a great influence upon the Andamanese themselves.

• Vide R e i n a n d * 8 G^raph. d'Aboulfoda, I, p. CDXXII jMarsden'e History of Samatra, p. 344, &o., &o.

t Mr. Blochmann iDforms mo that he has not been able to find any dis- tinct admixture of Arabic words in the Nicobarese langaage, jadging of course from the very imperfect vocabularies we possess of it.

22 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.

We know from a few scanty historical records that tlio Ni(?o- barese were eager to exchange iron for their own produce, and as their wars with the Andamanese are also alluded to, we are perhaps en- titled to suijpose, that the latter obtained their scanty iron imple- ments from the fonner. The introduction of iron on the Andamans seems, therefore, to be comparatively recent, and iron implements are even now scarce among the aborigines. It is in fact not known whe- ther the use of iron has become general among all the people who inhabit the diflPi?rent islands of the Andaman group. The parts to tlie west of Port Mouat are said to be populated by particularly wild triljes, which live almost entirely secluded from the rest, and do not allow even the eastern Andamanese to approach their homes. Tile examination of the Kjokkenmoddings may also contribute soiuetliing towards the knowledge of the time at which the Anda- manese became acquainted with iron, though it is, as already alluded to, not very probable that many remains of this metal will be found. However, it may be shewn whether the people ever attempt- ed to supply its wants by the extraction of any other metal, or whether the introduction of iron has followed immediately the stone-age.

In conclusion, I may remark that the Andamanese seem to be only a x)ortion of a large aboriginal j^opulation, which a2)pa- rently inhabited the entire tract of the islands from the most northern point of the Andamans through the Nicobars down to Sumatra and other neighbouring islands.

Tlie accounts which we have (from Marsdon's History of Sumatra, and other works (m the subject) of the true al>origines of the southern islands appear to be in many respects also applicable to the Andamanese. The officers of the Danish Corvette ** Qalatoa" in 1847, tell us, that an aboriginal tribe inhabits the interior of Great Nicobar. The people of tliis tribe are spoken of by the Malay Nicobarose as perfect savages of a peculiar dark complexion. It is by no means improbalde that these are the brethren of the Andamanese, for we do not need to be 6nr2)nsed in not finding tra(:es of the same aborigines on the Northern Nicobar islands. These are mostly very narrow and tlieir interior to a very largo extent deprived of forest. Wliether forest trees in these parts did exist, or not, seems

1870.] Proceedings of the Aaiafic Society, 23

problematic. I should be very mueli inclined to believe that these northern islands were formerly, in spite of the poor soil, covered with a forest jungle, in a similar manner, as parts of them are up to the present date. When staying for a few hours* in the Nangeouri haven, I visited a place of Camorta on the western side of the harbour, where near a small deserted building, a piece of ground about a mile long had evidently been years ago cleared, the forest having been burnt down. Scarcely a single sound tree was growing on the place, but the whole was thickly covered with the same kind of rough Cjrperaceous grass, which almost solely occupies the in- terior portions of the northern island. Looking at this state of things the idea, that the jungles on the northern islands may have oeen burnt down at a time, when the immigration of the Malay Nicobarese took place, in order to exterminate the aboriginal popula- tion, does not appear to be without foundation.

The President said the thanks of the meeting were due to Dr. Stoliczka for his paper. It was a very fitting pendant to the paper of Sir A. P h a y r e which had just been read. That brought under notice a phase of an antique civilization, which had long passed away ; this dwelt upon the features of a primitive civilization, which was still in existence ; for kitchen middens, undistinguishable in character from those of Europe, also appeared to be still growing under Nicobarese habits of life. There could be no inference of identity of race here. It was to be hoped that the acquirements and mode of living of the Nicobarese and Andamauese would be well studied and recorded before their present primitive condition should be altered under English influences.

• In October, 1869, Steamer Scotia, Capt. J. Avern-

24 Proceedings of the Astatic Soviet if. [Jan.

The following additions have been made to the Library since the last meeting in De<-omber 1869.

*ii* Names of Donors in Capitals.

Presentations,

Journal Asiatique, Nos. 51, 52. — The Asiatic Society of Paris.

Proceedings of the Eoyal Society, No. 114. — The Eoyal Sogis- TY of London.

Tlie Journal of the Linnean Society, Zk)ology, Nos. 41,42. — ^TnB LiNNEAN Society of London.

Bulletin du Comitd Agricole et Industriel de la Coohinchine, tome second, Numoro 4. — The Committee of Agriculture and Industry of Cochincuina.

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, No. 81. — Thk American Piiilosopiiic^vl Society.

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XHI. —

The same.

Report of the British Association, 1867, — The British Associa- tion.

Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. IX, No. 1, — ^Thb A^ierican Oriental Society.

Zoitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlrondischen Gesollschaft, Baud XXin, Heft. 3. — The Germ^vn Orient.u. Society.

Rough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology, by A. Hume, Part I ; Raptores. — The Author.

Notes on the Land shells of the Seychelles Islamls, by G. Nevill. — The Author.

Observations on the Geology of Allaska, by W. H. Dall. — The Author.

The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Vol. II. — The Editor.

Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, No. 2.3. — The Editor.

General Report on the Operations of the Great Trigonometrical Sur\'ey of India, 1868-69.— The Superintendent G. T. Survey.

Report on Public Instruction in Ooorg, 18GH-69. — The Govern- ment OF Bengal.

Ri4M>rt (HI tlio Revenue Survey Operations of the Lower Pro- vinces, 1807-08. — The same.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 25

Report of the Administration of the North Western Provinces, 1868-69. — The Government N. W. Peovinces.

Selections from the Eecords of GK)vemment, North Western Pro- vinces, No. 6. — The same.

AVarren's K6la Sankalitd. — The Government of Madras.

Lettre d'Abgar, ou histoire de la conversion des E'desseens, par Laboubnia, traduite sur la version Armenienne du Vme. Siecle. — J.

AVDALL.

Purchase, Eevue des Deux Mondes, 1st Sept. to 1st Nov. — The North British Eeview ; Oct. 1869.— The Edinburgh Review, Oct. 1869.— The Quarterly Review, Oct. 1 869. — The Westminster Review, Oct. 1869. — Revue et Mogasin de Zoologie, Nos. 8 and 9. — Revue Arch- eologique, Nos. 9 and 10. — The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Nos. 22 to 24.— Revue Linguistique, Oct. 1869.— The Quarterly Journal of Science, Oct. 1869. — The American Journal of Science, No. 142. — The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philo- sophical Magazine, Nos. 254 to 256. — The Journal of the Chemi- cal Society, July to Sept. 1869. — Journal des Savants, Aug. to Oct. 1869. — Comptes Rondus, Nos. 7 to 17. — Hewitson's Exotic Butterflies, parts 71 and 72. — Bohtlingk and Roth's Sanscrit Wor- terbuch, 41 part. — Gould's Birds, Suppt. part 5. — Simson's India Nos. 7 to 9. — Maury's Physical Geography of the Sea. — Muir's Sanscrit Texts, Vol. I. — Commentar iiber das Avesta, von F. Spie- gel, Vol. I. — Nature, Nos. 1 to 5.

Exchange. The Athenaoum for Sept. 1869.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

For Februaby, 1870.

The Annual meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the 2nd of February, 1870, at 9 o'clock p. m. On the proposition of Mr. H. F. Blanford, Dr. S. B. Partridge was voted to take the chedr.

Annual Eeport.

The Council of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, in submitting their annual report for the year ending 31st December, 1869, are glad to be able to congratulate the Society on its increasing prosperity, both as regards the accession of new members and the improved nature of its finances.

There have been in the course of the year 51 ordinary members elected, a larger number than that of any previous year. On the other hand, the Society has to deplore the loss of 7 ordinary mem- bers by death, 25 members retired, and the names of four were removed from the list, for non-compliance with the rules of the Society. This shews a total loss of 36, and leaves a net increase of 15 members.

The number of ordinary members at the close of the year was 442, of which 304 were paying and 138 absent members. In both there has been a slight increase, as compared with the past year, 1868, namely, 10 on the paying and 5 on the absent list.

28 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Feb.

The Council also satisfactorily observe that the total number of ordinary members has also steadily increased for the last ten years, as shewn in the subjoined table :

I860	Paying, 195 225 229 276 . . . . 288 267 . . . . 293 . . . . 307 . . . . 294 . . . . 304	Ahsent, 47	ntai. 242
18G1	55	280
1862	.... 82	311
1863	79	355
1864 ...	. 92	380
1865	109	376
1866	. 94	S87
1867 ....	.,..109	416
1868 . . .	.... 133 . .. .	427
1869 ...	138	442

The ordinary members the death of which the Coimcil regret to announce are — Lieut. -Col. C. D. Newmarch, E. E ; Clu Ae. Old- ham, Esq. ; J. B. Nelson, Esq. ; J. G. Hicks, Esq. ; Eajah Satya- sar&na Ghoshala, 0. S. I. ; Bdbu Saradapra^&da Mukerje, and the Eev. M. D. C. Walters.

The healthy condition of the Society is further shewn by the mark- ed improvement in its finances. The income of the x)ast year has ex- ceeded the estimate by 1208 Rupees, and in efiecting a saving in the items of estimated expenditure wherever it appeared advisable to do it, the Council has now the pleasure to state that all the debts of the Society have been paid, and that a balance of 2,438 Bupees was still left to the credit of the Society at the end of the year ; the reserved fund of the Society remaining the same, 2000 Bupees, as in the previous year. At the same time there is the very large amount of Rupees 8,966 still outstanding for unpaid subscriptions and sales of publications, chiefly to members.

The Council have further the satisfaction to announce the comple- tion of the zxxviiith volume of the Journal and one volume of the Proceedings. In addition to these, the January Proceedings for the current year have been issued, and the first numbers of both parts of the Journal for 1870 are considerably advanced in the press.

Museum,

In November 1868 formal sanction was given to the transfer of the Society's Natural History and ArchaK>logical collections to the

1870.]

5^ the Asiatic Softei^.

charge of the Truatees of the Indian Museum ; and the donationa reoeived by the Society in those Departments during the year have, aa ujsually, been handed over to the same trubteos* A detailed statement uf these donations has been published in the December Proceedings of the past year.

Com Cabinet,

The collection of coins has received an increase of 4 wlY&t and 37 copper coins all which were presented to the Society.

Lihary,

During the year, 750 volnmea or parts of volumes have been added to the libraiy. Among the preBentations of publications, the Council would specially mention those from the Vienna Academy of Science, amounting to more than 100 volumeSj a large portion of them relating to nieteorological study ; from the Christiania Univer- sity, and many other pubHc Institutions and Societies considerable additions have also been received. Of Sanskrit and other MSS. 36 have been presented to the Society, a series of 844 MSS. has been p\irchasod by B^bu EdjendrtdiUa Mitra, and 1 Persian M8S. has been exchanged.

At the suggestion of the library t*ommittee, a eub-conimittoe of five members was appointed fcjr the purpose of revising tlie present Catalogue of the Libraiy* This work is now in progress, and the Goundl hop© that they may be able to rexwrt the completion of this revision to the Society at an early date. A Maulavi has been hitely appointed to check the catalogue of the Persian MSS,, and a Paiidita to check the Sanskrit MSS. of the Society. These arrangements when completi*d| will markedly increase the accessibi* lity uiid consequent usefulness of our library.

A list of the ^Societies and other Institutions from which publica- tions have been received in exchange for those of the Society, has been added further on. The number of corresponding Societies is a compai'atively ^mall one, but the Council conlidently hope that, as soon as the catalogue of the library will be completed^ it may considerably be LucreiLso<l, inasmuch as the interest in the publica- tions of the Society is rapidly advancing.

These extend o\er neurly 1000 pages, with a4 plutes, and sever-

30 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Feb.

al illustrations printed in tho text. The general classification of our publications, introduced in 1865, proved to be a marked success, and has greatly facilitated their accessibility to members and other men of science.

Eleven numbers of the Proceedings were issued, extending over 336 pages with 7 plates. Of Part I of the Journal (Philology &c.) 224 pages illustrated by 4 plates have been published in four quarterly numbers, and of Part 11, (Natural Science &c.) 278 pages and 23 plates also in four quarterly numbers. Each part has been separately paged and sui^plied with an index &c.

In addition to these 127 pages, and a few tabular statements of records of Meteorological observations have been issued, quarterly, with tlie numbers of Part II.

Owing to the increased bulk of the monthly Proceedings, the Council have decided to raise the price of the same, fixing the ft-nniiftl subscription at 4 Rupees, and the price of each number at 8 annas.

The income from the sale of the publications has exceeded the estimate by 400 Rupees.

Bihliotheca Indica.

During 1869, twenty-three fasciculi have been issued of Oriental Works, viz. 14 Persian, and 9 Sanscrit.

A. Persian Works,

Of Persian works the MuntahhahuitawariJch by Baddoni, and tlie Sikandarndmah i Bahri by Nizdmi have been completed. The former work was commenced in 18G4, and consist* of three vo- lumes, the first of which contains the history of Sabuktigin to Humdyun, the second volume contains the history of the first 41 yeai-3 of the Emperor Akbar ; and the third volume contains bio- graphical notices of poets, learned men, saints, &c., that lived in the 10th century of the Hijra. Maulawf Agha Ahmad 'Ali, the editor of this valuable history, has added a short introduction on the life and writings of the author.

Of the latter work, the Sikandarndmah i Bahri, the first fasciculus had been issued by Dr. Sprenger as far back as 1842 imder the title of Khiradndmah i Sikandari. The second and completing fasci- culus has been edited by Maulawi Aghd Ahmad 'Ali, whose valu- able Essay on the life and works of Nizdim', and the History of the

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 31

Masnawi of the Persians will shortly be issued as an Introduction to this work.

Oftlie Persian works in progress, Maulawis Kabi'ruddin and Ghuldm Qddir, of the Madi'asah, have edited 8 octavo fasc. of Khdfi Elh^n's History, entitled Muntakhahul Lubdb, and Mr. H. Blochmann has edited four Quarto Fasc. of his critical text of the Ahi i Akhari, Of the English translation of the Am two fasciculi were issued in the course of last year.

The Council also have received Introductory Notes, and Indexes of Names and Places, to the ^ Alamgirndmah and Pddishdhndmah, by Maulawis 'Abdul Hai and 'Abdurrahim of the Madrasah. These indexes are now printing, and will greatly add to the value of the texts.

B. Sanscrit Works,

The most important event the Council has to record in con- nexion with this department of the Society, is the grant by Govern- ment of Eupees 3000 per annum for the publication of Sanskrit works. On receipt of the orders on the subject, the Philological Committee submitted, in May last, a report recommending the publication of several works of great value, and measiures have since been taken to carry out their recommendation.

In the Sanskrit series. Pandit Anandachandra Veddntavdgisa has completed his edition of the Grihya Sutra of Asval^yana and pub- lished two fasciculi of the Tdndya Brdhmana. Professor Mahesa- chandra Ny^yaratna has issued one fasciculus each of the Sanhita of the Black Yajur Veda, and of the Mimdnsd Barsana of Jaimani with the commentary of Sdvara Svdmi, and Babu E^jendraldla Mitra has brought out two Nos. of the Taittiriya Aranyaka of the Yajur Veda. The Tdndya Brdhmana was undertaken in May last on the recommendation of the Philological Committee. It is the largest and most important Brdhmana of the Sdma Veda, and con- tains the earliest speculations on the origin, nature and purport of a number of Hindu sacrifices, rites and ceremonies, interspersed with a variety of anecdotes of great interest. The book is divided into twenty-five chapters, the first three of which have been publish- ed in two fasciculi. The Grihya Sutra is a manual of rules and directions for the performance of domestic rites and >-

32 Proceedings of the Aaiatic Society. [Feb.

cording to the ordinance of the Rig Veda, The text is explained by a running commentary by Gdrgandriyana, and the editor has appended to it an elaborate Index to the Sutras, alphabetically ar- ranged. A short preface in Sanskrit describes the MSS. used in preparing the text for the press. Of the Mimansd about one half has been printed, and the forthcoming fasciculus will complete the first volume. Protracted illness has prevented B4ba B6jen- dralala Mitra from completing his edition of the Tattiriya Brdh' mana and the Aranyaka, The texts have, however, all been printed and the necessary indexes and prefaces, ready in manuscript, will, it is hoped, be published in course of the current year.

Considerable i^rogress has likewise been made in the collection of MSS, and the collation of texts for the publication of several new works. Professor Eamamaya Tarkaratna has compiled an edition of the Nrisinh^i Tapani with the commentary of Sankara Acharyyay after careful collation of live diiferent codices ;. and Pan- dita Haramohim Yidyabhushana has prepared a text of the Oopdla Tapani with the commentary of Isaiayana after a comparison of seven diflerent MSS. Carefully collated texts of the Agni JPurd" nay the GopatJta Brahmana of tlie Atharva Veda, the Taittiriya Pra- tis.ikhya, and the Gohhila and the Ldtyayana Sutras of the S&ma Veda have also been prepared and will immediately be sent to press. Of the two Tdipanis several sheets have already been printed.

In February last the Government of Bengal requested the Socie- ty to undertake the ta^k of collecting information regarding Sans- krit MSS., extant in the country, and the scheme thereupon sug- gested by the Philological Committee was finally sanctioned on the 23rd of June followiug. Owing, however, to certain unavoidable difficulties, no steps weretaken to cany out the scheme until the be- ginning of September when a pandita was deputed to report on the Library of the Raj 4 of Krishnagar. The pandita has since submitted returns of 540 MSS. not included in the Society's collection. B&bu Bdjendral^a Mitra, during his late sojourn in Benares, has also examined several private collections, containing altogether upwards of six thousand MSS., from which he obtained tlie loan of some works to be copied for Government. His notes of rare works in those

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 33

collections are now in the press, and will comprise notices of about 250 MSS.

Of works commenced during 1869, the Council have to mention the Ruhaiydt i * Umar i Khayydm, and an English Translation of the Veddnta Sutra by Professor Banerjea. The first fasciculi of these works are shortly expected. Mr. Beames has commenced the colla- tion of his MSS. of Chand's Epic.

The following is a detailed list of the works published during 1 869. Works completed in 1869. Persian,

The Muntdkhdh ut Tawdrikh by 'Ahdul Qddir ihn i Muluk Shuh i Baddoniy edited by Maulawi Aghd Ahmad 'Ali, No. 161, Ease. V, Vol. in ; New Series.

The Sikandam&rtiah i Bahri by Nizdmi, edited by Maulawf Aghd Ahmad 'Ali, No. 171, Ease. II; N. S.

Sanscrit,

The Taittiriya Aranyaka of the Black Tajur Veda, with the Com- mentary of Sdyandch>ryay edited by B^bu Bijendralala Mitra, No. 159, 169, Ease. Vn and Yin ; N. S.

2. The Grihya Sutra of Asvaldyana with the commentary of Gdr- gya Ndrdyana, edited by Anandachandra Veddntavagisa, No. 164, Ease. IV ; N. S.

Works in progress, Persian.

The Muntdkhdh ul Lububy by Khdfi Khan, edited by Maulawis Kabir- uddin Ahmad and Ghulam Qddir, Nos. 155, 156, 160, 165, 166, 167, 172, 173, Ease. V toXJI; N. 8.

The A'in i Akbari by Abul Fazl % Mubdrik * ^Alldmi, edited by H. Blochmann, M. A., Nos. 157, 162, 168, 176, Ease. VII to X ; N. 8.

The Ain % Akbari, English Translation, by H. Blochmann, M. A. Nos. 158 and 163, Ease. II andlH; N. S.

Sanscrit,

The Mimdnsd Barsana with the Commentary of Sjvara Svomi, edited by Pandita Moheshachandra Nydyaratna, Nos. 154, 174, Ease. VII and Vni; N. 8.

The Tdndya Brdhmana with the Commentary of Sdyandchdrya, edited by A'nandachandra Vedfintavigisa, Nos. 170, 175, 177, Ease. I, n, ni; N. 8.

34

Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.

[Feb.

Tho Sanhitd of the Black Yajur Veda icith the Comtnentary of Md- dhavdchdrya^ edited by Mahosachandra Nydyaratiia, No. 221, Fasc. XXn; Old 8eries.

Finance.

Owing to the financial difficulties, brought to the notice of the Society at the last annual meeting, the Council at the beginning of 1869 again carefully discussed the several items of income, and were desii'ous not only to keep the expenditure within the estimated limits, but to effect if possible a saving in order to meet the heavy debt.

The following is a comparative statement of income and expen- diture.

Income.

Heads,

Estimate. Actual,

Admission fees, . . . Subscriptions, . . .

Journal,

Secretary's Ofiice,

Tjibrary,

Coin Fimd,

Building,

1200 9200

1632 9180

1200 :	1636
0	8
300	752
50	0
0	0

12,000 13,208*

Expenditure.

mads.	Estimate,	Actual,
	5000 Rs. 2000 „ 3200 „ 300 „ 800 „ 700 „	For 1809.	For previous yrs.
Journal, ,	3107 Its. 2354 „ 2039 „ 0000 097 „ 428 „	3673 Rs.
Secretary's Office, . . Ijibriii'v.	238 „ 600 „
Coin Fund, Building,	000 000
Miscellaneous,	000
Total, ..	12000 Es.	8715 Rs.	4511 Rs.
Grand Total, ..	12000 lis.	13*	226 Rs.

* To this has to bo udded the flouting balauco at thu uud of 18G8, being 2,334 liupooB.

1870.] Proceedings of the AHatio Society, 35

The above statements shew that almost in every instance the expectations of the Conncil have been realized, and that moreover the actual income exceeded the total estimate by 1208 Bupees. This excess together with the balance of 2334 Rupees to the credit of the Society at the end of 1868 and the savings effected during the year enabled the Council to pay off all the outstandings of previous years ; and besides that to retain a balance of 2438 rupees in order to cover the expenditure, incurred on accoimt of the past year, 1869.

Wherever the actual expenditure has exceeded the estimate, it was always done by a special recommendation of the Finance Com- mittee, and subsequent order of the Council. The monthly reports of the Council, as recorded in the Proceedings of the Society, shew the various instances in which the Council deemed it necessary to incur a greater expenditure than that estimated for. The hea- viest outlay is that under the head of the Journal, but is owing to the large amount paid on account of previous years* publications. The next excess is that in the Secretary's Office, and this is due to the new arrangement for the bi-monthly despatch of the Society's publications to Europe, the increase of pay granted to the cashier, find the appointment of additional officers on the establishment for the purpose of checking the catalogues of MSS, The following is an abstract of accounts for the year.

Income. Rs, As. F.

Admission fees, 1632 0 0

Subscriptions, 9180 12 0

Journal, 1636 9 6

Secretajy's Office, 8 13 6

Library, 752 6 0

Vested Fund, 110 0 0

General Establishments, 1 6 0

Coin Fund, 0 0 0

Orient. Publ. Fund, 429 9 9

Messrs. Williams and Norgate, 1061 7 0

Museum Catalogues, 395 13 4

Carried over, £s. 152(

S6 ProcMdinffs of thf Asiatic Society, [Feb.

Brought forward, Rs. 15208 13 1

MiBcellaneous, 15 11 0

Sundries, 540 4 9

15,764 12 10

Balance of 1868. In the Bank of Bengal, 2261 10 9

Cash in hand, 92 9 7

Es. 18,119 1 2 Expenditure.

Rs, A9. P.

Subscription, 129 0 0

Journal, 6870 7 6

Secretary's Office, 2463 13 8

Library, 2328 12 6

Vested Fund, 0 4 4

Coin Fund, 0 0 0

Building, 697 12 0

Orient. Publ. Fund, 79 3 0

Messrs. Williams and Norgate, 1481 5 6

Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., ^ 458 10 6

Zoological Garden, 12 0 0

Catalogue of Persian MSS., 30 0 0

Miscellaneous, 416 5 3

Sundries, 713 6 7

15,681 0 10

Balance In the Bank of Bengal :

Dr. Muir's, 898 10 0

As. Society's, .... 1411 4 7

Cash in hand, 128 1 9

Es. 18,119 1 2 By the death of several Members outstandings to the amount of 448 Rs. have to be written off.

The following will shew the Financial position of the Society :

Canh Assets. Outstandings, Gross Assets, Liabilities^ 1869 4,438 8,960 13,404 3,205

1870.] Proceedings of the Aaiatie Society, 37

The following is their Budget for the coming year : —

Income.

Rs. As. P.

Admission fees, 1200 0 0

Subscriptions, 9000 0 0

Publications, 1200 0 0

Library, 600 0 0

Coin Fund, 0 0 0

Building, , 0 0 0

Secretary's OflBice, 0 0 0

12000 0 0 Expenditure.

Re, As. P.

Publications, 5000 0 0

Library, 2700 0 0

Coin Fund, 300 0 0

Building, 800 0 0

Secretary's Office, 3200 0 0

12000 0 0

Officers.

The general duties of the Secretary, including the publication of the Proceedings, during the year have been carried on by Professor Blochmann and Dr. Stoliczka. The Philological part of the Journal was edited by Mr. Blochmann and the Natural History by Dr. Stoliczka. Colonel Gastrell carried on the duties of financial Secretary until September, when on his leaving Calcutta Colonel Hyde kindly offered to accept the onerous duties of the Treasurer and retained the charge of the same to the end of the year.

The Council favourably record their satisfaction with the services of the Assistant Secretary, Bdbu Prat^pachandra Ghosha, B. A., and the Assistant Librarian B&bu Money Lall Bysack, who have been assiduous in the performance of their duties.

38 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Fbb.

It was proposed by Mr. H. F. Blanford and seconded by Mr. D. Waldie that the report as read be adopted. — Carried unanimously.

The balloting lists of officers and members of the Council of the Society, as recommended by the Coimcil, liaving been submitted the Chairman proposed, and it was agreed to that Mr. H. F. Blanford and Mr. D. Waldie act as scrutineers.

The Chairman next submitted the accounts of the Society for the past year, and proposed that Sir Eichard Temple and Mr. D. Waldie be requested to act as auditors. — Carried.

The ballot having been taken the scrutineers reported that the fol- lowing gentlemen have been elected officers and members of the Council of the Society for the ensuing year.

President. The Hon'blo J. B. Phear.

Vice-Presidents.

Thomas Oldham, LL. D. | J. Faj-ror, M. D., C. S. I. B&bu B&jendr£d&la Mitra.

Treasurer and Secretaries.

Lieut. Col. H. Hyde, R. E. (Financial Department). n. Blochmann, M. A., (Philological Department). F. Stoliczka, Ph. D., (Natural history Department).

Members of CounciL

The Hon*ble J. B. Phear.

Thomas Oldham, LL. D.

J. Fayror, M. D., C. S. I. V Bfibu RAjondralfila Mitra. 1 S. B. Partridge, M. D. j The Hon'ble J. P. Norman.

Lieut. Col. H. Hyde, R. R

J. Ewart, M. D. The Hon'ble W. Markby. Col. H. Thuillier, R. E. Babu Devondra Mallik. C. H. Tawney, M. A. H. F. Blanford, A.R.S.M. H. Blochmann, M. A.

F. Stoliczka, Ph. D.

List of Societies and other Institutions with which exchanges of x>ubli(:ations have been made during 1869.

1870.] ProceedingB of the Asiatic Society, 39

Batayia : — Societe des sciences des Indes Nederland6se8.

Berlin : — Royal Academy.

Bombay : — Asiatic Society.

Boston : — Natural History Society.

Bordeaux : — Bordeaux Academy.

Brussels : — Scientific Society.

Cherbourgh : — Societe Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles.

Calcutta : — Agric. and Hortic. Society of India.

: — Tattvavodhini SabM.

: — Geol. Surv. of India.

Christiania : — University. Dacca : — Dacca News and Planters' Journal. Dera : — Great Trigonometrical Survey. Dublin : — Royal Irish Academy.

: — ^Natural History Society.

Edinburgh : — Royal Society. Germany : — Oriental Society. Lahore : — Agricultural Society of Punjab. London : — Royal Society.

Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland*

— Royal Institution.

— Royal Geographical Society. ■Museum of Practical Geology. -Zoological Society.

— Statistical Society.

— Geological Society.

— ^Linnean Society.

— ^AthensBum.

— Anthropological Society. Lyon : — Agricultural Society. Madras : — Government Central Museum. Manchester : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Munich : — Imperial Academy. Netherlands : — Royal Society.

New York : — Commissioners of the Department of Agriculture. Paris : — Ethnographical Society. : — Geographical Society.

40 Procrfidlnffs of the Asiatic Society. [Pkb.

Paris : — ^Asiatic Society.

St. Petorsburgli : — Imperial Acjadomy of Science. Vienna : — Imperial Academy ol' Science. Wasliington : — Smitlisonian Institution.

Tlie chainnan tlien road the following brief address of the Presi- dent, Dr. TliomaH Oldham, who liar? boon called away from the presidency town by important official duties.

ADDRESS OF TIIE PRESIDENT.

Gentlemkn of the Asiatic Society,

The necessity of attendinj]^ to impoi'tant professional duties, at a distri nee from Calcuttn, will. I reprret to say, prevent my havnag the pleasure of being with you at tho annual meeting of your Society. I do not, however, wi.sh that anniversary to pass, without a few words of congi'atulation, and of farewell, [dthough I cannot deliver them to you personnlly.

It was my duty to point out to j-ou at tho last anniversary meet- ing, that from the state of the finances of the Society, your Council had been compelled to insist upon the necessity for curtailing, in every possible way, tho expenditure of the So<"iety. It was even serioiisly in contemplation to suspoud the publication of tho Journal of tho Society, until the finances had recovered. But, it was de- termined that every offoi*t should be made in other directions, before this last act, amoiinting almost, as we thouf»;ht, to the extinction of tho Society, should bo resorted to. We felt strongly also, that if the Society had failed to command tho siii)])Oi-t of tho.'^e interested in natural history and philological enquiries, the cause of that failure must be sought in tho action of the Stniety itself, and must not bo presumed to arise from anj- absence of an intelligent appreciation of tho value or im^wrtanco of such enquiries. This view I endeavoured to impress uixm you in my brief address of last 3*ear. And I rcgoiee to ^Jldnk that the same views havo guided the management of your So-

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 41

ciety during the past year. In brief, we felt that to be successful, the Society must be useful ; and that to be useful, it must adopt very much the same principles of action which alone are known to succeed in other associations. Among the most important of these, pimctuality in all the arrangements of the Society appeared to gtand first. Punctuality in judgment, pimctuality in accounts, pimctuality in publications.

I need not hero insist on the fact, that without a sufficient income, no Society can carry out its operations. And when, as in the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the sole source of such income is the volimtary contributions of its members, it was of the very first importance that these contributions should be promptly available for the objects to which they were to bo applied. Our first efforts were, therefore, directed to endeavouring to bring in all outstanding claims of this kind, and to establishr a system of more regular, and prompt collections, and payment. The result has been that your Council are able to report to you, that we have during the year 1869, received of arrears of previous years on all accounts Rs. 2,681-5-0. But we must still point to the fact, that in a similar way, on all accounts there was at the close of the year 1869, no less than Es. 8,966, still due to the Society.

More than two-thirds of this large sum is made up of the admission fees, and annual contributions of members ! And I cannot avoid again ui'ging upon the members of the Society, that it is not possible for the Council of the Society, to carry into practice their ardent wishes to render the Society effective, and to do this punctually and quickly, unless they are supported by the members at lai-ge. The fact of their becoming members, I assume to be sufficient proof of their appreciation of the advantages to be gained from such association ; but if this membership brings with it privileges, it also creates duties, and the obligation to fulfil their part of the contract by paying regularly the contributions, whic as members they have agreed to pay, is not the least of these.

During the year just passed, there have been elections of 51 mem- bers. Against this wo have lost from various causes, 36, leaving an actual addition to the list of 15 members ; the total at close of 1869 being 442, as against 427, at close of 1868. But so far as income is

44 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. . [Feb-

tf> a l)()()k or a daily or weekly or even monthly journal, no matter what its special subject might be, if they found that, instead of appearing at the appointed time it came at long and irregular inten'als, the issue of January say, appearing in December ! And it is equally so w^th the Journal of your Society ; unless it appears regularly and at stated intt^rvals, it will unavoidably cease to excite any interest in the subscribers.

Gentlemen, no one save those who have actually tried the ex- periment, can realize the difficulty, and the labour involved in the regular issue of su(rh a publication in this country. And if I speak strongly of the obligations the Society is under to ita Secretaries for this result, and for the regular issue of your Journal and Proceedings, I do so, because I can speak from per- sonal and intimate knowledge of the exertions it has necessi- tated, and of the time which has boon, in the midst of other and pressing duties, devoted to it. That this regularity in issue is ajH preciated, I have had during the year many very gratifying^ proofs, and only a short time since, an old and very valued con- tributor to the Journal, and member of the Society, in Europe, acknowledging the receiirt of some parts of the Journal which were wanting to comi)lote his series of some years since, says with ear- nestness : " As to 1868, I am now able to go to the Binder with everything for tlie year complete, long before the close of 1869, whi(;h for the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal is wonderful ! !" I can only express an earnest hope that the Secretaries may be enabled to maintain this regularity of issue, convinced that the members will duly appreciate the importance of their exertions. I would even venture to suggest that by alternating the appearance of the different numbers, tliese advantages would be even more fully secured. If the members, taking 4 numbers of each part as the regular issue for the year, or eight in all, 1 of Part I, wore to ap- pear say in Februarj', April, July and October, and the numbers of Pnrt IT, in March, June, September, and December, the members would have a number of the Journal every six weeks or two months. Such a systematic issue, could only be maintained by having tho X)riuting and illustrations of the Journal prepared some time before tho date of issue. But with tlie large number of

1870.]

Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.

45

valuable papers wbich are now coming to the Society, there will be no difficulty in this.

I alluded last year to certain olyections wliich had been made to the present division of the Journal, according to the subject matter of the papers published, and endeavoured to shew, that this appeared to me a question which nothing but experience could answer. I think now we can come to a definite conclusion in the matter. There has been no difficulty finding good original matter for both of the divisions, and a full number of Journals have been issued, while the fact regarding the sale of these numbers are sufficient in my opinion to prove how fully the public; appreciate the division. The returns of sales shew the following numerical residt : —

Year.	Subscrib- ed volumes.	Double numbers.	Double numbers of previ- ous years.	tart I, numbers of current year.	Part II, numbers, curr.year.	Double numbers, curr.year.
1860	71	13
1861	69	15
1862	68	15
1863	70	30
1864	67	34
		Division of Journal was introduced. till
1865	108		45	2	3	1
1866	113		15	0	5	3
1867	80		37	36	95	3
1868	77		38	30	64	1
1869	77		30	46	81	1

This tabular statement shews that the applications for the Journal, were in 1860 only 13, in 1864, 34, in 1865, the first year after the division was introduced 51, and in 1868, 133 and for last year 158. Now, not only does this satisfactorily shew the in- creasing value attached to your Journal in this country, but the separate sales of the separate parts, shew, I think, very conclu- sively that a considerable proportion of this increase of demand has

46 Proceedings of the AsuUie Society . [Feb.

arisen from tho increased facilities afforded by the division of the subjects treated of, to all who are more especially interested in one branch of enquiry rather than another.

Similar favorable reports of the sale of our Journal reach ns £roni our agents at home, though wo have not as yet receiTod detailed statements of tho separate applications.

I would also ask attention to the fact that daring the last few years, much more has l)een given to the members than hitherto, while to tlie public tlie cost has been considerably reduced.

Whatever doubts therefore I have had as to the practicability of effectively maintaining this division of our Journal, have been entirely di8i)elled by the experience of Inst year, and I believe this division to be not only convenient (which was obvious) but also both practicable and profitable.

I would also ask your attention to the greatly increased interest and value of the papers published in your Journal, and to the im- provement in the illustrations. That the contiibutions have excited much attention from the highest authorities on the subjects treated of is shewn by the criticisms on theili, which have appeared in the Scientific Journals of Europe. The Society is indebted for one of the most attractive illustrations in the Journal of last year, to Mr. W. T. Blanford, who has contidbutod the very admirably executed coloured plate of a new species, Trochalopieron Fairhankii^ described by himself. Indeed it has only been by similar contributions of time and labour, that luider the pressure of limited resources, we have been able to produce so valuable a volume of the Journal during the year.

It had been my wish to have taken a brief retrospect of the labour of the Society diiring the year, but my absence for some months will preclude the possibility of this. TTiere is one subject which has been prominently brought forward, on which I would say a few words. "We have had more than one communica- tion on the early hi.'^tory of the Suiularbans; and have been strenucmsly urged to initiate a regular examination of this wild and now uninhabitablu juuglo district, with a view to detennine the existence, and investigate tlio ruins of cities said to occur, or

1870.] Proceedings of the Aaiutio Society. 47

known to occur, within its limits. And tlie most terrific stories of the inroads of savage pirates, of the occurrence of tremendous gales — and awful waves carrying with them the devastation of everything, have been invited to account for the extinction of these cities, and the abandonment of the lands then under cultivation. The joint action of the Society and others has been invited to stir up the Government of the country to undertake a systematic examination of the whole area ; and wonderful prospects have been held up of intending archsoological discoveries to reward tlie risk of life and health, which such an expedition woidd involve. I cannot agree with those views— and for this reason, that I am compelled to view the changes which have occurred in this Sundar- ban tract as the necessary results of undeviating natural laws, in- volving nothing more than the most gradual and ordinary changes, such as are still in progi'ess.

I suppose no one will hesitate to acknowledge that tlie whole of the coimtry, including the Sundarban proper, lying between the Hughly on the west, and the Megna on the east, is only the delta caused by the doj)osition of the debris carried down by the rivers Ganges and Brahmaputra, and their tributai^ies. It is also equally well known that in such flats, the streams are constantly altering their courses, eating away on one bank and depositing on the other, until the channel in which they formerly flowed became choked up, and the water is compelled to seek another course. It is also certain that in this peculiar delta, the general course of the main waters of the Ganges has gradually tracked from the west towards the east, until of late years the larger body of the waters of the Ganges have united with those of the Brahmaputra and have toge- ther proceeded to the sea as the Mogna. Every stream whether large or small, flowing tlu-ough such a flat, tends to raise its own bed or channel, by the deposition of the silt and sand it holds suspended in its waters, — and by this gradual doi)08itiou the channel bed of the stream is raised above the actual level of tlie adjoining flats. It is impossible to suppose a river continuing to flow along the top of a raised bank, if not compelled to do so by artiflciid means, and the consequence of this filling in and raising of its bed, is that at the first opportunity, the stream necessarily abandons its original

48 Proceedings of the Asiatie Soeieiy, [Feb.

course, and seeks a new channel in the lower ground adjoining — until after sucjcessive changes it has gradually wandered over the whole flat and raised the entire surface to the aame general leTel. The same process is then repeated, new channels are cut out, and new deposits formed. Bearing these admitted 2)rinciple8 in mind| look to the dolta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra. The Gkuigea river emerging from its upper levels roimd the Bajmahal Hills, and prevented ]>y tlioir solid roirky barrier from cutting further to the west, sought its channel in the lower ground adjoining — and origi- nally llowcd, into the main body of its waters along the general course now indicated by the Bhaghirathi and Hughly. But gradu- ally filling up tliis channel it was again compelled to seek a new course in the lower, because as yet comparatively unfilled in ground, lying to the east. And the same process being repeated it wand- ered ^5ucces8ively from the rocky western limit of the delta-flat towards the etistern. If tliis progress eastwards was allowed to be sufficiently slow to admit of the gi-aducd fUling in of the country ad- joining, the delta was formed continuously up to the same general level, and the larger streams or channels x)assing through this flat to the sea became unavoidably diminished in size, and in the quantity and force of the water they carried, the main body passing around further to the east, and having its course in the channels successively formed there. I need not here point out the successive stages in the formation of the delta, or shew how these have been exactly i)aralleled by similar changes in the course and deposits of the Brahmaputra, and the other rivers which unite with the Ganges. We ai'e at present concerned rather with the results ai'ising from these changes as affecting the existence and distribu- tion of population.

The very first necessity for the existence of man is the presence of drinkable sweet water. Where this cannot be procured, it is certain that man can make no settlement, — and it is equally certain that the removal or destruction of the sources of supply of this necessary element of existence will comxiol him to abandon his abode, and change his habitation. We have not to go beyond the delta of the Ganges itself to see the application of these facts, in explanation of the former histoi-y of the Sandarban. Tlie more modem course of the largo rivers give us a patent illustration of

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 49

the successive conditions of all. To tlio east where now the great body of the waters of these rivers is discharged, we find the force of the iresh water sufficient to overcome the strength of the tide, and the influx of salt water from tlie sea. And down to the very mouths of the rivers here, fresh water (often for hours in the day flowing over a basis of salt water beneath) can readily be procured. The consequence is that towns and villages line the banks of every stream, and population and cultivation follow the course of this, the prime element of their existence. To the east as we have said the filling in of the Delta has not yet reached the same level as to the west, and the fresh waters here retain sufficient power, therefore to be carried down to the sea. In earlier times, pre- cisely similar conditions must have existed further to the west ; the larger portion of the river waters foimd their exit through the channels there, and were thus in sufficient force to be carried down to the very sea, and the natural consequences of this was, that man fixed his abode, where he could procure fresh water, towns and cities arose, and taking advantage of the great facilities for trade offered by their position, increased in importance and number, xmtil the necessary changes in the course of the streams which supplied them deprived them of the possibility of existence. That this is the natural interpretation of the facts, appears to me abund- antly evidenced by the circumstance that within this abandoned tract and in its vicinity, at the present day, when the swarming popula- tion is seeking utility for settlement in every direction, not a single spot finds its settler, save where fresh water is to be had ; and the traveller may go for days or weeks tlirough the countless anastomising creeks and channels of the tidal Sundarban, without finding a single abode, whereas the moment be reaches any spot where fresh water is obtainable, he finds cultivation spreading and the population increasing.

I alluded to the existence down to the very sea board of towns and villages along the corner of the Megna &c., where fresh water is stiU procurable. But I cannot shut my eyes to the consideration that in the course of time (and very probably, as I believe, in a very short time unless prevented by artificial means), these very localities must themselves be again deserted and a Sundarban tract will then be found in the eastern face of the delta, as it now is in the western.

63

Proeeeditufi of th* A$Mie Simef^.

[Fra*

than I liavo been to promote your interesta. Mj absence from Among you tliie ©veiling, which necessity alone could have eauaed has cfmlinncd my opinion that your President ought to he one con- stantly resident in Calcutta. And I look forward with great hope« to the steady progress and increased utility of the Sodetyi under the presidency of the learned member, to whom I now resign thd Chair.

Camp Chanda, January 22wrf, 1870.

Before tie meeting terminated it was proposed by the chairman , Dr. S. B. Partridge^ and seconded by H. F. B 1 a n f o r d, Esiq,, and carried with acclamation —

That the special thauka of tho Society be given to Colonel J. E. Oastreil for his very able services rendered to the Society as Treasurer for the last six years.

Ordhmry Meeting for the mmtth cf Fehmarf/t 1870, The meeting then resolved into an ordinoiy meetings*

Dr, S, B* Partridge, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and tonfinucd. The receipt of the following presentations was announced : — 1, From Colonel Q. H, S a x to n, Canur, — a set of iron imple- ments &c. found in a cromlech in the estate of Major Sweet. The following letter, dated 25th Nov., 1869, aceompamed the donation.

**The accompanying were quite recently dug out from a crtimloeh oa the estate of Major Sweet in the South aide of thcNilgheiTy plateau. Many other things of tho same desci'iption as well as some quite dif* ferent, were found in the same place. Similar Cromlechs exist all over the NUgherries, and some have been oponod before this, but I beUeve not many. In some of those, precisely similar articles havd been found, but in others the search has been fniitless, perhaps they had been previously opened, I dont know whether the bociety has on record any information rogai-ding the Nilgherry cromlechs, but I send those, hoping that some iVrcluwlogist may make them inter- esting by instituting enquiries, which I shall be hajjpy to assist in, after my return to the hills in the hot season. None of the present hill tribea poi^ess the slightest kuowledge as to the origin of either

1870,]

iif the Aiiatk SoeUty.

53

Ae cromlechs, or the numeroiua cfiimes still existing. No objection is offered by the hill people to any one excavaling in the Cairnes* liero is, however, somo euperBtitioas dread in existence about ny int»>rferonce with the croailochs. Major Sweet pereonally Opened this cromlech, and extracted those relics on hia own proper- ty, and the only feeling ahewn, appeara to have been a fear, that the sjdritB of the bygone people, to whom these relies belong, would surtdy resent the saerilege, which the present tribes would tliereforn not join in committing. In some instances I learn, that Uie Burghea have made objection to the opening of cromlechs, but never on any plea that the monument at any time appertained to the forefathers of any existing tribe.

The metal of which these imph^ments are made appears to b© ' generally irrm and brass, but it requires examination. The earth- enware chatties are all filled with earth and bones of which some are enclosed- The Todara are undoubtedly the oldest occupants of these hills, now existing. Their traditions claim for the tribe a great antiquity, and declare, that the Todars were originally crea- on the Nilgherries ; and that the other tribes immigrated from P^«ome otlier d^untry. I am not aworo what evidence exists, on which to found any opinion as to the period, back to which the Todars woidd carry their traditions, but it seems dear that botli croralec:hs and cairnes are autocetlent to that. On what grounds I know not, but popidar lieliof gives from 800 to 2000 years as the age of the relics I now send, Mr* M e t z, a German Missiona who has for 25 years worked on the Nilgherriea, and for that^ long time held intimate intercourse with the hill tribes* indeed lived with them in their villages and hut^, is the only person who can be able to form any reliable opinion on tliis subject, and 1 hear that he says they jmiai be 600 and mat/ he 2000 years old* It is remarkable and very eon-oboraat of great antiquity that no coin of any kind has ever beeu found amongst these remaina of a bygone ago/'

The potttTj, sent by Col. Su x ton, is quite similar to that de- scribed Ji'om the CJourg Croinle<-'ii8 by Dr. T, O I d ii a m, m the Pro- ceedings of the Society for August^ 1809. The iron implements

54

Proetedingn af fh A»mftc Soefeti/.

[F»u.

aro to a great extent ideutieol in fi»rm wilii those described and figur&d in Vol, HI, of tliD Transuct. Bombay Literary Society, p. 324, &Q.

2, From J. G. D e 1 m e r i c k, Esq,, Ra^Tul Piiidi^^ — spocimena ol' moulds used in coimterfeiting coins ; tbo folio wiug letter actcompa- nied the spocimuns.

** A few weeks ago the Police of tliis Dtatrict, m searching for implements of coining, discovered in the houses uf Chandra Mrdl and his brothers Jewaya Mall, goldsmiths and residents of tho town of Rawul Pindi, a quantity of moulds and forged Baetriaa coins. These men are well known coin dealers, and as the moulds themselves woidd no doubt bo objet-'ts of inturest to the members of the eoin committee, I have despatched by d&k bhangy four of tlie best specimens. They are composed of a fine desLription of clay, and are the only ones in gtiud presei*vation. The others wore in broken bits and formed a pretty large heap on the Magistrate's table. I suspect that the men received timely information of the movements of the Police^ and were thus able Uj break up nearly tlie whole of the moulds, but nevertheless there was ample evidence to prove that they were old and systematic offenders,'*

** Tho moulds, I send, are all of the largest silver coins of Eucratides, of Heliot:*les and Laodice, of Ilermeus, and of Aziliseg.

I may add that no implements of coining proper were found and that the fabricated coins were destroyed by order of the Magistrate.''

General A. Cunningham published many years ago notices oa forged coins of the Bactrians and Indo-Scythians ; vide Journal Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1840, Vol. IX, p. 1217 fc. Tho moulda forwarded by Mr. I) e 1 m e r i e k show a high linisb, and coins cast in them require carefid examination to be detected as fidsilications.

3. From the Government of India, a c^py of catalogue of Sans- crit manuscripts in the southern division of tho Bombay Presidency.

In cijnuection with the specimens of implements forwarded by CoL 8 a X t o u, the President announced that Mi-. II. B i v o t t-G a r n a o hflfi brought a fine eollectiou of similar relics from Central India, and will lay them beforo tlie meeting.

1870.]

Proct^dtn^M of the AiMie Someii/.

5d

Mr. H. B i V 0 1 1-0 a r n a c, in exhibiting those specimena «f iron Eld other implementa found in tumnli near Nag:in'ir, observed that 10 would uot troublu the mouiljurft with uny long-fhonfid dcsfTiption of the tiimiiU firom wliiuh these rt^mains had been obtained. D*j* tftilud ttccotmts of the Cromleiiia, Kistvaens, and Barrows of Central and Southern India had» from tiiuo to time, appeared in the Society's Journal, and in the Joiimale of the Bombay and Madras Sodetios, and the exietenco and t^haraeter of these remains wore doubtless well known to many gentlemen present* He would, however, de- sire to roimnd the meeting of the interesting point noticed by Colouel Meadows Taylor, who examined many Barrows in the Deccan, and who on his return to England visited and excavated

IB of the old tumuli in the North of England, and foimd an ittraonliuitry re^emblani^^ to exht between the remains in India and in Europe.

Colonel Meadows Taylor in his paper, read before the Koytd Irish Academy,* had brought out in a most striking manner, the perfect similarity that exists between the Barrows and Crom- lechs of the Beccan, and the tumuli of Western and Northern Europe* N^piir ib situated on the oa^t^rn border of the traxi foi*mation of the Deccan, and here, where the stone most reatly to hand consists of basalt, the tumuli are frmnd in the shape oi mouiids surrounded by a single or double row of trap boulders, and similar in shape and eonstnifttion to the well known Barrows of Scotland, tlie Nortli of Enghiud, and other parts of Eia*ypo, Fur- ther t^j tlio East of Nagpiir on the sandstone formation, the form of ttuuuli changes, and Cromlechs or Kistvaens, similar to tlio ** Kitscoty Houso" of Aylesford take the place of the Barrows.

And it is not only in the shape nf tho tumulus that the raoat extraordinary identity m to be traced between the prehistoric remains of India and Europe, bat in the maimer in which tlie bodies ai*o buried in the urns and in tho ornaments, woa^mna placed with tho urns within the tomb, the same strikin| resemblance is to bo traced betw'eon the discoveries made in both countries. The specimens before the meeting were, Mr. H i v e 1 1-

• See tho papers of Cnlonoi Meadows Tiiylo ••* C» S. 1,^ in tho Juurual of iliu Royttl Irish Aciuiemy, a&U iu liial uf tJio Kth»ologic)al Society.

Pro€$0iin§i of the Aswtw Soaety.

[Feb.

0 a r n a 0 said, but a few of a very largo number of articles found iu these Barrows, but they wero qmtx> sufficient to establish the identity roferred to. Those irou implomonts wei'O invariably found together with pottery urns, or with fragments of them, for it was extremely dilB^eult to get out the urns intact. Most of the speci- mens in the collection spolce for themselves, but the iron snafEo^ the stirrups, the spear and other accoutrements of the wan-ior, whose tomb had been examined, were^ he ventui-ed to think, of special interest. Ho would also di^aw attention to a very perfect specimen of an iron battle-axe. It would be seen that the iron crossbands by which the axe was fastened to the handle were still intact. A reference to the Illustrated Catalogue of the Royal Iiish Academy woidd shew that this specimen had an exact counterpart in on axe found iu Ireland, iu a Barrow similar to that from which the axe now exhibited was exhumed. And the same remark applied to tho bangles and other articles in the collection, which would be found to resemble, in every rosjiect, remains diseovert^d, under ex- actly Biinilar circumstances, in Ireland, which remains were figured in the Catalogue above referred to.

Another circumstance was perhaps worthy of notice, and might be useful in assisting to determine tlie age to which they belonged. On the sculp tarings of the Bhilsa and Oumraoti topes, a people, who wuidd ax>pear to be distinct from the Aiytrns, were there represented wearing bangles, and armed with battle-axes similar to those now ©xliibitod.

There was yet another circumstance connected with the remains which was porhapa as interesting as any of the points above noticed of the simiiarity between the remains in India and Europe. And he was not awai-o that this point had been noticud before. His attention had first been drawn to it by a work outitled ** Archaic Sculpturiuga'* written by 8ir James Simpson, the well known imtiquarian, Tliis book contained an accniunt, I with illustrations, of peculiar marku found on tlie monoliths, which surround the Barrows in Northern Eui^ojio, Now although he (Mr. It ivett-Carnac) had c»iU*n visited tho Ndgpur tumuli, and noticed some indistinct mai'kinga on the weather-worn stones, he had never paid any veiy particular attention to them, until

1870*]

Proc^dingi oftfm Asiaik Society,

6T

be eaw ihe oiig;raviiigs in Sir Jamee Simpeon's work. H« was then nmne<Liat4ijly struck by the further extraordinai^ re* semblance between the so-callod '* cup marks" on the nionalitha surrounding the Barrows in England, and the marks on the trap boulders which eacirdod the Barrows near Nfigiiiir. Indeed, if th© members interested would be so good as to compare the ekt^tch of the Barrows and cup marks given in 8ii' Jamea Simpson's book, with the tracing laid before the meeting of the ** cup marks'* on on© of the BaiTowB at Junapani, near N%piir, this extraordinary resem- |Wance would at once bo apparent. The identity between the shapo id oonstniction of the tumuli, and between the remains found in the tumuli of the two countries had already been noticed, and now here was a third, and still more remarkabk^ pointy the disoovei'y on these tumuli of markings which corresponded exactly with the markings found on the same class of tumuli in Europe. He would not trouble the meeting now with any theories founded on extraordinai'y resembUmce. A paper containing a fidl account of th#l discoveries, with sketches of the tumuli, the remains found therein, ad the markings on the stones would soon be published, and all frho took any interest in the subject woidd find therein such in- formation as he was able to give. The subject of the similarity of the pre-historic remains of the Deci^au and Ncjrtheru Europe had alao been treated of, most exhaustively, by Colonel Meadows Taylor in a paper which was doubtless familiar to most of the members. But the ** cux) mai*kings" to which ailusion had been made above, had not, he believed, been noticed before, and they formed, h©j would submit, another and very extraordinary addition tu the mass of evidence which ah-eady existed in favor of the view, that a brancli of the nomadic tribes who swept, at an early date, over Eui-ope, peneti'ated into India also»

These tumuli were to be traced from Southern India, through the Deocan, to N&gpur* He had not as yet been able to aacertain whether they were i'ound in the country Ij'ing between Nfigjiur and the Punjab. But on the frontier they were met with in lai'ge quantities, and from thence they could bo traced, as if marking the line (if pmgress of some groat tribo, tluough Central Asia and Eussia into Northern Eui^>|>e.

68 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Feu.

Enquiries were now being made on the subject, and ho hoped soon to be able to inibrm the Society of the result of further discoveries, and also that the chain of tumuli, the record of the movements of tribes between Central India and Northern Europe, was complete.

A lengthened discussion ensued in which Mr. E. 0. B a y 1 e y, Mr. H. F. B 1 an f o r d, the chairman and several other members took part.

Dr. A. M. Verchero drew the attention to a sketch which was published with his paper in the Journal of the Society for 1867, (Pt. II., p. 114). His suggestion then was that the small holes, or cups, in large boulders between Jubbee and Nikkee on the Indus, have been either made by a race of men, or that they had a glacial origin. He then thought rather to incline to the latter than to the first hypothesis, but it is just as well possible that those excava- tions have been executed by men. There are at present no settle- ments of any kind in the close neighbourhood.

The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last Meeting were ballotted for and elected ordinary members : —

Baden Powell, Esq., C. S. | J. H. Newman, Esq., M. D. Surgeon Fred. W m. Alex. De F a b e c k. The following have intimated their desire to withdraw from the Society : —

E. G. Man, Esq.

Lieut. Col. G. B. Malleson.

The Hon. F. Glover.

W. L. Granville, Esq. P. C a r n e g y, Esq. A. H. Giles, Esq.

The Council reported that they have ordered on a recommenda- tion of the Finance Committee — that debts to the amount of 448 Rs. duo to the Society, and 33 Ee. 10 ans. due to the Oriental Fund, by members and gentlemen deceased, be written ofP.

The receipt of the following communications was announced : —

1. Notes on some new species of birds from the North Eastern Frontier of India, — by Dr. T. C. Jerdon.

2. Notes on Indian Herpetology, — by Dr. T. C. Jerdon.

1870.] Proceedings of tlie Asiatic Society, 59

3. Observation on some species of Indian birds, lately published in the Society's Journal, — by Allan 0. Hume, C. B.

4. Not« on a few species of Andamanoso land-shells, lately des- cribed in the American Journal of Conchology, — by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

The following paper was read, —

Notes on some new species of birds from the north-eastern FRONTIER OF India, — by Dr. T. C. J 0 r d o u.

Whilst in upper Assam last spring, I obtained a living specimen of a Ceriornia which at the time I was led to consider as Cer, Temminckiiy but on comparing the figures of Gould (Birds of Asia)y I found it to be a new and undescribod species, whi(^h I propose to call Ceri&rnis Blythii, after the late very able Curator of our Museum.

The species is conspicuously distinguished from C, Temminckiij as well as from the two other Indian species, by the uniform plain colouring of the lower parts, which are of a reddish stone colour without any spots. The red of the head, neck and breast is of a peculiarly vivid flame colour.

One specimen was brouglit down to Suddya by some Mishmese £rom the adjoining liills ; it died shortly after, but the skin was preserved. An intelligent Assamese official, who is a good sports- man, assured mo that he knew the bird well, and that it was found in winter at a comi)aratively low level in Upper Assam. A second specimen was brought down alive some little time afterwards, and this one I brouglit safely to Calcutta, and handed over to Dr. J. Anderson fur transmission to the zoological Garden in London. A coloured drawing of the specimen has been made, before it was shipped.

Along with the last named specimen, a fine new Monal was brought down from the same lulls. This difiers conspicuously from LophopJwrm Impeyayius in the total want of a crest, in the upper tail coverts being pure white, and in the tail itself of a darker rufous colour than in that species, and broadly tipped with white. Tlio feathers of the back and rump are white, with a black centre to each feather. It is a larger and stouter bird

80 Proeeeiinjs of the Asiaiie Soeieiy, [Feb.

than the common Monal of the north-weq:t Hymalayas. The orbital skin is blue in both species. In a notice lately sent to the editor of the Ibis, I have named this species Loph. Sclaterii, The only specimen known I had also brought to Calcutta, and it was forwarded to England, together with the Geriornis.

This unexpected discovery of two new i)hea8ants within the limits of our north-Eastem possessions indicates that we are at the borders of a somewhat distinct avifauna which yet leaves a lai'ge new field of enquiry open to the Indian naturalist.

Besides tbase two novelties I have obtained through Major God- win-Austen a new swift, of which I append a description, and also a new pigeon which will be described shortly. Major Godwin- Austen discovered a new Trochalopteron, of which I had lately sent the description to the " Ibis.**

Ceriornis Blythii, J o r d o n.

Whole head, neck and breast vivid igneous red, head sub-crested with a naiTo w streak of black from the base of the bill to the occiput ; a second streak from the eye to the nape ; whole upper plumage, including wing-coverts, upper tail and sides of breast and flajiks with white black-edged ocelli ; some of the lowermost of the upper tail coverts buff with dark cross bands ; quills dusky brown, with pale brownish bands ; tail dusky brown.

The whole of the lower parts from the breast to under tail coverts of a reddish ashy or stone colour, the feathers very slightly darker at the tip. The skin of face and throat yellow, more or less mixed with orange and emerald green at the lowest part, it is bordered laterally by a very narrow black line ; bill dusky ; legs fleshy ; size much the same as that of the other Indian species of Ceriornisj perhaps a trifle smaller.

From the hills at the head of the valley of Assam, and said in winter to descend nearly to the level of the river. Called by one good Assamese sportsman, Hkr-huria^ meaning the Golden Bird.

LophophoruB Sclaterii, J e r d o n, ('* Ibis" for 1870.) Head not crested ; whole upper surface of head, neck, intersca- pularies and wing coverts brilliant shining metallic blue-green, with the back of the neck bronzy gold, and reflections of the same here

i870.] ProceeiifigB of the Astatic Society. 61

and there ; quills black, upper back and rump white, the feathers all black shafted; upper tail coverts white; tail reddish-brown, broadly tipped with creUmy white ; all the lower parts deep black. Bill dingy yellow ; facial skin cobalt blue ; legs, dusky yellowish. Size rather larger than that of LophophoruH Impeyanm,

The feathers of the head are exceedingly short and crisp. The living bird from which this description was taken, was brought down by some shikarees from the hills above Suddya. When I first saw it, the feathers of its head wore not in good condition, and I thought that the absence of the crest might have been accidental. It has, however, moulted since I first saw it, and there is not the smallest appearance of a crest ; indeed the feathers are particularly short, crisj), and curved in different directions. The other two species of Monal are both well crested, though the crest is of a different form in the new Lopliophorm L'JSuysii from that of the long known Impeyan pheasant.

CypseluB tectorum, J e r d o n. The thatch palm-sivi/t.

Above glossy greenish brown, paler and loss glossed below, somewhat albescent on chin and throat; quills and tail darker, brown-black.

Length about 4 J inches ; wing, 4^^ ; tail 2^.

This Swift is quite of the type of Cf/ps, haiassiemisy but a much darker coloured bird, and with a shorter tail. I first saw it in Major G o d w i n-A u s t e n ' s collection of birds made in the hills of North Cachar, and that gentleman permitted me to describe it. True to its type, it builds on palm leaves, but on such as form the roofs of the Nagas in those hills. Major Godwin-Austen obtained the nest and qqq, being very similar to those of hatassiensia.

On coming to Calcutta, I found that the same species had been procured by one of the Museum collectors from the Garro Hills, and since that Major Godwin-Austen has written to me " Cypaelm tectorum found again on the roofs of Gturo huts."

Then why absent in the intermediate range of the Khasi and Jedntia hills ? Simply, I presume, because these races, being a little more civilized, do not thatch their huts with palm leaves*

62 Proceedings of the Asmtic Society. [Feb.

The other papers on the list were postponed till next meeting on account of the late hour at which the meeting terminated.

LiBARY.

The following books have been added to the Library since the Meeting held in January.

Pre%entatiotis, %• Donors in capitals.

Bulletin de la Societe de Geographic, Oct. to Nov., 1869 : — The Geookaphical Society of Paris.

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Nov., 1869 : — The Geological Society of London.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, Nos. 1 to 6, 1869 ; — The Academy.

Journal of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, N. S., Vol. VI, part m :— The Same.

Eeport of the Executive Committee of the Memorial to the late H. Falconer : — The Committee.

Discours d' ouverture du 6th Deer. 1869, par M. Garcin de Tassy : — The Author.

Bdmdyana, Vol. I, No. 10, edited by Pandita Hemachandra :— The Editor.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol, VII, part I ; — The Geological Survey of India.

Annales Musei Botanici Batavii, edidit F. A. Guil. Miquel. Tom. IV, Fasc. 1 to 5 : — The Batavain Society.

Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Home Department, No. 71 : — The Bengal Office.

Report on the Administration of the Customs Department in the Bengal Presidency for 1868-69 :— The Same.

Purchase. Zenker's Handworterbuch, Heft xiv. — Comptes Rendus, Nos. 18 andl9: — Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, No. 10. — American Jour- nal of Science No. 143. — Revue des Deux Mondes, 15th Nov. — Ain i Akbari : — Tarikh Badaoni. — Khaziuat-ul-Asfiu.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

Fob March, 1870.

Tlie monthly Meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the 2nd instant, at 9 o'clock p. m.

The Hon'ble J. B. P h e a r, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the last monthly Meeting were read and con- firmed.

The receipt of the following presentations was announced : —

1. From Dr. MohendraHla Sark^ra, a copy of Cal- cutta Journal of Medicine, Vol. II, Nos. 9 and 10.

2. From Colonel J, E. G a s t r e 1 1, a very fine specimen of Macrocheira Kaempferij from Japan, and a specimen of a large Ostretty also from Japan.

3. From B&bu Yatindramohana Th&kura, a copy of Sangita Sdra.

The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next Meeting : —

Capt. E. D. 0 s b o r n, B. Staff Corpp, proposed by Dr. F. Stoliczka, seconded by Lt.-Col. H. Hyde.

R. Stewart, Esq., proposed by Lt.-Col. Hyde, seconded by Dr. S t o 1 i c z ka. .

Benjamin Smith Lyman, Esq., proposed by Dr. Stoliczka, secoDded by Mr. H. Blochmann.

Dr. T. W. I n n i s, C. B., proposed by Lt.-Col. H. H y d e, seconded by H. F. B 1 a n f o r d, Esq.,

Col. A. D. D i c k e n s, C. B., proposed by Lt.-Col. H. Hyde, seconded by the Hon'ble J. B. P h e a r.

The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw from the Society : —

64 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Mar.

E. J. E i c h a r d 8 o n, Esq., B. C. S., Dr, J. M. C o a t e s, B^bu Abhayacharaua Mallika, Dr. E. H. C u r r a u.

The following letter received £pom Col. G. H. S a x t o n, through Col. H. Thuillier, relating to a recent fall of an Aerolite near Nidigullam (Vizagapatam district), was read :

Camp Parvatypore^ Vizagapatam District y January 27M, 1870.

I have just seen a terj interesting specimen of an Aerolite, which fell near this, last Sunday, 23rd January, 1870. I have made an official application to the Madras Government, asking it to autho- rize its being given over to me for the purpose of being sent to our Calcutta Museum. In the mean time, I enclose a rough sketch, shewing the size, shape and striated markings of it. One end is broad, and quite smooth, with a polish. The whole appears pure iron or steel. The strise are all obliquely in the direction of its elongation, and are very pretty. The length is about 6 J inches, the breadth between 4 and 5, and the thickness varies considerably ; on the heel or sole-like end, which is polished, the surface is broad and flat, 2 or 3 inches, it then becomes thinner, but irregularly, and the other end is almost sharp ; but I hope to have the pleasure of sending the specimen itself.

It penetrated about 20 inches into the groimd where it fell. Now for a description, from hearsay, of the circumstances at- tending the fall. The local European officer who has charge of it tells me, that he did not see the meteor, but he heard the noise, which he likens to that caused by a house falling down. Others describe the noise more as that of an explosion, with subsequent prolonged rumblings. Those who saw the meteor, describe it as being very large and beautiful, and as bursting with increased brilliance at the time of the explosion. All agree that it passed over this place from the north to south, and the village where it fell is just about 6 miles almost due south from this. It is given on the Atlas sheet. No. 108 atLat. 18-41-20 and Long. 83-28-30 ag »» Nidigullam.*' At this village itself the people were greatly alarmed. Some received violent shocks, and a man near to whom it fell, was stunned. This I hear from the Sub-Magistrate who with others from this place, went to the village, and took possession

1870.] Froceedinga of the Asiatic Society, 66

of the Aerolite, which the villagers hod carried to their temple and under much alarm were making puja to. There is not the least appearance of any stony substance mixed with what seems to be well purified iron. It weighs 407 tolas, or about 10 pounds.

Dr. Stoliczka observed that should this Aerolite really prove to be iron, it would be the first from India, but the strong striation on the crust seems rather to indicate that the specimen is a stone, though probably containing a very largo percentage of iron, as does for instance the IVfooltan Aerolite, which fell some short time ago.

From C. A. Elliott, Esq., C. S., Futtehgurh, a letter referring to the translation of the Hindi Epic, called the Alkhund. — Mr. Elliott says that ho has translated about two-thirds of the work, and that he has prepared an abstract of it for the Society's Journal, which he hopes soon to forwai*d to the Society. The work itself contains about 20,000 lines, though there is a great deal of repetition in it. Tlie text of the poem, Mr. Elliott says, sadly needs recen- sion, and a local printer has expressed his willingness to print the work from Mr. E 1 1 i o 1 1 ' s MS.

The Council reported that they have elected the following gentle- men to serve in tlie several sub-Committees : — Sub-Committees for 1870. Finance. Dr. S. B. Partridge. H. F. Blanford, Esq.

Library. Dr. T. Oldham. W. S. Atkinson, Esq. Bdbu EdjendraHla M i t r a. Dr. J. Anderson. G. Nevill, Esq. J. Wood M a 9 o n, Esq. C. H. Tawney, Esq. Y. Ball, Esq^

I*niL0L0OY, AKCn.TlOLOGY, &0.

E. C. Bayley, Esq. The Rev. J. Long.

66 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Mar.

C. H. Tawney, Esq.

B^bu EdjondraHla Mitra. Moulavie Abdul Luteef Khan Bahadur. Bdbu Ydtindramohana Thakura. The Eev. K. M. B a n e r j e o. Dr. MohendraHla Sarkdra. Natukal History, includino Physical Science. Dr. T. Oldham. Dr. J. Fajrer, C. S. I. H. F. Blanford, Esq. Dr. S. B. Partridge. W. 8. Atkinson, Esq. Dr. J. Ewart. B&bu Devendra Mallika. H. B. Medlicott, Esq. V. Ball, Esq.

D. Waldie, Esq.

Dr. Mohendral&la Sark&ra. Dr. J. Anderson. Col. H. L. Thuillier. The Ven'ble Archdeacon J. H. Pratt. J. Wood Mason, Esq. Coins.

E. C. Bay ley, Esq.

B&bu Rajondral61a Mitra. Major F. W. S t u b b s. Rev. M. A. Sh erring.

The Committee of Papers, The Members of the Council.

The following papers were read :

I. — Notes on Indian Herpetology, — hy Dr. T. C. Jerdon. Jiec. Ut February y 1870.

As some time will probably elapse before my work on the Reptiles of India can be published, I tliink it advisable to lay before the Society a short account of some recent discoveries in Indian Herpetology, a few of which are the result of my own researches, and very many from the most successful labours of Major B e d d o m e, Conservator of Forests in Madras.

1 870.] Proceedings of the Aeiatic Society. 67

Many years ago, in the Society's Journal for 1853, Vol. XXII, p. 462 and 522, 1 gave a summary of the Eeptiles of Southern India. After the first part had been written, I was suddenly removed to a distant station, and was unable to take my type specimens with me, and they were unfortimately never again seen by me, having been lost or destroyed ; but, to complete tho paper, I gave a very brief notice of the Ophidia and Bairachia^ naming several new species of the former, and many of the latter order. Most of the Ophidians have been foimd again, but tiU recently hardly any of the Batrachiam ; and it was a source of great satisfaction to me when Major B e d d o m e, who had previously chiefly confined his attentions to OphidianSy partly at my earnest solicitations, directed his researches to Lizards and Batrachians ; and he has re-discovered most of my supposed now species noticed in the Journal, and has also found very many new Saurians and a few Batrachians. Science owes him a largo debt of gratitude for successfully working out the Reptile Fauna of Southern India ; and I, on my own i^art, beg him to accept my best thanks for giving me the opportunity of making known accurately the species collected by myself a quarter of a century ago.

I propose in my work on the Eeptiles of India to include those ^of Assam, the Kliasi hills, Cachar, Sylliet, Tipperah, and Chitta- gong, stopping however at Arracan which, with tlie rest of the Burmese provinces, has already been given by Mr. T h e o b a 1 d in his Catalogue of Burmese Reptiles, and wlio, I am glad to say, is making many additions to his former collections, and will, I hope, duly publish the result in a separate form. I shall also include the Reptiles of Ceylon, and this addition to the extent of my Indian province will, I hope, make tho work of much greater value.*

In the present notice I shall take Dr. Gunther's ** Reptiles of British India" as the ground work of my observations. —

I have hardly any new Chclonian Reptiles to add to the Indian Fauna, but have to record thrfe not hitherto known in our province as just defined. — Manouria emys is not uncommon in the hills of

* I propose, if my health will permit me, to gire a second edition of the '* Birds and Mammals" of India, with the addition of species from the district-s noted above, making them of greater nse to the Indian naturalist.

68 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Mar.

North Cachar, where fine and large specimens were obtained by Major Godwin-Austen, and from enquiries I made, it extends still further west to the Jaintia hills. This gentleman has present- ed some specimens to the Indian Museum, one of which measures 22 inches. Tliis Tortoise, hitherto recorded from Burma, differs from all other forms in the pectoral plates not meeting in the centre of the plastrum.

The same zealous naturalist also obtained a few shells of what appears to be Pyxidea Mouhotii, figured by Dr. G ii n t h e r, and recorded as from Siam. He has presented specimens of this also to the Indian Museum.

Cyclemys dentata of B e 1 1, the prior name of which appears to be Emys dhoVy Gray* per Buchanan Hamilton's MS. name, and which was afteirvrards called JEmys dentata by Gray in Hardwicke's HI. Ind. Zoology, must be added to the Indian Fauna. It is by no means rare in the upper provinces. I first saw it at Delhi, where it was called Dhdd, {evidently a form of the same word as B. Hamilton's), and afterwEirds at otlier places.

Giinther has figured with Gray's MS. name, a Tortoise as Cyclemys Oldhami from Burmah. Theobald says that the very specimen figured was taken by himself, and is merely an old specimen of orbiculata. It was 8 inches long, and the figure in Giinther shows a more oval form than the largest specimen in the Indian Muse um, and the vertebral plates differ slightly. — I have quite recently obtained in the Sylhet district a very fine specimen of a Cyclemys which is of a still more elongated form, the sides being almost parallel, and, though differing in some parts, much more resembles Giinther's figure than any specimens of true orbiculata f the name of which, as given by Bell, announces its very rounded form. This specimen is ISJ inches long on a straight line, and 10 J broad, by about 5 J in height. It is of an uniform blackish colour above and below.

It differs from Giinther's figure in being a more elongated oval form, but agrees very nearly with the description, with the following exceptions. The first two of the middle vertebral plates are dis-

• DoRcribod and figared in Gray's Synopa. Bopt, p. 20, pi. 8 and 9. A ivork not in Calcntta, I beliove.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 69

tmctlj longer than broad, wliilst G ii n t h e r says ** the throe middle vertebral plates as long as hroad^^^ which apj^lies exactly only to the third in the series. The postgulars are shorter, the suture be- tween them not being nearly so long as the postgulars ; the pec- torals are not nearly so long as the abdominals, and the suture be- tween them is not so much arched asinGunther's figure ; the preanals qtq little shorter than the abdominals ; the anals are rather longer than broad, and bluntly pointed beliind, whilst in two specimens noted by Dr. G u n t h e r, they are as broad as long in one, and broader in the other. On the whole I do not consider that the differences here noticed suffice for specific separation from C. Oldhami as described by G ii n t h e r, but the whole aspect and structure of the shell appears to point out a difference from C. dhar or C. orhiculata. However, till young specimens of various ages from the same localities are obtained, no satisfactory conclu- sion can be arrived at. Dr. G ii n t h e r entirely ignores C, dhor^ or orbieulata, as a species of British India, and therefore does not point out the differences from that species which his adoption of G r a y ' s MS. name of Oldhami would imply him to bL4ieve in.

The margin of Geoemgda carinata, Blyth, is entire behind. The type specimen so completely resembles the figure of Emgs Belangeri, Lesson, figured in B e 1 a n g. * s voyage (Kept. pi. 1), that I am constrained to believe them identical. This figure has been hitherto usually assigned as a sjTionym of Emys trijnga ; the original was said to have been taken near Calcutta, which Blyth doubted, never having seen that species in lower Bengal, though it abounds in Southern India and Burma. The figure, if intended for JS*. trijuga, is certainly, asGiinther remarks, not good ; but on the contrary it is a very fail' representation of B 1 y t h ' s species, and as such I shall accordingly consider it, and note in my Eeptiles of India.

Pangshura Sylhdensisy n. sp.

I lately procured from the stream that runs from the Terria Ghat at the foot of the Khasi hills several specimens of a new tortoise closely resembling P. tectay but differing in the following points. The posterior margin of the shell is very strongly serrated, this effect being added to by a division of the hinder marginal plates ;

70 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Mar.

tlie last yertebral plate too is much narrower posteriorly, being pointed behind in the largest specimen; the lateral suture of this plate is continuous with the suture dividing the penulti- nato marginal plate from the one next above it, whilst in typical tecta the lateral margin joins the centre of the penultimate plate. The first two vertebral plates are less strongly ridged. The 4th vertebral does not appear to differ in shape from that of tecta. The plastrum also does not differ appreciably from that of tecta, except that in all plates the dark spots are of greater extent.

The differences noted above are constant in specimens of the fol- lowing dimensions: The largest has the shell 7 J inch, long by 5J; the next 6 by 4i, and the smallest 3 J by 3. Had I only had one specimen, I should have hesitated at making a distinction, but with three of such different ages, I am inclined to think there is more til an a casual variety.

Among the Monitor Lizards, ( Varanida) Psammosaurtis scinctcs, M e r r., not recorded byGunther among the Eeptiles of India, is given byTheobaldinhis Cat. Kept. Museum Asiat. Soc, from the Punjab, Salt Range. I found it very common in the N. W. P. and the Punjab, in the latter country indeed more common than Far amis draceena, I also found it common at Delhi, Umballa, Lahore and other parts of the Punjab. It has recently been described by Carlloylein the Journal of the Society, Vol. XXXVIII, under the name of Varanus ornatus, where a good account of the fresh coloration is given. Some time before the notice, I presented a young specimen in spirits to tlie Museum from Umballa.*

I found Varanus lunatus also in several of the Museums up- country, to wit Delhi and LtJiore ; and Carlleyle met it also in the vicinity of Agra.

Of the Lacertidce G u n t h e r records but three inhabiting our province, of two of which he had not seen specimens, and of the tliird only one specimen exists in the British Museum. This lizard, named by Giinther Acanthodactylus Cantoris, 1 foimd extremely abundant in Hurriana, in the country about

• 1 find by a not« in J. A. S/s Vol. XXIV, p. 71 5 that B 1 y t h was the first to roco;^ui8o thiiS African Keptilo from Thoobald's Bpecimen, and he moreover staled tliat ho has seen other spccinious from the other provinces.

1870,]

Frce0eding§ oftht Asmfic SmMy,

71

Hifisar, Sirsa, and extending, though more eparingly, to the foot of the Alpiue Punjab.* I got it at Bheirber in the bed of the river tliere^ and within a very few miles of the head quarters of another true Lizard, cogeneric with Ophiops Jerdom, B I j t h. Theobald, on examining the hitherto unique Bpecimen of this curious reptile, fi*und that the nostrils were not as in Ophtopg between two nasals fulluwod by 3 small post-nasals, but in one nasal followed by two post-nasiils, and he acciortlingly placed it under the genus Trtrpidosaura, But this last group lias dis- tinct eyelids, being a sub-genua of Zacevta, whilst Ophiops Jenhni and this new species want them entirely. Aa the presence or otherwise of eyelids is, I consider, a more important character than the position of the nasals, I shall (in conformity with a suggestion of Dr. Stoliczka, who haa been good enough to examine these specimens and other doubtfid species of mine) ctill them P^eud- ophiop.9^ and the new species found by me in the Alpine Punjab I shall call Paeudopkiops Theobald i\ It is very common on the ascent of the first range of hills beyond Bheirber, in rocks and bare ground ; and I found one specimen on the banks of the river close to where I got AcanthodaHylm Cantoris^ both frequenting the boulders in the dry bed of the river. It closely resembles P. Jerdoni, but differs in its more elongate and deprt^seed head j the posterior frontals I separated by a small iutoiralated linear scale ; the 3rd chin- aeld forms a suture with its fellow, whilst in Jerdoni it is separat- ^ by small scales ; and there are several other j^oints of difference which will be noted more particidarly in the ** Beptiles of India.^' The eolour is brown above, with a narrow pale yellowish line on each side from the eyebrow, lost on tlie tail ; and another wider from below the eye through tlie ear to the thigh ; between these stripes is a series of iiTeg\dar black spots, which are slightly continued both above the upper and Ijelow the lower line ; lower parts pearly white ; tail polo brown with a reddish tinge, most distinct in young specimens. Length of one 3 inches, the tail being IJ.

Major B e d d 0 m e has recently found Ps. Jerdnni on the banks of the Toombuddra, and another place in Southern India, My first type specimen, now in the Museum, was got by me at Mhow in Central • The young are very beautifoUy striped longitnduially.

n

Procerdingn of ths Asiatic Smett^*

[Mar.

India. At Saugor, also to Central India, I g*>t several small sp<Ka- moHB of a lizard of wMah I haTo a sketi'h with mtme details wliioli, in epite of its g'eo^apldcal position, appears to rosembltj P«, Thto- haldi more ttlosely than Jfi'di^ii : Imt witliout sptnimeus tlii?* fact cannot bw satiiifactorily settled. It is found on all tlie rocky hills about Saugor, but rather rare*

Maj*>r 11 o d J o ra 0 has altso quite recently sent me one apecimon of yet another species of this genus, obtained by htm on the Bremna- gherry hilh^, at an elevation of 5000 feet. It differs from botli the prerious species in having a pair of small anterior froutals, the other two haying one large one ; the head is still shorter than La Jetdmi and more triangular, the tail is distint'tly more mmided at the base than in either of the other two siiecies, in wliidi it is some- what depressed. The coloration is very similar to that of the two others. I shall call this spoeies Pseuthphiops BeddomeL

Cahriia ZmchenaulUt, D< and B», recortlt^d by me in my Catalogue from the banks of the Cavery and neighboui^ng parts, has been recently procured in these localities by Major B e d d o m e, and ho has also obtained one specimen of a second Cahrita which he has named C JerdonU It is li*om the same district as the other, but dMers fipom the typical species in several important points, as noted in the description of tli© species in the Madras Medical Journal for 1870, No I, p. 34 &c.

I find that Tmhjdrmnus t^x-lmeaim extends into Assam and the Kliaai hills, where by no means rare about Hhillong. G ii n t h e r has not seen it from a locality north of Kangoon.

Dr. Stoliczka informed me of a second species of Tachi/dromUg which was sent by ^ir. H. L. H a u g h t o n to the Museum from Goal[tara in Assam. It dilfers from the last and indood from ol! the spodes cited by G ti n t h e r, except T, japottiem, in having 4 pairs of chin -shields instead of ,3, but it has 6 dorsfd series of scales, and 10 venti'al series ; all of them keolnd. Its coloration is very similar to that of 2\ sex-iineatuii, but the glistering pole green longitudinal stripe IB broader, and the dark line below narrower. I sluill with the connirrence of the Curator name this 7iit%tZro«H#^ Ilati^htmumm. Leaglh 8^ imhus^ of which tlie tail measures 5 J.

Of the ScmcidiB I have aseertaiued by numei'ous specimons from Darjeeling, the Sutlej valley and Kashmir, that Giinther's

1870.]

PrQ€eedin^9 of ihe Amniie Sodd^*

X%^

£uniac*^§ ffimalayanua ia identical with BlytK' s Moeoa Sikimemis^ whioli hwA tiiUB a wider distxibation, for wluch Gtintlier's name wauld liarc been more appropriate, than the local but prior of 13 ly til.

Thoobald has deecribed ("Oat Bop. Aedat, Mas. p. 25) a €uriiiiis Sciuk as Pkisiodon (EuuieeeAj acutattiSf the locality of which was iuikno\ni, I prociu'ed one specimen of this intoresting form iu the Alpine I^ijab, on the route &om Jheliini into Kashmir.

Major B 0 d do m 0 has sent me specimens of a form of Euyrepe% whifli comes under Giinther'a iirst section AUttthomurtntf dis- tinj^iiijshnd amon^ other points by the two-keeled scales. Ho Bames thia AteucfmsauruM TraiHtncorUniSy having first obtained it in the Travaucore hills, but has since found it in Malabar, and 8. Canara, though rare. I procured it many years ago in M^Uabar, and notieod it at page 479 of Vol. XXII of the Journal, without de- itrribing it, as the specimen was unfortunately lost, but I took a aket4.rh of it wliich I BtiU possess. It is a small species, (vide Mad. Med. Journ, 1870, No. 1, p. 33),

The same indefatigable naturalist has also recently procured £Hprrp€i triliaeatm^ Gray, ooly hitherto obtained by myself from one locality, and a second very olosoly aUied species which I have called Eupt^pa BeddomeL It ditfers from trilimatm in ita shorter, mxich more elevated head, with corresxK>ndingly shorter xnuKzle, in t!ie upper labial shields posterior to the eye being larger and higher, in the median occipital plate being pointed instead of truncated boliiud, in tho larger number of body scales, the smaller 8120 of tho spines, bordering the anterior edge of the ear, and in having 5 Instead of 3 pole bands which extend well on to th& lose of til a tail.

The imporfoet specimen of Tiliqua trmUata^ Gray, of Central India, presented by myself, still exists in the Museum here, and is evidently a distinct species fi-om T. ruft^acem (ur mrinata^ S c h n e i d.) of which it ia claJSStHl as a variety by O anther, dilfering, aa Theobald, remaiked by ita 5-keelcd scales. Its head also m Qvtor anil higher, and there are some other p<*ints of difference. Neither Major B e d d o m e nor myself have found an identified Zffffoioma Busiumimi of D. and B., &om the Malabar Coast, which

74

Fro€0$iin^B of the A$iatic Bmkty,

[Mae.

0 ii B t h e r eiroQeously identifies with Eumece^ mdicuif a large apecies which I obtained in warm ToUeys in Sikim.

S^Teral scinka obtained by Dr. S toliczka within our limits^ and described by Steindachner, have to be added to oiir Beptile Fauna, viz. Euprepes Ptftersii froin Charaba, Mocoa Bhjthii from the Wangur valley, and Mocoa Stoliczkana fi'om Spiti, &c.

I found the beautiful Pseudopwt graciUs very commoa at Shillong, The spots on the body described as blauk or dusky, are in the living animal a beautiful and shining turquoise blue, q^uite similar to those of the European species,

I have ascertained that the very curious Sphenocephalus tridaei^^ Z«w of B 1 y t h, stated to be from Afghanistan, is very eommon in the desert and sandy parts of the Sotithem and Western Punjab, extending quite to the borders of Sindh, and probably throughoat the hitter country also. Indeed, I should doubt its occurrence at all in tlie elevated region of Afjjhanistan* It is known in those parts of the Punjab which it irequonts as the Ri<f Mtlhi i, e» Sand- fish, the same name by which the Scimua officinalis is known by and sold in Indian bazars, both being esteemed aphrodisiac. Its habits when alive folly bear out Mr, B 1 y t h ' s conjecture on this point ; it diTOS into the sand with great ease and celerity.

Major B e d d o m o lately detected a very curious lizard of this family Scpsidw in the Museum at Madras, which he doacribod as Sphmocephalusf petUaductf^lm* (Madr, Jour. Med. So, 1870, No. 1^ p, 30), It is stated to be from the banks of a river in Malabar.

Among the Geckos, Major B e d d o m e has discovered several new Hemidactifli and GifmnodactyU^ besides my G\ Malaharicus whi«h he has quite recently sent me from the foot of one of the ghats leading from Lognaad into lower ^Malabar, where also I proeiu'ed ray speci- mens, Memidacfj/fuft aurantiacuSf and JT, reiiculttfm are described (1. cit) by Major B e d d o m e from Shevaroys and Colegal respec- tively.

I have recently got JTemidacii/hn triedrm from Bandelkund sent me by Colonel T i o r n a n to whom I had written to endeavour to procure the specimens of an Agumoid lizard hereafter to be noticed.

The Oijmnodactyli arc named by Maj* B e d d o m e re8poctively G^ marmoralm^ gracUtu fF^naademi^ and ornatus, and I find from my

1870.]

Proceedings of the Asiatic Society »

75

drawings that I had previously faund Wytmademis in the Bame difitiict. These small G^mnodactyli resemble each other very closely, aad jKJBsihly one of them may on comparison be found identical with G, Jerdoni^ described by Theobald in his catalogue. Major B.j has ascertained that G. indicHSf Gray, described from speeimen Bent home by myself haa generally an unequal number of pores on one side than on the other side* A very curious new form has been described by B e d d o m e, from the Tnpatty hills in North Ai'cot, aa Oalodact^lui aureus. The Gecko has the ends of the toes dilated into larf^je dis^ks, (vide Madras Med. Joum. 1870, No. I, p. 30, pi, II),

My G, littoralis has hitherto not occurred to Major B o d d o m Of OP any of his collectors, but, I have little doubt, will yot reward their labours. It is very distinct fi*om any of the other small Geckos, having the bassil plates of the toes much dilated, — especially the mosi anterior one which is double the size of the othera and somewhati nail-shaped ; beyond this the apical portion of the phalanges are composeil of small narrow plates all terminating in nails. The sub- caudal BcutfiB are large.

I have recently obtained what appears to be a fine new species of Fentadtteii/liis of G u n t h o r from the Khasi hills. This I shall call P. Khasiensis, It has numerous larger rounded tubercles mixed with the very small scales of the back. The nostrils are situated between the rostral, 1st labial and a supranasal, and are followed by several small scales. There ai-e 10 upi^er labials, the last long and somewhat undulating on its upper edge, and 11 lower labials. The body above is covered with about three series of elongated spots, whit^ become two at base of tail, and finally unite into one. It is a large species.

I possess one or two spocimcns of KijcteridtUfn Schneider t from the '

tiasi hills ; rare apparently so far nortli, though it is mentioned by G ii n t h e r itom Assam and Bengal The only other novelty to mention in this family is a species of Eahlepharis which appears distinct from both Hardwikii and maculariust a species not in G ii n t h e r, but recorded in Theobald's Catologue. Unfortu- nately it is only a young specimen and imperfect. I got it in Hurriana and shall provisionally C4ill it 2r«i^<?p/iflrf«yWi'rf^^« It has the lar- ger tuberdes of the back larger and ilner than in maculmim^ and

76 Proceedings of the Asiatic Societ}/. [IVLui.

less close cmd narrower than in Hardwickii, It is beautifully tanded with white, having one nuchal band as in the last named species, but 3 dorsal ones, besides one on the root of the tail. Its head and body are 1 J inches long, but the tail is imperfect.

Of the Agamida I have obtained two apparently new species of Japalura, one from Sikkim, the other from the Khasi hills, which I have named respectively microlepis and planidorsata. The former, of which I only obtained one specimen, differs conspicuously from vancgata, which is also extremely common in Darjeoling, by the much smaller scales being more sparingly mixed with large ones. The back is reddish, abruptly separated from the greenish color of the sides by a series of somewhat raised scales ; the dorsal crest is very low and continued to the base of the tail. The head and body is 2 1 inches ; the tail (imperfect) 24.

The other new species is a very remarkable one, lately procured in the Khasi hills ; the back is very flat, in which it resembles the last ; it has no nuchal nor dorsal crest, but a double series of very slightly enlarged keeled scales separated by only one row of smaller scales, but on the neck by four or five ; and there are several series of angidarly bent larger scales, the angles directed backwards. The superciliary scales are strongly keeled, and there are several scales above the tympanum enlarged and prominent. It has a strong similarity in the arrangement of the scales to Japalura Swinhonia from China.

One specimen jfrom head and body nearly 2, tail about 3 J inches. I found two specimens only. They are of a dull yellowish colour with dusky cross bands, and the sides mottled dusky.

Peters* has two sub-genera, which with Japalura should perhaps form sub-divisions of Otoergptis, all agreeing in the concealed tympanum. He describes a Ptgcolamm gularia from Calcutta (bought).

The smaller race of Si tana , being the one procured at Pondi- cherry and the south of India, must retain Guerin's name of Sitana ponticeriana ; and the Deccan species, being the larger of the two, caimot weU stand as S. minor, and will require a new name, for whicli I propose Beccanensis, that part of India being its head c[uarters.

• Monat. Borl. Akad., 1864, p. 386.

1870.] jProeeedmffBoftheAHiaUcSocipfy, 77

I have also got one speoimoTi of a now OrencaUiies^ from llio valloy of the Sutlej near Kotegurh, wliirh Iirall Orcovaluten major, I liavo not seen a specimen noradrawinj^ of Or rind lot en minor to crnniijirrit with, but it difTors from tho doscription of that spircij's hy its hinnlltr andmuch more numerous body s»'ah.!S, by tlii^ abdoiniiuil s( jil<*s brin*:; conspicuously larger tliau those of the sid«js and in its mode n('(ul(»ra- tion. The general colour is i)ur2)li.sli grey above, wit li somo Mark cross bands on the head, Avhich beoome arrow .sbiiped on the trunk and the root of the tail; a blackish band runs from bcliind tlu? cvo along the side of the neck; tlio sides of tlit^ body are ^rciMi, mixed "with black, (the black scales being small and smooth, and tlio green ones large and kcided) ; limbs and tail with dusky cross bands and rings; the tliroat wliitisli, witli a U)\\ black specks, and a verylsmall light purple gidar lap ; belly tawny wliitc? with brown Cfpecks. Length 9) inches ; the tail being rather more than G.

Beddome has recently got specimens of Calotcs Al/iolli, tho O. RotU'i of my catalogue from the Avesteru forests.

I have got five sjjocimeus of Calvtes Maria from the Khasi hills, and of a second 8X)ecies which is apparently B 1 y t h * s Calotaif platt/vcps. This dill*ei*s conspicuously from G, Maria by the fewer scales of tho body, the voiy much larger scales of the throat, the lower sincipitiJ crests, tho inferior of whitrh is situate immediately above the orbit, and not at a distance as in Maria. Both are beautifully gi-eeu with more or less various marks. C maria^ being much tho largest species, some specimens measuring 18 implies, of which the tail is above 13. C j!>/rt///r/;/^.9 scarcel}"" exceeds 12 or 13 inches, the tail being 9.

I much doubt the occurrence of G, Maria in the North Western Hinndayas, whem^e recorded by G ii u t h o r on the authority oi' ono of the S c h 1 a g i n t w o i t s ; but, as I will have fre([iuMit occasions to note in my ** lieptiles of India," several of the habitats of tho Peptiles given by tho brothers S c h 1 a g i n t w e i t appear to be erroneous, probably from disidacements of hdicls.

Oriofiaris EUioiti^ Giinthor, is clearly Calotes tricar inafiis^ B 1 y t h, which that natiu'alist in a MS. copy of Ids paper ** on some ^Reptiles'* <S:c., forwarded to mo, has marked new genm. It is rather uncommon about Darj celi ug, and never grows to a large size. G U n t h 0 r strangely i)ut3 its with a query as Calotes Maria.

?8

Proaedingi of th^ Asiatic Soeifit^.

[IIar.

One of the type speeiraena of my CalotM nemoritmla still exists, though much injured, in the Museum here, and it is very distinct from €. gigtuiy also from the same locality.

The only Agamofd lizai'd noted in my Catalogue is the one de- Bcribed by B 1 y t h from specimens obtained by myself at Saugor in ^ Central India as Braelnfmura ornnta^ All my endeavoura to pi-ocure Kpecimons for a more minute examination of this very curious form have hitherto failed. From some remarks made to me by Colonel T y 1 1 e r, I wiis led to believe that Bundelkund wmiltl prove to be the head quarters of thia Agamoid, and this indeed is highly probable, but Colonel Tiornan to whom I applied has not yet succeeded in get- ting me specdmena. Till some one with sufficient siiontillc proclivities ax ami new those districts, we must rest satisfied with our incomplete information. From a rough sketch of the Lizard and some of ite details, I ran add to the notes furnished by B 1 y t h, the following Bcraps of its structure. — Scales rather large, in distinct transverse bands, not directed so obliquely upwards as in Cahie^^ not quite so straight as in SaUa, nostrils at some distance from the snout in a large scale j a distant fihoulder fold ; one large tuberculate scale in the middle of the head, surroimded by smaller 4 — 6 sided ones ; a ridge of strong scales protecting the eye. Length of one about 0 inches, the tail being not qiute 3.

To tlie section of Rook lizards^ I have to add a species of Tt^apdm^ also from the Alpine Punjab, quite distinct from G linther^s Si^apilm msgalonijXu The central shields of the head, 2 or 3 series, mre large ; the upper lip is sun-onnded by 31-32, instead of 39 shields, there are no conspicuously large shields on back and sides ; the scales on the upper base of the tail conspicuous- ly larger than those on the under side ; the foreleg does not reach the hip*joiiit ; the nails are snb-equal and all very much emaller than the thumb ; coloration yellowiBh brown, with a series of dark brown oblique bands interrupted on the median line and on the sides, below pale yeDowish. Length of specimen 7 inches, the tail being 44.

Agama (ujili$^ i> 1 i v., an African Lizard, was added to the peninsu- lar Fauna by Theobald* who obtained it in the Panjab Salt Bange. I have never observed it*

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 79

I am not quite satisfied of the distinctness of S'ellio indicm and Laudakia tiibercalatay or ratbier I am inclined to class them with Giinthor as one, but unfortunately I did not secure many spe- cimens (for comparison) from different localities.

Steindachner's Stellio Kiinalaijanus, brought byStoliczka from Ladak and Tibet, is quite distinct, but hardly enters our province.

From information, recently sent me by Major B e d d o m e, the beautiful Liohpis guttata must be added to the Peninsular Faunn, I sent him a specimen procured by myself at Thayetmyo, and he in reply wrote back that he had recently got this Lizard from Canara, quite identical with my Burmese specimen. This is a highly in- teresting addition to our Peninsidar Reptile Fauna.

In my Reptiles of Sth. India, under the head of Acanthodactglas Nilgheriensis, I state that I have reasons for believing that that IJzard, and the Chameleon named in my Catalogue as O. pumilus from the Nilghorrios, on the authority of Walter Elliot, were most probably Cape species that had somehow got mixed with his In- dian specimens.

Dr. Stoliczka has pointed out (Proceedings Avsiat. Soc. for Jany. 1870, p. 2,) that the ridge on the upi>er part of the head of the Indian Ch. rulgaris are stronger than in the African form, and that there are no lateral longituilinal bands on the body. These and fK)me other differences are, by no means, opposed to the once current opinion, that the Indian form is specifically distinct from the African, the former having been called Ch, Ceglonicns, Laur.

Among Ophidian Reptiles I have fewer novelties to point out than in the Saurian or Batrachian Reptiles.

A considerable number of new species of the curious earth Snakes, chiefly of the families of Uropeltiday have been added by Major B e d d o m e. The remarkable Xenopeltis nnicolor has been obtained in Southern India, as recorded by Theobald. Amidst the multitude of species of the families now known to science, I am not certain to wliich my throe species of CyUndrophis can be referred, but with regard to my placing them in that genus, I have the authority of Pr. Cantor (to whom I referred several of my doubtfid species), and whose remarks I now keep in possession.

80

Proceedings of the AttinUc BochUf,

[Mar.

Under the head of OUfodm^ I have only to remark tliat I helieve the figui'o of EiiBBoll I, pi. 19, which hasbeon (.'tilled Col. trnttwiotut, but generally referred to the young of Tripidonntm stolatusy refers to a species of Oligodon, ThMgf>nor»l aspect, shoii, head, markings, ehort tail and few sub-caudal scuta are all marks of that group, and the presence of palatine teeth recorded by Russell is not a certain negatiye sign, for I see that several of this gmuxJ have lately boon fihowB to possess them* Whether this snake can bo referred to one of the lately deafttibod Rpecies or not, it must (in case my obaer- Tations are verified) stand as Oltgodon tmmhitum*

I lately procured two species of C^chphis in the Khasi hills. One of thorn appears to be Ctfclophh framtias of G ii n t h er, de* scribed from Afghanistan and Mesopotamia. The only diiTerence I con detect in the description is, that in my specimen, the temporals are 2 -|- 2, the first temporal having apparently a small one cut out of its anterior edge, Li-*nglh of my spoeimeu I4l, tho tail being 4 J.

A specimen*^ in the Mnaoum (No. 8 1 J), marked Blpma monticoh^ Cantor apud B 1 y t h, appears to he the same species ; a second BmaU black mark begins behind aad below the gape, continued as a line of specks on two or three lowest emeries of acales» and finally just forming a dark edging above and below tho last row of long scales^ and is lust on the posterior part of body ; below pale yellow.

The other species is a much smaller snake, a female, only 7} inches long, having 5 large eggs in her g X fV of an inch. The tail was 1 J. The single laige nasal is postoiiurly obliquely slit up to the edge, one preocular and two postoculars ; the supraciliaries small and oecipitals large ; 15 scales; ventral scuta 127 to 135, and 33 to 38 sttb-caudals, Tho color is brown, with a pale lateral band from the eye extending to the tip of the tail j below this a mottled brown and yeEowish band ; chin, throat and anterior part of neck yellow, the rest of the lower parts red. Upper labials 6, normally, the last three sub-equal in size, and not as in fr^natu* where the Gtli is as large as the -Ith or 5th together ; temporals 1 -(- 1- I propose for this one tho name of Cgclophts ruhrivenier.

I obtained one small specimen of a snake in lower hills of the

• Tbii ij io ftll ftppeapancft the tjpo of B I y t h*a D. monikola^ Cant. [Enir.]

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, Bl

Nortli Western Himalayas, which from its long snout ought to be placed among the Dryophida ; but the scales are not lengthened, it has the coloration of a young Compsosoma, and the tail is short, with few sub-caudals. The specimen unfortunately is not in very good order, and I do not like to name it at present. The head is somewhat depressed, with a long-pointed snout, very distinct from the neck ; eye of moderate size ; body not compressed ; nostril much higher than broad, extending on the upper surface of the snout; anterior parietals only a little smallefl^' than the posterior ; nostril in one long nasal, faintly grooved ; one loreal rather larger than high ; two preoculars, the lower one touching 3 upper labials, and two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 -}- 3, or the first upper one divided into two ; 8 upper labials, 5th and the edge of the 6th enter orbit; 19 rows of smooth scales; 175 ventral scutse and 44 pairs of sub-caudals. The second pair of chin shields is the largest and ridged externally. Length of specimen, 12 J inches, the tail being 1|.

I obtained another very remarkable snake quite recently on the Khasi hills, which does not agree with any recorded genus (to de- scription of which I have access), and the family to which it belongs is also doubtful. It has a blunt head, very distinct from the thin nock ; long, rather compressed body, and long tail ; its scales are very numerous, not imbricated (as in some of the JTomalopsidai), and the shields of the head are short, and do not cover the occiput, but the nostrils appear to be lateral.

I propose calling the genus after our accomplished and able Secretary in the Natural History Department, Dr. F. Stoliczka, and the species —

Stoliczlcia Khasiensis. — It has two pairs of frontals, the first pair very small and from the state of the specimen rather difficult to notice ; the second one very large. The rostrum is slightly injured, but the nostrils appear to be lateral, though placed rather in front, and apparently surrounded by a slightly swollen edge ; the vertical is very short, broader than long ; the supraorbitals rather small ; one large preocular ; 2 postoculars ; no large temporals, small scales like those of the body immediately following the postocular ; 8 upper labials, 5th and 6th entering tlie orbit, the last very long ;

82 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Mar.

3 pairs of small chin shields ; 27 to 31 rows of small lengthened ovate tuberculatod or ridged scales, increasing in size towards the ventrals, those forming the last row on either side being largest ; ventral scutce 207, anal undivided; sub-candals 114, single. Length of specimen, 26 J inches, the tail being 7J. Colour a dusky plumbe- ous above, white below.

Some of the characters of this remarkable species approximate it to the Bendrophida : its somewhat depressed head, long thin neck, compressed body, and long tail, scales increasing in size towards the ventrals &c. ; in the character of the shields of the head, and of the scales of the body, it resembles certain Homalopsida^ and its short blunt head has an appearance of some of the AmhlycephaUdeB, and it has the single sub-caudals of CercmpiR and AmhhjcepJialus, I shall not attempt now to refer it to any family, but leave that for the future.

I obtained a single example of the very rare Xenurelaps hungu^ roides, Elaps hunguroides of Cantor, of which only one specimen is known, the type example in the Museum at Oxford. My specimen is a rather smaller one, being 15 inches, of which the tail is 2J^. It has 224 ventral scuta) and 44 sub-caudals, and 13 to 15 rows of scales on the body. It only diflPers from Giinther's description by having one white intercepted line commencing on the vertical, and extending to the throat on each side. When alive, the color of the body was ' a deep rich madder-brown, and the bands were yellow, paling posteriorly. The chin and throat are whitish, which passes into red, gradually deepening on the posterior part of the body and tail, and there are numerous oblong black marks on the abdominal and sub -caudal centres.

The number of anurous Batrachians noted by me in my paper formerly alluded to, from Southern India, was 28. Of these, two are doubtfid, as distinct from allied species, r/«., Rana nilagirica from R. gracilis^ my R. agrieola, and Pyxicephalus fodiens from P. hrevis, my P. phivialia. Of the other supposed now six^cies named there, three have been described by G ii n t h e r under different names, and Major B e d d o m e and myself have obtained these, and all the other sup- posed new species, with two exceptions, which I doubt not will yet

1870.] ProceedingB of the Asiatic Society, 83

be procured by Major B e d d o m o. Tliis gentleman has also found at least six new species not observed by myself.

I have also obtained at Daijeeling" and the Khasi hills at least 6 now species. I can only enumerate these here, but will endeavour to give recognizable characters in another paper.

Bana crassa of my Catalogue has been noticed by Theobald, and is distinct from Rana KukUi of Ceylon which it much resembles.

I have obtained one fine new Rana at Darjeeling, somewhat allied to R. Liehigii^ but distinguished from it by its more fully webbed feet. I call this Rana Sikimensis,

B o d d o m e has got one new very handsomely marked true frog from Southern India, which ho names Rana vittata. Ho has also procured my Rana fiavescens and R, curtipes, both which are Rylorana^ and quite recently Kijlorana Malaharica, sufficiently dis- tinct from Giinther's JT. temporalis of Ceylon, as indeed that na- turalist suspected, though he had not seen Malabarica, My Hylorana curtipes is a most distinct form from Jfal^barica, and G ii n t h e r must have had a very hazy idea of Malabarica, when he asserted, on see- ing a copy of my drawing of IT, curtipes^ that it was most probably M. Malaharicaj he himself acknowledging that he had never seen that species.

B e d d o m e has sent another small species of Hylorana which he calls H, hipunctata,

A species of Hylorana common at ShiUong, which, from its colora- tion, I considered at the time to be erythrcea, I find on examination and comparison of specimens to bo quite new, and shall from its most curious bird-like voice call it Hylorana pipiem. It has much larger legs than any of the other Indian Hylorana, and is of a mufli more slender habit altogether, with longer and sharper muzzle and more slender limbs.

My Polypedates variabilis is tlio same as P. pleurostictus^ G ii n t h e r, as ho himself 8a«»x^ected. B o d d o m o has obtained one small new specaos of this genus, and I have got three new ones, one very re- markable one from Sikkim, and two boautifid si)ecies from the Khasi hiUs. A very large green backed one is perhaps the one just mentioned by B 1 y t h in a note as Polyp, sinaragdinus from the Naga hills, which name I shall retain for it. The other Khasi

S4 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [MaA.

one is a complete link to RhacophoniSy having the basal portion of the fingers webbed. It is a very beautiful si)ecies which I shall call P. annectans,

P, smaragdinus grows to a large size, about equalling Pol. marmoratuSy B 1 y t h, {Afghnna, G ii n t h e r). It resembles P. macula' tm something in habit, but is not so slender : the upper suirface of the head and hind neck is slightly rough with minute tubercles, whilst the lower surface of body Ls perfectly smooth. The body is not nearly so long as the hind leg to the heel, whilst in nMcidatua it is as long or slightly longer. Colour, a beautiful green above, below yellow. The sides of body and thighs variegated and banded with reddish brown and black. The disks of the fingers and toes are not very large. Length of one, head and body 3 J inches, hind leg 6}.

I obtained Rhacophorus gigas in Sikim and the Khasi hills, where I also obtained what appears to be the true Rhacophoras Rein- wardtii. This is a much smaller species than gigas^ and all my Khasi specimens have one or two deep blue spots on the sides of the body, but the dark mark on the webs of the toes is less marked, than in the figures of tliis species in Schlegel.

I recorded Rhacophorus Reinwardtii apud D u m. and B ib ron, from Malabar in my Catalogue, whence it was also procured by the French collectors, but G ii n t h e r has entirely ignored this genus as from Southern India. Major B e d d o m e has sent mo a specimen, on comparing which with Khasi specimens a perceptible difference is apparent. The head and body of the Malabar are indistinctly though finely tuberculatod ; the habit is more slender, and there is a distinct fold of skin over the eye in Reinwardtii^ absent in this. The head too is x^erhaps a trifle longer. I shall provisionally call it Rhacophorus malaharicus. It has the spots on the sides of the body, so ('onspicuous in Khasi specimens of Rfinwardtii.

I have also got a new Pgxiccphahis from the Khasi hills, and B o d d o m e has sent me apparently my P. rufescens from the Wynaad. Ho also sent me small specimens o'f P. hrevicepsy which from their appearance during life, ho, like myself, considered to form two distinct species, and which Theobald also considers to be distinct.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 85

I obtained numerous speoiuiens of Xjeiwphnja nvonticolaj G ii n t h e r, botli at Darjeeliug and the Khasi hills. It has distinct vomorino teeth which G u n t h e r was unable to detect in the specimens of tho British Museum. I also obtained five specimens of a large species of Xenoph'ijs both in Sikim and the Khasi hills, which I propose describing as Xenophrys gigas.

Besides Ixalus tinniem, Ixalm femoralis fglandulosa of my Cata- logue), /. Wynaademisj and /. opisthorJwdm (my Limnodytes phyllo- philajy all of which B e d d o m e has obtained, he has got at least three new species of this genus in Southern India ; and I have got another in the Khasis.

B e d d o m e has likewise obtained Caloula montana of my Catalo- gue, which appears perhaps to be C, ohscura of G ii n t h e r, and another species which I have not yet seen, but which, from his description, appears to be C. guttulata of Pegu, lately figured by G ii n t h e r. He has also procured a small form allied to Caloula^ which appears to be identical in generic form with one obtained by Dr. Stoliczka in Fonang, for wliich he proposes the name of Ansonia, and which he will liimself describe shortly.

I have procured Diplopehna rubrwn from Nellore where I first obtained it, and it appears to be one of the varieties of Dipiopelma ornatum apud GUnther, asl see that many sj^ecimons were pre- sented by myself, but I consider it perfectly distinct from D, ornatum ofDumeril and B i b r o n, with which my D, malaharicum is perhaps identical. I have also received from Major B e d d o m e a specimen of D. carnaticum of my Catalogue, which again is quit« distinct from D, ruhrum, and apx)ears to be generally spread. I have specimens from Assam and Central India.

II. Observations ox some species of Indian birds, lately PUBLISHED in THE Society's Journal, — by Allan 0. Hume, C. B. (Abstract).

This paper contains much additional information regarding some species of birds which have been noticed in Vol. xxxviii, Pt. 2, of our Journal by Mr. W. T. Blanford. !^^r. Hume has been for many years paying special attention to Indian Ornitliology, and with the help of many friends has brought togeilier one of tho

86 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Maiu

£nest coUections of Indian birds. At the same time, Le has collected a very large amount of new information regarding many birds which previously were hardly or only little known, and such additional observations on some species, formerly recorded by Mr. W. T. Blanford, he offers in the present paper which will be, it ia hoped, soon published in the Society's Journal.

m. — Note on a few species of Andaalaj^ese landshells, lately

DESCRIBED IN AmEEICAN JoUENAL OF CoXCHOLOGY, — by Dr. F.

Stoliczka.

The last number of the above Journal, Part 2, vol. v., (i). 109, pi. 10) brought us a welcome addition to Indian Conchology in the way of illustrations of weU known species, described under new names. The paper to which I allude is entitled " Descriptions of new species of terrestrial Mollusca from the Andaman islands, Indian Archipelago, by Geo. W. T r y o n, Jr."

It is not my object to point out the very vague knowledge the author of the above paper appears to possess of the history and geography of our Andaman settlement. It would perhaps be un- fair to expect from the author, that he should know that this settle- ment has now a population of about 8000 or more foreign inhabitants (European and native), and that it has been the largest Indian con- vict settlement for upwards of 12 years. It is also probably not to be expected that the author should be acquainted with the numerous publications in our Journal regarding the fauna of those islands by Mr. E. Blyth, by Col. Tytler and Lieut. Beavan in the ** Ibis," with various papers on the physical geography and the population of those islands, (also in our Journal), with Dr. M o u a t ' s ** Adventures and researches among the Andaman islanders, London, 1863," together with an appendix on the fauna by Mr. Blyth, and i)erhaps not even with the couple of scanty notices in our Journal b}' Mr. Theobald regarding the shells of those islands, — but how Mr. Try on could have overlooked a well known species described by Chemnitz about 90 years ngo, and figured in E e e v e ' s Monograph, and moreover the numerous papers of Mr. Benson about Andamanese land- shells in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., between the years

1870]

Profnedin^g ofihe AiiaUe Sociaiy*

1H59 and 1864, it aeeras almoRt incrodible to an Indian natiindisfc to believe ! TUu words, "as I cannol discover any spwies'* attiibuted to these islands in the various monographs** appear the more romarkable, as Mr. T r y o n in believed to have for years paid ft])eeial atteution to the reviews of Conchological Uteratiire, and m Editor and Racorder of the Americau Journal at one time, when epoaking with apparent very weij^hty authority on the Indian Unfotij evinced a groat interest in the gonortil welfare of Indian Conchology ! (vide Am. Joum. Conch. 1867, vol. iii, p. 201).

There are abrjut 20 apeeies of landaholls enumerated by Mr. Benson and Theobald in tlit^ir publieati nns, and my latdj Investigations will probably increase the number to 30* Sod apeeies are identical with those of the Nieoboje.

In order to prevent any misinterpretations of Mr. T r y o n * a^ well executed (and very welcome"^ (igure%» I give now a list of tho identifications ; but I will not further refer to the subgenerifl dis- inctions of iho «pecie8, as I hnpo shortly to be abli? to publish SJtie notes r<>garding the aaatouiy of ibo auim^al^, and other pecu- liarities of the sliells oi tho various gpwies.

1. JthjBota fmiix) Chamhfrfimi, Tryo n, L cit. p. 10r>, pi. [0, fig. 2» is JTelix IFimghUni^ Benson, Ann, Mrig. Nat, Hist., 1863^ 8 ser,, vol. iXj p, 87.

2. AmpdiU (Eelij) Bufnhyi, Try on, L cit. p. 110, pi. 10, fi^J 3, is lltlit (rochalia, Benson, A. M. N. H« 1861, 3 ser., vol vii, p*82.

3. Orohin fUdix) Andnmammh^ Tryon, h cit* p. 110, pi. 10, fig. 4, is i/ir/ilir f^/(/, Theobald, Jour. A*t. Son. Bengal, 1864, xxxiii, p. 245, which is powsibly the same as IleL Btephiis, Bon^

ion, Ann. M. N. H., 1861, 3 ser., vol. vii, p. 84.

4. Opem fBnltmm} Pi^aUl, Tr'yon, L cit. p, 110, pL 10, fig, 5, m SpiraxU JTatojhtoni^ Benson, A. M. N. II., 1863, 3 8er., voL », p, 90.

6. ? Cyvhsfoma Lmi, Tryon, 1. cit. p. 111, pi. 10, %. fi, iw tho old Cy'clopIioruA foiidceus, Chemnitz, gp, T r y o n * s iigure

• /f#Zi« Mel/ifHj Sinrp. Anf^mnavii^a and HrL Ami jifniu*-! exeppt»^d> No ilrmht Mr. T ry n ii Unj» perli»j*a aiuce iouuii oul luoi'tt m F fw i Tig r, •* Mou. Uuil/' vols. T uiid vi«

88

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[Miju

could be almost taken for that in R o e v e ' s Icon. voL xiii, Monog, Cyclophm-uij pL adii, where an aoooiint of the history of the sitecies ia given, according to Benson* Chemnitz very probably received a specimen of this species from the Nieobars, together with Cyclophorui iurho^ Chem., through the Mora vi an MieBionaries ; for I also obtained two specimens oi /oliftceus from the neighbrjiirhood of the Nancowry harbour on Camorta, though this sx>ecies is hero, as compared with the peculiar Kicobar one, very rare.

Mr. T r y 0 n further mentions from the Andamans ThcUpifUs achatina^ Gray. I never received a specimen from there, but found the species motit abaudimt neai- Mouknein on the limu-stono hills, and only on these. I don'^t know whether there are any limestone rocks on the Andamans. A species allied to Helix procumhens and gahata of Gould oecurs at the Andamans^ and very yoimg shell:* are not much unlike those of PL achat hna.

The same author further mentions Helicina Nlcoharicn^ Phil. • is 18 probably ReL turupHlum^ Benson, A, M. N. H., Iti(i3| \ 0er.^ Toh xii, if at all distinct from the last.

IV. — Notes on tele OEHua J5Jira, by Surgeon F. Day, (Abstract).

The author describes a new species, S, Jm'ioni^ of this remarkable genus of siluroid fishes, and oli'ei*:? general remarks regarding the only other two Indian fepeeies which he admits, II, Buc/mnam, and

This paper will appear in the first number of the Journal for this year, to be pubUahed shortly.

v.— Note on Nokth Westees,— by the Hon'ble J. B. Phear. In this note I merely offer an hypothesis to explain the re- markable ** Nor- Wester" storms, which invariably precede the setting in of our rainy season. We are all familiar enough with the phenomena, the typical form of which may be described x^retty near- ly as follows : — The mousooa breeze h blowing steadily from the ' Bay of Bengal^ (say S. E., 8. or 8, W.). A hea\*y mass oJ^ clouds appears in the N. W.; it rises in the sky very rapiiUy, preserving i an even front, which sti'etc'hefl in a long sharply definoil line from S. W. to N. E. Eain is seen to be falling towards the N. W. j

1870.]

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this apjn'oaclies with the cloud and is accompamed by much thun- der and lightning. The southerly breozo still, however, continues until the line of cloud-front has reachtjd, or even pafieed, the zenith^ when, f(ir a few geoonds, there oocurs a complete calm, followed by a 8uddfc»n and mighty rush of wind fi'oni tJi© N. W. — the rain arrives, — there is a heavy downfall — the storm passes by — and for a time there is almost a complete abaence of wind with a lowered ^ temperature.

My explanation is this :— The air coming from oceanwords ifl largely charged with vapour at a comparatively high temperature| j and I suppoiio that a much colder current of air is suddenly (so ta' speak) poui'ed out upon it from the N. W. and passes over with con-

liderable velocity. Kapid condensation takes place along the sur- I of contact of the upper and lower strata of air — dense cloud ia, formed ; there is electrical disturbance ; and this state of thing#i advances with the fnmt of the advancing N. W. current. As the result of the condensation^ a largo mass of water is precipitated %9\ the 8U]-face of the earth. Tliis, in fuHiiig, dieplacea air, the wateEj it Dears the ground driving the air out of site with inereasingl

orce. By the continuation of the process, as the front of the up- per stream of cold air passes on, an uninterrupted sheet of falling water is produced, which apparetUiy advances with the cloud above and wind below. Actually, however, the path of each drop (except* J ing those of the forefront) may, I imagine, possibly bo pretty nearly ' vertical i before condensation, the vapour, if not brought to rest by the friction of the two currents, was moving with the lower current of air towards the N. or N. W. j it does not acquire any new hori- zontal velocity merely by becoming condensed, and as the di-op falla (if the height be great) it will manifest, if anything, relative to the earth a slight increment of veloiity towards the west. So far, theUf there is certainly no reason why the di'ops should move in the direction of the storm j on the c^ontrary, tliey ought to have a velocity towards the N* and W. But the formation and falling of J the water eliocta a ti'ausfer of matter from above to below j a par-1 tial vacancy, or rarefaction, thus takes place begiiming at the point of condensation^ and the relatively dense cold air of the upper cur- rent is at once ready to press into the opeming ; it pu

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Proeerdingi of the Asiatic Society,

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ffillmg wnter downwards and becomes thuB mixed with, the Iowot ciirrentt At this ettige we have the lower current, which is^ to use a convenient word, po&sessod of a velocity towards the north and 'we»ty infiltrated by the upper <'fild current which is possessed of a

^ Telotjity towardB the S. E, The resultant condition of the mixture may be any modilication of the storm velocity, even to quiescence. Obviously, however, the air whieh comes down from above, must alwuye lose a very large proportion of its velot-ity, fr>r it cannot oontiniie its forward oourse, without carrying with it the whole of the air whieh remaiuod undisplaced l>y the rain between the cloud and the earth, and whiih hud an initial velocity in the opposite direotion.

My explanation shortly amounts to this, that the larg^o bod}' of

^ water geuerati3d and falling as the upper current passes on, pTo- duoes the "Nor- Wester*' by driving violently forward the air whirh is displfur*3d by it in its passage to the earth, while the air which is not so displaced, is either brought to rest, or a(q«ure9 a comparatively small forward velocity (towards the S. E,) from tbo upper current of air permeating it. If this explanation be correct, and the facts ocitur /is I have supposed them, they atford a remark- able instance of transfer of motion. It would also foUuw from those i tliat the atmosphei*ie pressure would increase during tlio pas- of the Btorm ; for, in the first place, the advent of tlie upper cur- entof cold, and therefore relatively dense air, would, to some extent, efi'ect an addition of mass to the local atmosphere ; and secondly, the two opposing currents checking each other's coui'se, would bring about a condensation of the air, which is the product of tlioir uuion. And it is some confirmation of my theory that, in truth, a rise of the barometer doee, I believe, uniformly occur during a " Nor- Wester.**

Also on the flanks of the storm there ought to be according to the foregoing theory a stroug wind, coming from the place of the falling water. This would mauift^'^tly last as long as the storm remained within a certain Umitoil range, and woidd change its direction as the storm passed by. As far as my observation had exteudedi the phenomena which actually ocour bear this out.

il

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On certain rnoriunrED iRREGrLABrriEa op ATxtosniEuio PREsstTRE Ts Bengal, in relation to the Monsoon rainfall of 1 868-69, — ^by Henry F. Blanford, Esq. Meteorological Ee- porter to the GK)venimont of Bengal, (Abstrftct).

Mr. Blanford said that tho object of his i>aper was to bring

ito notice certain iiregularitioa iu tho distribution of barometric

pressure during tho monsoons of 18G8 and 18G'J» which had much

ifluenced tho cjouree of the wind enrronts duiing those two seuaons,

'"and had tn-identlj contributed largely to produce tlio anomalous

raiulidl of Bea^al and tho N. W. Provincua, tho important consjo-

auences of which must be fresh in the recollection of all.

Having spoken of them as uregularitieH, he would, before proceed- ing to describe them, briefly notice what appear to be the normal [features of barometric pressure in the S. W. monsoon in India. On lis subject, unfortunately but little direct evidence is fortlicomiiig, linco no rocT<jrd8, or none admitting of comjiarisou Mxth those of the bengal stations, are to bo had for tho greatur part of India. In- lirect evidence, however, ia available j and tliis indicates as pro- [liable that at the beginning of the S. Webt monsoon a fociis of iminimum pressiu'e exists over the central region uf the peninsula, and that towards the middle or end of tho monsoon, as CoL Strachey haa suggested, this focus is i?robably transferred to the Punjab. That eutdi is tho case may be inferred irom the direc- ition of tho winds, which im tho Bombay side are westerly diuing [the hot weather and early monllis of the 8. W. moiisooa, while in I Bengal the prevailing db-ection is from tlie Suutli Kast. It is to bo [inferred that they blow, in accoiilance witli BnysBallot's law, rards a place of minimum pressure, with a tendency to ciiculate ad it ■ the law of their movement being tlio j^ame ui* that of tha winds in a cyclone. A siimltu' inference is to be dra^m from the fact displayed in D o v e * s Isothermal charts, as well as in that of Me^itiis, Bchlagintweit, ri'z. that in the hot weather, tho focus of highest moan temperature is about Nagpore, — in the rains, in the Punjab : and a persistently high temperature necessarily produces a low barometric pressure by tho expansion and consequent overflow of the air above the heated regiun* Again, — the c*ourse of theisobaric lines

92

Proceedingi of th A»fnfie Smaty.

{MarA

across the Bay of Bengal (a« inferred from the Btatione aroimd the coast) ia from North East t-o South West, or in general conformity ^ to the outlino of the pemnsiila, with the lower pressure (in the S. W- monsoon) lying to the North West, If the normal pressure then be Buoh as is inferred, the normal winds in Bengal would be from 8. E*, (in acoordance with the law already alluded to)j but if on independent j focus of low pressure be interposed in their course somewhere In Lower Bengal, it would follow that the vapour-bearing winds would be drawn in towards it, and would there discharge their moisture as rain, while dry westerly winds would prevail in the N, ^W* Provinces. This is whataotuallj happened in both 1868 and 1869, Tlie re-difitidbution uf pressure of the change of the monsoons occur« in tlie montkfi of March and October* In 1 868, as early as the month of April, a slight barometric depression (relatively to places around) appeared in the N. W* corner of the Bay of Bengal^ the boinjmeter* at False Poict being lower than that at Cut tack, and that at Saugor Island lower than at Calcutta. This difference was more marked in May, and still more so in June, at the begiuniog of which month the rains set in very heavily in and around Calcutta. The heaviest j fall was over Balasore and Coutai, where it exceeded 30 inches. It was very heavy at Calcutta and Midnapore (bet^-een 20 and 30 inches), and diminished rapidly in all directions around. The wind resultants for the montli shew the influence of the depression very markedly, those of tdl stations being more westerly than is usually the case. In July the raana were not heavy, and on area ] of low pressure in the direction of Hazareebagh appears to have exercised an influence over the winds, rendering them more easterly. But in August the former focus was again intensified, the minimum pressiire being very near Sanger Island, and the winds were again drawn towards it. The raiufall of this montli was veiy heavy (exceeding 30 inches) over Ilooghly and Kishnagur, therefore at a distance of about 100 miles to the north of the place of bare- | metric depression. It exceeded 20 inches at Calcuttji, Burdwan ' and Jessore, diminishing in all ilirections around. In September, the depression remained, but was less marked and influential, and | it did nut di*sappcar entirely till December. Thiougbont ihii sea- son, the windjfl in the country to wostwiU'd of the Delta never

1«70.]

Proceedings ofth Atiniw Soeifity*

9a

become S. E. Durmg the greater part of it they wore westerly, and September they Teered to north east. Hence apparently the drj^ness of the N. W. P. thi'oughout thf^ season.

In 1869, shortly after the rediBtribiition of pressure in IVrarch, a alight depression appeared over a re^on including Berhanipore, Moughyi', Patna and Hazareebagh. In May it was intensilied, especially over the first named station, and reached its lowest point in June, There was Uien a mean diHerence of 0.14 of an inch between Calcutta and Berhanipore. The effect of this depression on the winds

Fad rainfall waa einular to that of the Saugor Inland dopre>i8ion of lie previous year. At Patna, the wind was north, and at Hazaj^eebagh and Cuttack south and somewhat westerly. The rainfall in thia month, as in the previous yeari was heaviest, not over the place of depression, but at some diatanre (150 miles) to north of it j ef^peeiiiUy &v6r Baxa (Bhotan Boars), Btnajpore and Bungpore, Generally it exceeded 20 inches over the country north of the Pudda river. In the Bulta it was bulow 20 inches.

In July, AugiLst and September, the depression did not disappeari but appears to have moved westward. So that, at the end of the rains, ifoughyr, Patna and Hazareebagh wore all lower than Berhampore.

In conclusion, Mr. Blanford eommented on the peculiar re- action that appeared to exist between the place of gi-eatest barometric depression, and that of grontest rainfall, the latter appearing al- ways to be to north of the former in the instances cited ; and he ated as a posi^ible explanation, the existence of two barometric epreaaions, so related that one would act by retai*dingj without resting, the wind currents in their progress ti>wartls the other. In such a case, it appeared possible that an accumulation of air would pbe produced not over but somewhat beyond the site of the fii'st lepression, and that the heaping up of a nearly saturated atmos- aided by diifusion of the vapour, would determine an sive raiufall in that place. He also pointed out the apparent influence of the Berhamporo nd Mo nghyr depression, on the course of the Cyclones which parsed iiver Bengal in 1869. The first, in May, passed over Jessore ; tho Eld, in June, when the Berhampore depreJ:fsion was mo^t intense^

D4

Pracfffdintfn of th^ Amaiie 8o(^ifit^,

pCAH.

passed iiir©ctly towaids that station across the delta, and speedilj broke up on t!ie north of the Ganges.

Tlio third, in the lioginning of October, when the lowest pressur was distributed over Munghp*, Patna and Ilazareebagh, took an unusual course to the north west and between these stations.

The President said that in inviting discussion upon the pap€ wluch hfid ju^t been read, he need not dvrM upon the gi'oat value i Mr. Blanford'a investigations. It had long been understood tliat the dominant cause of monsoon winds was the periodic occur- rence of a terrestritd locus of minijnum barometric pressure. Anj a persistent condition of low barometric pressiwe simply meant, tha for some reason or another the spot in the earth's surface whe it occurred, was a focus of maximum heat. He believed that Schlagintweit's map of isothermal lines exhibited a centre utm maximum heat in the Punjab, during tlie rainy season, and no duubf the S. W. monsoon of oui* Presidency was greatly influenced by such a centre. Mr. Blanford's observations led to tlie reraark-j able conclusion, tliat in some seasons, if not tdways, there werfj other minor centres, or at least one centre in Bengal itself, whicl aaterially intcrforud with and disturbed tlie action of the principal' Bntre, It was curiom* that an area of maximum rainibll should be found at a certain distance on the north side of this minor centre and Mr, B 1 a n f o r d had offered a very ingt^nious theory to ao eoimt for the fact. Ho (the President) however, felt some diificultr in accepting this theory. It appeared to him inconsistent with the maintenance of the barometric depression, which could only bo attributable to the continuance of local surface boat in excess of thu in the neighbourhood. The effect of the greater ltM?al heat was, b^ & process of internal expansion to lift tlie superincumbent column of air relatively to the suiTounding air, by reason of which the upper portions of it be<'ame, as it werCj pom-ud aways sideways, and so tlio amount of atmospheric matenal in the vertical colunin was lessened! and as long as the relatively low barometer obtalnud, this operation mu»t be going on. Therefore, the passing monsoon cun-ent must 1 affected by it, and if so, the motion of the particles of vapour in it could not safely be calculated as if they were sliding imder the action of gravity upon the gradient bnoj* of equal pressure. lie wuuld_

is7a]

Proceedings of the AtMic SoMttf-

9$

himself be disposed to suggest that the oxpandiiig proeesfl, to which he referred, directly produced the result which Kr. Blanfo rd mentioned j clearly, most of the discarded air and vajMnur would ht* thrown off on the side towards which the wind is hlowing, i. e.^ in the case of the 8. W. monsoon in Bengal, towards the Norths and thufl ihoiH? would be acx'umulation of vapour on that side ; also the additional heat of the area of minimum barometric pressure would diuiinish the saturation of the incumbent air and consequently the rainfall ; bo that the comparison between the rainfall on that area, and on an arua nurtli of it, would in tliia way be doubly affected.

Mr. H. F. Blanford made some further romarkfl regarding the explanation wliich he gave of the scarcity of rainfall in the north west Provinces during the last year, and also regarding the sugges- tions made by the President.

Col. the Hon'ble R.Strachey observed that the greatest obsta- cle which is in the way of a satisfactory explanation of the various air currents lies in the high raitge of mountainB which bounds India towards North. He thought that we are as yet far from being snfiiciently acquainted with the varied influences which the Hima- layan range undoubtedly has upon thoBe atmospheric changes in India, and until our knowledge of this range has been much more improved, it seemed to him almost impossible that we could arrive at anything like a satisfactory explanation of the causes of those atmospheric disturbances. With regard to the rainfall, this diffi- culty is by far not so great, and an almost qult<$ satisfactory explanation of it can be given. OoL Strachey then explained in detail tlie rainfall and its causes throughout India. He pointed out ihe remurkable diminution of the rainfall in the whole tract of country along the bases of the Himalayas from Bengid towards Peshawur, then towards Mooltan, and alluded to the local varia- tions along the Western ghats.

Aft^r some further remarks on the same subject by Mr- H- F, Blanford, the meeting broke up.

96 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [^vr.

LiBRAKY.

The following additions have been made to the Library sinco the last meeting in February.

Preseiitations. <i% Names of Donors in Capitals.

Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres, Tiende Mode, i Christiania fraden 4de. til den lOde. Juli, 1868 : — Det.

KONGELIGE NORSKE XJnIVERSITET I CnRISTIAIflA.

Forhandlinger i Vidonskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, Aar 1868 : — The same,

Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskabeme : udgives af den physio- graphiske Forening i Christiania ved M. Sars, og Th. Kjerulf, sextende Binds, Med 1-2 : — The same.

Norgos Officielle Statistik, udgiven i Aaret 1866, Beretning om Almuoskoleva)senets Tilstand i Kongeriget Norgos Landdistrikt for Aarene 18G1-1863, udgiven af Departemontet for Kirke og undervisningsvBDsenet : — The same.

Norges Officielle Statistik, udgiven i Aaret 1867, Tabeller ved- kommende Skiftevsoaenot i Norge i Aaret 1865, samt den Konge- lige Norske Eegjerings imderdanigste indstilling af 16de Juli, 1867 : — The same.

Norges OfficioUe Statistik, udgiven i Aaret 1865, Beretning om Skoleveesenets Tilstand i Kongeriget Norges Landdistrikt for Aarene 1864-1866, og i Eigets Kjobsta>der og Ladesteder for Aaret 1867, udgiven af Departemontet for Kirke og undervisnings- vajsenet : — Tke same.

Norges Officielle Statistik, udgiven i Aaret 1868. Fattig-Statis- tik for 1866, tillige med oversigfc for Aarene fra 1851 af, udgivne af Departomentet for Kirke og undervisuingsveesenet ; — The same.

Tabeller vedkommende Norgos Handel og Skibsfart i Aaret 1867, udgivne Departemontet for det Indre : — The same.

Beretning om Eigets (Economiske Tilstand i Aarene 1861, 1865, forste Hefte indeholdende de af Eigets Amtma3nd Afgivne specielle Beretningor, udgivne af Departomentet for det Indre : — The same.

Eesidtaterne af Folketoillingen i Norge i Januar 1866, forste Hefte, indeholdende Tabeller over Folkemtengde med mere i Eigets Forskjellige jurisdiktioner samt Folkemtengde fordelt efter alder,

98 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Mar.

En fremstilling af det Norske — aristokratis — ^historie indtil kong Sverrestid af Ebbe Hertzberg : — The same.

La Norvege Litteraire par P. Botten-Hansen : — The same.

Den Norske Lods udgiven af den Geografiske opmaaling, 3die 4de Hefte : — The same.

Ungedruckte, unbeacbtete und wenig beachtete Quellen znr Ge- schicbte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel, beransgegeben und in Abbandlungen erliiutert von Dr. C. P. Caspar!, 11. : — The same.

Det Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitets, Aarsberetning for Aaret 1868, med Bilage : — The same.

The United States Sanitary Commission, a sketch of its purposes and its works : — The Govt., U. S. A.

The Sanitary Commission of the U. S. Army, a succinct narrative of its works and purposes : — The same.

A record of the Metropolitan Fair in aid of the United S. Sanitary Commission held at New York in April, 1864 : — The same.

History of the United States Sanitary Commission by C. J. Stille : — The same.

Brooklyn and Long Island Sanitary Fair 1864 : — The same.

Memorial of the Great Central Fair for the United States Sanitary Conmiission by C. J. Stille : — The same.

Military Medical and Surgical Essays, 1862-1864 : — The same.

Annual Eeport of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1867 : — The Smithsonian Institution.

Annual Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 1866 and 1868 : — The Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Entomological Correspondence of T. W. Hams, M. D., edited by S. H. Scudder : — The Boston Natural History Society.

Proceedings of the Boston Natural History Society for 1868 : — The same.

Memoirs of the Boston Natural History Society Vol. I, Pt. IV : — The same.

Letters of the National Academy of Sciences, Phil«wielphia, 1866 : The National Academy of Sciences America.

Report of the Committee of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, 1869 :— The Bengal Chamber of Commerce.

Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie, Dfecembre, 1869: — The Geographical Society of Paris.

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

An extraordinary General Meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, 9 p. m., 16th March, 1870.

The Hon*ble J. B. P h e a r, President, in the chair.

The President said that the special object for which the extra- ordinary General Meeting was convened by the Council of the Society was fully explained in the notice issued which is follows : —

H. R. H. THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH

•* having expressed a desire to become a member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Society is hereby convened by the Council of the Society, under Rule 51 of the Bye-Laws, for the purpose of proceeding in the matter of his election.

The Meeting will be held this day, Wednesday, the 16th instant, 9 p. M., at the Society's Rooms, Park Street."

The President observed that he had very little to add to w^at is stated in this notice. The report of H. R. Highnesses desire to join our Society as a Member having reached too late to be brought before the last monthly meeting of the Society, the Council thought it desirable to convene an Extraordii%ary General Meeting for the special purpose that H. R. Highness may be elected before he leaves the shores of India, which he was so graciously pleased to honor with his visit.

The President then requested Dr. F a y r e r to move the proposi- tion.

Dr. J. Fay re r, C. S. I., briefly alluded to H. R. Highnesses special wish to become a member of the Society and moved —

That His Royal Highness, Prince Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, be elected an ordinary member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

The President seconded the proposition which was put to the meeting and carried unanimously.

PROCEEDINGS

OP IBB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOR Apkil, 1870,

The monthly general meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the 6th instant, at 9 p. m. The Hon'ble J. B. P h e a r, President, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The following presentations were laid on the table : —

1 . From the Government of Madras — 7 copies of Captain M, W. C a r r ' s ** The Seven Pagodas."

2. From the Government of India, Home Department — A Cata- logue of Sanscrit works in the Library of His Highness the Mah&- rlj6 of Mysore.

3. From H. J. B a i n e y, Esq., two modem copper Coins, bear- ing the inscription, ** Island of Sultana," in English, and the coat of arms of the E. I. Company.

4. From the Author — A copy of " A Treatise on Asiatic Chole- ra," by Dr. C. Maonamara.

5. From the Government of India — A copy of correspondence relating to an inscription found at Barsee Taklee, near Akola in the Hyderabad assigned Districts.

6. From T. W. T o 1 b o r t, Esq., C. S,— A MS. copy of a Hin- dustilni pamphlet, being an analysis of Mr. G. Campbell's Ethnology of India, published in the Society *8 Jouinal.

1fl2

Proceedit^s q/^ ih A$miic Sacifttf*

[Aprii^

The following gentlemeu duly proposed antl seconded at the las-t Bieetmg were balloted for and elected ordinary members : — Oapt R. V. 0 shorn, B. 8, Corps. R. Stewart, Esq, B. Smith Lyman, Esq. Dr. T. W. I n n i e, 0. B. Col. A, D. Dickens, C. B. The following gentlemen oi-e candidates for ballot at the May Meeting : —

Dr, Warth, Indian Inland Customs, proposed by Dr. F. Btoliczkai seconded by H. M. Ada m, Eeq,

Dr, W. S C h 1 i e h, Deputy Conservator of forests, proposed by j Dr. Btoliezka, seconded by S, K u r z, Esq.

J* E. D o b s o n, M. B., iStaff, Asst. Surgeon, proposed by CoL H. Hyde, seconded by Dr. T. 0 1 d h a m.

J. Macnagten, Esq., Darbhunga, proposed by Mr. H. B 1 u c li m u n n, seeoiided by Col. H y d e.

J. H. Daman t, Esq,, C. S., propowed by E. V. Westma-I 0 0 1 1, Esq., seconded by Dr. Stoliezka.

B^j^ S ft t y & n a n d O h o s h ^ 1, proposed by B^bu Tl d j e u- ] dralAla Mitra, seconded by the Ilon'bl© J. B. P h h a r.

The following gentlemen hare intimated their desire to withdraw { from the Society : —

G. M. Tag ore, Esq. T. B. Lane, Esq. The President gave notice tlmt at the next monthly gonerall Meeting it would be proposed on behall* of the Council that a ' donation of Rs. 100 out of the Society- s Funds should be made j in aid of the subscription to relieve the necessities of MraJ Piddington, The Council considered that they had not them- ' eelves the power, in the ordinary course of managing the Society^s j affairs, to apply a sum of money to such a purpose as this, but they felt confident that the Society would gladly stize this opportunity,^ sad as it was, of testifying its high appreciation of tlie remarkable services done by Mr. H. Piddington to the cause of soienee and the interests of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

The President also announced tliat the Coimcil had formed a Com-^ mittee, consisting of Dr, Partridge, Mr, B 1 a n f o id and him<^

1870.]

Prne^fdi^^i* of the Asiatic Soeietif.

lu;)

self, fot* the collection of subscription b from individiinl members of the Society and from others interested in the progress of aeience. He was afraid, it waa onlj too certain that the widow of Mr. Piddington was in a deplijrable state of destitution, and he trusted that they would one and all by coming forward with their contributions empliatically dec'lai*6 that this was a thing, which should not be<

The receipt of the following conununications has been an- nounced : —

L Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia, by Dr. F. S t o 1 i c z k a.

2, Notes on some plaees of historical interest in the District of Hugli, by H. B 1 o c li m a n n, Esq.

3, Paper on old Dolliij by J. D. T r e m 1 e 1 1, Esq.

4, Genizmna JeMchkei re-established as a new genus of Qmhian* uce^Sf by S. K u r x, Esq.

5, Notes on the Audamaneso, by Surgeon P. Day.

6, Notes on a trip to the Andaman^, by V. B a 1 1, Esq.

7» On the relation of the Uriya to the other Modern Aryan languages, by J. B e a m e s, Esq., B. C* S.

Tlie following papers were read : —

I, — Obsebtations on some LsmiAN AND Malayan Ab hpibia and Repttlia, by Dr. F. Stoliczka (Abstract).

The specdes described in this paper have been partially collected by the author along Uie Burmese and Malayan coaat, in Penang and Singapore, partially at thtj Nicobar and Andaman islands, only a few flpef'ies are noticed from Jara, and a few also from the N* W, Himalayas. Hhoi-t notes on the geographical distribution, and on the general character of the Amphibian and Beptilian fauna of the Andamans anrl Nicobars, fo *in a brief preface to the detailed descriptions. Complete lists of all the known species occurring on the two last named groups of islands are appended.

The following is a list of the species noticed, with the locaJitiea wherefrom specimens have been obtained, and brief charai-'teristics of the new species. Of those species marked with an asterisk (♦) illustrations will be given.

104

Prfw§editi^it ofths AifttUc Si^ei^ty,

[APRll*,

AMPB^TBIA, Batrachia.

1. Mfma gracilu^ Wiegni,, (typical) — Sundarbatts, Arracan,

Rangoon^ Moulmeiiij Penang^ Wellesley Province, &<J* Ditto ditto var. Andamanansis, — Andamans. Ditto ditto var, NiCObariensiB,— Nicobars. Ditto ditto var. pulla, — r'euaiig bill.

2. Rana ct/apiop/tlich'sj S c b n e i d. — Oriasa*

3. Pgxicfphalm hrevic^j>Sf S c b n e i tL- — from near Kotegurh,

♦4. Polypedates Hascheanus, n. ^.

A small spetiea rrom the formats of Peiiang bill ; — distanca between anus and heel Blightly less than the length of the body ; brown, lighter or darker, a bW^kish Land between the eyes, a W mark between the shoulders, a pair of blackish spots about the middle of the body, limbs with dark cross bands ; body of lai'geat specimen \^^ inch long,

5* Plyp> maculatus, G r a jy — Penang.

* 6. Myhrma Tyileri, T h e o b. (? ? = m-f/thropa, Schleg.)— Moul- mein.

* 7. Hylorana Nicobariensis, n. ep., from the Nicobaro-

Allied to II, UmporalU of G ii u t h e r, but has two small glandular tubercles behind the anglo of the mouth ; distance between anua and heel less than the length of the body, 4th toe leas than its half,

Ansoniaf n- g^n. {Rhinodermatida,)

BiKly slender, limbs long and slender, fingers free, toes half- webbed, disks scarcely swoUen ; muzzle short, canthus roatralia sharp ; no tfjeth ; tongue entire, oval, elongated.

* 8, — A» F61ia]lg611SiSt found on rocks in streams on Penang hill. Full grown 8|KHimen ff int.' li, hind limb I ^^ inches j body tubercular, black with pale yellowish white spots on the side and purplish red below, between tJie limbs and on the lower belly.

* 9. I}iplopi*hna CarfHstimtm^ J e r d o n. 10* Cahula pukhra^ Gray, from Moubneio.

11. Bufo vindiJi^ L a u r., from the Sutlej valley.

12. IJii/tf mehnodicm^ S c h n e i d., from Bengal, Burma, Malny- ] Pemnsulaf Andamans and Nicobars,

ia7o.]

Pr^eeedinffi of tlie Asiatic S&cid*j.

lOd

REPTILIA. Lacertilia.

13. Ptychazoon hamaloc^pkalum^ Kuhl, — Nicabars. 14* Ge4^ko guttaim, Dan d,— Biinna and AndamanSi 15. Gecko sientor. Can t — Andamans. U). Gecko Smiihiif G r a y, — Java*

17. Phel^uma Andamanen»e, Blyth, — Andamans.

18. Feripia Peronit^ Can t. — Penang.

19. Peripia Cantoris^ G ii n t h. — Andamans.

20. MemidacttflM *frmatu$f Bohleg. — Bui-ma, Penang^ Anda- mans and Nicol>ar9.

21. Htmidiutylm maculatus, D. and B. — Monlniein, Andamana, Caloutta, &e.

22. Oyrt4idactylu6 ruhidus^ {PueUtda ruhida^ B 1 y t U) — Auda- mana.

23.* Cyrtodactylus affinis n. sp.— Penang.

Like Gi/mnodtictifhtn pukhcllusy Gray, in fonn and coloration, but witii lougtjr fingers and toes, and apparently more dejireBsed boily, no enlarged chin akielda, or gub-caudals, and no femoral porns.

24. Ttliqtm canmffa, S o h n e i d. {Eup, rufintcms apud G ii n t h,) — Bengal, Burma, Peuang, Andamani?, &c.

26. Tiliqua olimcmt G r a y, — Nioobars*

26.* TUiqua rugiferai n, »p. — Nicobars ; each Bcmle fivo carinated ; B<*ale8 in 26 tiericfs round tbo bc>dy» 23 transverse r<JW8 between the limbs, 8 longitudinal rows on tbe beUy ; brown abovd, two pale etreaka on the anterior half of the body, pale yellowish or greenish white below,

27,* Mabouya Jerdoniana, n, sp.— Penang.

Like M, a^ilis. Gray, but it has 7 supraciliaries, 8 upper labials, scales in 39 series round the body, 60 transverse rows between the limba, pre-ancds scarcely, sub-cnudals distLnctly enlarged,

28* Ulnulia maculata^ B 1 y t h, — Martaban.

29* Riopa lineolata, n. sp. — Martaban, Similar io R. Boivritigiiy G ii n t h., and equal to it in size, but with scales in 24 longitudinal series round the body^ and 60^ — 65 transverse aeries between the limbs.

30. CaiofcB m^staemij B. &B., — Airacan, Bafisein, Mouhnein, ^c.

106 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Aprii*,

31 . Bronchoceh criatatella^ K u h 1, — Penang. .•]2. ,, Moiuccana, Jj e s 8. — Singapore.

33. „ j'uhata, D. and B. — Java, Nicobars.

34. Tiarts suhcriBtata^ B 1 y t h, {Coryphylax Maximiliani, F i t z.) — Andamans and Nicobars.

35. I>ra€o volans, L. — Penang.

Ophidia.

36. Cylindrophis rufm, L a u r., — Upper Burma.

37. Ahldbes fnelanocephalus, G r a y, — Singapore.

38. „ Bappity Qtu nth. y — Simla. •

39. ,, collar isy Q TO. jy — Simla.

40.* „ NicobariensiS, n. sp.— Nicobars.

Scales smooth in 17 series, vent, 189, anal bifid, sub-caudals 87, coloration similar to melanocephaluSy but the lateral spots are smaller and much more nimierous ; length 17 J inch of which tail is 4 J inch.

41. Ptyas mucosusy L., — N. W. Himalaya, Moulmein, Andamans.

42. Ptyas hexahonotusy Can t., — (Xenelaphis id^m apud G ii n t h. ) — Penang.

43. Compsoaoma radiatumy R e i n., — Moulmein.

44. „ M^/anwrww, S c h 1 e g. — Andamans.

45.* „ semifasciata, ( Piatycops idem) B 1 y t h, — south of Simla.

46. „ Hoflgsonii G u n t h., — N. E. of Simla.

47. Tropidonotm quincunctiatusy Schleg., {Trap, Ty fieri and HtriolatuSy Blyth) — Burma, Andamans.

48. Trop. stclatuSf L. — Moulmein, Amherst.

49. „ platycepsy Bl J thy (^Zamenia jffi'iwa/^yawtw, Steindach.) Kulu.

50. Gonyosoma oxycrphalum , B o i e. — Andamans.

51. Dendrophis pictay Gmel. — Burma, Andamans, Nicobars, Penang.

52. Dend. caudolineatay Gray, — Penang.

53. Chrysopelea ornatay S h a w, — Penang, Burma.

54. „ ruhescensy Gray, — Penang.

55 Psammophis condanurusy M e r r. {Phnyrea isahellinay T h e o b.) — Simla.

1870.] Proceedings of tJie Asiatic Society, 107

56. Tragops frontictnctuSf G ii n t h., — Amherst.

57.* Dipsas hexagonotus, B 1 y t h, — ^Andamans. 58.* ,, multifasciata^ B 1 y t h. — South of Simla.

59. Lycodon striates, S h a "w. — from near Kotegurh.

60. „ aulicus L. {Tytleria hipsirhinoidesy Theobald), — Aiidamans and India generally.

61 .* Tetragonosoma effrene^ Cant, (var.) — Banca.

62. Python molurus Lin n. — Upper Burma, Malayan Peninsula.

63. ,, reticulatusy S c h n e i d. — Nicobars.

64. Hypsirrhina pfumheay B o i e, — Upper Burma.

65. Cerh&rus rhynchopsy S c h n e i d. — Burma, Andamans, Nico- bars, &c.

66. Hipistes hydrinusy Can t. — Amherst.

67.* Cantoria Dayana, n. sp. — Amherst. Form typical, scales in to series, ventrals 268, anal bifid, sub- caudals 56; dull bluish black witli numerous yellowish cross-bands, narrow on the back but widening laterally.

68. Bangurus coeruhtiSy S c h n e i d. — Bassein.

69.* Ophiophagus eJapSy Schl e g. — Burma, Andamans.

70. Naja tripudiansy M e r r. — N. W. Himalaya, Andamans.

71. Callophis intesti)ialisy L a ur. — Upper Burma.

72. Enhydrina Valakadyny Boie. {E, Beyigalensisy Gray) — Orissa.

73. Enh, shistostty D a u d. — GFopalpore.

74. Pelamis platuruSy L., (P. hicolor, S c h n e i d.) — Bay of Ben- gal.

75. Trimeresurus graminetsSy S h a w. — Khasi hills.

76. „ erythrurusy Can t. — Burma, Java.

77. „ carinatusy Gray. — N. W. Himalaya. 78.* „ porphyracettSy B 1 y t h. — Andamans.

79.* Trim. mutabiliS, n. sp.— Andamans and Nicobars. Scales in 21 series, ventrals 156-167, sub-caudals 48-62 ; second labial forms the angle of the facial pit or is divided in two shields ; color uniform reddish brown or with numerous greenish white cross bands on the back, laterally with longitudinal bands.

80.* TVim. Cantoriy Blyth. — Andamans and Nicobars.

1 08 Proeeeditigs of the Asiatic Society. [April,

81 .♦ Trim. COnvictUS, n. sp. Penang.

Like T. monticoh^ G ii n t h., but with much larger scales which are disposed in 21 series ; vent. 132, subcaudals 29.

82. Halys HimalayanuSy G ii n t h. — N. W. Himalaya.

83. JDaboia Rmselliy S h a w, — N. W. Himalaya.

Ohelonia.

84. Emys crassiollis^ Bel 1, — Penang.

Dr. Stoliczka gave a short sketch of the relations existing^ between the Andaman and Nicobar Reptilian fauna and that of Burma on the one and of Java, Sumatra and the Philippine islands on the other hand. All these islands, he said, &c., have many species common. He also specially noticed the very great number of Viperine snakes {Trifneresurus) which are to be met with at the Nicobars, but fortunately these species appear to be less dangerous than^continen- tal forms usually are. The Nicobarese say that not a single fatal case results from the bite of these TrimerMurus^ and certainly all the specimens examined had a comparatively small poison-gland. The result of the bite is said to be only a swelling of the wounded part Dr. S t. also exhibited a specimen of the rare Calhphis intestinalis obtained from Upper Burma. The species has the poison-glands extending from the head to about J of the total length of the body, lying free in the cavity of the anterior part and causing the heart to be much further removed backward, tlian is generally the case in other species of snakes.

The President thought there wore one or two remai'kable features in Dr. Stoliczka's iuterostiug paper. — One to which he particu- larly referred was the relative inefficiency of the poison in certain bnakes of Penang and the Nicobars in comparison with the poison of tlie cognate species found in this country. He did not know whether the circumstances which rendered the possession of an invariably fatal weapon nec^essary to particular classes of snakes in the struggle for life, while others could maintain themselves without it, had yet received much attention. A priori, he thought one would be dis- jwsed to expect that a poison wliich would disable without causing im- mediate death, would be more deterrent in its etfocts, and, therefore, more widely useful to iU possessor than one wliich killed instantly.

18700

Pr9C«$din^i of iha Anaiic So^itfy,

At any rate it was curious to find some of the insular epecies of snakes, though provided with a perfect poison apparatus, mueh less fatal in the eflect of their bite thiui other cl>8tly aUied spedos in Bengal were. The investigation of the causes which had led to this difference ought to be attractive.

A short discussion on the effects of snake-poisoning ensued. Mr. W a I d i e desired to know what the symptoms were resulting from the bite of the Niuobar vipera, and whether they are the same as usually known to originate from the bite of other poitionous snakes.

Br. Btoliozka said that the Kieobarese only speak of a swell- ing of the bitten part» and that they oxliil)it very little fear of these snakes. Dr. Stoliezka also observed that tho poison gland in the species of IVifH^^fMurm which he ha<l examined^ has a simple glandular form without any appendages^ but the skin forming it is very tough, and internally partitioned by numerous irregular lamelhe. The poison of the fresh snake was always in a compara- tively small quantity present, and appeared l&sa viscose than the CJobra pcjison. The dilferencea between the effects of poisoning of the Ci^bra and Daboia had been pointed out by Dr. Fayrer.

' n, — Notes on plages of historioax xnterest ix thk Disxairrr OF Hligli, — by H. B L 0 0 u li A K N, EsQ., M, A. (I, — MtMlJiran and Fanduah.)

The Historians of India assign to Bengal muuh narrower limits than we do at the present day* In the fahaqat i Ndpri and the Tarikh i Firuzshdhi, the earliest Muhaiumudan lust^ries in which Bengfd is mentioned, the territ<.iri«9 attached to the towns of S^t- Igagw (Htjglij, Suniidrg^w (East of Dacca), and Lak'hnauti (Gsur), Diydr t Bang^ perhaps a verbal translation of thu old ngad^hk. The districts north of the Otmges were partly attatih- ed to Lak^hnauti, partly to Suunargdnw, The word Bmgal or Ban- t'tlah^ if I am not mistaken, does not occur in the T^haqat i Naprl^ Jftnd is but rarely met with in the Tdrikh i FiruzshdhL Nor does it ►ccur on Muliaiumadan €oins. One of the earliest pas«sagwi, 141

1 10 ProrffHiiHiK uf (hf Ail lit fie Suciet//, [AFEiLt

wliirli tlip fnnu lituiffiilah iicnirs, is a Oluizal* by H4fizy wliich \^

unit fnnii Hliirti/. to Hultdu UhiAsiuMm, wlio reined over frtiin l.'Ui? tn i:(7.'}.

In liUor iiiMiiiriosy iipiiii, tlio form />///a/' / Bang becomes obsolete, 1111(1 IK) iillii*!' 1111111(1 (M'curs Imt Ihingdfah.

TIu» Houlli (MMiMl of Iloitpil, wliii'K wo imw-a-days call the 'Son- (larluin/ W(»iit l»y tho pMUMvil iiamoof IVn\{i (vl^-'l**) irliicb signifies lamia orrr/!inrn hit ihf fhfr : luit A^ul^a/.l. ill the Akhamdmah^ in- t'ln(l(t^4 ill liiiM ((M'lii ilio wliolo \v\w\ alon^ tho Megna and Brahma- putra.

TIk* alMiv«» iiiiMitioiioil tluvo t»»WMs. S.irtjanw, Lak'hnauti, andSun- iii^rpiiiw >V(<n» t'list (loriiviii^ at diotimo whou Todar Mall completed ^l.'iK'j) IiIm AtJ i 'I'liuuir i Jiifn\ or rimt-nUl of Bong^al, of -which ve liiiv(« II (''i]iy ill tlm Am. l.ak'liuauti. tn>tu tho earliest times, vtf iiiiiininii'i r«ir il'i I'l'vcrM, whirli laiistsl ilio kiu^ of Beng^ continii- n\\y Ut Mliilt llinir n'^itlouro ii» ut'iirUb»iinnj to\ms, a:i;k JPamduah and A hi ill till ; iiii'l S.»l|ijriuw, in t.'»S*J. \va> no loiiiror inmsiilered as hanitr nr liiirliiiiir, tmr wim'o tnlU imHov :i\l thoro :f but it had, as late u li.'il, (It- A. I). 1.1 II, a mini/ SaniuinrAuw was siK^n after eclipsed \\\ IHiiiKii J)(h<iiV

In (illlciiil iloi'uiiuMii?* Iv'airal i< ^^tV.^u iiio!*.:ivmo\l under the title of i/.i'MM.'»' /i'..'.iV. iM* \\w Tav.i li-ij ^^i i .'ir.:tr':os ; and Ltak'hnaa- ti >\ as ojiUotl ./.»■;•;..' I J. \i:' t /»:.;:.': -^^ or Taradi^e town: but the Mnhamuiadjmv «:;no it a: :r,i i\4vl\ r.vi v.; :Uo lUckuauie ot IhsM- /ni» I A/ i.j\| *M- ' \\A\ i.M\L\v»: r..'.*.0'».' l-.ik*:iiiAu:i and SitgaQT held. ni«>roo\»r. a Im*! ua-.iiv' \x i:'i :"'.o c*v.y-;:*.^rs of DLhli, who in aUu^ioii !«» \\\o {\^'^\\\cvA iv\\n'.> ,*::*:•. -r ^r v.r:*. rs, ov-iferred upon

t • l:,.' .•:.. .-■.•,'■;'.•. ^».'.>-. <A .. -» . • ■ ... X ■ '.. • ^ . . . >^- rAr=2i«xrioai ,»,o o»i-% .•■»■, v.. *■■. :*i ■.'•,' . ..- •• s.-.- ■' '.-.•-.— -■' -* "sT 3hi Krazi.' ., r..,?.. :.,^ ;>.-...- ,.•;,■••:-: .... >■ .:,,•■.;.. r.^riLS^^erf

. \-:,^-.-.. \-. : V'- ■;.. ; ^ > .: -s:- «.^ ^ Tife. f-

,«..-.^:.' ■ ■■• ;■ '* •■ ■ -* * '■■■ *■■• >^ -■^■•^ "WTi** >i-:.s :aXE

\i;ir» yK-: ' .'O V .* ^

^ ll\ ,';»:sN*- .,■ ■....'.'».*■.-.■•■ V ■ V ■■•• ■•■•*•= -i. ■ .' i - — 'i ■

.v 'T s-w-e^c.3^ vbcatks

1870,]

Proeeedm^A of th A/iMie Socidif.

\\\

lht>se towns tlie titles of Bul^hdkpitr and Bufgkdk Khdnah^^ or

I House of Rebellion.

Tlie Wostoru frontier of Bengal, nt tlie time of To<lar llklall's set-

ftloment, coincided almost exactly with a straight line drawn from Gmfhi to Chitfud. The former vrns a fort, tht^ name of wlxi<jU often Clips in the History of Bengal, and was situated a little north of

fUnjmahaU, or Xgmahall, ae it was then called* Muhammadon

f hiJ^torians ^enemlly call it the * door' (5fl^) of Bengal, nnd compare it to Bdramulah, the * door' of Kashmir, and to Fort Lak'hf, south of Sahw&i (Siwisitiln), the *door' of Sindh. The latter, the Parganah of Chittutt, lies N. E.of Mednipur(Midnapore), and formed then the auth west boundary of Bengal and Orissa. The diistricjts west of

fthis line, n^ Bum^oornh, Pachi^, Siughbdm, Paliiman,t Chuttia N&g^- pur, and Hazaribagh, &i'.,wer© not considered a^ belonging to Bengal. They were ooinprehended under the general name of Jliirkau4, or Jhdrk'hand (Jungle Districts), whioli, according to the Akbamd-

[mah, reached in the north an high aa the Parganah of Muhair in

[south Bihdr, S. E. of Gayii, and in the west, oa far as Rata&piir in Central India.

The districts, or Sirk4r», which formed the western boundary of Bengal, were five — I . Tandah, which ext4inde«l to the south of MiirHhid-

I ihwX ; 2. ShnrifahAti, from tlie south of Murshid^b^d to Bardwdn ;

^ ^. SiilaimanAhdd, which consisted of portions of the preaent rlistricts of

I Kaddia, Bard w&n and niigli ; 4, Sdtffmw, which extended from the Parganah of Ar«/i, in which H6gli lies, southwards along the river, t^ below Tlabrah (Howrah) and over the territories of OalcuttA, the

I 2 l-Purganalis, and the south of Natldia ; and b, Maddran^ which formed the south western and southern boundary of these dis- tricts, extending^ in a broken semicircle, from Sliergafh or Kanee-

• Akhntiidtnah,

f Pfthimjui w.n9 nrmoited durinii the reigTi of Shn^j'^h*" (March, ISH), rmd ro-annested Qiider Anmn^ih (in^l). Fiti*? the imor<?*tiiig chnptera r(?jj;urdi«ig PaUmaii in the PdtliAhdhndfnah (II, p. 35B)» and *AhiiHi}$rtidfnah [pp, (M8,

I 660J. The former work has the apclUng ij^lb Pala^wum, the Uttor'eJjlG- Paldam, Ret^Ardxng ihem&aniTii^ ot A<jitv%hnU, i. ^'hn..^ I, p. 433, a

I very rffidnble page oontainmg a few new facta reg<ii i ^iTid 3»tgUQW,

Pachif was attnched to Bihir ; its zamindAi', Bit ^^^ .tu,, uold under JShahJA* h|n ft oomuuind of Soven Hundred.

112

Proeeffiinffn af if^ Asiatic Socieiif,

[AFttlt-,

giinJG» to MainJalg*Mt, near the jimction of the KiSpnarAin and the Daimiflar with tJi6 Hiigli river, a little aboye Diamond Har-

The present district of Hugl^ therefore consists of portions of the old SirkArs of Sliarifiib&d, SiilaimaTi^bM, and Satg^nw. The name of Sharifiihfid is scarcely ever used now-a-days, but reminds us of Sliarif i Makkah, the father of Sull^u Husain Bh^h ; and Su- laimfi.nlb6d was early chan^d bj the people to the shorter form * SaliiJiab^d,' by which name it is still known at the present day. Its principal Parganah, Hawob' i SiilaimAusibad, is now merely caJle HawelS, and oomnienced a little S. E. of Bai-dwin, extending aouti wards, to both sides of tJie Damiirlar* A small portion of it beloi now to the Hifgli district. There is no doubt that the origii name * Snlaim&n^b^d^ refers to BulaimiQ,"*^ the second last Aigl^ king of BengaL

Sidt^n ^Aliiuddiu Husain Sl»^b,f whom I mentioned just now, mid over Bengal from 1408 to 1521 A. D. He is even now-a-days merobered by the people ; and numerous legends and stories, rent in tbe villages of Bengal, refer to the times of Hnsain 8h4h Good, Even the geography of the country re-echoes his name. Tli Parganah of Husain&bdd in the Qaur District^ the Masjid Husaiij Shihi in G'horag'h4t, Husain Sh&hi in Sii'kir B^uM (Mymensing]^ the pai*ganali8 of Husjiinpiir and Husain Ujydl in the Sirk^ra of Sha rlfaMd and SiQaimanfibad remind us of his name. In the south < BardwAn enpodally, and in the north of the present district of Htlglf, Husain Shah plays u pronxinent pai-t in the legends of the pea

• He died A. H. 9»0, or A. D. 1 572 (Akbiirii»fnah, Bndaom, TaboqAt), Tli Uidz^issaldiirvi which Priniiep and ThomiiB follow, hoa98L

t In Bome tuBtoriea, as the Tubuqftt i Akban, and even in EHphinston^ Hnsain Shdh is called 'Alafiddin, or 'Alaoddin IL Hia fdlt name is SuUd 'AJdwhiin Ah^l Mtt^dffnr Hnsain ATirt'Ai sou of Sajyid Ashmf Shnrif i MakkahJ but whon kings have aeroral names, the lost namo is the real n;imo, ;iQd shaiilq be TiB©d wbea a hutorjan finds the whole name too lon^. The author of tb Riydz even took eome trooble to verifj his name by referring to old ingcn|i tiuu» in GuQr, I»e«t a donbt «ihould renin iu^ 1 may cit« tbe Arabic inBeriptio on the old uiosquei of Cheitin, near Saran, which Mr, B. Tiery of Cbaprah seat ■JlfL ttomo lime ago. The inscription id of interest, aa it abews the N. W. bound- ary of^h© kiugdotn of Benjfal in tbe h^tfinning of Hnsain Shah's roign.

1870,]

Prore^dnt^i i

iia

saniiy. In May^pur, which lies west of Chinsurah, in the Pargatitth of Bidrah about 7 miles from the right bunk of tlie Damiidar, a Masjid and a tank still exist which were completed by Iliisain 8hdh; and about 12 miles N. E of May^pdr^ there is a village 8h&fe Husainpiir, which was called so to porpotuate his memory.

The above mentioned five Sirkirs, which formed Western Bengal, present many points of interest for the historian. Of their local histor)^ we know, at present, next to nothing. Little, too little, has hitherto been collected, though the field is fair, yielding, like every otht?r branch of enquiry into the p aat ages of this country, a rich and immediate hai-vest A mere glance even at our Trigonometri- «^al maps calls to our minds the names of Bengal kings and gran* dees, and of Muhammadan warrior-saints who fell for the cause of the Prophet. Let us only take the district of Hilgli, There is Mnhdn^t^h and Papduah, on the E. I» Hailway, where the Pan dub E6juh suc- cumbed to a nephew of Jtililudilin Finiz Sh4li, emperor of Dihlf ; and opposite to it, Nfmtallah G'hatiQ (JU^J), west of Calcutta, tlie seat of tJio R4j»ih8 of Bm-dah, who were continually at war with the E^jaha of Bardw^n. Near to it, we have Chandarkond, the most westerly point of tlie Hilgli distriut, where up-country Bajpots of the Chau- hin dan founded a colony** In the North Western part of the dis^ triot, in ilie PargtLnu.h of JaMn&b&d, we have Madiran, once the capital of a Sirk^r, but now so decayed, that it is not to be found in Bennel, nor on our Trigonometrical maps, whilst its site was even a mystery to Stewart, the historian of Bengal* Close to Mad&ran^ again, we have Gog'hit, an old seat of powerfid Brahmins, and fur- ther eastwards, May6pi^r, about 7 miles from the right bank of the

* Thus lajs the Prophet (may God* a blesaing reat apou him !J : lie who Bda II mosqUQ for God, aliaU have a hoase tike ib biiiH fur him by Gcxl in

Parnrtifte.'

*Tliisisthe J^mi* M»«jic1 (erected) by tbo great aud benevolent SuHdn 'AliLuddaiiy^ wu.ldin Abul-Muisnf&ir HiiBnin Shiih» the king, eoa of Sayyid A«hraf« a de^ecndant of Uoiam. May God porpetuato hia reigtk ! A. H. £K>^. (s= A, D. 1503.4),

* Mr. BeanneB odttion of Elliot'fl Glossary I, p. 67, not«. Bur Bh^u, samiii- d4r of Chaudarkouii, held under Sha)ijaluui a conintaiid id' Fivn Hundrud. J'u- dishdhndmah f« h, p, 32E.

1 1 1 Proceed ingti of the Asiatic Society. [Apbi

I>aiiiti(lHr, whore ^[ulinmiiiadan zealots broke the Maya Ohandf Id€ luid where IlusainSh&h built a tomb for Mauldn& Sir&juddin. Nort of Ilu^^li apiiii, lies the 8a<Ted Tribeni, with the shrine of Zafar "Khi J Ohii/i, the * friend' of ShAh pafi, the saint of Pan^uah, and tl (ihiit of the hist king of Orissa. Near Mangr^ (Mugra), on the E. ]tiiiiway, the station before Panduah, an old road {sarak) is sti [K>iiil<'(l out* jiH the frontier of the Kingdom of the Gaj^mtis of Orissi ()\i)Ho to it lie eleven lints, called the "s-illago of S&tgdnw, whic wuH the capital of I/ower Bengal from the times of 'IzzuddCn, i fiiHt governor, in A. D. 1206, to 1567, when Baud's mother thre luTHrli' tlii'n? at the feet of Khdn Jahan, Akbar's Lieutenant, whOy few wei^ks l)«»lore, had defeate<l and killed her son, the last King^ < li<'ijgal. Tliere is ITugli itself, with it» little Ban Mtmjid^ or Fore Mum j lie, where Ilindud and Muhammadans, as elsewhere, offer i Bniall <lay figures of horses, and get eured of diseases ; whilst tl grr>und on whi<rh the ^Mosque stands, pays rent to the Boman Oathi lir- Church at Band««l, the first church built in Bengal (1599). Hei ar." aho num^TouH battle-fields, stiU i>ointed out by the peasant TJi«5 Akbarnaiuah, which contains so much regarding Bengal, thoug the pa:r-»ages remain to be translated, mentions at least six battle fouglit by Akbar's generals in the Hugli district.

Tlie whole tlistrict, in fa<t, is full t)f places of liistorical interes Numerous also are the legends wliich have gathered round then and I have oft«Mi been sui-^^rised to hear villagers tell stories whicl wlum carefully examined, are found to throw a faint, though i many cases unexpected light on the history of the empire of Dihl or of the kingdoms of Bengal and Orissa, or oven on periods fo wlii'h we possess no historical records. It is time that somethin slioiild be <lone towards the collection of these stories, wliich ai the true Annals of Kural Bengal. It is almost useless to say anj thing regaivling the great value, especially in India, of legendar informatlrm. " Whether the stories," says Mr. C. A. Elliott, in hi exct'lh.-nt work, entitled * The Chronicles of Onao,' " are tru ** or false, they are believed by the people ; they influence thei ** actions, and form topics of conversation ; they give the clue t ** many a past and present quarrel, and without a knowledge c * Rev. Mr, Long.

e

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 115

** thorn, it is almost impossible to decide many of the disputes ** that daily arise. ♦ ♦ ♦ A knowledge of the popular tradition ** gives to its possessor both influence over the people, and the key "to their hearts." A little kindness shewn on the part of the enquirer, makes villagers talkative ; they are pleased to see their stories appreciated, and remember forgotten details quicker than the pencil can write. They willingly place their time and services to the disposal of the enquirer, and to take down their traditions is more a pleasure than an antiquarian task.*

In this note I have restricted myself to a few remarks on Madd- ran and Panduah, The legends are entirely derived from Muham- madans, with whose dialect and mode of thinking I am more familiar.

I. — Mada'kan.

In reading over Stirling's Eex)ort on Orissa, in the XYth volume of the Rosoarches of our Societ}', I came across the following pass*ago (p. 284) : —

* Whilst Pertab Rudra Deo, king of Orissa, was occupied in repelling or provoking the attacks of the Muhammadans of the Deklian, the Afghans from Bengal made an inroad into the province in great force. Tlioy advanced as far as Katak, and pitched their camp in the neighbourhood of the city, when the Governor Anant Singhar finding himself unable to opi)ose any effectual resistance, took refuge in the strong fortress of S^angarh, south of the Katjuri.'

Stirling then goes on relating how the Bengal Muliammadans plundered Katak and Puri, but failed to secure Srf Jeo, the national idol of Orissa. Rajah Pertab at last came from the Dak'hin and defeated them in a battle, whi(!h crippled him, however, so much that he was glad to conclude a i^eace nearly on the enemy's terms. The Muhammadans then returned to Bengal.

* Some villagers do know how to toll a talo. Their onae and fluency of Bpecch has indeed often astonished me. No amount of cross-questioning will confound them. The Lexicographist even mixy loam from them, and en- rich the margin of his dictionary with new words and phrases. To give only one example. In Panduah, I hoard at least five times on one day different people use ijuAIm shdhat in the sense of salfaihat, rule, government, an ludo- Porsian word not to bo found in our diotionarios.

lie

Ptiid$idu$gd uf the Auiaik Society,

[ApriXi

Stirling flo^ not give the date of tkis invasion* He merali eayti that Pertab reigned from 1493 to 1524. Now on turning i the annals of Bengal we find that Pertab*s contemporary wa Husain Shdh, who has been mentioned above. But the history of 1 this king, as fartifi we know it, says nothing of the invasion of Oris»% J related by Stirling. All that ia said of Husain Sh^ is, that ihsl inhutart/ JiAJahif^ m far ew Orhsa^ paid implicit obedience t^f his cam^M viand ^ and tliut during his reign he was hehved hy his suhjvcts. A.adJ yet, the peasants in the Hugh' dl.^triet talk now*a*dayB of the! iuvaRion of Orissa under Hu'Sain Sh4h ! and more remarkable still, i tliey a^Tibe the fouiidatif»n of the old Fort of Mad^ruti to IIu.Main*a J general that led the expedition to OrLasa, and point out his tomb j in iho District,

The geographical position of tlie old town of Madii'an had] for a lo ug time be«n a puzzle to me. In vain do we look for thi« plaro on Hennel'a maps. Stewart (p. 99) places it in Birbhum, but our Trigonometrical maps mention no plaoe of j the name of MatMran. Abulfazl in the Akbarnimah speaks oftenl of this town. Hiilainidn stopped here^ before crossing the fi'on-] tier of Bengal and Orisaa ; so did Mun'im Kh&u» Akbar's second Kh^n Khauan^ Btijah Todar Mall| and the grand K^jah I Miiu 8ingh. In the A in, Mad^lran Is mentioned as the name of a largo Sirkar, the sixteen pargunahs* of which were assessed at Bs. 2,35,085. One of its villages, named Hirpah, had a Diamond

• 1. Anhatit\ Alhatti, or Alhiti, S. of J«hiuibftd, in the DiatHci ot* Hui|li. 2. Bdhj(uffu\{i Viir^aah m Iiugli| bortltiriug on Bhofaat. It is called uu the

8. Birbhum, The eaiiorti pot-tioufi of the present district of Birbhum.

4. lihunt'tfthhum,

5. Cr sv Chittou in Miduapore (Mudnipur).

6. r ^f/, now iu the District t»f Bar<lw»u.

7. i/* .J i-i«VxH, Now JaliaoAbiiil^ ildj^ii Didtriai.

8* Bavuhhum^ now iu Birbhum.

9. Bam^idnha^^ now Suuinitfrsyo, in tho Diatriota of 11lu|}( and 6nrd«^4a. 10, Shertjofk, commonly called Aifc'/wwfe/irfm, now Raneogunge.

IL, Shdhpur^ tiuw a Parganuh iu Modnipur.

12. KiL

13. Mandab/hdi, now iq tho HugU Dtatriot, botwoGH the Dataddar and the Blip NarHQi.

14. MdkurQtNdgm{?).

15. Miiidhd*},

1«5» WsauXi (?). Perhaps a miatAke for Mfj^adal in lingll. South of No. 13. I have not bL*ou tihlu to identify Noii. VZ^ 14, 15,

118

Pforff^mga of fh^ A$utfic Sariffff^

[Abui:

wards to bathe in the Bhagirati. **You hav*^ cli&turbed mj prayer," exclaimod Istu&'(1 to the Dev8| "come down and perform the service which I shall impose uponyoti as a punishment*' ** We cannot interrupt our flight to the river," replied the Devs, *'but on] our return we will do whatever thou commandest/' Alter eom^ tame the Devs rame bark, and presented thomselves before iMtni^fl, ' who conmiaiided them to build, at tlte place where he was, an immense fort, after the model of the fort of Lank& (Ceylon). Th^ Dev8 at first object ed,becau&e tliHV hfid never Iwjon la Lanka ; bat, anl IsmliMl remained firm, they quickly despatched one of their number J to Lanki, and before morning dawned, the Port of Maddran ws completed. The new fort was immense ; in fact it consisted of »eveiity-two forta, and ivas therefore called Bdhattargitfh^ or seventy-] two forts, 'which the ignorant vulgar has changed to Iihi(ar(fafh\ or * Inner Fort.* Thi-i altoration appears the more natural as itiuml about the seventy -two forts, at an immense radius, a round wall extends', which, in opposition to Bhitmgafh^ is now-a-days callod Biihirgarh,^

** Hut the circuit of tlie Fort wlnrh the Devs had built in onal night, was so great that much land belonging to llindiis had been I taken away for it. Now there waa a Brahmin in BrahmangdnvryJ half a mill) north of Bhitargarh, who had some influence (r<wrfi)| with Hiisain iShih ; and as a tank belonging to him had beenl taken within the new fort, he went straight to Qnur and told Husaiu] Bhah that IsmfiM prepared for a revolt Had he not built an] immense fort near the frontier of Orisaa, without tf^lling the king ?J This appeared convincing, and Husain Shah sent a messenger toj Madman, to recall Ism&'il to Court. Isnid'il was just superintend- ing the digging of a tank near Clogli^t, about four miles east o£ J Mad&ran, when the order {famvan) came. Hence the tank is evei&J now -a- days called Farmdndig^hi^ the Tank of the Order.

** Ism^'il obeyed the call of his king ; but no sooner had he arrived J in Gaur, than he was executed by Husain Shdh.

** When the head had been severed from the body, strange tc» | behold, the headless trunk mounted a horse that stood near, and rode off in the direction of Madaran, whilst the head flew up and followed the rider, hovering liigh in the air perpendicularly above the body*

120 Proceedifigs of the Asiatic Society. [April.

country round about Bhitaj^arh is often called Ma^inah Madaran, Within Bhitargarh there are two tanks, called Kajlah and PatJah TalaOf both from the times of Hazrat Ism&'il. As in Panduah, a tame alligator lives in one of the tanks, and on calling ' Sadari Mad&rS the animal will come near the land.

The great veneration in which Ismail's tomb at Madaran has beei held, has given rise to the establishment of Dargdhs in other placee Thus at Dai'wishpur, near Haripal ( W. of Biddabattee, E. I. R. a spot is sacred to his memory; and near Shyufi (cfj^^), o as we caU it, Sooree in Birbhiim, a field and a large tree are sacre< to him, and travellers have to alight from their tattoos or palkees and humbly walk on foot past the field.

About a ho8 8. E. of Maddran, there is another place, whicl I cannot find on the Trig. Maps, called Dindnith, where two larg gateways are standing forming entrances to an enclosure containin( about eight or ton highahs. The gateways were erected, in A. H 1136, or A. D. 1723-24, by Shuj&'uddaulah Mutaminul Mulk Asad Jang, in commemoration of his return from Orissa to Benga] Peoiile say, the enclosure was a standing military b&z6r {fariidgdK) I have succeeded in getting facsimiles of the inscriptions.

If we strip the legend of the headless rider of the wonderful, w have the plain story that IsmdMl, Ganj i lashkar, a general o Hiisain 8h^, invaded Orissa from Bengal in the beginning of th 16th century, gained a signal victory over of the Orissians a Katak, and then returned to Madman, where he built a For witliin the walls of which he lies buried. Whatever difference o opinion may exist as to the historical value of legends in genera] it strikes me that the Maddran legend confirms and completes, in \ most unexpected manner, the Uria accounts from which Stirlin( extracted the above mentioned details of the Muhammadan in vasion of Orissa.

U. Pandmh («j5ij).

Panduah is the second station after Hugh' on the E. I. Railway

It was till lately the chief town of the Parganah of the same name

and occurs as such in Todar Mall's rent-roll, where the Pargana]

is assessed at 1823292 dtois, or 45582 B. It became English h

1B70J

ProcHdhigi of the A$iatic Socteii/*

121

I 8ept6mber 1760> and formed part of wbat was then called the * Za- minddri of Bai"d\r^** There were formerly fortifitJationB, and traces of the old wtJl and diU'h may fttill be seen at a good distance fi-ani the present viilagii. Tlie ruins of it8 old mosqnea, and ilie great size of its tanks with their masaiYe ghdU amply coniinn the tradition tliat Panduah was, till lately, a town of importance. Its paper manufac- tories existed till the beginning of the preaout century : the term Pandui Kdgkiz is even now well ku<iwn among Muliamniadans. The Panduah paper, I am told, was prized for its thi tineas and durability, whilst the Ancali Kdghiz^ or jiaper of iVrvval, a town and parganah in Bih^, on the right bank of the Son, is still valued fur its tluekness*

The inhabitants of Panduah are eliiefly Muliammadans. In former times Hindiis had been kept out, though of late lower ca*»te8t as shop-keepers, have settled there ; but even now-a-djiya, I am told, wot a single Bralmun is to be foutid there. The iuhabitaats all claim to have descended from the saint wiiose story is given below, and the nobUity {shard/at) of their origin id never ^[ueBtioned out- side of Panduah.

With the exception of the Ain» I have not found Pa^^uali men» tioned in the works of Indian Etistorians. Another town of the same name, which the inhabitants of Pa^tji^^ spoke of as the 'greater Pau<^ua.h' i^Uj^ij fjj), occairs often in the Tanldi-i-Finus Shahi {reign of Firuz Shah^ EiL BibU Ind. p. 588, &c.). It lies north of Milldah on the road to Binagepore^ and is generally culled on our mapsPwr/ooa, instead oi Patuluah^ the nasals being omitted, and the 4 changed to r. It was a mint town,* and for some time the rc«i- denc^ of Ilyfia Bhaugi-ah, king of Bengal (13-13 to 1358,)

The decline of Panduah appears to be due to tlie epidemic for which the whole district is nottjrious ; all whom I asked on this snb- jeut, unanimously attributed the decay of the town to the prevalence of fevers*

The places of historical and aroheeological interest in Panduah ore the tower, two old mosques, of which one is in ruins, and the

• Thonittfi, I, c. p. 66, note. The two miut«, Mu^axxrifitAbiid and Gliiispfir, ifit^Tiliimed by TUonitts on pp, Bl, 62, can perhaps be vurifiLul. Tin* fonnL^r is pro. biilily t he Bftrtie !i» 3! ■ ..,.-.■ ' latt»?r bokmga to Luk'litmutt

The ruiiiB of Cin u©d. In Vol. XVI, of our

Jourim)^ p. 3^7, iht. :., ^ _ . _ .. ,. , . i.

122 Trocff^iuffi of th^ A^iafie Soti$i^, \j

tomb of Sli^di patmddin (e,^JoJf ^^i-© »U), wLich lie close ttbout twenty minutes' walk from the station. Without em inio a m.inute desitriptiou uf these builditigs, which I wish reaen^e till several drawingii have been tiunipleted, I may state th the tower re.seiubles iu structure the Qu^b Mtui^ near IHb The inside wall* are well eiiamellod, A fine view may be hi from the top. The mosque to the west of the tower, ia very lo4 and low, as early Pat-hdn mo^quns ai'e. Within are two rowa 21 pilUirs eacli, 6 feet high, wiUi high archea. The roof coutai 63 very low cupolas. On the west side is a steep declivity, at t foot of which is a tank. The mosque is built of small light-r bricks which, like the 42 pillars, onr-o belonged to a Buddhi temple. The whole east side uf the mosque is one mass of Bud* ornaments iu excellent preservation. The pillars inside basalt f' about lialf of them ore well ornamented, others are b1 cut. The diBtance between the doors is the same as the thi of the walls, about one yard and throe quarters. The inner wi wall is ornamented with low niches of Buddhistic design. In K. W. comer of the mosque a high platform has been erected solid masonry with a small room ou it, which is said to have aervi 8h^h pafi aa Chillahkhdnah {aA^aX^^ or room to which herm withdraw for forty days). Outside the mosque a few unfinish^ basalt pillars lie about There is no inscription on the mosque Across the r<^a<l, south of the tower, is the A6tdmth (threshold) c tomb of fafiuddin. It has no inscriptions on its walls. We( of the tomb is a ruined mosque of the 14th or 15th century, wit ornaments half Buddhistic, half Musalmdn. It has outside thr< basalt tablets, with Arabic insei-iptions in large Tughi^li charaetei containing verses from the Qoran^ &c. There is another inscriptia inside. They are very high on the walls ; facsimiles are bein taken uf them. The story goes that the mosque was built by rich merchant in fulfilment of a vow made by him for the safe ri turn of his ships (to S&tginw ?) ; but he built it with chunom maJ out of eowries, and demanded, moreover, that no one shoidd repa|j it unless he took the same kind of lime. * Henro it is now in ruiui

* Dr. StoltcxiiA (Qform* me ihnt Kig Uaaalt of these pillara is tho aumo iv I bftsaU fouud in tbi^ Bi^jmahul Hills. -^

124 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [April,

from Fan<][uali. Shah pafi was a man of illustrious descent. His father, Barkhurdar, was a noble of the Court of Dihli, and had maiTied a sister of the Emperor Firuz Shdh. Once a feast was g^ven in Panduah, to celebrate the circumcision of a boy, and a cow had been killed on the occasion. This saciilege was reported to the Pandub Rajah, who had the child killed, pafi then went to Dilhi, complained to his uncle, the emperor, and asked him to give him a sufficient number of troops to punish the R^jah. His request was granted ; but as the expedition was a religious war, pafi before set- ting out for Bengal, went to Panipat-Karn^l, to ask tlie blessing of Bu *Ali Qalandar, a renowned saint. The blessing was not with- held, and the saint assured ^afi that he had received the glad tidings of victory from heaven, pafi now moved to PaQ(j[uah. In his army tliero were also two other men of renown, Zafar Kh&n i Gh&zf, whose shrine is at Triboni, north of Hugli, and Bahrdra Saqq&y who had imposed upon himself the task of serving as Bhishti {saq^ qd) in a war against infidels. His shrine is at Bardwdn. But it was a difficult matter to crush the power of the Hdjah ; for near his residence at Mah^nith he had a tank, the waters of which possessed miraculous powers ; and whenever a Hindu had been killed, the Pandub R^jah throw the dead body into the tank, and life and health wore immediately restored, f afi soon saw that his efforts would be fruitless, unless the restorative power of the tank was first broken. This was at last accomplished by some faqirs who had at- taclied themselves io his exx)odition. They killed a cow, and ma- naged to throw the liver into tlie tank, when all at once the Devs, upon whose presence tlio virtue of the water depended, went away. The liajah was now easily defeated, and his power completely broken. The old temple in Panduah was also destroyed, and the prosiait mosque built with its materials. The large tower was used as Afandrah for the call to prayer, and every Hindu was driven out of tlio town.

* pafi soon after continued Ids wars with the infidels, and was at last killed in a figlit. His cliildron buried liim at Panduah, and erected the vault, wliieh, togetlier with his mosque, still exists. His dc'scendants increased so rapidly, that Paijduah soon became a large place. The fame also of the nobility of its inhabitants, who all

126 Proe$eding% of the Asiatie Society. [Apkil,

The President felt sure that the Society would give hearty en- couragement to Mr. Blochmann in his efforts of collecting the scattered traditions of the country. The stores must be rich, for no other form of history obtained among the people, and that the necessciry faculty exists in full development is shown by the ex- traordinary performances of those pandits whose business it Ib to recite the sacred books.

Babu Bajendralala Mitra, after a few remarks on the paucity of historical records among the Hindus, said that when the Society undertook the compilation of the Muhamma^lan historical series in the Bibliotheca Indica, it was expected that a flood of new light would be thrown on the mediseval history of India.

The works selected, were mostly the writings of eye-witnesses of men who either took part in the occurrences they described, oi were so favorably situated as to be familiar with, or able to coUee the most authentic records of their times. Their works too were ful of the minutest details and hold in the highest estimation by the peo pie of this country. Owing, however, to shortcomings on the part o the editors, and some other causes, those materials had not beei sufficiently utilized. Ho was glad, therefore, to notice that Mi Blochmann had taken up the task, and the interesting pape: that had been read to the meeting, shewed what valuable use may b( made of them. There were many nooks and comers in Bengal- many monuments of old — the history of which was completel; enveloped in darkness, and which can be only brought to light by i diligent study of the records. The tower of Panduah had attracted the notice of every traveller by the East Indian Eailway, but non could get any information about it from, the people of the country Mr. Blochmann's paper will now unveil the mystery that hunj c»ver it. The Babu, in conclusion, expressed a hope that Mr. I would do for other districts of Bengal what he had so ably don for Hooghly and Burdwan.

The Eev. J. L o n g observed that he had obtained from the neigl bourhood of Panduah two Budhist coins which are about thirtee hundred years old, and indicate that Budhism must have been c that time flourishing in those districts.

1870.] Proeeedhigs of the Aiiatio Society, 127

At the close of the meeting, the President introduced to the mem- bers present His Excellency Mons. de Baronowsky, a Russian gentleman, late Governor of the Province of Orenberg. The fact that the Society had in the last nimiber of its Proceedings republished some important papers upon Central Asia indicated the great interest which it took in the countries constituting the Eussian Empire, and he was sure they would be glad to welcome their distinguished visitor. The President's proposition was warmly seconded by the meeting.

M. de Baronowsky, in expressing thanks to the President and to the members, briefly alluded to the object of his visit to India, and spoke of the great scientific and commercial importance which attaches itself to an intimate relation of the Indian possessions with Northern Asia.

LiBKABY.

Additions to the Library, during the month of March, 1870. *«* Kamos of donors in capitals. Prese^itations.

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Gbeat Britain and Ireland, Vol. IV, Part I. — The Royal Asiatic Society.

Journal of the Chemical Society, Vol. VII, for November and December, 1869, 2nd Series, Vol. VIII, January, 2nd Series, 1870. — The Chemical Society.

Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, Vol. XII, Part n. — The Royal Geological Society of Ikeland.

Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. XVIII, No. 116.— The Royal Society.

Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Gh-eat Britain, Vol. V, Nos. 49, 50, 61. — The Royal Institution of Great Britain.

Bulletin de la Societe Geographique, Janvier, 1870, — The Geo- graphical Society of Paris.

Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History, Vol. I, Pt. n. — The Portland Society of Natural History.

Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt. Band XIX, April, May, June. — The Ijiperial Geological In- stitute OF Vienna.

128

Proeef dings of tlrn A»iaik Society*

[APEt^j

Bijdragen tot de Taal-land-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandscli Indie, lY-L — TrrE Batatiai^ Society,

Natnurktmdig Tijdsclirift voor Nederlandseli Indie, Deal XXXJ — The Batatian Society.

De Wajangvorhalen van Pala Sara, Pantjoe en Itadlien Pandji in Uet Javaanscli, met Aanteekeningen, door T* Euorda. — Tub Bataviaw Society,

A Treatise on Asiatio Okolera, by Dr, C. MacnamarOt— Tiik Author.

Etude BUT lo Lalita Vietara, by P, E. Foucaux^ — The Author,

Indo^Partliian Coins, by E. Tliomas, Esq, — The Authob.

Rtihasya Sandaj-bha, Vol. V. No. 57, — The Editor.

Beport on the Cliaritable Dispensariea under the Government of Bengal 1808, by Z, Murray, Esq., M. D. — The Govikkmewt of Bengal.

Selections from the Eocords of the Government of India, Home J Depai-tment, No. TjXXTT to LXXIV.— Tn^ same.

Kecords of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. II, Pt. 2, 3 and ' 4,— The same.

Peport on the Cartographic Applications of Photography, byl Lieut. J* Waterhouee. — ^The Government of India, Home Depa&t-^i

MENT.

Annual Eeport on the Convict Settlement of Port Blair for the J year 1868-69.— The same.

Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign ' Depai'trnent, Nu. LXXIH, — The Government of India, FoREioir Department*

Beport on the Revenue Survey Operation in British Burma, 1 1868-69, — The Benoax Government,

Beport on the Revenue Survey Operation of the Lower Provinces, 1868-69. — The same.

Report on the Vegetation and the Forests of the Andaman Islandsi by Ml*. 8. Kurz* — The same.

The Seven Pagodas, by Oapt, Carr, (with plates). — The Madras

GoVBBNMENT,

General Report on the Topographical Survey of India, 1868-69* hy Col. Thuilier, — Tira Surveyor Gsnbkal.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 129

Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. m, Pt. 1.— The Geological Subvey op Iin)LA..

FurcJiase.

The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. V, No. 26.

Comptes Rendus, Tome LXX, No. 1 to 5.

Jonmal des Savants, Jan., 1870.

Revue des Deux Mondes, 15th December, 1869, 1st and 15th Jany., 1st Feby. 1870.

Quarterly Review, No. 155, January, 1870.

Westminster Review, January, 1870.

North British Review, No. 102.

American Journal of Science and Arts, No. 44.

Indian Annals of Medical Science, No. XXVI.

Revue Archeologique, Jan. 1870.

The Ferns of British India, Part XXHI.

Jacut's Geographisches Worterbuch, Vierter Band, Zweite Heelfte, von F. Wiistenfield.

Assyrian Dictionary, by E. Norris, Pt. IT.

Facts and Argimients for Darwin, by F. Miiller.

Numismata Orientalia illustrata, by the late W. Marsden.

Vergleichende Grammatic, Zweiter Band, Erste imd Zweite Haelfte, von F. Bopp,

Fragmenta Historicorum Arabicorum. — Tomus Primus, continens partem tertiam operis Kit^bo-*l-Oyun wa 'l-had6ik fi akhb&ri 1- hakdik, quern editerunt M. J. de Goeje et J. P. de Jong.

Indische Streifen, (Zweiter Band), von Albrecht Weber.

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 39, No. 259.

Mirdt ul 'Arus, by Maulwf Nizir Ahmed.

Geschichte der Sprachwissenschafb und Orientalischen Philologie in Deutschland, von T. Benfey.

Exchange, Atheneeum, January, — Nature, Nos. 10 to 18.

132

Proce4dm2B oftfu Asiatic SoeieUj,

sOme idea of the shape and dimensions of the various articles.^ I have this day despatched a box containing specimens of oadx.

** 4. The copper pieces are divided into thi-ee sets shewn (on pL U), in the figures 1, 2, 3, iu all there are many variations in shape, size and weight. The following dimeaaiona of the type represented by Fig-, la — le shew the principal difference in size of the various specimens in inches, as -length 24^, 21i, 17^; breadth in front, or at the sharpened and wider end-4, 3 ; breadth near the middle 2 J, 1 J- ; the thickness varies from J to J inches. The vainous dimensions uf the type represented by Fig. 2 are in inches : length 8J, 4 ; breadth at the sharpened end 6 J, 5 J, 2| ; breadth above 1, 2 J ; breadth in the middle 2 j ; and the corresponding measurementB of the form shewn in Fig. 3a — 3o are in inches : length 7 J» 6^, 6 J ; greatest breadth in front, or at the sharpened end, ti J, 4i^, 2J ; breadth above, or at the narrow end 4, 3^. Of these copper pieces were found— of fig, 1, 90, of fig. 2, which gradually passes into the next, 25 specimens, and of the form shewn in fig. 3, 209.

*' The silver pieces are principally of two different shapes, one circular and the other cornuted, somewhat like the upper'portiou of a bull*B head with large downward curved horns, (see figures 4 and 5), The greatest diameter of these thin plates varies as follows — 5 inches, 44", 5i", the shorter or vertical diameter of the cornuted pieces varies from 4" to 5 J". There were found 39 pieces of the form represented by tig. 4, and 63 of that represented by fig. 6a and i5b«

*' 6. The place where the ditn.H^vei'y was made, is a piece of waste land, contiguous to the present village of Gungeria ; the spot where the excavation was made, is about 100 yards to the south-west of the village, and about a mile from tlie nearest neighbom-ing village, the hole in the ground from which all were taken, is only about 3 feet long l»y 3 wide and 4 deoj). All the inhabitants agree that, until about 20 years ago, this particular pdace was always covered with jungle ; during that year it was cleared and planted with kudA^ and that since Uien, has been left imcultivated as a grazing- place for the village cattle.

** 6. The oldest residents in the neighhoui^hood are unable to throw any light on the origin of these curiosities. The copper pieces, judging from their shape and size, appear to have been in-

A BLOOKFIELD . Froe : AtUt. Soc : Bengal fbr Vaj 1170.

Ti n

^vr- -r^ftre-nce 9*m p.ltZ.

& 6.

1870.]

Pro€0iidin0R of th$ Anaiic SociH^,

19a

tended, some for axes and otliors for '* phalfi** or spuds (an iraple* ment used for removing the earth adhering to ploughs). The silver pieces may have been naed for ornaments, and the mark (about one-eighth of an inuh in width) which is visible on all of them, leads ono to believe tliat they were at some time or other set or inlaid in something, posjsibly wood, or Hme ; one disc of silver haa a number of small holes pierced round the edge.

** 7. The copper pieces when found, were arranged carefully, the longer pieces being in alternate transverse layers, and the othera in regular order one above another. The silver was found in a lump by the side of the copper^ all the plates adhering together^ so that at first it looked like a ball of earth. The quality of both the silver and copper has been pronounced by lo<ial goldsmiths to be ver}' good.*

''6. Nowhere within the borders of the village of Gungeria are there truces of anything which can lay claim to antiquity. Bat about 3 miles to the soutli-east, around the viOage of Mhow (or Mow), there ore ruins of a Buddhist temple of considerable anti- quity, and many roughly carved stones which show that, when the surrounding country was covered with jungle, this place (Mhow) wae inhabited, and uf some importance. About 4 miles to the north-east of Gungeria, on the top the hiU of " JSoondordeyhe" i» a Goud shrine, of some note, sun'ounded by a low wall of loosely packed undressed stijnos j a path, winding between the rocks and dumps of bambi(i8, and commanded at intervals by travei-ses of loofie stones, leads up from the valley below* Tlie hill is covered with, and smTounded by, thick jungle, so that, without guides, it would be almost impossible to find even the path leading to the shrine.

'* 9. The copper imxdements, or arma whichever they may be, ore perhaps remnants of the copper age. Most of them have appar- ently never been used, but there are a few with turned edges and broken cornei-s and other marks of wear and tear. The fact that hardly two of the copper pieces are of the same size, weight or

* Mr, A. Tween esunimed boib« the coppor and silver, and found the former to be ikLmost pare ; it ooutaiued only about one half per C4?nt. of leod. The silver contAined 0*^7 per cent, of gold, which quiuitity ia often to be observed in old silver LitenBiU or orunmenlH. [Euir,]

l:U

Ft'Q€f^dh}0fi *>fthe Attiafic Sockiff*

j^hape, and tlie marks of the hammer (ee© tig. Ic), which aro plainli Tisible OB aome, lead to tlie belief that all were made up by han( and not cast.

** 10. The silver discs ai'e nearly all of the same shape and siz< hut the homed pieces vary considerably ; fill are very thin. On firl looking at these, the idea slrikes one, that the eii'cular discs wer first made and tlie comuted pieces or tridents were afterwards ct^ out of them. But on carefully comparing one with the other, ; was found that some of the tridents are muth larger than the dieo and, therefore, could not have been cut out from them. No pi fragments or clippings of any kind were foujul,

'* 11. If these implementB and orm^ents are so interesting as first sight they appear to be, you will perhrjps kindly let me kno' the opinion of your Society, of their date, origin, &c. For my pi I shall be only too happy to give or protjiire for yon any informi tion I can gather regaling thorn, or any otlior remains of anji logical interest in the neighbniu}»o<Ml."

Br. Oldham drew attention to the remarkably good styte I workmanship exhibited in the manufacture of the^Q copper remaiuf Some of them were beautifully sharp and the hammer marks wei Btill risible, but they hardly could be brought in close comparieoi with implements from the so-callttd copper age of Europe. Very fet exhibited any proof of having been in use, one or two did so, citha by the edges being chipped or broken, or by the hammered in em beaten tops. From ^Ir. Bloomfield's description of the lot>alit and the condition under which these implements had beeu found, i appeared very probable that they formed a ti'easure or were acoumii lated and put away for safety. The silver pieces were said to he lik those used to attach to the front of dedicatod Bidls, but soj the native members would bo better able to speak to this.

Biibu R, M i t r a said that the silver pieces are somewhat simi to those now used for the object mentioned by Dr. Oldham, bi he was in doubt whether those submittod to the meeting had reall' served the same purpose or not. Tho present race of cattle, thought, had the horns turned upwards, not downwai-d as in th( and pieces imitating the former shape are now in use.

1870.]

Proeifftlii^n of ihv Ashtu' Soeich/.

2. From B^bu Gopin&tlia Sena, — a copy of a Table showing ilie mean munthly variations of the Barometer in th© Surveyor General's office, Calcutta, from 1855 to 1BG9.

From H. V. 8 1 o n e y, Esq. — ^a piece of a calcareons tulfa taken out of a Siau tree near Outtack.

The following letter, addressed to Dt. T. 0 1 d h a m, was received with the specimen, —

Outtaek, April 17/A, 1870.

" By to-day's post I send you a bit of Hmost^ne which I took out of the heart of a Sisd ti^ee.

** I do not know whether euch a thing is generally known, or whether it is only down here where trees present such a peculiarity. Perhaps you will bring it to the notice of the Aaiatie Society, if you think it deserves mention.

"Many trees in the Tributary Mehals havepieees of tliis sUme in Bssures in them, but principally Assin, Swarm, Sisii, and Abloua. I have seen a piece as loug as 7 inches by 2 iudies tliick, but quite irregular in sliape, it generally is foiuid about six feet fi-om the ground, the wood closes up again after r^eiving it. The natives use it for tinting with pawn, and have a cuj'jous way of biirtiiiig it, which is by putting a piece of the stone witli a lighte<l bit of wood into a handful of ati'aw, then turning a twisted straw rope round it, and swing it round the head for a few minutes, ;when it is found fully burnt, and ready fur use.'*

Several members made observations on the specimen submitted. It appeared clciir tliat tho eidcareous tuffa must have been formed in the tree, and pdrhajis the lime had been dii?sulved by the atmosplieric water out of the substance of the tree and then again depntiited. Tlie only objection agaiuBt this explanation would ai»pear to be, that most of the trees, mentioned by Mr. S t o n e y as containing pieces of the lime, are growing on siliceous ground, and ^Ir. K u r x to whom tlie specimen was submitted, stated that he occasionally met with very small siliceous contjretions in some of those trees, as also in bambiis, but never with any deposits of lime**

• TbeiipeoJr exLibii any ^ oiuib« nttrii >!

t'tions of old wood of the tree, does not m1 losufiiOBo tl*at the Qi igin offi/rmatioti ; strinoii nfi if iht' dcctijfcd wood had been

190 Ptootodingtt uf th Aiiaiic Society. [May,'

Dr, Oldham promiBeci to obtoin further iB-forraatloii *m Mr. 8 1 o a 6 y * 6 interesting disoovery*

From the Rev. C. H. Dal 1, — From Calcutta to Lomlon, hy the ' 8uoz Canal*

From Wra. H. I) a 1 1, Es^i., through the Rev. 0. H. D a 1 1,— Materials for a monograph of the family Lep$Udm»

Tho foUowintr gentlomon duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting wore ballottod for and elected ordinary members.

Dr. Wart h, Agra.

Dr. W. S c h 1 i c h, Deputy Conservator of Foresta.

J. E. D ob 8 o n, Esq., M. D.

C. M a e n a g h t e n, Esq.

E&J& Satyanand GhoahdL

Q. H, D a m a n t, Esq.

The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the June , meeting.

B4bu Vrinddvanachandra Mandala, Zemindar of " Balaaore, proposed by B&bu Rajendralala Mitra^ seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann,

W. W. Hunter, E&q., LL. D, proposed by the Hon'ble J. B. P h e a r, seconded by Dr. J. E w a r t.

Sir R i c h a r d C o u € h, proposed by the Hon'ble J. B. P h o a r, seconded by the Hon'ble J. P. N o r m a n,

R4ji Ameer Hussun, Khdn, Bahadur, Talookddi- of Ma- hmudabfid, proposed by Moulvie A b d o o 1 1 a t e e f, Khiui, Bahldur, seconded by B&bu R^jendral&la Mitra.

The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw from the Society, Capt, W. J. S e a t o n. K Wilmot, Esq. Bdbu Priyanitha Setha. The Council reported that, on the recommendation of the Philolo-

cemented by the lime. Mr. Tween nuide a rough iiq a1 jm of a ntinll

portioti oi' tho specimen, and foujid that 50 grs, of the titDe«toue lost od igaitioti 4>.2 gre.f &nd dissolved in uitric acid left 0,9 uf inAolofaie miitler. This equais to ^ — origan io run tter ...--. 8.4 per cent. HuUible (inoatlj oarbonute of lime,) - - WM iniioluble (nihoo, ulaminik 4c.) • - • 1.8. [Eimt.]

1870.]

PraceediHffS of the AsMic Soeidtf,

137

gical Committee, they have resolved that the fullowin*^ \^orks be printed in the Bibliotheca Indioa —

The Sima Veda.

The Farhang i HaBhSdf.

The Coumil proposed — that the elections of the following gentlemen, not having complied with the conditions of Bnle 5 of the bye-law8 of the Sodoty, are to be cancelled, — N. Daly, Esq., A, J. Hughes, Esq., the Eev, J, Marks, Lieut. 0. H. T. Marshall, T. W. Rawlins, Esq., Major J. F. Sherer, lieut. CoL J. M o r 1 a n d. — The proposition was carried.

— That Rs, 100 due from the following gentlemen, dead, bo written off,— from J, Furlong, Esq., Rs, 64, R. J a r d i n e, Esc^., Rs. 12, J. Kavenagh, Esq. Rs, 24, — Carried.

— Tliat the names of the following gentlemen, not having complied with the conditions of rule 1 3 of the byedaws of the Society be struck off the member roll, — 0. B a v i e s, Esq., Mahdrfijd Sir M i n 8 i n g Bahddiir, B§bu R a j o n d r a D a 1 1 a, B^bu Raman^thaS^su, A. Fisher, Esq. — Carried.

The President also brought forwai'd, on behalf of the Council, the follondng proposition, due notice of wliich was given at tho last meeting of tho Society; ** That a donation of Rs. 100 out of the Society's Funds should be made in aid of the subscription for Mrs. P i d d i n g t o n." — Carried,

The following papers were read : —

L — Notei on Old Dihli^ — hy J, 0, Tkemxett, Esq, (Abstract.)

^Ir. Tremlett in this paper restricts his remarks to such andent Hindifi and Pafhan buildings as have a historical or architeo- tural interest, and are situated in or around the site of old Dihlf, The paper ftjrms an excellent supplement to General Cunningham's reports, published in Vol. XXXm of the Society's Journal,

The following places are described in this paper — the Tank of Saraj Kan^lh, the Colonnade of the Gb^eat Mosque at the Qufb Man&r, the mosquea of Shamsuddin Iltitmish (Altamsh), Sult^ Ghfoi, the tomb of Ghiisuddin Bolban, 'Atlil^b^d, the Palace of Firiizdb^d, the mosques of Jahan Khan, the tombs of Firuz Shdh Tughluq, MubSrik Bhih, Sikandar Lodhi, and tho Pur^ia Qirali

138

Pnpc*'f^dtftffH of th(^ Astatic 8onH(/>,

[May, ^

Tlu- paper ftincludos with a very iutt>resting chaptur, entitled ^^J ** Proposed Critma towards fixifi^ th* datn o/Fafhdn huilditnj9 al D/ZlH/^^^H Lh\ Oldham road sumo portions of tlio pnpor and expressed th^ hope that Mr* T r e m 1 ♦> 1 1 ' s notea iiiuy soon be printed in Part I , of the SoeitJtj^'s Joiuiial.

11,^0 n ty Efilatton of tJw Ljia h ike other tmd^tn Ar^an Innguagw^ by J. B e a m e s, Esq., B. 0. S.

Mr. B e a m e 8, in this paper, alludes to the appoarancu of a Bengali pamplilet, * Uria not un independent langua^i^o,' by Bibuj Kdntichandra of Balsisore. Though * destitute of pUiloiugit-al acumen,'! the book had caused some sensation, and induced Mi\ B e a m o 8 I institute a coraparisiuii between Ufia and Prakrit, He had come tol the conclusion that Ufia was a sister, not a daughter, of Bengali.

Mr, Beamee hopes in a short time \jq bring out Im Comparative Grammar of tlu> Aryan Languogos of India, in which the argumeat will apx>efir in a fuller form.

Babu Rdjendraldla Mitra then rose and addressed thfl meeting at some length. He snid that all along he had been of opinioi] that Uria was a daughter i»f Bengali, and that Mr. B came s^ arg'U^ ments had not changed liis opinion. He thtntgUt tliat Mr, B 0 a m e si proofs were very limited, both in number and force. The ditlbr euces between Uria and Bengali were altogether so insignificant^l that no calm observer would look upon them as anything but elight dialectical deviations or differences in pronunciation. He certainly believed with Mr. B e a m e s, that a ehdsa of Gumsar would not understand a chwiti of Dacca ; but he idso believed thut a peasatili of Kent would not understand a peasant of York, and yet no on^ would call tho dialect of either a sister of the English Language.

Mr. B e a m e 8* paper and Babu R a j 0 n d r al d I a M i t r a * 1 Rtrietaros will shortly appear in the second fnseicul^is of tho Fluhilci gical Part of the JoiU'nal.

ll\,—Nifte on a Penmn MS. cnUthd Mru-AT Vh Qfds, a Life of Chrhi compilrd at tfm request of the Emperor Albar hy Jf r otneXav * e tA — *y H. Blocjiman:?^, Esq., M. A., Cahutta Madrmah, Tho curious Persian M8. which T liiive the ploasnre of exhibitini

to-night, was given to mo by tlie Eev* Mr. 1* o u of the Calcutta Fr

1870.]

ffytceedift^n of tke A%iaik Smdtf*

139

Cliureli. Tho work is entitled Mir-di nl Quds or * Mirror of Sanc- tity/ and is a Life of Ohjist, writtea in A.D. 1602, at the request of the Emperor Alcliar, by J e r o m e X a v i e r, nephew to the renowned Fran I-' is Xavier. Hough in his History of Chri8tiauity in India, (YoL II# p« 282) says ofJeronaeXavie r — * Having studied Persian for the purpose of commending Christianity to the Empomr himsnli'j he cMsmposed two works in tliat language ; the first entitled, The IluUtfff of our Lord Js^tit^ Chht. The second, The Life af th ApmUe SL Peter, These works were interw^oven with Persian legends,* wliich he imagined would render them more acceptablftj to his imperial diadplo/ In a foot note, he adds^ —

* These two works, In manuscript, fell into the hands of Louis d e D i e Uj a celebrated professor of oriental languages in the University of Ley den, who published them with a Latin version, and some notes, " which, says the Jesuit Alegambe, were worthy of tJie fire." * * Tlie puiport of Louis deDieu's notes Vas, to defend the Sacred Scriptures against the imputation of samtioTiiug sucdi ^rosfi falsehoods aa Jerome Xayier had mixed up with them, ♦ * * Besides his works on the Gospel, J, Xavier composed a similar vers inn of tlie Koran in Portuguese. * * Z/y Crozt% pp, 332, 333.'

The MS, bul'tii-e tl ] , hnr, la the first of the abovomenttoned works. Although X a v i u i s works have been translated, for |K>leuiic reasons, into Latin by Louis deDieu, who was professorJ of Oritiutal Languages at Leyden in 1639, or twenty^two years alter

X a V i e r *s duath^ I thought that the insertion in our Journal of 1^ short notice of this uimous MS., fr-om a literary point of view, might not be out of place. On previoujB occasione I drew the attention of tlie memhers to the religious view.^ of the Emperor Akl>ar,by laying before them passages bearing on this subject, which I ha«l collect- ed fiom Muliammadan Historians, A short notice of LeBieu's translation itsc^lf might form a fitting sequel io my former renitirks ; but Iho di^eovery, in India, of a MS. of J» X a v i e r * s text, is a

• Tills? lai not fl>p i%i«o. KoiiTirr tho Hir-it-til^Qods^ nor tho kistoij of St. V feromoXftvior slionld kinve inijmd up

j^' . b&r, ia most iinpmbabJe, ujaJou U o u g h

iacaii4 \'nii,i {ii'j^MiniiL, There is >'un'tcicat evHdtJiiCti in tlio Mit-dt-rd-i^uU* to jb6w ilmt J X }* V i (? r wuk Uioronjflilv nruinaiiiU'd with A k b a r ' b reli^tnits iTfurif,

MO Proceeding* of ih^ Asiatic Satiety

\f

matt'er of some «iiin08ity, wlion we remember the aruuety of A k b a r ' s succesaors to destroy the monunients of his tipoatacj from lalim, L e D i e u Vb translation of the Mir-ui ul Quds Is not in our Library, W© have only his text and translation of the life of Peter (No, 37 in our Catalogru©).

The following is a translation ofJ»XavIer'a prefhoe, AlUhd Akhm^ !

Mir-dt ul Quikf in tehkh an account u §iven of the wmderfiU hi^i4>ry of I'ahu^ Kitii^tuSf and of his heavenly teaching and hk mirachs.

Words intended t^) be epolcen at the time of prostrotio (zaminhsi*) before His Majesty.

When the extraordinary accoiuits of the Messiah spread over the surface of the earth, A b g a r, king of Edessa, desired to see him* He therefore sent a messenger to him with an invitation to rome to his kingdom, the half of which was at his service. H© also sent a slcilful painter who was to take the likeness of Christ, fto that the king might at least have a portrait of the Savioiir, should he not be willing to come to Edessa. The meBsenger saw Christ and brought him the invitation.

When he hecird that Christ found it inconvenient to go to Ede8s% the pednter * collected his strength/ called his whole genius into play, and drew a likeness which surpassed his f>xpectation9» But when on the following day, he compared the portrait with the features of the Messiah, he was ashamed of his work. He then set about to alter it, and his feoling of shame left him, and ho glorified God. The second and third days ho studied the features deeper ; but he only got more ashamed than he had been before. He renewed liis attempt*. AH, however, was in vain : whatever he completed today, he had to reject the following day, till he despaired of his art, and grew thoroughly ashamed and sorry.

But Jesus had compassion on him, and fLsked him, at the time of his departtire, to give him a cloth. The painter did so, and Christ drew it over his face and returned it to him. To Im gi*eat joy, the painter saw that the saintly features of the Messiah had

• Vido Kin trnnstfttion, p. 213. note 2. The story of kinjr Abgar of Edofisa ffftfl inteodod to foi niBli a piirnllcl betweeu J. X a v i o r and tfie painter; but there ifl a lurttrS vcrhtmim in tbo natnes Ahgar and Akhar^ which the Oriental ratod Qtiderataiida to tipprrjoinUs

^

1B70.]

Prtm^ings of ih$ Anatic Boekti/.

HI

left a dear and faithful impreesion on the cloth. The painter took it to Edeesa, and gave it to his king, who preserved it rejoicingly, and ahewed it every honor and adoration. By its meauB he conquered all his diifioulties.

This story I hare, not without reason ^ put in the hoginuing of my Drk. Your Majesty has heard an account of Christ's sublimeness and greatness ac-cording to authorities* whinh differ in their evidence ; and as you expressed a desire tg have a ti^uthful account, ytm were pleased, in your search for truth and love of wisdom, to order me, the meanest of your servants, PAdH JeromeXavier,f' whom you have graciously admitted to Coui't, to write in Peraian a history, containing everything done and said by Christ, as wo End it in our bf^oks. Tlaving been engaged in this calling for forty yoani, and studied l*er8ian fur seven or uight years, I now eagerly and zealously fuliil your Majesty's command* I have thrown my whf»le heart into this work, and girdled myseli* with the waistband of xotil ; I have spent many days in completing this hook, and denied myself the comforts, and even the necessaries of life, in order to carry out the wishes of your Hajosty, who is God*3 shadow on earth. Boyal orders cannot in a less degree be honoured, especially in matters which to conceal woubl do men harm, and which to promulgate is an act ol' worahippmg God, J as the angel] H a p h a e 1 said to T o b i a s — * To guard the secrets of kings ia good ; but to make God's hidden wisdom known to men, is laudable and approved of by all/

If in presenting this book and portrait of Christ to VMur Ma- jesty I have been late, the truth is, that I made 8< vuiul attomptH, thinking after my own fashion that I had completed it ; but as often I made a clean copy of my rough notos, and compared the Persian with tlie features of the Latin (tirit)^ /of J;^!) origimil, I was dissatisfied, and what I had looked upon as complete, appeared deficient and defective, bo much «o that I, too, was ashamed of my work, and

• J. Xavier evidently means the Bumei'oufl Mahamnrndan historiefl of tbA Propheta, Thus tb© Rauiotu^c**/"* » work which Akbar priaod, ooutaio« a rick rllectiou of Eastam titJos regarding Cbriat. ^ The tojtt has ^^ >*HH'ijrtfj Zi;m/uVii(j 8h/itv(f* % Akbar'fl favourite phmso i t;t4e mj Kifk Uimsljitiua. p. IL

11*2 ProveedintjH of the Asiatic Society* [May,

(liHpuirod of my capability and understanding. But I prayed without encasing, and by the mercy of God, and the auspiciousness (f^i^ci7] of your Majesty's reign, I have overcome my difficulties, and am now at last satisfied with my work. I therefore make bold to lay tlio l)ook at the foot of your throne. May Christ bless your Ma- josty, and all that listen to its contents ! I am perhajra not wrozig in thinking that of all works which, during the reign of your Majesty, have been translated into Persian, this work wiU recommend itseli most to your Majesty's attention ; for no book of this nature ap- pears to have been composed in former times, because either

;•] Persian scholars were not ac(xuainted with Latin, or Latin scholars

-i did not understand Persian, or because there never was a king

1 who, like your Majesty, loves wisdom for its own sake, and searches

'.' \ for it with an equal amount of zoul.

',';| I therefore hope that your Majesty will be pleased to accept

■J tliis work, less for the labour and devotion which enabled your

\\ servant to complete it, but because it shews who Jesus was^ and

.| what he did and taught.

. j Lot it be known that this book is divided into four chapters.

■ The^W^ clia2)tor treats of the birth of tlie Messiah and of his life

prior to the commencement of his teaching. The second chapter gives an account of his miracles and liis doctrine. The third chapter describes the circumstances of liis death, and what, in his love, he suli'erod for tlie salvation {saldmatl) of men. The fourth chapter gives a sketch of his resurrection and ascension.

I have not written down all I could have written. However, the work as it is, will, I trust, sufficiently shew your Mi^jesty, what Christ was.

As the footprint shews tlie size of the elephant, and the mark

' \ of the i)aw the strength of the lion, so will, I hope, this work shew

f .' your MajtJHty my zeal to serve you. I intreat your Majesty to

order this book to be read in your august assembly ; for its doctrine

' 1 is the source of all virtue, and i)oaee of mind, and balm for the

sold. People may say that all books are balm for tlio soul ; but this book above all others will give peace to your Majesty's heart, as Clirist has said — * My word is bidm for the soul, and eternal life.'

\

\

iii'i

\

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 143

I have to premise that the greater portion of this work is taken from the holy Gospels, and I have avoided citing from other writings ; but I have noted my authorities in the margin* of the book, where I have also given the headings of the several chapters. Several of the Christian doctrines set forth in this book may, indeed, defy and vex man's understanding ; but they are a mirror reflecting Divine truth, and are fully explained in other works of mine which are nearly ready, and which, with God's eissistance, will soon be finished.

May the Lord Jesus take your Majesty in His keeping and, according to the desire of your servant, vouchsafe you His know- lodge, upon which alone the salvation of your soul depends.

Written at Agrah, 15th Urdibihisht (April) 1602.

The book ends with copies of two letters, one written by P i 1 a t e to the Emperor T iberius and the Roman Senate regarding Christ, and the other written by *Lintul,' Pilate's predeces- sor to Tiberius, regarding the external appearance of Chi'ist.

J. X a V i e r then mentions a Maulavi of Ldhor who assisted him in the Persian translation, and says —

* This sublime book and its auspicious preface have been compiled from the Gospels and other prophetic books by me, P^dri Zeron^mo Shavir, the Firingi, of the Society of Jesus, at pre- sent in Agrah, by order of the king of kings, the enlightened ruler, the lord of the age, JaHluddin Akbar, the greatest (aJchar) of kings. May God perpetuate his reign ! — ; and Maul&n& 'Abdussattdr, son of Qdsim, of L6]ior,t "^w residing at Agrah, has translated it, jointly with me {ba ittifdq i man), in the year 1602, the 47th year of the reign of His Majesty.'

• They arc not given in the MS.

t Hough (p. 285) calls him *Ahdel Senarin Kasem, which is no Muhammadan name. If L e D i o a gives this name, he mast have read ^^\3 ^jluJf«xx^ for

How well J. Xavier knew Akbar's peonliaritics may be seen from the fact that he calls him Jaldluddin Akhar, instead of JaldliuUUn Mohammad Akhar, Akbar disliked the name MuMmmad, Abulfazl also, in his list of Akbar's Grandees in the Ain, leaves out the names Muhammad and Ahmad, whenever practicable.

141

Proceeiin^i of ike AiMk SacMf*

[Mj

The following table of contents of tBe first Ohaptdr will gt gnr,d idea of tlie nature ofJ, Xttvier*s life of Christ.

m4ipUr L T?ie CMld/iood of Je^un,

The birth of Mar^, The good ciroumetanceB of her parentB^ angel appears to her father at Jeruealem, amLoiinoing Mary's bi The parents return to Nazareth* Anna, Mary's mother, eeives, Thursday, 8th December, or 16th Dimdh of Akbar^d Mary bom, 8th September^ or 16th Shahritcar of Akbar Meanings of the word Mary, The angels announce Mary's bi to some inhabitants of Nazareth. Mysterious music heard froi heaven. The inhabitants of Nazareth resolve to keep the 8th Sep tember a holiday. Papal edict of A, ]>, 1250 regarding the celeb: tion of the Day, Mary is consecrated to Ood in the temple, o\ Friday, 21st November, or 2l)th Ab^uof Akbar*s Era, uad jiut undi the c^are of pioua female teachera. An account of wonderful eveni which took plat^e on her going up the steps of the temple. Her daiij occupations in Die temj^ile, her vij'tuea. She uses continually the plirase Deo ffraciai. She remains in the temple up to the age of thir- teen. WonderfuleloctionofJosGph as her husband. Joseph ia forty years old, his virtues, his purity. How painters usually represent Beasons why Mary was married to Joseph, the chief object bi to confound iSatan, who knew from the prophetical books tlitit th Messiah would be bora of a virgin^hence, though watchi\il, hi did not look for her among married women* Desci'iption of MaryJ her slender wi'ist, oval face, light brown comijlexion, largo blue eyes, golden hair, long hands, elegant fingers.

Birth of ChriiL Gabriers announcement. Mary's age is 1$ years, 6 months. Moaning of Nazardh, Interview of Mary audj Elizabeth. Inferences regarding the spiritual power of Mary, Birth of John, Doubts of Josox^h. Ho will not complain to tli< liuler of Nazareth^ resolves to tlee and leave Mary. God sends an angel to him in a dreani, Chritst bom, exactly at 12 o'clock, midnight, Mary worships her son. Gospel events. No original sin. Evoota whicli took place in other parts of the world at the time when the Mesfidali was born, An olive oil spring appears in Kome^ becomes a large river, and flows into the sea. The ttimple of Janus cl<

I

Proeef<iinff4 of tki AMtatk Socitiy,

UJ

general peace. Conversation between the emporor Augustus and Sibylla, who shews him a likouesa of Ohriat. Curious Toices from heaven • A temple of Apollo falls in. Appearance of three suus in Spain, g^raduallj flowing into one. In another part of Spain, a cloud of light appears.

Account of Herod. Jaroh'a prophecy that the Messiah would be bom during his reign, is fuMled. Circumcision. The tlu-oe wise kings of Arabia, and an account of how their bodies, after their death, came to Constantinople, then to Milan, and at last to Cologne, where they are at present. Their comiag was foretold in Paalni Lm and Is« bs.

Jesus presented in the temple. Doubts of Simeon regarding tho possibility of a virgin giving birth to a son. He thought that the word mrgin was a mistake of a copyist. He is now convinced of hia error. Story of Hannah the prophetess. A feast held t*> her honor in A. D. 570 at Constantinople, after an epidnmic. The feast ordered to be generally observed by Pope Sergiius {pdpah sarshio) in 888.

Flight of Joseph to Memphis in Egy^it. Miraculous power of the water of a well in wliiuh je.sus was washed. Murder of the children in Bethlehem. Herod kills his own son by mistake. The murder of the children is reported to tlie Emperor Augustus, who said that pigs were safer in the household of Herod than ohildren. These children are the first Qhrii^tian martyrs. Joseph returns from Egypt.

Jesus in the temple. A short history of the temple. The wicked- ness of Antiochus Epix^hanes. Jesus continues obedient to Joseph and Mary. He does not teach before the age of thirty.

To judge from several quotations in Hough, it would appear

I tliat L e D i e u * s MS. of the Mir-U ul Q»d4 had no title. His edition

I of the * Life of Peter' contains no preface ; nor does J. Xavier

I mention himself as the author of the book. Le Dieu merely

I ascribes the book to J. Xavier^ beeatise it bears the same dato

(1(502), and because the phraseology of buth books is the same, a

fact regarding which there can Ik? no doubt, Maul6n4 *Abdua-

sattir is not mentioned. To the title Ikbfdn i Sm FUdro^ or

1 \Ci Proceed mgs of the Asiatic Society, [May,

History of St. Peter, L e D i e u adds on the title page of his edition the words ammd dludah^ * but contaminated.' L e D i e u ' s edition contains also a most interesting (Latin) letter written in 1598 by J. Xavier and Emmanuel Pigneiro, who accompanied Akbar to Kashmir, and back to L^or and Agrah. Their views reg^arding Akbar's character, the behaviour of the Hindus and Muhammadans towards Christians, and their moderate success as missionaries, &c., deserve the attention of the Historian. The letter contains also several allusions to the wellknown cunahula,* or representa- tions, in wax, of the Messiah in the manger at Bethlehem, which the Padris exhibited at Christmas to the amusement of Hindilis and Muhammadans.

Instead of * Hindils and Muhammadans,' J. Xavier uses * Mann et Ethnici,' which corresponds to the phrase * Moors and Gentoos,' which we find so often in old Sanads of the E. I. Company, and in early histories. Orme was the first that objected to this term. For * Mughuls' and * Akbar,' the letter gives invariably the curious spellings Mogorani (sic) and Acabar,

There is nothing to shew that L e D i e u observed the historical value ofJ. Xavier's books : he was too much engaged in hot controversy to be struck by the tolerance shewn by a Muhauimadan ruler towards Christians.

The Persian of J. Xavier's work is easy and flowing. There are very few passages, if any, that soimd ' outlandish.' L e D i e u did not detect any linguistic flaws either. One phrase, however, struck me as peculiar. 'Padri J. Xavior, of the Society of Jesus' is translated by —

— hut guhbat does not mean * Society,' but * society' in the sense of * friendship.'

* This word has enabled mc to correct a corrupt passafi^ in the History of Akbar by Rndaoiif, printed in our Bibl. Indica, •Cunabala/ transliterated wouhl bo e;4UU^, with a final nun % ghum\4ih. Tho MSS. of Badaoni (vido my Ain translation, p. 193, I. 3 from below) have a word (jlUJLi or, without dots^ e^^UJb, for which wo have no doubt to read {*)^\JS, The passage translated would thus be —

' Tho rin^Mng of bells as in use with the Christians, and tho shewing of the figure of the cross, and the cun^ihula at their feast, and other childish play- things of theirs, were daily in practise [at Akbar's Court].'

1870.] ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Society. 147

In his transliteration of foreign names, J. Xavier naturally ^Uows the pronunciation of his mother-tongue. For Biblical names, however, he follows the Hebrew, which he had evidently studied. Thus he writes —

fjs^ji^, Kafamahiim^ Capernaum, according to the

Hebrew D^miSS ^y^i, nhii\ Jesus, for r\}}^t^

«4JU, ^dlimahj a virgin, or rather, a young woman, Is. vii. 14, for HD^JT 'almah, J. Xavier also proposes four new, but rather fanciful or im- possible, etymologies of the word Mary, or Mir yam. He says it means \,high. It seems as if he had derived it from Dll. 2. Sea of bitterness, from D^ ydm, sea, and ID mar, bitter. 3. Teacher. It is dif&cult to guess what Xavier means ; perhaps he derives it from ilTID, the Part. Hiph. of ITT' to teach, 4. Master (Mistress ?) of the Sea, from the Chaldee KID Lord, and ydm, a sea. The usual etymology from ^1D, the * rebellious,' or * coy,' is not given.

Mr. Don's MS. also contains a small collection of * Prayers' in Persian.

rV. Gentiana Jaschkei, re-established as a new genus of GentianacecB, by S. Kurz, Esq.

The President suggested that this paper be considered as read, as it only contains detailed descriptions, — and that, on account of the late hour, the following papers be postponed for the next meeting —

V. Notes on the Andamanese, by Surgeon F. D a y.

VI. Notes on a trip to the Andamans, by V. Ball, Esq.

VJLL. A short list of Andaman Test words, by F. A. de Boepstorff, Esq.

VIII. Notes on Archaeological remains found near Taxila, by J. G. Debnerick, Esq.

IX. Archa)ological Notes, by A. C. L. C a r 1 1 e y 1 e, Esq.

M8 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [May,

Library.

Tlie following additions have been made to the Library siuce the last meeting, in April : —

FresentatioJis, %* Namos of Donors in Capitals.

Proceedings of tbe Eoyal Society, Vol. XVIII, No. 114 :— The lioYAL Society of Lo^^)ON.

Journal Asiatique, Tome XIV, No. 54 : — The Asiatic Socibty OF P^uiis.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. XXVI, No. 101 : — Tiie Geological Society of Loxdoij.

Bulletin do la Societe de GeograpMe, 1870, Fevrier : — ^Tub

GEOGRAPinOAL SoCIETY OF PaRIS.

Memoirs read before tlie Anthropological Sooiely of London, Vol. m : — The Anthropological Society.

Anthropological Eeview, No. 27 : — The same.

lieports of the Agri-Horticultural Society of the Fanjab, 1869 ; — Tiie Agri-Horticultural Society of the Panjab.

On the Excavation of a large raised Stone circle or Barrow near the village of Wurreegaon, near Kamptee, by Major G. G. Feorse : — The Author.

On Turtle and Fish-oils, by F. Day, F. L. S., F. Z. S :— The Author.

Mabda-i-'Uliim, translated into English, by 'Azimuddin Ah- mad : — Maulavi Sayyed Karamat Ali'.

Mdkhaz-i-'Uliini, translated into English, by 'Obaidullah : — Thb

SAME.

Mabda-i-*Ulum, in Urdii, by Maulavi KarAmat *Ali :— Thk Author.

Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Nos. 11 and 12 : — The Editor.

Ueber die Sprache Jacob Grimms, von Karl Gustav Andresen : — W. Stokes, Esq.

Der Ur sprung der Sprache, von L. Geiger : — The same.

Transactions of the Eoyal Lrish Academy, Vol. XXI : — ^Ihs

SAME.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 149

First Annual Eeport of the Sanitary Commissioner for Bengal, for 1868 : — The Government of Bengal.

Progress Report of Forest Administration in the Province of Oudh for 1868-69 :— The same.

Progress Eeport of Forest Administration in British Burma for 1867-68 :— The same.

Progress Report of Forest Administration in Bengal for 1867- 68 : — The same.

Report on the Land Revenue Administration of the Lower Pro- vinces for 1868-69 : — The same.

Table shewing the mean-monthly variations of the Barometer in the Surveyor General's Office from 1855 — 1869 :— Ba'bu Gopinatha Sena.

Purchase.

Die Siid-Afrikanischen Mollusken, von Prof. Dr. Ferd. Krauss : — Calcutta Review, April 1870 : — Revue Archeologique, F6v. 1870 : — Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. 27 : — ^The L. E. and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, No. 260 : — ^Revue Lin- guistique, Jan. 1870 :— Ibis, No. 21 :— The Quarterly Journal of Science, January, 1870 : — Oomptes Rondus, Nos. 6 and 7 : — ^Alpha- betical list of Sanscrit MSS. in the Lidia Office Library, London.

PROCEEDINGS

OF TUB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

POB June, 1870,

The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the l«t instant, at 9 o'clock p. m. The Hon'ble J. B. Ph e ar. President, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and xjonfirmed. Presentations were announced —

1. From B§bu Chandrasikhara Banerji, Dexmty IMagistrate, Jfijpdr, — a rectangular piece of gai'netiferous gneiss with the Buddhist formula **Ye Dhamma hetu &c., Ac, &c.," found in the Alti Hills.

2. From M. L. F e r r a r, Esq., C. S. — a packet of copper coins wiuch, Mr. F e r r a r writes, had been dug u]) neai* Partdbgarh on the ancient site of a fort, said to have belonged to the Bhurs who held the country before the R6jputs took it.

Mr. Blochmann said —

The coins which Mr. F e r r a r has presented to the Society, are all Muhammadan copper^ coins. One belongs to Jalfiluddin Firuz i Khilji, one to Muhammad Sh^h Tughluq, two to Ibrdhim Sh6h Sultdn of Jaunpur, and three to Sikandar Sh&h ibn i Buhh'd Lodhf. The others I cannot make out. Copper coins of IbrAhim Shdh of P'aunpur and of Sikandar Sh4h occur in prodigious quantities in Audh. The Sikandar Shdh of 917 A. H. sent by Mr. F err ar, is of some interest, because the beginning of the legend is very dis- tinct, and corrects the reading proposed by Marsden (II, p. 546).

He reads c^lkLJl Jjl^ ^^ »l^ j»3i^ u'^^^^ jy^\y hut

Mr. Ferrar's coin clearly gives i^^^AjJb JSjS^\, for the almost meaningless jy^\.

But I have not seen a single specimen of Sikandar Sh&h's coins^ which contains the name of the Egyptian Khulifuh.

152 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [June,

Among his notes on Jaunpur coins, Marsden (p. 557) mentions as a peculiarity the occurrence of the term SSI^jo * dominatio,^ and that * the word ^yUxL» takes the form of an adjective,'

But ^UxU* is an abstract noun, and is used as a title instead of o\JaL»j just as on every page of the Akbarn&mah or Badion! we find ^JUiW^, f^^^*"^, &c., for e;LjJU^, and »UU^.

3. From Bdbu Gopinfitha Sen a — a table shewing the mean monthly and mean hourly variations of humidity, as deter- mined at the Surveyor General's Office Observatory.

4. From Col. G. B.Malleson, Mysore — a lithographed copy of Ashtanga Hridaya.

The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting were balloted for and elected Ordinary Members : —

B^bu Vrinddvana Chandra Manual a.

W. W. H u n t e r, Esq., LL. D.

Sir Richard Couch.

H&ja Amfr Hasan, Kh&n, Bah&^ur.

The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the July meeting : —

E. Lethbridge, Esq., M. A. Professor, Hugh' College, proposed by Mr. Allardyce, seconded by Mr. Blochmann.

A. E. M i 1 1 e r, Esq., proposed by V. Ball, Esq., seconded by the Hon'ble J. B. P h e ar.

The following gentleman have intimated their desire to withdraw from the Society ;— A. H. P i r i e, Esq. ; W. 8 m i t h, Esq., C. E. ; R. V. S t o n e y, Esq. ; R. A. G u b b o y, Esq. ; Dr. J. F a w cu s.

The following letters have been received :

— From His Royal Highness, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edin- burgh, thanking the Society for the honor they have done him by electing him an Ordinary Member of the Society, and expressing his desire to become a Life member of the Society, in conformity with Rule 14 of the Bye-Laws.

— From the Government of Lidia, Correspondence regarding the silver pieces and copper utensils found near Gungeria, an account of which was printed in. the Proceedings for last month.

1870.]

Proc6tdmg» of ih Atiaiic Sotneif.

153

— From the Goveniment of Indiai Coirespoudence* on certiiin excavations of cairn* aud stoue cintlos at Khairwarali in the Wurdah Dietriot,

The following paiH.^rM wm^ ri'Jid ; —

I. — Oitsermfi"f''i '//> fh^ Andamamsif^ by Surgeon F a a n c i 3 1> a Y, F. L. S. and F. Z. 8.

[Becejvod 2nd Miwnoh, rofcd Ifib Jtrno, 1870,] Tho inhahitanta of the Andaman islands have for many years been looked upon with great curiosity by Ethnologists^ by mari« nore, and by the Indian Government, in consequence of their vici- nity to onr convict settlement of Port Blair. Exaggerated accounts have been given of their appearance ; they have been regarded aa cannibals ; pieces of Hint, now used for shaving or tattooing, have been described aa arrow-heads for shooting fish ; in fact their show- ing themselves on the shore has given rise to as much awe as that of large wild carnivorous animals bent on mischief. Merchant ves- flfils generally kept many miles to the Eajst of Barren ialaiidj in order to avoid contact with the abtjriginee.

Having been lately directed to proceed to the Andamans for tho purpose of making certain investigations respecting the fisheries^ I took thw opportunity of obtaining as much information as I could respecting the aborigines. In my enquiries I was warmly seconded by Mr. H o m f r a y§ the energetic olHcer who, (amongst his other duties,) htis charge of these people and their *' Homes/* mid who alone, amongst tbe foreign races, hai* mastered tlieir language* I also carefully went through Mr. Ho m fray's monthly reports. Oonsequoutly a large amount of the information, contained in the following, was derive«l from him, whilst ho accompanied me in my

* TUe puhlioAtlou of this Corres[>oudeuce haa been pualpumjcl outil mora exteusivu inlbnuatiou can \j*i obtiviuLHl.

t It i» tjtuteil at tho Atidamuiis, that mauj skulls of couvicta havo been sent ftway cia those of ttio libonginea, whiUt a U\m& mfmk^yjtccvivcd ft<^Tt\ hidia And ipven Ui ll»e crow of u pckSHinR- tnaii-of-vrnrj hf« lutolj received u new BpeoiHu immu in Loudon mm beiog n ~ ' iL^lauda !

X Macii of ttiiij iDruniiiitiua U c> r on tbe (IsbeHea uf tbe

AnduTTitvti islniidfl. I bHre, bowuvLu -n^^iv i^. up lujio lu detail, tki the former ia not araitublti for tho geoor^l render,

§ Known to tbe AiiduiuuutMti as Mtjo'jitlaht " maBter of maBioiB**'

lol Proceed htg^ of the Asiatic Society. [JukK,

wanderings with tlio Andanianose around tho various stations, look- ing out for tho best fishing-grounds. These people worked with ufl in tho jungles amongst the small streams, they speared fish in tho harbours, shot thorn with bows and arrows, or captured thorn with their hands, or by means of small nets in tho sea, and elsewhere they collected shells, crabs and reptiles, and in fact appeared desirous of doing what over thoy i\*ere able.

I do not propose in this pai)er entering into any specidations re- specting the origin of tlioso people,* but to confine my remarks to their prosent appearance, manners, customs, language, amusemeiits and methods of i>roviding themselves with food.

Those now living on the island are estimated to be about 1000 in number, but this must be a guess, as no means are available by which such could bo voritiod or refuted. Around the settlement, there are better means of estimating their strength, and tliere they appear to be about 400, divided int^ tribes, rarely above 30 strong, for when thoy are more, tliey quarrel. Tho country is partitioned amongst them, and one tril)e does not interfere in the territory of anothtn', in fact such used to cause war between them. Tribes &x. upon a spot for a dei)6t, here tho sick are tended, and any extra supplies, thoy may have, are hoarded. On two tribes meeting, the great sign of friendsliip is the prosenoe of women, for when hostili- ty is intruded, tho weaker sex are sent to a place of safety.

Their huts, if thoy deserve tho name, are merely palm tree leaves most loosely put together ; tliey try and get shelter under any overhanging trees or rocks. Bones of animals or fish wliich have been eaten, shells, &c. &c. are all tlu'own into one heap close by, the smell of wldch is very offensive. When they can no longer bear it, thoy move on, returning when tliey imagine disagreeable odours have* disappeared.

Tliose people, when guests of Europeans, or expecting presents, have moderately good tempers, but a very slight offence rouses

* Some may be of African orit,'in or mixed African descent, their woolly hair and other si^^na apparently afford sac)i a solution, but aomo a^ain have entire- ly smooth hair, and bur. few very thick blubber lips or tho Hottentot's prcgeot- ing jaws. Sliipwreckod sailors liuve generally been killed by tho arrows and spears of the Andamancsc, or else the last few survivors have been kept as slaves ^nd thus assisted in continuing this mixed race.

1870.] Proceedings of th^ Asiatic Society, 155

them. When in their jungles they are said to be very irritable. One evening after we had returned from fishing, the aborigines retired to the ** Home" at Port Mouat, when a lad of about 8 years ordered a girl, much older than himself, to go and bring him some drinking water ; as she did not move at once, he shot an arrow at her which took efifect just above the eyebrow. Another day one small boy with a knife cut to pieces a girl's basket for some equally cogent reason.

Quarrels in the ** Homes" are of frequent occurrence, but the riotous ones mostly listen to the words of the elders, and become quiet. If, however, one of them refuses to be appeased, the other sits quite still, and does not answer liim, and this mostly ends in an arrow being shot near, rarely liitting him ; subsequently all is over. They do not appear to be vindictive amongst themselves. In November 1864 the North and South point tribes, having had a misunderstanding, were induced to meet and a pig was given them for a feast. However they again fell out, and the knife which had been supplied to kill their food, was em^^loyed by one of the South tribe to threaten the life of one of the North, and all ended in a terrible row. It was some time before order was restored, wlion they embraced and howled for a quarter of an liour.

One of the last great quarrels with the convicts occurred in June 1864, and was occasioned by a murder committed in the following manner. On the morning of the murder, the aborigines entered the north outpost in some numbers, carrying with them their bows and arrows, and begged for food, but did not obtain what they consi- dered sufficient. They asked for more, which was refused, and being irritated, they sought their oppoi'tunity, and while the Tolidar GirbarSing was off his guard, J a c k o, the chief of the North tribe and Moriarty, chief of the South tribe, fired at him with tlieir arrows from a few yards distance, and with fatal effect. Girbar Sing was the man whose duty it was to punish them, a class of persons not generally looked upon favoui*ably.

Amongst themselves they usually give up anytliing another may wish for, so shoidd they desire to retain an article, they secrete it.*

* A walk with them through a bazaar is no sinecure, they want everything they see, think it very hard not to get what they ask for, and steal wtiatever

156

PmctedmgB of th Ajtiahc Socift^.

[jii

Should an European they know be at his meala, and they are allow- ed to cx>me inside tho roam, he haa but little chance of ooncJuding in peace. Thoy mount the chairs, get on to the table, look at, and often touch everything. One wiU say to an<)ther, that pieee is, miiie, and so on, in fact they apportion out evurythiug amongst I themselves, and watch with much interest all that is eaten. If he does not soon cease, remarks become more severe. *' What a greedy j man he is!" ** He will eat everything, leaving us nothing," and! 80 on. If he drinks any liquor, they consider most of the ** grog*' as they term it, should be tlieirs *

Their language is very deficient in words, and the different taibea have distinct dinleets. 80 much is this the case, that the inhabitants | of the Little Andamans are unable to understand those of the Southi Andamans. Now many English and Hindustani words are begiji» ning to be incorporated with their language. As for numerals, thoyi are entirely absent, a necessity for them has not as yet been per- 1 ceived by those people, so when they talk of having taken quanti- ' ties or numbers of anything, it is impossible to have any idea of their meaning, and what still more increases this difilculty is, in framing an answer, they often do so from the question, almos^l repeating the same words. This has perhaps led to their bein|^ J considered more untruthful tlian they really are. Thus being asked, I if it is true that a wreck has occurred, they will i>robably say itl haa, and perhaps it has, at some period long past.

They divide the day into three portions, sunrise, midday, sunBet J recognising no subdivisions. In like manner, the yeai* with them ha three seasons : ^rtit^ the dry, m-ra-hudiltn, or Northern sun, a period' which extends from Februaiy to May ; sffcondly^ tlie rainy gm-tno-lin^ being from Juno until September: and tkirdl^^ the moderate season,^ Fa-pa -i in f lasting from October to January.

they can \aj their batidd apoti. Sf>croting orttclea ib not looked apoa im a wroriK dc^d, but afl deveruess by thcao people*

• Being a8ke<l 000 day how the owner of tho dinner wab to Uvo, If tbey de- prived him of what was Jiis food, they woro very ready with an auawor^ obtM?rvniig, If we poor pooplo want fish wo must catfih it, if we require piga wo nmst idll tham, if we wi!*h for a hot wo mnat briild it, bat it ia not so with yoa* You never built the house you live in, you did not make the furniture, grow , your riee, catch your fiah, kill your muttoa or even cook your food. You ct*ll to a5iiio one to bring you what yon waut and it oomed, ao if wo «at all this, you ^buve o&ly to call for more. They Ihua Uniaht^ the ar^amoiat, i^d almost (tf ^ ridlj oongumed all the food.

1870.] Proceedinga of the Asiatic Society. 157

They are by no means deficient in acuteness, and appear to have good memories, thus they soon discovered that they were called by the newcomers by names anything but complimentary, and as every race has such epithets at their disposal, which they freely employ, the Andamanese (who like a joke) recognise each race by the several terms of abuse which were used in addressing them.

On first seeing writing employed, they laughed at it, protesting the impossibility of making out what had been committed to paper, and now they look upon it with great curiosity.

Crying signifies with them reconciliation with enemies, or joy at meeting old friends or acquaintances from whom they have been long parted. When two tribes meet, the newcomers have to com- mence, and the women have the priority in weeping ; subsequently the men take it up ; whilst it becomes the duty of the hosts to re- ciprocate in the same manner, first the females weeping, and after- wards the males. Occasionally, the performance cannot be com- pleted in one night, especially should the parties have been long separated, it may even be continued through several successive days. After the crying has been completed, dancing begins ; tliat of the women, a few years since, differed from that of the men, they having to clap their hands, &c., sing to the music of the stamping of the men's feet. Their songs are the recital of events which have taken place since their last separation. The conclusion of the performance is for both parties to join in a grand dance. Now, however, the men and women occasionally dance together. Females who intend dancing, have the modesty to employ a few extra leaves, and they relieve the men in striking the sounding board with their feet. Should it be the intention to dance all night, an extra coating of paint is put on, which is said to act as a pre- ventive against exposure. It is very evident that dancing is a favourite amusement. Having occasion one day (as we were starting upon a fishing excursion) to go inside one of the convict barracks at Port Mouat, the Andamanese set to work to dance with groat vigour on the boarded floor, and it was witli the greatest difficulty that we coidd induce them to desist.

They do not appear to have many amusements. Staring at them-

15H PrormlingH of the Aaiatk Socifitf, [JuxK,

ftjolvos in a looking-jjlass is a gi'eat attractiou. Haviug held a watrli to tho ear of oiio at Port Moiiat, the next day every body of ih^ tribe came to list on to the ti(<king, with which they seemed as delighted as cliildren. TJie day I an-ived at Viper, tliey saw a kite for the first time, and were excessively pleased at flying it, doubt- less once having seen it, they will now manufacture them themselves. Excellent as is their aim in throwing stones, some one last year showed them how to connect two stones together by a piece of string, and to throw them up, so that they catc^h in the branches of a tree at a great lieight from the groimd.

Although clothes s(^arcoly form part of their attire, they always beg pieces of cloth, and it is curious to see how they mimic those who ccmsidor garments a necessity. Their laziness is probably not to ])e surpassed ; sooner than get a bamboo to knock down fruit, they will cut down i\i^. tree or its branches. They seem to tliink the con- victs are an infeiior race, and should work for their benefit.

In mentioning the clothing of these i)eoj)le, perhai)8 an incorrect term is (^mi>loyed, for the males are essentially destitute of it. Paint forms tlnnr clothing, its mode of application shows whether it is put on for simple ornament, with the intention of joining in the dani^e, to prevent sickness, drive away disease, or is a sign of mourning. Soiii(;limes, liowever, a few fibres are fantastically worn around the forehead, neck, waist, or below the knee, in the form of a garter, but all oilier clothing they consider immaterial. They be- lieve themselves to be decent, and laugh at other people's ideas of proja-icty ; still when landing at Ross, they used not to object, as a favour to the residents, to wearing trousers for the occasion, and these were kept ready for tliem at the landing-place, being retum- e<l on tlieir re-embarking in tlieir canoes.

The women, however, liave some slight show of decency, for they twist up fibres into the form of thin ropes, which they cover with cloth and wear round their waists, wliilst dependent behind, (also sometimes in front) are about a dozen tails hanging half way down to the knees, anteriorly two or three leaves fresh gathered from the jungle, comph.'tos their essential costume. As ornaments, tliey wear a string of tlieir ancestors' bones around their nocks, or a skull is slung in a luisket over their backs, or a bolt on their shoulders,

8170.]

Prouedin^^ of ihs A%iatie Soci'e

159

Bhould thoy have a baby to carry. Destitute of clotUiag themselves, these savages pity foreigners going through their jungles, eapocially in the rains.

Painting or adorning the body m done with red or oUvo-coloured earth, and this is the business of the females. Fi>r the former, iron is collected from a mineral spring, burnt red* and mixed with fat, and this is used as an ornament or charm. I had an opportuaity of seeing one of these springs, and the aborigines were excessively jealous, lest I should help myself to any of the exuding iron, as they required it all for themsolves. They collected it int^> leaves, binding it up into parcels with fibres, Olivo-coloured mud is likewise a decoration, when painted in an ornamental manner, but if the body, head and forehead are daubed over with it, and the head plastered with mud, it is a symbol of mourning.

All the adults have their bodies tattooed, whicli opei^ation is com- menced from an early age, and until it is completed, they are not considered eligible for marriage. As soon as they begin to swim, which is at about 8, tattooing begins. Formerly it used to be done twice a year, the uistrumont employed being a piece of sharp- ened flint bound to a stick ; but now a smaller portion of the body is operated upon once a fortniglit^ and this goes on until the indi- vidual is adult. The present instrument is a bit of a broken bottle, inserted into the split extremity of a stiek, for they drefi^l a knife, A considerable amount of blood is lost in these operations, wlueh are performed by making an incision nearly one-third of an inch long und going to some depth. They do not form figures as is done by the Burmese*

Having an objection to hair, they shave all off, with the excep- tion of one narrow strip from the crown to the nape, which, how- ever^ is kept cut close. They rarely have eyebrows, beard, moustache or whiskers, and iifiually but few eyelashes. Formerly shaving

* Dr. WaI die having been good enongh to analyse their red preparulion, reporta it to be as foUowB : —

Peroxide of iron, ... ... ... ... .♦. 42*7

QtiartsE in small fragments and very b'ttle of any oth<9r

rocky or earthy matter, .,. „ ... ... 56*4

Water expelled by ignitloy, ,.. ,.. ... -*^ '9

1000

y^rSf

Umt4^ m^H

Wrts dono every »ix montli^, by ohl woraerj, with pt^r^os of sharp on t?4 flint, but now every fortnight by means of bita of broken glus* bat ties. This cuatom is evidently a sanitary one, as the jiingb? is fidl of insecte, that it woidd be impossible to keep the bail* fre from vermin.

They marry as 8oon as they ai*e able to support a wife, and I derstood that the role was, only to bave one. The youtiifUl swain e .a peculiar kind of ray fish teiTaed Gooni-dah^ whioh gives luwi title to the appellation of Goo-mo^ sigriiliying ** a baf liohjr desirou of maiTying." Girla, arriiang at a marriageablo age, wear cer flowers, to diKting^iiiBli themselves by. Before nuirrying, you men take a spcxies of oath, uftor wlu«'h they ^^it V017' still for seve &1 days, scarcely taking any fond. Those who have been pig hu ters retrain for one year, comiueiiciug in April, from eating porh using turtle, ti^rtoise or iish instnud, but they do not cease huntlnl pigs, as they are ueeessary for the food of the irib*i. The ttirti hunters in like mamier use purk duxing thisprobationaiy year, during this period honey must not be tut*ted. Tliib is apparent^ done for the purpose of ascertaining whether the indivkiual is al to ihupport a family*

The marriage ceremimy is simple, a raau abcjiit 16 or 18 is enl gagod to a girl of 13 or 15 belonging to a dill'erent family, with tin consent of the girPs guardian^ who is generally tlie cluef of tba tribe, On the marriage day, they are seateil apart ii*ora the otjie and pass their t*mie in staring at one auother. As the 8liiid*-^s the evening sat in, the giil's guardian advances^ and taking the hands of the pair joins tliem together ; they thou retire into the jun- gles, where they pass their honey *moon. On the Viridegrooui's ret to the tribe with hia bride Jeedgo^ ci'^dng and dancting are kept u] with great spirit- Subsequent to marriage, they are not so usofii] as previously for the general welfai'e of tko community, the marrie woman, termed Chumah^ has now to erect her huaband*8 hut aa^ attend to his requirements, eoaaequoutly ahe is not ordered aljoa by the (?hief.

The wife has to perform all the homo dntiea, prt>viding shelter^ mats fur lying upon, cooking tlia food, procuring water and abell fish, carrying loads when changing from place to place, shaTing

1870.]

PmctidingA of the Afinihr r^adi

161

and ptiintinjL? her UueliauJ, as well as utti*xitliiig him when bit'lc. The [mnbaud ha» to protei't inn wife, make canons for fiahiiig, the iinploments for bunting pi{^3 and turtle and spearing Esh^ whilst he alsn obtains fond whoii not provided hy the bachelors or fipin^ters.

WidfiWirra and widi>wai have no objection to re-marry, I saw one woman who had done so within ono month of Uor husband's duath, but thin was l(K)ked upon as rather premature.

When ehildit>n are bom, the infant is first bathed in t-old watery and then warmed over a fire, on the 8npp<>5dtitm tliat by boginninj^ early to etaud changes of temperature, it will be of a hardy eon- #iitution. They do ifbt appear to be very sncoessful* howevt^r, in

ariug their little ones. Men and women seem etpially fontl of carrying the babies about; all pet thorn; when they cry for anything, they give it ; and over-kindness early eom*igna the little one to the grave.*

Children are named some months before tkey are born, after some family or favourite coguomen, cous^oqueiitly there in no dia* tiuetion between that of the males an<l the femiles. Owing to their vocabulary of names beiug limited to aboat twenty, they have ta prefix 8ome wonl to oaoh, expressivo of sornethiug iu the appearanee of the individual, or tlio locality from whenee they eome*

Amongst the numbers of Andamnnuse I saw, there was only one woman who had as many as three living ohildreu, of this she ap- peared to be very proud, and I wa^ iiiformeil, tliat no other family posseased moi-o than two. From April 1868, to April 186i)» 3H d<)&tlis were reported, and only 1 4 births amongst those families whiuh Feside near our eettlemeat'^* During four years, only six in* fants Irnve lived, whose parents re&ided at the homes ; of monthly visitors oidy 12, and of the half y€*arly ones some 20.

The Andamanese, at least tho^e who reside near the settlement, ai*e not a long lived or healthy race : but fuw appear to pass two ecore years* They sutfer severely from fever and lung oomph ua- tiona, and although the jungles are their natural home, illness

L* Tboso chiUlfGu wJiicb nro brought up in our Bcbools, i4,nd dotherb rnpitl)/ oumb. as mi^-'ht be autieipated, to the iion-olothinff iind exprwom ^ydtoiiL, witich thay booomu ejcpused on rotaruing to tlicir ffttiiiiio% nud le^utiung their life of fiTedom.

TW

Uf^» 6/

UmiFSSemy^

twsnCm

atta<:k9 them in newly cleared pieces of lan<l as virulontly as it does i the foreign races. The sun's rays and strong winds act injuriously * upon them, in fact they say a chief of the evil spirit rides upon the strong sea breezes and causes sickness. The high winds and the rains in August are oocasion of a good deal of fever and bowel j afiWitions.

They have no remedies except their olive-coloured mud^ with ^hich thoy plaster themselves for headaches, and also employ as \ non-conductor of heat. In 1864 one having been wounded by elugs whilst pillaging, the only remedy his tribe knew of was \ covering the spot with their red or olive paint. Now they have great faith in quiuiuo, and take it readily for fevers or headaches^ If medicines are offered them, they invariably request the donor i taste it first, and subsequently they have no objeetiou to swallow it,]

Should an adult die, he is rapidly buried, and the tribe uiigratea* for about a month, to another locality, at least eight or ten miles oH in dread of the ghost of the dejmrtod. A corpse is viewed with much fear, wliikt almost equal repugnance is shown whon going near a burial*ground, wliieh with them is never on a hill nor or an elevat- ed piece of the Liountry, The following inatancea give an ide how their chiefs are buried.

Jack o, chief of the North tribe, died on July 1st, 1865, leaving two married sisters, whose husbands* duty it was to bury his corpse. Death took place at 6 a, m. and within two hours his remains were rolled up in leaves by the oldest people of the tribe, and corded with fibre, preparatory to their being consigned to the grave. The latter was morc4y two feet deep, and merely a few feet above high water mark. Here the coq:)se was jilaced in a half sitting position, with tlie face turned towards the rising sun. Previous to tilling in the grave, one by one they took their last farewell, and each gent* ly blew upon hiu face and forehead. After the grave was filled iHj^ there did not remain more than six inches of earth above the body, but this is deemed sufficient to preclude tlie ribs from being broken^ whilst there are no wild animals to exhume the corpse. A few^j atones were now heaped over the grave, above these some burning faggots, and mourning garlands were placed in conspicuous placea] along the shore, to mark a chiefs interments Before retiring, a 0U|

1870,]

Pr0ceHing9 of the Aniaih Soeidtf,

ir,.i

of water was left at the head of the grave, in case the spirit of the deceased should feel thirsty during the night.

Four mouths subsequoutly, the nearest of kin went to the place of sepulture and brought away the lower jaw, which about that time had become divested of flesh j a mouth ofterwai'ds, tJi© shoul- der bones and a rib were extracted, and after six months the skullj now freii^d from impui-ities. This was slung round the neck of the principal mourner^ and subsequently every one had it in turn to carry about.

The ceremony for the burial of a chief is, however, generally some- what difi'erout fi^om that descril»ed for J a o k o, A stage is erected soino twenty feet from the ground, and on this tlio corpse is placed. The powerful spirit of the chief it is hoped will be satisfied, and not injiu'e any one who may incautiously pass near, whilst a firo is light- ed below this stage to scare away any evil spbnta which may bo lurking about. The extraction of the skull and bones, it is consi- dered, requires great gkiU and courage, whilst by keeping tliem carefully, and wearing them during pain and sickness, it is supposed tlie ghost of the departed will be induced to be fi-iendly to tho wearer,

Should a stranger die amongst a foreign tribe, his funeral-rites are entirely neglected, the chief generally directs some of the young men to carry away the c*oq)8e, and throw it into the jungle or into the sea. The evil influences of a stranger*s spirit ore not dreaded^

Should those of other tribes go to condole and sympathise with a widower, the custom is to fell into his arms, both embracing each other and crying for about ten miautee, subsequently the afliictions are recited.

When I was at Port Mouat> the Jutland chief was in mourning for his only child, and was daubed all over with olive -coloured eailh (a process which is repeated daily), whilst a rather thick coating of mud covered his head. This mourning lasts for one month. Dur- ing periods of deep sorrow thoy are very silent, entirely refraining from the use of red paint and other decorations, from taking mucJi food, even from eating their favourite pork, whilst honey must not pass their lips, but instead they have daily to throw honeycomb^ if obtainable J into the iire. As soon as the period of mourning has

1G4 Proceed! tiff B ofifie Atmitt Society, [Jc3fSj1

expired, they wash off tlie olivtj-ooloured earth, and revert to their I red puint.

Having no ties to keep tliera to one place, the Andamanese wan- der about for food, or a« their ftuity dictates. They have scarcely a want, but as luxuries they esteem tobacea, especially Cavendish, and ** grog." They do not care for sugar, but are imniaderately fond of honey, they eat the mUthJi^h^ are much a<ldictod to chitons ^ but j despise raw oysters. Fonnerly they appear to have consumed al- most anything; on wot days worms, caterpillars, roots, nuts, man- grove seeds, sharks, shell-fish, &e., &c., articles whi*^h they now generally refuse. Amongst iish, they prefer the mullet, ami ono day having placed a quantity of diiforent species bufore them, they helped themselves iii the following order, observing that the tirst took tiie best, the last got those which were most inferior Chorinemm, Piati/etpMus^ UorHe-mad-erel or Carathx, (Jhry$ophrif9 ' talnmara^ and lastly Tefrodon or frog-hsh, which hittor has goner- ally the credit of being poisonous. They eat cats, but now sporo ( dogs, because they are found to be useful.

Govemmeut instituted various Homes or jdaces of shelter for these aborigines, which many of them make their head quarters. It is a principle wisely commenced, to induce thera to cease jdundor- ing, and whicJi lias most undoubtedly had a very 8uti»factory ofTect. i But it is a nustake to suppose tliat they subsist on the food pro- vided by Government, for the whole allowance is only 20 D rupeee montldy to cover all expenses. In the year 18C8-G9, the following were the earnings of the aborigines: 500 pigs, 150 tm- ties and tortoises, 20 wild cats, 50 iguanas, and (J dugongs, irrespectivo | of Jish. The total number of rations given was 48,248, giving a daily average of 1 32 xiersons, indufling woniun and"children, allowing each individual only 0 pies daily, and showing an increase in those fed of I i,575 raiicms over the previous year, but with a decrenso of expenditure or Kupc*08 209-3-4, thuf? demonstrating them to Imve been more self- supporting. Since the establishment of these homesi a great change has been inaugurated, tlie convicts are left unmolest- ed, implements of agriculture are not stolon, the lishing stakes aro li«ft undisturbed, the gardens are no longer pillaged, run-away con- victs have been re-captnred, and shipwrecked saOors assisted.

1870,]

Proteedinff* of the Anntie SsacUitf,

165

At tii0 ** Hame," the followiiig ia the manner in whicli thoy pa&s the day. At a very early hour they have somethitig to eat, for about 4 A. M. their micovered bodies beftmie cold, whiuU necessi- tates their replenishing their fires, and once np eatings begins. When residing in the same house, there is no rest after this early hour. About 7 A. m. some of the men go out foraging according to the season : it may be pig-hunting, fishing, or raptuiing tortoises or turtloa. The young men and boys assist in making, paddling and steering canoes. The women in a body go for shells, shell- fish, (fruits and bulbs, in which they are assisted by the girls ; wliilst the elderly people keep at home, making baskets, uei»t bows and arrows, attending the sick, &e. Between 2 and 6 p. m. tite foragers return with their spoils, these are as far as possible eij^ually divided amongst aU.

Prior to the advent of the Europeans, the Andamanese lived en- tirely upon the products of the waters and dI the jungles, never tilling the soil, and storing up but little for a future day's supply. One of the first questions usimlly asked respecting these people is, ** Are not they cannibals?** They repudiate the idea, and in return wish to know ** why when food abounds should they devour himian beings,*' a feast wliich they believe would eause Uieir death.

They ©at nothing raw, not even fruit. In cooking meat, they either throw it on the embers, turning it over when the under side appears to be done, or else cooking the llesh of the tortoise, tuHle, or pork in unbaked eaiihen ehattiea,* Their appetites are large, for they appeared to be easily able to consume CJ D> rd' tish at one sitting, and alW a very short time had no objection to begin again. A large Pinna forms their plate, a NiuUilm shell tlieir ilrinking oup. They have no regidar periods for their meals ; when they are hungry they eatp no matter at what time, whilst it is an almost essential com- mencement to give them a good meal before starting for any exeur- sion.

Their principal food at the first or north-sun period is honoy, 4hu t| and turtles. In the rainy seaaon, they do not wander about Teiy much, owing to the difhuulty of obtnining shelter, then the

* I hare bcoii tUeiri oouk a prawii bj plooing it iniide tbd bavrl of wUicli thuy woro smokiug !

pipe

ri^

168

LJlTHB,

>

jack soeds last them for three months* In the early part of the middLo season piga are common, bat whon becoming scarce, fishing and turtle-catehmg takes their place. In the report for July, 1865> I obfierre it stated ** they are only now aware that cucumbers, potatoes, and pumpkins are eatable, aud they use tobacco, all which a short time ago, they used to iliug away/'

Pigs, towards the month of September, begin to rove about the jungles, finding their way to the coaBta and ereeka, aud it is during tliifl time, that many are killed. In the year 1865, they first began to use dogs for pig-hunting which they learnt from some run-away Burmese convicts, previously they had to lio in wait hours and ^H sometimes days, even in the hopes of seeing one or two, now thd ^^ dogs find them almost at once, they are consequently held In great edteom, and every dog they see they wish for. The Andamanese, however, have curious ideas respecting pork as food, and when they are able to choose, use it as follows* The children and weakly persons eat sucklings, the bachelors and spinsters use those of medium size, whilst adults prefer the stronger boar*

As they capture their principal supply of fish and turtle during the low tides, and do not dry or aalt any, it follows that they have abundance at that time of the lunar month, whilst at the iut^srvals they are comparatively destitute.* At the change of the monsoon (October) they generally shift their quarters to more healthy spots. On© of their encampments which has been dwelt in for some time, is not a model of cleanlinoas, whilst innumerable tleaa and other animals render going through it anything but a pleasing occupation. Beef they consider too t^oarse for food, neither as a rtde will tboj eat birds. About January the Busang shows itself in Port Mou&i Bay, coming to feed uprtn a species of soa weed which is relished by the turtles.

In January likewise honey bec:;omefi common and they bring d the honey-comb with great dexterity, neither smoking the bees being stung themselves. A wOd shrub ** Jenedah" exists in the jungles, and its juice appears to have an intoxicating efiect upon the bees. The person who is to ascend the tree, takes a piece la his hand, and biting through the bark^ the pimgent juioe exudes * Tlio tortle aeitson with them ends about the mouth of ApriL

1 8 70 J

Froeeedm09 of the Aiiatic SacUiy,

1G7

into his mouth, this is spat at the bees, which are aaid (for I did not perBonally witness it, though I was fihown the shrub, and an Andamanes© went through the prouoae,) to become intoxicated, or else to fly away. Wax obtained from the honoy-comb is luuch used for their bow strings, likewise for bovering the fibre which attaches the heads to arrows, as weU as for stopping leaks in their canoes.

One of the most necessary pieces of property to these people is a canoe, a moderately sized one being capable of accommodating about 20 persons, whilst it is used for the purpose of obtaining food for about 30. It is scjooped out of a tree by men, who work with a species of adze. They take their turn at this employment, during which x^eriod they are supplied with food by the others. When oompieted, their canoe is of a very fi'ugile cons true ti on, and rarely lasts above one year, for they are continually thinning its sides by scooping out and ornamenting its interior. In faut when made, no care is token of it, and its sides are easily stoved in. It is bal* lasted by stones, and has a prow projecting about two feet, on which the feherman stjinds* Tliese prows become especially useful wliiLit fishing turtle and spearing skates and rays.

The bamboo iK>le which is employed for pushing along the oanoe, has a shaip moveable iron head at iU one extremity, and to this is attached a long line. When the bamboo is thrown, and the spear becomes imVieddud in the prey, it slips away from the bamboo, but being attached to the line, the animal is securely held by the fisherman. Their eyes, whilst slowly and silently moving about, are as sharp as hawks : the spear is mostly thrown with a good aim, and should the fiidi be large, some of those in the boat dive down, attacking the victim with knives and speiirs, whilst others endea- vour to pass a line over the gome* Should the water be too deep to pole about, one or two men or boys paddle the boat, as silently as jM>9sible, the man on the prow directing them which way and how fust to go, by signs made with his hurids or feet, but not a word is spoken.

For their small or hand nets, very similar to a common landing net without the handle, they use a fibre as a thread, which they work at very neatly, employing their fingers as a mash, and by

1(18

Proe^inp of the AimtU Smefy,

[Jtnnd

changing frnm tho Kttle to tlie index digit, they gradually aug* mont its siz© a^ do^trod. When turtles are scan;©, a hirge net isl usedt this is altm?hed to stakes whiih encirclo the whole of a reof J to which these animals resort for food. Just before the tide com^ mences to ebh, they ^s. the net, thus penning in all the turtWl which may bo there at the time, but which fight most desperately i to break out of the enclosure ; the Andamanese now use spears to secure them, and as a rule but few escape.

Tlieir bows and aiTows are mostly employed for shooting fish iml shallow water, the upper two-tliirds of the arrow ia a light ree the lower portion a heavier sort of wood araiod with a piece olj iron, or a sharp nail. Major Haughton in 1862 observed, in the Proceedings of this Journal^ upon the flint arrow heads having been employed by them for shooting fish, and some such fashioned pieo of flint are still found amongst their heaps ; but the aborigines da not recollect when tlip^e articles were so employodj they, however,^ remember their being in use for shaving and tattooing.

It will not be amisR in this place to take a slight retrospect eon-^ ceming the origin of tho *^ Homes,* ' wliich are now kept up for the Andamanese. Wlien these i&landfi were taken re-possession of in 1857^ doubtless the aborigines caused great trouble. Cfonvic who ran away, were killed, as were also others who were fel the jungles, for these savages move about eo stealthily, that sci ly a bough moves, nor does a leaf rustle. They are excelle trackers and thus ascertain the number of persons that hav passed, and judge pretty accui-ately how long it is since the passed.

They helped themselves to the implements employed in fellini timber, they used convicts* leg irons for spears, and nails for arrov heads, they had no scruple as to ht>w tliey were obtained, Ooq0€ quently their vicinity led to insecurity, to the prevention of worl of clearance being carried on, to garden cultivation being extende to the prevention of bamboos being obtained from the jungle to the plundering of the fisliing-s takes, and the settlement safiPere accordingly.

At first hostages were taken from the tribes, some of whom we kept in iroA in the convict settlement, a plan wliich dooa not ap

Pro€4idingi cfiht A9udk Sacutif,

169

I I

I

pear to have Ciaiised unqualiBed satisfaction, wliilst on faults being L'onimitted the lash was freely resorted to. On June 12th, 1864, three convicts at the North outpost, iu a most unprovoked manner were ruthlessly mnrdered, so all hospitality and friendship was withdrawn, they were proliibited entering our Htatious^ unless un- armed, and if seen plundering, the sentries were directed to Ere upon them with slugs. In those times the aborigines distrusted us as much as the convicts feared them, and on coming into the settlement, they kept their arrows in tlieir bows ready for immediate reoourse to, and whU^it some parleyed, others stood watching a few yards off, ready for a fight, or to secure a retax»at.

Owing to the hostility of the Andamanese, convicts had to be restricted within bounds, no one could venture into the jungles. About the middle of June, some of the aborigines visited IIaddO| food was given them, and they were asked to bring some bam- boos, which they promised to do, but only brought a few dead ones* They were evidently merely spies, for after a day or two, they enter- ed Aberdeen and PhoDnix bay stations in force, plundered the gar- deiL<? and carried off some eonvi^^ts' clcjthes. However, towards the end of the mQiith, they appeared inclined to become more fi*ieadly, thoy brought in some escaped convicts, whom, however, they first plundered, besides removing every bit of ii'on from the boat in which they had oacuped. On being taxed with, this, they at first pleaded surprise, then said, they would make restitution, and brought a canoe as an exchaDge for the misc^hief they had done to the Government boat. At first this was not quite understood and the canoe was sent back, but they returned it the next day, explaining that tliey desired it to be kept as a reimbursement for the injury they had done to the Goverument boat, so no longer considered the canoe theirs.

A Home was kept up on Hoss island, but those who had been en* gaged in plunder, were not permitted to land there, thus Mori arty, who had assisted in killiiig the ToUidar (already referred to), was considered ineligible, which caused very great dissatisfaction. The women and children made rafts of bamboos and so lloat43d to Rose, or even swam over on the support of a single bamboo. In October this year, they again plundered Aberdeen and its ndghbourhood,

170

H^Oi0$dmffi of tJi^ AiiaHc Soeidy.

[JVTIif

and it began to be Teiy evident that unless some hold were obtain*! ed QTer the tribes, all works must C(?ase, It was projiosed to isinie a general atnneRty, eepecially as the chiefa wen? becoming rery irate, and without their controlling power the tribes wore found to be most hostile, plundering everything they could lay their I hands on. In the month of Dec^ember this ainuesty was earriedj into effect, and tlien to a great extent the chiefs began to keep i people in order. However the aborigines continued t*i bo very sus-" picious, imagining that in their being treated at Boss, they were , iorte of hostages, and used irequently to request to be taken over ' the mainland, wn they were not permitted to swim over, because they] took more property with them, thuu they had a legal claim to. One I day the whole foi-ty asked to go, and finding no objection was raised, I they returned after a few days on a bamboo raft and became quieiJ

In May, 1866, the Home was removed to the mainland as ihoj junglees' presence was not considered any longer to lie desirable* In November of this year» the murderer J i m was released, tli0| tribes promising in future to try and stop murders, and to disconti* nue the use of war bows and arrows. Some of them were t4ikeu to J Bee an execution, and it waa explained to them, that that was tfaa manner we treated murderers, aud tliey at once expressed their I intention of refraining ^m murders in future. In 1868*69, tlieyJ apprehended fourteen convicts horn the Punjab and two BurmanB] who had escaped, and aUo brought in some shipwrecked marinera.

My first interview with the people was on January 9th, 1870, at 1 North bay where I went with Mr, Homfray to look for them] and induce their coming fishing. The sea was rather high, and it waa not until 1 1 a. m, tlint wo discovered tmo of tluur canoes, eon- ^ taining two of these people. We pulled for the place, they, how- ever, had landed and made their boat fast. It will be difiicult to forget their appearance. There sat on the stumps of trees two lads, destitute of clothing. They had some ornaments made of fibre around their beads, and strings like ga^rters below the right knee. As for inducing them to move, they simply declined, observing they were waiting for more of the tribe ; however, they pointed out where the encampment was. ,

1870.]

Vnt^i g/ the Amade S&ct^i^.

171

I

Leaving them, we went to their camp to try our pei-snadona ou some of the others to accompany us to Yiper. We found a number of females and chiLiren, all of whom appeared very glad at seeing ** Myo-jolah." They were engaged as uj*ual, in smoking shox't day pipes, and eating, having taken some fish, prawns, and crabs. On being told that I wanted fish» they brought out all they had, and let me help myself. After a long talk, the females consentofl to go to Viper, for as Mr. Homfray hadjudieioualy remarked* the boye would soon follow. It was finally arranged that they should go in our boati and we were to take a canoe in tow, containing some more of the aborigines. Scarcely had we started before one of them aeized my umbrella, and it waa explained to me that she did not liko the suu'a rays, and proposed that " I should hold my umbrella over her head/*

Wlien we arrived at Viper, we found thirty more people had preceded us, and by evening we mustered nearly seventy. It was, however, too late to go out, so we passed the afternocm in feeding them, letting them fly a kite, with whitih they were highly delight- ed, in ascertaining the Andamanose names of lish, and information respecting the best fishing grounds,

Tlie next morning eating commenced about 5 A. M., and by 6*30 we had 43 of them in the boats, and left for Pha?nix bay and South point. Before starting, however, they ridiculed the idea of our getting tish, as it was not low tides whilst there was a strong wind and rough water. Still as my atay was limited, we persevered, and on arriving at Phoenix bay, had to commence proceedings by lighting large tires and distributing rice, plantains, poppaws, sugar- cane and tobacco, whilst they caught crabs, which they cooked on the embers. In fisliing we did so badly that at their sag- geation we crossed the point to South bay. As wo went near the inhabited [lart of the station, they begged for what they saw, and eoUected little bits of iron. The tide being low and the water not so rough, they did better at this ijlace ; they shot one LethHnwk ro§tratuM^ Guv. and Val., one Tmihi^ t^tsrniicuUtta^ KuhL and V. Hase., and several Oit/pftitiodon nordidus^ Forsk. Besidea these, the younger children captured many specimens of I*ermph- thalmui Koelrmlerif Scha.

A

Ifrt^f ^f the AsMh Smd^f,

On the 1 1th, wo left Viper fur a fresh water creek with 20 af the ! people. Ouiirriving at the landing plat^a, we saw a storm rising, and | the aborigines waved about their hands and arrows, to btut or flog | away the evil spu-it which was creating the disturbance ; nererthe- j less thej were unauccessfol, and it poured all day. We landed at one of theii- deserted eneampmonta, but the fleas and other vermin were so plentiful, we had to retreat to our boats. Their huta pulm leaves, supported on stirks in the most primitivo style. We]

ok a few fish and bivalves up the creek, but the weather became I

severe that we were compelled to return. The Andaiuaneeel

"asserted that a large fresh wator lake exists in the island, but too |

far away for us to go to. As we were going back, tho boat huokJ

catdiing in a tree went overboard ; instantly one of the AndamancseJ

boys dtirtod overboiU'd and recovered it.

On the 13th we went across to tho Andainanese Home, a long^l tliatched .shed, the Lead quarters of one of their tribes* On one*| side of the entrance was a large heap of the bones of tortoisea, j turtles, dugongs, and also a few shells, the refuse of their meals. Inside were people and dogs, the latter as regards feeding evident- 1 ly considering all were on an e<iuality, whoever could take ' the food first being the lawful owner. Here we again had to givej them fruit and sugar-cane, whidi was equally divided under the inspection of their queen, a quiet looking venerable old woinoa J Having distributed pipes and tobacco, we at last induced them to start for a cruize throug)i the jungle, in order to ascertain what fish there were in the fresh water streams, and what specimens o£ natural history we eoidd collect.

The distance across country was live miles, but the road a merei jungle foot track. We tuld the aborigines to obtain fish, shellsj reptiles and grasses, and they set to work to coUoct. We had not gone far, when tho:*© ahead called out to us to come on, and point ing to a ti'ee asserted, thoy saw a snake between tho bark and thoj stem. The fissure was scarcely noticeable, but having removed th< dead bark, out came a snake {Lijcodon anlicm) which we se ed» They also obtained from the streams, specimens of Goh\ giurUf H. B., Ophiocephalim gachaa^ H. B,, Ilaphchilm fxrncha^^ H, B., and Murmm macuhta^ H. B., also some Crustacea, many landj

1870. J

Pr&cfedin^s af the A^mtie Society.

173

:(k,t and five

\ of ^ild I

Aliout fi

Bhells,* some lizarcJi^,t and live gpeoie^ < M, we arrived at tlio Home at Progress creek where we loll thoaa. The next day was a repetition of the previous one onlj can*ied on on the oppositi? side of Port Mouat, On the 1 5 th I had* to return to Boss, but in the em-ly morning, prior to our starting, tho Anda- manese hi-onght in two tortoises, a turtle, and aome fish shot and apeared since 6 p. M. the previous evening.

From the 18th to the 20th, assisted by these people, I made an examination of some of the aea fisheries, and the mode how they take sea fish, a short description of which will perhaps give the best idea of how they work. On January 18th, it being' low spring tide, we started from Port Mouat at 7 A, M. for MacPherson's straita and arrived at the encampment of the Rutland chief about 11 a. M. We found them dose to the sea shore, where some fine trees overhung the rocks, on whicli they wore Lazily reclining. We pass- ed the body of the only child of the chief tied up in a tree, its spirit being supposed to be powerful, the little one having died about a fortnight previously.

About 3 p. M. we embarked, taking with us seventeen of the aborigines in our boat, their ages varying fi^m about nineteen to ten years. The females and younger children, with three hand nets remained in the stern of the boat : the bachelors with three bows and arrows and one spear in the forward part, and as ustttil the latter were constantly chaffing the former. One youngster took the rudder and we prepared to start for *' Jolly boys'* island, some two miles away* Scarcely was the anchor raised, when a lad in a canoe came with some fish, and likewise handed in a piece f>f dead coral, amtmgst tlie branches of which numerous beautiful little fish were to be seen alive, aa well as some lovely little crabs. On sug- gesting that they might have got in there by acM^ident or been put there for show, over the side of the boat dashed a young savage, who dived down and rose again to the surface witli another piece of coral as large aa hid head, and in it were forty small but UrLng fish.

* CytUphorvki folia/ttMA 0 h o m., tind 8pir(mi$ Haiight&ni, Ben &., being th^ moat common.

t Tiaris mheristata, B I jih^ ia the oommotiest troe-limrd ; bofidet, ieverftl Bpedea of Gsceotida occur.

m

Praet&din^i of ihs AMi&tk SoeM^»

[Jens,

As we were again on tho ere of starting, we heard a shout

iichmh^ kchrah (£Uli^ ^^\i) ivhen another canoe arrived, with soma Bplendid specimens obtained by means of bows and arrows. At_ last we started, the Andaraanese as usual carrying fire with thee and soliciting t^obacco and pipes, their most constant word beln^l jay^ ja^^ (givej give). As a foretaste of what might be expected, provided they did well, we presented the chief with a looking-glaas, aome tobacco, and a box of fusees, whilst we alao gave our felloii passengers another box of fusees, which, however, they had exhauab ed before we arrived at the termination of our short pull, as the were unable to resist the amusement of making fire without troabltfJ to themselves.

We pasftod shoals of fish, many being of the most brilliatit huee« Now our fi^liing commenced* the females started off along the shor to fish in their manner, the bachelors with their bows and arrowil and spears proceeded as far out upon the reof as they could, whilst ' the younger children stayed with us to collect shells and small fish*

As soon as wo commenced wading into the sea, hundreds of lishj darted about, either from under one piece of coral to another, uf from sea-weed to sea-weed.

We first c*ollected the little Pennies which are exceedingly active and disappear in holes under the coral, just as one is feeling sure of obtaining them, we, however, captured a sufficient number of specimens. Occasionally when feeling under a 8ea-wt*ed or csoral for a fish, a crab would lay hold of the hand of the investigator, ■ At one yell rather louder than any which hud preceded it, I went; to the spot and saw the beautifully scarlet and striped PteraU valin tans swimming off, whilst all the Andaraanese refused having aiiyn thing more to do with the ** sea devil," as they term these fi&hea, ' account of the severity of the wound produced by their spines. The water was very clear and shallow, and all tliis fishes elongai Eos wetre expanded, it appeared in no particular hurry, but seemed! to be quietly sailing away, as much as to challenge m& to touch it I threw a pocket handltorchief over it, and thus obtained it Mitfely.

Many fishes, never previously seen by me, darted past us, and thd J little Andamanese began to warm to their work and took some largerl fishee as S$mmm dispar^ Giintheri Soohptia eiluUtUt Lac^p.i Mu^Ul

1870.]

Pror0fdinff9 of Ihs Amdtie SoHAtj,

175

maercfehluM, Bleoker, Ihuthis eermieuhia, K. and v* H,, Glyphi^*

I ioi'dklm^ Forsk,, Chasropa c^^anoden, Eiohardaun, Ilemiffymiut me- hmiderus, BL, Callifodon viridescmB, Blkr. &a Whilst thus engaged, ^0 \imvi\ a loud shout out on the reef, and on looking, per^oived a

ate, Bhynchohatun hiberculaitu, Ouf., nearly six feet long siniggliDg with some of our fisherman* We found » howevGr, that there were many small speeies which we could not capturo, so the next day re- tumod with a lar^o sheet* On splasliing the water, these fish retir- ed amongst the branches of the coral. We then spread the sheet close to the coral, sinking it with stones and placing some sea-weed and sand upon it. As soon as all was quiet, the fiah came from their place of security, got amongst our sea-weed when we liHed the sheet out of the water, and thus obtained them- The An daman eso are familiar with this mode of catching fiish.

We continued collecting about an hour, daring which period we obtained, without lifting anything but the boys' hands, many spucics of Esh, about 60 lb weight of shells and speeimens of the so-callerj sea alugs, B^chfi demer {Holothuria) whicli abounds tliere. In about one and a half hours 31 large muUet, Mutftl macrovhilttJt, Blkr., averaging about 3U>, eanh, and upwards of 30 other large tishos as well as many small ones had rewarded the labours of our archers^ and that witli* out the loss of a single arrow. The succeeding day, the same partios killed 56 large mullets by bows and aiTows within the space of two hours.

As mon as a shoal of fi>5h, or even one large fish is viewed, all become at onee on the alert, they dash about with the greatest ac- tivity, run over the sharp coral without caring for it, whilst their eyesight is most acute. They fire their arrows at objects in the water, which no European, unused to the work, could perceive. They appear to aim under tlie lish, and mo-^tly hit it through the bowels, when struck, away darts the unlurttinate victim carrying off the floating arrow, which, however, soon becomes entangled in the sea-weed or else tit© tired and wounded fish gives in, the arrow floats, the captive's Ufe is nearly over. The smaller children have miniature bows and arrow**, the latter being unarmed, but having its end sharpened ; with these they practice upon small fishes, also on those which have been wounded by their elders. The usual

mode of killing captm^od fiali is to bite tlirou^li the vertebral column i just behind the head, but some of the sea hahes they first oxecr- 1 cLse tho younger cliildren upon. The fish is thrown into thd bga, and of course darts away, the boys and girls dash in aftttr and re- j capturo it. Sometimes they will do this, especially witli the IVtf-j thididw^ .several successive times. To a stranger it at firat appon very improbable that they will recapture it, but I never saw them j lose one.

As wo were preparing to leave, the Andamttaeao liaving aesdrted that they had obtained as much as they could carry and sufficient fori food» one of the girls brought a specimen of the pretty yellow and] white hmi<[QCi Amphiprion pivcula^ Lac6p., and on being told that iti was good, observed she could get numbers more. 8he took us to a «ea nettle, Actinia^ wIuL'h she dolaL'hed from the coral rock, by inserting her hand behind tho attachment of this polype, and on shaking it J into the hand, two more of those little fishes came out. Subsequent- 1 ly this was repeated to twelve others, and ail had two living iisH inside them, except one which had throe. They asserted that this waa tlicir usiuil abode. A few days x^i'eviously, Captain H a m i 1 1 o n J had observed to me that some little striped Esh lived inside a polj^pe j at North bay* One day he dug one out, dragged it to the shore and captured tliree little fiah from its interior, replacing them in tho eea they appeared not ta know what to do, swimming round and round as if looking for something, Tlie living polyx>e was now returned to the sea and fhoy at once swam to it, following it as it was dragged back again thrtnigh the water to its original localify*] As I was going over to North bay fisliing, he came with me to see ii ho oould not find a specimen, unfortunately after discovering one and obtaining a fish from it, Amphiprim hifmciatum^ Bl,, he stung by the pol>^>e» consequently I did not see it, but I have fish. At Gopttulpore, I found living specimens of 77t^rapom inside Mfdmoft whifth tho fishermen asserted to be common.

On returning towards our boat, a large number of escident swal*! lows were obser^^ed soaring about, some of them darting in, otlieral coming out, of a low cave. We sent in some of the Andaman ese ta ' look for nests, and they bt*onght us two old ones, observing the season waa too late, whilst the ccmvicts had cleared it a few months J

1870.]

Ptacee<iin^a a/ ih4 A^iitUc SaciHg^

ITT

proviou»ly. Wc obtaiiied some specimena of Uie birds l»y atnniling ot the eritrau(!C} of the eaTe tiad kuoiikiug tliem down with our liands tts they ilew out. Furtlitjr on, we vMmQ across a Chihn at-

^hod to a rock, amd they drew atttsution to it as being a great ty. But on being aaked their opinion upon Ilui(tthuri<B and oys- ters OS foody titey expreaaed great disgust at the idea uf eating them.

It waji dark by tlie time we readied the boat, but some of tho abongines went before us> had lightud a tire and were eookiug andf eating fiah. They divided their capturee before we left the ifiland^ but there WQ& a second iii vision on reaching their encampment ad the ohief came on board our boat, and he claims everytiiing* After be is satisfied, it is time for the resit to receive their ehai'os. Wo gave the chief several presents, amongst wliich the spoara for Dnffong hunting appeared to be most at tieptable, and Qouceming whJcli all expressed imfjualifiod satisfaction. He gave us a large turtle, somo more varieties offish, wished us ** goiwl night'* in KngU^h^ and wo Itift this tribe, itfter having been three days ^4tU them. Their chief and his people appeared mure inclined to work than either of the other two tribes, amougist whom wo had [iroviouHly boon. 8till in oonolusion, it is but junt to remark that all behave<l well, whether hunting the jungles for snakes, and site lid, or tlie streams, back> waters, estuaries, croekf?, or the sea for fish, altliough it was pbun iliat aU exocpt tlie Rutland iHlandors, tjonsidered it wa8 a t^ni&idera- ble trouble. One tribe in fact requested to know how soon I was going, as they were becoming tired of work, and hearing that if wo did well that day, it would be the la*t ; they seemeil stimulated to renewed at Uvity, and were rewarded by my taking my departure. .

II* — ^otes on a trip to the jMdammt^, — by V. Ball, Esq, (Abstract.) Tlie author read an interesting account of his visit to the Anda- man home at Port Mouat, in company witli Mr. 11 o m f ray and Dr. C u r r a n, Asst. Surgeon of Viper inland. In his oljstirvntionn, Mr* Ball supported the views expressed in the previous paper as regards the maxmers and customs, and the reputed cannibalism of

^th use people. He met the aborigines busily at work about their do- mestic otiupations, A ivomau was soon by Mr. Ball engaged in 5 ,_

178 Proceed higs of the Asiatic Society. [JuKB,

chipping off flakes of glass from a bottle with a quartz pebble. It took some time till a suitable flake was obtained, for the purpose of shaving. He was also informed by Mr. Homfray, that the Andamanese still perfectly understand the manufacture of flint flakes, and drew the attention of the meeting to the great interest attached to the execution of this art, of which geological researches give daily proofs that it has been once in practice more or less almost throughout the whole world. The very simple form of huts does not appear to prevail throughout the islands, for Mr. Ball was informed by Gapt. Duncan that on Little Andaman the houses were of a bee-hive shape, resembling those of the Nicobarese, only much larger and not elevated firom-the ground. In conclusion Mr. Ball quoted passages from Mr. Wallace's Malay Archipelago, in which the author says that the Nigritos inhabiting the Andaman islands " had in all probability an Asiatic rather than a Polynesian origin."

Besides the genered account of his visit, Mr. Ball submitted ** Notes on the Geology and the Ornithology near Port Blair" which, it is hoped, will be published in the Journal.

m. — A short list of Andamanese Test icords, — ^by F. A. de B 6 e p- s t o r f f, Esq., Extra Asst. Supdt., Port Blair.

The words noted in the present list are taken from the dialect spoken by the Andamanese tribe at Port Blair. They are very few, but the Andamanese are mostly kept very carefully away from all communication with Europeans, and it is not easy to procure even all the essential words, though some of those now submitted may assist a visitor to Poi»t Blair.

For the words marked with an * I am indebted to Mr. Horn, fray, the protector of the Andamanese.

a. is pronoanced as in the word bar. e. „ „ „ better,

i. n „ >, bill.

Arrow (for fish), rfi-ta.

Arrow (for killing pigs), i-a-la-da.

bad, ja-bag-da.

belly, jo-do-da.

1870.] Proceedings of the ABtatie Society, 179

black) wo-Iu-bai-a-da.

boat, b&-j&-da.

bow (to shoot with), kar-ma. (to) bum, chdpa in-olun-ga-koo.

come, min-ni-katsh.

cry, te-gi-ke.

down, ka-6-16.

drink, willi-ke. *(to) eat, moe-kr6.

eye, dfil-da. ♦father, ar-o-de-roe. ♦fish, dk-ra,

fire, chapa.

food, ma)k. *(to) go, t(51-pik.

go (Imperative), on.

good, bsB-rin-ga-da.

hand, ko-ru-da.

head, tsha^-ta-da. *here, la)g-ja-da. *I, dol-Ia.

I, ang6l.

iron, w6-lu.

little, ar-kit-ja-da.

large, i-ji-bco-ri-ga-da. ♦mother, ar-bee-te-rro.

mother, tsha-no-la.

nose, tsho-run-ga-da.

rain, jung-da.

rice, i-&t.

run away, katsh-ke. *(to) sleep, md-me-keo. *(to) swim, pot-ke.

sail, a-kan-gei (that is go about in a canoo).

silence, mi-lan-ga-ko.

scold, to-wo-ke.

stone, ta)-li-da.

180 Pi^oceedinga of the Asiatic Society , [JuirE,

swine, ro-go. *there, u-tsha-da.

tooth, toog-da.

turtle, jfedi. ♦turtle, ga-ri-da.

up, ka-la-ge-a-da. (to) want, tdr-tup-pu-ke.

water, I-na-da.

white, ta-la-6g-da.

woman, a-p^l. *you, un-go-la.

you, an-gol.

The President, in inviting discussion on the three last papers read, pointed out that there are great many differences between several of the same terms noted in Mr. Roepstorff's list, and that published by Col. Tickell in the Society's Journal for 1864. If all the transliterations be correct, they certainly would indicate, he thought, considerable differences between the various dialects.

Mr. Ball observed that from the short account that was read, it would appear that Dr. D a y is inclined to consider the Andamanese as a mongrel race, which is certainly in opposition to all the obser- vations made by other naturalists, and seems inconsistent with the facts.

Dr. S t o 1 i c z k a said that the statement made in Dr. Day's paper does not necessarily imply a generalisation of the term mixed race. Dr. Day stated to him that some of the people with smootli hair uncommonly resemble Madrasese. Dr. Ikl o u a t relates an instance of a Punjdbi having been married to an Andamanese woman, and from other facts recorded there woidd seem little doubt tliat an intermixture of the races has, as elsewhere, occasionally taken place.

IV. — Notes on Arch(€ological Remains at Shah ki Blieri^ and the site of the afieie7it city of Taxila, — by J. G. D e 1 m o r i c k, Esq.

The President said that the object of Mr. Delmerick's paper was to identify the site of the ancient city of Taxila with the present place of Shah ki Dhori. The j)hotograx)h which at<;omx)anied the

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Soeiety, 181

paper, shewed a number of well finished heads, chiefly of Buddha, ^artistically grouped. Some of the heads looked, indeed, as if of Greek origin rather than Indian. Mr. Del me rick had also kindly offered to send to the Society several of the heads themselves, which would be laid before the meeting in due course.

V, — ArcJuBological Notes^ — by A. C. L. C a r 1 1 e y 1 e. Esq*

Mr. Blochmann said —

Mr. Carlleyle, Curator of the Eiddell Museum, Agra, has, on several previous occasions, favoured the Society with most costly photographs, tracings and rubbings of inscriptions and coins, &c. His presentations, if published, would indeed fill volumes. He sent lately through Mr. E. C. B a y 1 e y, several photographs of Bac- trian and Buddhists coins, as also a large collection of well executed rubbings, regarding which Mr. B a y 1 e y observes —

* The rubbings are very interesting ; they are several new ones among them, as a new ApoUodotus, &c.'

Among the photographs lately sent by Mr. Carlleyle, there are a few Muhammadan coins which deserve notice.

1. A coin of Sher Shah, with the Hindi legend SrL Sher Shah.

2. A rupee of Jahangir —

Obverse : jJ^^ •^♦«^ izH^bJ^ Reverse : ^\ Jy^j «)^*«^ alii Iff 4^1 II

3. A coin by 'Alamshah, struck at Dihli (llazrat % DihliJ in A. H. 853.

4. A coin of Iltitmish, or, as he is generally called in school- books, ^Altamsh,^

Obverse: ^J!>^J>SJ\. — Reverse: c^tLL*

Name and title stand in double triangles.

The legend is ij^^\, although the two i have only two dots, for want of room ; but the two shoshahs of the t are clearly visible between the Idm and mim.

h.:

1 82 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Jum

The two Vs are moreover, distinct on Baziyah's coin, publisliec by Mr. E. T h o m a 8 {PaVhdn coifis, p. 19.)

Eegarding the name IHitmish, Mr. E. Thomas has an interest ing note in the Journal of our Society for 1867, p. 37.

ntitmish was bom during an eclipse of the moon. Muhammadai historians in relating this circumstance, use, as if designedly, the ob 8olete*(7?r//i{ t mdhy instead of the common Arabic term khusufi * ai eclipse of the moon,' and they appear to look upon Iltitmish as tli( Turkish equivalent for the Persian girift i mah. Perhaps Mr T h o m a s' forthcoming edition of the Coins of the Pat'h^ Kingi will set this matter at rest.

As the name of this king occurs in poems, the metre helps us ti a certain extent ; for the passages in which Iltitmish is mentioned require invariably three long syllables, i. e., a word of the icazn o ^^ksuo mafiilun ; and we would have to choose between IltitmiSi (,JuiiJ\)^ riitmish (ij>^t)y and lltimish (lA^')> ^^ ^^^^r pro nunciation suiting the metre.

yi. — Notes on some Java^iese Algw, — hy Dr. Q. v. Martens, ii

Stuttgard, — communicated hy S. K u r z, Esq.

[Received 30th April, Read lat June, 1870.]

Dr. V. Martens has had the kindness to examine my Javanesi and other Algoe,* of which he communicated to me the names anc descriptions in his letter, dated 26th March, 1870. I now take tli( pleasure of placing the interesting results (with his x)erniission] before the Society.

The Alg«) noted in this communication were chieflyf collected by myself in the province Buitenzorg in Western Java, at a time when I j)aid comi)arativoly little attention to this class of plants, and, therefore, the number of spe(de8 is only very small in compari- sion with what has become ali'eady known from those regions, sc

• There are mimerotis Andamanese and several Bengal Algao, which I retail for a future opportunity. Prof. v. M a r t o n s is now examining the re- mainder of my Bengal and Burmese Algoo, and it seems, therefore, preferabU to submit the results of these examiimtions in a separate paper. In doiD^ BO, unnecessary repetitious will be avoided, and at the same time a bettei phytogeographical sketch can be given of tlie respective countries, than i treated separately.

t With a single exception which refers to a species obUined at Singapore.

1870.]

Proemdin^H of ike Asiatic Soctetif*

193

prolific in interesting crjptogaiiLs. In spit© of thftt| j^ei^eral new species and even a new and well marked genus are the raaulta, dearly indicating, how muoli atill remains to be donn in Indian Pliycology. Zollinger 8* and E, v. Martens* ctillections of Algaj in the Indian Archipelago are far tlie richest as yet made in those coun- tries, hut in looking over the following shctrt list, it can easily he observed that a good number of ppecies, although not new to science, BtiU are very interesting in a phyto-geographical point of view, as they were never before found by former botanists in those localities*

40.* Cidathrix maxima^ Martens; fluitans» 6 pollicaris et ultra, chalybea vel fuscescens, fihs sine vtigina 1/120 ad l/lOO lin. crasfiis, distincte articulatis ; articulis diametro triple ad quadru* plum brevioribus, linea tenerrima diniidiatia ; vaginis fuscis, 1/100 ad 1/75 lin, crassis.

Hub. Javae, froquens in flumine Tjiliwong prope Buitenzorg.

48. OscUlaria antUaria^ Martens; ad sax a trachytica in flumine Tjiliwong pr. Buitenzorg, — frequens.

bb. TQhjpothrix imphjca Martens; chalybeo-aeniginea, ciespi- tosa^ ciespituhs ad 3 hn* altis ; filis grantduais dense intricatis, pai'ce ramosia ; articulis diametro (1/450 lin, cum vagina) aequalibijj, ple- rumque obsoletis ; vaginis arctis, — ^Inter mosoos ad ripam fiuminia Tjiliwong prop, Buitemsorg, — frequens.

123. NUdla up. noi\ f N. nidificm afEnis ; in fossis ad viam pub- Ucam ad Megamendong^ o* 4600 ped.

313. Set/ f omnia tomentosum. Kg., ad terram argylloaam inunda* tam prope Bogor tempore pluviali frequentissime.

315. Hydrocolmm mq/uif Marten sj cae spite pollicari ex chalybeo viridi, vaginis moEibus amplioribua pellucidie, fills inolu* ais nunc simpUcibus ad 1/100 lin. crassis, nunc binis v. ternis, 1/300 ad 1/180 lin. crassis, eaepe tumoscentibus et fiex-uosis, tenui- tor transverse etriatis, virescentibus v. yiolaacentibus, articulis diametro (1/90 ad 1/75 lin. cum vagina) brevioribus» — Ad terram argillosam et fluitans in aquis stagnantibus oryzetonim circa Buitenzorg.

• Thia mid Llio following Duttibors refer to my DGU<M3t!oui of oryptogams (Knrit).

1S4

ProemdingB of the AnuUe i

ltJ!IK|

817b. Spirag^a deeimina^ Link; in Ibsftis ad viam supra mon- tern Megaraendong pr Tuj^i, c. 4600 pcd. s. m.

318. PhormitUum inund4ttum^ K g. ; in aquis curreutibtis 0177^10- rtun ad terram argiUosam*

331. PskMmrmium fmcHcmm^ Kg. ; in a<piis oryzetorutu pr, Buiten^org natans.

335. Ctadophora mrdida^ I^ g- ; *^^ oryzetis ad Caniprmg (vicum) BoTong tang pr, BiiiteniGorg.

337. Bpirog^ra majmcula, K g. j in oryzetis valli Tjiliwong pr, Buitenieorg, BSD ped. 8. m.

338. Spiroffyra adnata^ Link; ad saxa declivia fliuuinis !I5iliwong pr, Buitenzorg.

370, Lynghja mftjuscula^ Harvey; in fossift oryzetonmi circa Mocarai jir. Bnitenzorg, c. 1000 pod. s. m.

37i)h. Lyn(fh}fajluviutilisy Martens, (Tange dor Preuss. £xped« Ost. Asien, 19, t. iii. f, 5) ; ad saxa in rivulo Tjiberrempr. MaeaTE| ad Bnitenzorg^ 0. 1000 ped, s. m.

624. Nostoc paptllosum, Kurz ; olivaoeo-vmde, explanatiim, conglomeratum, senectute caTum, papilloBum, mnbonatum, filia intemlfl deuAe impIicatiB, ciirvatis, articulis elliptidsj violacoig, 1/700 lin< crassis, — In monto Salak iutor mnsoos juxta rirtdum | quoddam prop. Bodjong fre<ju0iis, c. 3000 ped b. m.

Xwr^ia, M arte n», noY, gen. Fila artioulata, longitudin alitor connata, tubuluin ramosum epinosnia conferyoideum formaniia; ffpermatia globosa, minutai lusca, in snperEcie sparsa.

672* JT. erenaeanthoidea, Martens ; fills pollicarihuSp valdo intricatisj pallide viridibuB, 1/30 ad 1/20 lin. erases, flexnosie, . f amis divaricatis, subsecundis, articulis filomm crmnatorum in dia- ] metro (1/200 lin.) aequalibus, v. dnplo ad quailruplnm longioribus ; J spinis alternant! bus, pleniniquo binatis vel ternatis, peUucidis, tri-J articulatis, sursum enrvatis, aciitinsculjs, 1/20 Un. longis, basi 1/801 lin, crassis. — Inter Tjiboddas et Tjiburruni, in cavis moutiaj Pan^erango,* c. 4500 pod. s, m.

* It forma in the excarations along tbo pntb, going up tbo Pongorotigo, gre^nl ^Afense strata, covering esp€chilly tlie inUirior portioiiH of thoa© cavittos, and ' ^^^weiTitig no vlher ffopply of water except what porcobte« throagh the earth.

[8. Kuam].

1870.]

l\octi^ing9 of t/te Asiatic Soeietf,

IM

A rery remarkable Alga» very much resembling Crmaeantha ori* mtalt'i^ Ktitsing, a, epeeiea which has as yet oiJj been fouml in R well in Ilobiiin, Palestino, It ditlVirs, however, by the nut jointed ot*rticute stem and branches, oidy the line prickles are jointed aa in CmtroeeraSi and are visible already with the aid of a common lene*

700. L^ptothrix lamelkm^ K^. = Oseillatnria lahi^rinthiffmnu^ A g. — Id the hot waters of the Tjikundal on the Gedc*, at about 7000 foot ©lovatiori. It was alroridy disoovorod by Y a n d e 1 1 i in the time of L i n n e, in tho hot water springs of Abamo near Padim.

1 207. Phytmerk retkulatn, K g. ; Siiigap<jre ; (vory froquont in the Indian ocean and in the Bed Sea).

Vn. — Contrt'hutioHi towards I'enmcular Lfjrko(^rapht/, No. K — Bt/ PratApachandra Ghoeha, B. A. ( Abstra*:t.) Lexicography as a science is quite unknown in the literature of Beugid. Dictionaiios, in the true sense of the term, are not to found in Bcngah'. The few that pass under that ostensiblo [le, partake more of the nature of Vocabularies than of Diction- aries. They appear to have been compil(*d without any refurcnce to the etymology or orthograjihy of vuruacular worda. And as long aa a real boundary line of the hmgungo i« not marked, Mudi works oannot be anything else tiian banscrita liictionaries in Ben* cliaracters. Some compilers have, however, augmented the to of their work by iutorpolatiag all the modifications and distor- tions iif Sixnsfritu words to which mjirupt pronunciation of the iiliter- at45^ and errunoous spelling of the negb'gout, have given rise.

Li thii*, the first of a series of papers^ it is attempted to lay the foundation on a s«»und principle, for a better and complete Diction- ff/BT oi the Bengali language. Etymology of Boverid vernacular tand t!ieir present api^lication, as dintinguitihud from that of liiginal Sanserita words, Irom wliich thi^y oviduntly have been derived, form the Bubjeot of this paper. The Bengali language derives more than nineteen*tweutieth of tho bidk of its words from the Sanscritu, aud in many instances the ongiutd Saii>«'rita form has boon so fully preserved, that the words of the two languagos are, in

Pfoceedin^i of the AbMU Sm&ti/,

[Justs,

overy respect, excepting the slight modifiuations of the case-affixes, j identical. Almost all the words derived from the Sanscrita, have ' retained their orthography in writing, but in common conversatioii some of them are so far modified, that at first sight they defy ideH' tification. Hence ari&es that difierence in the written and spokeaJ language of the country, offering serious difficulties to foreigneira ' in acquiring fluency of speecli in the Bengali* In Romanifling Bengali words, tlic same discrepancy has been observed, and it becomes almost imposisible to the uninitiated t^ put in Homan characters a conversation conducted between two natives of the coimtry. The vowels are so indistinctly pronounced, and the differ- ent S^8 and N^it confounded and interchanged, that in transcribing ] them, the ear always misleads the pen. These peculiarities of] pronunciation, not being observed in writing, have given rise to I a seriuus question, whether such corrupt forms are to be con- sidered as distinct words or not.

Excepting the case-terminals and certain veiy awkwardly dis- 1 tortod words whicli have to be traced to the Prakrit a and the Gdthd i for an explanation of the mode of their formation, abnust all Ben- gali corruptions irom the Sanscrita are not permanent types. 8a(di« | however, as 'S*f1t?l5, ^?r^, f*f$rt?ft» corruptions of the Banscrita Stll%^ ^ifr.and c£t?^ ^*re permanent nioditications, and though tlioy ar© now and then rejected by the pod antic as vulgar, they are to be seen i in many authors. The word f^^Jift, however, has been mi exten- | sively iised both in literary compositions and as a proper name, that j the most strict defender of the purity of the language finds it difficult to eliminate it. Supporters of the converse theory, how- ever, would retain such foi-ms as^ ^ism, *fm and JIW ; they are used in | common conversation even by tlie learned, thougli never in ina'iting*

For the sake of euphony many Sanscrita words have been oo^j rupted. Several such corruptions have been traced in this paper, , and the rules of tlie substitutiun, elimination or interpolation of ' letters in Bengali and Prfikrita have been given, and lists of words 60 derived have also been added. The paper concludes with a list i of Bengali words dcrivod from the Bansciita either direct or thi'oii^li ^e Pr^pta, The Prdkrtta f<*rms have been placed side by side f or ] compariaon.

1870.]

Pr$€0idinff» of (h AbuUic Socwiy.

}H1

Vill, — NbtitM on Arahic and Fenian TmcripUmts in the DiBtrid of JlugU^—hf H, B L o c n M A N jr, Esq,, M. A., Calcutta Mad* ramh. (Abstract),

It. B 1 o c h m a n n said^

I have collfK^ted foiirtoon Arabic and four Persian inseriptions from Tribeni, Paii^uah, Sdtgaijw, and Diuiniit'h. Tlie Arabic inscriptionfl are all in large Tutjhd cUaraciters with the letters much interwoven, which renders the reading extremely difficult, and is very hkolj the reason why these iascriptions, though so neai* our moti'opolis, have never been collected. Another source of difHculty is this, that the greater part of the inscriptions dtjes not behjng to the phices where they now lie, Thus the tomb of Khdn Muhammad Zafar Khau at Tribeni contains two inseriptions imbedded in the side of tho sarcophagus referring to the building of a Madrasah, and the *?econd iDscril»tion (published by Mr* I). M a n e y in J. A. S. B. VoL XW, p. 397) which only forms the concluding poilion of the sentence, is put first. The public buildings in Sdtg^ijw and Tribeni de- cayed in tho course of time, and vanished altogether, but pious hands have rescued their inscriptions and stored them up round about the hidlowed spots of Zafar ICIiiln's tomb, and Fakhruddin*9 enclosure, or even fijted them into the tomb waUs at the time of repEurSi as if these spots were the museums of inscriptions of the HiSgH l>isti-ict.

Seven of the Ai*abic inscriptions collected hy me add to our scanty knowledge of Bengal History and Geography. Tho earliesf (Tri- beni) inscription givesTthe year A. H. fiUB, or 1298 A. I),; the latest (of S^tganw) A. II. 930, or 1530 A. B.

The following geographical names occui' on the inscriptions—

L The (own of JTmairt^had the Great,

This is evidently Ilusaindbfid in tho Murahidd1>dd district. A village of the same name lies between 84tg&i}w and Tribeni, not far from the spots where trailition still points to the site of tlie royal horse and camel Btabb^s ; but its f*nuu]ation, accordiug to tho tradition, boloug*i to the times of Husaiu Shah the Good.

1 88 Proceedings of the Asiatic Societt/, [JuNB,

2. Tlie town of Sirhaf,

This is tho Sarhat of our maps in Birbhum. It was the birth-phice of RuknuJdin Riikn Kh^B, who, according to the inscriptions at Tnboni commanded a good portion of Wostorn Bengal in 698 A. H. His name and time coincide with those of the Ruknuddin (Kai K^us), mentioned by Mr. E. Thomas and B^b(5 E&jendra LdlaMitra {vide Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1867, p, 40.)

3. The District of Sajld Manhhhad ( ^U^XLo iUU LcjP ).

4. Tlie rhdnah of Ldohld (Ibj*).

This name occurs on the Tribeni Inscription of 698 A. H. ; but the S&tg6nw inscription of 86l mentions the town of L&obM.

5. The District and town of Dadigar {j^ii)^)

6. The town of SimlMd ( cX^^U^ ).

7. The Thdnah of Mihrhak {^y^ ).

I should be glad if any member could assist me in identifying the iBBt^re names.

Tribeni itself is called by Muhammadans TripdnC, or Tripani- Sh/ihp'kr, or Firvzdhad. They refer the latter name to a Dilhl Firuz ; but it is more natural to refer it to the Ffrdzshfih of Bengal, whoso name occurs in the Tribeni inscription of 713, and on Mr. T h o m a s' coins (Journal A. S. B., 1867, p, 45).

Two inscriptions of the year 698 A. H. mention no king, but only the names of Kh^n Muhammad Zafar Khdn, and Euknuddfn Eukn Khdn, the latter of whom gets high sounding titles, as Ultigh MajUsulmojdliSy Majlis % Ikhtiydr^ &c.

Tho inscription from Zafar Khan's Madrasah, completed on the Ifit MuhaiTam 713, gives the name oi Shumsuddin Ahul Muzaffar Firiiz Shah Sulfdn.

Tlio name of tliis king is not given in the Histories of Bengal. Mr. E. Th o m a s was the first that assigned him his proper place. His coins refer chiefly to the years 715 to 722 A. H. ; one perhaps belongs to 702. The Tribeni inscription gives 713, at which time ho must have been firmly established.

The next (Sdtganw) inscription gives the date 801, and mentions the king Na^iruddln Ahul Muzaffar Uusain Shah, and a Bengal grandee Tarhiyat Khdn,

,1870,]

Procefdift^M nj ilht Asiatw S&eiety.

18'J

Oiir imperfect lists of Bonsai kings call tHa Mug Napr SMh ; fbut 'Husain Sh4h (I.)' would be the pronca* name.

The next inscription mentions Barlak Sh4h, son fi/Mahmdd Sli^h, the Suifm, as in Mareden II., p, 573* The yoar ie expressed by

the meaning of which, on account of the wdw before siUin, is not quite dear ; and if it be Muhan^am 86 1, it would be at varianoe with the preceding inscription.

The next inscription from Sidffnnw mentions Mdluddm Ahul VMuzaffar Fiith Bhi'th Saltdfi^aonof MahmiLii Shdh iS'ttZ/aw, and the date, I 4th 3luharram 892. Vide Marsden II, 574,

Tims Fath Shih would be Barbak's brother* But their father Mahmud Shth Sulpin has not jet received a place among tho kings of Bengal.

The last inscription of importance gives tho name of Sulfdn i\r«iyra/ JShdhy son of Jlmain Shah SttI(uH^ and the year A, H. 936, or 1629-30, A. B.

Whether he was called * Nai;ib Shall* {Jhulfazlf FiriMah) or nut, there is no doubt that on instriptiona he in called * Nuqrat Sh^h'

I take this opportunity to state that the Bahniui Saqqii, men- tioned in my last j^aper on * Historical places in the District of Hi^gli/ to judge from the inscriptions on his shrine in Bardwau, lately received by me, turns out to bo the poet of the same name, whose biography will be found in the Second Book of tho Ain.

Mr. Ball said, I would venture to suggest to Mr. Blochmann the neighbomliood of Rtijmahdl as well worthy liis attention, should he determine to extend the limits of his investigations regarding tho ruins and monuments which mark the early progreaa of the Muhammad an 9 in Bengal,

Between Rfijmah 61 and Colgong (K*halg§ow) there are a number of ruined masjids, palaces, and forts. The latter, but more especially the one at Tilagurlii (Toly^ga^hi) being sci situated aa to command the passes thi'ough the hills.

Considerable quantities of cut ^tono^ tiMp, granite, and gneiss have Ijceu U8i4 in the buildings.

190 Proceedings oftlie Asiatic Society. [June,

On the small granite islands in the Ganges at Colgong, there are wedge marks shewing where huge monoliths have been split off from the mass of rock. In some cases, the operations were not successful, the stone having broken off short. On one of the islands there is a remarkable Durga carved on the rock in situ. At Putturgutta there are cave temples cut in the sandstones on the sides of the hill. When recently visiting these localities I saw four traces of inscriptions.

A short discussion followed as to the historical importance of the Efijmahdl District, and the desirability of securing some of the valuable inscriptions which Me about unprotected at Sdtganw and other places.

The following paper was received : —

IX.— On the JVbrmal Rainfall of Bengal,— hj H. F. B 1 a n f o r d, Esq., F. G. 8.

The reading of this paper was postponed for the next Meeting.

Library.

The following additions have been made to the Library since the last meeting —

Presentations.

%* Karnes of Donors in Capitals.

Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 117. — The Royal Society OF London.

Bulletin de La Societe de Geograj)liie, Mars, 1870. — The Geooba- pnicAL Society of Paris.

Anthropological Review, No. 29. — The Anthropological Society.

Prom Calcutta to London, by the Suez Canal. — The Rev. 0. n. Dall.

Materials for a Monograph of the Lepetida, by C. H. DalL — The Author.

Ueber den Loss, von Eduard Suess. — Dr. F. Stoliczka.

Description d'une espece nouvelle du genre Argiope du terrain Oligogene inferieur du Nord de V Allemagne, par J. Bosquet, — The same.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 191

Notice BUT deux nouveaux Brachiopodes, par J. Bosquet. : — The ai3££.

Memoire sur les Fossiles de Montreuil Bellay, par M. H6rbert : — The same.

Beitrage zur Palaontologie der Jura-und Kreide — Formation im NordwestUchen Deutschland von Dr. XJ. Schloenbacli : — The same.

Die Fossile Fauna der Silurischen Diluvial-GeRchiebe von Sade- witz in Nieder-Schlesien. Fine Palseontologische Monographie, von Dr. F. Boemer : — The same.

B&ghbatta Ashtdnga Hridaya : — Col. G. B. Malleson.

Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, April 1870 : — The Editor.

Bahasya Sandarbha, No. 58 : — The Editor.

Selections from the Records of Government, No. LXXV : — The Government of India.

Narrative of tlie Course of Legislation by the Council of the Governor-General during the official year 1868-69 :— The same.

Eeport on the Result of the Administration of the Salt Depart- ment, during 1868-69 : — The Government of Bengal.

Selections from the Records of Government, Vol. Ill, No. 11 : — The Government of N. W. Provinces.

Mcchafige.

Nature, Nos. 25 and 26.

Athenajum, February and March, 1870.

Furchase, Gould's Birds of Asia, part 22 :— Ibn-El-Athiri cliroiiicon, Vol. IV. : — ^Revue des Deux Mondes 1 and 15 Mars: — Revuo Archeo- logique, Mars, 1870 :— Revuo et Magasin de Zoologie, No. 2, 1870 : Comptes Rendus, 8-11 :— Reise der (EsteiTeichischen Fregatte Novara, Cruafaccen,

192

Ptaeuiingi r»/ the Au&tiv SQctetif.

[JuifK,

On ih Rdiition of the UriyA to t/is otlu*r Mod4*rn Aryan Langua^es^ —

hy John Beames, Esq., B. C. S.^ Iialmur$.

[Kooeived 6th April, 1870 ; read 4th May, 1870.]

A book lias recently been published by B&bri Kfintii^handra Bhat^i- ch^iyya, a Pandit in tlie Government School at Balaftore» undor the title ^Sfjill ^^2 "^TT! ^C'^ **Uriya not an independent language." This little work, though profoundly destitute of plnlological arguments, has eroated some stir among the natives of the province, who are somewhat disgusted at finding their native langnago treat- ed as a mere corruption of Bengali. The local excitement on the subject, has led me to look into the question more closely than I hiid before, though in the course of reading fur my ** Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages" I had come upon many peculiarities, both of phonetics and inflection, which had caused mo long ago to make \ip my mind as to the right of tlie Uriyfi to be considered a language per ne. It may not be uninteresting to others to see an attempt mado to analyze the structure of this little known foiin of speech j and at the risk of anticipatiug state* monts which would give to my grammar an air of greater novelty^ 1 venture to put down a very brief outline of my views.

At whatever period in the history of the world tlie Aryan race entered Orissa, it must be admitted as liighly probable that those who did so, formed the vanguard of the immigration. Improbable as it seems to on© who looks on the etiomitiate and apathetic TJriyA of to-day, his ancestors must necessarily have been the pioneers of their race. In folk-wanderings, however, it is not the hardiest or most enterprizing race that moves first. On the contrary, when the anceetral homo got too full of people to be able to support them all, and it became evident that some must go elsewhere, the difficulty would be to determine wlio should be the victims ; and that diiB- culty would naturally be solved by kicking out tho weakest first. They being pressed on from behind by continually &esh-is&uing 0warms from the parent hive, would in the end be tl riven further and further, tUI they reached the extreme limits of the habitable area at their disposal. This is the history of the Celts in Europe and the ITpyas in India. Having reai^hed the head of the Bay of

1870.]

PtHieetdtnga of th Asiatic SmieUj*

\W

Bengal, and being driven on constantly by Bengalis in their rear, fuading the eastern regions closed to them by fierce non -Aryan tribesi it must have been to them a great relief to find on the south that long narrow strip between the HjJla and tiie Sea wliidi they reuc^h- ed across the forests of Midnapore and Hijli, This land they named the "outljring strip" (^*f out, WW ^ strip*), or vd«c|^ ^1^. If the above suppositions be admitted, as I think they wiJl readily bo, it follows that the Ufiyas could not have, as our Pandit assumes, Dwed their language from Btnigali, because at the time they ed through Bengal, it wa^ uninlmbited, at least by Aryans ; and the Bengalis were behind them, and did not come into Bengal tiE the Ufiyas had left it. It is certain that as early as the 8th century, Hemachandra knew the Utkali or Orfra to be a separate foi^m of Prakrit from the Gauri or Bengali ; and we need not at present seek a higher antiquity than this to establish an independent language.

I am not, however, desirous of laying much stress on the his- torical side of the argiuucnt j that derived from the intornal struct- ure of the longnage seems to me conclusive.

In the first place to mention is to refute the argument that be- cause in any modem printed work in Ufiya sixty words out of a hundred are identical with Bengali, therefore they are not twO| but one language. The same argument might with equal justice be applied to Mardthi.

That unnecessary parade of learning which goes among us by the name of ** pedantry," has never struck the Indian mind as offensive or objectionable. On the contraiy, the more lung and learned words an autiior can cram into his work, the greater his re- putation. In the search for these gmquipednlia verba ^ the seven zuitions of the Aryans have divided into two camps. In the one oamp are to be fouod those wlio draw from Sanskrit, in the - other those who have recourse to Arabic and Persian. The former are the Bengali, Uriya, and MarAthi ; the latter the Hindi,f

* In cluBsioal Sanskrit we huTO only ^r^f| fem,^ bnt tbe mnacuUne mnst also havQ been in oae, aa is sbewn by numerooB forma in the modem lan- gtuig6a«

t I one the word Hindi adTiaedly, to signify thai gre^t langrfiflge whioh, when borrowing largely from Arabio is culled nlao Uidu, wUi«h Aorne infagnided people would wi^^b to regard as a toparttte Uittgunge,

Paiijdbi and 8mdhi, ClnjaratihoYeris between the two. It is^possi- ble to oonstruct a long sentence, nay to write a book even, in Hindis Pemim, Arabic, and Turkish, in which sixty per cent, of the words used should be identieal, because borrowed from Arabic ; yet no on© would conclude that these languages were connected. Similarly a book may be written in Bengali, Ufiya, and Marathi, with the same proportion of identical words, and yet no argument could be thencd derived for or against the conne*^tion of the languages.

The fact is that the Sanskrit words so largely employed by pandits in Bengal and Orissa^ are not living words at all, they are dead, dead ages ago, and only now galvanized into the semblance of life ; they form no part of the real working stocJt of words of the lan- guage. 'WHien they <Hed ages ago, their sons inherited their plac^ and now their grandsons or great-grandsons hold it. In plain Eng- lish, such Sanskrit words as were used by the Unyas and Bengalis twenty-five centuries ago, have since then undergone the usual fiate of words, and have been corrupted, abraded, and tlistortod, till ihej often bear no resemblance at all to the original word. And it is these corrupted, or as they are called Tadbhava woi-ds, tltat are the real living words of the language, the woi-ds tliat have worn into their present shape by long use in the mouths of the people. Thosd words our fastidious wiiters rejetit, and when by going back to the 8aji8krit for their words, they have composed a work to their taste^ lo ! they say Upya and Bengali are one langiiage ; for proof, read such and such works. I would suggest rather, let them take a fh^a of Dacca and a ehdga of Gtrnisar, and see how much they understand of one another's talk.

In the grammatical structure of the Uriya language, we see traces of a very well defined Prakrit with features peculiar to itself, I begin with the verb as the simplest part of the language, (in this ease at least).

There is first a present participle in u, as ektlUf and a past parti- ciple in t, as chali ; by means of these two a whole string of com- pound tenses are formed, thus —

( achhi I am going I, chain j thili I waa going

^ hobi I shall be going

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 19")

/ achhi I have gone n. chali I thill I had gone

\ hebi I shall have gone.

Then there is a series of three simple tenses (which ought per- haps to have been put first).

I. mu dekhi, c^c, I see n. mu dekhili, I saw m. mu dekhibi, I shall see.

The habit of using the plural in speaking respectfully to others, and of one self, has become so inveterate that the original proper sing^ar of the verb and pronoun has been rejected from the high-polite style, and only holds its own among the common people, that is to say, the three millions of uneducated folk, who know no better than to speak their mother-tongue as they find it. In literary compositions, the plural amAc, turnkey semdne with the plural verbs as Martin, Jcara, karantiy are used for both singidar and plural, and in the grammars hitherto published, those forms are given in the text, and the unfortunate singidar karainy karUy karai is banished to a note as *' the inferior style ! !" It is to be hoped that this truly prcD-scientific treatment of the language will not be perpetuated in any future grammar.

The infinitive ends in iha, as dsihd to come, and is declined liko a noun, just as the Hindi, and aU other infinitives in the seven languages.

It has also a good strong form for the conditional. Thus —

Singidar. Plural.

Mu dekhi thdnti Amhe dekhi thantu

Tu deklii thdutu Tumlie deklii thant»

8e dekhi tlidutd Semune deklu thanto

In whi(;h, as in the Bengali dckhitamy wo recognize the verb ^yr Bthd^ but in tlie Uriya in a more perfect form tlian in the Ben- gali.

As another instance of the superiority of Uriya in the matter of preservation of the Prakrit and Sanskrit forms, I will put side by side the simple present of the substantive verb.

1%

Prt>eHdm0^ of the Awiatu Socifiti/,

[Jx

Uriya* Bengali.

Sing. Mil acliha'm {vulgo achhi) Mtii aehhi

Til achhi Ttii dchhia

8e achhai Se fichko

PI. Amhe aohhiiij Anii fichhi

Tumhe athlifi Tumi delihii

Sem^ne achhanti Tini dchhen

I suppose the Bengali pandits will deny my nght to put down the first three forma «rAi, dchhis and achh€ as real singulars, but my time for fighting them on that point has not yet como ; any how, it 18 easy to see that in tichhai^ twhkanit\ respectively we have pure Prakrit and Sanskrit forms in perfect preservation, whereas the Bengali has in ita aehke and achhen gone many steps further down the ladder of cori'uption. In the Uriya forms achhain, and achhuQ we have better representatives of the quasi-Sanskrit forms acch&mi and achh&mah (for the classical <3«7WMind aitmah) tlian in the Bengali, which has only an ill-defiued feebly terminated achki for both singular and plural. In fact Bengali is singulai-ly behind all the other six languages in its verbal terminations, which are not suiE- dently definite or clearly marked, and rejoice in short indistinct vowels.

Tlie Uriya verb in its general scheme approaches more closely to the Hindi, and holds a respectable place among its sister langriages, not being too luxuriant like the Gujarati, nor too scanty like tlie Panjabi j and with a regular system of terminationfl, in which respect it is superior to the Marathi and Bindhi, in neither of which do any two tenses exactly liarmonize, and in which the troublesome and unneeessary element of gender is introduce. As might be expected from the comparative peace tliat Orissa has enjoyed, and its long immunity from foreign aggression, the verb has'preserved tones and traces of much greater anti<|uity than any other language of the group.

This air of antiquity which is so striking and pleasing a feature of the language, is well illustrated by the pronouns which may be compared to advantage with any of the others. Thus nmhe is pure Prakrit, and retains the ^, which has licen dropped in Bengali, The Hindi here inverts the position of the A, nud drops the final e*

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Proceedings of th$ Asiatic SQcitt^,

19?

ELttii, though retaining the h^ lengthens the first vowel and rhanges the 0 to f, giving dmhi, Gujaratl an\4^ or kame^ Is inter* mediate between TJriya and Hindi ; Panjabi and Sindhi min though older, inasmuch as they retain the ^ of Skr. lumah^ yet w^a less perfect, inasmtich as they drop the m.

Without going through the whole line of pronouns which would ke too mimh space, I would here merely call attention to the tliat of all these forms, Uriya is not more closely allied to than to any of the other aieter languages ; that the Uriya fbrm iH quite as genuine a descendant of the Sanslcrit as any of them ; and lastly that the Uriya form having retained elements which the Bengali has lost, it is absurd to say that the former ts derived from the latter. I merely give the second person as an illustration without comment.

	n.	g'	occ.		n.	g-	1
Uriya 6ing.	tu,	tor,	tote, etc.	PL	tumho^	tunihar,	Sec.
Hindi	tu.	tera,	tujh, etc.	PI.	turn,	tumh^li,	&c»
Bengali	tui,	tor.	toke	PL	tumi,	tomar,	&0.
llarathi	tun,	tiyha,	tuj	PL	tuhmi,	tumchd,	&0.
Panjabi	tun,	teri,	tainuUf	H.	tusini	tusatjlha,	&0.
Sindhi	tun,	tunhujc	>, tokUe,	PL	tav^in,	* tahvanjoj	, &0«
Gujarati	tun,	taro,	tune,	PL	tame,	tamdro,	&0.

In the noun, we observe the usual transition from the synthetical" to the analytical formation. Here too there is considerable ap- proximation to Bengali iu some respects, though it will be seen that there is equally close apprctximation to the other languages.

The accusative proposition ku is nearer to Hindi ko tlian tol Bengali h ; and the likeness is strengthened by the fact that, as in Hindi, hi does duty for the dative as well.

The instruraeutal exists only with a periphrastic form dwdrdj and the system ofpmyo^m or eonstructions haa not here rec^eived that fidl and perplexing elaboration that ci>ustituto8 the difficulty of Hindi, and in a still greater degree of Marftthi,

The ablative is formed by the postpoisition iharu (sthin ru) or aimply ru " from," which is evidently connected with the sign of

• AIbo tabiij, iiTliiu» inxn *c. Tb© want of a jfood litorary atandard of apoU- iitg IF! IVfk very etrongty in till the sev&n latigoago^, notably so in Siudhi.

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Froccedingi of the Asiatic Sacietif.

[Jl^ne,

the locative th^e or r* ** in j" and Kaa notHng at all resembling it in tlie otlier tongues, unless ^^o adduce the Bengali re of the dative, whiih, h^^wever, \& probably a relic of the Sanskrit genitive <wry<i, like the Marathi dative in <m, and dates from the Prakrit which habituallj confuses the two cases. I think it probable that in the TJriya rw, we have the Sanskrit ablative dt^ whieh betjomes in Prakrit ado, and ddu. It appears to have been cerebralized into adu^ whence ru. The locative re may be a corruption of the Prakrit termination ^, where the i has been changed to r as in Bengali, but this I do not feel sure about.

The genitive ends in or after a consouant, or r after a vowel, and closely corresponds to the Bengali in this, its only truly inflec- tional case.

The plural is formed by the added syllable mdn^ or mane^ (i. e, **nimiber''), just as in Hindi log or in Bengali yog. Here the genitive comes out in greater clearness as fnanangkor^ where the sylla- ble ang {a with anuawdra originQlly, though now written KPIIFT) is the sign of the neuter of a Praki it form WRT ; this shews us that the sign of the genitive is properly k4r. And tliis leads to a curious and unsuspected connection. In an article on the Bhojpuri dialect of Hindi,* I shewed that there was reason to believe that the ka of the Hindi genitive was corrupted from a form mx^ or perhaps m, that the loss of the ^ gave us tlie Hintli form, while on tho other hand, the rejection of i}\e if gave us the Marwari TT, T, ^, and tlie Panjabi ^, <^ <fl, both the k and the r are found in the Bhojpuri pronominal genitive ^TT, as in ikara okerd (iska, uskd). Now hero again we have from the other side of India, a genitive plural in kar^ the k of which is rejected in the singular, but retained in the plural. We must thus again dissociate Urlya irom its neighbour Bengali, and tighten the links which connect it with its western otmgeners, leaving Bengali, till farther rusearch shall have been made, as the solitary instance of an inflectional genitive.

There is thus on the whole vorj little in the declension of the noun in common between the Uriya and its fellows. It may bo in- teresting to give hero in one view all Aie seven declensions. It will • Journal R. A. S. voL 111, p. -iSd.

I $700

Prf^emdrngn of the Astatic Soafify,

1»9

then be seen that Urija is a perfectly self-contained and independent member of tlie family.

1	Hindi.		SiDdhi.	Gajariti,	MuratliL	CTHja.	1 m
1		&
6eaitiTe«	ka^keki,	d^, de.	jo.jeja	no, ru\ tidn	chd, cbj^	(■;	V
		di/liin,	j^joji		chen.
[			ja.J*in		clie, ohytt»
1			jyuDj jini		oliiii.
			etc.
Dative,	ko	uun	khe ,	[mate, ar-		ku	*ere
				UieeiiLra] |		-re
^ocasjitive,	ko	nun 1	kbe 1	ne		kii	-ke
taU	lie	nui	-i	-e	Coon, -eii»	[dwW]	-te
AblMire,	ae, ptir	-tQ	(khiiri, te. i. nun, etc.	tM, thBki	htin 'On		haite
IiOCfttire^	umi}	vioh	meii,	min	•ao 4n	t..«.j	te

All the genitives, oxeept Uriya and Bengali, are declined to agree vith the governed noun ; in Siuclhi, the number of farms arises from a de&ire to enable the governing noun to agree with each cai<e and gender of the governed ; which is not thought necessary in the other languages.

If we x^ass on to the question of tlie phonetics of the language, we find some more curious particulars.

Geographiottl jumition seems to have some influence here. While Panjabi and Siadhi in the extreme west exhibit a tendon»]7 to employ always short vowels and closed syllables, Bengali in tlie ex- treme east prefers long vowels and open syllables, while Iliudi in the centre holds a middle place, neither too prone to lengthen nor tu hhorten ; and this is a standard by which to measure the other languages, Marathi again, which lies due south of Hindi, and iA al^o B<imewhai <jeniral^ being neither very far to the west, nor to tlie ea^t| exhibits the same centrality as Hindi with which it generallj agrees in the quantity of its vowels. Oujarati is njore prone tal shorten than Marathi^ and less so than Siudlii. Thus we get in fact a regular gTadution from west to east. The more westerly a language is in situation, the greater its tendency t^ short Towels and closed syllables, and as you go fxirther ea^t by

200

I\'orreflin^H of tht AninUp 8(*€iftty*

[JtrjTK,

iltf{^r&e&y the loijg vcjwel and tkt^ open syllable become more and more prominent, till tliey reach their extreme developement in Beng^ali. Now iu this Bchenie, IJriya holds exaetly the place wo should expect. Lying iu tht* same parallel of longfitude a^i Behar, itss phonetic system precisely corresponds with that of eastern Hindi, and is eonpoqiiently less prone to long vowels than Bengali. North and south have uo intlueuio in this matter, it is only west and east that we have to consider, and Orls&a tliough south is also entirely west of the Bengali area* A few examples may bo given :

Skr. mf good, becomes in all thft langiiagus M^ ; a^ in II. P. M. and S. liWT O. H%1, ^, m but B, irr^. Her*f JJ. has v;^ as in H. and the rest.

Skr* mFi'9 hungry. Here as compon*4ation for the loss of the ^, the ^ is aspirated to ^, and the preuediog vowel lengthened into ^ in all the languages except P. and 8., which exhibit \{9\ and M^^ respetjtively. Unya here has a guna form ^Tir» concerning whieh I shall speak below.

Skr. ^[IT to sting. All the other languages retain the short vowol^ though they cerebralize the initial ^, Bengali alone lengthens it to wf^. Uriya in ^K^ retains the vowel in its proper quantity,

Skr. ^U, Prakr ^' ; as compen-sation for rejecting one H, the other languages lengthen the vowel and have ^\f{ P. and S. stick to the short vowel and liave ^Tf.

So in ?rw a tent, tlie derivation of whieli is obeeure, Bengiili alone h^is WT'?. Urija a^-ees with the others in retaining the uhort vowel.

ijt^ bitter, becomes in all iflw except P. 8. and G. which have f%1RT fffi? and ftf^ respectively.

In another point, Uriya is in a different camp from Bengali The three southern languages Gujorati, Mara tin and Uriya de- light in g^ma vowels, in places where the other languages use the pure vowels*

Again the Uriya agrees with Marathi in preferring a dental to a cerebral, whereas the wosteru languages and peculiarly Sindhi cerebralize the Sannkrit dental unnecessarily. This pecu- liarity rests upon very deep bases and would take a long time to work out. Thus U. G. and M« have i|<9T cold, whore the otlier

I rem

1870, J Prnct^edinijB af (M Mmtf'e Sotirf^. 201

langiiiigea liavo W4?i, and Bongali m uaual a wvmi (tho derivation IB not oertain, but it is pnibablj from an old part pass, of m^ te he firm, meaning eongtsalt^d as ice or coutraetod by imld as tho htiniaxi body).

I hav^ done here little more than point out the line of argument which Bhouldi in my opinion, be followed in cases of this aort. I wish particularly to urgo tinvt no resimrchos into any one of the fteven languages can be eonaidorwcl fomplote or satisfactory which do not eml>race the whole seven, because they are so closely connected, and mulnnlly bIuhI such light on each other, that the renaonfi for their developement and for the forms they oxliibit in

oderti times, depend upon laws, whose operation ia universal^ not be traced in one member only of the group. Much more may, of eourse, be said on tliis subject ; in fact a t4)h»rnbly largo book might be wi-itten on it, Unfi>rtunately such a bouk could only be written by a resident of the province, as no respectable grammar or dictionary of the language lias yet been published ; and as tJiere are few persons in Orisaa who are com-

etent to take np the enquiry and work it out fully, we cannot t to see a good answer to Bdbu Kanti Chandra^s book yet awhile.

Bdba Bdjendralala Mitra offered the following remarks on Mr. Beames' '* Notes on the relation of the UriyA to the other modem Arj^an languages."

I happened to be present at a meeting of the Cuttnck Debating Club, in December, 1868, when a paper was read on Patriotism, In the discussion which followed, I was asked to take a part, and in the course of my romai-ks on the injury which false patriotism or an insensate love for every thing that is national, causes to real I |K>inte«l out the injury whit'h was being inflicted on tlio Iriyi ra^^^e by tlicir attachment to a provincial patois, which they wished to exalt into a distinct language. The view I took of tho question was new to the people, and very wai*m discussion has ever since been kept up in the dubs, newspapers and the o facial eorrt*- epondence of tiie province, and the little brochure which forms the subject of Mr. B e a m 0 s* paper and tho paper itself, are amongst it*

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P^e^idmgi 0/ tJi^ Aniaiie Soeiettf.

[ JinvEp '

oat promment results. Party feeling now runs high, and I am told that more than one libel case has been instituted in connexion with tho subject* The main question being purely philological, it is notremerk- able that 80 distinguished a labourei' iu that field of science as l^Ir. B G a m e Sf should come forward to take a part in its discussion. Hia I paper is liighly interesting, and I am dolighted to hoar of a com- 1 parative grammar of the Indian vernaculai's from his able pen, I ' must say, however, that he has done an injustice to the author of kia text in describing tho little work as "profoundly destitute of J |)hilological arguineata.*' No doubt Pandit Kdntiohandraisj not very familiar with the modt3rn Europeaa works on philology,! and his mode of treating his subject will be found to differ from the I course followed in similar caseA by European authors, but bearing in mind the language (Bengali) in which he has written tho ' book, and the people for whom he has designed it, I must say that he has displayed considerable tact and talent. My testimony will, perhaps, not be of mui^h worth, I wiftli, therefore, to give a brief resum^ of his work, in order that the meeting may be in a position to judge ftir itself . The Jirst three chapters of the work ii'eat of the origin of the dilTerout vernaculars now current in India, and the causes which h are lead to theu- formation. The author then defines the natural boundary of Bengal and Orissa, and in tho j next chapter entors upon the main sulgect of his essay, the aimlli- tude between the Bengali and the Uriyd languages. This he dooal by quoting passages of Uriya £i*ora diverse sources, and comparing I then with Bengali. Uriy^ vocablwa form the subject of liis next ' chapter, aod he there shows that the ordinary elements of Bengali speech are all cm*rent in the Prorinoo of Orissa, either intact or I under some modiiication or other. lu the eighth chapter is brought ' under reviow the grammatical apparatus of Uriyd, its declensions, gender, number, case and conjugation. Chapters next foUow on I songs, proper naTnes, manners and customs, dictionaries and alpha-! betH, which go a groat way to shew that the bulk of tho Uri^ii raca j does not differ from tho Bengali ; and the work is brought to a j ooWusion with some very portinont remarks on the injustice and impropriety of cutting oif the Urij4s lioni the Bengali by artificial j burricra undor the i^ame of education.

mo.]

Proccttlings cf th AmtUlc Siteiely.

203

Ono great mistako which ritiates the wliole course of the Pan<)it^a arguments, m the assamx^tion that the Calcutta Yemacular of this eoaitury is the purest fonu of Bengali, and evory thing that dilTers from it, is the result of corruption. Mr* B e a m e a makes a similar mustako by instituting his comparison with tho Bengali of today, Oirerlookin^ altogetlier that the separation between the TJriyds and tlin Bengalis most have taken phiue many centuries ago, and that

, to mmve at a coireci conclusion as to the origin of the Uriy^ Ion- its relation to Bengali, we should take up the two lon- [ as they existod at the time of their separation and not as thfij wdst now. Any how, I must say that there is a great deal in tho Pandit's bonk which deserves careful examination^ and it woidd hftve been of some advantage had Mr. B e a m e s' reply noticed them ill detail, instead of disnussingtho whole work with a single disparag- ing remark* It would require more time than I can command at Oil ij:, to review the historical q^ue.^tion as to tho manner in

wii I was peopled by tho A r vans, but I sLaU^ with your per-

tniflsion, Mr. Chairman, notice some of the salient points in the pb"' ' * 1 portion of Mr B e a m e s' paper.

1^1 _ argvmient of the Pundiit is, that TJrij^ compositions read rery like Bengali that, a few phonetic peculiarities excepted,

"thoy may be mistaken for Bengali, and are easily understood l)y the people of Bengal, ignorant of the ITriya language j aud such being the case it must, he argues, follow that the two languages ore very intimately connected. To prove this, he has quoted passages from some Unyi works and compared them with Bengali. Mr. B 6 a m e s accounts for their similitude by assuming that the bulk of the vocables in them, mast be the result of pedantry, which make I Uriyd and the Bengali both resort largely to Sanskrit words terms. He then goes somewhat out of his way to make out that pedantry, " so objectionable and offensive to Englishmen,*' is an ** especial favourite of the Indian mind.*' Mr. B e a m e a, however, does not appear to be in a position to sit as an impartial judge in Uie matter. To decide the question of excessive pedantry in any particular set of bouk?, the judge mw^i be familiar with the litera- ture of the langtmge, both modern nad ancient in which it oprtirs, otherwise what may appear pedantry to onei may bu the peculiarity

204

Procndin^B of ihf Anatic S&oioiff.

[Jvsn,

of the langttage under notice. The Mavihler alone cannot decide that the language in which it is written ib Johnsonese, and not English. In the same way eallsthenic oorsetfi and trichoaaron* for bodices and hair brushes may appear pedantic to a foreig'aer like me, but if they occur in the ereiy-day language of fa-shionabla English ladies, they cease to be so. The oxtj-acta g^iven by the Pandit are taken from standard books in every-day use in the schools of Oiissa, and to dismiss them by branding them as pedan- tio is, in my humble ox>inion, altogether to beg the question at issue. It is doubtless true that the prodominanco of any particular class of words in any piece of widting cannot decide the t^haracrter of a language, but in the Uriyd over ninety per cent, of its Tocablea are Sannkrit, or corruptions of Sanskrit, and thuise corruptions haro taken the same turn whith corruptions in Bengali have done, and appear to bo the results of the same lawa of decay and regeneration which have produced the Bengali language.

The crucial test wliich Mr, B e a m e s suggests is *' to place toge- ther a chtisd of Dacca and a chdai of Gumsur, and to seo how mucJi they understood of each other*9 talk/' The result of this experiment would probably go against the Pandit. But the samo experiment tried between a cockney and a farm labourer in Yorkshire would in the same way, I fancy^ decide the fate of Englisli in the two places. Eor my pai-t, though anativeof Bongjil for the last four and twenty generations, I would bo sorry to face a c/iM from Comil- lah if the issue was to decide whether wo could understand each other through the medium of our common language, the Bengali* The fact is, that local peculiarities of pronunciation do not consti- tute language, and therefore no notice should be taken of them in deciding questions of linguistic classification. My Lord Bundreaiy mriy ** thee a thua thow^jent thwiming on the but horn of the thea," but no philologist will be bold enough to spy in it a sistcir language of the Englidi.

The first subject treated by Mr. B e a m e s in regard to the gram- mar of the Uriya language, is conjugation, but the oonipai'ison luiv- Ag been made with the Bengali as revised and ret^ast by our indi- geuouE writers within the lu«t fifty years or so, the residt is very dilTerent fi.'om what the Pandit ha-s arrived at. The ojtamplos lio

i

1870.]

JProeeedin^qa of the Asiatic Society,

20.>

\ quoted, thoagH tmconmion in modem Bengali, are not forr^ign to

It ; ehedu^ for instancoi as a present particix>le and its eompoundH are

not alti><i^t>tli€r unknown. But four centuritjs ago, Govinda I>^sa,

\n Beiigali poet, u^ed it and its cognate forms almost to the oxdusion

of all others. Thue ho says —

SflfSiJ f^f\ 1%^^ ^«l f*1"ftl5l Again : '^f<^^ wf*f ^T^ ^^ *Tf% i In another place dlsH^Sf-^fSt C^S jft (M^. I Of the second form chali^ we have innuraorablo instances in old [work^i and even in the [joetry of this centmy. Dekhi and dthhili aro likewise common, and in the mouths of the commou pooplo the only I forms in use. The Uriyd future dcMihiis in Bengali dckhibef but the change is so slight that I do not think il would justify our attrihuting lit to an iiidepemlant parentage. In the oonditional or subjuuL'tive I past dekhi'thdfiH^ Mr. B e a m e s recognises a more perfect form than I the Bengali dekhitam^ but hud he taken up the true Bengidi condi- tional dekhiyd thakitdm^ hti would have found that, with the extuption of the nasal mark, the two are closely alike, and fonmed in either case [with tlie help of the auxilllary verb, »ihd. Of the twcdve forma of the [ verb achha^ ac/ichi, achhdi, uckho^ achhiM^ achJw^ achhi^ achhm^ &c., nine I are Bengali and only three forms, aehhan^ nMmn and aMtanti, aro new. Of these the laat is by far the oldeat. It shews a lingering of tho I Sanskrit affix anti. According to tho ridea of tho Prakrit, JSanskrit I compound consonants drop one of them and lengthen the proceed- ing vowel, and accordingly, wo find in Bengali the /* dropped and n preceded by a long vowel as in uchhfn= to Uriya achhanii, I elision of the ti i^ altogether modern. I tlxink in old Bengal! ' tho aihjc occulta in its full form of anti^ though I cannot just now recall to memory any instance in proof of it. Tho Faridit says he too has met witli it, but ho has given no example. Another mark- ed peculiarity in Uriyd is, the separation of the base Brom the affix, a$» in Kant achhi and their compounds. In Bengali they ai*e united according to the rules of Sandhi — Karidchhi ; but this is not a matter worthy of any remark, so I shall pass it by .

Of pronoims Mr. B e a m e s hfis given an elaborate analysis, tak- ing hiis examples IVom the Bengali, Uriy^, Marhatt^, Hindi, Punjabi, Sindhi and Uuzeratl ; but the result la not aatiBfootory. He has

206

Procfifidingu of the Aiiaiio Society,

[JlTNISil

taken one example from each language, and that from books, and they ai'e not suflB.eient for a fair comparison of Uring, epoken languiiges. What is wanted is a full survey of the various forms of J the pronoun current in each province, and for that imrpose a deeper I knoTivlwdge of the languages, both ancient and modern, and in their J colloquial and written forms, ia required, than what I can pretend 1 possess. As regards tlie Bengali and the Uriyd^ however, I may sayl that in /«., /wi, tUt*^ tumitr, &e., there is close analogy with Bengali* | Amhe and iumhe^ often pronounced amhhe and tumhhe^ are no doubt peculiar ; but the change has been brought on in Bengali since its sepai'ation fi'om, or rather the birth of Uriyd, and its cause is ^d peculiar cockney ism of dropping the aspirate*

I shall now notice the declehaion of nouns. Mr. B e a m o s' «ur*1 vey leads him to theconulusion that five oat of the six cases are differ- j eat. The very reverse^ however, appears to me to be the fact lal the Sanskrit, the nominative is formed in most theme;^ by the addi- tion of an «. In a sister langnage, the Latin, the same rule obtains to a great extent, but in the derivatives of the Latin and the 8anski*it, we tiud the mark in some cases changed to o, and in others altoge- tlier omitted. Li Italian and Spanish we have o, as oceMo and &jo from the Latin oeuitUt but in the language of the Troubadours, in Provencal and in French the mark is omitted- In India» the Pun- ] jabi and the Marwari retain the o^ but all the others drop it. The result is, that the auminative is alike both in tho Uriya and the Bengali*

Tho mark of the accusative singular in Latin and Sanskrit is m, but in most of the languages derived from them, it is dropped* So is the case both in Uriya and Bengali. This rule is, however, not imilbrmly observed ; and sometimos the place of the m is supplied by the syllable ku, in Uriya, and Xu, in Bengali, and to trace tiieir origiu, 1 must refer the meeting to my jiapers on the Gathii and tho Hindi ditdects, where I have shown that tu overcome the intricacies of the Sanskrit declension, it was usual with the scalds of ancient India to convert themes of various terminations to one form by affixing an expletive i*, and to mai*k the elision of case-afBxes, the usual rule was to add a w, which together make ku. In written Bengali, the kn chuuges into h ; but in the spoken language, in some districts, the ku

ia7o.]

JPtoeeedtn^g nf the Asiatic Socieitj^

207

still retuias ite position, and wo need not^ therefore, take it to bo ft serious difficulty in the way of the iiihliation of the Uriya dialuet. ^e dative is in most instances a counterpart of the aocusatiyei ftd so is it in Uriy4 and Bengali.

' III Sntton*» Uriyii grammar^ the sign of the instrumental is ie. It k the same in Bengali, and that cjise in- the two languages may tlierofore lie taken as IdentleaUy the .Htmio. Mr B e a in o s, however, doHd not notice this mark, and gives dvard ; but that form ortm-s more lrec|uently in Bengali than te, and consequently the argument is not at all altered.

The ablative in ancient and spoken Bengali, is formed by tlie addi- tion* of //{<?>£«?, a compound of the verb if^/rti, with the expletive k already adverted to inconiiexion with tlie accusative- In Uri^'^, it is formed with tlie sUme auxiliary verb and the mark of elision u = (haru : a later improvement haii dropped the verb and retained only ru, Mr. Beamed admits the genitive to be alike In Uriya and Bongali| ► I Tioed gay notliing about the origin of the sign for that ease. ^The locative in Sanskrit is e, and in Uriya and Bengali we have exactly the some fonn — hUe li'om hUa a hand. But there are other forms likewise curront, thus we have te in hdtete in Bengali, and hitare and hHere in Uriyd ; but the last is not peculiar. In the Chandi^ a Bengali book about thtee centurieti old, we iiud the pas- sage C<5WTC«n ^^R C^C^ C^WKJ ^Iwf^, and in the dialects nf Sylhet and Caohar the /r form is the only one in use. In the spoken language of Uneca, it likewise occurs very frequently.

The vocative is aliko iu both the languages ; and so we have in eeven out of eight casjej*,the two languages to correspond very closely, and in one only (the fifth) to diiicr but slightly.

The plural in Bengali is formed very differently under different circimistunces ; but mostly by the addition of a noim or adjective of multitude j such as, ya«», A<f/y*f, chafja^ aakala^ sarbii, &c. &e. lu Uriyd, there is more fixity in the rule, and the word niimcc, for weight or measure, is generally, though not uniformly, employed : the use of that word, however, i» not imkuown in Bengali^ and the Pan<Jit, whose Ixwik Mr, Beamed hoa reviewed, has given eoveral instances of it £nmi old Bengali workn. On the other hand, tlio Ben- gali pliLTtd murk iiabft is also li-oquently iD&cd in i^jpokon Uriya, and

208

FroaedingB ef tJw Amite SociH^f,

[Ju:rE,

such pIirasGs m gitchha 9aha ka^iphtUU ;hka mha thiU^BTQ yery common* Tliese facts, I trust, will shew that the Urij'i, iustoad of being a ** self-contained and indftpendiant uaQniber of the Aryan Indian ver- Daculara," is most closely and intimately connected with the Bengali^ and the Pau<Jit has very good reasons to take it to be a daughter and not a sister of the vernacular of thia province. The exact rela- tionship may be reversed j but even a cursory glance at the old literatiu'es of tlie two languages bIu?w them to have been at one time one, and their difTeronoee to be due to later or modeni growth.

Mr. B e a ni 0 s has devoted a good portion of his paper to the dia* cuBBion of Uriya phonetics. .But they caU for no remark* It has not been denied by the Pandit, and no body will venture to gainsay, that Uriy^ pronuDciation is ditfei'ent from that of Bengal. The question is, are tht>y such as to justify oiu* taking the Uriyik to be an independant language ? and I maintain that the fihonetics of the two dialects do not suiHoo to solve it. In an excellent paper on tho Bhojpuri dialetft, Mr. B e a m e s has shewn that, notwithstand- ing raueh graver dilferences in glossology and grauimai'^ — in deden- Bion and conjugation, — in pronouns and the degrees of compai-ison,— in adjectives and conjunctiuns — than what obtmug in Uriyd and Bengali, the Bhojpuri is a dialect of the Hindi ; and by a parity of reasoning, I expect he will admit tHe TJriya, in a like manner, to bo a daughtf^r of the Bengali. Phonetic peculiarities such as he has noticeJ, and sut^h as may be muUii>Uod ad hiUniium^ do not constitute language, and* therefore do not affect the question at issue in anj? TFay. I liave no doubt that every member hero present will bear me out when I say that such pecubaiities exist in almost every eounty in Knglaud^ but they do not sulfice to divide the English language into a number of sistor dialects. In the districts of Ben- gal, we have tho same peculiarity in even a more marked dcgree. I well remember a remark of the late K6]ll of Krisliuanagar who onoe tofd me that hia pronunciation must be more correct thaa mine, because his district was once the seat of government, and he had therefore every right to lay down the law in such cases. To put this more clearly* I beg to draw the attention of the meeting to a comparative table (Yide p* 215) which I once prejiared to illustrate the difforencea of the Ori^sa^ the Calcutta and tho Dacca dialects.

IBTO-]

tin^9 of thif AsMie 8<)w^y.

209

' Til** first oolumn in it contains the fii'st two paragraphs of an article in wltieli the editor of the Utkala Dtpika ei)nd»:nuued my theory ahout the Bengali origin of Uriy4; they contain just 142 words of whiah 137

I Bengali or derived from Bengali, and o are Eiighah. ' The trans- lion of this in Bengtdi in the second column contains 144 words, of which none diifers radiofllly from the Uriyi, but fifty-six have some phonetic or grammatical peculiarity or other. Li the thiitl column is given a version of it in the spoken language of Dacca, prejiared by a resident of that district, B^bu RamakumAr Bose, DejMity Mugintrate of the 24-Purgimnah.H. It contains 1*16 words, of which 47 are diflorent from the Bengali. Tlius it will be seen that the Dacnia dialect differs nearly as much from the Bengali as the Uriya does, iu sound. If I had timo to get translatiuus of the Uriya extract prepared in the spokeu dialects of Comillah, Bylhet, As^iam or Coch Behar, I could liave easily shewn that thuy differ fiilly as much from the Bengali in their phonetics and grammar, as Joes the Uriyd. But I euppuso ihey are not wanted. The table, as it stands, shews clearly enough the relation which the Unyd bears to Bengali, No one who knows the language of the middle columu, can read the other two witliout the conviction that they contain Bengali luattor badly written. And such being the case, I cannot but repeat the assertion, that the Uriyd is more closely related to Bengali than the other yemaculars of India, and that the relationship most probably is that of mother and daughter and not of two idsters, .Aud if this be admitted, it must follow that, as in ComiUah, Assam, Sylhet, and Coch Behor, so in Orissa, oditratifin should be conducted in Beogtdi and not in Um^. K^ I have oh'eady said^ ey<d\y county in England and Scotland has its dialectic x^eculiarity, and yet edu- lion is not carn<^d on through the medium of separate sets of

oka, prepared with special regard to the dialectic peculiarities of each county, but in on© common English, In France almost every department, in the same way, has its peculiar dialect, but as yet there has not hoen a vornacularist hot-headed enough to suggest that each district should have a separate language ; and the French of the Institute of France is the only recogni«ed inediiira of edu<ja- lion- The same circumstance© obtain in Germany including Aoa*

210

J^i*of*^ed hiifft (if thf Anwik Soct'd^.

[JrjTK,

triR nntl PniAsia, Init nowhere is language divided rm tlio ground of provincial pec^uliaritiei of promineintiqn* In nindnstan Proper, ihere are at least a dozf^n kiudH uf Hindi differing from etifU other j ranch more I'emarlcahly than Uriy^ does from Bengali, and none knows tliif* better thau Mr. Be o m ft s^ who has so carefally fitudied them in all their different phasoa ; hut none has yet ventured tof^- J enmmend that separate sets of school books should be got up in eack i of those diflerent dialeots. I seo no renBon, thpreforet why a different policy fdiQuld be adopted in Bengttl. To tlie Uriyiis Ihts is a qne^tiom of the most vital importauoe. Aecoixling to tlie hist census, they num- ber only a litUe over two millinns in the three diMtriota of Balasor€i| Cuttack and Purt, and a nullidu may be added for those who Uya ' in Gaujam^ Samblialpur and tlie Tributary Mahals. But on the other hand, we must dtnluct at biaattive lacs for foreigners, Muhamiaadana, Kyius, Madra^isi, B*.*ngalis, and others, who want not and car# not for the Uriya language, so that we have only about 24 miiUonfl for whom a distinct literature has to be created. The thii^ diRtncta tmder the Cuttauk Comuussioner yield to Government in the way of j revenue under 1 7 laos a 3'ear, and tho zatuindars at 37 per cent, get I about U or 12 lacs. Tliis sum is divided among 3881 pereons, of whom only 26 get above ten thousand a year each, and of th<*m 16 are Bengalis, mostly non-residenl, who are not likely to offer any especial encouragement to the Uriyd language. The people are I mostly agriculturists, and having very little trade, are generally very poor, llow it is possible lor such a small community, and under ' such circumstances to create a literature in thair yernaculaT, and maintain it, I cannot eoneeivo. Our veniacularists nuiintain that tlio vernaeidars of India should V>e so improved as to suffice for a Gniversity Courae for the B. A standurd, if not for Honors, Tliis would imply thrd each of them shoidd incUnle the whole course of Algebra aud Geoincfr>', and eoufciiderable portions of Astronomy, 01iomistry» Naturid I'liiloa<jphy, and other scieneoa, be^ddeg transla*! ii ins from Newton's Prijuipia, Grote'a (Jreoce, Oibbon^a E^imnn Empire, Milt^s Logic, and Abercrombie*8 Heutal Philosophy. To Buppose that such a thing is possible for a poor eommuni ty of 2^ miUions of LTriyAs to aocwuuplish, is to stippose an imxioesibility. To i suppose that the whole or a miijority of the people who spoiik the

1B70.]

PrnreeduKjfi of thf ABtaik 8cmet}f,

tn

oijo imndrod and one vernac^ularB whicli^ according to a little work on rhilology bj Mr. B e a m e s, are now current in India, is so Utopian or absurd, that I iieod nut wait to notic© it. It has been . that if the Uriy^^ themselves uauiiot ^^i up a litoraturei the

tiveniment will help them. This ia, however, very iinlLkely. Vast no doubt aro the resources of the British Government in India, and

fiter still is its earnestueas to ameliorate tiie condition of the peo- !lo under its sway, but I doubt very much of they will ever puthc© to croute a hundred and ono literatures, and keep them au eourant feiih tJiose of Europe, even if eueh a thing as a ** deficit" was never

aown to our finauciera* Admitting, however, for the sake of ar- gument, that Government would assist to a veiy largo extent in fui'thering the education of the people, I would ask, would it be fair, would it be just, wuidd it bo politic, on its part to do eo by multiplying languages? Had our Government been guided by that narrow, jesuitiucil, unholy and uncliristian doctrine of divide ei imjjtra, it would perhaps have been expedient. But the llbi^^ral and noble-minded gentleman who represents Her Britannic Majesty in iim cfiuntry and his council, would scorn such a p<jlicy, and, I ara

liafied, would not deliborattdy lend themselves to uphold it. Th©

un object of language is to unite mankind by one common bond of speech, but to foster a hundred and one langnages within tho boundary of a single country like India, would not be to promote that all-important object, but to raise a tower of Babel to disiuiito and disperse the native races. It is not my intention, however, to advocate, at present, a single language for all India, but to plead far tho Uriyiis, and on the ground of unity of religion, race, and language, to take them amtmgst us, and to phire at their dit<i>o8al a fair share of aU we possess, and may hereattor obtain. In Orisaa they cannot xmblish a single book without adventitious nid,^ whilo in Bengtd book-making has already become a pn;titable trnde, and many have their manors placed behind their publishers' counters. We ah^oady publish more than tive hundred books every yoar, and hope ere hmg to multiply tlie number manifuld. As a note-worthy instance, I may mention tliat a few years ago I proi>ared a map of India in Bengali, and it brought me a iiroiit within ono year of over six thousand rupees. Tho sumo map woa subaequently trana-

212

Proferdinfffi of the Asiatic Bockt^*

[.TimE,

lated into ITriya, liut oven tho School Book Socioty could not ven- ture to undertake it on their own act^nuntj nud tlie Government at Iftst had to advance, I Uiink, some twi> or three thousand rupees to help tho pu}«li< ration. The map, however, fell still-bom from Ihe press, and altnost the whole edition iB, I believe^ now rotting in the godowns of its publisher. laet but Govorninent introduce the Ben- gali language in tJie sehoola of Orissa, and the Uriyia, instead of seeking granta-in-aid irom Guveruinent and private individuals for oocaaionally bringing out solitary new books, will have the whol** of our Bengali puhlieation^ at their dis^posal without any t'Ost, and would be uuitod with a race of thirty milliona with which they have so many things in common.

Nor is the fusion of their language into ours at all impratjtitable. The experiment has already been tried and found to be comjilotely fiui't^etisful. Some twenty years ago when tho district of Miduapur was transferred from the Commissionerahip of Outtock to that of Bui-dwan, the language of tho coui'ts there and of the people was Uriya. The new Cununiasiouer, for the aake of uuifurniity in all Ms districts or some other cause, suppressed Uriya, and introduced the -Bengali language, and nearly the whole of Mi(bmi>ur 18 now bo- come a Bengali speakLng disti'ltti and men there often feel otfendod if Uiey are called Uriyas- • That similar measures in Balasore^ Cut- tack and Pmu would effect a similar change, I have no reason U* doubt,

I fear I have abeady occupied the time of the meeting a groat deal too long, but I must crave your indulgence, Mr. Qiairmani for one more remark. It hits boon said that if the Uriya, like tht other vernaculars, is not tit for a University Cuurso, it would aufiioa for the elementary education of the people, and tlxat is what i» most urgently needed* To hupjKirt tliis view, it has been poiutod gut by a learned gentleman, himself a university fwholar, that ulo- mentary maiis education is preferable to high class education; and inasmuch as the cost for ever)- boy in a Ouvernment College would suffice for 40 boys in a veraacidar school, wu ishould prefer to have 40 to 1 . The education in the Colleges, it it needless to 8ay, is at least 40 times superior to thai in the vernacular schools, but the latter nevi^r- theloss 'u said to be more ilesirablo* The gentleman has evidently

1870.]

Proci^dhiffit of the Aswiic Soeiefy,

218

no fiiith in the adage wliieh aptly desrribea tlie merit of iniper- fbct learning, or perhaps he patronises the homeopathic doctrine of •• the greater the dilution tlie higher the potency.'* On tliat princi- ple the paper of Mr. Be am e s (1 say tliis withont meaning any olfenee to that gentleman) wonld prove more elfeetual if it wero torn into forty parts, and each han'ded to a separate member, than if the whole were imdei'stood hy one man, Bnt, however, that he, QOtkiiig could bring a greater misfortune upon the Uriyda than the enforced introduction of such a principle into their country. I yield to none in my earnestness for the elementary education of thd poorer classes, but for the sake of truth, I must confess, even at the ri^k of laying myself open to much oljloquy, that I have no faith whatever in mass education by itself > independent of higher education, •s a means for tlie material, moral and intellectual nnxelioration of a nation, however much it may recommend itself by virtue of its appa^ rent philanthrojiy : to me it haa a smack of fiickly sentimentalism irbich I cannot >jut condemn. Elemc?ntary mass education alone, without a higher educatitm, can do but little good to any race of peo- ple. It implies a fioupqon or suspicion of the three Rn, which is utter* ly worthless as an element of intellectual improvement. In Japan, we leam firom Mr. Bernard, eveiy grown up person, whether man or woman, is proficient in elementaiy reading and writing ; bat the Japanese are not, on that account, a whit better than the nations of Europe. In Eugland mass education has extended much more than in India, but less so than in France or Prussia, but 19 * England at all inferior on that account^ moraUy, physiciilly or intellectually, to those countries ? One unhappy result of defective Bcraps of instruction miscalled education I shall advert tOj it is that wliile the bulk of English tMeves formerly were ignorant men, the relative proportion of educated to ignorant thieves has of late be* come as 68 to 32 ; that is, for every pei-son who has become a thief from want of education, two have taken to the pi'ofession of Lirceuy with the full benefit of the kind of education which is now become so fashionable a theme of praise. That it has in any way helped to raise England above other nations, I have every reason to doubt. But let ua suppose, as a great Froachman once rlid, that fate by some mortal struke of cholera or plague was to carry oil from Eug-

214

Fre^udmfftf of the Asiatic Soeieiif^

[JUXE,

laud fifty of her greafeost matlwjmaticians, llftj of hat highest astro- nomers, iift:^'^ of her ablest clieinistij, iifiy of hor most distinguished geologists, fifty of her foremost physicists, fifty of her profoimdost fttatesmeu, fifty of her best writers, fifty of her wisest doctors, and fifty of her most proficient engineers, and to compensat'e tho loss by a amull mridictuix of reading, writing and cyphering in every man, woman and child, ami that siich a thing as a cross mark in the maiTJago register, of wliich we have now near tliirty per cent, was never to be* The loss in such a case would not amount to ^ye hundred persons, — mere ** ftolips and exotics'* as they have been poe- tically described by the gentleman whom I have j ust alluded to, of no essential value to Englit^h society, — and t)ie gain wotiid be educa- tion in five millions of sttirdy corn-growers. Would not England fioverthcless be two centnries behind hand oi France ? England would still retain many o£ her third class astronomers, mathemati- cians and scientific men, but they would not suffice to uphold her prestige as an Intellectual nation. In Orissa there is no man learned in the sciences, and the dfxitrin© uf mass education to the exclusion or supersession of higher eduoation,would remove the chance of her evar getting one. It would chain her down to one dead level of intellectual poverty firom which she will have no prospect of rising. It may convert her sons into indift'ercnt copyists, or bad substitutea of Babbage's cjilculating machines ; but not into intenet^ttialf sturdy, self-reliant men. May the msdom of our rulers avert Irom her so diie a calamity !

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E. M. Adam, Esq,, 20 Paid.

J. H. Barker, Esq., 10 Paid.

Babu Deyandra Mdlika, 10

Moulvie Futteh Ali, 12 Paid.

W C, Botiiierjeo, Esq., 5

E. Buck, Esq., 10 Paid.

T. 0. H., Eangoon, 50 Paid.

Sir D. Macleod, K 0. S. I., C. B., 100 Paid.

T. H, Huglie^, Esq., 20

A. V. Nursiugrow, Esq,, 200 Paid.

B^bu Bamanatha Thakura, 10

Moulvie Kubiruddin, Ahmad, 5

Babu Syatnaeharana Saracara, 5

OoL E. T, Dalton, C. S. I., 20 Paid.

M. 8. Howell, Esq., 16 Paid.

B. Gordon^ Esq. 6 Paid.

Ctol. J, X, Walk^?r, 16 Paid.

PROCEEDINGS

or THS

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOR July, 1870.

A Meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the 6th in- stant, at 9 o'clock p. M.

The Hon'ble J. B. Phear, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

The receipt of the following presentations was announced —

1. From J. Q. Delmerick Esq., a number of Buddhist heads and stone tablets with figures, from near Pash&war.

The Prenident drew attention to the prevalence of the Ghreek Ijpe in these heads. The figures appeared to be of day, or a composition of clay and other ingredients, very b'ghtly burnt, poaaibly only sun-burnt. They still retained thoir original shorp- nees of definition and were singularly well preserved. Obviously they had been attached to masonry, and no doubt formed part of a subject, worked out in high relief upon the frieze of some building. It was also remarkable that every one of them was unsymmetrical, •*. tf., compressed or flattened either on the right side or on the left aide. The purpose of this must have been to adapt them to being seen with the greater artistic effect from a particular point of view : and it indicated considerable advance in knowledge of the peculiar conditions necessary for the success of sculptural orna* ment.

A conversation ensued in which several members joined.

2. From the Government of India, Home Department — 27 Pho* tographs of Jain and Buddhist ruins in the Buld&nah District, West

2IK

Ptoceedin^i a/ the A^iath S&ckty.

[JttLY,

BariTj together wiUi a f^ipy of au itiscnption* found near Barsee TakJeo.

3, From G. Latliam Esq-, C. E,, a copy of * India to England, a new Overland Eoute tia Turkish Arabia/

4. From Babu Gopinath Sen, a cox>y of a Table shewing the moan montlily and mean hourly variations of tomperatiiro aa deter- mined in the S. G. Oilioo for 1855 to 1869.

6. From the Aiithor, Pralad Mdld^ or the Wit and Wisdom of Bengali Byots and Women, as shewn in their Proverbs and Pro* veibial Sayings, bj Rev, J, Lon^,

0. From W. Ohihara, E.sq,, LL.D., C. S., Ghdzipiir, an Urdu Tranfilation of the Persian Balwanindmah^ by Khairuddiu Muham- mad of H^dbQd.

Air. Blochmann said —

The Balwantnamah by Kliainiddin Muhammad of Bali&bad is a work of great vtduo. It eontainft a hietory of the Ndzims tmd Kdjahs of Bonai-ee, and is full of intuvestlng details referring to the times and transttctions of Warren Hastings, The author lived in the end of last centuiy and has written several other Historitial works, as tlio Jaunpurndmahf or Chronicle of the tuwn of Jaunpv'ir ; the Tazki^ ratul' Uktmiij\ or biographioal notices of modem Persian writars, chiefly of Audh J the Kitdb i \fl<ims/tnbf or History from the time of Nddir Bh^h to the death of Mirza Najaf Kli4n ; the '/^m/^rf- maJiy a voluioinous history of the reigu of 8hiih *Alam (II.) with a minute account of the doings of tlie notorious Ghtildm Uddir ; tlio QwMidrnivnah^ or History of Fort Gwalidr ; and several otlxer works oil law, rhetoric, and grammar.

His last work appears to have been the above mentioned Tttzkirai ui'^Ufnmiij which was written, like the Balwantndmah, at the sugges- tion of Abraham WeUiuid, Judge of Jaunpur, and dedicated Uj the Uaiquis of Wellesley. It contains ndditional matter for a History of Jaunpur, and biographies of learaed men thiofly of such aa lived at Jaunpur. He often praises the oihcers of tho East India Company, because ** they prefer a Learned man of another religion

• Tho copy of tlio itiioriptioti ia tmforianateij so fiinlty oji to ounToy no tense. Tub £i>[tok.

f Called in bUo OatiUoguo of Pcraiau M8S, c^f ttie Society JTaUrat uVVU^m^* THit EmTOE*

1^70.]

Pi^ocfiMn^^ of tht' Anfttiic St/cieiff*.

219

to a fool of their owti." Tlie books tdso contains a liistory of !iU life iind a list of his works, from whivh it appears tliat tbo proper title of the BaJwantnimuih is Tuh/ah i Tdtahf a copy of which, I fintl, is in the Society*s Library.

Khairuddin was bom Becomber, 1751. The Tazh'rutui ^Ulamd^ the latest of thoso of bis worka which ore known to me, was writtem in A, n. 1216, or A, D. 180U

Hie works deserve the attention of ftH who wish critically ta study the times of the decline and fall of the Mughul empire and the early period of tlie E. I. Company,

The beat thanks of the Society are due to Dr, W, Oldham for hia valuable present.

The foUowing gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at tho ladll Meeting were balloted for and olooted Ordinary Members— E. Lethbridgo, Esq,, MA. A B. Miller, Esq. The following gentlemen ore candidates for ballot at tho August Meeting — K. H. Wilson, Esq., C. 8., and A. M, Broadly, Esq., 0. S., pro- oaed by W* W, Ilimter, Esq., IJi.D., C. S,, seconded by the lon'ble J. B. Phoar.

The President on the part of tho Council reported that a donatioa, f Eupees one thousand had been reeoived by the Society througi be Government of Bengal from the Kimdu family of Dacca, in aid &f the annual grant made to tho Society by the Oovornment for tho conservation and cataloguing of Sanscrit MS8. in India,

The President was sure that the Society in under talking at the re- quest of Government to disxjoso of the Es. 1,000 a<M:rording to tho in- tention of tho douurs, would reeogni^o the liigh motives, wliieh had these gentlemen to make so handsome a donation for public pur- poses, lie trusted that this honorable exuniplu would not be lost, and that the liuitdu family might be able to boast uf a long list of imitators.

The President then proposed a voto of thanks to the douora, whiidi ^08 carried ununimuuHly.

220

Proeeodingi vf thi Asiatic Society,

[JiTLT,

TLe Prosidont, in tho eapaDity of Chairmein of the Gpote Fartrait Fund Committee, then stated tliat he hjMi be^n directed hy the Committee to offer the Portrait of ^f r, A. Grotc to tho Asiatic Society for its acceptance, upon couditiuu that the picture be huiig in the meeting-room of the Society. The likeness was immiBtakeable. It ahnost brought back their old friend intcj their inidflt again. No place could be so fitting for the reception of the picture, ae the walla of the room in wMch Mr. Groto had so long and so ably pre- sided over their Councib.

Mr. Woodrow said : — ** I have been asked to respond to tho offer, probably bocaua© I am the oldest member of the Society present. It ia more than twenty years ago that I was admitted a member of this Society, and so far as I can judge, no Calcutta member labour- ed throughout this time more steadily and contiauously than did Mr. Grote»for tbe good of the Society* Whether as member, office- bearer, or President, Mr. Grote's labours were unwearied. As l*re- fiident, his office was no sinecure. I have often wondered at tlio patience and courtesy he shewed. Through his wide correspon- dence with friends in all parts of India, he was ablo to bring before every meeting some interesting infurmation that ho had himself obtained. The Asiatic Society will accept with sincere thanks tho portrait of Mr. Grote, one of its most valued Mends.*'

The proposal to accept the offer was carried with applause ; and the President pointed out a position in which the picture might advantageously be hung.

The President then exhibited a stone implement brought by Mr. W. Theobald from Prome.

Mr. Theobald said —

The Celt eidiibited this evening, is remarkable for ita size, which though not greater or even equal to many Indian CeltB, is greater than that of any Celt which has hitherto been found in Biraiah, with a single exeeptiou I shall presently advert to. Its general type is that of the Birmese Celt, the cutting edge being formed by grinding down one side only (as in a plane), whilst all Indian Colts are, I believe, formed by gi-intliiig or chipping away both eui»- f aces J so as to produce the ordinary form of a cutting edge (as in an

18700

Proceedings of ih» AtiaUe Somet^,

SSI

axe). It differs, however, from most Birmoso oelte wliieli have oomo under ixkj obBervation, in wanting the shonlders generally present, and in being made of a somewhat unusual material, a hard touj^h argillaceous sandstone, almost conglomeratic in structure. The Celt was picked up in the bed of a stream in mj presence some S5 miles ^H N. W. of Prome, and a veiy similar rock to that of which it in fa- ^H bbioned, is met with in the neighbourbood. ^^1 Its extreme length is 7} inches.

^^^L Width at top, 2

^^^^ „ at bottom, 4^ „ (making a little allowattoo i

L for rolled comers). Average thickness a trifle over I inrlu

^H The form of this Celt, that is, the ab^emie of shoultlurs, ntid its ^^ great nhe aud weight, int.dine me to think that it was usod in tha hand and not fixed in any handle, as was almost certainly tlio oaso with the smaller ooee*

Tlie only other Birmese Celt approaching this in t^iz^ whs on o purchased by me in the Promo District some years a|^o. It was of t, well smoothed, much longer and narrower than the present one, and with the cutting edge g^xmnd into a curved oot a straight line* It was figured in the Plate of stone weapons from Birmah, I Vo- oeeding, A. 8. July, 1869, PL lU. fig. l-lo, and is precisely similar in general proportions and type to a celt in tho Christy collection, labellod ** horn Sumati-a."

The following table wiU exhibit tho contrast between the pre- sent Celt and tho ordinary forma met with In Birmah The Celts themselves can bo seen and studied in the Geological Museum | where they are aow displayed in connexion with a tine series from India.

Length,

Top

Bottom.

WhifhL

\				R>.	oz.
\o. 1.	71	2	44	2	lU
2. •	3*	1|	2}	0	41
3.	2f	1	n	0	21
4.	2fr	I	1}	0.	39
5.	U	1	IJ	0	«l
6,	4	■1	1«	0	2*

222 Proceedings of the Asiiitic Societi). [July,

No. 1. Large Celt. Exhibited.

2. Largest Celt of ordinary type (flat).

3. Smaller do. do. (do.).

4. Ordinary do. (high shouldered type).

5. Smallest do. (do.).

6. Chisel (figured A. S. Proceedings, July, 1869. Plate III.

[Fig. 2-2^.)

The following letter was read —

From Mr. K JET. Steel to W, T, Blanford, Esq,^ dated Revenue Survey (Jamp^ Suddia (^Assam), April llth, 1870.

* Knowing the interest you take in such matters, I send you a few notes of an earthquake felt here to-day. If it has been felt with violence in Calcutta and neighbourhood, which I doubt from the direction of the wave, it may be of interest to learn that it extended as far as here, especially as I have the exact time, taken by observation of the time on purpose. Our Longitude is nearly 96°, our Latitude 27° 52'; Calcutta Longitude is 88° 25', Latitude 22° 33'- The difference of time will be about 32 minutes or less; this I have not subtracted from the times in the following record. I regret that I had no barometer the time, as we had a rare wind, easterly, the direction from which the wave came, and which rose suddenly after the shocks, died away soon after, and then was renewed for four hours again.

April, 11th. 10. 49 A. M., three moderate shocks rapidly succeed- ing one another, 2 sec. interval about.

10.51. Got up a 6 in. Theodolite. Lower level E. and W., upper N. and S. Direction of wave from E. to W., plainly evident. Con- tinued wave motion, every 3 or 4 sec, imtil

10.59, when it became slighter and oscillation slower.

11.04. StiU slighter and slower.

11.09. Scarcely perceptible and ceased.

Wind at first moderate and easterly, rose rapidly. Due east.

TVeather fine, a few clouds. Sunny.

Thermo. 75^, at 11 a. m.

12 a. m., wind moderated a little, though it afterwardjs increased a good deal and died away at sunset.

1870.]

Pi-ooufdingi of ths AiMie S^ietf.

22.t

H 1871

^^^^ TLcT6 woa no notioeablo rise or fall in tlio wfttor of the rWcft Brali- ^^Hpapootra, 20 yards from my office. Mon bathing in it^ did not notice ^^^^mo shock, though all on land did.

Animals did not seem io notice it. Office clock placed noarly east I and west, did not stoji,'

In reference to Mr. Steel's letter, the President remarked that tliB MTiter seemed to speak very positively with regard to tho direction of the vibration. It would be well to know in what mode Mr, Steele ascertained this^ for it waa oertaialy mutter moat dilii- cnlt of direct obseiTation. Probably a j>ool of water by the wavo oeciUation of its surface afforded Uie most obvious and distinct in- ition of tho dii-ection of the disturbance ; but ho (the President) Id 8ay, from his own experienco, tliat even when the waves were largo and well marked, it wae not easy to form a rv\j definite con- clusion on the point by the aid of this phenomenon. He would be ifipoBed to imagine that observations of rock masses, however csten- ive, would fail to give any certttin rosiUt. Perhaps a ^^ew from a height upon a genei'aUy level maaa of foi^est foliage would bo more [jcessfuL

Mr. "Westland mentioned that in one instance he had been easily able to detect the direction of the earthquako wave by tlie violent oscillations of a single tree ; but the President pointed out that ])ro- bably it was only one component of the tree's motion which would bo thus obser%-0d, namely that at right angles to tho lino joimng the t(i>ectator and the tree.

The fallowing papers were read-

L — On tht Normal Jlatn/ull of Bengal, — 2?y 11. P. Blamford, Esq., F. a S.

Mi\ Blanford read his paper, which will shortly appear in Kot m., of Part II, of tlie Journals

After a few words on the interesting nature of Mr. Blanford's in^piiries, tho President said it seemed to him that tlie i»aper just read, condeused itself into the statement of a law something as follows, namely, that in monsoon rains with continuity* of thct same cotulitious of earth sui facoi tho rainfall dimininhid gnultiully from wind\« urd to leeward ; for iustiiiii.u in the delta of Bengal, tho rain*

224

Proae^ingi of the Asiatic Sm^tif,

[Jttlt,

fall diminished from a maximum along the lino of sea coast to a minimum at the foot of the Hills ; and again the rainfall diminiah- od from another maximum at the first crest of the Hills to a small- er amount further in upon the cxjrresponding plateau. And it was easy to see why this should be so ; the Tapoui-- bearing air masses continually parted with their freight as they went on, and so loss and less rain was the result, until some new element was introduced into the conditions which had the effect of increasing the degree of satnration. At the HiUs this was brought about by a eimplo mechanical process ; the advancing stream of air and vapour under the influence of its own velocity", and the pressure from behind slid* ed up the escarpment, and was thus with compai'ative suddenness carried to an elevation, which at once gave rise to Y^ry great rori- f action and consequent disappearance of heat. Also the low tem- perature of mountain surfaces maintained by active radiation con- duced to the same end. In this way, the charge of vapour in the air brought up from below became excessive in relation to the heat available for the purposes of maintaining it in a state of suBpenaion and lai'ge quantities were precipitated. He did not know whether the grout rainfall along the coast line ba*i been ascertained to be a true maximuni or not. It would not be easy to make very accurate observations on the amount of rainfall at sea : but he was prepared to learn that this rainfall was reidly a maximum, and if so, he was inclined to attribute it to a cause in some sense the reverse of that which effected the saturation at the mountain top, i. e,, an increase in tho quantity of vapoui* instead of a diminution of the tempera- ture. Having regard to the fact that the delta was literally sown with shallow tanks^ khols, and pieces of water of eveiy sort and sizQy he thought it very possible that tlie surface soil heated by a tropical sun might, under these circumstances, yield a more plen- tiful supply of vapour than the sea itself. In truth this arrangement of land and water bore no slight resemblance to the genex*al form of contrivances for multiplying the heating surface for the generation of steam in boilers*

With rogai'd to the occurrence of a rise in tho barometer at Cherrapoonji iTmnediately before a heavy fall of Uiu monsoon rains, this might be claused by increase in the vapour-flow from

1870.]

FroeHfdin^B of the Asiatic 8<>cifttj,

225

[bolow encliug in a downfnll of rain, but until actual predpit«tioa 19k place, simply eflectiug an augmpnt^tion of tlie matoriul of [Ui© superincuuvbent atmosphere. It might; bo likened to the in- I Crease of depth in a streani of water caused by increase of supply I frtim its source* If this were so, the like pheuomenon ought to be observed on similar sites, such for instance along the Western iGbata.

Mr. W. G. Willson said, — With reference to the observed rise I in the barometer at Cherrapoonjee before rainfall, I would remark that, a« the same phenomenon hna not been noticed at othur Hill 1 fitjitions, it cmn hardly be exphiinod by any increase of presj*urd f which might be caused by the vertical dis2>lAeementa of tho aerial furrents as they are forced upwards, coming in contact with the , alnping sides of the mountains.

Nor does it seem probable, d prim^i^ that the forcing of masses

of air over an elevated region would increase the ahnoRphone pres-

aure, in that region, above its normal condition ; since the equili*

I brium could be maintained by tlie lateral diatributiott of what

othenvis^ might cause an excess of atmosphere.

We will probably have to look for the explanation of the pHono- I meuon of tlie increase of atmospheric pressure before rain (if such [be the case) in the same local configuration which causes tho [ enormous rainfall for which Chorrapoonjoe is celebrated.

As I understand, Cherrapoonjee ia situated at tlie head, or focus, of a system of valleys, wide at their entrances, but naiTowing up and converging as they approach their common focus.

The prevailing winds force atmospheric niai<scs up the sides of I tliese valleys. These masses are hf^ritontall^ compressed as they are forced, from the much wider, to the narrower limits converging I to Cherrapooujeo,

It is possible that this horizontal ooraprossion ahm may be soffl- ciont to saturate tlie region about Cherrapjoujee, and thus be a cause of excessive rainfall, as well as increased atmospheric pres- ; cure before rain.

Dr. Oldliam said, he thought the peculiarity of position of Cherra-

pooiijee, ontl the effect which this had on thu fall of rain there and

i on the atmu»pUeric pressure, had scuruely been fully appreciated*

220

Pf'oft^f^irt^Jt &f the Atiatie SoeUfy.

\JviA

The station of Cheira was not only, as it liad been described, placed not ikr from tli© southern face of a range of iiilk, which rise near^ ly peq)eiidiciilarly from the plain of Sylhot, the face of tho scarj being uoarly at right aug;lo& to ihe prevailing winds, but it wa also encompafiscd on either side by huge glens or valleys whio have been cut down to tho depth of several thousand feet, and which extend from the plains wull into the hilhi, and curving round on either aide, leave but a very limited area between. Now not \y wiia the surchargod atmosphere wliieh had floated over the lains driven by the prevalliug winds against the face of the hilJS|.j but it was also driven up tliese gorges or glens, and the vaiiouaj currenta of saturated air met just over the station of Chen*a. Boi- ling up from either side the thick fog-hke mist moots in a donsej mass above the station, and as he had expressed it some sixteeaj years since, the satiu'ated gponge, as it were, was suddenly squeezed J and the moistm'e which it previously held, deposited. Tliis also* readily accuuals fur the greater atmospheric pressure at these times.

n. — Notes on Bamarqand, Brj Monsk. he Khajhicop. {From ih§ ^ Itussiun.) Communicatal by T. O. .Forsyth, Esq,

(Extract.)

Twenty-SLX years ago on the /j- September, 1841, I saw for fcft©^ first time the celebrated cax>ital of Timurlang from an elevated spot J on the road leading &om liulchslnt to Samarkand, where I arrived] exhausted by the heat and covored with dust.

Vast ruins scattered over the cotmtry immediately surrounding] the city, plainly indicated that its glory had passed away. Never*! theloss in spite of iUs decrepit state, it presented an imposing aspect i when viewed from a distance. I must confess that tho pleasure I with which I contemplated tho landjscape, was considerably enhan-'] ced by the recollection, that since the 8th September, 1404, tho day] on wliich Gonzales Clavijo, Ambassador of Henry III, of Castilci,^ entered Samarkand, no Eoi-opean had penetrated that celebratedj town.

About three o'clock, I wo^ informed that Iluiihim Padkhwa the governor of Samarij^and, had sent his horses and fairashes, and I wished to see me.

IB70.]

Pi'OC^f dings of the Asiatic Society,

22T

1^ P^'

His Sepoy guard was ranged in two lines under the doep dark gatowity of bis castle, dressed in loos© gowna and painted olotk httts bordered with sheepskin. Their eqiiipmcmta wore as varied AS they were fantastical ; one could imaginu they had b^eu armed for tho occaeinu with weapons borrowed ii*om some Mtis<^uni ot the Middle Agea. Thoro were gunfi, spears, clubs, axoSp and area bows, and quivers full of arrows. After cros8ing one or two courts, we entered a vaulted passage, also lilled with a<ildi«.a's. It termi- Mated in a large court with a fountain: in tho centre^ and a Bpacioua

mdny or roof, supported with wooden pillars.

rbr^him Dddkhwiih wan not there, bnt I liad scarcely seated my- telf on a small carpet spread for mo, when ho appeared and sat iown on a cushion in the middle of the Aiwfln. Seeing that my place was so far removed from the govemor*s, I rose and heedlesa of Chaui"! dgfei's frantic signals, seated myself within half a yard him*

This conduct, which tlie Bukhiria evidently considered very bold, aiade a dilTerent impression on tho ola TJzbak with whom my buamess was ; for he addreaaed me very cordially in tho Tartar language*

The day following, which, in accordanco with somo foolish point of Bokh^an etiquette, I was obliged to spend at homo» tlmt I might rest from the fatigues of the journey, a numerous purty came to visit me. They were natives of Marw, and thoreioro deeoondant^ of the inhabitants of that town who, in the reigns of Sh&li Mui^iid and his son Amir Haidar, had been carried away by force and settled in Samnrqand. Thoy brought me qimntities of peaches, and received in exchange several yards of cloth and a few tunpis^ the small silver coin of the country worth about tea pence, 1 gathered from their conversation that they wore bitter, though secret, enemiea of the Buldiariaa govorn- iiient* The invasion of N&dir Shdh and the conquost of Bukhiiri by the Persians had made a deep improstuon on their memories, and they still cherished a lirm hope of one day seeing a repetition of those events, the more so as they can foresee no better termina- tion of thoir aufft-rings. This leads me to think that altlvough the preeent geuerutioa was boru on Uie soil of Bukhara, and is obliged

228

F^ the Astatic Sifmtif.

[JlTLT,

Id profess the Siumi religion, yet the greater portion remained 8h^ 'ahs at heart, and this of course waa an additiunal cause of hatred towards their oppressors.

1 was informed by ray visitors aa well as l>y my heat, who seemed to be thoroughly acquainted with the Btatistics of the district, that Samarqand comprises, under the present governor, five tumaua I or cantons, yielding on au average 70»000 batwans of corn of various sorts, that is to say, about 9,108,320 kilogr, of grain, ol' which 30 per cent., or about 2,750,000 kilogr,, are levied bj the government as khiWt/\ or laud tax. On every field of com of one *|anub,' equal to 3,0*J8 hoctarus, the govermuent Wies a tax of 18. 1 tim<fM or &anc8, and 6 taugas for each (anab sown with grass. Thia j revenue ought to suffice the guvemor for his own subsistence ; fur the pay of his servants and otfioers, and for tho wages and support of 1250 rmukar^, or sepoys, that form the garrison of the provinee iJli] time of peace. The rest is sent to the Amir as * peshkash' oif] present for the New Year's day on the 21st of March. For uistanee, I in 1841, he sent the sumfif IrSO^OOO tangas by hla son to liukhtlrd. This does n<:it include the revenue which is sent direct to Bukhfiri ta | the Zaltdtchi Bashf, an otiicial totaUy independent of the govornor. The tax levied on the flocks of slieep^ comes under a dilTerent i administration and is brought to the Amir every spring, by offi-i cers specially employed for tlie purpose. 1 could not gain exact 1 information as to the value of these two last duties ; but the custuma of Samarqund can yield but an inconsiderable sum *, for the dutiea I are only levied on caravans froui Ktjkdn and Bukharfi.*

On the 4th, 5th, and 7tli of September, I visited all the objects of interest in Bamarc^and, of wliich there are but few ; but before 1 describing them, I must say a few words about th« town in general,.] The topographer, Yakovk'f, who accompanied Jkles&rs. Leiiman and] Bogcislofski, has drawn up a plan of Samarqand, whitth I have on-* 1 closed in mj desci-iption of the Kh&n&t of Bukliird, iniblished m 1843.

The wall of the town was in very good condition, when 1 viaitedil it* The whole forma an ahnost perfect square, or rather trapiaium ; lor the northern side is longer than the others. The most irregii* hu: wall is tluit on the west, where the fort projeetis. This wall i

Fwoemt%n^9 cfihe Aiiaiic Soei^i^*

229

eoiTosponds exactly with that of Bukhara id height and in tMck- 04)88, as well as in its battlements and turrets* It is 13 kilomotros, 319 metres, in circumference, and encloses a space of *253 3 J |anli>)«.

Samarqand is therofore larger than BukJidrA by SOU (an^bs. Thi& is oocasioned by the number of gardens ; for, in jKiint uf popula- tionj it is decidedly inferior to the latter town, Tliu inhabitants are reckoned at &om 30,000 to 35,000 souls. The outer wall has tax gates. On the western side, it has but one gate, the Darwfizah i Bukhari ; there is also one on the eastern side caUed QalandarKhdui. The ttuuth and north sides ^ have each two gates ; tho8e in the for- mer are called Paikobak [Kaiqubdd ?] and D, Chah i Ziuduh ; the others D. Sozan-girdni and D. Khw^jah Ahr^r. The last takes its name from the yenerable saint of 8amarqand, who is buried dase to this gate. The ruins whicli surround the town lead on© to suppose that it was formally of much greater importance than it is at present, or when it was rebuilt alter one of its numerous catastropliies, it miL^t have been enloi'ged towards the south-east* The ground to the ( vest^ more espetially that northwards of the wall, which bea tlie name of Qal*fih AMiiidb is more thickly covered with ruins than the rest. This, however, cannot have taken place very recent- ly. Since the time of Timur, his ancient eapllul has nut altered in form. One thing is certain that in tlie hoiglit of its prosperityi ihe environs of Samarqand were in a much better state of cidtiva Hon than tlioy ai'o now, nnd vestiges of gardens still remain whorei*!! by Timtir*s order, his wives entertained Olavijo so mu^nihcontly. The town is supplied with water by tliree rivulets deseeutling from the uortbcrn declivity of Mount A^alyk. The hrst enters Samar- qand a little to the eastwards of the Khwdjali Aliriir gate j having ^irtLHl the eastern and northern sides of the Fort, it leaves the

L>wn and waters the fielils to the north of the Btikharian road, secHind water-course entering the town near the gate ol Sozan-gh'rini quits it on the eastern aide and unites with tho tliird which ekirts the same sides, both tog^tber flowing into the XTi i Ma*^hhad, as llio people call it. This stream washes the ba**e of tiie northern wall of the town* Stuh an abundance iif water admits of every house bcnrtg Well auppb'cd, and contributes greatly

t<:> t he salubrity of the town.

230

Profeedhign of the Aiiatie Sucifty.

[JiTLY,

M, Struve^ in our Geugrttplaeal Il4!*port oa Central Asia, fixes tlie laHtude uf Samtirqand at aU'" 3B' 45", and ite longitude W 38' 12", R of Paris,

III. — Azotes on a 7V ip across thn Patkoi Jiantfg* frotn Assam to th^ Ilooloom/ Valky, — Bif H. L, Jenkins, EdQ.

Lo^t year I was unable to y'et beyoud the Nongyang Lake, par ly fi-om waat of pruviMious, aiid partly owiog to my haviny* started latt* iu th© season, the Singfoos were too busy reaping thoir crops to accompany mo, 1 attempted to start much csarlter tliis eeasou with my irieud, Air, A. J. Foal ; but some of tho Singfoos who had agreed to show tliB roatl were unfortunately detuiui'd by a luwauli. Waiting for thetu^ we loftt several Jays, and LLltimiit*-!}' did not loave ihis la«t viUage on the NiutU'oop till tho fith Deeembor. FiiUowing the path dieacribed last year up the Namroop river, and then up tlie Nambong aud Nunkee streams, wo reached the summit oi tho I'atkoi about 2 o'clock on the 8th December, To our great disap- pointment on examining Ihe barometer we found it broken and useless* Water boiled at a temperature of 208, giving aa altituda of about 2, 1 40 feet. The air was very clear, and it was plain tO' eee that the Patkoi, which is here only a single ridge, oould bee crossed five or six hmnlz'od feet lower by making a slight bend to* tlie westward of the present path. That night we descended somaj three or four hundred feet and camped near a small spring of water- Continuing the descent very gradually the noxt day in an e^ister- ly direction we crossed tho str'eaiu from the Nongyang Lako about^ noon, nnd then ascended the Digf>om hill and stopped at the first water we eonld lind on its eaAtei^H &lope. We eatinuUed the dis- tance travelled that day at lifteeu miles, The path lay tiirough. thit-k forest ; we lost it several times during the day, and were ob- L'ged to halt whilst the Singfoos dispersed tlieinsolTea in all direc- tions to tind it.

Early on the following day we came on a small stream, alsc^ called Digoom, and went down its bed^ fur some hours occasionally

• For a Mnp ruf^ Mr, Jeukina* Brdt pripiT published ia Prooaoduiga Asiatic Sociuij, Ika^ol^ foi IbGt), pp. ti7 to 7i. Tuu £i>fioii.

1670.]

Proct$dm^n of the Aaiaiie SQci^^^tf,

SSI

fildrtiiig the water through deose wot jimgle. Aboat noon we etruuk oH I'rom the right bank over a low hill to the Loglai, a fthallow }rut vorj rapid stream about eighty jm*d? broad. It seotn- ed mhiisablt^ to carap carlj, in onler to eunhtnat hotter eheltor thaa . usital, as rahi threatonod ; ao we hrdted for the night on the eaniil on the? hank of the Loghii about half a mile below a largo poong* or Ridt 00350. Di*itanco tliis diij about ten miles.

During the whole nt the next day our f>ourse lay down tho bed of tlie Loglai, and we made very slow progress at first uver the enormous bouldori? anti rocks of aanrlstono ; but the rivi.»r bwame hu'ger as we advanced, receiving tuarh additional water fi,*om aanierous biuaII aireams fltiwiug into it on eitJier aide. Towards ev<>ning largo rooks and boulders were less frequently met with, and we gut on faster over tlio sand and shingle ; w« stopped at thq mouth of a Uttle stream eallod Kysoo, having travailed eleven or twelve miles. Here the Loglai is navigable for canoes, and tho extreme width of its bed ©xtioeds a hundrud yards*

On tho 12th leaving tho Loghii wo ascended the Kysoo for two hours, tJien crossing a low hiUeame on the Nandip, a stream similar to the Kysoo, and travelled down its bed till evening, camping on its hank. Distance about sixteen miles. The path durijjg the whole day was goc»d. The beds of botli Mtreams are composed of shingle and gravel with few large rocks. The forest, a«* on the Aswiaiu aide, is eompoeod of very large trees, and ttie undergrowth of jungle la impenetrably thick.

On the morning of the l»?th, we found there was barely rice enough in the caxnp to give each man ono meal, so it \\t\^ necessaiy

\ Ibroe the paco, in order to get into a village as soon as |Missible«

Following the Namiip for about an hour we reachiid itficonilu- ence with the Yoc»ng!*oom, a stream of the same biw. For four hours tlie path led up tho Yoongsoom, occasionally skii'ting thd wiit^r through very heavy and (-'Xtremuly wot junglu until that Bh*eam became so small as, to be nutraccuble, when ci*o86 lUg a pieoe of high lying forest land we came on the Yoongmoi, a somewhat larger stream than either of tho two former. About two hours' P^walk down the bed of tho Yoongmoi brought us to the Namyoong^ i livor not muuh inferior in size to the Logloi, hut deeper and less

232

Procc(fdinffs of the Awiatk S&ei4if^.

[Jtn.Y,

rapid. We hnld on our way up this river until it beetimo dusk when we were glad to learn that the Nttnijoong village was close at kand. Our guides told us tliat it would bo highly improper for a party of strangers to enter a Tillage after night-full, so w© camp- ed on the Band on the bank of tlie Namyoong and sent off two men to tliG TiUago for food. In about an hour the men rottirnod bring- ing with them a good supply of riee and some ti8h, ajid thoy also brouglit ua back our money. On hearing of our neeesBity, the people of the village had gone round from house to house eoUect- ing rice, and with the contributiona they sent a mcas^wgo t/> say that they were not jackalB but hunwin beings, and coidd take no pay- ment from hungry travellGrs, The Gham, or Chief, sent us an invi- tation to enter his village in the moruing. Distance this day about twenty-four miles.

On the Hth, we went up the river to the Namyoong village, about a mile abovo our encampment. This was the ninth day since wo left the last Assam village, and druing this time we had »een no cniltivation, not even a bit of clearanoef and the sight of the large open rice-fields gave us no ^mi\X\ plea**ure. staking our en- campment on the Bide of the river opposite to the village, we were soon surrounded by the inhabitants, about two hnntlre<l in aU. They brought presents of fowls, rice, b^^'s^ fish. It is the Singfoo custom to present a gueet with ft^ud as soon as he enters the house, and the Ohum's wifi^ brought ua a small quantity of cooked rice neatly tied up in plantain leaves and somo ** Sahoo,'* a sort of whiskey distilled from rice. This spirit was very a^jceptablo, as our own stock was nearly exhausted. It is very strong, and not unpalatable when one becomes used to it,

Tha Gham, whoso name is Ningi-oo Monoh, was very civil, and told us to apply t»* him for everything we wanted. After chatting eomo time, he told us that a messenger had arrived with a letter for us from the Giiofs of the large Singft>o village on the Denai» and he w(u^ good enough to say that the letter should bo delivered the next day. We asked for the letter^ and to see the messenger at once, but were gravely repiTived for wishing to transact business oa the very first day of our arrival ; and as our own Singfoos agreed tiiat our retjucKt was most uncoromunious, we were obliged to ap* pear eontented*

l«70,]

Proee&HngB of the Aiiatic SacieUj,

233

Early the next morning we made enquiiy for the letter, but were again told that our haste was ill-maunerod. ** The Gham/' ilipy said, ** eats first, and after that he is at liberty to pay atten- to matters of le&a importance." About noon we obtained pos-

eion of the letter, wliich was written in Shan, the Singfoos having no written character of their own, A KamiJtee boy, wha uame with us hsim A«sam, read out the contents, of wliich tho fol- lowing is a ti'ansliition v —

** 8ibbom Gham and Seroj Gham having consulted ail the otlier ©hams send this. Jenkins Sahib is not permitted to visit our vil- lages. No European has ever oomo this way. If the Sahib wishes to Bee our eountry, he should come through Burmali. The Ghama will not allow him to come by the Patkoi. lie must return. *'^ — By Lregarukii messenger.

Kingroo Menoh then handed us another slip of paper conveying y him tlie following instructions : — 'To NtNGEOo MuNoir.

** Detain the Sahib at your villag© till you hear from us. If you are unable to detain him or turn kim back, send ua a message, and let your messenger travel day and night.'* From Sibbom and Seroj Ghams.

)n questioning Legandoi, the bearer of these letters, he at first iA fhe whole blame on the Burmese Woon or GKjvernor of Magong, who, it appears, though he does not attempt to govern the 8ingfr)08, is supposed to exercise political control over them to a certain extent. It would seem, however, that the influence this officer possesses in Hookoong at prosent is little more than nomi- nal f for the messenger explained that when the Ghams are agreed amongst themselves as to any particular Line of conduct, they ig- nore the existence of the Woon. Burmese authority, ho told us, was maintmned by the excitement of dissenstona amongst the diiieront clans — no sijigle Chief who has any cause of disagreement with his neighbours dai'es incui* the displeasure of the Woon, lest • the Chiefs with whom he is at variance should be invited to bum and plunder his village.

Whatever the cause may be, it is certain that the Burme^ are keartUy detested by the Hingfooai

234

Proceed I fifft 0/ ihe Asiatie Society*

[Ju

As our Assam Siu^ooa refused to go on with us until the pwhi- bition was removed, we determined to send a remonstrance and to wait in the neighhourhood of Kamyoong for a reply.

AVe wrote to the Gliama of the Donai villages, that we oonsidered it hard to bo detained, reminding them that their people had full liberty to go into Assam whenever they please, and that their tra- ders travelled all over Upper Assam unmolested, and we begged them to give us permission to go forward and see them.

On the morning of tlie 16th we sent olf three of our own people with NingrooBoo, the ^^ounger brother of Ningroo Meaoh, with our letter and with presents for Sibbom Seroj and four other Ghaui^ of note.

We received no reply tUl Uie 25tli when Ningroo Doo return He told M^ that the Ghams after muLrh tliacuiision had not come to any agi^eement up to the time of his leaving them as to whether wo should be aUowod to go forward or not, and that, as the small-pox had broken out in some of their villages, the people wei'e avei*se to any traveUors being allowed to move about, wishing to prevent tho disease from spreailiug ; he had returned to lot us know that there was little probability of our being allowed to go on immediately. It was bar illy to bo expected, perhaps, that isolated tribes like tho Singfoos unaccustomed to European visitors would give up their sec'Iudiveness at the hrst call witliout some hesitation ; but we had lost 80 much time at the commeneemunt of the journey that neither of us could afford to wait longer, especially as the chance of being allowed to proceed on a very early day seemed to bo small*

So on the SOth wo commenced our return journey through the Mosang Noga country, as we wished to examine the paas by which Grifhth, and Baylicld crossed the Patkoi in 1837*

This! route has already been fully doHtTibod by Oriflithp so it doet not seem necessary to say much regarding it. There are four steep ridges crossed by tliis path rising :^,000 to 4,Ono foot, boaides tho main range itsolf, on which wo boiled water at a temperature of 202, the temperature of ^^ air at the time being G3, giving an al- titude of about 5,500 feet above the sea leveL It is much to be regretted that GrilHlh chance*! to take tliis route ; for it is doubt- less owing to his descnption that a gonei-al impression has ari^eil

1870.]

PtHtc^tfinffi of the Amdie Buvtet^.

235

tkftt tlie Patkoi Range is a foraiidable barrier erected by natiiro to prevent commtinicatioii between India and the countriea lying to tht) east.

Whilst at Namyfiong viUago, which he found ii-om obserration to be abuut 26*;i0 Int , we had eereral opportunities of conTeraiug with the people of the ^lewroo tribe who inhabit the mountain rangi> to the east between Ilookixing and the IiTuwaddy.

Fn»in the descTiptioii given by tlie Meeroos there would appear to be eeroral pajises of no great elevation through this range* The Meui*ooa wear Cliineso ornaments, and bring articles of Ohineao manufat'ture t^ Hookoong for sale. Besidesj these ornaments and their pipes we nota'cod earthenware ctips, copper cooking Yes^ela, WTonght-iron ploughslmros, and cast-ii^on p^ins, all undnubtedly of Chinese make, Ntuther the Singfous nor the Meerot»8 niakp any UBe of copper as a circulating medium. In the larger trtinsa<^;tionjs they use lumps of silver obtained from Yxinan and houi tlie tShana of alK)ut hfilf a pound wt*ight, and theso lumps are ualieaitatingly eboppod into small i>iecee and weighed out when it is recptiaito to inea»ure tlie price of articles of email value. They have some rupees in cireiUation, but these coins are lo(»ked on with 8ns|uoion on ac^jount of the impurity of the silver. Tho dearness of salt was most remark able* A ooars(> black salt was selling at about the rate of a shilling a x^^^^^- ^^^ ^*^*' vnih several peoplu who had traded in tho PanBce country, and one of the routes they describt>d strikes the IiTawaddy at Mainluh, a large Shan villagt», situated on the left bunk of the PhooDgmai at its confluence with the Irrawaddy.

In a little map attached to Dr. Clement WiUiams^s book on Upper Burmah* Maiulah is placed at the month of a largo river in lat. 26, or about VM\ miloa above Bliamo.

Dr. Williama does not give the namo of tliis riTer ; bnt it ia w«ll kno\^Ti to tlie BingfiHjfl and Meerooa as the Phoongtnai Kha*

We were iuformeil tliat a man carr>*iitg a load cotdd reach the nearest Pansee villogos from Muirdah in two days' march.

The SingfooB divide the Chint?8u into two classes^those wlio eat pork, and tUoso who do not eat iiork. The jwrk-unters, tboy said, u&ed furmerly to oome down the I'huougmai in groat nuiubiira and

236

Pmrrfidingn of ifu* Asiatie Rwift^^

[July,

cross to Iloiikorifig IW jailo ftiid aiulior, but of Uito years j owiiig to wtir betweeu the two daBseft, tlio trade has been r<?8tnctefl to the almtiiiners from pork. It is to be remembered that the route across the Patkoi 1»y \he N(»Tigyaag Lnke is no new sehome now brought to notice for the first time. Thirty-five years ago, atteu- tiou was directed to this same route by Captain Charlton, then commandiug the troops oa this frontier, who is known to fame aa the first man t<i discover the t«a plant in British India. Captain Charlton writes— his letter will be found in the Journal of the Asia- tic Sockhj for January 1836 — ** What a pity there is no means of communication between Suddya and Yunnan. A good land road, and there are no natural obstacles of any conseqtience to prevent it, would afford an outlet for British merchandise into the very heart of China." As the Singfoos of Hookoong trade wiUi Yunan and with Assam, it cannot be disputed that Captain Charlton was right in asserting that no physifid obstacle exists to prevent a thoroxigh- faro from being eslablishod the whole way.

It has been urged w4th some plausibUity that the Singfoos are so poor and so simple in their habits, that they do not want better communication with other countries, because thoy could reap no benefit from fruor intert'ourso. It is true that their \yauta are few ; but some of these wants are very ill*8uppUod, as in the case of salt for iufttauce, wliich is very b»id in quality otid vory dear through- out Hookoong; besides, the bulk of the populatiju engage in some kind of barter when not occupied in cultivating, and a people of this kind would not bo likaly to opposie the opening of a road, because they are capable of seeing that the measure woidd prove to their advantage.

But whilst the people themselves may bo trusted not to oppoa© their own interests, it must be admitted that some difficulty lios in the fact that nearly all their Ghamft are lai-ge slave-holders, and suffer heavily and constantly from the escape of tJielr slaves across the border into British temtory. All the Chiefs feel a great deal of irritation against us on account of the extreme abolitionist policy that has been adopted of late years. Stdlj considering the magni- tude of the question, it will hardly be saul that the cost of indem- nifying a score or so of petty Chiefs for the loss of their slaves

1870.]

Pror^fdinffs nflhe A^iaik Soeietjf,

237

woiilil be a heavy impost, and it would eoem to be no more than fair to ^ive the Ghttma the means of inirahaeing that amount of labour from their servants, wliieh they have been accustomed to obtain by force, if we interfere to prc+vent the ejcaetion.

As there is now a British oflir er resident at Bhamo, it might bo possible to send a party np the Irrawaddy to explore and rnuko a rough Burvoy of the river as far aa Mainlah. In all probability, a party starting from Assam would be able to reach Miiiuluh ; for tiuce we have returned, a letter kaa been received fi^m the Denai Ghama, inviting ua to meet them next year at Serojmo,

JSerojmo is said tu be only six days from Mainlah*

The leth January, 1870,

IV*— -4 Contrihution io Malayan OrnUhologtj. — B*j De, F. Stolxozka.

(Abstract*) |

The paper contains notes on about oner hundred species of binls which have been collected t-liietly in the Wellesley Province, the oountry East of Pemmg Island. Althougli the geographical situation of this Province is intermediate between that of Malawa and Tenas- eerim, the fauna bears a greater relation in identity of species to the former than to the latter. A number of the species recorded are also found at Mida^ca, Sumatra, and Java, and do not appear to extend fmiJier North ; others are also met with in the Tenasserim and Burmese Provinces ; and a few are common to India generally. In several cases intermediate forms between ' 4hoeo occurring in Burma, or North Eastern India and those found on Sumatra, Java and the other islands have been noticed.

Dr. StoliL'zka di-ew the attention of the meeting to the marked diflerence which ejJsts between the £auna of North Eastern India and Burma, and that of South -Western and Southern India, The former extends from the central Himalayas about Darjeeling tlu'ough Assam, Caehar, Burma into the true Malayan Provinces, and is diaracteriztid by a very large number of peculiar Malayan types j the latter has a strong admixture of African forms. Tlie first a|>pear8 to have travelled from South East towards North West and the other from South West towards North East, and both appeared to have been 8ti>pped in tbeii* further pro-

238 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [July,

gress partially by the intervening Bengal Provinces whicli at the time of the migration were probably open sea, partially by the Hima- layan range in the North, though this could not have had formerly the gigantic dimension and altitude which it now possessed. In the South of India and on the Malabar coast Malayan species again occur.

Mr. W. T. Blanford endorsed the views expressed by Dr. Stoliczka, and mentioned some of the peculiar African types which are to be found in the fauna of Central India. He said a list of birds collected in a district West or South- West of N^gpiir contains almost as many African types as it does of Indian.

The reading of the following paper was postponed —

On tlie Capture and Death of Bard Shihoh. — By H. Blochmann, Esq., M. a.

The receij)t of the following communications was announced—

1. Gond Words a)id Phrases, — i?^ Eeveeexd J. Dawson,

Ghindwdrah,

2. Second List of Birds from the North-Eastern Frontier, — By

Majok H. H. Godwin-Austen.

The mooting then broke up.

LlBllAHY.

The following additions have been made to the Library since the last Meeting.

Presentations, %• Names of Douora in Capitals.

rroceodings of tho Eoyal Society, Vol. XVIU, No. 118.— The Royal Socikty of London.

Report of the Committee of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, 1869-70. — The Bengal Cuamuer of Commerce.

Catalogus Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi, digessit F. A. Guil. Miquel. Pars Prima, Flora Japonica. — The UNivERsrrY of Leyden-

Annalos Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi, edidit F. A. Guil. Mi- quel. Tom. IV, Fasc. 6-10. — The University of Leyden.

Tho Journal of the Chemical Society, for February, March, April, 1870. — TuE Chemical Society of London.

J870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 239

Monatebericht der Koniglich-Preussisclien Akademie der Wis- Benschaften zu Berlin. January to April, 1870. — The Berlin Academy of Sciences.

. Abhandlungen der Konigliclien Akademie der Wissenschaften sa Berlin, 1867-68. The Koniql. Akademie deb Wissenschaf- ten, Beelin.

Actes de L'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et 4xte de Bordeaux, 3" Serie, 30* annee. — The Bordeaux Academy.

BoUettino della Societa Geographica Italiana, Fascicolo 4°.— The Italian Gbograpuical Society.

Schriften der Konigliclien Pliysikalish-CEkonomisclien GesoU- schoft zu Konigsborg, 8tli and 9tli vols. — Tue Konigsberg Ac^u:)emy.

Notes of a Visit to Gujrat in December, 1869, by J. Bm-gess, M. R. A. S., F. R. G. S.,— The Author.

From Calcutta to London by the Suez Canal, by the Rev. C. H, Dall. — The Author. . Balwantndmah (Urdu MS.).— W. Oldham Esq., LL. D., C. S.

Report on Sanscrit MSS., submitted to the Goverment, by R^jen- dralfila Mitra. — The Author.

Prabad Mala, or Bengali Proverbs in English. — ^Rev. J. Long.

Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, May 1870. — Thb Editor.

Nuskhah « dil-Jcushd, Vol. I., by Janmejaya Mitra. — Babu Ba'jendeala'la Mitra.

Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. HE. Part IT.— The Superintendent Geological Survey.

Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Home Department, No. LXXIV. — The Govt, of Bengal.

Selections from the Records of the Govt, of Oudh. — The same.

Selections from the Records of Govt. N. "VV. Provinces, Vol, III., No. 2.— The same.

Selections from the Records of the Govt, of the Panjab, No. VI. — ^The sameI

Selections from the Records of the Govt, of Madras, No. XL — The same.

Sections from the Records of the Bombay Govt., No. CXV. — The same.

24a

Prtcetdin^B of the AHta(u Socwfy,

[Jlxy,

Itt*port of tho Moteorologieal Reporter to the Government of Bengal, Meteorological Abstract for 1869, — The saBiIE*

Sanitary Report for Oudh, 1808-69. — The bame,

Eoportufthe Sanitary Administi'ation of the Panjab, 1868. — The same.

BeiKjrt of the PoH<jo of tho Lower Provinces of the Bengal Pre* irtdency, for 1868, VtiLs. I. and II. — The same.

Annual Eeport of tho Madi-as Modicul College, 1868-69. — Thb

Report on Madras Civil Dispensaries, I8G7. — TifE same. Report on Populoi* Education in the Panjab, for 1868-69. — TffE

Report on tho Administration of Civil Justice in the Province of Oudh, 1868.— The S.U1E.

Annual Report of Criminal and Civil Justice, Rangoon, 1868. — The same,

Repoil on tho Admluiiitration of Civil Justice, Panjab, 1868. — The same.

Nature, No8. 27—31. Athens&um for April, 1870.

Tho Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Nos. 28 — 30. — Tho London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosopldcal Magazine, Nos, 2G1-2G2.— The Ibis, Vol. YI. No. 22.— Rovuo et Magasiu do Zoo- logie, No. 3,— Revue des Duux Mondes, Avril, Mai.^The West- niiuster Review, April. — The EiUnlmrgh Review, April. — Tho Quarterly Review, April. — The North Bntisli Review, April, — Coraptes Reudiis, Nos. 13 — 16. — Exotit? Biitti'rilios, parts 73-74. — — ^Lt-^'ons 8UJ* la Physiologie, par H* Milne Edwards, Tom 9, part n. — Schmarda's Neue Turbellarien, Rotatorien and AnneH- den. — Tho Classification of the Sciences, by H. Spencer! — Duncker, die Goschichto dor Arier. — Jenyns* Observations in Natural History. — Johnstou-s Cheoiistry of Common Life, 2 Vols. — The Year Book of Facts, 1861, 1802, IBG-I, 1867.— lot eUectual Observer^ Tols. L— IX. and Nos. 13, li>, 18— .51, 55—62, 64— 7a.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOR August, 1870.

A meeting of the Society was held on "Wednesday, the 3rd instant, at 9 p. m.

The Hon'ble J. B. Phear, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting were balloted for and elected Ordinary Members — E. H. Wilson, Esq., C. 8. A. M. Broadley, Esq., 0. S.

The following gentleman is a candidate for ballot at the Septem- ber meeting —

E. F. St. A. St, John, Esq., Superintendent of North Arracan, Akyab, proposed by the Hon'ble J. B. Phear, seconded by H. Blochmann, Esq.

The following gentleman has intimated his desire to withdi-aw from the Society —

W. L. Willson, Esq.

A letter from A. C. Lyall, Esq., Commissioner of West Borar, forwarding copies of inscriptions foimd in the district, was laid on the table {vid/! Proceedings for July).

The following letter from Major F. W. Stubbs, enclosing a Sanscrit inscription and several drawings, was read —

Attack, 20th May, 1870.

" I send you drawings of an inscription and somie curious rude carvings, both on rock, which I copied from the originals near this the other day. The Post Master here, Im^ 'All, told me,

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there was an iuscription on a well of ^rhich lie had long heard, Imt hail never Been ; eo we made an ex]>edition together on tho 1 0th instant, and vieitt^d the place. This you will see by the! eketc'h map I send, is not far off. We drove out a little beyond the old fort near Mala Mfm^ur, whore the Tah^il used to be kept in the days of the Mughids, and the revenue realized from the I district (a much more fertile one than in the Sikh rule, or since) deposited. Its name Jamgdli is not found on any uf the UoverLiiaent ' maps. Prom thencoi we rodo along a ahort cut towards K4mil« pur, loading for n distance up the bed of the Kaneyr river. About a couple of hundi-ed yards otf the road to the right, oup j guido stopped, and pointed to a small quoi'tzite boulder imbedded I in the ground close to a small depression, which he said had once been a well. The inscription is on a flat worn sui^ftice of the stone. IJnfortimtitely a largo part has been broken off irom the comer, and more titan half the first line, and part of the neixt| tliree, ai'e thus lost. I could not tratie any mai'k of violence on the! gtonc ; but the fracture must have been caui*od by violence. Alongi with a facsimile, I send a copy which I took in pencil, in order that you may compare both. The original rubbing I send in a eecond packet with some others. The letters appear to be of the ninth centiiry. I hope the lost part will not prevent the generall meaning irom being read*

From thence the guide took us to another place, where he told' us there was a rock carved all over with letters which no one coidd read. Going down tho dry bed of the Kaneyr and a littlo way up J that of a smfdl conlluentj wo found a largo block of reddi^^h brown day slate on a tlat, somewhat worn cleavage surface of whidi, about ^ 6 feet broad by 4i deep, were a number of curious looking chara tors, tliat at first puzzled me much. Without any order of posin tion or regularity of shape, slightly indented with the blunt point of an instrument, rather than engravod on the rock and ye time-worn, it was difficult to make out what it was that had beeiJ scratched upon the slate. With tlie aid of a slanting light, how-J ever, I was able to recognize a stag, and soon tho linos resolve themselves into a curious collection of animals with here and thnr something intended to rex*^*gaeut a man. I send drawings of tli«l"

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three plaineet, as also tlie nibbings I took In two of the latter which 1 have put down separately, I hare marked in colour the animal intended to be represented, a cow aud perhaps a doo-aatelope. Having done this, yoti know all I do of these curious relics. There were no letters on the rock. I tliought at first there were oer- lain Aryan characters, but closer examination sluiwed nothing resembling a letter. There are no local traditions respecting either this or the well inscription j but the plac^ may yield some- thing olse to further search. If so, I wiU try and get all I can.

The colouring of the drawings is as rude as the carving of the

isginal. It does not represent the colour of the rock which is a dark blue brown, tinged with red/'

Babu E^jendrfdaln Mitra said —

'*The lettors of Major Stubbs' inscription are unmistakeably ^rit, so is its language. In the first line, the words Sri Ftsh' iu are clearly legible.* The second I read pada pari pa^aha^ '* im- pression of the feet,** and the third, pttkti prd hhuta kauMuhha "jewels (named kauMtuhhd) arranged in a line," and infer therefrom that the monument was inscribed by some pious Hindu to rc<?nrd the dedication of a block containing an imjiression of Vishnu's feet ; but a portion of the right hand side of the stone being broken and missing, I caniiot be positive,'*

The following letter from H. James Eaixey, Esq., Zemindar of Khulna, Jessore^ addremt^d to Hk!«^ry F. BLA^npoRD, Esq., was . read : —

Khulna, the 25th Jun^, 187a " I have the honor to bring to your notice the ocourrenoe in Districts of Backergunge and Jessore, and even as far north iPiuTuudpore, I believe, periodirullv during the prevalence of tha

• /Viiavi rij-t of Major Stuhb/ insa'uptuyn lr^ l*cva Kd*ffxri»

^fVwj a • • •

•■3

fT^erf^f^

"wfe^^ I

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6, W. monsoon and raiuj SQoaon, of certain p^^uliar noises from the noutli and south-etist direotions, or soaboard, resembling the rejwrt of cannons or loud explo.stona, usually lieard distinctly after a htttfy fall 0/ rain^ m' c^smtium 0/ a tnjuall, ffentfralli/ whilst tk$ lUh in riBtft^j and to fiolieit your being good enough to investigate tHs physical phenomenon, witli the viow of disi.covering the cause thereof, its tliere most deddedly exists a profound iguurunee on the siiliject bj the public at large, and more partieularly as it may prove of some interest to scientifio research."

** In tho E)i{ilUhman Newspaper, a corrc'Spondcmt under tlie wgnature of MarmU, has lately noticed these singular nuisesg as you may liave casually observed, with the avowed intention of obtain- ing an authoritative explanation of it ; Imt judging from the futfle eflbcta of numerous previous similar attempts, I tlo not think, he is liktdy to meet with better suooess, which is ray only apology for trcrubling you on the subject, though it may be hardly needed, as I venture to think, you will be sulfiii^ntly interested in the en- quii^i to enter into it een amore/* ♦ « •

In inviting discussion, the President remarked that the subject was not quite new to the Society. It was brought forward several years ago, and a paper upon it was to be found in a volume of tlie Journal to which liis memory did not at the moment enable him to refer. The better opinion at that time appeared to be, that tbd sounds were attributable to breakers on the sea coast. Phenome- na of a similar kind, undoubtedly due to tliis cause, were met with elsewhere. In Devonshire and Cornwall, along tho northern face of which at times a very heavy swell rolls In irora the Atlantic, the booming of the surf is heaixl at CMinsiderabls distances.

Mr. Westlimd said : —

•* As to the aciual occurrence of thede unexplained sounds, there j can be no doubt ; they havo beon heard by r^^ry mmy persons and are perfectly well-known in those parts of country where tliey are heard. 1 have myself heard them, or at least hare heard sonndaj agreeing in doj^criptiou with these ** Btirisal guas,** to which I coidd not assign any known cause. About March 1 865, a paper waj^ read before the Society, by Babu Gour Das Bys^ick, in which ho inferred |

\

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to the sounds, and mentioned the theory of thoir being caused by surf breaking upon the shoi^o of the Bea, and ho statod tilso that an expedition once sturted southwardB to discover tht^ir origin, but after going a certain distantjo southwai*ds, had to return.

A0 for the orij^a of the sounds, which are beard forty or fi.fty miles from the seashore, it does not appear to me that any re- liable theory has been started* The opinion tliat they proceed from the operation of the sea and the rivers in tlie formation of islands, it is impossible to accept ; for if the process of island-for- mation had been going on so violently and so froquently txs would be indictitod by the natm-o, and frerpiency of occurrence of theso sounds, the Bay of Bengal would havo boon by this time haK-filled

ritli isbinds," Mr. Dull remarked that his attention was first called to these myste* rtouA eonnds, dimng the month of September, twelve or fourteen years ago, at Furreedpore. He did nut hear them, but was made aware that the attention of the Europ«an residents tliere, had been drawn to them, and not a little effurt made to discover their cause. The idea, that thoy were echoed surf sounds from a distant shore, was never namod or thought of. They did not appear to come from the dif ection of the sea side ; which was also at too !it a distance from Furreedpore, to be looked to as the place for

ounds, that answered rather to the loud discharges of artillery three or four miles away. Mr. Dall was at the time the guest of Mr. Uaveushaw, (since made Commissioner of Cuttack), and he ad that ho had bonn occasionally awaked from a sound sleep, at

iiidnight by these " gunsj* Such as ho liad hearil, seemed to come from the east, and Mr, Itavenahnw had been told of a boating par- ty crossing the waters from Furreedpore towards Dacca, who had , first hoard the **guns" in advance, and afterwards in their rear, I westwards. Slight earthc^uake movements being by no moana un- conmiori throughout Lower Bengal, most thinkers thereabout were ined to ascribe the sounds to explosive gases stirred by some of volcanic action, and escaping to the surface through the ! wateiti, which, at that season, flooded the country in every direc- tion, rendering tlie plae^ of explosion diificult of observation by re- liable witnesses. Native observation of tlie disturbance of the

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wfttora (if Mr, Dall reraembered rightly) luid been net^nsionally reported, but hardly bolioved. The only other solution suggested at Furreedpore was, that the noiaos were caused by the falling in of large ma^sses of oarth from tho aides of rivers whic-h are every year changing their beds. Tho " giina" were heard, oecasionaUyp in tolerably quick succession ; and sometimes three ur four in the course of an hour ; and again weeks would pass without their l>eing hodird at alL But of this the speaker was not very definitely in- formed, lie was sure that careful and lutoUigent observers, like Air. IZavenshaw, would give Uie Society all they knew on the sub* jeet if applied to by the Secretary,

Mr. Blanlbrd said, that to enable tho meeting better to appre- ciate the nature of the phenomonon described by Mr. Rainey, and the explanatiouA that had been hazarded respecting it, he would first read the brief notice of the Barisal guns that had ^already appeared ia tho pages of the Society's Journal. After reading an extract from a paper by Babu Gour Das Bysack, published in Part 1 of the Journal for 1867, (Vol. XXXVI) he pointed out that of the causes suggested, one only could be considered a vera canm and worl.hy therefore of attention, viz. that snggostod by Mr. Pollew in the extract he had read, and again this evening by the Presidfiut of the Society. Subterranean and vokanic agencies, &c., in the absence of any c^^rroborative evidence, must be classed with the * eheirtcity* which, at the present day, is popidarl}^ appended to, as the cause of every ill -understood phenomenon, precisely as * Bulplmt* was appealed to in earlier times, under similar eircumstanees, A thick alluvial formation such as the Dolta, would be but ill-fitted Cor conveying a sound wave under any circumstances, and did any such sound as that described proceed from aubterranean volcjinic action, it is difficult to conceive that it aliould be unaccompanied by any tremour of the ground* But none such is spoken of.

The conditions under which tho sounds were hoard, were all such as to point to the breaking of the surf as their cau>io. They aro haard during the 8.W. monsoon, especially in the luU after a squall when the surf theretbre is liighest. To clear up every supposed difficulty, much closer observation was doubtless re- quired, than had hitherto been given to the matter. But as far fts

1S70.] Proceedings (ff ihf A»iaUv Bormy. 24T

lit evideno<i goes, tlio beating of the surf ?st»omH a {»ml)ubk , and it b tlio onli^ dofimte omisu that has been u^sigruHl.

Mr. Westhmd said — ** I bai-dly venture in diiTor in apiuiou ultli Mr. Blanfurd on a matter of tlii^ niitiire, but it set'ms to nit? that there is one very great dilKeulty in aLcepting tlio surf tLt^ory. wkicL I ah all try to explain.

In the first place^ it must bo remembered tlmt theao sounds am heard some foi-ty or tifty miles from the sea yhore. Thii* is a dijfc* tanee over which the sound of camion even rarely travels so oa to be distinctly pereeived, and even in the case of accumvilai4>d dia* charges of cannon, such as in tinng sidutes, or in tlie caets of u battle, the imstunces of theb* beiug heai-d over su<th long distanci.\»| ore euiliciently rai-e to be regarded as nmisual phenoiiiGna, Now in the case of these ** Bari#<al (Jims** the noises are heard not raiily, but fretiuenily^ over these long diiitunces, and after forty ur fifty miles traveUiiig from the sea, if they really come theneO| they are fitill sharp and well-heard ^cjunds. If they are produced by the breaking of surf, it is clear tliut to produce a sound loud enough to be heai'd so well over sueh a long dtstance, it will riHiuire» not the breaking of a wave at any one point, but the breaking of waves 1 over a considerable extent uf shore.

It is possible to imagine a wave breaking simultaneously over a long line of shore, but imfortunutely sound dues not travel simul* taneoualy. The travcUiug of ttound is very slow indeed over such a long distance oa forty miles, and the concuHbion prtjducod by the breaking of one part of the wave would neeessai-ily reach the obsor^ ver*8 ear long before that produced by the breaking of another part ; the sound of this simultaneously breaking wave wouhl, to tlie distant hearer^ bo scattered over a little spmce of lime, and bo tliprefore im- perceptiblo through itn Toeing so scattered. The suimd as it is Bcrtually heard, however, is suHieientJy ©harp to be eoeipared, aa it is by every ono» with that of a gun.

It is not tlierefore by a simultaneously breakiug wave, that the sound can bo produced, but it can oidy be (on Ui© wave-breaking hj^pothesis) by a number of waves, or what is tlxe same thing, different ptirtfl of the same wave, breaking at diflerent pails of the eoost, their ntomenlB of breaking bi-ing so arranged, that the *ionnd starting at these diifereut moments fium these dillorently di^tmit

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points^ will I'tjath the observer's ear at one instant of tmiL% 8o that the eoncuaaiuna, though Boparately impoiTcptilJe, ffnnn, hy their eii- multitive efibct, a single perceptible concuasion, producing th© sound as iif a gun. It is possible to imagine the occuvrenct*, ont-o in a way, of this exact arrangement of so many djtferent waves, but it is a concurrent arrangement of so many elementa as to form, even in a single occurrence, a wonderful uoineidenoo. But that the same coincidence should occur, with respect to the same observer, over and over again at intervala of ten minutes or S0| during a single night, is to me quite inconceivable ; and I cannot at present occopt a theory which requires me to believe in the frequently repeated occurrence of such an extremely unlikely event.

The chief argument in support of the surf theory, lies in the fdlcgation that the sounds are heard most frequently in a hill fol- lowing a storm, when the waves might be expiictcd to be loudest. But this is a fiict somewhat vaguely stated, and without moro €«xtonded and more exact observation, it cannot be accepted as tlie basis of any conclusion.

Another remark I would make on the surf theory is this. Wo see the production of the noise depends upon the existence of cer- tain couditions as to the comparative distances from the observer's ear of the various points where tlu? waves break. Now to two observers distiiut froni each othor by even ten miles, these dist^m- ces are necessarily quite dilTerent, and the same series of waves which combine to produce a perceptible sound up(jn the ear of ono observer, cannot so combine with reference to the otlier observer. Tlie various concussions will nut meet at his ear, but will be stiat- tered over a short apace of tiiuo, and tlma bo dissipated.

If therefore we could find as a matter of fact that the sounds were simultaneously perceived by two distant ob^crrers, we could deduce from that foL't the conclusion Ihat they are not produced by the breaking of waves, or in fact by any other cause which is nut strictly conEned to one spot, but depunds for its efTect upuii attm- mulatiou from a numl»or of pai'tial rfiuses (such as the breaking of diilV^rent waves, or dltTeront parts of tho same wave) tqjread ovist a certain vxtent of space. The breaking nf a wave two or thr<M> miles long, might be cuucuivuU so to toku place as to produce at

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any given point a flimultanGoiis sound px'eceded and followed by sQenee, but tJie conditions neceBSEirj' for it to produce tliat effect, ^ouM render it imfw:*s8ible that its sound should be heard as a iiiiltanoous eomid at any other point even slightly distant from

he first.

The first step, as it seemE to mej towards making any deduction whatever as to the origin of the sounds, is one wliich might eosOy be taken, and has not yet been taken, namely the investigation whether the nights when the Bounds are frequent at one place, are the same as those in which thoy are fret^uent at another somewhat distant X)laee. From a few comparisons bearing on this point, we could at least tU&eovw whether the cause was a general one, or only a pui'«>ly local one.

Biibn ItAjendralala Mitra thought that though the surf theory seeioed to be viewed with great favor, it did not meet all the require- ments of the case. There was no question that sound was audible from great distances under particular conditionj^ of the atmosphere ; hut it has yet to be shown how, in travellings it undergy)e8 such teansniutation, as to ehajige the dull roaring of the surf into distinct detached sountls of the booniing of a gun, and how that booming ie heard eight or ten times successively, and then is fol- lowed by a lull. Heavy sur^ besides, was common wherever the eea rolled over a low shelving beach, but it was not always fol- lowed by die peculiar booming. If it be said that tli*j estuaries

I the Delta favoui'ed the transmission of sound, still the dilhculiy "would remain unexplained ; for tho Deltas of the Wwati, the Ma- hanaddf, the Ilanube, tlie Hississippi and the Amazon, had similar ^etuaries, but they did not produce the ** Barisal gims.** At Pdri, too J they were never hcvard. Even at the ba^e of the Gangetic Delta, they were not common every whi^re, but couhned to one locali- ty, and it was probable therefore that some other iigency was at work besides the surf to produce them.

Mr. Blanford said that he could not agree with Bdbu KSjendra Ula Mitra that tho conditions of tho Mahnuaddi Delta bore any great reaemblanco to those of that part of the Ganges Delta, where the £arisal guns are heard, with regard to the supposed conditions of the phenomongn. The shore line of the Maliinaddi Delta h very

250 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society: [August,

similar to that of other parts of the Orissa and Madras coast. Thero are no estuaries with expanses of sand banks whic^h are dry at low water and exposed to the full brunt of the S. AV. wind, and the direction of the wind in the S. W. monsoon is more or less parallel to the coast. There is therefore l)ut one line of breakers, and the sound they produce is not so likely to be heard far inland. Ho could not therefore attach much weight to Babu Bajendralala Mitra's objection.

In reply to Mr. Blanford, Bdbu Rajendraldla Mitra said that it was true that the position of the Mahiinaddi running towards the east was not favorable to a particularly heavy surf, but the Irdwati opened to the south, and the rush of the tidal wave from the Southern Hemisphere marched on its coast with great force, but yet the peculiar booming sound was there never produced.

The President thought that Mr. Westland had over-estimated the force of two of the objections which he proposed to Mr. Blan- ford's explanation. In the first place, he felt sure from his own experience, that under favourable circumstances, the report of heavy ordnance might be heard at distances comparable with those of which Mr Eainey wrote ; in the part of Suffolk, with which he was familiar, it was not an uncommon thing to hoar the guns of the Harwich redoubt, say twenty miles off, and probably these were all pieces of small calibre. And on some occasions, the sounds of firing at Sheerness or elsewhere in the noighboiu'hood of the mouth of the Thames, reached the same place, and must have traversed not less than fifty miles. Also he thought that if they reflected for a moment upon the behaviour of a roller as it broke upon the shore, they would perceive a reason, why its sound might at a distance be nothing more than a single roi)ort. The mass of water in mo- tion, CMjnstituting one of these rollers, was during the swell, which succuoded a storm in the bay, exceedingly large. As the lower part was checked in its advance over the shallow flats of the coast, the crest of tlu* wave gained uixm its base, until it was left with- out support, iukI then an enormous volume of water endued with cunsidorablo liorizontal velocity, fell from some height with a very great shock ; this occurred first at the point of the roller where the mass aud the elevation was the greatest ; the shock was sudden, be-

1870.] Proceedingsof the Asiatic Society, 251

cause it succeeded tranquillity, and it was violent. The process of breaking then ran along tlie length of.tlio roller, but it was very different in result from the first crash ; tho fall of each succeeding element was in some degree stayed by its predecessors. All pre- sent who had been at the sea-sido would remember how markedly the sound of the first blow of a great breaker prevailed above the continuation of the roar. On the shore itself, and for some dis- tance inland, no doubt the whole sound, moie or less prolonged and confused, would be heard ; but he, the President, supposed it might well happen, that further inland still, the minor sound would be so weakened in intensity, as to bo lost and only the greater, that which results from the first shock, would remain. If so, the phenomenon would be reduced, almost precisely, to that of a single distant ex- plosion.* Also in the breaking of surf upon a beach, there always occurred maximum breakers at intervals of greater or loss duration. Thus the explanation to which Mr. Blanford gave his support, seemed to be fitted to account fur these so-called Barisal guns in all respects. But the matter should not bo left to conjecture. A little careful observation ought to suffice to clear it up, and he thought the Council might readily effect the organization ue(;essary for the purpose.

The following paj^ers were read —

I. On the Capture and Death of Prince Lard Shikoh. — By H. Bloch>laxn, Esq., M. A. (Abstract.) ' Mr. Blochmann exhibited a rare (Delhi) MS., tlie property of the Government, bearing on the fly leaf an autograph of Dara Shikoh. lie said, the MS. was a cojjy of a religious poem by Bahauddin Sultdn Walad, son of the groat piifi-poet Maulaud Jalil- uddin i Hiimi, and was of great value as l>oing in tlie handwriting of the author himself (A. H. 697, or A. 1). 1297-98.) ■ The religious views of Dard Shikoh, like those of the emperor Akbar, present many points of interest. lie was tho author of the

• Prof. Tyndall in his Lecturat on Found, Bays (p. 55)—" Tho roar of the breaking wave itself is mainly due Uj tho exiilosiun of bladders of air. Tub Pbksiuknt.

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•Stf/iwaf al-auliti^ a work coiitaming biographical ni>tit.'ee of Muham- tandan Baluts, and of a treatise ou Mystirism (^Ta^awwiif), MSS. of Uieae two work* ore very rare, and the copies in thu Govurumont coUec'tiun uf Delhi M8S. are ptsrUaps unique. The Ptn-sian traiis- latioQ of tlie ITpaaisUads wUiuli was made at Dara's ooet, waa men- tion od by most Historians*

Tho writer then montious tJio two battles wliieli Dir& Hliikoh lost against Aarangzib».his younger brother. The first was fought on the 6th Eatnaz^, 1068 (28th May, 1658, A. D.) at Samogar^ nine miles east of .^gi-ah, in the Parganah of Fathfibdd ; and the second at Deor4, 3 Aw south of Ajmir, on the 27th and 28th Juiuada tl, 1069, or 1 2th and laili March, 1659, A. I).

After the last battle Dira tied to Ahmadabid, and from thence over Kaehli to BUakkar and crossed the Indus. He passed the territory of the GhandC tribe (Dehrikot, Long, 67® 34', Lat. 27° 38'), that of tho Magasis, and reached at last Dador (I^ong. 07*^ 4r, Lat. 29*^' 26'), a town which enjoys the notoriety of being the hottest inhabited place on eai^th. The Zaminddr of the jdace, Malik J i wan, reeeived Dard hospitably; but no sooner had the priuce lell Didar for ftandiiliir thou Malik Jitvan, or his brother, foil upon him, touk him, tind his son Sipihr Shikoh, prUonerB, and haudt.Hl them over to Anrangzib^s otilcers.

iJiii-i 8hikoh was kiUed, at Aurangzib's orders, by Ko^ar Beg ChtOali at IChizrabad (Delhi) on the 21st Zi Hajjab 1069, or 3lst August, 1650, and was buried in Hum&yun'B Tomb,

The writer thou mentions the discrepancies " i tho

*^/<MwytriMW4iA, Mantir i Xiamijiri^ Khdfi Khan^ the i ^^^a la-

tin I Ohaghldif and European Hn^turics, as Bemier, Mphinstoxie^ Mamhtuan, vVc, Klphiofttone plai!e8 the capture of Dira SKikoli ^in £(iJitrm 8indh, instead of near Qandahar, and givea insteail of ^ MaUk Jiwan, Zamindir of Didar' merely ike * Chief of Jim or Jiim* (which lies in Eastern Siadh, between T*hat'hah and Amrtot). |Manduuan increases the coni\iaion« by calliug this Afghan Za-

adir < a Btigah ;* but Malik J(iraii could not have been a Hindu, because ho subsequently reomred ito*n Aurangztb the title of Bakbty^r iThdn.—a title never conferred on Hindus. It would appear that Elphinstoue, or tbe sources (rom which be copied^

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Societij, 20.3

read M}y^ vSi^U malik i jiitUy for \dj^ '■^U* mdlik jiican; and malik, owner, having "been translated hy ' chief,' * Jiwan' was arbitrarily changed to ' Ji^n or JuHj' to suit the * owner.' 13ut tho name of the town in Eastern Sindh, which Elphinstoiio meant, is Jon. It is now quite unimportant ; but it was formerly, up to tho timeB of Akbar, renowned for its beautiful gardens.

A short discussion followed tho reading of the paper as to whe- ther the title of Xhdn had ever been conferred on Tlindiis or not. Several Members mentioned examples of Hindus bearing this title. Mr. Blo(rhmann tliought, they miglit have atfsumed the title ; but he had not met witli a single instance in the Histories of India, from tlie Memoirs of Babar to the TazkinttiMsaldfin and Khdfi Khan, that the Mughid Government ever con/erred the title of Khdn on a Hindu.

II. — Notes on theArcli<€oJogical Remains on the Assia^ AUl, and Darpan Hills (Orissa). — JJg Babu Chandilv Sekiiaua Baneiue^v. (Abstract.) The antiquities noticed are met with on the summits of three hills, two of which are situated in the centre of the Katak Dis- trict, and the other on its western border. The names which the natives give to them are Assiagiri (marked Assiah on the maps), Naltigiri, and Banmil)anta or Mahabin&yaka. The first of thcso has four peaks, on one of which tlio Prophet is fabled to have alighted for prayer on his aerial joumey, and left his foot-x)rint ; there is a mosque built on a spot So 00 feet aT)Ove the level of tho surrounding countr^^ by Shuja'uddin Muhammad Khan, in tho year 1 132 of the Hijrali. The second i)oak is called Udaya Giri. Tho sea is said to liave once touched its foot, though it has now re- ceded to a great distance. The most remarkable objects on it are a collosal iigui-e of Buddha, nine feet in height, and a b^oli, or well, lined with stones, a sculptured gateway, and remains of two temples. At the foot of the third peak are to be found tho ruins of a large fort, and at that of the fourlli 2)eak, called Achuta haMantay there is a small building, once the abode of a hill chief. Close by is a place called Amai-abati, which was at one time tlie capital of one of tho

254 l?roceedingH of the Asiatic Socieif/. [August,

Gangavansa kings. There was a large fort built of laterite, which has lately been entirely demolished, and its materials used for the repair of the Trimk Road. A magnificent tank, twenty acres in area, and some broken pillars are all that now remain to attest its former greatness. The Mahabindyaka hill stands by the side of the high road to Katak, and is covered by a dense foresti It has a small temple and a perennial fountain which are held in great reverence by the people, and the place is reckoned to be one of the four most sacred spots in Orissa.

The receipt of the following communications was announced —

1. Notes on the Mondar Hill. — By Babu Rashbehareb Bobe, Ba7i1;a,

2. A Gondi Vocahulary (enlfirged). — By Bev. J. Dawsow,

CniNDWARA.

3. The Vdstu Ydya, and its hearings upon Tree and Serpent-warship in India. — By Babu Pratapa Chaat^ra Ghosha, B. A.

4. Notes on sotne Reptilia and Amphibia from Central India^ — by W. T. Blanford, Esq., F. G. 8., C. M. Z. S., &c.

(Abstract.)

The writer has been mainly induced to collect and note the localities of Reptiles by finding that the provinces into which Dr. Giinthor proposed, in his * Reptiles of British India,' to divide the Peninsula, differ to a very important extent from those which ai)X)eared probable from a study of the land Mollusca, the birds, and mammals. It appears that Dr. Giinther was to some extent misled by the imperfect evidence at his disposal ; for the Roptilia appear to agi-ee in distribution with the other animals mentioned.

The following are the Zoological sub-divisions, into which the writer j^roposes to divide India proper. He especially restricts this name to the country to which it was originally applied, and excludes the regions east of the Bay of Bengal, which are entirely different in climate, inhabitants, zoology, and botany.

1. The Panjab province. This is the eastern extension of the great desert province.

2. The Indian province proper, thus sub-divided —

1870.] Proceed in ffM of the A ^ ioti* • JSovicf// U .3 .'>

a. Qniigetic sub-province.

b. Dcecan sub-province.

c. Bengal aub-j^rovinco.

d. Madras sub-province, in^rhuling Northern Ceylon.

3. Tlie Eastern Bengal province. This belongs in a groat measure to the Indo -Chi nose fauna.

4, The Midabar province — Southern Ooylon and all tlie W(}storn Coast of India, with tlie so-called Weatern Ghats, as far nortli as Bombay. Part of the fauna peculiar, tlie rest Iiido-Chint'so and Malay in its affinities.

A few of the lieptilos characteristic of each province, are men- tioned.

The writer proceeds to notice some reptiles and frogs (collected in parts of Central India in S. E. Berar, Cliauda, Kiiipiir, BiLUpnr, Udaii)nr, and Ch<»tu-Xiigpur. Tlu.y are the fidlowiug —

1. Emys \_P(nig:ihiira'] ttcium, Bell, var. intcnnedia. A fonn intermediate in character between PiWffshvra tectum, Ikdl, and p. tentoria, Cray, and apparently connecting the two. It cannot 1)6 distinguished as a separate S2)ecies.

2. JUiinfda riftata ? Pttters.

3. Trioni/x (/(Wffidoufi, Cuv.

4. Cahrita LeaehennuUii (M. Ed.).

It is shewn that writers have hitherto probably been in error in confounding Cahrita Imnnca of Gray with Laaerta L*Hchniaultily M. Ed. They diti'or from each other in tlie character of the nasal plates.

5. C. Jer(h}n\ Bedd.

Tlie chiu'acters of the nasal plates are again distinet from those of the other two species, being similar to thosr? in Ernniaa. Tho throe, liowever, appear to f«)rni a good genus.

6. Ophiops [Gymnops] microlopis, n. sg. and sp.

Tlio new sub-genus Gifuinnps^ is ch.'iracterizeil ]»y having tlio nostril between two swolkm shii'Ms, oui^ above, the other bi'l<»\\', with a small post-na«al. Then? are no eyelids.

0, microlfjjis has tlio head hhiilds smof>th, not rug<)se, The auir- rior frontal singb', post-fivmtals \\iilu>ut any iiilervening plale, oecipitalb small, yiuh nearly equal to the fourth part <»f a post-

256 Proceedings of the Asiatie Soeieiy. [AtJQxrsT,

occipital in size ; chin shields, six or seven on each side, the first two or three pairs meeting ; dorsal scales, minute, carinated ; two large shields in front of the anus, the posterior the larger ; tail, elongate, sub-quadrate in front, rounded behind, more than double the length of the body. Colour grey in the middle of the back, imder-parts white, sides with two white lines, the upper much the longer, the lower not seen behind the shoulder, and with dark spots. Length, 7*2 inches, of which the tail is 5*1. A single specimen only found at Korba in Bilaspdr.

7. Buprepes innotatus, sp. nov.

Small, resembling Euprepes macularius in size and form, but with the centre of the lower eyelid transparent. Scales in 32 longitudi- nal series, those of the back and sides with five keels. Back olive, sides purplish brown, a ' white line running back on each side from the superciliary ridge to the middle of the back.

8. E, [^Tiliqua] carinatus, (Schneid.) var. fE, rufeseenSf auct.) This species has usually five keels on the scales in India.

9. E. [^Ttliqua] macidarius, Blyth, var.

A variety is common in Chatisgarh, Chota-N^lgpur, &c. It appears probably different from T, muUtcartnata, Kuhl.

10. E. [Tiliqua] septemlineatus, sp. nov.

A small species, blackish brown in colour, above with seven wliite lines, three on the back, two on each side, imder-parts, white ; scales three-keeled, in thirty longitudinal rows ; one sx)eci- men only about four inches long.

11. Riopa Ifardicickii, (Jray.

12. li. alhopunctataj Gray.

13. IIemidactylii9 maculaius? Dum. ct Bibron.

14. H. gracilis, sp. nov.

Near iZ. retkulatus, Bodd. It is small, slender in form, the body loss depressed than is usual in the genus, back with elongate sub-tribedral tubercles, six inguinal pores, none beneath the thighs ; tail, smooth, elongate, scarcely depressed at the base and not at all bohinil ; colour, grey with dark spots forming bands on the back and dark lines on the sides and belly. Length three inches, of \Nliich the tail is If. S. E. Berar and Eaipiir.

15. H, marmoratus, sp. nov. Back minutely granulate, a very

1870.] FroeeedingB of the Asiatic Society. 257

few BmaU flat tubercles at the sides and loins, tail depressed, ringed with three elongate scale-like tubercles at the side of the hinder part of each ring, sub-caudal shields large. Femoral pores about twelve on each side with a considerable interval between tiiem ; all the fingers and toes with claws. Colour, grey above marbled with dusky, whitish below. Length of body, 1*85 inch, of tail (renewed in part) l-S". 10. Calotos versicolor f (Daud.).

17. Sitana Pondiceriana, Ouv.

18. 8. DeccafiensiSf Jerd, Appears doubtfully distinct from the last.

19. Charasia dorsalis, Gray.

20. Typhlops hraminus, (Daud.) var. pammeces.

21. Tropidonotus quincunciattts, Schleg.

22. Bti/as mucusuSf (L.).

23. Zamenis ? hrachyurus, Gunther.

24. Dendrophis picta, (Gm.).

25. Passerita mycterizansy (L.).

26. Lycodon aulicm^ (L.).

27. Naja trip^idiansy Merr.

28. Bunyarus ccerul^us, (Schneid.).

29. Dahoia Russellii, (Shaw.). 80. Rana eyanophlyctisy Schneid. 51. R, gracilis, Wieg.

32. Pyxicephalus hrevicepsy (Schneid.).

83. Callula pulchra, Gray.

34. Polypedates mucuktus, (Gray.).

6. A fourth List of Bengal Algae* determined hy Dr. G. v. Martens,

communicated hy S. KuRZ, Esq.

(Continued from Proceedings for January, 1870.)

2662. DictyonemafmcescenSy Martens. — Filis hetoromorphis, prima-

riis ad -^^ lin. cum vagina crassis, obscure fuscis, articulis distinc*

tis plerumque binatis, diametro ajqualibus, vaginis rugosis, crassis,

ooloratis; filis Becundariis ^i^ lin. tantum crassis, pallidioribus,

* In this List the species which have been already published as occurring in Bengal, are omitted.

258

Proemlifip 0/ the Anmiie Somitf^

[August,

articulis subobBolotis viriflosrentibus, — Oalcutta, natanB in aqua stag- nanto horti botanici. Januarj^ 1870*

2663. OscilUria amphibia^ Ag. — Howrah District, very frequent, forming slippery layers of about i liu. thickness on brick stairs leading to tanks, etc., also fiubmergo J or nt'iir tlie surface of 1 water.

2CC4, OscillnrCa Cortinna^ Menegli. — Ht>wriiU District, in taal etc, on tho upper surface of waterplants.

2665. Oetlogomum Hcuintum^ Kg. — Howrah Distriot, in tanks, on lea\«^ of a gpociee of Cnjptocoryne. January, 1870.

:2666. Mmtigonama (jramtlatum^ Martens. — Filia fascieulatis, basi coalitis, diametro '^\^ ad -^ cui^vatis, sensim attenuatis, vaginia hynlinis aretis, articuliB inferioribua diametro dux>lo brevioribua, pul<'Iire granulatis, superioribiis obsoletis fuscoaanigineis,^ — How- roll District, in tanks and slowly running waters, on the stems of 'plants, especially of grasses. January, 1870.

2667. Lyn^hja solitnn'n. Kg. — Howrah District, £i*cquent ia tanks on dead or living plants.

2671. liivulnna Ltnn^ Menegh. — Howrah District, very frequent in tanks on tho leaves of VnlUftneria,

2672. Conferva homhycina^ p. crm^iar^ Martens, articulis diame- \ ^^ (tItt ^^ tH ^^0 *lttplo ad quadraplum longioribus.— Calcut- ta, Botanic Gardens, in tanks. January, 1870.

2673. Jifastii/onema caejtpitommt Kg. — Calcutta, Botanic Gardens^ on dead submerged atoms of Se^hama pahidam. January, 1870.

2074 » LeptMhrix §uhtilisfiima^ Kg. — Ilowrah District, on moist walls of buildings. (Grows, for instance, on the damp walla in the Library Iloom of the Herbariu in -building, Botanic G4irdGn8.p)

267o, Sc^hntma VteilUrdi^ Martens, 8trato eompacto nigro, fills BubsimpHcibTis flexuosis aeuminatis, cum vagina 3^ ad ^\^ lin. crassis, a>rugineis, vaginii^ lutein erasais, — Howrah District, walls, especially of waterworks, vetiy frequent.

X2, Omlkru^ h'momf Ag. — Howrah, froquent in tanks. Janu-* ary, 1870.

2024. IIj/po(flQuum Bengahn^p^ Martens. Fronde ttenni purpurea sesquilineam lufa^ alterne decomposito-pinnatiiida, segmentis linea- ribus deaticulalis, axillis acutis, dontlculis obtusiuscuUs \ oostia ^

Proettdin^i of the Atintie Somttft

259

flogmentis oonfomiibua e miiltiplici seri© cellularum elongatarum compusitis, coiliilis fron<lis Bexangiilaribus ^ lin. craaaU ; spermatiis Ifluperiiciesparsia, — Lower Bengal, Mutlah, tidaL December, 18G8.

2026. JlhizQchnium Antillarum^ Kg. — Lower Bengal, Mutloli, brackiBli water, December, 1868.

2687. Fischeria ienuky Marteaa. Fflis ramieque primariia subto- lulohlg t^nuioribiis, ramulia ^^ lin. crassis, acuminatis j arttculia BUperioribua diametro duplo longioribiis, — Calcutta, Botanic Gar- dena, on damp walls of the nortbem faces of buildiugs. Bidl orange-coloured, when fresh. January, 1870.

Nearly allied to /V^fcA^r^a thermalhy Schwabe, which grows on walls exposed to the hot Tapours of hot spriugSi as, for inatance, at Carltsbad, Bohemia,

2705. Protoeoccm cohaerem^ ^^^^ Calcutta, very common on walls of buildiugs, exposed to the weather. Febrmiry, 1870.

2707* Cimhpkora simpUciHuculay Kg* — Hooghly river near Kid^ derpore, Calcutta, on old tidally submerged brickwalla* February, 1870.

2708. HijpogloiBum Leprieuriiy Kg* — Calcutta, occurring with the last.

2709, Seijtm^nm aurmm^ Menegh* — Calcutta, on muddy banks of the Hoogldy river at the Botanio Qordene. February, 1870.

2710* ChtlumMmtm $aUnm^ ICg^. — Calcutta, Hooghly rivor near Kidderporo, on an old brickwidls, February, 1870,

2711. Ifoi'Ufw^fphon coriaceuB, Kg. — Hooghly rivor along the Bo- tanic Gordons, Calcutta. Fcbi-uary, 1870.

2712. Conferva lomhjmna/K^. — Calcutta, Hooghly rivor near Kidderpore. February, 1870,

2713. Omllurid tmuUyljyn^h. — Calcutta, Botanic Qardena, in. tanks.

2714. OmUimaantUatia^ Martenfl.-^Calouttd, on muddy banks of the Hooghly river, Botanio Gardens. February, 1870*

2715. OmiUatia tmuh y fonmsay Bory.^Calcutta, Botanic Oar- dons, in tanks.

* Tbifi Alga is veiy fineqnont in Bengal ; hardly are the walls or buildings - • wUite*wu»1icd, whuii tlioy &gum turn timt gr^cn aud then black, being oovored by tluti i*fc<£ocooo(ttf.

200

Froctedin^B of the Astatic Socidtj.

[Atrouar,

Olomcapsa rttpesirisj p. pallida^ Martens.— »0n walla in tJie Bota* Bic Gardens, Calcutta* January, 1870.

1006-6. Fo/ysfphmun ri{fo4au(ym^ Ilarvey. — Caleuttat Botanic Gardens, on submerged branches occurring togetlier witli Cafe/ulla Oiytmiia^ Qrev, along tlie Hoogbly river.

At the close of the meeting, Mr. N. A. Belletty presented to tho Sodetj four Jynthia coins.

EaliU Prat^pa Chandra Ghosha, Assistant Secretaiy, has since sent tlio following note regai'diiig those coins.

** They are silver Jayanti coins. As usual, they bear no names of kings*

Area T. — SlSPt^?"*! ^^^ ir^^f^PinTJ Of the Honoy- worker of the lotus at the foot of the most glorious 5jV«i, i

Of the illustrious sovereign of Jayanti-piira. Sdh^ 1 653 or A* 1>. 1 74 L

Area I, hears rude figures of a musket and a long kmfe and tho ymtru. On tlio top of the inscription in the margin is a half- moon, and below it a leaf, perhaps meant for that of the BfL In 3Iiii"sden'6 work (lICCXyi-MCCXVn) the com is figured and described; but his date is 1683»

The second coin is a duplicate of the first. It boars an imprea^ fiion on the margin of a punched stag.

The other two are exactly alike. They ore a little larger than the two above described, and the metal appears to be a littlo more tdloyod.

The legends on both areas are identical with those of the abovep excepting the dote, which is 1712 Saka^ or A. D. 1790. The mar- g^, as in the above three coins, is decorated with a string of beads.'*

LlBBABY.

Tlio following additions have been made to the Library since i lost Meeting.

Pre9entatmi$^

^% Namea of Doucwi ia CapUale.

Eeport of the thirty-eightli meeting of tho British Association

for the advancement of Science ; held at Norwich in August 18C8»

— Tus Biaxisn AssociAiioir.

1870.]

Proceedingti of ihs A9iatic Saekt^,

S81

Catalogue of Scientific Papers, Volfl. 11 and HI.— The Euyal

SOCTETV OF LOJTBOX.

Philosophical Transai^tious, VoIb, 158, 159, part L— Tub Same,

Proceediui^ of tho Eoyal Society, No* 1 1 9. — TuE Samk.

Mttterials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea and the neighbour- hood, hy L. W. Dillwyn, F. R. S.— Tiie Sxuz,

lV»ceoding8 of tho Boyal Physical Society of Edinburgh, for 18o5-66,^ — TiLB EoYAL PiiYdiau. Society of EDrxiaMion.

Tho Transactions of the Linnean Society, Yoh XXYI, parts 2 and 3* — The Lixnean Society of London.

Journal of the Linnean Sodety, Botany, Vol. X, parts 48 and 49, and Vol. XII, Zoology, VoL X, parU 43-46.— Tiifi Same.

Procoodings of tho Royal Institution of Great Britain, Vol. IV, paila V and ^T. — The Koyal Insth trTioK.

Annalos dea Sciences Physiquoa ot Naturelles d*Agriciilttiro ot d*Industrie, 3* Serie, Tome XI. — The ImpeeiaIi JSocikty of Aoai- cuLTrnEj &c., OF Lyon.

Actes de L'Acadcmio Imporiale dos Sciences, Bellos-Lettres ot ' Arte, do Bordeaux, 3* Scrie, 31^ Annee, V Tiimostre.— Tub Ih- PEaiAi. Academy of Boedeaux.

Bulletins de LV-Vcademie Royal© des Sciences, dee Lettres et dea Beaux Arts de Belgiciue, 2'"* Sdr. Tomo XXV, XXVI.— The Roy-

A0AI*EMY OF BeLUIUM.

Annuaire de L^Acadi'-mie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et dea Boaux-Arts do Belgique, 1869. — ^The Sams.

Sitzungsberiehte der Kaiserlichen Akademie dor Wf ssens<.liaften,

ath.-Naturhist. chissc, Band L\ai, Abth. 1, Uufto IV- V ; Abth.

Hefto rV^-V ; Band LVII, Abth. 1, nefte. I-V; Abth. 2. Uefto I-V; Band TJX. Abih. 1, Hefto 1-2, Abth. 2, Hefte 1-3.— Philos- Hist, Clasae, Band LIX. Hefto 1*4, Band LX, Htfto 1-4, Band LXI, Heft. L — TuE liiPEBiAL Acahemy of Sciejv'ces of Vienna.

Register zu den Biinden 51 bis 60 der Sitzungfiberlehte der Phi- lotfoplnsch-IIii*torischcfn class© der Kaiserlichon Akadomie der Wis- ^ sensthaffcen, VL — The Same.

Jahrbuch der Kai^crlich-Konigb'chcn Qeologtschen Belchsonstalt, Band X\'III, No. 4, Band XIX, No. 1. — Tue Impeklal Geological iKbiiiuiE OF Vienna.

2G2

ProceedinffB (*f th^ Antaiic Sactffti/,

[AtTGUST, I

Verhandlungon der K. K. GeologiscLen Roichsonstalt, 1869, No, L — TiTE Same,

Arcluve fiir Osterreicliisclie Geschichte, Bftad XIj, Hulfto. I-II, — The SAao,

Fontos Berum Austriacarum, Osterreichische Geacluchts Quelles^ I Baud XXVIII, Abth. 2, Band XXIX, Abth. 2.— The Sam:e.

Die Porpliyrgesteino OiiteiTeicli^fi aiiB dor Mittlerea Geologischen Epoiilio, vua Dr. Oustav Tschermak. — The Sai^e.

Tabidao codiciim mamuscriptorum preeter Graocos et Orientales in Bibliotheca Pidutina Viudobonensis asaervutantm, edidit Acodo- mia Caosaroa Vindobouonsia, vulunien II. — ^Xile Same.

Baise der Osterreichischea Fregatte Novara um die ©rde, in den | Jahren 1857-58-5S>, Antlii'opologisclier Theil, von Dr. F* Midler. — ^The Minister of Foheign AjjFair&, Yiiixna*

Abhandlungen der Hathematiacli-Physikalisclicn Olrisse der Ko-| niglicli Bayeriflchen Akademie der Wisseuschaiten, Band X. AbUi, 2, — TuE BoYAL Agadbm:t of Sciences of Bavaeia,

Abbamlliingeu der Historischen Classe derKuniglichBajerischen Akadomie der Wissenschaften, Band XI. Abth. 1, — The Same.

Abhandlungen der PiiilosopUisLh-Philobjgisehen Classe der Kti- aiglicb Bayerisclien Akademie der Wiflsenticliaften, Band XI, Abth. ni.— The Same.

Denkschrift anf 0* F. R v, Martins, von 0, F. Meissner. — TnB 8ame,

Ueber die Entwicklung der Agrikulturchemie. — The Same.

Zeitschrift den Dentechen Morgenlandiscbon GesellsAchaft, Band ' XXm Heft. lY, The Gerjian Oriental Society, Leipzig.

Njelrotudonidnyi Kozlemenyek, Kiadja a Magyar Tiidomilnyds | Akadi'mia Nyelretudomfinji BizotU^ga, Szerkeszti Hunfalvry PdJ, Hutodik Kiitet,— TuE HtrjfOARiAN Academy of Sciences, Pest.

Magyar Tudomdnyos Akaddmia Ertesioje, A, M. T, AkadieniiAJ Bendeletubol, szerkessrti Eonay Jai'ziat.^ — The Same*

Aarboger for Nordisk oldkytidigbed og Ilistorie udgirone af Det Kongelige Nordisko oldskroft-Solskal, 1869 : — The Nortueiin Au- cnEoLOOicAL Society of Copenuaqen.

McTinoires de la Soeiete Royale des Antiquarios du Nord, 1868. --Tn£ KuYAL Society of Noetiieebt AuriuuAaiEa, Coi^enuaoen.

1870,]

Pro^trdinfjs of ihB Anintte S^etety.

263

M^moires de UAcademio Imp^*riaJe des Sciences de 8t, Peters- bourg, Tomo XII, XIII. — The Impebial Academy of Soienoes OF St. Peteesbouro.

Bulletin de L* Academic ImpMalo dea Sdoncea de St. Petors- bourgi Tome XTTI> — The S^vitK,

Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Koysl Asiatic Sodoty 1867- 70. Part"5 1 and 2. — Ttee Ceylon Asutic iSociety.

Bamayana^ Vul. 2, paii: 2 by Ileniachandra Bhuttauhaiya* — Thb Editoh.

Kahasya Sandarbha, No, 59.— B-^u Eajendbal.vl\ ^fiTRA.

List of Biivlfi in Alaska, by W. H. Ball, and M. M. Bannister- — W. H. Pall, E.sq.

Angfiihrliches Lehrbuch dor Ilebraiachen Si>rache des Alton Bundos, von 11, Ewald. — The AuniOE*

Elements de la Qrammaire Assyrienne, par Jules Opport, — TnB AuTnoK.

Uacines et Elements simples dana le Systeme Linguistiquo Indo- Enrop^en per A. Hovelaquo. — ^Tue Authob,

La Theorie Specieuse do Lautverschiebung. — The AtrxnoB.

Lea Ktndos Indiennes dans I'ltalie Septentrionale, le Maha- bharata, Dora d'lstria. — The ATrriioa.

Note snr la pronunciation et la transcription do deux SiMantea Sanekrites. — The Arxnon,

Die Papageien, monographisch bearbeitet, von Dr. Otto Finsch, Band 2, Halfte 1-2. — Tim Atttuob,

Pragmenta Historicum Arabicorum, Tomiis Primus, continens partem tertiam operis Kitibul-Oyiin wa 1-hadaik fi akhbari T-La- kiik, edidenmt M. J, de Goeje et P. de Jong. — ^The Auxnoas.

Indisehe Streifen, von A. Weber, Band 2.— Tke Auihor.

Comparative Dictionary of the Non*Aryan Languages of India and High Asia, by W. "W. Hunter, Esq.^TiiE Govx. of Ixdia,

Selections from the Becords of the Govt, of Intlia, For. Depart, No. LXXIX,— The Same.

Narrative of the Course of Legislation by the Council of the Go- vernor-General during the offidal year 1868-69, — The Saicb.

Administration of the Puzgab and dependencies for 1868*69. — Tub Same.

Dispensarj^ Eeport, Punjabi 1868.— The Same.

Proceedinffi of Ihs Asiatic Soeiehj,

[August,

Export on tho Admimstration of the N, W. Pi'ovinc^iB for 1868- G9.— The Same.

Selections from the Eoconls of the Govemment North-Wostom Provinces, YoL III, No. 3. — Tiie GovEKN^rENT N, W. Provikces. lutlebteflness of the Cultivators of Oudh.^ — TirE Govt, of Bexo^vl, Selections from the Becorda of the Govt, of Oudh, Groves, — l^im Same,

Statistical Committee, forms to accompany the Annual Beport of the Province of Oudh, 1868-69,— The Same.

Eeport of the Administ* of tho Madras? Presy. 1868-69. — TiiESAsrE, Solections from the Record;^ of the Madras Government. Civil DiBpeiisaries, 1868-69. — The Same.

Administr. Eeport on British Birma for 1868-69. — The Same, Eeport on Public Health, 18G8 (B. Birma)— The Same, Eeport on Hospitals, 1868 (B. Birma).^ — The Same, Eeport on Vfic^iination, 1868 (B. Birma).— The Same, Adminifcitr, Eeport of the Bombay Presy., 1868-69.— The Same. Eeport uf P. Instruction in Lower Bengal for 1868-69. — Th:e S^vme. Eeport on Eerenue Administration of Oudh for 1869. — The Sa^E* Eeport on tho Topograph, Survey of India for 1 868-69. — The Same. Eeport of tho Committee of tlio Landholders and Commert-'itd AsBooiatioQjs^ for 1869. — The Samb.

Exchange. The Athenceum, May, 1870. The Nature, Nos. 32 to 35.

Pi^rehme.

MuUer's 2oo1ogia Danica. — ^Gould*s Birds of Australia, 2 Vul^T — The L. E, D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 263. — The Amerioan Journal of Smence, Noa, 145-46, — The Ibis, No* 21, — ^Eervue do Zoologio, No. 4. — Tho Annals and Magazine of Natural Ilistory, No, XXX. — Tlie Quarterly Jouinal of the Geological Society, No, 102. — Eevue Linguistique, April, 1870.^ — Eevue ArehiSologique^ No. V, — The Numismatic Ohronielo, part I, No. 1. — Eevue des Deux Mondos, May and June. — Journal des Savants, April. — Com[»to8 Eendus. Nos, 17'2L— TheCalcutt-a Eeview, July.— Tho North Bri- tish Eeviow, April.— Noun ell es auiteH a Butfon,Hi8toiro Naturelle dea Poissnna, Tome 2nd.— Dr. Puley*8 Vedanta Siira, — Dr. Pratt's Ety- molog. ForsL'hungea der Indo-GermttniBchou Spraehen, Bd. 2. Abtlu 2.— Fiiucht^e Muhabharata, Vol. X. — Coui'teiUe's Dictionnttire Turk.

PROCEEDlNaS

ot riiK

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOR Septembkr, 1870.

A meeting of the Society was held on WuduHsdaj, the 7 th inBtant, at 9 p. m.

The Hon^ble J. B, Phear, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

Presentations were annoimced —

1. From the Chief Gommiaaioner of Mysore, two copies of the dassiiiod Catalog^ie of Sanscrit MSS. in the Sarajsvati Bhandarain, Mysore.

2. From Mens. L* Lafont, — A table showing the resnlts of Meteorological Observations made in 8t. Xavier^s Oollege Observa- tory, during the iirst six months of 1870.

3. From the Author — A copy of ilain Results of the Modem Vaidic Iteseanthea by E, Ghoslia.

The following gentleman duly proposed and scc^ouded at the last meeting, was balloted for and elected an Orditiary Membr3r : — B. F. St. A, St, John, Esq.

Captain J. Forsyth has intimated his desii'e to withdraw from the

Ktioty.

The following letters addressed to the Secretary were read ; —

1. From A. 0. Hume, E«q,, C. S., Agra.

** In a former letter to you I have stated that C^pidm t4€iimim, Jerdou, of Major God win- Austen's list, which appeared at p. 91 of J, A. 8. for 1870, was probably C. itifumatm, 1 have now one or two more corrections to make to that list.

The bird desuribed by Major Austen as MhjfiiesroB plicaiuif Lath,, is really the female of that species. The description given of the naked space on the tla-oat settles this.

In the male piivtUa^ the gukir pouch is bright yellow, and in fact the bird mentioned by Major Austen as Acerosf sp, ixid.

2(10

Prume^mg% of ty Aftiatte Socidjf.

[8ei*t.

No. 146, h, is pretty clearly the male o^ Bkyi'f^^rot^ pUmim. Dr. Cantor states tliut iu this species the male has the bill (gretjuisli or yellowish) white, iris pale crimsonj guhir pouch rich gamhoge yoUow, foet blackish, while the fuiualo has tko iris golden Vandyke, eyelids brick oolour, pouch dirty azuro with two trans- verse black lines, &c.

The male pUcatiis has the medial part of the crown, the occiput and nape, a sort of rufous bay, the sides of tho head and nock and firont of the latter glistening white, more or less tinged with y<?liow.

The female has the head and neck black, and is smaller in size.

There can be no doubt, I believe, that Major Austen's No. 146^. and lAVth^ are female and male of the same species.

Then his No. 23lrt, An(hrf?p(cs 9 is unmistakoably Chtirojfftrta Sin^ateitsis^ Gm., AiUhreptett pha^fncotU^ Bljth, one of the very com- monest of the Nfi4f(armida, m Tippera, whence I have received very uumoruUfi specimens.

Major Austen says, he obtained two specimens of S^nlophutt ruhropijgim^ one having a fine colour of shining wliite. One wouhl alm<»»t siLspect that this latter muiit be S, hmafifs^ Gould. I havo had at least 20 specimens of encli f*pocies before me, at one time or another, and so far as my experJonce goes, Gould \h quite coiTiK?t in saving that rubroptf^wn is disiinguiFlied from htnntm (amongst other tbings) ** by th** almost total absence of tlie lunate mark on tho ffides of the neck," and again in stating that in rubropt^giun ** tlie lunate mark on the sides of tJie neck is obsolete in some individuals, and is not very conspir^uons at any time in the adidt."

Thii specimen of the so-calhnl JCphiatim Ltmpufi d«>es, if correctly describedi most certainly not belong to that spooiws^ which is n^vnr^ / I believe, chestnut, Temminck's PL Col. 99 is a very fair rei>rosenta- tiou of Lempigif which la doulitloatt often rtt/o«s, but iilways a brown and not a chestnut rufous. The wing also is too small. Probably, this specimen boloDgcd to ^. MtttdU^ Bon., a species which does occur in Burma, and whii^h is generally confounded with Lempigi^ al- though Bonaparte points out the leading distinctions clearly enough in the Conspectus.

HmmuntM niffrifrmiH is of course nothing but tlie young of j ffen imrm Seottier i.

1870.]

Pr&ceedin^t 0/ the Asiatic Societi^,

267

Tlia Carpophaga sporios not detennined, appeai-s to bo notliing but th(3 iBimuture, or female, intfi^nis. In the old fomalo, thoro ia ' much coppery gloss, and in the iimnature birds of both sexes iknd in some apparently adult females, there is absolutely none. I have a female insiifnii from Tippera, which appears to correspond exactly with Major Austen's description, and I have little doubt, that this was what his birds were/*

2. From Lieut. E. H Steel, Dlbrughar.

" During my stay in Assam, I have both had in my p09ae8iioi|4 and seen various Celts which have been found in the hill ranges to the 6* E. of Dibnighar, I think that perhaps sketches and doscripHons of tlieni might be of interest to the members of the Asiatic Six'iety, and in tliia hope I am induced to send them to you.

Ko. 1, (pL in,)^ is a Celt of Jade stone in tlio possession of W. Haly, Esq., and he procured it, I believe, from the Namsang Na^as. I sketched it some little time ago. The stone is of a greenish hue, somewhat mottled, and Id parts presents the ajipear- ance of being nist-stained : the edge ia i^erfocrt, and shews but little mark of having been used: it is larger by far than mont of tho Celts found in the same locality, and of a more sym metrical shape, Rod presents an ai>pearauco of high Buish.

No. 2f (pi. IV.) is mthe possession of Lieut. W. Bamm, B. 8. C, who kindly allowed me to copy it. It is far smaller than No* 1, and of tt lighter green hue ; in fact, looks a i>iec6 of pure jade atone. It bears marks of having been UHcd, both on the edge and on the head*

No. 3, (pi. TV.) is of a very diilerent shape, as will be soon by Uie ftketch, and tlxe htono is also of a very ditfurent character, being a euft whit<.' friable substance, of a brownish ytdlow on tho iltside, in fact looks a?i if it had been calcined after its manufxic- ture* I am unable to determine what stone it is.

Besides these three of which I send sketches, I had one in my own possession which I sent to England, and which Sir John Lnb1»ock pronounced an imdoubted Odt, but at the same time h© regi*ett4^d that it had not been found by some rtdinble pcrwou, m Hfu ; this Celt was exartJy similar in shape and si/e to Lieut« Barron tf, and of the wmm huud jadu.

268

Pt&cs0dinfft of the Atiaiie Bim^i^,

[Sept.

All of those Celts wer© found among the Namsang Nagas^ a tribe to the S, E. of our firontier fttation of Typore.

I read some timo ago in the Society's Journal that in Burma specimens of the stirt marked 1 are considered spurious and dea4f and those of No. 3 authentic. Exactly the reverse opinion obtains up here among the Nagaa : No. 1 is a live stone \ No* 3 a dend,

I have seen an exceedingly fine collection of Celt« fit^m the Danish shell mounds; they all seemed highlj- finished like the colts found here, and I see no reason why these latter may not also be coELsidered gonuino,

I also hardly think it possible that the Nagas would manufacture objects they hold in such awe merely for sale, especially as they are so unwilling to part with tke few spedmens that they possesfl.*'

Mr. Ball said —

**Tho A88aiii Jade Celt to which Lt. Steel alludes was described by Sir John Lubbock, in the Athmwum for June 22nd, 1867.

"There is at present ia the Geological Musoym an imijl*?ment made of soft shale, which was brought from Assam by Mr. Medlicott. (Proc A. 8. B., Sept 1867, p. 162).

** I take this as a favourable opportunity for making a few remarks on stone implements wliicli have been discovered in Binghbljiim. In Jidy, 1868, I exhibited to the Society some chert Hakes, and at the same time read a communication from Capt. Beeching <if the 10th M. N. I, which dcBcrilted their mode of occurrence near Chaibassa and Chukerdharpur in the Singhbhtim district. Since that time, I have visited the localities and obtained what I believe to be strong evidence of the human origin of the flakes. ITiose at Cluikerdharpur must have been transported at least three miles ad the nearest source of the material of wliich they are made ia situa- ted at that distance. Tt is dLfficidt to believe frc<m the nature of the case, that the transporting force can have been other than human.

** Besides these Bakes which I found in many parts of Singh- blium, I have been fortunate in discovering abeawtifuUy made Colt, which I now exhibit, in anoth«^r pai^t of Chuta-Niig^nir. 1 1 lay on the surface at the foot of a small hill near the village of Buradili, 8. E, of Gomaria in lumar. It in, I think, tlio best-formed weapon yet obtained in 8, W. or Lower BeugiU/'

1870.]

^ the Aiiaiic Socieitf,

2€9

Col* Hjde thou made the following' obaervations on tke effe ct produced by a thimdor stui^m on u sflf-registoring; itidicator^ —

** Wliile testing the qualitiefl of the coal from the Eaneoguuge field, I mshed to ascertain the amount of drtiught in the chimney in use, and the regidarity with which it was maintAined.

**For this purpose an ordinary aelf-reeording indicator was constructed, and fixed as follows.

" At the il<M)r line of the Mint, a hole was bored into the clmxuiey horn the Engine room ; in this hole an iron tube one inch internal diameter and &ix feet four inches long was earefidly sot in mortar. The tube projected three inches into the chimney and lel^ 8ullicient outside for the convenient fixing of the indicator. On the outside end of the tube was fixed a tap g inch bore, and this was connected by means of an air tiglit junction with one stem of a tube of U form, fixed in a block of wood, bo that it might stand upright.

** The diameter of this U tube was 2y^ inches, and it was filled about half way up with water. Thus one stem of the U tube in open to the inside of the chimney, while the other is open to the room in which it is fixed.

** Within the stem that is open to the room is placed a liglit copper ball float, which sits un the surface *if the water, and fnllows tJiu ohcU- lation of the water. A thread is attached to this float, and ii'om it passes over a small wheel to a pencil tluit is free to travel un the line of the axis of a cylinder di'iven by a clock, after the manner of an ordinary indicator, (TiVftf PL V., diagram No. 3,} bo that any motion in the water in the U tubo will l»o tndy imlicated by a line drawn on the paper of the rBVoh4ng cylinder.

** On the top of tlio stem of the U tube tliat opens to the chimney ad in the junction is phiced a small screw, so that by closing the tap ad opening this screw, both stems of the U tube can be opened to the room, and the water in both stems brought to a level. With the float in this condition the cylinder ia tnmed round., and an equilibrium atmospheric line is traced on the paper. The tap 15 thgn opened to the chimney, and tlio screw closed ; after wliich any diminution of pressui'e consequent on tlio current within the chimney is indicated in amount and duration on the paper,

** it will be been lliui the fail ul the fiout and the iliogruui No. 1

270 Proceedings of th^ Asiatu Society. [Sept.

drawn on the paper only indicates half the total disturbance, /. e. half the difference between the pressure of the atmosphere outside and inside the chimney, so that when it is desired to give a diagram showing the true difference, it is necessary to double the vertical scale as has been done in diagram No. 2.

**Thi8 indicator was at work on the 5th August last. At 5 minutes past 2 p. m., a small but severe thunder storm passed direct- ly over the Mint, and two remarkable flashes of lightning occur- ed, one following almost immediately after the other. There was loud thunder.

" When the diagram was examined, it was found that a very marked diminution of pressure had been indicated, as having occurred in the chimney at 2-5 p. m., the time of the thunderstorm.

** The diagram, with an enlargement to shew in tenths of an inch the actual amount of disturbance, is given. It will be seen tliat two distinct falls in pressure in the chimney are indicated, and that after the disturbance had ceased, the pressure within the chimney remained somewhat less than it was before the storm.

" The height of the chimney is 80 feet and the inside diameter 5 feet."

The President said that, assuming the phenomenon described by Col. Hyde to be attributable to the passage of the thunder storm, one explanation only occurred to him. The storm was distin- guished by a thunder claj), which caused the windows of houses to rattle. Ho thought it possible that the concussion thus apparently produced by the impact of the sound wave might have a very a2)prociablo effect upon the barometrical column. Col. Hyde's apparatus measured the difference between the simultaneous atmo- spheric pressures on the two legs of the indicator, inside the chimney and outside the cliimney, respectively, and it was obvious that the sound wave would travel more slowly through tlie heated and rariiied air of the chimney than tlirough the outside air ; therefore the outside leg would be affected by the concussion before the inside leg. He pointed out that if this happened, the consequence would bo just such a disturbance in the uniformity of the diagram drawn by the self- acting register, as Col. Hyde liad exhibited. Ho had not tlie data relative to the actual pressui'os, tem^ieraturos, densities, and

1670.]

Proe^ediitffji uf the Anhfic So^httf,

271

tho height of the ohinmny, roquisite to a ralpulation of thf? amount of tho (listurhaute upon tliia basis ; hut ho a<lniittofl that he did not thiiik the amount whicli would reftult irom sutih a r'alculatioii would be nearly so larj^t* as that in the diagram. The expltmatioii waB, thereioro, no doubt insidrniout,

CoL Hydu said — ** Some time sintitj, I observed the water in the open stem of the Utube oscilkiting, thinking that tlds might, perliaps, be due to tho conLUsttion of tho atmosphere in the room, where twn powerful air pumpe, driven by a 30 H. P. Engine were delivering air, I made a careful experiment^ by cloi^iny^ tUo opt>u mouth of the IT tube, 80 as to leave only a very small hole open to the room. There was not the slightest alteration in tto oscillations, and it was evident that these oscillations were unaffected by the air pumps, and were solely caused by the action of the chimney draught. It would §eem also that the length G'-4*' of tube l" diameter, and the contrac- tion catised by tho J tap would effectually negative the supposition of any sudden motion (sueh as is indicated in the diagi'am) being given to the water in the U tube by concussive aetion on tho open stem, and the diogram I think clearly indicates a diminution of pressure within tho chimney in relation to tlie pressure in the room^ at the base.

** The most probable cause seems to ho a sudden local diminution in the temperature of the storm 5pace or cloud passing over the top of the t'himney. The dtu'ation of tlie disturbance ^4thin the chimney is about tliree minutes as shewn by the time lines, and the ctent of the distm-bance amounts to | of an inch in diminution of sure.

** The diagram indicates an occurrence that caused a sudden in- crease in the velocity of the current up the clumney^ a recurrence, and then a return to neiirly tho original condition^ and its shape, I think, shews an exhausting action through a c<mtrtteted orifice.

" I have not any record of the temperfiture or of the reading of the barometer at tho time of the st-orm ; but the height of baro- meter and the teraperatiu-o of the air and of tho inside of the chimney were reconled at 1.38 and at 2,3B p. m. as follows : —

1.38 r. M, Barometer, 29,74| air temp. 86, chimney temp. 220*

2.38 p. M. ,, 2y.W2» „ 84, ,, 24t>/^

272

P7'nr0fdiji0H of th(* Asiatic Soci^tf^^

[8ept.

The following papers were read —

I. — J^ote Of I Three Specia of Butravhia from Jlouhnfirt^ — btf

Dh. F. 8 t 0 l 1 c y- k a.

[Received oad read 7tb Septi 1870.]

The two known species of Oxy^hsmui^ and one new of Ixalus, havo been lately obtained, in tlie eaino locality, by Mr. W, Tlieobald on the Ataran river, east of Moidinein (Tenasserim Province). Both genera characterize the Malay fauna. The dlBcovery of t}ie Ox^§h99i tparticularly intercJiting in point of geograpliical distribution. •0. Ittvk has up to this only been recordt^ fi-om lla* rhilippiadS iind ia stated by Giinther to be * confined" to thoso islands,

0. lima occurs in Java, China^ Camboja and Siaui, and is eaid to liave also been found in Bengal. The last loculity was consi- dered doubtful, but, through the dificovery of the species at Moul- mein, it receives more probability, though specimens in our u<-'igh- bourhood must be of extreme rarity. They ai*e not represented in any of our collections, while 0, lavis is.

The discovery of the Oryghisi so far north is further interesting in connection with the fossil species, 0. ^milhu^ which I have described from the upper tertiary frog-bods of Bombay, (vide Mem* GeoL Survey of India, vol, vi, part III, p. 387), And, since I had the opportunity of examining the two recent s^iecies, I am conhdent that the goueric determination of the fossil one is correct. This fact, though as yet almost single, clearly indicates that the Malabar coast liad its Malayan fauna, ^ — which is so consi- derably ditTcrent from thiit of Central India, — ab-eady at an earner period than the present one. It remains to bo shewn, how far this observation will be supported by the study of the fauna of the up- per tejtiary deposits of the Indian Peninsula. Good materials for tliis are, however, as yet a desideratum. Every fragment of a bone and every shell must be collected and carefully ojcamined, before we can speak with any confidence on this important subject.

The genua Ixaim includes a number of small tree-frogs without vomerine teeth. The species chiefly occur in Ceylon^ South India (Nilgheris) and the islands of the Philippine and Indo-Malayan AiHihipc^lago, but none have as yet been reported as far North Moulineiu^

1870.]

Proci^in^B of the. Asia fie Socieft/,

278

0xT0LO88tT9 L^VIS, G It H t h e r.

Batracliia salient. Brit* Mus,, p. 7, pi. I, fig. A.

A small specimen, the hody moasiiring 1 J inch, whit^li length is jual to tJie distance between the anua and metatarsal tubercle |j the 4th toe is half an inch long j tympanum very indiBtinet, smalle^ than the eye. Skin with a few sc^itteted tubercles, more numeroua posteriorly, laterally bef^ween fore and hiud-limba conspicuously extended, Color above, pale vinaceousi, or ashy brown, lighter on the limbft, all ot»* with darker fine marblings and spots ; a some- what indistinct very narrow liand between the eyes, which are very prominent ; upper lip spotted with white ; a short, tliin ilexuoua fold extends from the upper edge of tlie eye to the shoulder ; an- other much less diatinet short fold crosses obliquely the angle o£j the mouth and is white. Below, yellowish white, on chin and i throat marbled and reticulated with dusky, farther on uniform white, with little tuberclos, these bocnming most distinct on the median hinder side of the femora. There is a distinct fold of the skin on tile inner aide of the lower two-thirds of the tarsus, and a very tliin fold also on the fifth too, which Gilnther does not notice.

Four Bpecimona of this species exist in the Asiatio Society's collections, They are about equal in size to the Moulmoiu speci- men and quite similar to it in coloration ; all without a pale median dorsal streak. Very probably they are also from Burma. All the specimens agree in their structural characters so perfect- ly with Guuther*e description and figure, that there can be hardly any doubt as to the identity of both, but the Burmese form appeai*s to be constantly smaller than the Philippine one.

OXYQUOSBVS LIMA, Tschudi, VuT.

Giinther, Eeptiles of India, p. 40 U Dum. and Bibron, VIII, Erpetologie gen., vol. p. 334.

Body, above, covered with small, sub-equal, pointed tubercles, obsolete on the fi-^mt part of the head ; below, with Diunerous interspersed large tubercles of which two longitudinal rowa oa tho middle of tlie cliin and throat are especially conspicuous on ac- count of their regularity ; the large tubercles do not extend on th# 3 loins, but are very moiked on the lower bell)', Bnout iihcai»

274

Ptoe^fffin^n o/thf A$t'aitc ftwit*ty.

[Skit.

rounded, with tlie nustrila swollen and obb'quo, directed upwards ; eym largo promineut ; tympanum qui to indistinct, a thin fold runs from the upper edge of tlie 03^0 to tlio shoulder ; no distinct fold on the side of tho body, whirh measures l^V inch, the length being very nearly equal to the distance between the anua and the inner metatarsal tubercle ; length of 4th toe very nearly half iudi ; total length of hind limb 1^ inches. Fingers thin^ ij-ee and elongated ; toes entirely webbed up to the tip ; metutarsna with two tubercles, the inner cousidorably larger (but not as large as Ul 0. IdmM)^ than the outer, the former being lateridly eompreaaed with an obtuse ^^gB^ the latter tubercular and pointed. The tar* 8U8 haa on the upper hinder end a small tubercle, and on the sido of the lower inner half a thin fold ; this and the other tuberclca aro yellowish. Tongue moderately narrow, elongated, terminating posteriorly in a long point.

Greenish l>rown above, some of the slightly enlarged tubercJea being black and forming, especially on tlie limbs, small irregular dark spots, a pale median dorsal streak, an other much less distinct on each side of the middle portion of the body ; lower eyelid and a abort streak above the arm yellow j the thin fold behind the eye and the fore limb in front blackish brown ; each femur bc*hind witli thi'ee dark longitudinal bands, separated by two light colour- ed ones, the upper one of these is very narrow and yellowish, the lower much broader and with a distinct orange tinge, the lowest dark band ia purer black than the two upper ones ; hinder side of tni'BUs blackish, this color continuing on the iifth and the adjoining toe ; extreme edge of upper lip pale. Below, yellowish wlute with two sub-parallel longitudinal brown band»^ exttnuling from the midle of the lo\v«^r lip to the bully, tho sides of tho body and the front side of the I'omora uniform pale yellow ; hind-limbs greenish pale brown ♦ ixnely marbled and punctated with darker brown and with two Bomnwhat irregiilar brown spots in the bent between the belly and the femora.

Although difl'ering in some points from Giinther'a defKriptioa, it is most probable that the specimen which I have just described^ does not dilfer ^pecihcally from O. It may at least tliere ia no sulfi- cient ground (ov a {specific separatifm fi*om tlie mat^^rials befoi'o me.

I«70.]

Protet^din^i qf the Aniatk Socieftf,

%76

Qiinther does not state aU the details of ooloratioQ which I hava ■ given, his specimens in spirit did pruhiililj ntit shew them suiE^ ciently clearly, but in the principal pciint;*, the ooloratiuri of tlie fresh Moulniein specimen well agrees with ]m Jiceount» and so dtm& also the general structure of the body.

IXALUa CINERA8CEIT8, U, Sp*

Bmly, small, stouti^h, moderately depressed, abcivo with a few scattered tubercles, below on chin and throat smooth, on tho belly, and the lower Bide of tho femora, very densi^ly and coarsely tubur- ciliated, the tubercles being flattened and mcu'e or loss distinctly poly- hedral. Snout, short, obtuse, shorter than eye, but equal to tUe leugih of thG Rxpoyed pupil, or to the distance between the eyes which are -very prominent j nostrils rounded, very slightly swollen and some> what laterally placed below the indistinct canthus rostralis ; tympan- um quite indistinct j a fold runs ii'om the upper eyelid po,'^teriorly to the shoulder. Length of body } J of an inch, slightly shorter tli an Uie femur and tibia together ; kital length of hind limb 1 ^ inches, length of fourth toe not C|uit« ^*^ inch. Fingers, quite free, elongated with well developed ewnllen discs, which are only slightly smaller than those on the toes, the latter being barely half webbed ; mctatnrsus with a small inner tubercle and a very indistinct one at tho base of the foiu-tli toe } no fold on the tarsus. Tongue broadly ^al, distinctly notched boliind ; eustachian openings small and very wide apart.

Color — abovoj olive ashy, very minutely freckled with dark, paling at tho sides j a broadish somewhat infiistinct band bftween the eyeS) one irregtdtir band on each side of the back — in one speci- men represented by a mere elongated spot, three bands aci'oasj the lower arm and a few spots on the hngers, tliree cross-bandtl DBS each femur and tibiat the middle band being in each cane I broadest and most distinct; a spot on the knee, a few small spot*! ,un the tarsi and toes, and a large spot rtjund tlie anuis are dnrlcl

by, often encircled with a more eonHpicut»Ufl enlarged black line j

"shoulder fold, a few small spots on the lips, one spot on tho

aide of the posterior belly, followed, and partiidly encircled, by

a silvery yellow tinge, the inner basal half of the femora and|

276

PraoMdi'ngs oflh Anatic Soati£y.

[Ssin-.

Uf a great extent, also their hinder ai<lt*, and the toes interntillj are blackJsJi. Below, pale brownish white, somewhat purer on chin and thj;oat, and all oTor finely Bjiopkle*! and punctated with dark*

The specimens examined uppeiu^ to be quite fuiign^wn; the largest measures only | of an incln Ilie strticture and eoloration art! pecnliar, and distingiusb tlie present Bjieoies from any as yet known Ixom the PhilippineB, Ceylon, or South India.

n. — On th UHhod of asmying Bih&r 09 conducted in the Indian Mint, — Mtj Dh. H. E, Busteed, Oi^G. Assay Masteh. (Abstract.)

The method of assaying Silver, as now in use in II. M/s Ljdian Mints is one poeidiar to them j it was introduced into the Calcutta Itlint about the year 1B50, and thence eitended in coui'se of time to those of Bombay and Madras*

It has been favorably reported on and described more cw- less in detaU as an olhoial duty by various assay ofMc^rs, to local Mint authorities in India^ but beyond thia, it would appear, that no at- tempt has been made towards giving publicity to the praetical working of the process, or to making generally known the labora- tory details of this method of assay.

It has been suggested to the writer that some such attemi^t now woidd be not only interesting but useful, as after 20 years' experience of it, the assay olRcos in the Indian Mint must be in a position to assign its true yalue to a method which has been used for tlie assay of an immense importation and coinage of silver bullion. To render it more generally intelligible, and to show wherein the process about to bo explained contrasted with those in more general 1106, Dr. Busteed verj' briefly adverted to the principles on which those processes depend for their results, omitting details and technicali- ties. In medern acceptance, the principal duty of an assayer is to ascertmn tiie proportion of the precious metals present in any Bample of mixed metal submitted to him for examination, so that from the result of his investigation, the proper value may be as- signed by calculation to the mass which the sample ia supposed ta represent.

This the assayer effects by separation of the precious metals from the ooiurser ones* The most ancient means of eflfootiug this was, by

1870.]

IH-ocHiif^B of thn Asiatic Saeiety,

277

the method of cupelUUion, He ©xplninGd tho principle of this mntliodj what ekill and experience it required on the part of the oi)erator, and how it still fell short uf accuracy in its resmlts.

Its short oomings led to the iuTontion of another procesB by Gay LiLfisae, known as the volumetricj or humid, method, whidi la much more accurate, and is now practised yery generally on tho Continent* Ite principles wei'C briefly glanced at. Its introducftion, however, iutci tho Indian Mints was not considered desirable by their a^say officer, for certain roaRons, a few of which were giTen* The method of cupellation, therefore, being not accurate enough for the purposes of buying and selling bullion, and that hy the French process being considered not well suited t<i Indian Mints, it became necessary to look out for, and introduce into the AIint« of this country, a process more likely to an&wer all the endft in view.

This object was attained by the adaptation and introduction of the process now in use, ns., tho *^Chlfiridc proce>*« of awauying sil- ver/* Hitherto it had never been reported to, eitcept on a swy smaU scale. Assay ere appear to have shrunk &om tlie manifest dithcnlties of manipidation in collectings drying, and weighing tlio precipitated L'hloride of silver. The credit is due to Mr. James Dodd, a former Assay Master of the Calcutta Mint, of having so simpliEed, modi tied, and systematized the details of this miitl&ud, as to render its application to the assaying of silver on a large scale easy and accurate. The principles and an outline of the details of the process were then given, an understanding of some of the chief appliances and steps in the manipulations being as- sisted to by suitable photographs. The system of weights in use and tlie quantity of the samplo taken for assay were also explained, as well as the putnte wherein this system might fairly be considered better suited to a Mint in India than the other methods.

In conclusion, Dr* B. alluded to the rast amount of silver bullion which this process enabled the assny officers of the Indian Mints to deal with confidently and aiicurately, dtiring the past 15 years. In one year alone, that of 1665-66, the imi*ortation of silver bullion reached to tlje immense amount of over M miiliuup sterling, — so put* ting to a crruoiid test the system of assay used for il« valuation.

278

IVotmdiftgi of ihv A»iatk Somfy,

[Sept.

m, — Th* Vthfu l%tf and its henrinffH upon Tree and Serpmi-worshtp in India, — B^ Babu PhatXpachandha Guosha, B* A.

(Abstract.)

Tlio Vaetu Yaga and various other forma of Serpent and Tre©* wor»liip arc traceable as much to a feeling of fear as toother causes* It is evidently a sacrifice, invented by the ancient Aryan con- querors with a view to propitiate the aborigines or primeval owners of the land. Vastu is the principal god, and though the aborigines themselves are not worshipped by name, the Niga is no doubt the osteueible object of worship. The several gods, i>roperly pitrU (ancestors, prodeoossors, former owners) that occupy the several mandalas^ nro also the names of Nagaa, The Vastu is the God Eur thy ijuite distinct fi-om Dhora (Terra) and in fJie prayer hu ia represented as the supporter of the world*

The V^stu Yaga, therefore, appears \ai be a memorial of the foundatiou of the new Aryan home and of the N^gas, a power- ful race of aborigines. In the ceromony for dedicating a tank, a stick is planted on its banks. This stick ia the Naya-yitifUi^ or the Naga-pole. The application of the term Nfiga to the reptile dasB is without doubt of comparatively recent date, and since that time may be noted the double meaning of the word applied to the N%a aborigines as well tie to the N6ga seqients, Ananta ia wor- shipped not as a snake, but as a fc»riii of Vishnu. It literally means etemify. The Anantdchaturdm*^ Na^npamhami^ and such other minor vratas, tliough cotiuected with tlie K^as, have notldng to do witli the actual reptile,

» The aborigines of In<Ua bore a peculiar relationship to the firat Aryan settlers. Many of the aborigines were held in high estima- tion, and in a legend the goddess 8arai*vati is described as imxiarting the art of music to two of the Nfigas {Kamvala and ^/r'lwfitru,) and the name of Karkotaka, another N%a, is enjoined to be uttered eveiy morning. There are again several fruits, trees, and tlunga which are named after the Nagas, and these are all derived from the N, E. frontiers of India.

From the above, it would appear that the N%as as a raoe of power- ful aborigines were respected for their prowess and also hated for

BTO.]

Proe^t^dingn of tha A^i&iie Sttcietf.

27»

their bftrbarous habUa. Tlie omineTit among thorn wore soon ideutifiod with some Hiudu gods, and iiltimnt&lj thu Nugas, aa a raoOj became k class of gods. Serpent^worshii), in the true Benae of a ereaturo- "Worship, was never prevalent in India, and though, under peculiar circumstances, this warsliip may be seen at the present day among lie several bill tribeaj still such a practice does not obtain among ^flie Aryans, Tlu* sciiiont, as an emblom of eternity, is respected, but it is the worship of Yis^hnu and not of the reptile. Serpents have crept into our mythological legends, but in whatever form they appear, they are put down as enemiea of Yishnii, lUhu is dai'knefls, and its stellar form is a suako* Sun = Ilari ^ Vislinu, the destroyer of Kahu, the first deatroys as darkness, the second aa auake, and the third as death.

Figiu'i^s of NdgQS occur in sculptured stones, but only for ornanientatiou.

Several trees are described in later Purfinas as fonris of Vishnu and other gods, but they ai-o cherished with a dogreo of care because of thoir extreme usefulness in the tropical c*ountry. For inataiice, Tuln as an oi^malic herb, the Durvd as a fodder on which the cattle live, the religious fig tree as offering cool shelter, the coeoanut as a refresliing firult« Some trees again are noted as obnoxjous when planted near dwelling houses, because in a Hindu hygienic point of view, they are considered injurious to health. The papaya plant ia one of those that no Hindu would like to have near his house*

IV, — Amtlyiin of a new Mineral from ^fttfnaL — i?y D. Walbue, Esq,

During the period extending from November^ 1 863, to the end of 1864, 1 had various samples of metallic ores sent to me for ana- lysis by Mr, O'Eiley, the Deputy GoniraisBioner of Mai^tabang. BurmalL They were mostly samples of Galena, but one of % different kind particularly attracted my attention as of ratlier unu- sual composition, so that I suggested U\ hJm, that it might bo desirable to publish it. To this proposal he assented, suggosting that it should be presented to the Journal of the Smaety. Circuni- ncea at the time prevented me from can-ying my [»n:»po8al into '•ffect, but recently I re%ujued tlie investigation which had been lyiug hmg incomplete.

2tt0

Proreifdinga of the AnitUie S!ociHt/.

f SlSl*T. 1

The analysis of the sample first sent by him on 24 th July having heea undatiKfactory on one point, and the spocimen hariug been exhausted, I wrote to Mr. (3'Riloy for another sample, in order to settle this point. In reply he said that he had only a small specimen left, but sent me anotlier small piece from the same range of hills, bearing a strong reaeaiblance to the first, which lie thought might probably be the same, I have no information of the locality whence they were got : Mr. O^Kiley's letters were all dated from Shoaygyeen, except one in February 1864, fi-om the Karen counti-y. In a subsequent letter, he mentioned that the samples refeiTed to were from the same range of hills as a sample of ore he was then sending me, which turned out to be a double sulphide of copper and iron. This is all the information I can give of their aouroep as some time afterwards Mr. O'ltiley died.

The following is the result of my analysis of the first sample sent on 24th July. ,

a^ppor , • • . 1 7000

SUver, , -090

Iron, 36 470

Antimony, 1 ■ 150

Arsenic, , 32*700

Sulphur, 1*360

Deficiency and loss, • , , , 1 0-624

Earthy matter, , -SfiO

Total, louuoo

The silver is equal to 31 J ounces, troy, per ton.

The unsatisfactory point which I wished to clear up was the dnticiency of lQ'62i, which T fiupposed might be oxygen combined with the metals. But this did not appear a very probable solution of the difRculty, and it might rather be owing to errors in analysis* The dotormitmtions had all been careftdly made according to the usual methods. The ai-aenic and antimony were separated from the other metals by Hydrosulphate of Soda, and the arsenic determinod as Arp^euate of Magnesia and Ammonia, and there was no reason to doubt the correctness of the process. But I had some fear that arsenic might have been lost during tho operations prtq>aratory to

1870.]

ProeeMling^ ttf the A»iuUo Socifi^.

281

it« aepflration from the other metals, and an experiment made on the fiec*ond sample by conducting the analybis in the same way gavei suppoi't to this viev, as by this plan only 3r5 per cent, of arsenic wad obtained, instead of tlio 37 per ctsnt. indicated below by another pjrocess. Probably arsenic had been volatilised as chloride.

The second sample sent by Mr. O'Eiley, 11th October, was similar in appearance to the first, but differed somewhat in compo- sition, as will be seen presently. No particular note had been taken of the physical properties of the first sample. The second one was in the form of a flattened piece about fth of an inch (or I '2 centimetres) thick, with a dull, blackish, earthy looking surface. When broken, it presented an uneven fracture of a laminated struc- ture, somewhat cellular, of a steel grey colotip with a puqilish tint and metallic lustre. In general appearance it is like mispickel, but of a redder shade. Minute specks of brownish green matter could be seen here and there on the surface, particularly between the lamellas, when these presented themselves to view edge- ways. It gives no streak on paper but a dark grey one on nnglazed porcelain. Iliirdness, 5*5. Siiecifie gravity at 81^ F. (27° C.) Ill small pieces, 7*343 In powder, 7-428

The pieces were boiled in the bottle, but no doubt still retained air in some interior cells.

It is easily soluble in Nitric and Nitro-HydrocKloric acids with evo- lution of Nitrous fumes. One portion was dissolved slowly by diluted Nitric acid containing 3 per cent, its volume of Nitric acid of 1400 and the solution completed somewhat more rapidly by a solution containing 5 per cent, its volume. Hydrochloric acid at atmospheric temperature dissolved it partially by standing some time (two or three days,) to the extent of about 10 or 11 per cent., and by repeated I boiling about 13 per cent, more, but there appeared no definite limit to the action. Acetic acid dissolves a portion, evidently oxidised matter.

Ignited in a platinum crucible it caked together, lost its metallic lustre and betmme of a brownish colour, but whitish at the edges where it adhered to the crucible and was removed with some diffi-

282 JProeeedingi of the Asiatic Society. [Sept.

culty, having slightly attacked the platinum. By this ignition, it increased nearly 2 per cent, in weight. Ignited in a small gla^s tube by the blow-pipe till the glass softened, it did not appear to yield any arsenic.

In the analysis of this sample, the arsenic (with a little antimony) was separated from the other metals by fusing with Nitrate of Potash, and Carbonate of Soda (Potassium Nitrate and Sodium Carbonate,) or by passing Chlorine into the mineral mixed with solution of Potash. As in this case, however, the action was very slow, the mineral was first oxidised by a little nitric acid, then mixed with solution of Potash in excess and Chlorine passed through it. This plan answered very welL The results of two analysis for the three principal constituents, agreeing very well, were as follows : —

Copper, 13-28

Iron, 43-88

Arsenic, , 37*03

A complete analysis was made by digesting a portion for about twelve hours with diluted Hydrochloric acid and thus removing the oxidized matters. The results were as follows. Soluble in Hydrochloric acid, dilute.

Oxide of Copper, 1.21

Protoxide of Iron, 1 .97

OxideofLead, 1.89

Arsenious Acid. . , . , . , 1.12

6.19

Insoluble.

Copper, 12.13

Iron, 42.12

Arsenic, 38.45

Antimony, » .54

Earthy Matters, 12

93.36

99.55 Ix>S8, .45

100.

Prmnding^ ef ih$ Aitattc Bomt^.

t88

In one email piece I found 2. 67 per cent, of matters mBoluble in nitTO-mui'iatic acid, but generally it was very smaD,

It will be observed tbat this sample differs from the first in the smaUer proportion of what may bo considered accidental constituents, and is a purer specimen of the essential constituents^ arsenic, iron, and copper. The Inside pieoes contained no sulphur : Uio outside crust yielded a trace probably in the state of earthy Bidphate. And while the fii'st sample contaiaed a notable quantity of silver, this did not appear to contain any, or at least so little that I could not di-'tect it in the amount of matorial at my disposal. The (juantity of antimony was also less than halt that of the hi'st sample*

I have not been able to find in auy book on Mineralogy I have had acicesy to a description of such a mineruL The nearest are Arseni- cal Iron Pyritet* (Mispickel) and Axotomous Arsenical Iron. But it difi'ers from the fornior in the total absence of Sulphur, and from both in the presence of a consitlerable quantity of Copper, as well as in the lar^or proportion of Iron ; and it differs still more in the proi>urtron of tJie two basic metal>» together to tlie Arsenic, the latter being snioU in projxjrtion to the former.

The constituonts approximate, though not very closely, to 2 ©quivalentii of Arsenic, ti uf Iron and 1 of Co|iper ; rather more than 6 of iron and less than 1 of cupper. This can scarcely be reduced to any prooablo atijmic formula ; but if the proper metaUic nature of rseuic bo admitted it may be C'onsidered as an oiloy, and alloy* re not limited in tht^ir composition to deEnite ^ormults. The ojtoeei of basic motals in ita compubition gives it u fijtity under the action of hout not very usual in oi'senides or unoxidlsod arseuicid com- pounds*

I would venture to propose for this mineral the name of O'Bi- le^'ite in honor of the gentleman who sent it to me, whoiie services have uufortimatcly bven lost to the Indian Government by an un- timely death. This notice may perhai)s lead explorers of these districts to discover additional specimens of this or analogous minerals.

264

ProeMdingi of th A^iatie SotiHy.,

[8ept.

V, — Notis on Charaka Sanhitd. — /?y Db. Mahenbra Lal Rlrcae.

(Abstract »)

Charalca Sauhitd has not yet been examiDed by acliolftrs cither of Eui'ope or America, The account of Charaka in BoBhtUnck and Eoth*s Dictionary publishing at St. Petersberg is taken from the Sahdakalpadfumaf In. wli ch we ha\*e a fabulous account of the autlior, taken from Bhaha PraUasa^ a very modern work on Medicine*

It appears, there is a M8, in Wilson's Collection, about which Dr* Both writes to Mr. Hoernla, Professor, Jayanarayan OoUt^ge, Benares, as I learn from a letter fi'om the formnr to BaLu RdjeJidra Lala Mitra, who did me the honor of referring to me on the aubject> and very kindly sent me Mr. H.'s letter to him.

According to Dr, Roth, thero are 1 1 part« or sections in the Oharaka of Wilson^a Collection, wliich are called Sthmas^

Now in the MSB, in my possession, one of which is a careful transcript from a very old and reliable MS. in possession of one of the Kavirfijas of Berhampore, made (purposely for myself) under the order of the late Raja Prasanna N6rayana Deva B6hadur» aa weU as in other M8S. in possession of other Kariraja-s, which I have soeni there are eight part« or sections or SthAnaM, Dr. Wise, the only European writer who gives any correct account of Chara- ka, mentions ordy eight parts or Sth/tnm^ the names of which exactly correspond with those in our MSS. Besides, the addi- tional parts mentioned by Dr, Both oi'e but adhythjas of one or other of the eight Sth4nas.

All our MSS. thus Agreeing, I conclude, the original Chjiraka Sanhita consists of eight 8tharia8 or Sections. The following list Bhows the names of these sections, and the number of the chapters or adhyayas they severally contain : —

IT Ujft^^lH

\* ^HjRrrf^ (

1870.]

ProeeediHffi of the Asiatic Society,

285

I

Charaka ib nut the origino] attthor of the work wliit h goes by hiB name. That author wn& Agnivesha, ii^ha, along with five otlier rishis, Bhela^ Jatukiirna, ParafifiT.*i| Ildritat and K^hiripdni, re- ceived inatruciion from Bharadvftja> who hiinseli" was taught by Indra. Indra had received Uio ftdence from the twins Aishvini Kumdras ; Ashini Ktiinaras from Prajapati, to whom the seionoo (Ayurveda) was revealed by Brahma, the supreme creator.

But Ckaraka does nut pretend to the authorship of the work. At the end of every sthitna, nay at the end of each Chapter or Adhyaya, we havo tho admission :

from which it appears that he gives the authorahip to Agnivesha, and takes credit to himself only for revif^ion and corrH'tion.

In the fabulous account of Charaka in Bhabaprakasha^ quoted in lUji mdhS K^nta*fl SaMakitlpatiruwa^ and alluded to above, he 18 said to have compihjd from the works of the six disciples of Bharadvaju. This is very probable^ but he does not say so himself-

As to the antiquity of the work, it is impossible to fix the date when it flowed fr«>m t!io lips of Atruya, or issued from the pen of Agnivesha, and when it was revised and e<lite<l by Charaka. All that we can say, at the present stage of our inquiry, is, that it seems to us to be anterior to Sushruta, the only other ancient Hindu work on medicine extant Sushruta calls himself the son of Vishvu Mitra, who was the contemporary of Il4ma, and claims to have derived his knowledge of medicine from Dhanwantari. Now, Dhanwantari is a mythological personfige^ but the Dhanwantari from whom Sushruta received instruction in Ayurvnda was ho who was calletl Dibodasa and was king of K6si, whifth is now oup modern Benares, It is eingular thnt nnithor of these works makes , any allusion to the other. Both make A'yui*veda of divine origin, and they agree in tracing this origta from above downwards as fur as Indra. But alVer that thny diverge. Charaka, as we have seen, makes Bharadvaja derive his knowledge from Inrlrn, wliereas Sushruta makes it X)hanwautari. We are inclined to think Bu* Bbruta to be a latter work, inasmuch as his preceptor is a laUir per-

ISO n age than Bharadvaja. Btisides the above^ we have other grounds for believing Sushruta to be a later work. Though not so full and eopiottSi it is more -

286

ProenedtnffM ofth^ Anaiic Soeirty.

[Sept,

syatematic and nfbre logical in its daasifioations than OKaruka. It IB more precise and accurate in it^ anatomy. Suahmta does not make any mention of beef as an artii'lo of diet, wLich Charaka does. Hence, Sushruta cuuid not have llourialitjd at an age when beef was still an article of food. Again, both Bagbhatta, and Misrabhaira, the author of Bhabaj^'alcjvHha, by far the most andont of the modern class of medical \rriterft, both these authors, we 8ay, agree in giving priority and superiority to Atreya (or Bharadvija), the preceptor of Agniveshai the author of the work which now goea by the name of Charaka.

Hence, if we take Sushruta to have flourished about the time of Udma, the illujitrious fjontemporary of his father Vishva Mitra, wo must claim for Charaka a date anterior to that of Sushruta.

But Charaka could not liave Hourished in the pre-Pauranio ag0| inasmuch aa Iiidra is called in the work, -^^^if^ (the slayer of ii demon culled Bala, mtmtioned only in some of the Purinas).

Such being the antiquity of Charaka Sanluti, it must possnaa yeiry unusual interest, not only for the historian of medicine, but no loss for the philologiat and the liistoriun in general, and the piula~ sopliui* As for its value in a medical point of view, this is not the place to dilate ujjon it. Tiiia much, however, I must say, that its pathology apail, I have found it to contain excellent and sound remarks on therapeutics, dietetics, and hygiene.

The hiat<iry of any period should now be deemed incomplete, irnless we had an insiglit into the nature of the diseases which prevailed in that poriod. In this point of view, we have no doubt, the study of Charaka would throw much light on the Idstory of the time in which it was written. From it, we shall be able, in a great measure, to decypher the mental characteristics, the various occupations, the mode of living, and vari*)us otlier ci re urns ta aces, csonuected with life and its preservation which prevailed in that age*

The receipt of the following couimuuications was announced —

1. Descriptions of New Land SheUs jro/u the SLtn StalM Pe^u — By W. TttEOBALD, Esq.

2. On the Land ShelU of Bonrhon wWi ilesct'iptwm of nmo tj)ecle»* — Bi/ G. Nsvill, Ksu., C. M. li, S»

8* D€»c$*ipliofit qfnew aptcUa of MQllmca from O^ylon* — By Mi£4»sus. G. and H. Nsvux*

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 287

Library.

The following additions have been made to the Library since the last meeting : —

Presentations, *«* Named of Donors in Capitals.

Tilleeg til Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, Aar- gang, 1866, 1867.— The Eoyal Society of Nobthekn Antiqui- ties, Copenhagen.

Asirboger for Nordisk Oldkydighed og Historie, udgivne af det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskrift-Solskab, 1866, 1867, 1868.— The same.

Memoires de la Societe Eoyale des Antiquaries du Nord, 1866, 1867.— The same.

Bijdragen tot de Taal-land-en Volkenkimde van Nederlandsch Indie, 4th vol., 3rd part. — The Royal Instit. of Netherland India.

Journal Asiatique, Nos. 55, 56. — The Asiatic Society of Paris.

Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie. April and May, 1870. — The Geographical Society of Paris.

Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. XVIII, No. 120.— The Eoyal Society of London.

Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIV, No. 2. — The Royal Geographical Society of London.

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol IV, part 2. — The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Bollettino della Societa Geographica Italiana, fas. 5. — The Italian Society of Geography.

Monatsbericht der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wis- senschaften zu Berlin, Mai 1870. — The Royal German Academy OF Sciences.

Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Nos. 10 — 17. — The Geological Institute of Vienna.

Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsan- stalt, Nos. 34, — The same.

The first Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, January 1870. — The American Museum of New York.

Original Sanscrit Texts, Vol. V, by Dr. J. Muir, — The author.

28B Proee^din^ft of the A*iatie SoeUif/. [Skpt., 1870.

Main Results of tlie mrvdern Vaidik Ro»earohes, by R. Ghoaha. — The authob,

Prufeasional Papers of Tn<lian Eugiaeering. No. 28. — The Editor.

ElmjiyfinM, Yol. IIi No, 3, edited by Hemachaodra BhatU- oharya. — The Editor.

Meruoirr^ on tliu History, Falk-lnre, and Distribution of the races of the North- Western Provinces nf India, ]>y the latf* 8ir II, EDiot. Edit»?d by J. Bennies Esq., C. 8., 2 Vols,— Lady Elliot,

Sfisti^ii Prak^d, Kalki Parana, No. I. — Kedaraxatha Banerji,

PUBLISHEB.

Archives Paloographiques do TOnent et de rAraeriqiie par Leon de Ro8ny, parts 12. — Mvisoxxeuvb and Co., Plthlisuers.

Eooords of the Greolo^i^ical Survey of Intlia, Vol. Ill, part 3. —

The SlTPERINTEN'DENT, GEOLOGICAL SiraVEY OF IpTDIA.

A nlasaifiod Catalounio <^>f Sanscrit works in the Sarasvati BUiin* diiram Mysore. — The Commissioner of Mysore,

Htmters Coniparativo i^tctiouary, Part L — The Gov. op Tntha*

Dniry'8 Hand-book of the Indian Fitira, 3. VoIh. — Tni:: samk.

SokK'tions from the Records of tht) Madraa GoYornnient^ No. II ; Survey and Settlement of tho ChoUu mbrum and Manergnody Tahiuk;^, No. 15, Report on PubHt' Instiiiction in the Madi*a8 Prenidtjucy for 18fi8-69.— The »\ue.

Rejjort on Meteorology, Musoum and Horticultural Gardens in the Province of Oudh, 1869*70.— The s^uie.

Report on the Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice, Oudh, 1869.— The same.

Oeimus of Oudh, 2 YoK — The same.

Sanitary and Vawine Reports, Oudh, 1869.— The same.

Dispensaries and Lunatic AKylum. Oudh, 1809. — The &ame.

Progress of Education, Oudh, 1869. — The same.

Purehme.

Conchologia Indica, by Hanley and Theobald Part 1 : — Westmins- ter Review, Jidy ; — Quarterly Review, July: — Revuu ilejs iJeiix Houdo3, July : — Revue Archeidogique, Juin : — Revu*.* de /^fudo^i©, No8. 5 and 6: — The Annals and Mag^mnoof Natural History, July r— The Philosophical ifagazine, July: — Journal of the Statis- tical Society^ June : — Compter Readus, Nos. 23 — 26: — .Tournal des Savants, May and June : — Zonki.ir^a Dictionary, pai't XV : — ^Boht- liugk's Dictionary, part 43 : — Ciii-onique de Tabari, 2ud Vol, — The Indian Medicjil Gazette, September: — Paepati's E'tudes aur lea Tc'liinghianes au Bohemiens de rEmpir© Ottoman.

The Nature, Nos* 3G— 40 : — ^Tho At]ienieuiu» Jtme,

rroc.A5i*tSoc: Bengal. Sept 1870.

TL m

' y

Cell hiiuti tun*yfUfth£NtunsQn4^yas*^

Jhroc. A Rial SocBen^

"a s ,? *q

PROCEEDINGS

OF TUB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOB November, 1870.

A meeting* of the Socieiy was held on Wednesday the 2nd instant, at 9 p. m.

T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., Vice-President, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The following presentations were announced : —

1. From R. F. St. John, Esq., A note on the antiquities of Thatone.

2. From Capt. A. Bloom£eld, B^gh&t, six ancient copper coins. They are old Hindu copper coins. On some of them the

figure of an elephant may be seen. They are all square.

3. From Lieut. J. Butler, Commissioner, Naga Hills, A spear of an Angami Naga, a coat of the same, and a pair of ear ornaments.

The following gentleman is a candidate for ballot at the next meeting : —

A, Rogers, Esq., Solicitor, Calcutta, proposed by L. Schwendler, Esq., seconded by Col. H. Hyde.

The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to with- draw from the Society : — Captain H. H. Thuillier, J. M. Boss, Esq., and C. Lazarus, Esq.

The following letters were read : —

1. From Fleetwood H, Pellew, Esq., on the * Barisal Guns.'

' In regard to the " Barisal Guns," my notion was that waves of a

* There was no meeting on the first Wednesday in October, as the members present did not form a qaomm.

290 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Nov

length of a milo or two each, advancing obliquely from the S. S. W. would break successively on the coast from W. to E. To a person dose by, the sound of each wave would be somewhat con- tinuous ; but to a person 40 or 50 miles off, if the wave broke simul- taneously, the sound would be a boom like that of a gun, because both extremities of the wave would be nearly at the same distance from the hearer as the centre.

' I have at Pooree, when the S. W. Monsoon has lulled, seen far to the south a very lofty wave break with a distinct booming noise , a second or .two after another nearer, then one opposite to me, and then others towards the north as far as one could see. Even to one standing on the beach, the noise of these waves (except the nearest) was so like that of guns that we used to remark on the resemblance. When the wind was blowing strongly, the wave was tm'ned over by the force of it, before it attained its full height ; but when there was no wind, or a slight breeze from the shore, whilst the swell was still high from the effect of the monsoon, this pheno- menon often occurred, the wave rising to an immense height and breaking over a mile or two of beach at one moment.

* I may remark that the wind blows very obliquely on to tiie Pooree coast and would not take the sound so far inland as at Backergunge.

' The great difficulty about the Bai-isal guns arose from the fact that the Musalmans at Perijpore and round the Kocha Eiver cele- brate their marriages chiefly in September and always fire off earthen bomb shells, and it is almost impossible to tell the sound of these from the Barisal guns. I should never have believed in them at all, if I had not once, when in the Sajjlenja river in the Sundai-ban, with nothing but forest to my south, heard thorn dis- tinctly on four or five different occasions in one night. Of course we may have been mistaken, but the sound to our senses was un- doubtedly from the south, and much louder than I ever heard it before. It woke me up from sleep, we were then about 30 miles from the coast.'

2. From H. J. Eainey, Esq., Zamindar Khulni, Jessore, on the same subject.

Pfvrsedin0H of th Aitatie Soct^fi^.

201

* On© incident, and a prominent one too, 1 Laro, I find, inadver- tently omitted to moation in my last letter, which is, that tha direction of the »oundA appears to travel invariably along the course of the ©treania that discharge themselves into tlie Bay. This circumstance I have carurully observed for a series of years, and hence I indicated the noises as coming from the aaa-hoard ; 0, g, the BubHlivisjon of IChidiid is situate on the coiiiluence of thd rivt^rs Bhoirub and Eujifcii (the latter a luteal name for the conti- nuation of tlio PasaiJ, which rtm respectively N. and E, of it, and when 1 waa reeidiug there, I noticed that the sound** appeared to come from tlie S* E,, while now that I am living across the Hupsii on the west side of it, the noises are heard from the 8. W. Again, I lived about a year at a place called Nali, alim Schillorganj, on the Baleswiu' Eiver, and to the oast of it, wht^n the detomitions, for ^suoh I may call them, were distinctly heard from the S. W. No Eu- rupoan has, I believe, resided lower down the BiileewtfnBi¥«tjn tho Sundarban than Scliillerganj, which is distant about a tide only from the open sea, and the sounds heard by me there were decidedly louder than those I hear here, while below that plaice, and 1 have heard them very close to the sea, as far down tho Hm'unghdtii river as a boat could well venture out during tho 8, W. monsoon. They were audible with even still greater prccLiion ; but the reports wore quite as distinct there from one another as they were elsewhere, wliieh would not appear to boar out t!ie surf theory or hypotheaia originally propounded by Mr. Pellow^ and which appears to have found much favour.*

3. FaoM 0. A, Elliott, Esa., Off§. 8fc^. to the Govt, of the JVl JF. P,

* I am directed to forward for tho inlbrmation of the Aftiatio

Society, copy of a Report dated 7th July, by the Civil Engineer

of the Allahabad Circle, relative to the Monolith at Kosiuiibha

in tho Alhdiabad Districrt.'

Eeport.

"I have the honor to report that in conformity witli tha

orders of Government, dated 22nd April, 1870, I piKiceeded to

** K»)6im'* on tho 1 9th May, and under my personal 6iiper\ision

commenced the work of excavating the Monolith alluded to in

292

Froetedings of ih Asiatic S(ycietf.

[Nov.

the above orders. The poBition and dimensions of the exposed

portion of tho shaft as I found it, has been &o minutely and

accurately described by CoL Cunningham in his report (tyid^^M Journal of the Asiatic Society, for 1865, Vol. 34, Port I.), that i1^^ needs no repetition at my hands,

** The small excavation made by Col. Cunningham and partially refilled by him was in the first instance cleared out and a more ex- tended area subsequently embraced, so as to eLabie me to reach the bottom of the Monolith with the least possible amount of labour.

'* The o:xcavation was uainterniptedly carried down to tlie depl of 16 feet, exposing the shaft for a length of 26 feet Irom the to] but without exhibiting any appearance of approaching the base at this depth, however, it became necessary to cut away a portion of the underlying bank against which the column rested, to admit of its circumference being accurately measured, and during this opttmtion a joint running parallel with the axis of the shaft in the direction of its base was discovered on the underlying side and as it was popularly believed and strongly asserted by a ri epectable body of natives collected on the spot that it was a secr^ recess concealing treasure, operations were susponded and circom- stances verbally reported to you on the 25th May, together with my view of the matter, that it would most probably be found to a piece let into the base of the Monolith, to replace a flaw in t] original stone of which it was formed. But there being a possibility of doubt on the subject, Mr. Chalmers, Assistant Magistrate, wi deputed to accompany me and witness tlie opening of the recei However, owing to an unfortunate accident (my horse falling ani rolling over me) I was unable to witness the further development of the Monolith, although I was in camp in the vicinity. Tho remainder of the operations was carried out under Mr. Chalmers* Buperintendenoe and the recess opened in his presence, and the supposed repository of treasure resulted^ as I had antioipated, being nothing more than a piece carefully let in to replace a fla^ in the original stone. The piece measures B feet long, and is about the area of the column at its base*

** Owing to the accident above mentioned and the intense heat the weather, I was at this stage of the proceedings reluctantly

1«70.]

Pi-ocetulingM of the Asiaiid !

nn

compelled to suspend work till tlie ensuing cold weather op until the receipt of further orders.

" The Monolith, as iaow exposed, measures from top to haee 84 feet having a circumf»3rence of 7* 10'' f»jot at top, and ten foet at bottom, which taken together with the two pieces lying in its virgi- nity gives a total length of 40' 9*'^ and this in mj opiuipn does not fuUy represent the full height of the origiual column, as the top portion exhibits a broken suface without a truce of the capital op any means of connecting it with the Monolith, had it ever existed even in a fteparate piece.

** Colonel Oimninghani in his report is of opinion that the column retains its original position although overturned j the result of the oxcnvationa prove the contrary, as the lower portion of it was found imbedded in pure clay without a particle of brick or stone intermixed. I naturally exj^joetod t^ diid some traces of a base- ment of some description, but all vestiges of brick and stone dis- appeared at the depth of IG feet from the surface, the base of tlio Munolith resting in dark stilf day ; it is therefore my opinion that it has never been erected on the site it now occupies, and its origi*' nal position will more likely bo fmind amongst some one of the many very remarkable mtiimds surrounding it. On some of these the foundations of immense palatial buildings can be distinctly traced, and I would beg to suggest for the cimsidoratinn of Gov* emment whether it might not bo in the tutern'st of Areheologicol science to have the more remarkable of them thoi'Oughly exanuni}d during the next cold season.

** During the tfxcavations no object of interest beyond the remark- ably large bricks described by Col. Cunningham was discovered,

** In cont'luaion I may udd that the cost of removing the Monolith into Allahabad will moat probably fall very little short of Ka, 10,000, There being no road of any description between ** Kosim" and *' Serai Akil" (9 miles), a smooth track will have to be made over this portion, and from the latter plaoe to Allah abad» several nullahs will have to be temporarily tilled in, and the immense si^e of the column will require special ooutrivancea for moving a weight uf 15 tons (about) across country.^*

(Signed) H» K* NssniTTp Civtl Mi^inm-.

294 Proceedings of the Astatic Society [Nov,

In reply to a letter from the Secretary of the Society, regarding inscriptions on the Monolith, Mr. Nosbitt writes as follows : —

**In reply to your letter No. 533 of the 12th instant, I have much pleasure in informing you that there are many inscriptions on the ** Kosim Monolith," and they are almost in as many vari- ous characters as there are inscriptions, the most remarkable and apparently the most ancient of them being of a peculiar shell- shaped pattern.

** I shall endeavour to procure the " rubbings" you require as soon as possible, but at present I am myself unable to get out to Kosim (30 miles), owing to press of work in the station.

" The Government having taken a favourable view of my sugges- tion to explore some of the most remarkable mounds alluded to in my report, I entertain hopes of making some interesting dis- coveries during the ensuing cold season. I may add that wliilst excavating a tank a few miles from Kosim, two white marble figures in good preservation were discovered. One is called by the natives whom I consulted ** Mahabeer," and the other " Nundhea." They are now both deposited in the Allahabad Museum."

The President then exhibited two inscriptions received from Babu Rashbihari Bose, Banka.

Tlie first inscription is taken from Col. Franklin's * Inquiry con- cerning the pi to of Ancient Palibothra, Part II.* The second is a Bengali Inscription taken from a Hindu Temple on the Mondar Hill.

Bdbu PljendraMa Mitra said, that not having Franklin's work at hand, he could not say whence the first inscription had been taken ; but judging from its character and subject, he was satisfied that it was a Buddhist record, and commemorated the dedication of a statue or a chatya. The character was intermediate between tlie Gupta and the Kutila, and had been inscribed probably in the sixth century of the Christian era. The fifth letter of the third line was doubtful, so were the last two letters of the last lino. Ho read the record as follows : —

1 870.] Froeeeiings of the Asiaiic Society, 295

"^m ^ftj^^ — or ^^'H^

" The liigUy veneratod, the great king, the king of kings Sri TJgrnbhoirava + d( dicated this."

The second inscription was from a modem temple on the Mondar Ilill, built 'about 270 years ago, by a zemindar of Subbalpur. It was written in the old Bengali character of the Tirhut typo and in the Sanskrit language. The temple was intended to supply the place of an older one, dedicated by aChola li6jd, wliich, according to the local legend, had been demolished by Kfildpah^, and the remains of which are still visible. The following are its transcript and translation : —

^^f^^^fH: ^^113>T?rf?r: ^<»i^^^i<WW il

"The well-disposed, and auspicious Chhatrapati, son of tho auspicious Y^isudeva, dedicated tliis pure and noble place of victory on earth for S'ri Madhusudana, in tho S aka yi^ar 1521, when tho noble Brahmdna Duhs'dsana was the officiating priest. S'aka 1521. — [A. D., 1597.]

The following papers were read —

I. — On the Funeral Ceremonies of the Ancient Hindm, — By Babu Ra'jendrala'la Mitra. (Abstract.)

Tho paper opens by adverting to two articles which have already been published on the subject, one by H. T. Colebrooke on tlie modern ritual, and the other by Max MiiUer on the ancient ritual ; and then notices in detail the cremationary and sepul- chral ceremonies described in the Arapyaka of the Black Yajur Veda. Some of the rites noticed are remarkable. The first ceremony was the removal of the dead from the house to the burning ground, and this was done on a cart drawn by two bullocks, or by aged slaves. The procession was headed by the eldest of the i)arty, and included an old black cow. This

ir** x;jb4^ Vy il^ >/7 iLfs^/rfA^ s&d «-** dieace resofyred bj m yoomger ^/fAhetf u fti>/r dwij^^y <«- * Si«rraz^ of the d&ad, who ofTeT&d to UiMrrr }tef, TJwr t^ir^iu^nij of htiryln^ the bone& va* porfofrmcd on tliMb ^id^ '^rjy '^ 7th dsT ; icn.d on the ICrth daj the monmers as- kt-fUshUA *j/'/^\^rf 9tzA idUir 'r^eitain obhitions, offerings, and prajrers, raiA^yJ a '^-s/'/le of JFt/ziiesi, and then retired to the house of the chief rsMmrfi'ff t// fi<r?ut '/n kid'» fle*h and l^arler.

7'ij^r i/fi*f'\w\hii^ jy/rtjon of the paper iji deroted to a consideration //f the obj^p'^'t a/jd m^Ois/iSii^ of the mantra which was first quoted by ^>/J/rbf'/'/k'r a>, the WJie auth^/rity for the performance of Suttee, and haJi feiw^ij Uj^'Ij fr<:<jDentJj noticed. According to the Aranvaka, it nUfmhi U; rtyi^XfA when the wr/men put on colljrium on the tenth day of the moiiming, imrae^l lately l>efore putting up the stone circle,

A r;^in vernation eninted in which most members took a part

II, — C'^//n* o/* /A* Hharqi Kings of Jaunpur, — By Eev. M. A. HiJERKiso, Benares,

Mr, IJI^K'limann «aid —

'i'ho pttp'yf will HJiortly appear in the Journal. Mr. 8herring li/iH not iiU'X with any Hilver or gold fxiins of the Sharqis, nor with i'At\i\t*'.r I'oiiiH ]irior U) tho reign of Ibrahim Slidh. The first Jaun- pur king, Malik Harwar, Bult^n uhhsliarq, does not appear to have Mlnuk vitiUH ; nor dor-H lio Houni t^> have assumed the title of Shah. 'i'lio lii'ginning of liis reign is variously given in the Histories. FiriHliiah, who copied his extrar;ts from the 2'6rikh i Mubarak Shdhi, giv<5H 700 A. H., and niakos him reign six years. Tho Ain has 16 yoars, wlii<:h would remove hinjulu^ ten years earlier. The Luck- n(iW iCdition of Firishtah has 776, A. H. There are also slight dihrrcpanries hotwcon Firishtah and the Ain in the length of the ntigiiH of the other kings.

Mr. Hhi^rring conlii'nis Marsden's remark that the Jaunpur coins nxhihit tho name of* tho Egyptian Khalifah Abulfath, who appears to have t!onf4»rrod tho taijHd^ or right of sovereignty, on the Shar- cjIh, long alter tho Kb alif all's demise.

18?0.]

Proceedings oftks Asiatic SoMtf.

Tlie most important point rovealotl by Mr. Sherring's pnpor is, that coins were struck in the name of Huaain Shdh, the last Sharqi, long affcOT 881, the year in which, aooorcUiig to the Muhammadan Historiana, Jaunpur lost its independenee, and even after 905, the yoar in which Husain iSh41i is eaid to havo died,

Marsden also has a Husain Shdht of 886, A. H.

HI. — Notes on the Bonhara Temph near Omnrpore^ Behar. — Bif Bauu lUsHBiiLUii BosE, SuB-Drv^ifiioNAL Officeb, Baa'Ka.

IV- — An Aeamni of Copihnoon^f Juiore, and Us AHtiqmli4Sf in con- neciion with the Fair held there in March, 1808* — Bsf Babu Basubihahi Boss.

The Secretary read extracts from both papere, which will bo published in the forthcoming niimbor of the Joui'nal. He &aid —

Babu Haehbihari Bose has since favoured the Society with an excellent facsimile of the inscription of the Bonhara Mosque* The inscription is in Arabic and runs as follows : — \j^ aJ dUt ^ Alj iAsr-^ ^^f^fJ^^Ajhi^h JU ^^\ Jlf jiLJiji^^^j^lj UaJi J3U ^lUJJ ^Lsr'f 0.^-*^ 1^ mlUi^J Allc

' Thus says the Prophet (may God's blesaliig rest upon him !) — He who builds a mosque for God, shall have a castle like it built for him by God in Paradise. This is the Jdmi' Masjid (erected) by Sultan *Alauddunyi wa-ldin Abul Muzaflar Husain Shah, tbo King. May God perpetuate his reign I Zul Qa'dah 908, A* H.* [June, 1502, A. B.]

The iascription commences with a well-known passage from the Muhammadan Tradition, and is almost identical with the inscrip- tion on the Cheran Mosque published in our ProceedingB for April, 1870 Cp* 112). Tlie characters being Tui/hrd^ x^^*-^^^^^ conaiderablo dUQoulties in deciphering. The Arabic inscriptions on the slabs which lie about in Tribenf and Siltg^ow are in the eamo character, and several of them belong to Elusain Shah.

'Al&uddin Husain Shah reigned over Bengal from 1498 to 1521.

298 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Nov.

His numerous mosques, and the part which he plays in Bengal legends, have been referred to in the Proceedings for April.

The Cheran inscription and the inscription before the meeting are of historical interest. Bihdr during the greater part of the 15th cen- tury formed part of the Sharqi kingdom of Jaunpur. Husain Shdh, the last king of Jaunpur, was deprived of his kingdom by Buhliil and Sikandar Lodi, and Jaunpur was reannexod to Dihli, Husain Sh^ taking refuge in Bihdr, and ultimately in Bengal. He is said to have died in 905 A. H. (1499-1500, A. D.). The two inscriptions go to shew that Bihar was not annexed to Dihli, but to Bengal, and thus confirm the histories.

The following communication was announced — List of Reptilian Accessions to the Indian Mmeuniy Calcutta^ from 1865 to 1870, with a description of some new species, — By J. Andebsok, Esq., M. D., F. S., F. Z, S., Curatar, Indian Museum,

Library.

The following additions have been made to the Library since the Meeting held in September last : —

Presentations. «% Namos of Donors in Capitals.

rrocoedings of the Eoyal Society, Vol. XVIII, No. 120.— The EoYAL Society of London.

Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIV, No. 2. — The Royal GEOORArHiCAL Society of London.

The Journal of the Chemical Society, Vol. VIII, May, June, and July. — The Chemical Society of London.

Bulletin de la Societo de Geographic, June, 1870. — The Geo- graphical Society of Paris.

Journal Asiatique, No. o7. — The Asiatic Society of Paris.

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. IV, Part 2. — The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Report by Baron von Richthofou on the Provinces of lliinan, Hupeh, Honan., and Shansi. — F. von Richthofen.

1 870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 299

Rdmayana, Vol. 2nd, No. 4, edited by Hemacliandra Bhattd- charya. — The Editor.

Jahresbericlit des Physikalischen Central Observatoriums der Akademie fiir 1869, abgestattet von H. Wild, Director. — The Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.

Anecdota Syriaca, coUegit, edidit, explicuitque J. P. N. Land, Tom. ni.— The Editor.

The Central Provinces Quzetteer, ed. C. Gbant, 2nd edition. — The Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces.

Selections from the Records of the Government of the N. W. Provinces, Vol. Ill, No. 4. — The Government of Bengal.

The Annals of Indian Administration in 1868-69. — The Same.

Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. CXVn.— The Same.

Report on the Charitable Dispensaries under the Government of Bengal for the year 1869. — The Same.

JExchange.

The Nature Nos. 41—48.

Purchase.

Journal des Savants, July 1870 : — Comptes Rendus, Tom. LXXI. Nos. 1-6 : — Revue Archeologique, No. VII : — Revue de Linguis- tique, Tom 4, fasc. I : — The Numismatic Chronicle, 1870, part 11 : — Otto Kistner*s Buddha and his doctrines : — Max Mailer's Outline Dictionary: — Asher's Study of Modern Languages: — Moffat's Standard Alphabet Problem : — Gray's Hand-List of Birds, part I : — Fergusson's History of Modem Architecture, "Vol. Ill : — Wallace's Theory of Natural Selection.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOR December, 1870.

A meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the 7th inst., at 9 o*clock p. M. The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phoar, President, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. Presentations were announced :

1. From Babu P^dhic&pras&da Mukerjf — five copies of a plan of the Temple of Jagannath at Puri.

2. From W. Talbort, Esq. — a crystal head, a ring and a charm, and three earthen figures dug up at Dera Ismail Khan.

3. From Rev. J. Long — six Gujrati books.

4. From the author — a coi)y of Revision of the Mollusca of Massachusetts by W. H. Dall, Esq., and on the genus Pomphohjx and its allies, with a revision of the Limnaidce of authors, by W. H. DaU, Esq.

Mr. J. Wood Mason exhibited some cocoons of Hymenopterous insects fichneumonidcejy found in a garden in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, and made some remarks on the habits of those insects.

Mr. Blochmann exhibited a silver coin, belonging to Mr. G. Nevill. He said, the coin was struck by an old king of Bengal, called Ghi6suddin Bahddur Sh&h. It was described and figured in Mr. Thomas' Initial Coinage of Bengal (Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1867, p. 50, and Pi. I., No. 5); but specimens are rare.

302 Proceedifigs of the Asiatic Society, [Dec

Unfortunately the margin was cut away, and no trace was left of the date and the name of the mint.

A. Eogers, Esq., duly proposed and seconded at the la^t meeting were balloted for and elected an ordinary member.

The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next meeting : —

F. C. Daukes, Esq., C. S., Mirzapur, proposed by W. Oldham, LL. D., C. S., seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann.

R. S. Brough, Esq., Assistant Superintendent, Government Tele- graph, Alipore, proposed by L. Schwendler, Esq., seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann.

Isaac Newton, Esq., Officiating Superintendent General of Vac- cination, Panjdb, proposed by B. Smith Lyman, Esq., seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

B^bu Ganendranatha Thakora, proposed by H. Blochmann, Esq., seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw from the Society : —

Capt. E. W. Trevor, 0. Campbell, Esq., lieut.-Ool. Briggs, Lieut. J. Butler, Col. F. P. Layard, H. Reinhold, Esq. ♦

The Council reported that on a recommendation of the Philolo- gical Committee they have sanctioned the publication of the fol- lowing Sanscrit works in the Bib. Indica : —

1 . Tatvachint6m6ni.

2. Aphorisms of Pingala.

3. Sulapani.

4. Hem^dri.

5. Tribhdshyaratna.

6. Baudhayana Sutra.

The following letter regarding counterfeit coins has been re- ceived from Major F. W. Stubbs.

Attock, l^th November y 1870.

"It is not often probably that one meets with a counterfeit gold mohur of obsolete Muhammadan mintages, and therefore it is as well to be on one's guard against such forgeries. Accordingly I send you the following description of one brought me a day or two

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 303

ago, clearly a die-struck imitation of the rupee of Ghideuddin Tughluq 8h^, described as No. 78, page 47, Thomas's Coins of the Patan Suites of Hindustdn. Were it not for the mistakes made by the engraver of the die, I do not think it would have been possible to have detected the forgery.

The legends were as follows : —

Obv, Al-Sult^ al Ghazi Ghias ud dunyd wa-I din Abul- Muzaffar.

Hev, Tughluq Shdh al-Sultan ndmin (e/i^l* y^itl-Jl) amir ul muminin f^ri

Margin, hazihi-1-sikkah ba Hazrat Dihli fi sanat tis'a wa 'ishrin wa sab'a iat —

in which the six mistakes are evident : —

1. ^dmtninBteeidof ndgir.

2. Date in figures impossible.

3. Difference of dates in words and figures.

4. The word zuriba omitted.

5. Jf of ma^ omitted.

6. The usual forms of the letters alify /awi, focj had thick clavate shapes: in this coin they have the more elegant form, first in- troduced on his coins by Sher Shah.

I had a gold mohur of this king of the type described at page 7 of the Supplement to Thomas* Patan Coins with a legend similar to No. 76 of his series, (but perhaps not the same mint), which I con- sider to be a cast ; but Colonel Guthrie, in whose possession it now is, thinks it genuine. Both came from the same place, Eawal Pindee, a nest of coiners. This notice may be of use to collectors."

The following papers were laid before the meeting : — I. Descriptions of the species of Alycccince^ known to inhabit the Khasi Hill ranges^ by Major H. H. Godwin- Austen, F. R. G. 8.,

Major Godwin- Austen's recent researches in the Klhasi hills have increased the number of species of Alycon from those hills to 1 6, of which 7 are new, and of several species, previously described, inter- esting varieties have been noticed. The present list does not include all the species from the Assam valley. Beautifully executed figures accompany the descriptions.

304 Proceedings of the Astaiie Society, [Dec.

II. (hi some undescribed species of Camptoceras, and other land- shells, by H. F. Blanford, Esq.

In addition to the only known species of the interesting genus Camptoceras (C, terebra, Bens.), Mr. Blanford describes two others, lately discovered by Major God win- Austen in the Mymensinghj heels. Besides these the author describes one Ali/cosus, one Diplommatina^ two Olessula and two species of Selicarion, all from Darjeeling.

m. On sofne new or imperfectly knoton Indian Plants, by S. Kurz, Esq.

This is a continuation of Mr. Kurz's very valuable notes on various Indian plants (including those from Burma and the Malay Archipelago), published in our Journal for this year. The present paper contains a large number of new species described from Burma, chiefly jfrom the collection of Dr. Brandis.

IV. Note on Onchidium verruculatum, Cuv., from Ceylon, by H. Nevell, Esq., C. S., Ceylon.

Animal ovoid, thick, solid, roughly tuberculated, especially down the centre of the back ; tubercles irregular, very retractile ; dotted at times with cells or points ; sometimes elevated, containing a black matter, occasionally dendritically fllamented on the posterior slope.

Mantle, above, dark olive, rough, thickened ; beneath, yellowish at the outer edge, shading into dark olive grey at the junction with thfe foot. Foot pale greenish white, soft, semi-pellucid. Ten- tacles grey ; head and its appendages very dark above.

Length 2 inches, breadth 1^ inches, height in centre 1 inch.

This species was originally described and figured in Napoleon's * Expedition to Egjrpt' under the name of Onchidium Peroniiy a Mau- ritian species. Cuvier subsequently called the Eed sea form 0. ver- ruculatum, and it is interesting to find it in Ceylon.

It has been considered to represent one of the typical species of Peronia, but it has afforded a singular confirmation of the views expressed by Dr. Stoliczka in the Joum. As. Soc. Beng. Vol. XXXVIII, Part n, No. 11, 1869, where, after an account of tho anatomy of the genus, he proceeds, (page 99.) to show tho probable identity of the so-called genera Onchidium^ Onchidiella, and Peronia

It would appear from the evidence brought forward there, that the only true grounds for separation of Onchidium and Peronia

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 805

are the filamentous appendages to the mantle of the latter ; inter- mediate forms appearing imknown.

Now the present species presents at certain times these filaments developed from its mantle ; and also presents on those parts of its body where the tubercles want these filaments, the singular black " cells of pigment," noticed by Dr. Stoliczka.

A careful examination of several living specimens has afforded me the following additional data on the subject :

That in the present species, the tubercles, when plain, are stud- ded with black points, in varying number.

That when the tubercles develop filaments, these occur similar- ly to the black points.

That the black points sometimes show a tendency to become rais- ed on stalks.

That the filaments disappear in confinement, or in alcoliol ; and that they only occur partially, and in some specimens only, while others at the same locality and season want them.

Not being able to keep vivaria I have not ascertained whether tho filaments disappear permanently or temporarily, how they so dis- appear and whether they are replaced by black points ; but I think enough is noted to establish the fact that the black points or colls become developed at seasons, or in specimens, into filaments ; and thence Peronia cannot be separated from Onchidium, unless on cha- racters distinct from those already quoted.

V. Extracts from a Diary written on the occasion of a visit to K^harakpur and Munghir. By Ba'bu Sashbeha'by Bose.

Several extracts from the paper were read referring to the Mosque of Lak'hinpur, the conversion to Islim of one of the Rajahs of Kharakpur, and the legend of tho Five Virgins who threw themselves from the hill, which in remembrance of them ia called * Panch Kumfiri.*

The paper will be published in the first number of the Journal for next year.

l^Ir. Blochmann said — ^Ihave collected* from Mughul Historians a few notes on the History of the Rdjahs of Klharakpiir. Kharak- piir is the name of an old town and Parganah, south of Mung^r

306

Proc0€dmg$ oj tM Anaiic Soeteijf,

(Monghyt). Tho rivor Man tra\*ei*3oa tlio district and flows oast of Mungur into tlie Qangea.

At the time of the t^onquost of Bihlr and Bengal by Altbar^ (A. D, 167 i-75), there were in Bihar throo powex'ful Zomind^ra — Bujah Gajpatf of Hdjipiir (Patna), Raj all PiVran Mall of Gidhor (S. W* of Kharakpdr), and Eijiih Singram of Kharakpdr. Gajpati waa t»)tally ruined by the Imperialists whom he opposed ; but Puran Mull and >Singrain wisoly submitted and assisted Akbar'a generalji in the wars with the Afghiua^ When the g^eat Mutiny of Bihfir and Bengal broke out, SingriXui, though not perhaps very oponlyt joined the rebels, but submitted Jigain to the IMnghuls, whan Akhai*^s general Bhahb^ Kh&n marched against him. He was BO anxioua to avoid coming in open contaot with Akbar, that h^ handed over to Shahb&z tho sta'ong fort of Mahda,* But h© never paid his respects personally at Court, where his son, apparently as hostage, was detained, and remained submissive till Akbar's doath ( 1 605) . The accession of Jalidngir and the rebellion of Prinea Khusrau inclined him to mak« a Unal attempt to recover his in- dependonce and to collect his forces which, according to Jahangir*© Memoirs, consisted of about 4OO0 horse, and a large army of foot- soldiers. Jahdngir QulS IChsiu LAlah Bog, governor of Biliir, lost no time in opposing him, and Singrdm whilst defending himself, was killed by a gunshot (IGOG).

Stngrim^s son, whom Jahdngir calls a favourite of his, was not immediately installed on his fa therms death ; but had to wait till 1615, when on his conversion to IsUm he was allowed to return to Biiidr* Like several Hajalis, he retained al\er his t'onversion the title of his ancestors, and is known in Muhammadan histories as Jii;ah Hoza/zun.^ He remained devoted to tho service of tho emperor, and was in 1628, when Jahingir died, a Commander 1600 (brevet rank), and 700 horse.

On Sh^jahdn's accession (1628), Rdjah Rozafzdu entered activ^ service. He aeeompanied Mahabat Ivh^n to Kiibul in tho W(u* with NosT Muhammad Khan, king of Balkh, and served later in tlie ex- pedition against Jhujhar Qingh Bundelah. In the 6th year of 8h4h-

• Mahil^f |«>4^. T cmitnoi find tbe fort ou tho mupSr

t ltoi*aJg,mt *^*k»ly iacreaBiiig, growing iu power.

IB 70.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 307

jahdn's reign lie served under Prince Shuj&' in the siege of Paren- dah, and was promoted in the beginning of the 8th year (1044 A. H., or A. D. 1634-35) to a Command of 2000 (brevet), 1000 horse. (Pddishdhn.y I., 5., 67). He died soon after in the same year.

His son was Bdjah Bihruz.* He served in the siege of Qanda- hdr, and was in the 30th year of Sh&hjahan's reign a Ck)mmander of 700, with 700 horse. In the beginning af Aurangzib's reign, he assisted the emperor against Prince Shujd', and in the (second) conquest of Palimau in 1072, or A. D, 1661.

Rajah Bihruz died four years later, in the 8th year of Aurangzib's reign.

He is evidently the E^jah whom Babu Rashbihary Bose calls Majah Beroje,

On referring to the Survey maps, I find in the Parganah Sikharfibidf, which forms the Eastern boundary of Kharakpiir, two villages of the name of Bihruzpiir, evidently so called in memory of Edjah Bihruz.

The story of the Lak'hinpiir saint whose tooth-pick shot forth green branches, resembles that of Sayyid Shah 'Abdullah Kirm^ni of Birbhiim. Shdh 'Abdullah left, it is said, when yoimg, Kirman in Persia, his native country, and visited Shdh Arzdni, at whoso request he went to Bengal. On departure, Sh6h Arzdni, gave him a tooth-pick of chambeh wood, and told him to remain at that place where the tooth-pick would become fresh and green. Shah 'Abdullah arrived in Birbhum, and stayed at Bargaon, near Bhadia, where he performed several miracles (kardmdt). But as the tooth-pick remained dry, he went to Khuslitigi-i, another village in Bfrbhum. One night he put the tooth-pick into his pillow, and awaking he found it was fresh and green. He then planted it, and it soon became a large tree, which is still seen.

Shah 'Abdullah is especially renowned for the power which he had over serpents, and now-a-days in Birbhum his name is repeat- ed in formulas of enchantment. His dargdh is in the hands of his descendants, and is visited by numerous pilgrims.

Sh&h 'Arz&ni, whom I mentioned, is a Muhammedan saint who died during the reign of Shah Jahan at Patna, in A. H. 1040, or 1630.

* Bihrut, literally a man whoso day is good.

308 Proceedings of the Asiatic Socic ft/, [Dec.

LiBKAllY.

The following additions have been made to the Library since the meeting held in November last.

Presentaliom. %• Names of Douora in Capitals.

Proceedings of the Royal Society, November, 1870.— The Royal Society of London.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for the year 1869. Vol. 159, part IE. — The Royal Society of Lon- don.

Proceedings of the Royal Lrish Academy, Vol. X, parts 1-3. — The Royal Irish Academy.

The Transactions of the Royal L-ish Academy, Volume XXIV, Science, parts 9-15 ; Antiquities, part 8 ; Polite Literature, part 4. — The Royal Irish Academy.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1868-69. — The Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Volume XXV, part n.— The Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Volume XIV, Nos. 1-4. — The Royal Geographical Society of London.

Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Volume XXXIX. — The Royal Geogratuical Society of London.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1869, parts 1-3. — The Zoological Society of London.

Transactions of the Zoological Society, Volume VII, parts 1-2 — The Zoological Society of London.

Journal of the Anthropological Society, October, 1870. — The Anthropological Society of London.

Aiinuaire de L' Academic Roy ale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 1870. — L' Acade'mie Royale des Sciences, &c., de Belgique.

Bulletins de L' Academic Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Tom. XXVII, XXVIII.—L' Acade'mie Royale des Sciences, &c. de Belgique.

Annales Mot^orologiques de L'Observatoiro Royale do Bnixollcs, 1869. — L' Acade'mie Royale DES Sciences, &c., de Belgique.

1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic ^ocief If, 309

Zcitsclirift der Deiitschen Morgenlaiiclisclien Gosellschaft, Band XXIV, Hefte l-II — Thb German Oriental Society.

Atti dolla Eeale Accadeinia delle Scienze di Torino, Vol. IV,

Pisp. 1 — 7. — R. ACCADEMIA DELLE SciENZE DI ToRINO,

BoUettino Meteorologico ed Astronomico del liegio Osservatorio dell' University di Torino. — R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino.

Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserliclien Akademie der Wissenschaften, Math-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 1866, Mterz — Juli ; und der Philos-Historischen Classe, 1869, Februar — Juli. — K, Akademie

DER WlSSENSCILAFTEN ZXJ "WiEN.

Denkschriften der Kaiserliclien Akademie der Wissenschaften, Math-Naturwissenscliaftliclio Classe, Baud XXIX, Philos-Historis- che Classe, Bcende XVI-XVIII. — K. Akademie deb Wissenschaf- ten ZTT WiEN.

Archiv fur Osterreichische Goschichte, herausgegebon von der zur Pflege vaterlandisclior Gescbiclite aufgestellton Commission tier Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band XLI, Hali'te 1-2. — K. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wibn,

Almanach der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1869. — K. Akademie der Wissenschaiten zu Wien.

Die Temperatur-verhultnisse der Jahre 1848-1863 an den Sta- tionon des Osterreichischon Beobachtungsnetzes, von Dr. C. Jelinek. — K. Akademie deb Wissenschaften zu Wien.

Atlas der Hautkrankheiten, Text von Prof. Dr. F. Ilebra, Lie- ferung VII. — K. Akademie der AVissbnschaften zu AVien.

Vorhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-botani- Bchen Gesellschaft in Wien, Band XIX. — K, K. Zoolooisch-bota- KisciiE Gesellschaft.

Bulletin de 1' Acad^uiie Imi>^riale des Sciences de St. Peters- bourg, Tom XIV, No. 1-6.— L'Acade'mie Imfe'riale des S(;ien- CES DE St. Pe'tersbouro

Memoires de L' Academic Imperiale dos Sciences do St. P^ters- bourg, Tom Xin, Nos. 8, Tom XIV No. 1-9, Tom XV, No. 1-3, — L'Acade'mie Impe'riale DBS Sciences de St. Pe 'lERSBouRa.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 18G9, January, — December. — The Academy of Natubal Science:^

OF PHlLADELrillA,

310 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Deo.

Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, N. S., Vol. VI, part IV. — The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, •

Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, by J. Leidy, M. D., LL.D. — The Academy op Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences Vol. I, part I. — The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Scien- ces.

Journal of the Boston Natural History Society, Vol. IL— The Boston Natural History Society.

Proceedings of the Boston Natural History Society, Vols. II-IIL — The Boston Natural History Society.

Abstract of English and Colonial patent specification relating to the preservation of Food &c. — The Eeqistrar General, Mel- bourne.

Patents and Patentees for 1865 to 1866, Vols. 3, — The Begis- TRAR General, Melbourne.

Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Band V. Ueber das Sapta^atakam de Hala, ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Prdkrit von A. Weber. — The Author.

n Brahui studio di Etnologia Linguistica di F. Finzi. — The Author.

Description of new Land and Fresh-water Molluscan species collected by Dr. J. Anderson, in upper Burma and Yunan, by W, T. Blanford, F. G. S., C. M. Z. S.— The Author.

On the species of Hyrax inhabiting Abyssinia and the neigh- bouring countries, by W. T. Blanford, C. M. Z. S. — The Author.

On the Geology of a portion of Abyssinia, by W. T. Blanford Esq., F. G. S. &c.— The Author.

Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, made during the progress of the British Expedition to that country in 1867-68, by W. T. Blanford.— The Author.

Kepertorium fiir Meteorologie, von Dr. H. Wild, Band I, Heft I — Director of the Meteorological observatory at St. Petersburg.

Annales de L'Observatoire Physique Central de Russie, publides

1870.] Proeeedings of the Asiatic Society. 311

par H. Wild. — ^Lb DmBCTBUB db l'obsbrvatoirb Physique Cen- tral, St. Pe 'tbrsbouro.

Comifteliiiaceae Indicao, Imprimis Arcbipelagi Indici, C. Hass- karl. — The Author.

Sunt! dei Lavori Scientifici letti e dicussi, nella classe di Scienze Morali, Storiche e Filolologiche della B. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. — G. Gorrbsio.

The Calcutta Journal of Medicine Vol. HE, Nos. 1-4 edited by Dr. M. Sircdr. — ^Thb Editor.

Eashasya Sandarbha, Vol. VI, No. 61, edited by Babu R. Mitra. — The Editor.

Annual Eeport of the Secretary of War 1866. The Secretary of War of the U. S. America.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Paleeontologia Indica, Vol. m, Nos. 1-4. — The Supbrintbndent of the Geological Sur- vey OF India.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. VII, part II. — The Superintendent of the Geolooioal Survey of India.

Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. Ill, part 4. — The Superintendent of the Survey of India.

Selections from the Records of Government N. W. Provinces, Vol. IV, No. 1. — The Government of the N. W. Provinces.

Report of the Sanitary Administration of the Panjab, 1869. — The Government of Bengal.

Report of the Revenue Survey Operations of the Lower Provin- ces, 1868-69. — The Government of Bengal.

Annual Report of the Insane Asylums in Bengal 1869. — The Government of Bengal.

Exchange.

The Athena3um, September, 1870. The Nature, Nos. 49—62.

Purchase.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History Nos. 33 and 34 : — Lon- don, E. and D. Philosophical Magazine, Nos. 266 and 267 : — The American Journal of Science, Nos. 147 and 148. — The Quarterly Journal of Science, No. 28 :— Comptes Rendus, No. 10: — The

&l;2

Proceeding* of the Asiatic Bocisitj.

[Deo

Westminsfer Eeyiew, October, 1870 :— Revue Archealogiqiie Aoist 1870: — Eevue des Deux Mondes, 1 and 15th September: — Hewitson's Exotic Butterflies, Nos. 75 and 76. *

Nederlandfich Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, Jaargang II, Afle- vering 1-12.

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1870.] Proceedings oftlis Asiatic Sociefij.

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814 Proceedings of the AsitUic Society, [DeO.

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APPENDICES.

816

Appendix A.

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APPENDIX B.

ZUt of Ihmationt (not including JBooh^ or otksr puhHeatiofii, and MSS,^ lhe4e being acknowl^t^d in the nmtUhltf library linUj,

[OhJQota mcu-ked with an ajitorisk >iAre been tr^nflferr^ to the Trnateos of the Indiim Muaeum].

Donors.

Bloom£eld, A., Esq. ..

Bloomfield Captain, A., Butler, Lieut. J •

Chandrasikkara Banoijii Babu,

Committee of Groto Portrait Fund Deloieriuk, J« Q., Es<|, .*•»•*..

Ditto dittOy t • •

Ferrar, M. L., Esq., C. S

Qastreil, Co!. J. E « « *

Hexter, H. Eeq. *

Eainey, H. J*, Esq

Saxton, OoL, Q, H. . . . * , Stoney, E. V., Esq

♦Eight pieces of silver and seven* teen pieces of clipper utensila found near the village Oun- geria. Six ancient copper coins. A spear of an Augami Naga, a coat of the same, and a pair of ear ornaments.

*A rectangular piece of gameti- ferous gneiss with the Bud- dhist formula '* Ye Dhamma- hetu, (S:c!. &c, &c,, found in the Alti Hills. A portrait of A. Grote, Esq., C. 8.

*A number of Budciiiisi heads and 8t*m© tablets with figures from near Peshawar. Specimens of moulds used in counterfeitiEg coins. Copper coins dug up near Par- tabgai'h.

*A specimen of Macrocheira Kaempferi from Japan and a specimen of a large Ostrea.

*A specimen of Chamteleo vid- garis fiT>m Bught>deer. Two modern copper coins bear- ing the inscription ** Island of 8ultana'' in English, and the coat of arms of the E. I. Company.

♦A set of Iron implements &o, found IB a cromlech on the Nilgiris.

•A piece of a calcareous tulTa taken out of a Sit^ii tree near Cuttack.

INDEX.

Page

Abbayacharana Mallika (Babu), witbdrawal of, 64

Ablabes collaris, 106

„ melanocepbalus, 106

„ Nicobariensis, 106

„ Eappii, 106

Acantbodactjlus Cantoris, 70, 71

„ Nilgberiensis, 79

Accounts, Annual, , xix — zxxix.

Aerolite, Note on tbe recent fall of, 64

Agama agilis, 78

Akddlab, 110

'Alauddin Husain Sbfib, Sultan, , 112

Alg8B from tbe Sikkim Himalayas, 10

„ Li»t of Bengal 267

„ Notes on Javanese Ib2

„ Tbird list of Bengal 9

Alkbund, on tbe Translation of tbe 65

Allogonium depressum, 12

Altmasb, Coin of * 181

AlvcaeinaB, 803

Ambaric MSS. from Magdala, S

Amir Hasan Kban Babadur (Itaja), election of 152

Ampelita (Helix) Bigsbyi, 87

Ampbibia, Malayan and Indian 103

Ampbiprion bifasciatum, 175

„ percula, : 176

Ananta cbaturdasi, • . • • , 278

Andaman Home, Tbe 164

324 Index,

Tagt

AndamaneBe, Burial of the dead among the « • 163

Children of the 161

aothing of the 158

Customs of the • ^ •••.... 153

Dr. F. Day, on the 153

^^^Aiiguage of the . . 153

Marriage of the 160

Medicines with the 162

Natural History of the 174

Painting the body among the 159

Property of the 167

Test words, A short list of 178

Andaman Islands Kjokkenmoddings on the 13

„ Notes on a trip to the 177

Anhatti, a parganah in Madaran, 116 note.

Annual Accounts, xx — xxxix.

Ansonia, n. gen., 104

„ Penangensis, n. sp., 104

Anthreptes phsBnicotis, 266

Antiquities of the Assi &c. Hills, 253

„ of Madaran, 115

„ ofPanduah, .....^ 120

ArchfiBological Notes by Mr. Carlleyle, 180

Archaeology of Shah ki Dheri, 181

Area fasciata, 14

,, scapha, Bemains of 14

Arsa, Pargannah of Ill

Arwal in Bihar, 121

Assam Celts, 267

„ Earthquake at 222

Assay of Silver in the Calcutta Mint, 276

Assi, Alti and Darpan Hills, Antiquities of the 253

Ateuchosaurus Travancoricus, 73

Atmospheric pressure, Irregiilarities of 91

Attock Inscription, 241

Bah&uddin Sultan Walad, 251

Indtx. 326

Fage

Bahrdm Saqqa, 1 24

„ ofBurdwan, 189

Bairah Pargannah, 113

Balosore Inscription, 4

B&lgadhi, a parganah in Mad^ran, note 116

Ball (Mr. Y.) on the Andamans, 177

„ on Assam Celts, 268

„ on S[r. lilofluaann's Hugli Inscriptions, .... 189

Balwantnamah, Mr. Blochmann on 218

Bancoorah not in ancient Bengal, ^ Ill

Bang&lah in Hafiz's Ohazal, . 110

Bangurus caoruleus, 107

Banhar Temple, Hotes on the 297

Ban Masjid of Hugli, * 114

Barbak Sh&h, son of Mahmiid Shah, 189

Bard&h, Eajahs of 113

Barometers affected by a thunder-storm, 269

Baronowsky, H. E. Mon. de, introduced to the meeting, .... 127

Barrisal Guns, 289

„ Mr. Eainey on 243

Barsee Taklee inscription, 218

Batrachia from Moulmein, 272

Baudhayana Sutra, 302

B^iiM, or MjmenaiTig, •....••..... 112

Beames (Mr, J.) on Balasore Inscription, 4

„ on Una and other modem Aryan Languages, 138, 192

Bengal Algse, List of 267

„ Third List of 9

Bengal (Lower), AlgBB from 1^

„ Muhanimadan names of 110

„ Normal rainfaU of 222

Bhati old name for Sundarban, * 110

Bhowalbhum, a parganah in Madaran, note 1 16

Bibliotheca Indica, New recommendations for 137

„ Report on 30

Bihniz, Raja, 307

326 Index.

Page

Birbhum, a parganali iu Madfiraii, note 116

Birds, Mr. A. 0. Hume on Indian, 85

„ from North Cachar and Khasia, 13

Blanford (Mr. H. F.) on Barrisal Guns, 246

,, on Camptoceras &c., 303

„ on Normal rainfall of Bengal, 223

,, on Nor-wester8, 95

„ on Irregularities of atmospheric pressure, . . 91

„ (Mr. W. T.) on Eeptilia, &c., from Central India, . . 254

Blochmann (Mr. H ) on Balwantnamah, , . . 218

„ on capture and death of Dara Shikoh, .... 238, 251

„ on the Eusufeye circle of stones, 5

„ on Mr. Ferrar's Copper Coins, 151

„ on Hugli inscriptions, 1 87

„ on the Mirdt ul Quds, 138

„ on places of historical interest in the district

of Hugli, 109

,y on Shah 'Alam's Sanad, 6

,, on Sharqi Elings, 296

Bloomfield (Mr. A.) on silver utensils from Gungaria, 131

Bones of the Andamanese dead, 21

Bourke, (Mr. W. M.) withdrawal of 4

Brachj'saura ornata, 78

Brahmangdnw, north of Bhitdrgarh, • 117

Briggs, (Lieut.-Col.) withdrawal of 302

Broadley, (Mr. A. M.) Election of 241

Bronchocele cristatella, 106

,, jubata, 1 06

,, Moluccana, 106

Buddhist heads and figures from Peshwar, 217

Budget of Income and Expenditure, 37

Bufo melanosticus, 104

,, viridis, 104

Bungarus co^ruleus, 257

Burma, New Mineral from 279

Busteed (Dr. H. E.) on the Assay of Silver, 276

Index. 327

Pape

Butler, (Lieut. J.), withdrawal of 302

Cabrita brunnea, 255

„ Jerdoni, 72, 255

,, Leschenaultii, 72, 255

Cachar (North) and Khasia birds, 13

Callophis intestinalis, 107

Callyodon viridescens, 175

Calodactylus aureus, 75

Caloula guttulata, .... 85

„ montana, 85

„ obscura, 85

„ pulchra, 104

Calotes Elliotti, 77

yy gigas, 78

,, Maria, 77

„ mystaceus, 105

„ nemoricola, 78

» playtyceps, 77

„ tricarinatus, 77

Calothrix maxima, 183

Calotos versicolor, 257

Callula pulchra, 257

Campbell, (Mr. C), withdrawal of 302

Gamptoceras terebra, , 304

Cantoria Dayana, n. sp., . . . . / 107

Capsa deflorata, Bemains of 14

Cardium edule, 20

Carlleyle, (Mr. A. C. L.,) ArchsBological Notes of 181

Carnegy (Mr. P.), withdrawal of 58

Catonolla opuntia, 260

Celts from Assam, 267

Central India, Beptilia &q. from 254

Cereberus rhynchops, 107

Geriomis Temminckii, 59

„ Blythii, 59, 60

Chaetophora Indica, 11

828 Ltdsx.

Page

Chaleoparia Singalensis, 266

Ohameleo Cejlonicus, 79

„ pumilus, 79

„ vulgaris^ 79

„ vulgaris^ peculiar variety of 1

Ohamp&nagari, a parganah in Mad&ran, note 116

Chandrakond, 113

Chandra Sekhara Banerji (Babu) on Alti, &c. hills, 253

Charaka Sanhita, Notes on the 284

Gharasia dorsalis, 257

Ohittua, a parganah in Madaran, note 116

„ boundary of Bengal, Ill

Choarops cyanodon, , , . 175

Chroolepus villosum, 10

Ohrysopelea rubescens, 106

„ omata, 106

Chthonoblastus salinus, 259

Ghuttia Nagpur, not in ancient Bengal, Ill

Cladophora Eoettleri, 12

„ simpliciuscula, 259

„ sordida, 184

Ooates (Dr. J. M.), withdrawal of 64

Coins of Altmash, 181

Cabinet, Eeport on 29

(Copper) received, 101

from Jynthia, 260

from Balaghat, 289

of Jahangir, 181

Moulds for Counterfeiting 54, 302

of the Sharqi Kings, .,,.,. , 296

of Sher Shah, 181

Communications received, 58, 103, 147, 190, 238, 254, 286, 298, 307

Oompsosoma Hodgsonii, 106

„ melanurum, 106

„ radiatum, , 106

,y semifasciatum, 106

Index, 329

Page

Conferva bombycina, , 259

„ bombycina, P crassior, 258

Coiyphylax Maximiliani, • ^ 106

Coxhead, (Mr. T. E.), withdrawal of 4

Couch (Sir E.,) Election of 152

Council, Election of members of 38

Crawford (Mr. J. A.), withdrawal of , . , 4

Crenacaniha orientalis, ••«..... 185

Cromlechs, Iron implements found in . , 52

„ near the Nilgiri plateau, 52

Curran (Dr. E. H.), withdrawal of . , 64

Cyclemys dentata, 67

„ Oldhami, 68, 69

Oyclophis froenatus, 80

„ rubriventer, 80

Cyclophorus foliacous, Eemains of 15, 87

„ tiu'bo, 87

C^clostoma Leai, 87

Cylindrophis rufus, 106

Cypselus infumatus, • 265

,, tectorum, 61, 265

Cyrtodactylus affinis, n. sp 105

„ rubidus, 105

DaboiaEufiseUi, 108, 257

Ball (Mr.) on Barrisal guns, 245

Damant (Mr. G. H.) election of 136

Damudar,The 112

Ddrd Shikoh, Capture and Death of 251, 238

Darwishpur near Haripal, 118

Day (Dr. F.,) on the Andamanese, 153

„ on the genus Hara, 88

De Fabeck (Surgeon F. W. A.) election of 58

Delhi, Notes on Old, 137

Delmerick (Mr. J. G.,) on the archseological remains at

Shah ki Dheri and the site of Taxilla, 180

„ on moulds for counterfeiting coins, 54

330 Index.

Page

Dendropliis caudolineata, 106

„ picta, 106, 257

Diamond Diine at Hirpah, 116

Dickens (Col. A. D.), election of 102

Dictyonema fuf^ceacons, 257

Din&nath south-east of Mad^ran, 120

Diplopelma camaticum, 85, 104

,, ornatum, • 85

„ malabaricum, « • . • 85

„ rubrum, 85

Dipsas liexaganotus, 107

„ monticola, • 80

„ multlfasciata, 107

Diyfir i Bang, 109

Dobson (Mr. J. E.,) election of 136

Draco volans, 106

Earthquake at Assam, 222

Edinburgh, Election of, H. E. H. Duke of 100

„ (H. E. H. Duke of), Letter of thanks from 152

Elaps bunguroides, 82

Elliot (Mr. C. A.) on the translation of the Alkhund, 65

Emyda vittata ? 255

Emys Belangeri, 69

„ crassicollis, 108

„ dhor, 68, 69

„ (Pan gshura) tectum, , 255

„ trijuga, \ 69

Enhydrina shistosa, 107

,, Yalakadyn, 107

Ephialtes Lempigi, , 266

„ Mantis, 266

Emsthausen (Baron 0.), withdrawal of 4

Eublepharis fasciatus ? , 75

Eimieces Himalayanus, » 73

Euprepes Beddomei, 73

Index, 381

Page

Euprepes (Tiliqua) carinatus, var. E. rufescens, t . . 256

„ innotatus, sp. nov 256

„ (Tiliqua) macularius, Blyth, var., 256

„ Petersii, 74

„ (Tiliqua) septemlineatus, n. sp., 256

,, trilineatus, • » • 73

Eusu^e, Circle of stones in 5

Farhaug i Kasliidi, Publication of the 137

Farmdndig'hi, The tank of ^ 117

Fath Shah, brother to Barbak, , 189

Fath-Khan, son of Shuja, 123

Fawcus (Dr. J.), Withdrawal of 152

Ferrar (Mr. M. L.) on the seal of Mr. Douglas Nix, 5

Finance, Eeport on the Society's 34

Fischerea tenuis, 259

Forsyth (Capt. J.), withdrawal of 265

Funeral ceremonies of the Hindus, • 295

Gadhi, boundary of Bengal, Ill

Gecko guttatus, 105

„ Smithii, ., 105

„ stentor, 105

Geomyda carinata, , • . . 69

Ghi&suddin, Hafiz's Ghazal to 110

Giles (Mr. H.), withdrawal of 58

Gloeooapsa mpestris. P pallida, 260

Glover (The Hon. F.), withdrawal of 58

Glyphidodon sordidus, 175

(Jodwin- Austen (Major H. H.) on Khassi and North Cachar

birds, 13

„ on the Alycseinae, 303

Gog^hat, 113

Gonyosoma oxycephalum, 106

Gora Chand, Burial-place of 123

Granville (Mr. W. L.), withdrawal of 58

Grote, Portrait of Mr., 220

Gubboy (Mr. R. A.), withdrawal of 152

332 Index.

Page

Gymnodactylus, gracilis, 74

„ indicus, 75

„ Jerdoni, 75

,, littoralis, 75

„ Malabaricus, 74

), marmoratas, 74

,) omatus, 74

„ pulchellusy 105

„ Wynaadensis, 74

Hadigar, 188

Halys Himalayanus, 108

Hara Buchananiy 88

„ Conta, 88

„ Jerdoni, n. sp., • 88

„ Surgeon F. Day on the genus 88

Harw^ in Belinda, 24-Purganahs, 123

Haweli, ..' 112

Haweli i Madman, a parganah in Madaran, , . . . • note 116

Hazaiibdgh, not in ancient Bengal, Ill

Helicina Nicobarica, 88

„ scnipulum, 88

Hesauli (? Mysadul), a parganah in Madaran, note 116

Helix exul, 87

,, gabata, 88

„ Haughtoni, 87

„ procumbens, 88

,, stephus, 87

„ trochalia, 86

Hicks (Mr. J. G.), obituary of 28

Hemadri, 302

Hemidactylus aurantiacus, 74

,, firenatus, 105

„ gracilis, n. sp., 250

,, marmoratus, n. sp., 256

„ reticulatufl, 74, 256

Hemigymus melanopterus, 175

Index. Sd3

Page

Hemionitis Zollingeri, 12

Honicurus nigrifrons, ^ 266

Herpetology (Indian), Dr. Jerdon, on 66

Hexter, Mr. H., on Chameeleo vulgaris, 1

Hinulia maculata, 106

Hipistes hydrinns, 107

Hirpah, Diamond mine at , 116

Hormosiphon coriaceus, 259

Howrali or Habrali in Muhammadan Bengal, Ill

Hugli, Ban Masjid, 114

„ Inscriptions in the district of , 187

„ Places of historical interest in the district of 109

Hume (Mr. Allan 0.), Election of 3

„ Notes on Indian birds, 59

„ on Godwin-Austen's birds, , , 265

„ on Indian birds, , • 85

Hunter (Mr. W. W,), Election of 152

Husainabad, pargannah of * 112

„ the Great, 187

Husainpur pargannah, 112

Husain Sh^ in Sirkdr Baziih^, 112

„ MuBJid, in G'hor^g'hat, 112

Husain Ujy6l, 112

Hyde (Col. H.), on the effects of a thunder-storm, 269

Hydrocoleum heterotrichum, 11

„ majus, 183

Hylorana bipunctata, 83

„ Malabarica, 83

„ Nicobarensis, n. sp., 104

,, pipions, 83

„ temporalis, 83, 104

„ Tytleri, 104

Hypheothrix investiens, 11

Hypoglossum Bengalense, 258

,, Lepricurii, 259

Hypsirrhina plumboa, 107

334 Index.

Page

Ichneumomdao, , , 301

Indian plants, 304

Inscription at Balasore, , 4

Inscription at Attock, 241

Innes (Dr. F. W.), Election of 102

Inscriptions in the district of Hugli, 187

,, near Barsee Taklee, 218

Ism&'il Ghazi defeats the Udias, 117

,, forces the Devs to build the fort of Bhittar-

garh or Bahattargarh, 117

Izalus cinerascens, n. sp., • 275

„ femoralis, 85

,, glandnlosa, 85

„ ophisthorhodus, , 85

,j tinniens, • • 85

,, Wynaadensis, 85

'Izzuddin governor of Satganw, 114

Ja'far 'Ali Murshid Quli Khan, 117

Jahanabad, 113

Jahangir, Coin of .* 181

Jaldliiddin Abul Muzaffar Fath Sh^, son of Mahmiid Shah, 189

„ Firuz Shah, 113

Jalaluddin i Eumi, Maulana, , 251

Japalnra Swinhonis, 76

Javanese Algse, Notes on 182

Jenkins (Mi\ H. L.) on the Patkoi Eange, 230

Jerdon's (Dr. T. C), New species of birds, 59

„ ( ), Indian Herpetology, 58

Jesus, Childhood of, in the Morat ul Quds, ....,,.. 144

Jhdrkaud or Jungle Districts of Bengal, , m

Jounpur, Sharqi Kings of 296

Jynthia Coins, P. Ghosha's, Notes on 260

Kajla and Patlah, Tanks of 118

Katjuri near Sarangarh, 115

Khauik of (Monsr. de), on Samarqand, , 006

Khan Jahan, Lieutenant of Akbar, II4

Index, 335

Page

Khan Muliammad Zafar Kbdn, 188

Kliasia and North Gachar birds, 13

Khoruckpur, Antiquities of 305

Kirpai in Chandrakond, 117

Kit, a parganah in MadSrtui, 116 note.

Kjokkenmoddings on the Andaman Islands,*. 13

Kosumbha Monolith, , 291

Kiirz (Mr. S.), on Bengal Algae, 9, 257

„ on New Indian Plants, 12, 304

j, on Javanese Algae, 182

Kurzia crenacanthoidea, 184

Lacerta Leschenaultii, 255

Lak'hnauti (Gaur) in Muhamniadan histories, 109

„ Muhammadan names of 110

„ visited by fever, 110

Land-shells of the Andamans, w. 86

Lane (Mr. T. B,), Withdrawal of 102

Ldobla, 188

Laiidakia tuberculata, , , 79

Layard (Col. F. P.), Withdrawal of 302

Lazarus, (Mr. C), Withdrawal of 289

Leptothrix lamellosa, 185

„ subtilissima, 258

Lothbridge (Mr. E.), Election of 219

Lexicography, Vernacular, ...,.• 185

Library, Additions to the, 24, 62, 96, 127, 148, 190, 238,

287, 298, 308

„ Eeport on 29

Limnodytes phyllophila, 85

Liolepis guttata, 79

Littorina littorea, « 20

Lophophorus Impeyanus, 59

„ Sclaterii, 60

Lycodon aulicus, 107, 257

, , striatus, 107

Lygosoma Dussumierii, , 73

336 IvUtex.

Page

I^gl>ya fluviatilis, , . . . 184

„ majuscxda, 184

„ solitaris, 258

Mabouya agilis, 105

„ Jerdoniana, n. sp., 105

Macnaghten (Mr. C), Election of 136

Macrocheira Kaempferi, 63

Madman, Bhitargarh modem name of 117

„ Mr. Blochmann, on 109

„ mentioned in Akbamamah, • 115

„ a Sirk^ in the Ain, 115

„ Sirkir of Ill

y, The Legend of the headless Eider of 117

Hadinah between Bhittargarh and Go'ghat, 117

Mah6nat'h, 113

Hahendral6l Sirdur, (I^Oi on Charaka Sanhita, 284

Mdkor or N6gor, a parganah in Madaran, note 116

Malayan Ornithology, Contributions to 237

MaUeson, (Lieut.-CoL G. B.), Withdrawal of 58

Man, (Mr. E. G.), Withdrawal of 58

Mandalghat, 112

„ a parganah in Maddran, note 116

Mangra or Mugra, 114

Manouria emys, « 67

Martens' (Dr. G. v.), determination of Bengal Algse, ...... 9

Mastigonema caespitosnm, 258

„ grannlatum^ 258

Maulana, Sirajuddin, Tomb of , . . 114

M4y&pur, 113

Meeting, Annual, 27

„ Ordinary monthly, 1, 52, 63, 101, 131, 151, 217,

241, 265, 289, and 301

„ Special general, 100

Members, election of, cancelled, , 137

„ elected, 3, 58, 102, 136, 152, 219, 241, 265 and 302

,, List of i-xvii.

Index. 337

Page

Members, Obituary of • 28

„ proposed, 4, 58, 63, 102, 136, 152 and 302

„ withdrawn, 4, 58, 63, 64, 102, 136, 137, 152, 241,

265, and 289

Microcystis aeruginosa, 10

Mihrbak, 188

Miller (Mr. A. B,), Election of 219

Minabag, a parganah in Maddran, note 116

Mineral, Analysis of a new 279

Mint, Assay of silver in the Calcutta 276

Mir6t ul Quds, Notes on the 138

Mocoa Blythii, 74

„ Sikimensis, 73

Monolith at Kosumbha, 291

Motion, Notice of 102

Moulmein Batrachia, 272

Mugil macrochilus, 174

Muhair boundary of Jahrkand, Ill

Mu'in uddin i Chishti, Tomb of, at Ajmir, 125

Murex adustus, Eemains of 14

„ anguiliferus, Bemains of 14

Museum, Beport on 28

Mymensing or BSziiha, 112

Na9iruddin Abul Muzaffar Husain Shah, 188

N&ga panchami, 278

„ yashti, 278

Naja tripudians, ' 107, 257

Nelson (Mr. J. B.), Obituary of 28

Nerita albicilla, Eemains of 14

„ polita, „ 14

Nevill (Mr. H.), on Onchidium, 304

Newman (Dr. J. H.), Election of 58

Newmarch, E. E. (Lieut.-Col. 0. D.), Obituary of 28

Nicobarese, Bones of the 21

Nimtallah G^hatdd, , 113

Nitella nidifica, , 183

338 Index.

Page

Nitella sp. nov., 183

Nix(W. Douglas), Seal of 5

North- Westers, The Hon. J. B. Phear on 88

Nostoc papillosum, 184

Nu9rat Shdh, son of Husain Shah, 189

Nycteridium Schneideri, , 75

Oedogonium scutatum, 258

Officers, Election of the 38

„ , Eeport on 37

Oldham (Mr. 0. A.), Obituary of 28

„ (Dr. T.) on silver utensils from Gungoria, 134

„ on Normal rainfall, 225

Oligodon tacniolatum, 80

Onchidium Peronii, 304

„ Terruculatum, 304

Opeas (Bulimus) Pealei, 87

Ophiophagus elaps, 107

Ophiops Jerdoni, 71

„ (Gymnops) microlepis, n. sg. and sp., 255

Oreocalotes major, 79

Oriotiaris Elliotti, 77

Orissa, Frontier road of the Gajapatis of 114

,, invaded by Afghans of Bengal, 115

Ornithology, Malayan, 237

Orobia (Helix) Andamanensis, 87

Osborn (Capt. E. D.), Election of 102

Oscillaria amphibia, 258

„ antliaria, 10,183,259

„ brovis, r 10

,, Cortiana), 12,258

„ Grateloupii, 1*2

,, interrupta, 10

„ Juliana, 10

,, Kurziana, 12

„ limosa, • 258

,, subfusca, 11

Jndtx. 339

Tage

Oscilloria tenuis, 259

,, tenuis 7. formosa, •...,, , 259

OsciUatoria labyrinthifomiis, 185

Ostrea cristagalli, Eemains of 14, 20

„ flabelloides, 14

„ Marshii, 14

Oxyglossus lima, var., • 272, 273

„ Irovis, 272,273

„ pusillus, ,,.. 272

Pachit, not in ancient Bengal, Ill

Palamau, not in ancient Bengal, Ill

Palmogleoa Kurziana, , 11

Panduah, Antiquities of ^ » . • 120

„ Mr. Blocbmann on 109

,, Paper factory at 121

Pandub Eajah, 113

Pangshura Sylbetensis, n. sp., 69

„ tecta, • • , 69

„ tectum, I 255

„ tentoria, 255

Panipat Kamal, Bu' Ali Qalander, Saint of 124

Paphia glabrata, Hemains of • 14

Passerita mycterizans, 257

Patkoi Eange, Mr. Jenkins on the 230

Pectunculus aurantius, Eemains of 20

Pelamis bicolor, 107

„ platurus, 107

Pellew (Mr.), on Barrisal Guns, , 289

Pentadactylus Khasiensis, . . . • 75

Peripia Cantoris, 105

„ Peronii, , . , . , , 105

Pertap Eudra Deo defeats the Afghans, , 115

Peshwar, Buddhist heads and figures from 217

Phayre (Col. Sir A.), on a circle of stones in the district of

Eusufzye, ^ 5

Pha^TPea isabellina, , , 106

340 Index.

Pa^e

Phear (The Hon. J. B.)* on Barrisal guns, 250

,9 on the Eusnfzje circle of stones, . . 5

„ on North-Westers, .•....• 88

„ on Thunder-storm, 270

Phelsuma Andamanense, 105

Phoenix sylvestris, • 11

Phormidinm oryzetorum, 12

,, inundatum, 184

Phycoseris reticulata, 185

Piddington, (Mrs.), Donations to, 137

Pingala, 302

Pii-ie (Mr. A.), Withdrawal of 152

Pitdmbar Mitra (Rajd), Sanad of Shih 'Alam to, 6

Plants, New Indian, > 12

Plectopylis achatina, 87

Pleistodon scutatus, 73

Polypedates Afghana, 84

„ annectans, 84

„ Hascheanus, n. sp., . • < 104

„ maculatus, • . . 84, 104, 257

,, marmoratus, 84

,, pleurostictus, 83

„ smaragdinus, 83

„ variabilis, 83

Polysiphonia rufo-lanosa, 260

Powell, (Mr. B.), Election of, 58

Prat^pachandra Ghosha, On Jynthia Coins, 260

„ On Tree and Serpent worship,. . . . 278

,, On vernacular Leidcography, 185

Presentations received, 63, 101, 265, 289, and 301

President, Address of the retiring 40 et seq.

„ Election of 38

Priyandtha Setha (Babu), Withdrawal of 136

Prome stone implements, 220

Protococcus cohaorons, 259

Psammophis condanurus, 106

Index, 341

Fage

Psammosaurus scincus, 70

Pseudopliiops Theobaldi, 71

„ Beddomei, 72

Pseudopus gracilis, • • • 74

Psichohormium fuscescens, 1B4

Pteroceras chiragra, Eemams of 14

Pteromis volitans, • • 174

Ptyas hoxalionotus, 106

„ mucoBus, 106, 257

Ptychozoon homalocephaluni, 105

PtycolflBmus gularis, 76

Puljlieal ions, Eivport on • 29

Puellula nibida, • 105

Purrooa, residence of Hyas Bhangrah, 121

Python molurus, • . • • 107

„ reticulatus, 107

Pyxicepkalus breviceps, • . • 8*i> 104, 257

„ brevis, ®2

fodiens, ®2

pluvialis, • ®2

rufescens, 84

Pyxidea Mouhotii, 08

Kainey (Mr. R. H.), on Barrittal Guns, 243, 290

Eainfall of Bengal, 22.3

Rajmahal or Agmahall, 1^1

Eajendralila Miha (Ettlju), on Attock Inscription, 243

on Balasore Inscription, 4

,, on Barrisal girns, 249

,, on Funeral ceremonies, 295

on Mr. Beame's Uria language, 138, 201

„ on Pandua antiquities, 126

on Kosumbha Monolith, 294

Bana agricola, ®*

„ crassa, ""^

„ cyanophHctis, 104,257

„ curtipes, • • • ®^

>>

842 Index,

Page

Bana flavescens, ........ ^ ...«•..• 83

„ gracilis, 82, 257, 104

„ gracilis, var. Andamanensis, 104

„ Kuhlii, 83

„ Liebigii, « 83

„ Nicobariensis, 104

y, nilagirica, 82

„ pulla, 104

„ Sikimensis, 83

„ yitata, «.... 83

Bashbeliary Bose (Babu), on Bonhar Temples, • • 297

„ „ on Khoruckpur, 305

Batanpur in Central India, Ill

Beinbold (Mr. H.)r Withdrawal of 302

Beport,. Annual, , 27

„ CouncQ, 58, W2, 137, 219

Beptilia and Amphibia from Central India, 254

Beptilia, Malayan and Indian, • 103

Bhacophoras gigas, 84

,, Beinwardtii, , , 84

Bhizoelonium Antillarum, 259

Bhynchobatus tuberculatus, 175

Bhysota (Helix) Chambertinii, 87

Rhyticeros plicatus, 265

Bichardson (Mr. E. J.), Withdrawal of 64

Biopa albopunctata, , 256

,y Bowringii, 105

„ Hardwickii, 256

,, lineolata, n. sp., 105

Bivett-Carnac (Mr. H.), on Cromlechs, 55

Bivularia lens, 258

Boepstorff (Mr. F. de), on Andamanese Test words, ...... 178

Bogers, {Mr. A.), Election of 302

Boss, (Capt. A. G.), Election of 3

„ (Mr. J. M.), Withdrawal of 289

Bozafzun, B4jd, 306

Index, 343

Page

Buknuddin Eukn Khan^ 188

Eiipnarain, The, 112

Sainbhum, a parganah in Mad^bran, note 1 16

Sdjla Mankhbad, 188

Salimdbad or Sharifdbdd, 112

Samarqand, Monsr. de Kkanikof^ on , • 226

Samarsanhas, a parganah in Madaran, note 116

Sima Veda, Publication of the 137

Sanad of Sh^ 'Alam, 6

SAraddprasada Mukerji (B4bu), Obituary of 28

Sarangah, Fortress of 115

Satganw (Hugli) in Muhammadan histories, 109

„ Sirkar of, Ill

Satyasarana Ghoshala, C. S. I. (Eijdh), Obituary of 28

Satytoanda — Election of » • 136

Saxton, (Col. G. H.), on Canur cromlechs, 52

„ on the fall of an Aerolite, , 64

Serilophus lunatus, ...» • • • 266

„ rubropygius, 266

SchHch (Dr. \V.), Election of 136

Scincus officinalis, • 74

Scytonema aureum, • 10, 259

„ palmarum, 11

„ tomentosum, 11, 183

„ chlorophaeum, • 12

„ „ /Stenuius, 12

„ Yieillardi, 258

Sckizostachyum brachycladum, 12

„ longispiculatum, 12

„ ZoUingeri^ # 12

Scolopsis ciliatus, 174

Seal of William Douglas Nix, 5

Beaton (Capt. W. J.), Withdrawal of 136

Serranus dispar, 174

Shah 'Alam, Sanad of, to Edja Pitdmbar Mitra, 6

„ p6fi of Panduah, 114

844 Index.

Page

Shtt pdfi son of Barkhurdar, 124

„ Husainpur, 113

,, ki Dheri, Archaeological remains at 180

Shahpur, a parganah in Mad&ran, .note 116

Sliarimb&d, Sirkar of, Ill

Sharm Makkah, father of Sultan Husain 8h^, 112

Shergarh, a parganah in Madaran, Ill note 116

Sherring (Rev. M. A.), on the coins of the Sharqi Kings of

Jounpur, • 296

Sher Shah, Coin of 181

Shuj^u'ddoulah Miitammal Mulki Asadjang, 120

Sikkim Himalayas, Algee from the. 10

Silver, Assay of 276

„ utensils from Gungeria, 131

Simlabid, 1 88

Singhbhoom not in ancient Bengal, Ill

Sirhat in Birbhum, • 188

Sitana Deccanensis, •76, 257

„ Pondiceriana, 76, 257

Smith Lyman (Mr. B.), Election of 102

„ (Mr. W.), Withdrawal of 152

Societies with which exchanges of publications have been

made, • 39

Sooree in Birbhoom, • 120

Sphenocephalus tridactylus, 74

Spiraxis Haughtoni, 87

„ „ Bemains of 15

Spirogyra adnata, • 1 1> 184

„ decimina, 10, 184

„ elongata, 12

„ Heeriana, 12

„ majuscula, 184

„ nitida, • 11

Spondylus aurantius, 14, 15

Steel (lieut. E. H.)i on Assam Celts, 267

„ on Assam Earthquake, 222

Index. 345

Page

Stellio himalayanus, 79

„ indicus, 79

Stewart (Mr. E.), Election of 102

St. John (Mr. R. F. A.), Election of 265

Stoliczka, (Dr. F.), on Aerolites, v 65

on the Andamans, 180

on the Andaman Kjokkenmoddings, 13

on Andaman land shells, 86

on Chameeleo vulgaris, I

on Malayan and Indian Amphibia and Beptilia, 103

on Malayan Ornithology, 237

on Batrachia from Moulmein, 272

Stoliczkia Khasiensis, 81

Stone Implements from Prome, 220

Stoney (Mr. R. V.), on calcareous tuffa, 105

„ „ Withdrawal of 152

Strachey (Col. the Hon. R.), on Nor-westers, 95

Stubbs (Major F. W.), on Attock Inscription, 241

„ on counterfeit coins, 308

Sub-Committees, Election of , 65

Sulapdni, , 302

Sulaimdndbdd, Sirkar of Ill

Sunndrgdnw (east of Dacca) in Muhammadan histories, • . . • 109

Sus Andamanensis, Remains of • 14

Synedra Ulna, 11

Tachydromus Haughtonianus, 72

„ Japonicus, • 72

„ sex-lineatus, • 72

Tagore (Mr. G. M.), Withdrawal of 102

Tdndah, Sirkar of Ill

Tarbiyat Khan, 188

Tatvnchintdmani, 302

Taxilla, Site of „ . . . . 180

Test-words, Andamanese 178

Tetragonosoma effrene, i o7

Teuthis vermiculata, 175

346 Indeas.

Page

Thuillier, (Lieut. H. E.), Withdrawal of 289

Thundep-storm, Effectsof a 269

Tiaris subcristata, 106

Tiliqua carinata, 73, 106

,y olivacea, 106

yy rugifera, n. sp., 105

p trivittata, 73

Tolypothrix implexa, 183

Tragops fronticinctus, 107

Translation from the Mirat nl Quds, 140

Tree and Serpent worship, 278

Tremlett (Mr. J. D.), on old Delhi, 137

Trevor, (Capt. E. W.), Withdrawal of 302

Tribeni, 114

Tribhdshyaratna, 302

Tridacna gigas, Eemaing of 14, 16

„ squamosa, ditto, 14

Trimeresurus Cantori, 107

„ carinatus, •• .••. 107

„ convictus, n. sp., 1 08

„ erythruruB, • • 107

„ graminous, .••... 107

„ monticola, 108

„ mutabilis, n. sp., • 107

„ porphyraceus, 107

Trionyx gangoticus, , . 255

Tripani-Shdhpur in Firuzdbad, 188

Trochus Niloticus, Remains of 14

Tropidonotus quincunctiatus, , 106, 257

„ platycops, 106

„ stolatus, 80, 106

„ Tytleri, 106

Turbo articulatus, Remains of 14

„ marmoratus, Remains of 16

Tyndaridea insignis, 10

Typhlops braminus, var. pammeces, • • • . • 257

Index. 347

Page

Tytleria hipsirliinoides, 107

Ulothrix peotinalis, 12

Urid to the other modem Aryan languages, Eolation of . . 138, 192

Yaucheria sp. ? • 10

Yaranus draceena, 70

,, lunatus, • 70

„ omatus, 70

Y^stu-y&ga, Notes on the • 278

Yerchere, Dr. A. M., on cromlechs, • • • 68

Yernacular Lexicography, Contributions towards, 185

Yice-Presidents, Election of • • • • 38

Yrinddvanachandra Mandala (B&bu), Election of 15

Waldie (Mr. D.), on New Mineral from Burma, • 279

Walters (Eev. M. D. C), Obituary of 28

Warth (Dr.), Election of 136

Westland (Mr.), on Barrisal Guns, * 244, 247

Willson (Mr. W. L.), Withdrawal of 241

Wilmot (Mr. E.), Withdrawal of 136

Wilson (Mr. E. H.), Election of 241

„ (Mr. W. G.), on Mr. Blanford's Normal rainfall, . . 225

Wood-Mason, (Mr. J.), Election of • 3

Xenopeltis unicolor, .•••..• 79

Xenophrys gigas, 85

„ monticola, , 85

Xenurejaps bunguroides, • 82

Zafar Khan i Ghazi, 124

„ Shrine of , . . 114

Zamenis ? brachyurus, «... 257

Zygnema insigne ..•••••••.. ••••.. 10

^ygogonium Bengalense, 11

APPENDIX.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BEMAL,

ON THE 31sT December^ 1869.

LIST OF ORDINARY MEMBERS.

The • distingoishes Non-Subscribing, and the f Non-Resident Members.

N. B, — Gentlemen who may have changed their residence, since this list was drawn up, are requested to give intimation of such a change to the Secretaries, in order that the necessary alterations may be made in the subsequent edition.

Gentlemen who are proceeding to Europe, with the intention of not return- ing to India, are particularly requested to notify to the Secretaries, whether it be their desire to continue as members of the Society.

Date of Election.

1847 J^ine 2.

1860 Dec. 5.

1867 June, 5.

1868 Sept. 2.

1869 1860 1860 1859 1S66 1869 18.V2 1867 1860 1861 1865 1843

Jan. 20 July 4 April 4 Feb. 2, Jan. 17 Oct. 6 July 7 Aug. 7 Oct. 3 May 1 Jan. 11 Sept. 4

1864 Dec. 1861 Sept.

1860 Feb.

1861 July 18.^5 July 1869 Feb. 1826 Sept.

1835 1859

Oct. Aug.

♦Abbott, Major-Gen. J., R. Artillery.

Abdullatif Maulvi.

Abhayacliarana Mnllik, Bdbu, tAdaiu, R. M., Esq.

Adley, C. C, Esq., C. E. fAliniad Khan, Saied, Bahadur. tAitcbison. J. E. T., Esq., M. D. ♦Alabaster, C., Esq.

AlUin, Lieut.-C(»l A. S.,

Allanlvce, A., E>q. ♦Allan, *C., Esq., B. C. S. fAniery, C F., E>q.

Amir Ali Khan Babddnr, Munshi, ♦Anderson, Dr. T., F. L. S.

Andeison, Dr. J., F. L. S. ♦Andei-son, Lieut. -Col. W., Bengal

Artillery. ♦Anderson, W., Esq. ♦Asghur A'li Kb^n Bahadur, Naw&b,

Ashton, The Rev. J. P., ♦Aspbar, J. J. T. H., Esq.

Atkinson, W. S., Esq., M.A., F.L.S. fAttara Singh Bahadur, Sirdar,

Avdall, J., Esq.

Europe Calcutta Calcutta Sanibbar Lake

via Jeypiir Duni Dum Alli-bur Labor Cliina Calcutta Seranipore Europe A HI ri tsar Calcutta Europe Calcutta

Europe

Europe

Europe

Calcutta

Europe

Calcutta

Bhaddur

Calcutta

7.' *Baker, Col. W. E.,Benp:al Engineers. Europe 3. 1 Baldicbanda Slugba, Babu, Calcutta

^H Dat«of£1octlo».		^H
H 1865 N^v.	1	tBnII, v., Esq., GeoL Survey.	Geol S. Offic€. ^M
H 1860 Nov.	7	Banerji, The Rev, K. M ,	Calcutta ^H
H ISm Dec.	1.	t Barker, R. A. Esq., M. 1>.	Se ram pore ^^^^H
^H 18(U May	4	*BunT, Dr. J. B.,	Europe ^^^^|
B 18G2 Aug.	6	fBa&evi, Cnpt. J, P., Royal Ea-	^^^H
		gineer«.	Utacamund ^^|
H I860 Jnly	4.	Batten, G. H. M., Esq., B. C. S.	Calcutta ^^^H
^B 183S Jan.	3.	♦Batten, J. H,, E^q., B. C. S.	Europe ^^^^H
H 1859 May	4.	Bayloy^ E. C, E^q., B. C S.	^^^H
H 1861 Feb.	6.	tBayley, S. C, Esq., B. C\ S.	^^^1
H 18fl8 May	6.	•Baynes, J., Esq.	Europe ^^^^|
H 1860 Feb.	3.	fBaxter, J. B., Esq, M. B. C. S.	Port Canning ^^^^|
H 1849 June	6,	♦Beadon, The Hou'ble Sir Cecil, B.	^^^H
		C. S.	Europe ^^^H
H 18G4 8l>pL	7,	fBeameB, J., Esq., B. C. S.	Balasora ^^^H
■ 1841 Api-il	7.	Beaufort, F. L., Esq., K C. S.	Calcutta ^^^H
■ 1861 Sept.	4.	♦Beavuu, Lieut. R. 0., Bengal Staff	^^^^1
		Corps.	Europe ^^^^H
H 1847 Aug.	4,	♦Beckwitli, J., Esq.	Europe ^^^^H
■ 1867 Jaly	3.	f Belletty, N. A., Esq., Civil Assistant	^^^H
		Surgeon.	Mymanaing ^^|
H 1869 Jim.	20	tBellew, Br. P. F.,	M ad ras ^^^^M
■ 1830 S>*pt.	1.	'Benson, Lieut.-Ool. R.,	Europe ^^^^1
■ 1862 Oct.	8,	tBernara, 0. E., Esq., B. C. S.	^^^1
^M 1862 Jiine^	4,	fBhau Daji, Dr.,	Bombay ^^^^H
■ 1864 Nov.	2	Bliuileva Mukerjea. B^bn,	Chinsurali ^^^^H
■ 1840 July	15.	♦Birch, Major-General Sir R. J. H,,	^^^H
		K. C. B	Europe ^^^H
H 184G Mar.	4	♦Blagrave, Major T. C, 26th Regt.,	^^^H
		B. N. L	Europe ^^^H
H 1859 Sept.	7.	Bhme, CoL Sir S. J.,	Cakuttm ^^^H
■ 1857 Mur.	4.	Bhmford, H. F., Esq., A. R. S. M.,	^^^H
		F. G. S.	Calcuttii ^^^1
H 1A59 Aug.	3.	tBlaiiford, W. T., Esq., A. E. S. M.,	^^^
		F. G. S., GeoL Sm^vcy.	Geol. S. Offic^e ^M
^■|8G4 April	6.	Biochinann, U., Esq., M. A.	Calcutta ^H
^^^857 Aug.	2	*Bogh, Licnt.-Col. Sir A., Ku	Europe ^^^^H
[ 1869 June	o	Boniiorjee, W. C , Esq.	Calcutta ^^^H
^m 18G6 June	a	Bourke, W. M., K&q,	Calcutta ^^^1
■ 1859 Got.	12.	tBowring, L. B., Esq., C. S. I., B.	^^^H
		as.	^^^H
H 1868 Jau.	15.	tBoxvvell, J., Esq., 0. 8*	^^H
■ 1854 Nav.	1	♦Boycott, Dr. T., B. M, S.	^^^H
H 1860 Mar.	2	Brandis, Dr. D.,	Calcutta ^^^1
■ 1860 OlI.	3.	•Brundretb, The Hon'ble J. E, L.,	Europe ^^^^H
■ 1862 Jan.	15.	jBriggs, Limit. C<jL D , Stuff Corp*.	^^H
■ 1866 Apiil,	4. ■	♦Broiierick, H. C, Esq., M. D,	Europe ^^^^|

^^^^ ^^^^^H
^^^^H IHU of Klectiuiu		^H
^^H 1847 June, 2.	♦Brodie, Capt. T,, 6th Regt., B. N. I,	Europe ^H
^^m 1SGG Jan. 17.	♦Brown, CiA. D.,	Eurof>e ^^M
^^H 1866 Nov.	f Browne, Lient. Col. Horace A.j	Prome, BnrtQ^H
^^H 166() June, 6.	tBrownfiL4J, C, Esq.	Kdmrup ^H
^^M 1808 June, 3.	tBuuk, R C, Esq , C, S.	Cawnptir ^^M
^^H 1806 June, 6.	tBnclcle, Dr, TL B., C. B. !	Dacca ^H
^^H is 56 Sept. a.	Bnsliiinddin, Sultan M»jhftmmad,	Cbinsurab ^H
^^M 1867 Sept. 4.	Butler, Lieut. J,,	Naga Hilla H
^^m 1800 Jan. 20.	tCadell, A., Esq., B. A, 0. 8.,	MozH ff ernag^^H
^^H ISOO June, 6.	fCampbell, C, Esq., C, E.	Jabulpur ^^^
^^H 18n9 Sept. 7.	♦Ciiinpbell, Dr. A,,	Europe ^^M
^^^1 1S63 JiiDe, 3.	♦Ciimpbell Tlie Huii^hlp O,	Europe ^^M
^^^B 18r>0 Jrd. 3	tOarnac, J. IL Rivett, E.sq., B. C. S.	Nag-i^ur ^^1
^^M 186*5 Not. 1	tCarnegy, P., Eh€[.	FuiziibU ^H
^^K^ 1807 Deo. 4.	tChambers, F. J., E.^q,	Liieknow ^^1
^^^H 1S08 Aug. 5.	fOhnnilraniohana Gosvilmi, Pandita	Gowh^tf ^H
^^^^m 1803 AiTg. 5.	(Oliatnlranuthft Raya, Raja.	N&tor ^H
^^V^ 1868 Feb. 5.	fClark, Major E.' G., Bengal Staff	.^1
	Corps.	Baraitcb, Ouc^H
^^H 1803 April. 1.	*Clegborn, Dr. H.,	Europe ^H
^^H 1809 July, 7.	tCoats, J. M., E:^q., M. D.	Hazarib^H ^H
^^M 1861 Sept. 4.	tCockburn, J. F., Esq., C. E.	Knrbarbari ^H Colliery ^H
^^H 1808 Nov. 4,	tCole, Lieut. Ft. IL, Roval Engr.	Siilkot ^M
^^H 1862 April, 2.	♦Colles, J, A. R, E^q., M D.	Europe ^H
^^m 1851 Mar.	•CoKin, J. H. B,, Esq., B. C. 8.	Europe ^H
^^H 1868 Dec.	tCuoke, J, E., Esq.	llaidat^bail ^H
^^H 1860 Dec.	♦Cooper, F. H,, E^q., B. C. 8.	Europe ^^1
^^H 1857 Miir. 4	•Cowell, E. B, Esq., M. A.	Europe ^H
^^H^ 1868 Mnv, i\.	fCoxbead, T. E., Esq, C. 8,	Sdrau ^H
^^^H 1800 May, 2	*>Cox. W. H., E^q,	Europe ^^^
^^^^M 1866 Jan.	Crawford, J. A., Esq., C. 8.	Cab'iiUa ^H
^ \H6l July, 3.	♦Crockett, OIiv(?r R,, E^.	China ^^M
^^H 1867 Aug. 7.	tCurrnn, \l. H.. E>q., L. R. C. S.,	^H
	L. K. R C. P.	port Blair ^M
^^m 1868 Sept. 2	Cuteem, E. Ch. Van, Rsq.	Calcutta ^H
^^M 1S66 Feb.	tDttly, N., R.q.	Mnynnonng, ^^ Bununh 1
^^1 1802 A(mT/>	•Dalrvmple, P. A, E, Esq., 0. S.	Europe ^J
^^^H 1847 June,	tDalton, Col. E., T,, C. S. I., Statf	^H
	Corps.	Cldiotd N^in^l
^^H 1861 Mar. 6.	♦Davev, N. T., Esq., Revenue Snrv.,	Imhoj*^ ^H
^^m 1805 Mny, S.	fDavies, C, E^q.	BaliriWi^hav ^H
^^B 1861 Nov. 6.	tDavtes, R. H, Esq.. C S. L, B C. 8-	T^nckuow ^^1
^^H 1869 AprU 7. ^ .=^	tDay, Dr. F., F. L. S., F. Z. S.	MadtM ^H

Date of Election.
1869 O^t. 6.	fDelmerick, J. 0., Esq.	Rawal Pindi
1864 July, 6.	Devendra Mallika, B&ba,	Calcutta
1856 Jane, 4	DeBourbel, Major R , Bengal Engrs.
1861 June, 6.	♦Denison, His Excellency Sir W.,
	K. C. B.	Europe
1863 Feb. 4.	tDeva Narayana Singha, The Hon'ble
	R&jah,	Benares
1861 Mar. 6.	*Devereax, The Hon'ble H. B.,
	B. C. S.	Europe
1862 May, 7.	fDhanapati Singha Dughar, Raya
	Bahadur.	Aziraganj
1853 Sept. 7.	♦Dickens, Lieut.-Col. C. H.,	Europe
1869 Sept. 7.	♦Douglas, Col. C,	Europe
1869 Feb. 3.	tDrew, F., Esq.	Jammd
1S64 Dec. 7.	*Danlop, H. G., Esq.	Europe
1867 Jane, 5.	fDuthoit, W., Esq., C. S.	Mirz^pur
1861 May, 1.	♦Earle, Cnpt. E. L., Bengal Artillery.	Europe
1857 May, 6.	♦Eatwell, Dr. W. C. B.,	Europe
1868 Oct. 7.	tEddowes, W., Esq., M. D.	Erinpur
1840 Oct. 7.	•Edgeworth, M. P., Esq., B. C. S.	Europe
1863 May 6.	tEdgar, J. W., Esq., B. C. S.	Cachdr
1865 Feb. 1.	♦Egerton, Ph., Esq., B. C. S.	Europe
1846 Jan. 7.	♦Elliott, Sir Walter, late M. C. S.	Europe
1859 Nov. 2.	tElliott, 0. A., Esq!, B. 0. S.	Farruckdbdd
1856 Mar. 5.	♦Ellis, Lieut.-Col. R. R. W., 23rd
•	Regt., B. N. I.	Europe
1854 Nov. 1.	♦Elphinstone, Capt. M. W., 4th Regt.,
	B. N. I.	Europe
1868 Sept. 2.	Ernsthauscn, Baron 0.	Calcutta
1861 Jan. 9.	♦Erskine, The Hon'ble C. J., Bombay
	C. S.	Europe
1856 Aug. 6.	♦Erskine, Major W. C. B.,	Europe
^ 1863 Oct. 7.	Ewart, Dr. J.,	Calcutta
1862 Aug. 6.	♦Eyre, Col. Vincent, C. B.	Europe
1865 June, 7.	Fawcus, Dr. J.,	Calcutta
1851- May, 7.	Fayrer, Dr. J., C. S. I.	Calcutta
1863 Jan. 15.	fFedden, Francis, Esq., G^eol. Survey.	Hinganbat
1869 April, 7.	fFerrar, M. L., Esq., B. A., C. S.	R^i Bareli, Oudh
1868 May, 6.	♦Field, C. D., Esq., C. S.	Euro|>e
1859 Oct. 12.	♦Fisher, A., Esq.	China
1869 Sept. 1.	♦Fisher, J. H , Esq., C. S.	Mattri
1860 Mar. 7.	fFitzwilliam, The Hon'ble W. S.,	Europe
1865 April, 5.	JFleming, Dr. J. M.,	Khundw6,

Date of Election.

1867 A^ril, 3 1869 Oct. 12

1861 Feb. 6.

1863 Dec. 2.

1863 June, 3.

1868 April, 1.

1860 Mar. 7.

1869 Sept. 1. 1859 Dec. 7. 1867 Sept. 4. 1849 Sept. 5.

1864 Aug. 11. 1859 Aug. 3.

♦Ford, Lieut.-Col. B., fForlong, Major J. G. R., Madras Staff Corps.

fForest, R., Esq., Civil Engineer. tForsyth, Capt. J.,BengL Staff Corps. ♦Forsyth, T. D., Esq., C. B. ♦Frederic of Schleswig Holstein, H.R.

H. Prince, ♦Frere, His Excellency Sir H, Bartle,

K. C. B., B. C. S. fFryer, Capt. G. E., Futteh Ali, Maulavi. Fyfe, The Rev. W., fFytche, Major Genl. A., C. S. I ,

Chief Commissioner of Burmah.

1867 Dec.	4.
1807 Sept.	4.
18C8 Nov.	4.
1859 Sept.	7.
1865 June	7.
1842 Sept.	2.
1807 May	1.
1861 Feb.	6.
1809 Oct.	6.
1859 Sept.	7.
1802 Julv,	2.
1809 Jul>,	7.
1864 Dec.	5.
1802 Feb.	5.
180;) Nov.	4.
1859 Dec.	7.
1860 Jan.	4.
1867 Aug.	7.
1809 Oct.	6.'
1807 June,	5.1
1860 July,	4.
1866 June,	6.
1861 Sept.	4.
1860 Nov.	7.

tGarrett, C. B., Esq., C. S.

Gastrell, Col. J. E., 13th Regt. N. I , Supdt., Rev. Survey.

Gay, E., Esq.

Gauvain, Capt. V., ♦Geddes, J. C, Esq., C. S.

Geoghegan, J., Esq., B. C. S. tGiles, A. H., Esq. ♦Gladstone, W., Esq.

Glover, The Hon'ble F., f Godwin-Austen, Major H. H., Topo- graphical Survey. tGomes, A. D. B., Esq. ♦Goodeve, E., Esq., M. D. ♦Gordon, J. D., Esq., C. S. fGordon, Robert, Esq., C. E.

f Gurucharana Ddsa, Babu, f Gauradasa Basaka, Babu, fGowan, Lieut.-Col. J. G. ♦Grant, Sir J. P., K. C. B.

Grant, T. R., Esq.

Granville, W. L., Esq. tGray, B., Esq., M. B. fGregory, Capt. J., Depy. Commr.

Grey, The Hon'ble W., B. C. S., Lieut. -Governor of Bengal. tGribble, T. W., Esq., B. C. S. tGriffia, L. H., Esq., B. C. S. fGriffith, R. T. H., Esq., M. A.

Europe

Abd, RfijpuUL- n& Etowah Nim^r Europe

Europe

Europe Amherfit Calcutta Calcutta

Rangun

Shdh&b&d

Calcutta

Calcutta

Calcutta

Europe

Calcutta

Krishnagar

Europe

Calcutta

Cherr4 Punj£ Calcutta Europe Europe

Henzaday, Bur- ma Janiu Kdndi Kiiulna

Morar, Gwalior Europe Calcutta Calcutta L^hor Debrughar

Calcutta Saran Ldhor Benares

Date of Election.

1869 "i^b. 3.

1861 Feb. 6. 1869 May, 5.

1862 Feb. 6.

1867 July, 3. 1869 April, 7.

1847 June, 2. 1866 Jan. 17.

1863 Juno, 3. 1855 Mar. 7. 1847 May, 5.

1859 Oct. 12. 1866 Nov. 1 1862 Oct. 8.

1861 Feb. 6.

1859 Oct. 12,

1862 Aug. 6

1866 April, 4

1853 July, 6

1854 Mar. 1.

1868 Aug. 5.

1863 July, 1.

1860 Mar. 7.

1863 Jan. 15

1867 Sept. 4 1867 Aug. 17

1867 Aug. 7

f Giriprasdda Singba, Th&kur, Allighur

JGrowse, F. S., Esq., B. C. S. Mainpuri

Gubboy, R. A., Esq. Calcutta

♦Guthrie, Col. C. S., Bengal Engrs. Europe

fHacket, C. A., Esq., Geol. Survey. Geol. S. Office tHaeberlin, The Rev. C, Chbot&N^pur,

Ranchee ♦Hall, F. E , Esq., M. A., D. C. L. Europe fHamilton, Major T. C, Rangoon

♦Hamilton, Col. G. W., Europe

fHamilton, R., Esq. Wurdah

♦Hannyngton, Col. J. C, 63rd Regt.,

1868 Nov. 4,

1866 Feb. 7

1867 May, 1

1868 April, 1

1869 Sept. 1

1866 Mar. 7.

1860 Jan. 4

1862 Oct. 8.

185:3 Dec. 7.

1864 Sept. 7. 1841 Mar. 5.

N.I.	Europe
♦Hardie, Dr. G. K.,	Europe
Harendra Krishna Bahadur, Kumdr.,	Calcutta
♦Harington, The Hon^ble H. B.,	Europe
fHarrison, A. S , Esq., B. A.	Bareilly
JHaughton, Lieut.-Col. J. C , C. S. I.	Cuch Behar
flleeley, W. L., Esq., B. A., C. S.	R6jshahi
♦Henry, N. A., Esq.	Europe
tHerschel, W. J., Esq., B. C. S.	Dacca
♦Hichens, Lieut. W., Bengal Engrs.	Europe
tHobart, R. T., Esq., C. S.	Chundr
♦Home, C, Esq., C. S.	Europe
Hovenden, Major J. J., Bengal
Engineers.	Calcutta
fHowell, M. S., Esq., C. S.	Dchra Dhoon
tHughes, A. J, Esq., C. E.	Daridbdd
tHuirhes, T. H., Esq., A. R. S. M.,
F. G. S., Geol. Survey.	Geol. S. Office
fHughes, Lieut. W. G.,	Tounghoo, B
	Burmah
fHolroyd, Capt. W. R. M.	L^hor
Hoyle, G. W., Esq.	Calcutta
♦Hyatt, Dr. B. N., Civil Surgeon.	Europe
Hyde, Lieut.-Col. H., R. B.	Calcutta
Hyde, E., Esq.	Calcutta
flrvine, W., Esq., C. S.	Goruckpur
jlnnes, Lieut.-Col. J. J. McLcod, R.E.	L&hor
flrwin, Valentine, E-q., C S.	Tipperah
f Isvariprasdda Singba Bahadur, Rdjab	Benares
Jackson, The Hon'ble E.,	Calc
♦Jackson, W. B., Esq., B. C. S.	Ei^

VUl

Date of Election.

1861 Dec. 4. *James, Major H. R., C .B 1864 Sept. 7. *Jardiue, H., Esq., C. S. 1845 Dec. 3. tJenlon, Dr T. C. 1866 Feb. 7 J 1 Johnson, W H., Esq. 1847 June, t^. *J*Jinntoae, J., Esq.

1862 Mar. 5.f"fJaliiistone, C.»pt. J. W. H., Assistant Commissioner.

I Johnstone, Capt. J.

1867 Dec. 4

1859 Sept. 7, 1865 June, 7,

1869 April, 7.

1858 Feb. 3,

1863 July 1.

1868 Feb. 6. 1850 April, 3.

1861 Dec. 15. 1867 Dec. 4. 1867 Mar. 6,

1862 Jan. 15. 1867 Mar. 6

1869 May, 5.

1839 1861

1863 1869 1851 1^68 1869 185-2 1868 1868 1859 1869 1865 1856 1860 1862 1864 1869 1866 1866

Mar. Mar.

Sept.

Sept.

Dec.

Sept.

May,

April

Feb.

July

Dec.

June

June

Feb.

Jan.

Doc.

Nov.

April

May.

Jan.

* Jones, R., Esq.

f Jayakissen, Ddsa Bah&dar, R&jah,

Kabimddin Ahmad, Moulavie, Kfiliprasamifl Singha, B4ba,

♦Kane, H- S., Esq., M. D.

fKavanngh, J.j Esq.

*Kay, TboRov. W., D. D.

fKempson, M., Esq., M. A.

jKing, G., Esq., M. B.

fKing, Capt. H. W.

♦King, W., Jr., Esq., Geol. Survey. fKnox, G. E , Esq., C. S. Kurz, S., Esq.

■^Laidlay, J. W., E^-q. -Laing, The Hon'ble S.,

Lane, T. B., Esq., B. C. S.

Latham, G., Esq , C. E. ■^^Lnyard, Col. F. P.,

Lazarus, C, Esq. fLeeds, R. J , Esq., C. S.

Lees, Lieut.-Col. W. N., LL. D. jLees, L. IL, Esq., M. D. iLeitner, Dr. G. W., JLeonard, H., Esq., C. E. 'Lonpolt, J. C. Esq , C. S. *Lcwin, Capt. T. II., ♦Liebig, Dr. G. von

Lindsay, E. J., Esq.

Lobb, S., Esq., M. A.

Locke, II. n., Esq. tLockwood, E. D., Esq., C. S. ♦Lovett, Lieutenant B., fLow, James, Esq., G. T. S.

Europe

Europe

Dacca

Si&Ikot

Europe

Sh&hpdr Keonjas vi&

Bhadrack Europe Allighar

Calcutta CalcutU Europe Gt)ond, Oudh Europe Berilli Najfbdbdd P. & 0. Co.

Office Europe Meerut Calcutta, Botfl

uical Gardeiu

Europe

Europe

Calcutta

Calcutta

Europe

Calcutta

Mirz^plir

Calcutta

Simla

L&hor

Calcutta

Azimgarh

Eurox)e

Europe

Calcutta

Calcutta

Calcutta

Tipperah

jlspah^u

Almora

^^^B ^^^^^^1
^V DtftCa of Eleetloa ,		^^^H
■ 1854 Nov. 1	♦Lnshinpjton, F. A., Esq., B. 0. 8.	Europe ^^^^^
■ 1869 July 7	fLyall, C. J., Esq., B. A., 0. S.	Balandshalir ^^^H
1 1868 Dec. 2	tMacauliffe, M., E.'^q., B. A., G. S,	^^H
W 1B66 Jtirie 6	Macdoruilil, Mnjor J., Staff Corps.	Catcutta ^^H
1848 April 5	fMaclugun, Ool K., F.R.S.E. ^LiLlior ^^M
1806 Jan. 17	JMacgregor, MajurC. M., StnU Corps. Simla ^^^|
1853 April 6.	♦Macrae, Dr. A. 0.,	^^^H
1867 July 3.	Mackenzie, S. C, Esq., M. D,	Calcutta ^^^H
1867 J«ly B	Macnaiiiara, Dr. C.	^^^H
^ 1863 Jhq. 15.	niaine, The Huu^ble H. S.,	Europe ^^^^1
■ 1867 AprO 3	f Main waring, Lieut. -Col. G. B.,	Darjeuling ^^^^|
■ 1860 Jan. 4.	*Maii, D. K., Esq., M. A.	Europe ^^^^H
■ 1865 Mar, 1.	tMalleson, Lieut-Cal, Q B.	^^^^1
~ 1862 Sept. 3.	♦MaUet. F. R., Esq., Geol. Survey.	Europe ^^^^1
1860 Jaiy 4.	fMau, E. G., Esq.	Rang an ^^^^H
1852 Nov. 3,	Manickjee Rustornjee, Esq.	C^ilcutta ^^^1
1861 June 5.	tMtina ^hifrh BalidJur, MaMrijah,	Ondh ^^M
1867 Mnr. 6	MfU'kUy, TheHon'ble W.,	^^^M
1869 July 7.	tMarkham, A. M., Esq., C. S.	^^^^M
1864 Awg, 11.	♦Marks, Tiie Rev. J. Eheuezer,	^^^^M
1868 July 1	♦Marshall, Lieut. C. H. T.,	Europe ^^^^1
1850 J;in. 2,	♦Marnhman, J. C, E^q.	Europe ^^^H
_ 1863 Nov. 4.	♦McCleIki.il, D. J.,	Eiiro|>a ^^^^1
■ 1837 Oct 4.	fMcLeotl, The Hon'ble SirD.F.,C.B„	^^^H
■	K. C. S. L, B. C 8.	Mmrce ^^^|
■ 1860 Mar. 7.	fMcaiicott, 11. B., E,^q., F. O. S.,	^^^H
■	Gf'oL Survey.	GeoL S. olBce ^^H
■ 1861 Feb. 6.	♦Melville, Capt- A. B., Staff Corpa.	Europe ^^^
1855 Nov. 7,	♦Miiltlleton, J.^ Esq.	Europe ^^^^|
1867 June 5.	Miliuan, D. D., Tho Bight Rev.	^^^H
	Lord Bishop of Calciilta, R.,	^^H
1850 April 3	♦Mills, A. J. M., E^q,, B. C. a	^^^^1
■ 1867 April 2,	Muhendralala Snracdrii, Dr.,	^^^1
■ 1847 April 7^	♦Money, D. J., Esq., B. C. 8.	Etirope ^^^^1
■ 1856 Ft^b. 6	tMoney, W. J., Esq., C. S. I..B.C. 8.	M V niaijsing ^^^^|
■ 1S67 i^Iar. 6	tMontg^onjerio, Major T. G., R. E.	^^H
1865 July 5	fMorland* LiuiiL.-Col. J ,	^^^H
1854 Dec. 6.	tMorris, G. G., Esq., B.C. S.	Uackerganj ^^^H
1837 July 5.	♦Moir, J., Esq.	tDurope ^^^^M
H. 1854 Oct. 11	tMuir, The Hon'hU Sir.W.,K. C.S. L»	^^^H
1	B. c. a	AUah^bid ^^H
■ 1862 July 2.	♦Napier of Magclala, Lord R., General,	^1
■	G. C. S L, K. C. B.	[Europe ^^^H
^ 1869 May 5.	NeviU, G.p E»q., C. M. Z. 8.	Calcutta ^^^1

^^^^^P ^VP ^^^1
^^^^H l>ate of£leotJan.		m
^^H 1869 Uaf 5.	fNewall, Lieut. -CoL D. J. F., R, A.	Mean Meer ^H
^^H 1865 Feb. 1.	fNewul Kiehwar, Mynshi,	Lucknow ^H
^^H 1852 3opt 1.	♦Nicholis, Capt. W. T., 24th Regi-	■
	ment, M. N. I.	Europe ^^M
^^H 1863 Jan. 15.	Norman, The Hon'ble J P,,	Calcutta m
^^M 1869 July 7.	pursing Rao, A, V., E.sq.	Vizagapatam ■!
^^H 1851 June 4,	Oltlham, T., Es^., LL. D., F. R. S.,	J
	Geol. Snvv<?y.	Calcutta ^M
^^H 1869 April 5.	tOltUmra, W., Esq., L. L. D., C. S .	Gliazipnr
^^^1 1867 Aug. 7.	1 Oldham, R. A., Esq , C E.	Dehreojon Sone
^^m 1806 July 4.	fOrmBby, M. H., Esq., C. E.,L L. D,,
	Geol. Survey.	Geol. S. offii;^
^^^B 1837 Jime 7.	•0- Shaughnessy, Sir W. B,,	Europe ^H
^^H 1847 Feb. 10,	♦Ousely, Major W. R.,	Europe ^^|
^^H 1864 Mar. 2.	♦Palmer, Br. W. J.,	Europe ^H
^^H 1868 Nov. 4.	f Pearson, C, Esq. !	Rawul Pindi^n
^^H 1862 May 7.	Partridge, S. B., Esq., M. B.	Calcutta J
^^m 1869 July 7.	Pell. S., E^. 1	Calcutta ^m
^^H 1S67 Feb. 6.	*Paul, J., Esq.	Europe ^H
^^H 1860 Feb. 1.	fPenrse, Major G. G.,	Kampti ^
^^H 1867 Mar. 6.	Pearimohana Mnkarji, M. A., Bahu ,	U t tarparah ^J
^^H 1864 Mar. 2.	*Pellew, F. H., Esq., C, 8.	Europe ^^|
^^H 1865 Sept. 6.	f Peppe, J, H., Esq.	Gayd H
^^H 1868 May 6.	fPetet^on, F. W., Esq.	Bombay ^H
^^B 1867 Nov. 6.	♦Petit, Mons, Eugene,	Europe ^H
^^H 1835 July L	tPhayre, CoL.Sir A.P., K.C.S.I, CB.	Simla ^^M
^^H 1864 Nov. 2.	Phear, The Hon^ble J. B.,	OnlcuiU ^M
^^m 1869 Feb. 8.	fPiekford, J., Esq.,	Madras ^^^
^^H 1868 May 6.	Pirie, A., Esq.	Calcutta ^^^1
^^H 1867 Sept. 4.	♦Place, Mons. V'., Consul- Gen., France	Europe ^^^H
^^H 1862 Oct. 8.	fPulinavehan Sen^ Biibu,	B erl 1 a m pu^^^|
^^H 1868 April 1.	f Pramathanfitha R§ya, Kum^r,	Dig^pati ^H
^^H 1869 Feb. 3.	Prat6pachaiidra Ghosh a, B. A.	Calcutta ^H
^^H 1839 Mar. 6^	Pratt, The Ven'ble Archdeacon J.H,,	^_^H
	MA.	Calcutt^^^^l
^^H 1860 Jan. 4.	Priyandtha Sethn, Bdlm,	Calcnttai^^H
^^H 1825 Mar. 9.	♦Prinsep, 0. R., Esq.	Europe ^^M
^^H 1853 April 6	Radh^niltha SikdirA, Baha,	GalctitU ^1
^^H 1849 Sept. 5	R.ijondra Datta, Bibu,	Calcutta ^H
^^H 1856 Mar. 5	RftjendraUla Mitra, Bfibn,	CalcntU ^^
^^B 1868 Jan. 15	fRakhaldass Haldara, B&bu,	Chhota Nagpdrj
^^^^ 1864 May	Ram^nfitha Vasu, Bdbo,	Oalcnttm ^J

^^^P Vjf^^^^^^^^^^H
IHic of EIcLrtlun.		^^^M
1837 Feb. 1,	Raman^tha ThAkiira, Bfibu,	GalcutU ^^^1
^ 1866 Jan. 17-	fRattray, A., Ksq., Asst. Commr,	^^^H
■	nni Tracts.	Cliittagong ^^^H
■ 1869 June 2.	f Rawlins, T, W , Esq , C. S.	Alldb^bkl ^^H
■ 1K60 Mar. 7.	tReicl, H. S , Esq., C. S.	AlJilaab^d ^^M
■ 184)8 June Z.	Reinhold, H., E«q.	Calcutta ^^^H
■ 1864 Bee. 7.	tRiclmrason, R. J,, Esq., C. S.	Slmfiab&d ^^H
^1 1857 June 7.	♦RidiMl, The Hou^ble H. B., B. C. 8.	Europe ^^^^|
■ 1^68 April 1.	Robb, G., Esq.	Calcutta ^^^H
~ 1868 July 1.	fRoberts, The Rev. J.,	Panjab ^^H
1863 April 1.	♦Robci-tson, C, Esq,, C. 8.	Europe ^^^H
1865 Feb. 1.	Robinson, 8. H,, Esq.	Calcutta ^^^H
1847 Dec. 1.	♦Rogers, Capt. T. E.,	Europe ^^^H
1866 Dec, 6.	Ros8, J. M,, Esq,	Cnlcutta ^^^H
1 1869 July 7.	tRoss, Lieut. J. C, R. E.	^^^H
H 1861 Dec. 4,	tSaunders, C. B., E^q., C. B.,B. C S.	Haidar&bid ^^H
^ 1864 June 1,	Saunders, J. O'B., Esq.	Caleutta ^^^|
1854 Dec. 6.	tSaxton, Col. G. H., F. G. S., MadrjiB	^^^H
^	Stuff Corps.	^^^M
■ 1854 May 2,	♦SchUler, F., Esq.	Europe ^^^^|
^ 1869 Feb. 3.	t8chwen<ller, L , Esq.	^^^H
1860 Feb. 1.	♦Seott, Cei E. W. 8.,	Eoropo ^^^^1
1866 Jan, 17,	fSeaton, Capt. W, J,,	Rangdn ^^^^|
- 1869 Aug. 4.	Selbach, W., Esq.	Cakntta ^^^H
H 1860 July 4.	tShelverton, G., Esq.	Wfdtair, near ^^^^B Vizagapatam ^^^^|
H 1866 Sept. 5.	^Slierer, Major J. F.,	Europe ^^^^M
■ 1867 April 3.	tSberiful Omrah, Nawab Sir, BaM-	^^^H
^1	dur, K. C. 8, L	Madras ^^^H
■ 1845 Jan. 14.	♦Sherwill, Lieut.-Col. W. 8., 66th Regiment, B. N. L, F. G. S.,	^H
^H	F. R. G. 8.	Europe ^^^H
■ 1868 Oct. 7.	Shircore. Dr. 8. M,,	Calcutta ^^H
■ 1863 April 1.	tShowera, Lieut,-CoL C. L.	^^^H
■ 1869 June 2.	Schroeder, J., Eaq.	Calcutta ^^H
H 1866 June 6.	fSime, J., Esq. B. A. ^Sladen, Major E. B.	^^H
■ 1864 Sept. 7.	Europe ^^^H
■ 1866 JuQo 6.	fSmart, R. B., Esq., Rev. Survey,	Raj par, Cen- ^^^H tral FrovLUC^ ^^t
H 1865 Jnly 5.	t Smith, D. Boyes, Esq,, M. D.	^^H
■ 186S April 1.	fSmith, McLftren W., Esq. ,	BerUampur ^^^^H
■^ 1868 July 1.	Smith, W,, Esq., 0. E.	Cftlentta ^^^|
1856 Fi'b. 6.	♦Smith, Col. J, F.,	Eur op 13 ^^^^M
1854 Sept. 6.	♦Spankie, The Hon'blo R., B. 0. S.	^^^H
^ 1864 Mar. 2.	fSpearman, Capt. H. R.,	RanguA ^^^1

^^^^^IV^ v^lV ^^^^H
^H i[3^t«or£leetioa.		^H
H 1867 May	1,	fSteel, Lieut. E. H., R A.	Debrugbar ^H
^M 1843 Sept	4	fStevens, W. FL, E^q,, C. E.	Durbhanga ^^M
^M 18G7 Dec.	4.	♦Stepheu, Major J. G., 8th N. L	Europe ^H
^1 1863 Sept.	2,	Sltnvail, R D., E^q.	Ciilcutta ^^H
^m ISVA ApiH	6.	♦Srewurt, J, L, Esq, M. D.	Europe ^^^^^
■ 1861 St^pt.	4.	Stnkes Whitley, Esq.	CalcutU ^^H
H 1863 Nu\^	4.	StoUi'zkfl, F., Esq., FU. D., F. G. S.,	^H
		Geol. Survey.	Calcutta ^1
^1 1868 Sept.	2.	fStoney, R. V., Esq.	Augul Yift ^H CutUck ^^^M
H 1S43 May	a.	8trachev,Col., The IIon'He R., F. K.	^^^H
		S, F.L. S, 1\G. S,,C.S.I., C B	Calcutta ^^H
■ 1869 Feb.	3.	Struchey, The Hou'Me J.,	Cak-utU ^^H
■ 1859 Mar.	2.	fStahbs, Major F. W., Beii. Artil-	^^^H
		lerv^	^^H
H 1858 Jnlj	7.	♦Sntherlnua, H. C, Esq., B. C. S.	Europe ^H
H 1864 Aug.	IL	Swinlioc, W.j Esq.	Cnlcutta ^H
H 1863 Sept.	3.	Sy^m^cbarana Saracdra, B4bu,	Oalcuttft ^H
^M 1806 Jan.	17.	Tngoro, G. M., E^q.	Calcutta ^M
^1 1S65 Sept.	6.	Tiiwney, G. XL, E^q., M. A.	Calcutta ^H
H 1865 April	5.	Taylor, R,, E^q.	Calcutta ^H
■ 1860 May	2.	Teinple, the Uou^le Sir R., K. C.	^H
		S. L, B. C S.	Calcuttft ^M
H 1859 Mar.	2.	fTheobrtld, W,, Jr., Esq., Geological	^H
		Survey.	B. Burma ^H
H 1869 Feb.	3.	tTlionuis/T., Esq.	Lncknaw ^H
■ 1869 Oct.	6.	t Thomson, A , Esq.	Fni^ab^d ^^M
^1 1860 Jnno	6.	^Thompson, J. G,, Ef?q»	Europe ^^^1
^1 1863 Mar,	4.	♦Thoitip^on, Major G, H., Bengal	^^^H
		Stnicf Corps.	Europe ^^^H
^m 1863 Jnne	4.	fTliornton, T. H.^E^^q., D. C. L ,0. S.	^^H
^1 1847 Jttue	2.	ThnHlicr, Col. H. L,, F. R. G. S.,	^H
		Royul Artillery.	Calcutta ^M
H 1863 May	6.	tThiiillier, Capt. H. R.,	Fnrldpiir ^M
H 1802 Jnly	2.	*Thnrh3w, The Umi'lle T. J. H.,	Europe ^H
■ 1865 July	5.	fTolbort, T. W. H., Esq., C. 8.	Dei a Ismait ^B Khan H
H 1865 July	6	Tonnerre, Dr. 0. F.,	Calcutta ^M
H 18G2 Feb.	5.	*ToiTeiis, Col. n. D.,	Europe ^^^H
^1 1861 June	5.	tTreujtett, J. D., E^q., M. A,, C. S*	Delhi ^^B
■ 1863 Mar.	4.	^Trevelyrin, The Right Hon'ble Sir ^^H C, K. C. B. Europe ^^H
V 1841 Feb.	3-	♦Trevor, The Hnn hk C. B., B. 0- S, Europe ^^^M
B 1864 Mur.	2	fTrever, Lieut. E, A., Royal Engr. Hiiidarub^d ^H
^B 18GL Si^pt.	4	Tvveen, A,, Esq., Geological Survey. Cukutta ^|
^^^ 1863 May	6	tTyler, Dr. J.,	J

^ ^B^^H
Bftteef Electfoa.		^H
^ 18G9 Jllne 2	Udayachdutk Datta, B^bu,	Pnrnlia, Man- ^^| bliutn ^^^^1
I 1860 May 2.	fVanrenen, 5Iajor A. D., Ben. Staff	^^^M
■	Corps.	^^^^H
■ 1864 Feb. 3.	tVercliere, A. M., Esq., M. D.	Jiiiluudar ^^^^|
■ 18G4 April 6.	fVijayar^ma Gajapati Kdj 3f«nniS	^^^H
1	Sultan Bahdtlar, Maharajah Miiza,	Vizianagaratn ^^M
1 1869 Augt. 4.	Wahid All, Prince JaUn Qadr Mn-	^H
■	baminad, Bulmdnr.	Garden Reach ^^^^M
■ 1805 Nov. 1	Wd.lks D., E^q, F. C. S.	Calcutta ^^^H
■ 18t)I May 1.	' fWidker, Col, J. T., Royal Eogrs.,	^^^H
■	Boiubiiy.	^^H
■ 186a Dec* 2.	fWHlkor, A. G., Emi., C. S.	Oaao, Oudh ^^^H
' 186.3 May 6-	♦Wall, R W., Esq., C. S.	^^^^H
^ 18Gl» Dec. 1,	Wallace, Lieut. W. E, A., R. E.	^^H
■ 1863 Oft. 7	Walkr, W, K . Emi., M. B.	Gulcntia ^H
■ 186:2 Jan. 15	fWard, G. E., E^([.. B. C. S.	Muzaffamagar ^^M
■ 1852 Jul7 7.	*Wurd, J. J, Esq . B. as.	b>urope ^^M
^ 1859 July 6	*W«rrand, R. H. M., E^q., B. C. 8	Europo ^^^^M
1865 Hay 3.	WaterhLMiae, Lieut, J., Royal Ar-	^^^H
^	tlUenr.	Calcutta ^^H
■ 1854 July 5.	♦Watson^X, Esq . B, C. 8.	Europe ^^^H
~ 1847 No7. 3.	♦Wauffli, MHJor'Gen«?ral Sir A. S,.	^^^H
	C B., F. R. S., F. R. G, 8,	^^^H
18t)9 Sept. 1.	tWostland, J., Esq,, 0. 8.	JfMsore ^^^H
JSm Feb. 6.	fWeHtiiiHcott, E. V,, Edq., B. A., 0. S.	Drnajpur ^^^H
' 186-J Oct. 8,	Wbeeler, J. T . Esq,	^^^H
1 1867 Aug. 7.	tWilcox, F., Et<q., Bengal Police,	PnruUa^ Man- ^^^^H
H 1864 Mar. 2.	Wilkinson, 0. J., Esq.	Palcntta ^^^H
■ 1861 Sept. 4.	tWilliaini?, Br. 0 , H. M.^s 68th Regt.	Rarigun ^^^^^
^ 1867 Jan. 16.	fWilliatniion, Lient. W, J.	G arrow Hi! fa ^^^^^
1867 Mar. 6.	Wilhon, W. a., Esq., B. A.	Calcutta ^H
^ 18.'i9 Sept. 7.	tWillson, W. L., Esq., Geol. Survey.	Geo!. 3. office ^M
■ 1859 Aug. 3.	♦Wilmot, C. W., E^q,	Europe ^^M
■ 1865 Fob. 1.	tWilmot, E., Esq.	Delhi ^^H
■ 1866 Mar. 7.	♦Wise. Dr. J. F. N.,	Europe ^^^H
^ 1867 July 3.	fWood. Br. J. J.,	^^^^1
, 1851 May 7.	♦Woothow, IL, Esq., M. A.	Europe ^^^H
H 1859 Mar. 2.	♦Woitky, Major A. U. P.,	Europe ^^^^H
■ 1862 Aug. 6.	♦Wylie, J. W., E.q., Bombay C. S>	Europe ^^^H
^ 1869 Sept, 1.	Yrtduli'ila MallJka, Bibu,	Cakulta ^^^|
^ 1868 June 3.	Yatiudramohanii Th^knrai B4bUf	Calcutta ^^^1

^^^^r »» ^^^^^^^B
^V DateorElectivn. |		^1
■ 1867 Mar.	6.	fYngendranatha Mallika, Bibu,	Anaul fl
■ 185S April	4	*Yoang, Lieut.-CoL C. B.,	Burope ^^^H
■ 1856 July	2.	*Yale, Col H,, E. E.	.„. ^
	LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS	• ^
^B DalaoTElKUon 1
H 1825 'Mu.	9.	M. Oarcin de Tassy, Membre del'Lust.	Paria ^^^
■ 1826 „	1,	Sir Jtjlm Phillippart*	Loudon ^^^H
■_ 1829 Jdj	1.	CouDt De Noe.	^^M
^H 1831	7.	Prof. C. Lassen,	Bonn ^^^H
^^V 1834 Nov.	6.	Sir J. F. W, Herschel, F. E. S.	London ^^^|
■ 1834 „	5.	Col W. H. SykeB, F, R. 8.	London ^H
■ 1835 May	6.	Prof. Lea. ;	Philadelphia ■
■ 1842 Feb.	4.	Br. Ewald.	Gottingen ^H
■ 1842 „	4,	Riglit HonM)!G Sir Edward Ryan, Kt.	Lomlon ^^^^1
■ 1843 Mar.	30.	Prof. Jnhs Mohl, Mcmb. do T lustit.	^^M
■ 1847 May	5.	His Hi^lm«88 Uekekyan Bey.	^gy?^ ^H
■ 1847 Sept.	1.	Ocd, W: Mnmo.	Loudon ^^^H
■ 1847 Nov.	S.	His Higlinetsa the Nawab Nazim of	^^^B
		Bengal	Murshid^b&d H
■ 1818 Feb.	2	Br. J. D. Hooker, R. N., F. R. 8.	Kew ^i
■ 1848 Mar.	8.	Prof. Heury.	Princeton, Uni- . ted Stat€s H
H 1853 April	6.	Major*fleQ. Sir H. C. Rawliasoiij K.	^H
		C. B., F. R. S., B. C. L.	LondoE ^B
H 1854 Ang.	2.	Col Sir Proby T, Cautley, K. C. B.,	^H
		F. R. S.	London ^H
H 1858 July	6.	B. U, Hodgson, Esq.	Europe ^^^^M
■ 1859 Mur.	2	The Hon'ble Sir J. W. Colvile, Kt.	Europe ^^^H
■ 1860 „	7.	Prol Max Mullet,	Oxford ^^M
■ 1860 Nov.	7.	Mons. Stanislas Julien.	^^M
■ I860 ,.	7.	Br. Robert Wight.	London ^^^1
■ I860 „	7.	Edward Thomas, Es^,	Loudon ^H
■ I860 „	7	Br. Aloys Sprenger*	Germany ^|
■ 1860 „	7,	Br. Albrerbt Weber.	Berlin ■
■ 1865 Sent.	6	Kdwartl Blytb, Esq,	Europe ^H
■ 1868 Feb.	5	Genl A. CunDingbam.	Lnudon ^H
H 1868 „	5.	Prof. Bapu Deva Sisiru	Benares ^M
■ 1868 „	5.	Dr. T. Thomson, F.R8.,F,L.S.,P.G.S,	Loudon I^B
■ 1868 Sept.	2.	A. Grote, Esq., 0. 8.	London ^^

XV

LIST OF CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

D«le«r£l«elloa.		^H
1844 Oct. 2:	Macgowan, Dr. J.,		En rope ^^^H
1 185B JuDe 4.	Kramer, Herr A, von,		Alexandria ^^^^|
■ 1856 ,, 4.	Porter, The Rev. J ,		Dam 3 ^^^^1
■ 1^56 ,, 4.	Schlagintweit, Herr H. von,		Bavaria ^^^^|
■ 1856 „ 4.	Sniitb, Dr. E.,		Beyrout ^^^^|
V 1856 „ 4.	Tflilor, J., Esq.,		Bnssorah ^^^^|
1856 „ 4.	Wilson, Dr.,		Bombay ^^^^|
^ 1857 Mar, 4	Ncitner, J., Esq.,		Ceylon ^^^^|
■ 1858 Mar. 3.	Schlagintweit, Herr R. von,		Giesen ^^^^^
■ 1859 Nov. 2.	Frederick, Dn H.,		Batavia ^^^^M
■ 1859 May. 4.	Bleeker, Dr. H.,		Bat a via ^^^^|
■ 1860 Feb. 1.	Baker, The Rev. H.,		E. Malabar ^^H
■ 1860 1.	Swinhoe, R., Esq., II. M/s Consul,	^^^^H
■ 1860 April 4.	Hang, Dr. M.,		Punah ^^^^1
■ 1861 July a<	Gosehe, Dr. R.,		^^H
■ 1862 Mar. 5'	Murray, A.» Esq.,		London ^^^^|
■ 1868 Jan. 15*	Qoldfitucker, Br. T.,		London ^^^^|
■ 1868 July 4*	Barnes, R* H., Esq.,		Ceylon ^^^^|
■ 1866 May 7-	Schlagintweit, Pror. E. von,		Munidi ^^^^1
"^ 1866 „ 7,	Sherring, Tlie Rev. M. A.,		^^^^1
^ 1868 Feb. 5.	Foucaux, M. F. IL,		^^^^1
■ 1868 H 5.	Holmboe, Prof*,		Christiania ^^^H
1	LIST OF ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. ^^|
■ IS86 Oct. 7.	Stephenson, J., Esq*,		Europe ^^^H
■ 1833 Fob. 7.	Koramnt Ali, Saied.,		^^H
■ 1843 Dec. 6.	Long, The Rev. J.,		^^^1
■ 1865 May 8.	Dall, The Rev. C. H. A.,		Calcutta ^^^1
k	ELECTIONS IN 1869.	^H
^^^F OrDINAEY MEMBERS.	^^M
^ C. C. Adley, Fisq., C. E.	Dam Dnm ^^^H
, Br. P F. Bollew.	Madras ^^^^|
H A, Cadell, Esq., 0. S.	Mo^atfamagar ^^^^|
^1 Sird&r Attar Sing B&bddur*	^^H
■^ Di, J. B. Baxter.	Port Canning ^^^^H
The Rev. J. P. Ashton.	Calcntta ^^^H
F. Drew, Esq.	Jamniu ^^^^|
Thrikura Griprasida Sing.	Alligltur ^^^^1
J. Pick ford, Esq.	B ^^^^1
^ Babn Prat^pchandra Qho^ha.	Calcutta ^^^M
■ The Hon'ble J. Strachey. Ik .	Calcutta ^^^H

L. Schwendler, Esq.	Calcutta
T. Thomas, Esq.	Lacknow
Dr. F. Day.	Madras
The Rev. C. Haeberlin.	Chhota Nagpur
M. L. Ferrar, Esq., C. S.	Oudh
E. D. Lockwood, Esq., 0. S.	Tipperah
Moulavie Kabiruddin Ahmad.	Calcutta
R. A. Gubboy, Esq.	Calcutta
R. J. Leeds, Esq., C. S.	Mirzdpur
8. Kurz, Esq.	Botanical Garden,
	Sibpdr
G. Nevill, Esq., 0. M. Z. S.	Calcutta
Lient.-Col. D. J. T. Newall, R. A.	Mean Meer
W. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., G. S.	Ghazipur
J. Schroeder, Esq.	Calcutta
J. C. Leupolt, Esq., 0. S.	Azimghar
T. W. Rawlins, Esq., C. S.	Allahabad
Bdbu Udayach&nda Datta.	Purulia, Manbhum
W. C. Bonneijee, Esq.	Calcutta
J. M. Coates, Esq., M. D.	Hazdribfigh
Robert Gordon, Esq., C S.	Uenzaday, British,
	Burmah
C. E. Lyall, Esq., C. S., B. A.	Bulandshahr
A. M. Markham, Esq., C. S.	Bijnour
A. V Nursing Rao, Esq.	Vizagapatam
S Pell, Esq.	Calcutta
Lieut. J. C. Ross, R E.	Meerut
Prince Jali^n Q^dr Mirzd Muhamad Wdhid-
611 Bahddur.	Calcutta
W. Selbach, Esq.	Calcutta
Capt. G. E. Fryer.	Amherst British
	Burmah
J. H. Fisher, Esq., C. S.	Muttra
E. Hyde, Esq.	Calcutta
Babu Yadul^la Mallika.	Calcutta
Geo. Latham, Esq., C. S.	Calcutta
J. Westland, Esq., C. S.	Jessore
A. Allardyce, Esq	Serampore
J. G Delmerick, Esq.	RavYul Pindi
A. D. B. Gomes, Esq.	Sundarbans
B. Gray, Esq., M. B.	Labor
A. Thomson, Esq.	Faiz6bdd
R. A. Barker, Esq., M. D.	Serampore
Lieut. W. J. A. Wallace, R. E.	Calcutta

XVll

LOSS OF MEMBERS DURING 1869, By retirement.

The Hon'ble 0. P. Hobhouse.

A. Anderson, Esq.

Col. H. Hopkinson.

J. Agabeg, Esq.

Capt. A. PuUan.

B^bn Keddran&tha Mukarjea.

T. Martin, Esq., 0. E.

Lieut.-Co., P. S. Lumsden.

Capt. W. J. W. Muir.

A. E. Russell, Esq., C, S.

A. Mackenzie, Esq., C. S.

E. B. Harris, Esq., C. E.

G. W. Olive, Esq., M D.

E. Bonavia, Esq., M. D.

The Rev. J. Barton.

B&bn Bhol&n&tha Chandra.

W. A. D. Anley, Esq.

J. B. N. Hennesay, Esq.

B^bu Digdmvara Mitra.

N. S. Alexander, Esq., 0. S.

Dr. C. R. Francis.

D. R. Onslow, Esq.

Calcntta

Fyzabad

Assam

Calcntta

Dera Dhun

Calcntta

Midnapur

Simla

Abn, Rajpntana

Bnrdwan

Calcutta

Bnrdwan

Nagpur

Lncknow

Calcutta

Calcntta

Chapra, S&ran

Mussnri

Calcutta

Fureedpur

Sagor

Calcutta

By the election being cancelled.
H. E. Perkins, Esq., C. S.	Hoshy^rpur, Panj^b
J. W. Chisholm, Esq.	Bilaspur
Major W. A. Ross.	Simla
R. H. Renny, Esq	Goalpara
By death.
Lieut. Col. C D. Newmarch, R. E.	Oudh
C. Oldham, Esq.	Madras
J. B. Nelson, Esq.	Calcutta
J. G. Hicks, Esq.	Labor
Rdjd Satyasarana Ghoshdla, C. S. I.	Bhumkail&5
B&bu S&rad&pras&da Mukarjea.	Baraset
The Rev. M. D. C. Walters.	Calcutta

[appendix.]

ABSTRACT STATEMENT ^

OF

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL

FOB

THE YEAE 1869.

STATEMENT Abstract of the Cash Account

RECEIPTS.

Admission Febs. Beceived from New Members, ... Es. 1,632 0 0

Contribution. Beceived from Members,... .. 9,180 12 0

1869. 1868.

1,632 0 0 1,280 0 0

9,180 12 0 9,771 12 0

Journal. Sale proceeds of Journal and Proceed- ings of the Asiatic Society, ... 639 15 0 Snbscription to ditto, ... .., 917 0 0 Refund of Postage Stamps, ... 36 14 0 Ditto of Freight, ... .. 9 0 0 Commission received from tbo Baptist Mission Press on the printing charges, ... ... ... 33 12 6

Library.
Sale proceeds of Books, ...	491	4	0
Ditto of Mahabharata, Vol. III.	16	0	0
Ditto of a Copy of Index to ditto, ...	3	0	0
Befund of Postage Stamps,	4	2	0
Ditto of Freight,	23	0	0
Beceived from the Indian Mnsenm
Sale proceeds of a Teak wood Almira
&c.,	215	0	0

1,636 9 6 1,425 2 3

Secretary's Office.

Befund of Packing Charges, ... 12 6

Ditto of Postage Stamps, ... 110

Ditto of Paper supplied to Pandita,

(Consvn. of Sans. MSS.) 1 10 0

Ditto from Cashier, his excess of Salary

for August last, ... ... 5 0 0

752 6 0 479 11 6

General Establishment. Beceived lino, ... ,. 16 0

Vested Fund. Beceived Interest on the Government Securities from the Bank of Bengal for one year at 5i per cent, on Bs. 2000,

110 0 0

Museum Catalogue, Befund from the Indian Museum of half the amount of a Bill for Rs. 791-10-9 for drawing out an inven- tory of the collections,...

395 13 4

8 13 6 15 2 0

16 0 1 11

110 0 0 110 0 0

393 13 4

Carried over, Bs. 13,717 12 4

XXI

No. 1.

of the Asiatic Society for 1869.

DISBURSEMENTS.

Contributions. 1869 1868

Befond of Contribation to Major H. B.

Thuillier, ... ... Bs. 60 0 0

Pee for getting a Money Order for the

above, .. ... 0 12 0

Commission on Collecting Sabscrip-

tion bills, ... ... ... 44 4 0

Befund of Contribation to S. Lobb,

Esq., ... • ... ... 24 0 0

Journal.

Freight for sending Journal and Pro- ceedings to Messrs. Williams and Norgate, ... ... ... 76 0 0

Lithographing and Engraving charges

129 0 0 60 5 3

Ac.,	124 6 0
Printing charges.	6,433 14 0
Purchase of Postage Stamps,	148 2 0
Commission on the Sale of Books, . .	73 4 0
Packing charges.	4 8 0
BindiDg a Book for the stock of the
Journal,	4 6 0
Petty charges,	5 15 6
Library.
Salary of the Librarian, ...	840 0 0
Establishment,	120 0 0
Commission on Sale of Books,	42 7 3
Purchase of Books,	1,052 10 0
Landing charges on parcels received
from Europe,	20 0 6
Book binding,	2ul 4 0
Salary of a Ticca writer for arranging
the Library,	28 0 0
Ditto of a Ticca Duffcory for do. do. —	9 8 0
Printing charges.	4 0 0
Bearing postage,	1 14 0
Petty charges.	9 0 9
Secretary's Ofpick.
General Establishment, ...	29* 0 0
Secretary's Office Establishment,	1,468 0 0
Purchase of Postage Stamps,	49 14 2
Ditto of Stationery,	23 2 0
Insufficient postage.	3 11 0
Bearing postage.	0 10 0
Binding Letter files, Ac. ..	10 0 0
Purchaseof a Sheet Almanac,	2 0 0
Ditto of Army List,	25 0 0

6,870 7 6 7,807 8 9

2,328 12 6 2,830 8 11

1,876 5 2 Carried over, Bs. 9,828 4 0

Miscellaneous.

Beftind of Banghy expenses from the Indian Masoam on a box of agate and flint implements, ... 8 2

Ditto ditto on a box of specimens, . . 7 8

XXU

BEGEIPTS. 1869. 1868.

Bronght over, Re. 13,717 12 4

Indian Museum. Befand of the amonnt paid for the Coral case as per Higgs and Haider, Bill No. 110 on the 15th February last, ... ... ... 300 0 0

Postage Stamp Account. Beceived from Wallieoolah Sycd, being

the Balance of Postage Stamps, ... 21 13 4

Commission Account. Beceived commission on purchase of Postage for Bs. 25-0-0 at i anna per Bupee, ... ... .. 0 12 6

16 11 0

0 0

21 13 4

0 12 6

Messrs. Williams and Koroate. Sale proceeds of a Copy of Matapari-

ksha, ... ... 0 8 0

Beceived from Sycd Ker6mat61i being

the price of 2 Copies of Eamil, Vol.

Ill and IV. ... 6 0 0

Beceived by transfer to the Library

and Miscellaneous account as per

thoir order on Messrs. (jillanders,

Arbuthnot and Co. paid on the 28th

August 1869, £100 at I-IO-J per

Bupee, ... ... ... 1,054 15 0

1,061 7 0 2,132 11 8

O. P. Fund. Befuud of the amonnt paid for printing

charges to the Baptist Mission

Press on the 16th July 1868, ... 5 0 0

Ditto ditto paid on the 30th June

1809, ... ... 64 6 9

Beceived by transfer to

Messrs, Williams and

Norrrato, Sale proceeds

of Bibliotheca Indica, . 765 0 0 Less paid them for freight,

advertising charges and

commission, ... 394 12 0

370 4 0

Bev H. A. Jaschke's, sale proceeds

of his Thibetan Grammar, 31 15 0

429 9 9 489 12 8 31 15 0

Carried over, R». 15,579 0 11

DISBURSEMENTS	.	1869.
Brought over, Bs. ... 1,876 5 2 12 0 0 ... 563 9 6 11 15 0	9,328 4 9.AjR5i 1ft

Ditto of Directory, Prindng charges. Petty charges,

Vested Fund. Pd. Commission to the Bank of Ben- gal for drawing Interest on the Government Securities, ... 0 4 4

Conservation of Sanscrit MSS, Salary of the Travelling Pandita, . Ditto for Compiling Catalogue of

Sanscrit MSS. Travelling allowance, Transcribing the Ekdmvara PurHna

from Uria to Nagri, Stationery, Printing 2000 Copies of Sanscrit

Tabular Form, Copying MSS. Binding Sanscrit MSS. . A Japanned Paper Box, . Postage for sending letters &o to

Travelling Pandita, Banghy Expenses for sending MS.

Miscellaneous. Salary of the Mali, Meeting Charges, including Oil, &c., Advertising Charges, Bailway Charges on a Box of agate

and flint implements, ... Ditto ditto on a Box of Specimens, ... Purchase of a Petty Charges Book, Bepairing the Clock,

Fee for Stamping 25 cheques, ... _ .

Proportional Exchange on a Bill of

£100, ... ... ... 54 15 0

Petty charges, ... ... 27 14 9

Indian Museum. Pd. Higgs and Haider for supplying,

a Teakwood polished Coral case, ... 300 0 0

106 0	0
87 0	0
61 8	6
32 0	0
31 15	0
70 0	0
40 0	0
11 10	9
11 3	9
> 4 4	6
3 0	0
57 0	0
2( 0 10	3
27 8	0
8 2	0
7 8	3
1 2	0
30 0	0
1 9	0

Catalogue of Persian MSS. Pd. Mnnshi Abdul Uakim his Salary, fcr Cataloguing the Persian and Arabic MSS. in November last, . . 30 0 0

Zoological Garden. Pd. Printing Charges, ... ... 12 0 0

1868.

8 2,037 14 0

0 4 4 0 4 4

458 10 6

416 5 3 577 4 0

300 0 0

30 0 0 12 0 0

Carried over, Rs. 13,009 5 9

C. HoBNE, Esq. Befnnd of the amonnts paid on the

15th July 1867 and 16th July 1868, 7 9 0

XXIV

RECEIPTS. 1869. 1868.

Brought over, Es. 15,579 0 11

Babu RajendralXla Mitra. Refund of the amount paid on the Sth

December 1868 and Ist June 1869, 8 0 0

Dr. a M. Verchere. Refund of Postage Stamps paid for

sending Library Books, ... 0 9 0

7 9 0

8 0 0

MouLvi Abdul Luteep Ehan. Refund of the amount paid on the

11th December 1868, ... ... 18 0

TnE Secretart or the Elphinstonk Institution. Refund of the amount paid on the 3uth April 1869,

Babu Udayachanda Datta. Refund of Postage Stamps paid for sending Library Books,

E. 0. Batley, Esq. Refund of Banghy Expenses and Postage &c., for sending Books,

H. Blochmann, Esq. Refund of the amount paid on the loth September 1868, ..

Prasanna Clmara Thakura. Refund of Freight paid for sending Books to England on the 8th De- comber 1868, ... ... 12 8 0

0 9 0

2 0	0
0 11	0
I 11 1	0
5 2 0	0

18 0

2 0 0

0 11 0

11 1 0

2 0 0

J. G. Dklmerick, Esq.,
Rccoivetl in dcptjsit,	6 6 0
Refund of Postau^e Stamps for send«
ing Library Books,	12 0

GoVKRNilENT NoRTH WESTERN PROVINCES.

Refund of Freight for sending Journal

and Proceeding of 1868, ... 12 11 0

G. Shelveuton, Esq. Refund of the amount paid for cashing

his draft, ... ... ... 0 5 9

W Oldram, Esq. Refund of the amount paid for on the

3lBt May, ... ... ... 2 11 0

Ditto of Freight, ... ... 4 0 0

12 8 0

7 8 0

12 11 0

0 5 9

6 11 0

Carried over, Rs. 15,652 2 8

XXV

DISBUKSEMENTS. 1869. 18C8.

Bronght over, Bs. 13,009 6 9

Building.

Pd. AssesBment, ... .. 456 0 0

Ditto Lighting rate, ... ... 96 0 0

Ditto Polioo rate, .. ... 144 0 0

Ditto Petty charges, ... ... 1 12 0

Messrs. Williams and Norgate. Paid Book Postage for sendiug 14

parcels of Books, .. ... 8 8 6

Do. Messrs. Gillanders, Arbntlinot

and Co. as per their order £100

at 1 s. 10^ d, per Bapce, ... 1,054 15 0

Do. by transfer

on account of

SaleofBiblio-

theca Indica, £76 10 0 Deduct fi-eight,

advertising &

Commission

charges, ... £39 9 6

£37 0 6Rs. 370 4 0

Do. do. on ac- count of Sale of Library's Books and Journal Asi- atic Society £5-5-10 at 2s. 52 14 0

Deduct 10 per cent. com- mission, ... 6 4 0 47 10 0

697 12 0 1,136 8 8

417 14 0

1,481 5 6 1,955 0 0

O. P. Fund. Paid on Loan, ... ... 79 3 0

BXbu RajendralXla Mitra. Paid to the Baptist Mission Press for

printing charges, ... ... 2 0 0

Babu UDAYAcnXxDA Datta. Paid Postftge Stamps for sending

Library Books, .. ... 0 11 0

79 3 0

2 0 0

0 11 0

E. C. Bayley, Esq. Paid Postage and Bangby expenses for sending Books, ... ... 11 1 0 11 1 0

Carried over. Eg. 15,281 6 3

XXVI

RECEIPTS. 1869. 1868.

Brought over, Bs. 15,652 2 8 Curator of the Biddell Museum. Rooeived in deposit, ... ... 12 0 0

P. S. Geowse, Esq. Rofnnd of the amounts paid on the Slst January 1867 and 81st January 1869, .. .. ... 10 0

Dr. G. W. Cline. Refund of the amount paid on the 30th June 1868, ... ... 0 3 0

M. Macauliffe, Esq. Refund of the amount paid on the

30th November 1868, ... ... 0 3 0

Major F. W. Stubbs. Received in deposit, .. •• 1 12 0

G. Nevill, Esq. Refund of the amounts paid on the

7th July and 1st September 1869,... 2 6 0

Major McHahon. Received in deposit, ... ... 0 6 0

R. H. Wilson, Esq. Received in deposit, ... ... 17 0

S. KuRZ, Esq. Refund of the amount paid on the

7th July 1869, ... ... 4 4 0

W. L. Heeley, Esq. Refund of the amouut paid on the 31st

May 1869,— ... ... 18 0

Dr. J. Fayrer. Refund of the amount paid on the 1st June 1869, .. ... ... 6 8 0

A. S. Harrison, Esq. Received from him for Books supplied 11 2 0

12 0 0

10 0

0 8 0

0 3 0

1 12 0

2 6 0 0 6 0

17 0

4 4 0

18 0

B. Quarttch, Esq. Received in deposit, ... ... 0 9 0

Capt. M. W. Cabr, Received in deposit, •• ... 4 2 0

8. LoBB, Esq. Received in deposit, ... ... 6 6 0

6	8	0
11	2	0
0	9	0
4	2	0
6	6	0

Carried over, Rs. 15,705 14 8

ZZYU

DISBURSEMENTS. 1869. 1868.

Brought oyer, Bs. 15,281 6 3

H. Bloghmank, Esq. Vtdd freight for Bending Booka to

England, .. ... ... 0 10 0

Do. to the Baptist Kission Press for

printing char^^es, ... 3 0 0

Do. Books purchased through A. S.

Ilarrison, Esq.y ... ... 6 7 0

J. G. Delmerick, Esq.

Paid Postage for sending Library Books, ... ... ... 1 '1 ^

Refunded the amount by Postage Stamps rocoivod on tho 10th Sep- tember, 1869, ... ... 6 6 0

GOYERinCENT NoETH WESTERN PROVINCES.

Paid freight for sending Journal and

Proceedings for 1869, ... ... 18 2 0

G, Shelyeeton, Esq. Paid discount for cashing his draft, ... 0 4 0

W. Oldham, Esq. Paid Postage and freight for sending Library Books, Ac.; ... ... 7 7 0

F. S. Growse, Esq.

Paid Postage for sending Libraxy

Books, ... ... ... 0 15 0

Db. G. W. Cline. Paid by transfer to tho Asiatic Society, 10 0 0

Major F. W. Stubbs. P^d Bullock- train hire and packing

charges for sendiug Library Books, 6 2 8

G. Nevill, Esq.

Paid to tho Baptist Mission Press for

printing charges, ... ... 2 6 0

S. Euitz, Esq. Paid to the Baptist Mission Press,

for printing charges, ... ... 4 4 0

Dr. J. Fatreb. Paid to the Baptist Mission Press, for printing charges, •• ... 6 8 0

10 1 0

7 8 0

18 2 0

0 4 0

7 7 0

0 16 0

10 0 0

5 2 3

2 6 0

4 4 0

W. L. Heelet, Esq. Paid Bancrhy expenses for sending

Library Books, ... ... 18 0 18 0

6 8 0

CaiTied over, Ba. 16,365 7 6

XXVUI

RECEIPTS. 1869. 1868.

Brought over, Bs. 15,705 14 8 H. F. Blanfobd, Esq. Befond of freight paid for sending

44 Parcels of Books to England, .. 14 0 0

14 0 0

Walliullah Sted. Beceiyed by transfer the Postage

Stamp, ... ... ... 39 9 2

89 9 2

Db. T. Oldham. Befond of the amount paid on the 5th

October, 1868, ... ... 5 5 0

5 5 0

Carried over, Bs. 15,764 12 10

xzix

DISBTJBSEMBNTS. 1869. 1868.

Brought oyer, Bs. 15,855 7 6

B. F. Blantord, Esq. Paid freight for sending 44 parcels

to England, ... ... 14 0 0

Walliullah Stsd. Paid Postage exx>en8es for current

expenditure, .. ... 119 12 10

Dr. T. Oldha¥. Paid to the Baptist Mission Press, for

printing charges, ... ... 5 5 0

Lt.-Col. a, S. Allan. Paid by transfer to the Asiatic So- ciety on account of contributions, ... 7 4 0

W. Stokes, Esq. Paid proportional freight and postage for sending Books, ... ... 0 5 0

Major H. H. Godwin-Avsten. Paid Postage for sending a parcel

receiyed from London, ... 0 10

Dr. p. Stoliczka. Paid to the Baptist Mission Press, for printing charges, ... ... 8 12 0

W. T. Blanford, Esq. Paid to the Baptist Mission PresSy for printing charges, .. ... 2 0 0

Madras Club. Paid discount for cashing Madraa

Currency note, •• ... 0 4 0

G. E. Knox, Esq. Paid Postage for sending Library

Books, .. ... ... 0 12 0

Col. C. L. Showers. Paid exchange to the Uncorenanted

Seryice Bank on his draft for Bs. 72, 10 0

W. A. Byrne, Esq. Paid Madan Mistry for making two

Insect Boxes, ... 4 8 0

Do. freight for sending do. • . 2 12 0

Bey. H. A. Jaeschke.

Befanded the amount to Messrs.

Sohroeder, Smith and Co., .. 34 5 0

14 0 0

119 12 10

5 5 0

7 4 0

0 6 0

0 10

8 12 0

2 0 0

0 4 0

0 12 0

10 0

7 4 0

84 5 0

Carried oyer, Bs. 15,556 8 4

XXX

RB0BIPT8. 1869. 1868,

Brought over, Ra. 15,764 12 10 Balance of 1868. In the Bank of Bengal, ... ... 2^1 lo 9

Cash in hand, ... ... 92 9 7

2,354 4 4

Rs. 18,119 1 Z

mSBUBSEMENTS. 1869. 18G9.

Bronght oyer, Bs. 15,556 8 4

t)K. J. MuiK. Paid Bev. K. M. Baneijea, ... 101 6 0

Lt. H. a. Speabhan. Paid froighfc and packing charges for

sending Journal, ... .. 7 8 0

W. Theobald, Esq. Paid freight and packing charges for

sending Library lirjoks, ... 7 12 8

W. DuTHoiT, Esq. Paid Banghy expenses and packing

charges fur sending Books, ... 2 14 0

Col. E. T. Dalton. Paid Banghy expenses for sending

Photographs, ... ... 0 10 3

Col. E. T. Dalton, Ethnoloot of Bengal. Paid Banghy expenses and packing charges for sending Photographs, . . 3 0 0

Jaices Beahes, Esq., Paid Banghy expenses for sending

Library Book, ... ... 16 0

101 6 0

7 8 0

7 12 3

2 14 0

0 10 3

8 0 0

16 0

Balance. In the Bank of Bengal

account Dr. J. Mnir, 898 10 0

Do. do. Asiatic Society, 1,411 4 7

15,681 0 10

2,309 14 7

Cash in hand, ... .. 128 1 9

2,438 0 4

Bs. 18,119 1 2

Examined, Errors and Omissions excepted,

8d. PratApachandra Ghosh a. Sd. Buddinath Btsack,

• Asst. Seery, Cashier,

Asiatic Society, Bengal. Asiatic Society, Eengat

Audited and found correct,

R. Temple, K. 0. S. I. D. Waldie, F. C. 8.

XJiXll

STATEMENT Abstract of the Cash Account

EEOEIPTS.

Oriental Publication.

Received by Sale of Bibliotheca Indica, 2,798 12 6

Ditto by Subscription to do. ... 143 14 0

Ditto by Sale of Srauta Sutra, ... 67 0 0 Befand of commission on Sale of

Books from P. Ghosha, ... 2 8 0

Ditto of postage and packing charges, 74 12 0

Government Allowance. Beceived from the General Treasury at 500 Bupees per month.

Ditto ditto additional grant for the publication of Sanscrit works at 250 Bupees per do. from April to November 1869,

Vested Fund. Beceived Interest on the Government

Securities the Bank of Bengal, Ditto by Sale of Government Security, Ditto Premium by Sale of ditto. Ditto Interest by Sale of ditto,

212 8	0
, 1,500 0	0
136 14	0
15 10	0

Custody of Oriental Publications. Befund from the Cashier his excess Salary for August 1869,

79 3	0
55 0	0
8 9	0
35 0	0
2 5	0
11 13	0
86 2	0
6 0	0
0 10	0
0 2	0
30 0	0
0 2	0
50 0	0
11 15	0

326 13 0 .

1869.

1868.

3,076 14 6 2,938 7 8

6,000 0 0

6,000 0 0 6,000 0 0

2,000 0 0

2,000 0 0

1,865 0 0 4,4iq 6 1

2 8 0

AiN I A'kbari. Beceived from the Right Hon'ble tho Secretary of State for India for the additioual Grant to the Asiatic So- ciety towards the publication of the Ain i Akbari, ... ... 5,000 0 0

Asiatic Society of Bengal, Maha Raja Pertap Sing, ... V. B. Soobiah, Esq., K. Roghu Nath Row, Kalidasa Mookerjea, Challapali Rangaiya, Tbakura Giriprasdd, Damura Vallabha, V. M. Pundit, F. Samasa Charyar, Esq., Babu Brajabhushana Dasa, J. Pickford, Esq., Desia Santgram Sivakram, Kesavachandra Acharji,

2 8 0 14 7 0

5,000 0 0

Carried over, Rs. 17,944 6 3

TTTin

No. 2.
OrienM Fund for ISeS.
DISBURSEMENTS.
			IS^^K l^^
Okizttal Ptelicatioxs.
Ttad commisaion on the Sale of Books,	2S0 12	6
Freight, ... .••	2iH? 12	0
Packing charsres.	61 3	0
Purchase of Postage Stamps,	IW 13	6
AdTertising charges.	217 0	0
Paper for printing Bibliothcca Indica,	;iS 1	0
Pettj charges.	12 10	6
—		—	1,136 4 6 1,1^> 11

Vested Fuxp.

Paid commission to the Bank of Bengal for drawing interest on the Crovemment Securities, ... 0 8 6

Ditto on selling the Government

Security, ... ... ... 4 2 1

Ditto Brokerage for do. ... ... 1 14 0

Ditto fee for renewing the Govern- ment Security, ... ... 2 0 0

CrsTODT OF Oriental Wokks.
Paid Salary of tho Librarian,	360 0	0
	626 12	9
Book binding,	30 12	0
Binding 2 Stock Books with papers, ...	52 8	0
Fee to the Bank of Bengal for stamp-
ing cheques, ... ...	3 2	0
Stationery, ...	67 7	0
Printing charges,	98 8	0
Bepairing 2 Book cases, ...	183 0	0
Preparing charges.	19 9	6
24 Tin Boxes for sending Bibliothcca
Indica,	7 10	0
Ticca Duftory for arranging Biblio-
theca Indica,	14 8	0
Cart and cooloy hire for removing do.,	22 10	6
Petty charges, ...	28 2	6
Library.
Purchase of MS3. and Books,	484 4	6
Fee for getting 4 ^lonoy Orders at
lOORs. eoch,	4 0	0
Kharooah cloth and piece board and
tape &c., for binding MSS.	15 3	9
COPTINO MSS.
Copying charges for Persian MS., ...	71 0	0
Papers for copying do. ...	6 0	0

8 8 7 14 0 10

1,514 10 8 1,518 5 0

603 8 8 603 7 0 77 0 0 37 3 0

Carried over, Rs. 3,239 16 7

XXXIT

		BECEIPTS.	1868.
Brought forward, Bs. 32G 13	017,944 6
Tirini Oliarana GhAckravartf,	10 10	0
Bamakrislina G. BhuOakar,	0 12	0
A. Gadell, Esq.,	8 14	0
J. n. Lloyd, Esq.,	•••	8 11	0
A. S. Harrison, Esq.,	,,	1 8	0
Capt. Valadeva Pant,	,,	1 14	0
P. Swaminatlia Jyer,	••	8 4	0
H. D. Hawkins, Esq.,	•..	0 1	6
Bamswami B. Eaider,	...	12 8	0
Pundit Bnmgoo,	...	6 12	0 _ S71 11

Carried over, Bs, 18,316 2 0

xxxv

DISBURSEMENTS. 1869. 186a,

Brought forward, Bs. 8,249 16 7 AiN I Akbart.

Paid Salary to Miinshi, ... ... 390 0 0

Ditto printing charges, ... ... 2,133 3 0

Ditto 16 plates forth© Ain i Akbari,.., 334 0 0

Ditto Enjn^ving a plato for ditto, ... 8 11 3

Ditto Lettering on stones of 2 plates, 4 0 0

Ditto 2 copies of Ain i Akbari, ... 87 8 0

Alamoir NamXh. Paid for preparing the Index and Preface of do. ... ... 80 0 0

Tarikhi Badaoni. Paid Editing and printing charges, ... 761 0 0 Ditto extra work in composing the

Preface of do. ... ... 30 0 0

MiMAXSA DaRSANA.

Paid Editing and printing charges, ,

Taittiriya Brahhana. Paid Editing charges,

Grihta Sutra of Aswalayana. Paid Editing and printing charges, .

Secundar NamX Behari. Paid Editing charges,

Taittiriya Upanishada. Paid Editing and printing charges, ... 762 0 0 Ditto Banghy expenses for sending

2 parcels of do. ... ... 5 0 0

. 331	2	0
144	0	0
613	4	0
75	0	0

Taittiriya Sanhita op the B. Y. Veda. Paid Editing and printing charges, ... 280 12

Umar I Kheyani. Paid copying chargoa of MS. ... 15 0 0

MuNTAKHAD Ali LUB.AB OF KhAFI KiIAN.

Paid Editing and printing charges, ... 2,(»88 10 0 Ditto advance for do. do. Vols. XL & XII. 500 0 0

Taxdya Maha Braiimana. Paid Editing and jH'iuting charges, ... 328 3 0

B.vrsAYAN C\M Sl'tra.

Paid Transcribing c)iarge.<«, ... 6 3 0

Vaya Parana, ... ... 18 0

Poems of Chand, ... ... 6 2 3

2,957 6 3 2,074 13 0 80 0 0

791 0 0 2,113 0 0

331 2 0

144 0 0 224 0 0

613 4 0 672 0 0

75 0 0

767 0 0 820 9 0 280 12 0 364 14 0 15 0 0

2,588 10 0 876 0 0

328 3 0

6 3 0 18 0 6 2 3 13 8 0

Carried over, Rs. 12,225 2 1

ZXXVl

RECEIPTS. 1869. 1868.

Brought forward, Bs. 18,316 2 0 Balancb of 1868. In the Bank of Bengal, ... ... 115 15 8

Cash in hand,... .., ... 0 0 0

115 16 8

Bs. 18,432 1 8

DISBURSEMENTS. 1809. \ms.

48Si 12 8

Broaghfc 1 Asiatio Society of Bengal, Babu Tarinicbarana Chacki-avarti, ...	forward, Rs. 12,225 2 424 9 9 10 10 0	1
Baba Brajabhaaana Dasa, F. Ramaaa Charyar, Esq., Captain Valadeva Pant, ... Ghallapali Rangaija, Damara Yallabha,	...	26 1 0 0 2 0 2 5 0 11 13 0 1 13 0
Ramswami B. Eaidor,	•••	12 8 0
Thakura Griprasad Slug, V. B. Soobiab,	...	31 0 0 18 9 0
J. W. McCrindIo,	...	30 8' 6
J. H. Lloyd, Esq.,	...	3 11 0 573 10	3
Balance op 1869.		12,798 12	4
In tbo Bank of Bengal, ,„ Cash in hand.	...	5,559 8 1 73 13 3
		Ti fT?9 "i	4
	Rs. 18,132 1	8

Examined, Errors and Omission a excepted, Sd. Pbatapacuandra Guosua. Sd. Bi'ddinatu Bysack.

Asst. Secnj. Cashier,

Asiatic Society, Bengal. Asiatic Socictij, Dt'n'jah

Audited and fuuud correct,

R. Templk, K. C. S. I. D. Waldie, F. C. S,

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XXXIX

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•I* 1	M	n 1 'ill 1 lliii 1 4 SI ill e a err o "^ 5	•i 1	^ >< ^* iQ 2 1

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,

EDITED BY

THE HONORARY SECRETARIES.

JANUAEY TO DECEMBER, 18 7 1.

CALCUTTA.

PniNTED BY C. B. UtWIS, BAPTIST MIS8I0H PEEBS. 1871.

CONTENTS.

^••^•«^

Page List of Members of the Asiatic Society of Bengal on tHo

3 Ist December, 1870, Appendix in February Proceedings, I Abstract Statement of Receipts and Disbursements of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for the year 1870, Appendix

in February Proceedings, . . XIX

Proceedings for January, 1871, , 1-20

Do. for February, 1871, including Annual Eeport

and President's Address, 21-54

Do. for March, 1871, 55 80

Do. for April, „ 81-94

Do. for May, „ 95-118

Do. for June, „ 119-136

Do. forJuly, „ .' 137-158

Do. for August, „ 159-176

Do. for September, „ 177-224

Do. forOctober, „ 225-229

Do. for November, „ 231-250

Do. for December, „ 251-298

Meteorological observations for January to December,

1871, itoxcvni

Appendix A, , 300

Do. B, 306

Index, 307

EREATA.

Page	Line	For	Bead
2.	9.	H. W. Soevens,	H. W. Stevens.
86,	16,	Hootoone,	Hootoom.
56.	X4,	M. S. HoweU,	A. P. HowelL
9>	16,	Filgatte,	Filgate.
ft	22,	Boom,	Bourne.
82,	8rd from below.	Insert,	A, P. Howell, Esq.
84,	2,	X>osse88,	possesses.
»	7.	This,	It.
106,	23.	'taUO^.6.'	' tail, 1".2.'
107,	2,	CynonycteruSf	Cynonycteria,
»9	>9	i.	*.
131,	17.	' Bun a moon's limb.'	' sun and moon's limb.
f>	29,	'3'.2''.7'V	« 3'.2".7".*
»i	30,	*4'.ll^'	* — 4M1'V
131,	99	^ T 2-2 after In. -^,	insert C. ^■^.
225,	10,	Prakria,	Prakrita.
»	11,	Vyakuranam,	Vyakaranam.
247,	8,	Ilalim,	Ilatim.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASUTIO SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOR Janxtaby, 1871.

The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the 4th instant at 9 o'clock p m. The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. Presentations were announced.

1. From the Government of India, Home Department, 5 photo- graphs of the temples and inscriptions at Barsee Taklee and Pinjar.

2. From the Author— Eiickblick auf die Jahre 1845 bis 1870, Schreiben von W. R. von Haidinger an Herm E. Doll.

8. From Dr. Newman — five silver coins.

4. From H. v. Schlagintweit-Sakiinlinsky — a revolving scale for measuring curved lines on maps, &c.

The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting were bcdloted for and elected ordinary members. Isaac Newton, Esq. B. S. Brough, Esq. F. C. Daukes, Esq. B&bu Ganendranatha Thdkura. The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next meeting.

T. F. Harkness, Esq., 0. S., proposed by A. M. Markham, Esq. seconded by Ool. A. D. Yanrenen.

Proceedings of the Aaiatie Society.

[Jan,

Col. J. F. Tennant, proi>OB&d by CoL H, Hyde, seconded bj Dr. P. 8toliezka*

Dr. W. WftagGJ5, proposed by T)r. F. Stoliozlcftj seconded by Mr. .] H, Bloc'iimaan.

G. C. Farr, Esq., proposed by Mr. E. Hyde, seconded by Col. H- nyde.

The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to with* draw from tlie Society, 0. F, Amery, Esij^., Capt. J- P, Baeevi, H, E,, T. Thomas, Esq., H. W, Seevens, Esq.

The Coimcil reported on the progress which has been made in the collecting and preservation of Sanskrit MSS., and communicated the suLjoiiiecl eorreijipoiidence on tho snbjeet.

In laying this oon'espondenco on the table the President observed, that inaamuch as the measures proposed and subsequently under* taken for the conservation of Sanskrit MSS., and tho preparation of Catalogues, were commnnicated to the Society, in May 1869, the Council thought it right to inform the Society of the progress which had since been made in the matter. He referred to the original ixutrootions of tho Government, and the few alterationa which liave been suggested by the Society. The task was entrusted to Babu Efijendral^la Mitra, whom the Government had recommended for it. Ono instalment of the ** Notices &c.*' had been published and was on the table before them. It would be seen that tliis was not in tho tabular fonn which the Government at first contemplated, but the deviation from it had been sanctioned by the Gt>vern* menfc of Bengal in their letter, dattjd 22iid May» 1869, and whether or not every one would coufiider it judicious, there wer© certainly very substantial reasons to be urged in support of it. When these " Notices" were submitted to Government, no objection was taken to the form of the publication, but it appears that thd advisers of the Government considered that it was defective in certain important points. The President quoted a passage to this effect houk an official letter of the Government of India. Ha could not better explain the error into which the Government had here fallen, than by reading the answer which the Secretary of the Society had written in behalf of the Council. In condufiion ,

Proctiedin^i ofth^ Aiiati^i

a.

No. 5557 dated 23rd Nov., 1868 Govt, of Bengal. ., ami ,, Iflt &lay,i86aAs, Sou ., „ 1U43 -, aaud „ „ Govt. M

he said it was almost incomprehensibla, how the hhuulereviioteil

comiiiitted, not only in the Secretariat to the Qoraiimeiit of India, but also bj a scholar like Mr. Clialmera, to whoM very iniatdTis but mistaken ob&ervationa the President teforred. Theae gentle men must have penned their strictures without having read Sanskrit, and yet it was in Sanskrit, that the OoTenunent letl dirocted tho prinripal matter of the lists, indaaivd of the r^irfi matt&r in question, to be published.

No. 396. Jaiatic Soci^tif'i iJeww, CalctUta^ 27th Jum^ 1870.

Fi-am P, SroLiGZKA, Esq, Pn. B.,

Honorary Secritary^ Atiatic Societif nf Ben^d^

To t}^ HoN'ntE Ashley Eden,

Secretary to the Goremmeni of Bengali

Sia, — ^Eeforring to the eorrespoudence, noted at margin, regard*

ing tho conservftttou of records and purchases of Sanskrit Manusitiripta ixa native libraries, I am desired by tlie Council of the Ataatio Socio* ty to furwai'd a copy of Babu liiijendralAla Mitra's ruport on the-i aubject, explaining tho operatiuna which have been iixHtitutod bj the JSociety for that purpobo, in aooordanee with the ordei*a of the Governmyut of BougtU,

A specimen copy uf No. 1 of the ** Notices of Saniskrit MSB/* is herewitli enclosed, as well as copies of tho lists noted in pcu'a. 8th of Babu B^jendrfddla Mitra'^ letter.

The slight alteration in the arraugoment of printing has also been explained by Bubu Bajondrtdala MiU*a, and the Council of the Socie^ hopes that thia change will be advuutageous.

The expenses incurred by the Society for the above object of collecting MSB. during the littter half of the official year, 1869 and 1670) are detailed in tlie aecunipanying bill, and in submitting the same for the consideration of tho Government of Bengal, I am desired by the Council of th« Aniatio Society of Bengal to re- quest tJiat the Society may be sanctioned to draw a quai'terly or half yearly advaneoi equal to one fourth or one half of the annual j grant sanctioned for the purpose. A detailed statement of the

ProcmdtnffB qfths Atiatic Society.

[Jak.

yearly o3q)on90S will be prepared and eubniitted to the Governmeut of BungaLf if desired.

Babu Eajendraldla Mitra expects to publish annually 3 or 4 numbers of the Notices of 8auskrit MS8, ; ufNo* 1 of these Notices 150 copies have been i>rintod, and they ai'e now at the disposal of the GoTernmont of Bengal.

With regard to the distribution of the Notices, I am desired by tlie Council of the Aaiatic Society to submit a list* of names t4> whom copies could be sent, for the favouruble consideration of the Govemmont of Bengal. The spare eopies of these ''Notices/* the Council would suggest, may be sold to tlio public at one Bupee pep number.

From Ba'BU RA'.rENDltALA'LA MlTRA^

To the Seoretaty, A$talic Soeirft/ of Bmqal,

Bated, Chitpur, 2Ath May, 1870.

Biii^' — I liave tho honor to submit the following report on the operations carried on during the last official year for collecting in- formation regarding Sanskrit MSS. extant in native UbrarioB,

2. The final orders of Oovemnient on the subject were received in May 1869. I happened to bo unwell at the time, and nothing was done until my arrival at Benares in the middle of June following, when I c-ommenced to collect lists of such rare MSS., as were avail- able in that city. Although some ultra orthodox pandits wore averse to allow their collection to be examined and analysed for the information of Europeans, I had no diihculty in inducing several persons to allow me access to their Libraries for the purpose of taking notes and copies of such M8S. as I liked, and obtained much valuable ijiformation from some of the professors of the local Sanskrit College, Two native gentlemen of the city, Bibu Haris- chandra and Sitalprasfid, very obligingly placed the whole of their collections, each containing upwards of two thousand works, at my disposal, and Pantlit Vinavaka S'astri brought me a few rare MSS. of the Kalpa sutr^is and of the Sikah^s, The Biljguru of Benares and several other pandits also otfered me assistance, and I soon had a total of upwards nf five thousand MSS. at my disposal* Owing, however, to the delicate state of my health at tho time, and my * TUia list in omittarl ia tUo preaent ooinmunicaiioti.

187L]

Froeeidtn^i of the Asiatic Sockt^,

stay at Benarca having been limited to seven weeks f^tJ}*, I coulti not examin© moro than about half of thorn. These were mostly works of wliich the Asiatic Society posaesaes copies. The few that appeared to me to be new have been included in the accompanying volume of ** Notice^,*'

A. The principle on which the notices have been drawn up has already been explained in my minute of April 1869.* I have taken the Catalog:UG of the Society's Library for my guide, and described only such works as were not included in it, except when better MSS« were met with than are to bo found in Calcutta.

4. The plan of quoting the initial and the concluding sentences, also the epigrap]is, which was Erst suggested by me and ap* "proved by Government, rendered a departure form the tabular form originally proposed unavoidably neceasaiy ; but none of the heads of iuformation recommended by Mr. Stokes has been omitted, and on tbe whole the form adopted will, I believe, be found to be La every resjioct convenient. It has greatly economised space, and obviated the necessity of printing, in narrow columns, long extracts, mostly in verse, and other matter not lit to be tabulated.

6. Among the works noticed I would draw the attention of the Committee to the Upanitdiads, most of wbitih are rare, and have hitherto been known only through Duperron*s translation uf the Persian version of D&r6 Sekoh. From thi*ee to ilvo copies of oacK of them have now been obtained, and placed at the ditiposal of Pro- fessor E^mamaya Tai*kai'atna for publication in the Bibliotheca Indica. The little treatises on Yedie Phonetics (Nos. K}2 to 136) are also rare, and of considerable interest. Pi*ofe8sor Max Miiller, in his history of Sanskrit literature notices only one of them^ — that of Niratla — and the others, therefore, I imagine, wiU bo new to many scholars in Europe. The commentary of Sdres'vara on the Brihadaryaiiuka Upanishad and that of SankaHinanda on the Atharva Upauit^hads are also worthy of note. Most of the dramatic works noticed are not included in the IjBt annexed to Professor Wil- son's Hindu Theatre ; some of the medical works are also valuftble, and the Malmbhdshya is remarkable for ago and accuracy* Alto* gethor 204 works have been noticed, of which G*J are portions of • Proceed mg», Asiatic Sucitay, Boogal, fyr Muy* l{iC9, p. 127 H sv*i.

6 rmt$eding$ of the A»Mi€ Saei^ty,

tUo Vodas or commentaries theroon, 26 are tin>atift«« on Vodio cHjroraonials, and 8 parts of tho Vedangaa ; 11 are on the Vodantai 8 on tho Nyaye^f and 2 on astronomy, one of them being an exposi- tion of Arabic iksvixm borrowoil by the Brahmans. Of grammatloal treatises 2 only are included in the list, and of medioal compi- lations 6 ; but law, rituals^ poetry and the drama, are repro- sented in it by 6, 12, 2S^ and 14 codioos respectively.

6. On my return to Cideutta, a pandit was employed on a salaiy ofBs. 80 a month, and travelling allowances, to proceed to the' mofUasiL Ho commenced operations at Krishnagar and in five montlis eoUoctod the names and short descriptive accounts of about four hundred MS8. new to the Society. Among these are included a numb tvr of Ttuitras belonging to the Baja of Kri«h nan agar ; but few of them are of any grt-at antiquity. Notices of those have been drawn up in the pi^scribed form, and will be sent to press in the cotirse of next month.

7. In March hist, advantage was talcen of the Rev. J. Long's trip to Dac<^a to send the pandit to that district, and he has sinoo been employed there. The iield, however, does not seem tu bo < promising, and no work of any value has yet been met with* \ 1 have, therefore, asked the pimdit to return to KrislmAgar, whero and in the neighbouring town of Nuddea, the moat renowned seal of tho Nyiya school in Bengal, there remains yet much to bo dono.

8. In July 1B69, two MS. lists were obtained from tlio Hooie Office, one ^ * * he names of 2744 works said to be owniid by Pandit i^ ^ < of Lahore^ and the other of works supposed by tho Nepalese pandits to be rare In the Nepalese Libranee «t j Khatmandu. Both these have been printed, and copies are h«ane- with suVimitted for inspection* Tho first contains the namtss of « great number of scarce works, but it has been much swelled oiit by iuHertLDg the same treatisoks under did'erent names in dlffereati plncxss. The Nepalese list contwis nothing of any value.

9. Nominsd Usto haTe likewise been obtained from the renown* ed Pandit Kangichirt Svami of Brindaban, and £rom diff«reiit parta of Bengal^ extraela firom which will ena long be publisfajed.

10* Muelihaaikot been doDo in th«) way uf purchasing MSdl

I

I

1871.] Proemiingt of the Aiiatie SoeiHif. 7

Benares I coiUd (jLtain unly 9 oodiooa, and three hftv© since been pui'chasod ui Calcutta, making in aU 12 as per margin.*

VitrchxsUn Eleven M8S» have lilcewise

•TativaDusftiidhitiii. boon copiod. An opportunity

l:"Zy7n:'^;n.Hrtti ^'^^^^^ "'T"""! for sccurmgacopy

BuiyisikidhiknnLnani&ld. of S%aria*8 commentary on the

Darahftpnmamisaprftyachittokmrikl Archikaa of the Sama Veda, but

Pmyof^iairu, by Keshada. ^^ ^y^^ Sclotv has tesolvod to Baadhay anas' aomaTaiLra, incomploto* -n-i i.

Dif^-drisya vivaranmn £khya» print that work m the BlOllotheoa

Aimapuimniu Indica, I did not deem it neces-

AhitagTiero Antesn|iprQjoga. '

GhaTanapaddbati sary to avail mysolf of it«

i±" runXika. Tlie foUowmg ia an abstract Pingaia chbanda Btitra with tho com- ©f the expenditure incurred by

Bfiakhyiyana Grihya Satra. the Society ou account uf Ooveni-

Kapila Saubita. j^g^^ f^^P collecting lists of MS8.

Himnya koai autnu .

Kiina aatro. and preparing copios for press,

4 SUabia. ^ ^^^ ^^^ revifiing the pi'oofa

of the Sanslcrit portion of the Notices.

Salary of Travelling Pandit from 14th August 1869 to

February I a70 @ 30 Rfi., ....,....,- \^^ 0 0

Travelling allowance for ditto for the period ending

March 1870, , 145 6 9

Stationery, postage and stamps for lettefB, Banghy ex- penses and ContingencieSp , •....** 85 I 6

Printing charges of forms for collecting materials for

Catalogue, 70 0 0

j^pying MSS. with paper, &c», 12111 6

fy of Pandit for preparing, copying and con'eetiug

>gue« for the press, 147 0 0

so of Sanskrit M8S., 64 0 0

Es. .. 82a 2 9 ^Ko bill has yet been presented for printing the Kotioes,

^e cost will probably amount to lie. 250 making a total of Bs. 1^079>2-9 against the Gavemmont grant of Ba. 3,200. The saving is due to tho circumstance of no measures having been taken to commence operations until after the rains of la«t year* The ex-

8

ProcHitf^i of the Asiatic Sockiu*

[Jak.

ponaos during tho rurront year will, It is bolioved, take up the whole of tho amount sanctioned.

No. 2017.

Fty^m II, S. Bbadox, Esq.,

Off^* Undm" 'Secretary to the Govt, of Bengal T& the Hopiif, See^. to the Asiatie Societt/ of Bengal,

Fm-t miliam, the llth Jtihj 1870.

Sm, — I am directed to acknowledge the reeeii>t of your letter No. 395 dated the 27th ultimo, with ita enclosures, reporting the oper- ations earned out by the Society iu view to giving effect to the wishes of Government for the discovery and preservation of records of ancient Sanskiit literature, and in reply I urn to request that you will convey to the Society an expression of the Lieutenant- Governor's thanks for the trouble they have taken in the matter. His Honor also desires me to acknowledge the services rendered by Bfibu Hajendralula Hitra in this undertaking. A copy of your letter and Babu liajendraliila Mitra's report will be trans- mitted to the Government of India, and will also be published in the supplement to the Calcutta Gazette, A copy of the •* catalogue of Sanskrit MSS.'^ and of ** notices of Sanskrit MSS.** will also be furnished to tho Government of India.

2. With reference tfj paragraph 4 of your letter the Lieutenant- Governor is pleased to sanction the payment of the bUl submitted> amounting to lis. 1,079-2-9, for expenses incurred by the Society in collecting MS3. during the second-half of the financial year 1869-70. The Aecountant-General will be instructed accordingly, and will also be addressed in regard to advancing the So<.iety fundjs to carry on future expenses, subject to adjustment lialf-yeaily, as suggested by you.

3. The Lieutenant-Governor approves of the list proposed by you of persons and institutions to be supplied with copies of the " Notices of Sanskrit MSB.," but desires that the Cambridge Univer-

• ViJ^ yaur letter No. ^'^ '^^^^ ^'"^ Coondoo^ famUy of Bha^yo- 281 dated tlio loth Muy kul, itt Dacca, may be added to the dis- 1870

tribution list. The number of copies thus

to be distributed is seventy-five, and I am to request that of the

balance, fifty-five copies may be forwainled to this Government for

1871.]

JVoOf^inyi of the Asudic Sitetety,

use and transmtssioii to the Goinemineiit of India, the remamijig

ttirenty copies bein^ sold to the public at I Ro. per copy. No. 2734, lyom H. S. BsADov, Esq., Ofy, l/Hder-Secy, to the QoH. of Bcn^al^ W To the nonarary Sfcy. to tJuf Astatic Soei^^ty of Bmgah ' Fi^ft mVutm, the VMh Srptemhcr 1870.

8m, — ^With reference to my letter No, 201 7» dated the I Itli Jiilj 1870, the subject of the discovery and preservation of records of an-

roient Sanakrit literature,! am directed to forward for the infuruiation • No. 3963 dat^ the of y OUT Society the aecompanying copy of ^th ultimo, and enolo* a letter^ from the Government of India in the Home Department, fontaiuiug the views of His Excellency the Govomor-Geaeral in Cvuueil t»u the Ulcerations of the Society in this undertaking. ^H 2. It will be seen that the catalo^«a [** Notioee of Sanskrit ^H manuBcripta^'J are considered lucompluto in surue points, whidi ^H tend materially to lessen their value and usofuluo^a, especially to ^^ European scholars, and the Govemmout of Iiiilia nt'cordingly do- 1^^ sire the iuBertion in the ** Noticos'* of the name** and addresses uf ^B the persoBB to whom the manuscripts belong, thd places in whiell ■'■ they are deposited, the number of piiges in tmch maausoript, the

» number of lines in each page, and the poculiuritiuti of the monu- scripts, in order to alford a ready means of identifying thom bcre- niter. The dii^etitions can be ousily followetl in all ** Ncilit^gs'* that ^^ ^^7 ^^ pvibliahod hereafter, but this is of course not |)OBfiible iu ^1 the volume oirtiudy printed. I am, however, to suggest that eiJViet '' ' might be given to the winhos of the Governmeot of Intlia by adding

I a supplemtjutary list of the manuscripts drawn up numcriijolly with tlie additional infonuatiria* 3. The Government of India, it will bo noticed, dusiro to addf t Tbe Cambridge UuU Sixteen name» to the list of i)ersottH and verslty bua^ idruutly boen gucietios to whom copies of thu

' Nutii I

induded.i'wrepaiifcgiiipb a , . , . , i • . * i

of my letter abuve qnotod. ore to be circulut^Hl, and point out aevenu

typographical cnors in the names in tlie list of the Bociuty,

4. In (.^unduaion I am to invite attoution to ihesuggi-i^tion nmdn

by tho Govurnmont of India in paragraph 5 of their lottur rugartUng

the use of betiur paper and typo in printing the ** Notice^/'

w

Pn>e$si%ngs of the Aiiatie &c*l ip.

[Jaj(,

Jhw* M C, Bojfh^^ EBq,^ C. S, /, Secretary to ih^ Ooremm^ntof Induif Home Deparimmitf to the Officiating Secretary to ike Govern' ment of Bengaly General Departments^ {A^o, 3963, dated SimiOf the 29iA August, 1870.)

Sir, — I am directed to acknowledge the reeeipt of your lottor No* 2018, dated tho 1 Itli ultimo, and the enclosed correspondence, fihowing the operationa carried on by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in regard to the discovery and preservation of records of ancient Sanskrit literature.

2, In reply I am directed to etate that the efforts that have been made by the Asiatic Society to give effect to the wishes of the Government for the disc<»veiy and conservation of these Sanskrit manuiscripts are satisfactory. I am, however, to point out that the catalogues received with your letter are incomplete in some points^ vrhioh tend materially to lessen their value and usefulnofis, especi- ally to European scholars.

3, It ia very desirable that the names of the persons to whom the manuscripts belong shotild be inserted in the notices, as should also the places in which they are dejiosited. This might still bo done by adding a supplementary list of the manuscripts di^awn u|> numerically, with the names of the owners and their addresaea opposite. The number of pages in each manuscript, the number of f Mnes in each page, and the peculiarities of the manuscripts, should also be given in the catalogues, as a means of identlfymg them hereafter.

4, Tlie list of persona and Societies to whom it is proposed to 1 distribute the notices may be also considerably enlarged, and there ' are some inaccuracies in that list, A corrected copy of the latter is enclosed, (hoi'e follows a list of institutions, &c., &o.).

From Du. F. Stoltczka,

Hon, Secretary to the AviattQ Society of Bengal^ To H. 8. Beauon, Esq.,

Offy. Under-Secretary to the Ooremment of Benyal.

8m, — I have the honor, by direction of the Council of the Asiatic

Society of Bengal, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter NoJ

187K]

Procet^inffa o/i/^ Asiatic Hoci^fif,

II

2734, dated the 19th September laat, forwarding eopy of a letter from tho Secretary to the Governmont of ladia, Ilome Department, No. 3963, dat^d Simla, the 29th August, 1870, and stating that the Notioes of ** Sanskrit Manuscripts'* lately submitted by the Society *' are oonaidered incomplete in some points, which tend materially to lessen their value and usefulness, especially to European echolara,^' and that the OoTernraont of India ae<;ordingly desire tho compi- lation of a ** suppjomfintary list of the manuscripts dra\rn up numeri- cally** with the additional information,

2. In reply, I am directed to state that in the blank form, annexed to the Govornment of India lett«r Ko. 4353, dated 3rd Novembor, 1868, which was forwarded to the Society for its guidance, there are nine columns : 1st for number j 2nd for name, in Devanngari ; 3rd for ditto, in Eomau charactx^r ; 4th fur subject matter and name of author ; 5th for number of pages ; 6th for number of lines in each page ; 7th for substanco on which is written and character ; 8th for names of place where and of person with whom found, and 9th for remarks regarding accuracy and pecnliaritiea* Of these, informatioii under the heads 5, 6, 8, 9, it is now said, is wanting in the * Notices.' On reference, however, to the Sanskrit text it will be seen that the required details regarding the 6th, 6th and 9th heada are given in the second para., and that regarding the 8th in the third para, under each name. The editor has likewise added (10th) the extent of the work calculated according to the Indian method in stanzas of 32 ayUabled each ; I Uh, tho date of writing whenever available ; 1 2th, the initial words or stanza; 13th, the concluding words ; Hth, tJie colophon wliieh in Sanskrit works serves the purpose of the title page, and 15th, a full description of the work, its contents, history> and literary notices* The Council of the Asiatic Society fail, there- fore, to perceive how it has been made out that infonnation under some of the heads had not been supplied^ and lure driven to suppose that HhQ Sanskrit portion of the ** Notices** has been entirely over- looked by the Government of India. From a reference to those NoticeSt it la dear that more information of an useful oharaotor has been supplied than was asked for*

3. It might be said that if all the information had been given in Engliahi it would have provcRl more convenient. But the word-

IWucotfdtn^B 0/ th A9i^t%€ S^^etff.

[Jak*

ing of thw original ordur of Qovemmont left no option to tliu Society iu the matter. It is tliero dibtietly laid down that '' all procurable unpriiit'ed lists of Sanskrit MSS. in native Libraries should be printed uniformly inoc-tuvo, iu tht»Naguri rhanvrter/' »uul tho editor i-mM uot depai-t fi^m that positivu injunction without laying Mm* aell' I tpun to ceiiiiui'o. Tho scheme eontomplated no quotations op e^ttracts, and the Nagari diaructur could uot, therefore, be limited to any ono particular j^ai-t. It may be added that those who will hereafter wiah to identify tho MisS. noticed, will be men ctonvereant with the Sanskrit Literature^ and to them the Sanskrit port of the Notices will prove more useful than the English part, while to Indian scholars, at tho suggestion of one of whom tho work has boon undertaken by Gurernment^ the Sanskrit will be the ouly part of use, and for years to come the English will be of no avail It ia scarcely likely that those who know no tiling of ^am^krit will interest themflelves much in tracing old M8S* in that language,

4* Better paper will be used for tho printing of the futuro Nos. of the ** Notices."

The following copy of a minute relating to the cataloguing of Sanskrit MSS. has been receivod from the Secretary to tho OoTom- ment N- W. Provinces.

** Notices of Sanskrit MSS, l»y RdJendraUld 3litra,

(1.) " These Notices are moat unsatiaXactory. The editor states that he haa taken '* tJie catiiloguo of tlio Asiatic Society's Libnu^y tm his guide, and has noticed only such works as are not to ho found in it."

(2.) ** He carefully avoids all mention of where the MSS. ho comments on are to be found. He does not state who they belong to^ what their value is, or whether Government should endeavour to purchase them.

(3*) " Whenever he gives a eenslble notice it seems to he takea ! from Max Miiller'e Sanskrit Literature.

(4.) **A catalogue of this kind to be practically useful should contain a report of tho places searched for MSS. and the place where each MS. is to be found.

1S71.]

rrocmdin*f9 of i

S&cidy*

U

val

(6,) ** It should also mention whother the hook is avatlaHe or not to European sciiolars. The catalogues of ike Bodlulau, Inilia Othce a»d Berlin Libraries would shew this.

8d. J. Ca&xio&s."

Ifinutc of Bdhu EiijeiidraldUt Mtira on the above [#ft a Mt^r uddreued to the Secret art/'].

Mr. ChalmerB' critioisms ai'o founded on tho isamo imagimiTy fthortcoiuings on which the Goverimxunt of India lommentod im li>y unfortunate **Noticoft;*' I have thtjreforo only to ntfor to Uio re[dy lately forwarded to tho GoFernment of Bengal on tho bubjuc't.

Tho tst para, of the critiquo contains a general observation, the value of which doponds on what follows. I need not theroforo no- tice it.

Tho 2nd para, accuses mo of having (1) carefully avoided all

Dtiun of where the MSS. eommeuted upon are to bo found ; (2) whom they belong toj (3) what in Lhuir value; (4) and whether Government should endeavour to purchase thoui or not* Tho tirsfc three charges are, as you are aware, entirely unfounded — duo t*ithor to the ori tie's not knowing the 8anskrit language, or to his having failed to qualify himself for the task he has assumed, by read- ing the Sanskiit portion of the Kotioes which would have at once shown him that the required information has been duly furnished. The last charge caonot be fairly brought against me. I am requii'ed by Government to print lists, and notlung but lists, in order that Sanskrit scholars in Europe and India may point out what MSS. should be purchased. The words of the Government letter are : ** To print unifrirnily all prcjcurable un» printed lists of Sanskrit manuscriptnin ludian Lihrurirs, and to send to the various loarned Socieiios of Europe, and to ittdividual arsin Europe and India, with an intimation that the Government will care f idly attend to their suggestions as ti> which of the manu- Bcripts thei*ein mentioned should be examined* or transcribed," I have quoted this part of tJie letter in my Profarn, and as Mr. Chal- mers has read it, he shoubl huvo Huggeated what BI&8. are worth having) and not found fault with mo for not doing what he as a

14

Profiefedmgs of tha A^atic Soct'eiy,

[jAir.

Bcholar and others are required to do. Sanskrit scliolors in Ben- gal are exceedingly avei'se to sell MSS., Imt when opportunities do ofier T never fail to take ndvantnge of ihom^ and purchase for * Government whatever, in nij Itumble opinion, appears valuable.

The 3rd para,, without dirL^ctly charging me with haTing cribbed i from Max Miiller^s ancient Sanskrit Litorature, insinuates that I have done bo. I cannot but talvo this aa unfair. I have given th© name of Max Miiller whenever I havo quoted from him, and shall be glad to be shewn an instance to the contrary.

The 4th para, repeats the first charge of the 2nd, and therefor© eallB for no further romark.

The oth contains a sugy^estion, but the published portion of the ** Notices'* should have shewn to Mr, Chalmers that it waa uncalle<l for. I have quoted from Aufi-echt's Catalogi codicum mtmuscripto- rum Bibliothecae Bodleiaoae, and from Weber's Verzeichniss der ^ Sanakrit-Handschriften, the only Berlin catalogue accessible to me* Mr, Chalmers seems not to bo aware that no catalogue of the India House Library has yet been published, and therefore it is impos- J Bible to quote from it* I have lately got a MS, list of the contents of that Library through the kindness of Dr. Host, and intend to notice it when necessary.

The real cause of the misunderstanding lies in the expectation that the Kotiees should serve the purpose of a catalogue raisson^ ' which they do not profess to do, nor were they originally re- quired to do. The Society und*^rtook to supply only lists in the ^ Nagari character of MSS. still extant in the country, with brief i notes of their contents, in ordor that future scholars in Europe may i be enabled to compile a complete catalogue of Sanskrit literature, and not to supply that dosidoratum now. The Government is of opinion that the time has not yet come for a comprehensive scheme ; of this kind, and if this be borne in mind» the ''Notices** will not ' be found to be so defective as they are said to be.

The President placed on the table diagrams exhibiting the diurnal oscillations of the barometer observed by him at Dal- housie during a portion of last October. He did so, not on account of the merits of these curves, for they were only rough approxima-

1871.]

Proce^dtnffi of the Asiatic SoHeff.

15

tions to the truth, hut in order to press on the attention of memhors of the Society the importance of observatiuns of this kijid in India. He mentioned the purt whiehj ftccording to a very generally re- L'ei%'ed theory, the presence of vajiour had in etfooting the double maximum, and pointed out that this country seemed to afford extraordinary opportunity for the complete investigation of thia subject,

CoL the Hon'ble E. Straohey begged to differ altogether from the views put forwai*d by the President, and characterized the doetrine which attributes the daily oscillations of the barometric pressure solely to the influence of vapour in the atmowphero as a dogma. The actual tension uf vapour at any place does not represent the portion of the total atmospheric pressure, due to the pressure of the vajiour, aud the diiTerence between the total pressure and the Tapour tension is not the pressttre af the dry air. The very nu- moi*ou8 barometric and hygrometric observations which he (CoL 8trachf^y) had made in the plains of India and in the Himalayasi, up to elevations of between 18 and 19000 feet, speak entirely against this view — which he thought had fii'st been put forward by General Sabine, — inasmuch as the same fluctuations in the total pres- sure, which are to be observed in the plains, are equally marked at high €*levations in Tibet, where there is extremcdy little moisture in the atmosphere, CoL Strachoy refeiTcd to a paper which he had published on the subje<?t some years ago in the Proceedings of the Koyal Society on the distribution of vapour in the atmos- phere, in which the data for the above concduaiuns of his wore given at length. He said that the day maximum and minimum are un- questionably connected with the heating of tlie air by sun, and can bo explained by the dispersion of the air over that part of the earth's surface where the temperature is highest, and its accumula- tion to the east and west of the most heated area. That this is the true cause of the phenomenon is also indicated by Uie fact, proved by observation, that the time of day maximum and mini- mum change according to the hour at which the sun rises and sets in diiforent localities. The explanation of the noctumal maxima and minima is moro ditlicult, but they are probably secondary result of the diurnal clianges of temperature. "

16

Ptoe90dmffi of the Asuiiie SkHfict^.

[Jaw.

Colonel Straehey noticed certain modification b of tho nsual daily I Maxima and minima in the atniOBpheric pres»ur69, to bo obeenred ml tlio billfl. Tliese must bo considered as purely local, and aro to b^ explained as caused by certain disturbances of the planes of equal pressure in the air, due to the unequal expansion of the rariabla depth of air over the plains and mountain slopes, which again are followed by currents of air between tho plains and the lulls. During the day, the air is heated over the plain and forms a superior current I toward the mountain, at night the converse takes place and gives rise to an inferior current towards the plain. These changes are quit^ analogDtis to the daily sea and land-brooze.

Dr. Stoliciika observed that he was struck with the great regu- larity with which tho maxima find minima in the atrao&i>heric pres- Bure return at high elevation* He had made observations for two ' Buecessive years on the elevated plains of Tibet, between 15 and 20,000 feet, and found that as a rule the nutxima fell about the hour of 10 A. M, and 11 p. m.> the minima bet\^een 3 and 5 p. M. and about S A. M. Certainly the regular oscillations of the atmosphere ia ' these regions could not be attributed to the existence of vapour, tor there is almost none whatever present. The anuutd raiu fall scarco- ly amounts to half an inch.

In reply to remarks which fell from CoL Strarhey, the President Roid that nothing could be further from his mind than any intontion to set up or maintain tho ** dogma** which Ool Straehey attributed to him. In truth he had brought the matter forward solely for tho purpose of ui-ging that observation and research were still needed, and that the peculiar facilities of India in this respect were neg* lected. We had it in our power t<:> niuko observations, with varia- tions of condition as to elevation, humidity and temperature, suoh as could hardly be secured elsewliero. We could almost be 8iitd to be able to expei-iment in thia sulyect, so great were our oppor^ tunities of making simultaneous observations at diflereut heights in pretty nearly the same vertical line, and at variously situated stations, distributed over a larg<dy extended surface of the earth. Tho odvantngea offorod by the character, and position of the coun- try for analysis of the elomenta of tlie problem and comparison of results seemed to be in a great moastire uiihoeded. They oould only

Proeftdinff* of ike Atiatic Societif,

17

^1871

^Bfa^CffeotiTely luudo use of by combined action, and of this air pre- ^^fjll-it could Lardly be eaid that there voa any.

H Tl

■ lolbi

W Tl

I

The following papers were brought before tlie meeting.

I, Notes on the district of Dera Irtnail Kliau, by T. W- H. Tolbort, Esq., C. S.

This pappr contains notes on the history^ arebtcology, and natural productions of the dibtrict ; it wiH shortly appear in the Journal of the Skjciety.

2* On the antiquity of Indian Arthitecture, by Bfibu Eijendra- kla Mitra, {AbntracL)

The oldeet remains that have come to light are the pillars of As'oka, and they are not of a greater age than the middle of the third century before Ohrist. Hence an opinion is gaining ground that tlio ancient Aryans were not proficient in the art of building substantial edifices with stonos and bricks, and that the primitive Hindus were dwellers in thatched huts and mud houses. Mr, Fergusson, who has adopted this opinion, adds that the Hindus learnt the art of building from the Grecians who came to India •with Alexander, and that the oldest specimens of areliitecture in the country appear to be in the first stage uf transition from wood to stone. The author oombala these opinions by a number of quota- tions from the Big Veda^ — ^a work generally believed to be of the same age with the Mosaic chronicles — in which allusions are made to fortified towTi«, birge palaces, three-storied dwellings, bricks, inlltirs and other objects which could not have existed without masonry works of some kind or other. Quotations are also given from Punini, tlie R tmiiyana and the Mahabhdratha to provo the existence of mas*>nry liuuses at a very early period of Indian history. It is denied tliat the Buddhist rehgion — a mere reformation of the old Hindu faith — could have any influence in originating architecture, and the invasion of Alexander, ia compfu-ed to the recent British expedition to Abyssinia, in which very little impression was produced on tlie domestic arts of the Abyssinians. It is diificult to believe that Alexander brought any large number of quarriers, masons, and arohitoctfl to leave some b«^liind for the education of the people of

Pr9€$$iin$9 (/ the Aiiaiic Saeietjf. [J

the country in architectur©, and it would be absurd to suppasa that a king, like As'oka, who is presumed to have originally lived ia thatehed huts, would of his own accord aond ior architeuta and quarriers fnim Greece to build him a ptilace. In reply to the ai^a* ment founded on the ornamenta of old Indian architecture being copied from wooden originals, it is contended that they do not Bufhee to indicate the exact age when the transition fir&t took place, inasmuch as there is a spirit of conservatism, a mannerism or a survival of custom ia architectural ornamentation, so strong t^t it preserves intact forms long after the lapse of the exigencies which first lead to their production, and such evidence, therefore, cannot be accepted as conclusive.

Eev. K. M. Benerjea made some observations in support of tlio views expressed by Babu Eajendralala Mitra.

Mr* Wood-Mason exhibited an interesting cose of polydactjlism (see pi, I), in a horse from Bagdad, and remarked that the spliut- like rudiments of the metacarpals of the fourth toe on each fore-foot (iv. in figs. 1 ot 2 of pL I) had given rise to a supernumerary digit provided with the regular number of iihidanges and encased in an asymmetrical hoof j the asymmetiy of wliich was such, that the pre- sence of another of the same shape internally to it would have formed a symmetrical pair, like the cleft hoof of a ruminant. The metatarsal* of the fourth toe on each hind foot were by the law of correlation Bimilarly aHected, but the supernumerary hoofs of these were stout- er and more in-egular in shape. He next mentioned the fact that M. Ailoing in a recent contribution* to our knowledge of the orgaui- atation of the foot of the horse had described a poly dactyl o hors© with the extra digits developed from the rudiments of the second toe (ii. in figs. 1 et 2) ; the hoofs of these only dill'orod from those of the principal digits in their smaller size. He next distinguish- ed between those monstrositiosf that had resnltud from injuries received by the embryo <>* utaro or in the QQ^^ btitweeu those wliich might be said to be due to the ** anomalous retention of embryonic

• Aim dea bo. nut. (zooK), 5o Scr., vol. viii, pp. 55 ct 8«qq.t pi. 1. f For full iiiroriTi.itIou ou the aulijeot of luoaatrositiei ikd^ Dttrwiii*8 " Afll* | lUB^b tkikd PliiuU under dumestioutiuii.^'

187L]

Froc^ediHg^ of ike Aaiaiic Somehj*

19

cliaracters," and those tHat took tlie form of the re-developmeat of viable rudiments of digits, or other structures, normally present in some remote aucestors of tho grau|i to which the individual _ affected belonged. This explauation applied to the pt>IydaotyIe foot figured on the accompanying plate (I.). The resemblance to the [extinct mpparion* would have been perfect if the two outer toes EOn each foot had been developed. In illustration of these remarks, ke traced the Horses back in time to their three-toed progenitors, tJIij>j}anon and Anvhitheriumy whose remains abounded in themiocene Jeposits of Eurupe,India (in tho Sewalik-Iiills), and America : in Hip- par ion the two outer toes of each foot possessed the same number lof phalanges as the principal toe, but were reduced to mere dewclaws 'and did not touch tho ground j in Auchiiherium^ on the the otlier hand, they were nearly equal in size to it. The figures sufficiently show-

|©d the great length and breadth of the " splints" (ii, et iv. in (l^h, 1 et 2)^ and the nbtuseness of their distal extremities as compai*ed with the slender, finely pointed character of these same structures in an ordinary horse. Explanation of Pbto I, Fig. 1. Front ?iew of right carpua(mmta the prosntial series of carpiil bone^) of & poljdtiotyle borae ; \ iiat* size. Fig 2. PuHtorior view of Hanio.

Tlio Eoman nnmeruU ii, iii, it refer to the 2ud| 3ril and 4t)i digits rospeo* I tiTely in both ligurea.

The following papers were received.

On terrestrial Alollusca fi*om the neighbourhood of Moidmein, jTenosseriiii Provinoea, by Dr. F. Stoliczka,

Monograph of the Indian Cijpvimdm^ Ft. I, by Dr. F. Day.

LiBRAKY.

The following additions have been made to the Library since the [meeting li»^ld in December last.

Prestnttatiom* %• Names of Donora in Capitals. Proceedings of tho Royal Institution of Gr^at Britain, Vol. V. Part VII.— The Ikstitittion.

Journal of the Chemical Society, S«pt., 1870. — ^The SoaExy.

* Yid^ the mtHpiifleont memoirs of M, Gftodry ami Dr. Leidyi and ia con- rnesino therewith Prof. Hiitley'fl Preaidoatial addreaa to the Gcolog'oal Society of Loudouj Fobruiiry, 1870.

20 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay, Vol. IX. No. 26. — The Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay.

Monatsbericlit der K. Akademie der Wissenscliaften zu Berlin, Juli, 1870.— Akad. deb Wissenschaften zu Berlin.

Zeitschrift der deutsclien Morgenleendischen Gesellschafty Band XXIV, Heft 3.— The Editor.

Raliasya Sandarbha, No. 62. — The Editor.

The Pali Text of Kachcliayano's Grammar, by P. Mason. — The Editor.

Professional Papers of Indian Engineering, No. 29. — The Editor.

Memoir of Dwarkanath Tagore, by Kissory Cband Mittra. — The Author.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Paleeontologia Indi* ea. Vol. ni. Nos. 1 — 4. — Icones Plantarum India Qrientales, by Major H. Beddome, parts 4-6. — Flora Sylvetica, by Major H, Beddome, parts 3 — 6. — Selections from the Records of Gbvem-

ment, Home Department, No. 80, Foreign Department, No. 81.

The Government of India.

Records of the Geological Survey, Vol. Ill, Nos. 3-4. — The Government of Bengal.

Purchase,

The Kamil, part 7. — Zenker's Turc-Arabe-Persian Dictionary part 16. — Lond. E. and D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 268. — Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. 35.— Comptes Rendus, No. 9.— Museum Heineanum by Cabanis, Theil I— IV.

Exchange.

The Nature, Nos. 53—57.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THK

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAi

FOR FEBEUAfiY, 1871,

Til© annual meeting of tlio Society was htld on Wctlnosdayp at 9 F. M., Ist Fcbruitry, 1871.

The Hoii^ble Mr. Justice Phear, rreaiduut, m Uia cliair.

Tht» President eiilled upon tho Seeretury to rwwl the anuual repurt of the Council,

Annual Beport fob 1870*

The Council of the Asiatic Society of Bougul, in presenting their annual report for the year 1870, have again to uongratulate the memhera on the healthy condition of activity which the Society has maintained.

During the year under review, there were 28 ordinaiy meniherfl elected, while in tlie «ame period, the Society sustained a loi3« of 57 Dienibers. Of tluH latter number 45 are duu to death or resigna- tion, and 1 2 have been removed from the list for nou-coiupliauce with the rtdes of tho Society* The somewhat Itirge number of re- signations appears to bo partially due to tliu iutroductiou of tlio revised rulea of tlie Societyj by which members, leaving for JSu- rope, are particularly rcqite^ted to state, whether they wi-ih tliat their membership ribouid continue or not. Formerly information on til is point was rarely giveiif and it was greatly on this aceotmt that tlie member list had grown to unnatural dimtjUHions.

At tlie close of the year, tho number of ordinary menibers waa 414 ; of the^e 266 were paying membetrs, and 14^ absent* A marked decrease in these numbers ia to be observed, when the

22

Proceedings of ih& Mtatie Sodd^,

[Fi

present year is rorapaTefl with Ibe pnfit, and eren Tritli seyeral of th© preceding years, as will be seen from the subjoined table : —

Tlie Coimeil regret to announce tlie duath of llie following ordi- nary members ; — J. Kavenagb, Euq., E. Jardino, E«q., Lieut, B. 0. Beavan, B&bu BadhtinAtba Siliadara, M. H, Onn:^1»y, Esq., LL. 1>», Biibu K^ipraaaniia Sinlia, J. Avdall, Esq., Major J. J. Ho- venden, Edja 8ir Ueonarayana Sinha, Babadui', K. 0. S. I., Dr. T. Anderson, F. L. 8,

Although it might at first sight appear that the decrease in the ftocesaion of new members, and the somewhat numerous reaigna* tions are due to a diminishing appreciation of the scientiEc elforta of the Suciety on the part of the public, tJio Council take pleasure in remai'king that such is far from being the ease. On the con- trary, the Council feel themselves justiiied in asserting that the in- terest of the scientific public in tho working of the Society has in the last twelve months seu&iljly increased in India as well as abroad. This is particularly shewn by the largely increased demand for the pultlications of the Society, the sale of the Journal and Proceedings having been greater than in any previous year, and the Society having also received several olfers of various foreign scientific institutions for an exchange of their publications. In no less a degree have the members themselves evinced their interest in the Society by the regularify of their contributions, both in the way of subscriptions and of scientific communications. The ac- tual income of tho Society has exceeded the estimate by an appre- ciable amount.

187 L]

Proceeding* of iJw Asiatic So<?»Wy.

2S

I

The numerouB communications, forwarded to the Society, — chiefly by its members, — equally shew thut the acientiiic interest in the Society are largely increasing. More than 60 valuable contribu- tions in various branches of science and literatiu-e have been re- ceived, and this does not include many of the shorter papers printed in our Prooeedings.

MusEtTM*

During the post ^ear, the Council of the Society, in aooordaiioe with the provisions of Act XTIIof 1866, and their previous prao* tico, have CH>utinued to trunsfer all tht? donatiune rctceived in the Natui^al Iliatory and Archajulugioal iJopartmeata, to the Trustees of the Indian Museum. A detailed statement of these donations has beun published in the December Proceedings for last year.

The Council uf the Asiatic Society feel it their painful duty to express, at this opportunity, theii' great regret, that the Govern* ment of ln*lia will not be able to provide in the new Museum building At the appointed time — 2*)rd Marelij 1871, — the necessary accommo- dation, which the members of the Society had a right to expect for their valualde collections. The Council, however, entertain the hope, tliat tlie d<day in carrying out the provisions of the Museum Act will be only ttjaiporary, and that thn Government will spare no efforts to give to the public and the Society at the earliest possible moment, the benehts wliioh it is the purpose of that Act to bring about.

OoDT Oabijtbt.

The Society's collection of Coins received an increase of 14 Copper coiuSi presented by Captain A. Bloomiield, M. L* Ferrar, Esq, I and H. J. Hainey, Esq. A set of 17 silver coins haa been purchased.

LnjBAitv,

Within the past year, the Library received an addition of 77§ volumes, or parts of volumes. Many of these were obtained in exchange for the publications of the Society, others were purchased, aud for a considerable number the Society is indebted to private individuals and to the GKivemment of India. Detailed lists of the mcmthly accessions to the Library have been regularly published ilk each number of the rroceoilingH. In tlie collection of mauu-

24

Frocf^edintfi of the Anatic Society*

[Feb-

cripts, valuable additions have alao bocu maile ; thero Tvere 9*1 j Samacrit inanuseripta purehased or copied, aud 6 Persian workfl were pure based.

Tlie Council regret tbat it bus been bejoud tbeir power to make^J the Library as useful uis tbe membert* hiivo a right tu expect it be, nud as tbe Counuil would earnestly desire to make it, The] difEculty lies principally in the inadequate Bpaeo now available for the hooka. It was cbiedy on tliat at^count that tbe new con- templated editioa of the Library catalogue has not been completed,! The Council will, however, endoavoiu' to remedy this growing evil at the earliest jjot^siblo opportunity, but Lbey q^innot take any utfoctiv** steps until the Natural Ilistorj collections are removed from thfl Society^s house.

The collection of M88. has also boon examined during last yearj Maulavi Abdul Hakim, ujider the Secretary's superintendenceJ chocked the Arabic, Persian, and Hindustani MSS*, and Pundit Premchandra Choudhnri examines at present the Sanscrit MB3«J The Catalogue of the Pundit is to be a catalogue raimnn^ ; he ha analyzed about 500 works on grammar, loxicogi-aphy, prosody J prose and poetiy, rhetoric, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine

Ail MS8. received since thtj preparation of the old catalogue have been entered into the MS. catulogues of the Society.

A list of the iSocieties and other scientific institutions, with whiclj exchanges of publications have been made^ is apx>euded further on

Publications.

The Council have anxiously bestowed continued attention upon the publications, as these constitute the truest indicia of active life in the Society, and they have now the satisfaction to announce that thfl 49th volume of the Journal will very shortly be complete<l, and on^ volume of Proceedings was issued ; both will extend over more iha 1200 pages, accompanied by 36 plates. It lias been the aim of the oiHecrs of the Society not only to insure the regularity of issue of thq various numbers of the Journal and ProceedingSj but also to int duce an improvement in the illustrations aceouipauying tlie papers. The value of the improvements effected is tloarly indicated by increasing applicationR for the various numbers of the Journal

thfl^

th^ Fth^J ^trd^^l

1871.]

Fro0eeding$ of th Anatic Sotiei^,

U

»

Proceedings. The Hale of these hm heen during tho past yei3P larger than in any previous year, amounting to K^. lilt).').

There have been issued for the year 1870, eleven nutiihera of Proceedings, equal to 317 pages, (uxclusive of appendicjos), and 6 platea. Of the Journal, part I, ^Philulogyj Arulittjology, &c., &c., 3 numbers were issued and the 4th ia ready for issue ; the part will extend over 301 pages and 13 plates. Part II, Natural History, Ac., was issued in 4 quarterly numbers, and includes 432 pages and 18 plates, and in addition 08 pagen of Meteorological Observations. Each of these part*? t'lin form a separate volume, for each is 8e[»ar- ately i)aged, and provided with a special index, &c. &o.

BlBLIOTHECA. IlfDlCA.

Dining 1870, forty-seven fasciculi have been isfiued of Oriental works, t?Ji., 2 Arabic, 12 Pei-sian, 30 Sanscrit, and 3 fasciculi of English Translations, r»s.| 1 &oni the Persian, and 2 from the Sanscrit.

Arabic Work*.

Maulavi *Abdul Ha! lias issued 2 fasciculi of the Iq/lbah, or Biogi-uphical Dit^tionary of Persons who knew Muhammad, The work was commenctfd by Dr. A* Sprungor, and cuutinuoil l»y Mania* vi 'Abdul Haq, whose death temporarily interfered with th© pro- gress of the book,

Fenian' Work*.

Of Khafl Khan*8 History, Maulavis Kabiniddin and Ohulim Qidir, of the Calcutta Madrasah J have issued six ftiscicidi. An- other fasciculus will com[doto thir^ imimrtiuit history of the Mughid Emperors of Delhi* Maulavi Agh^ Alimad 'Ali has issuod 3 fas- ciculi of the MaAsir i ^Alamgiri^ a ]ii»tory of the reign of Amiing- aib. Of the Quarto Text editiou of the *Ain i Akbari, Mr. Bhjch- m&nn has issued two fasciculi ^ and one fasriculus of the English Translation.

Maulavi Ztilfaqiir 'Ah, of the Calcutta Madrasah, has brought out one fascii idus of the Critical Porcs^iiin Dictionary, entitled * Far- hang i Roshidi,' by Maulavi 'Abdurras<hid of Tattah.

A'ghA Ahmad 'Ali^s introdurtiou to the JSikandiirnimah i Bahri is nearly compl<^ted and will sJnirtly be issued.

26

l¥od0§dtngs of thff Aiiaik SatUi^.

[Fe

In conseqtience of the additional grant of Rs, 3000 ptir mm taade by the Government of India for the publictttion of 8ancKTi| works, annoiinoed at the last Annual Meoting, the Sanscrit serio^ has made ponsideralde progreea. Ko leas than 3Q faMiiculi huvfl been issued during the past year, against 9 in 1869 and 5 in IdGS^j

Babn EAjondmUla Miti-a has issued 2 fasciculi of the Taittiriyi Brahmana of the Black Yujur Yiida, and one of tho Xrauyakn Both works are now almost completed, and an index is in th^ coiLTseof preparation. Paudita Xnaiidafhandra Vedautavagiaa ha published 10 fasciculi of the Tandya Mahalirahmana, and eight fajsciJ culi of the Srauta Siitra of LatySyana. The Council have entrusted tho publication of the Stoa Veda SanhitS to Pandita Satyavrat Sdmaararai who hoa already issued the first fasciculus of the satJ with the Commentaries of Sftyana. Paudita Harachandra Vidyrtho shana has published three fasinculi of tho Agni Purana, and one of the Gopatha Brikmana of the Atharva Veda. He has also issued.^ the Gopala Tapani of the same Yeda, with the commentary of Vis oavara. Pandita Rdmamaya Tarkaratna of the Sanscrit College Calcutta, has publlnhed one fasciculus of the Nrisinha T&pani witB Sankora's Commentary ; another fasciculus will complete th« work* Pandita Mahesachandra Nyayaratna has issued one fa^4 cidus each of the Mamansa Parsaua and the Sauhita of the Bhiri Yajur Veda, Pandita Cluindrakauta Turkalaukira is now editing the Oobhila Sutra, and a fasciculus of the same is soon to be issai^dJ

During 1870, BAbu RAjendrahila Afitra issued the first number of Notices of ** Sanscrit Manuscripts," and a second number has jugtl been published, Babu Eajendraldla's annual report on the work done by the traveUing pandit will appear at the end of the official year.

Professor E. B, Cowell issued his translation of the Mait Upanishad, and Rev. K. M, Banerj«a the first fasciculus of translation of the Brahma Sutra.

The following is a detailed list of works published dm-ing 1870j Old Sen'es, Arabic, — A Biogi-aphicol Dictionary of Persons who knew Muhammad, by Ibii Hajfir, edited in Arabic by Maulavi^ AbJtd Hili, No3. 225, 226, Fade, VXII and IX of Vol. IV.

1&7L]

Proe0*dingi of the A$iatte Soeifti/.

27

iV>w Serm, Ptntm, — The Mnntakhab al Lubab of Khafi Khan, edited by Maulavis Kabir al Din Ahmad and Ghulam Qadir, Nos, 178, 180, 186, 192, 204, 205, Fasc. XIII to XYIIL

The Ain i Akbari bj Abul Fazl i Mubarak i AllAmij edited by H, Blochmanti, M. A., Nos. \\)% 211, Fa«c XI, XII.

The Maasir i 'Alamgiri of Muhammad Saqi Miisf aidd Khan, edited by Maulavi Aghd Ahmad Ali, No. 195, 210, lh\m. 1, 11.

The Farhang i Eushidi by Mullii Abdur Ka^bid of Tattah, edited and annotated by Maulavi ZuLfaqdr All, -No. 200, Faso. I.

Old Series^ Satmrii. — The Taittiriya Bmhmana of the Black Tajur Veda, with the eommontary uf Sayan;iebarya, edited by B4bu Eajendral^a Mitra, Nob. 222, 223, Pasc. XXHI, XXIV.

The Sanliita of the Black Tajur Veda with the commentnry of Madhava A'chdiya, edited by Mahosachandra Nayaratna, Vul. HI ; No. 224, Fasc. XXIII.

AW iSWfV*, tSamcrit* — Tfindya Mahfibrahmaua with the oommen- tury of Sdyana Ach^ryya, edited by Anandacihandra Vtjdantavagifta, No8. 179, 182, 188, 190, 191, 199,206, 207, 212, 21 7, Faec. IV to Xlll.

The Srauta Sutra of Latydyana, with the eouimenlary of Af^ni- swami, edited by Anandaehancbra VcdatttaTagiBa, Nos. 181, 184, 185, 187, 196, 198, 202, 2i:i, Faso. I to VIII.

Gopala Tapani of the Atharva Veda, with the commentary of Visvesvara, edited by Harachandra Vidyabhushana and Visvani* tha tSastri, No. 183.

The Agni Purana, a eyfitem of Hindu Mythology and Tradition in the origrnal Sanscrit, edited by Haradiandra Vidyabhixehana, No* 189, 197, 201, Fasc, I to III.

The Taitteriya A'rimyaka of the Black Yajiir Veda, with the com- ment ai*y of S6yandchai'aya, edited by Ilajendraldla Mitra, No. 203, Fasc, LX.

The Mim&n8& Darsana, with the eommentajy of 8aYara Swa- niin, editnd by Pandita Mahesachandra Nyayaratna, Noe. 208, 209, Fase. IX and X.

Oopatha Brahmana of the Atharva Veda in the Original San- scrit, edited by Harachandra Vidyabhusana, No. 215, Fa»e. I.

The Nrisiuha Tdpanl with the commentary of Sankai*a Xehiirya, edited by liamamaya Tarkaratna, No. 216, Fa^c. I.

28

Proeeedin^s ofiha Aiiatie Society,

[FebJ

Hn^h'sh Tl'amlaiiom, — Tlie Am i Akbori of Abul Fad i Allaiui. Trandated irom the Peraian by II. Blochmaan, M. A., No. 194^ Yob I, Fase. lY. ^

Old Series, Samcrit. — TheMaitri Upaniflhad with the commentar]^^ of liaiuatii'tba, edited with an English Tranelation by E. B. OoweU, M. A.

New Seriei, Samcrii. — Tlie Brahma Snti-ae, with the comment of Sankarach^rj^a translated into Euglifih by Kev. K. M. Bauexje No. 214, Fasc. I.

FiNAJfCE.

The Council has already had occasion to remark tliat the finan* cial condition of the Society is satisfactory. The expenditure hm been as much as possible kept within the estimated liniit** of thfi^H various items, regulated by the income. The actual income ha^H exceeded the estimated Inconie by Es. 745 , while at the same time a Having of Es. 582 was effected in the estimated expenditure, thus making a total sui'plu8 of Bs. 1,327, which, added to the balance of Us, 1,540,* left to the credit of the Society at the dose i 1869, makes a grand total of !Rs. 2,867. The reserved funds of tin Society in Government Securities, amoujiting to Bs. 2000, remaiue the same as in the previous year.

The Council were anxious to secure this surplus for the benefl of the Society^ because they expect that in a short time a oonsidel ablw outlay will be required for the repairs of the building, ana tliey ai'e equally alive to the necessity of increasing the amountp to bo devoted for the jiroper accommodation and aiTnngement o^^ the library, as soon as suHicient ro<mi for it can be obtained. ^|

An abstract of the accounts for the year 1B70 ib shewn in the subjoined table : —

Income.

Actual 1870. Admission fees, . . # • Bs, 864 0

Subscriptions, .. •< •* *, 8,812 10

Publications, •• .. •. .. 1,903 I

Library, t , •. .. .. .. 752 T4

Coin Fund, ♦ . . . . . . • 0 0

* Excluding £upot}« SiRi-iO-O, held ta triuii for Dr. J. Mair.

1871.] Proceedings of the Astatic Society. 29

Seoretary*8 Office, .• .. .. .. 287 6 0

Vested Fund, .. .. .. .. 110 0 0

Miscellaiieous, •• .. .. •• 914 4 10

ia,644 4 1 Ool. E. T. Dalton's Ethnology of Bengal, .. 5,000 0 0

Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., . . .. 3,703 2 9

22,347 6 10

Balance of 1869, in the Bank of Bengal :

Dr. J. Muir, .. .. 898 10 0

Asiatic Society, .. 1,411 4 7

Gash in hand, . . 128 1 9

1,539 6 4

2,438 0 4

Es. 24,785 7 2

Expenditure.

Publications, Rs. 5,239 13 5

Library, 2,472 8 3

Secretary's Office, 2,585 2 3

Building, 9l0 10 3

Coin Fund, 13 6 4

Vested Fund, 0 4 4

Miscellaneous, 1,633 7 10

12,854 15 8

Ethnology of Bengal, 5,000 0 0

Oonseryation of Sanscrit MSS., < . , . . 1,527 6 6

19,382 6 2 Balance of 1870, in the Bank of Bengal.

Dr.J.Muir, 898 10 0

Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., 1,653 1 9

2,551 II 9

Frocetidinffs qf tft4 A sin fir Sncifft^.

[Feb.

Amatie Society, ....*.. 2^725 6

irash in hand, 125 15

2,851 5 3

5,403

Es. 24,7a5 7

Tour Council ^esiro to pltw^e on rtH^^ird, that they have had lin- ger their yonaideratiou the very iniportaut question of roductioa

[i*ii Riil>8mj»tiouH now oontrihute^i hy Tnemliors, vvht^ther resideu fer non-resident. They have t'ftU:ulatL*d the immediate loss of an^ Bual reeeipta wliiiih this would produce, and carefully esttmat how far and how soon they coiild Justly nnticipato that the incom^ of the Society wouhl rorjovctr itsoU'. Th»^y are eonfideiit, that such reduction of thosubHCjriptiu OS would lead to a future increase income, by bringing to the Society a considerable increase in th^ number of members, and would at the same time render that ic 4foni6 le«8 Huutuuting by placing it on a wider and more secur basis* They felt strongly also that these benefits shoidd be grautlj i#d to the membei's of the Society at the oarliost possible date :

going that the time is now near at hand (23rd Marth, 1871), whe^ the Society under their conti^aet with tlie Government of India will liecome entitlt?d to such permanent addition to their income, as ma b« realized for the u^e of the building which they now occupjj (and which is valued and assessed at 400 E.s. per month), the were disponed to recommend to the S«xuety the immediate reductioJ of the subscription of resident members by one-third, and of noal resident members by one-sixth of their present contributions. Any immediate reduction of income, resulting from this action, won have heen more than recouped by the rent of their premises, ter a full consideration, however, they have for viirious reason resolved to leave this veiy important question until the time shu have actually urrivtid, when the Socittty will become entitled 1 realise this addition to tht^Ii- permanent income. They con£ themselves, therefore, to expressing the hope, based on their ooij viction of the importance of the matter, that their successors i oilico may be enabled to satisfy the wishes and ju&it expectation

.i87l.] Proceedingi aj the Asuiitc Society, 31

of the members of the Society by carrying out at an early date this important change.

Rejecting, therefore for the present, the consideration of this question as affecting the income of the Society, the Council beg to submit the following estimate of the probable receipts and expendi- ture.

Income. ExPENDirnRK.

Admission fees, Es. 900 00 000

Subscriptions, , 8,500 0 0 0 0 0

Publications, 1,500 0 0 5,000 0 0

Library, 600 0 0 2,600 0 0

Coin Fund, 0 0 0 100 0 0

Secretary's Office, 0 0 0 2,800 0 0

Miscellaneous, 1,000 0 0 1,000 0 o

Building, 0 0 0 1,00P 0 0

Bs. 12,500 0 0 12,500 0 0

Officers.

The general duties of the Secretary, including the publication of the monthly Proceedings, have been, as likewise in the previous year, carried on by the Honorary Secretaries, Mr. H. Blouh- mann and Dr. F. Stoliczka. The Piiilological Part (I.) of the Journal has been edited by Mr. Blochmann, and the Natural History Part (II.) by Dr. Stoliczka.

Colonel H. Hyde carried on the duties of Financial Secretary and IVeasurer.

The Council desire to record their satisfaction with the g^od ser- vices which Babu Pratapachandra Ghosha has rendered to the Society as Assistant Secretary and Librarian ; they also favourably report on the services of Babu Mauiiaia Bysaok, and Mauiavi Sayyid Waliuila, assistants in the office and library.

List of Societies and other Institutions with which exchanges of publications have been made during 1870. Batavia : —Societe des Sciences des ludes Nederland mm. Berlin : — Royal Academy.

32

Pfoceedingi of the Amatie Society,

[Feb.

Bombay : — ^Koyal Asiatic Society.

Boston : — Natural History Society.

Bordeaux : — Bordeaux Academy,

Buenos Aires : — Public Museum.

Bruxelles \ — Academic Koyal© des Sdenoes &c. de Belgique.

Cherbourgh : — Societe Impt^riixlo des Sciences Naturelles.

CftlcaUta : — Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India.

: — Tattvavodhini Sabha.

: — Geological Survey of India.

Christiauitt : — ^University, Dacca : — Dacca News and Planters' Journal. Dera : — Great Trigonometrical Survey. Dublin : — Hoyol Irish Academy,

* : — Natural History Society*

£dinburgh : — Itoyal Society, Germany : — Oriental Society. Lahore : — Agricultural Society of Funjab. London : — Boyal Society.

: — Boyal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,

: — Boyal Institution.

:— Boyal Qeograpliical Sodety.

' ; — Museum of Practicid Geology*

*— — : — Zoological Society, - : — Statistical Society,

— : — Geological Society.

^ : — Linnean Society.

:— AtbeasBum*

; — Anthropological Society,

: — Nature,

Lyon t — Agricultural Society.

Moec^v I — ^Societe des Naturaliates.

Miinich : — Boyal Academy*

Madras v — Government Central Museum.

Manchester : — Literary and Philosophical Society.

New York : — Commissioners of the Department of Agriculture.

Netherlands : — Bojal Society,

Forla : — ^Ethnographlcal Society.

1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 33

Paris : — Geographical Society.

-^— — : — Asiatic Society.

St. Petersburg}! : — Imperial Academy of Science.

Yienna :— Imperial Academy of Science.

-^— ; — Anthropological Society.

— — : — Zoological and Botanical Society.

: — Imperial Royal Geological Institute.

Washington : — Smithsonian Institution.

It was proposed by D. Waldie, Esq., and seconded by H. 11. Locke, Esq., that the report be adopted. — Carried.

The President requested Mr. II. H. Locke, and Mr. J. Wood- Mason to act as Scrutineers.

During the time that the balloting lists for the election of officers and members of Council of the Society were examined, the Presi- dent addressed the meeting.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

Gentlemen, — It will be seen from the report of the Council tliat the administration of our finances during the past year has been effected with care, and has been such as to exhibit very satisfactory results. For this, in great measure, we have to thank our excel- lent Financial Secretary, Colonel Ilydo. The diminution of income, however, which appears to be imminent as a consequence of an apparently growing loss of members, will seriously cripple the So- ciety, unless the current can be turned and our numbers be speedi- ly augmented by new accessions. Unfortunately, the position in which the Society has for some time been, and still is, kept by reason of the non-completion of the New Museum building, is one of grievous embarrassment and disadvantage. The greater part of our house space is taken up by the Museum Trustees under statu- table powers for the purpose of displaying the c^ollections to the public. Our valuable library is rendered practically useless, for want of standing ground whereon to range the cases. And we have no room in which we can properly set out the current literary

84

fmsudiH^K oj thti Asiatic Sacietf,

and scientific perioclieala for inRpLH^tion and daily reference on tho part of our members. TJius it ha^ on tbis account alone become matter of puliljc noDceru, that, live existing state af tkitiga »lioiild not be proloiiged. Moreover, by the Museum A^t of 1 8(36, tli9 Connc^il of the Soeiety was in a manner eliarged with the duty of eeeing that tlu> biiildin|j to be eret-ted by the Government under the terms of that Act for tlie receptiou of tlio CoUuetiuuB should be fit and proper for it« object. And the period preftvribed by th© LegiBhitti re for the completion of this building extended only to 23r<l March, 1871. When, tht-u, in the otuly part of the past year it was seen that the Museum huihiiug works remained at a stand still, and no sign was given by the Govei'nment of any im- mediate inteution to resume them, it became incumbent upon the Ooundl, as well on aceount of the interests of the Society as by reason of their statutable obUgations, to press the exigency of the case upon the attention of Government. Actuated by this double motive, honourable abke, I venture to think on either pai-t, the Council wrote to the Government of India, and received in reply a letter, which appeariug aa it does to ignore or set a^ido the orii^i- nal agreement made with the Society, hat* been to your OouneU matter of gi-ave eoncern and regret. I will not, however, dwell upjn this uupleajiant iucid*tut, lor after all, it may have been leaa due to design than to gaucherie and nmladroitness in tho State Becretariat.

I am sorry to say that the eorrespondonce between your Coua- cil aud tho Govemmeut has \vd to uothiug defiuite. The Counoil| in their reply to the commuuicatiou of wliich I have spokeni while they remonstrated against tlie attitude wliie^ the Govern- ment assumed towards them, expressed their readiness to do all in their power to assist the Goverumeut out of ita diiliculties. To this no answer has been returned to us. And the matter therefore stands thus : The Government is under a statutable contract with the So<!iety to complete the Museum building by the 2:ird of m-^xt month, so far as to render it fitted to receive the extensive natural liiatory and archceological collections which should tht^u be ii'ana- ferred to the Museum Tru^^tees. By the same contract, on Uv^ completion of the building, the fciociety is to have a poHiou tlmreof

1871.]

Frocitdin^M of tU Amaiic Smetif,

U

for its own aoeommoclation, and for the reception of iU Library and otlier property. Our present house would thus, on the Govern* ment fultilliug its undertaking, become an additional soui*ce of ra^ Tenue to ujs. These advantages to the 8c>tji«ty wej-e the considera- tion for tlie transior to the Government on hehtilt' of the pubUc of I our exceedingly valuable, and in many respects, unique collections. And so far as the public are toncoruBd, this transfer t'Ook eliert from ilie time of passing the Act, for it was oug of the tonus of tlie Act, that the eolleetions of the Society and the additions thereto (sub- sequently to be made) slioidd, until the building was so far com- pleted, as to be In a condition to rei eive them, remain in the Socie- ty's houBtJ under the care of the Museum Trustees, and eljould be open to all persons desin^ue to view the same under rules to be established by the Trustees, Thia term in the contract has been fally complied with. And the result has been, that for some time pa»t, the Society has been in the situadon of need, and embarrass- ment which I have already described. I do not wish to exaggerate the difficulty which the Council now experiencos in merely miiin- taiuing the existence i»o to speak of the Society. It is enough to say tliat it is very great, and increases every day. By our contract with the Government no dotibt we were bound to bear this burdea for a time, and we have no right to complain that it has proved to be mure heavy than we anticipated. Uut we are entitled to expect tlmt the Government will perform its side of the bargain, at tuiy rate to the extent of enabling us to get iree of the most heavy of our obligati«ins at the appointed date* I wish to assume tliat it

I will do HO, Although it is plainly impossible that the Museum buihling should be completed on the 2drd March, we have reason to believe, indeed I may say wo know, tiint the works will be re- sumed almoHt iiumediutely, aiid will be carried on to some sort of completion at, peihapt<, no very distant date. It will, however, b© jfclrery serious matter to us, if we should be compelled to remain m our present situation until the building be made litted in any degree to receive the collections. And there is no reason, why we should be called upon to suffer in this way. There is certainly a choice of modes for the Ooveriunent in which it can aHbr<l us relief, and 1 do not evon now doubt that it will adopt one or tho

8B JPro€i0dm08 of the Aaiatk Brnkfy. [Fjui*

other of them. It is nevertheless much to be deplored that the Go* veniment has not yet, at the eleventh hour I may say> made u« ac- quainted with the course which it propoaes to pursue,

Tlie Society hag, I regret to stato, su8t:iiuud the loss of several valuahle members by death during the past year, Th** names are all given iu the Ruport of the Council, and I will only repeat one or two of them here.

Of those, Mr. Avtlall was our oldest member* He was elected so long ago as the year 1826» and always maintained a strong interest in the welfare of iho Society. He contributed several papers to the Journal.

Babu Kaliprofiona Bingh, although at the time of his death still a young man^ had distinguished himsolf by his Bengali translation of the Hahabharat in 18 volumes. He had also tranalut^^d some Sanscrit Dramas, and was known as the author of Sketches by Hootoone,

Mr, Orm«by, was for a short time one of the Honorary SecretarieB of the Society.

AndLt. Beavn was a naturalist of conisiderable proniL^o. 1 have alrendy spoken of the success which has attended the ad- ministration of our funds during the year, just terminated and have acknowle^Jged how much we owe to Colonel Hyde for his exertions in tliis department. We are not the less indebted to our other Ho- norary SocTetarie», Mr. Blochniann and Dr, Stoliczka, who by their unwearied labours, and the application of their great literary and scientific acquirements have brought our Journal, in the Philologi- cal and Natural History parts respectively, t^> a high pitch of exctd- lence. Also both Babu H^jendralala Mitra and Mr. Blochniunn have done groat public service by mowt ably editing, and superiu- tendiiig the publication of the Sanscrit and Persian w urks which we have been able to issue under the Government grant for that purpose ; and the other learned pundits, engaged in the undertaking, have done their work in a manner deserving our best couimenda tion.

The salaried staff of the Society, with Babu Frotapachandn^ OhosliH at their head» have performed their several duties to the entire satisf action of the Council.

187L]

Pf^c<fsdtng$ of ike A$iaiic Societjf,

37

If I strictly conformed to the custom which generally regulates the character of the presiduiitial addre^i^ea iu Soeietiea such as this, I sliould, at this point, eudearotir to set out in some detail the more remarkable steps of advance which have been taken in scienc during the past year. I refrain, however, from following the usua course for two reasons. Firstly, because our table is now so amply supplied with the Journals and Pruoeedings of the principal scien- tific bodies of the West, that any of our members can, by a glance at a few title pages, acquire a fuller knowledge of that which haa lately been» and is now being dt>ne by the Savants of Europe and America, than I could convey to him with the labour of many hours," at the risk after all of passing over his particular subject of inter* est. Secondly, and indeed I may say chiefly, because I wish to avail myself of this ojiportuiiity foi* the purpose of pressing upon yoiu? notice with earnestness, though at no great length, a topic which I conceive to be of considerable moment to tlie interests uf meteorological science throughout the world.

Let me first, however, offer a few words of preface, for I do nut assume that all, whom I desire to addressi are oonversatit with i meteorological facts relevant to my object.

We moat of us know in a more or less generid way that nearly all the more important atmospheric currents, i. 0. the jiersistent winds, gales and storms, owe their origin to the vertical displace* ment of air which, by reason of the sun's action, is continually tak* ing place over a certain eqaatorial belt of the earth's surface. I need not now describe the procesa (thougli it is well to rememlior that it is not perfectly simple) by whi>h the air over this belt be- comes rariiicd and is caused to ascend. It is enough fur my pre* sent object to remind you that the imtnediato conaeqm'ncij of this upward movement ia a cairn or rather oomparative absence of horizontal motion in the air over the belt in qnestion, an inflow of l^jur along the earth's surface frutn the direction of itiich pole to- wards and up to ihia belt and a corresponding t?uffl^»w nltoyo, of the rifien air from the belt towards the polos.

The I'otatiou of the earth introducoa an apparent modilication of these simple phenomena. If the siu-face of the earth were perfect- ly smooth, the relative course ui>on it of a £i"eo heavy x>*ti"ticle, sup-

38

Proewdinifi of ike Attiaiie Society,

[Fb

poaod to be approftching the equntop and to ha moving under the influoTice of an initial volocity, would in cousequenoo of the rotiition, be »ueh us to ant the fluece»«ive parnlleb of bititude lit ooutinonlly dimiuishin^ angles on tlio ofistem tside ; and the case would be reversed for a partial u receding from the equator. Or to state the Barao proposition soraewliat ditFerentlj, a particle st^irting witli a given velomty, in passing from tho smaller ciroles of latitude to the larger would, as it wont on, eeem to observers at each 8uece«sive point in its course to be coming from a more and more easterly direttion, while conversely in passing from the birgnr cirdua to the smaller its apparent diret'ti**u would grow to be more and more westerly. It is true that the earth's surface cannot be considered smooth even as regards its action upon such a mobile fluid as iha atmoisphere. The horizontal motion of masses of air over the earth is much dieeked by fritition along the surface of contact or more correctly by the obstruction wUit;h is uffordtHl by iJie eartli^a inequulitiea of surface. Still the effect of this disturbiug cause is upon the whole of a subordinate character ; and gpealdng generally withont regard to special localities or occasitms, I may say that the law which expresst^s the motion of a free particle relative to the earthi also gives with some degree of approximation the course of moving x^ortiona of the atmosphere. The tiow of pdar air towards the equatorial belt, of which I have spoken, thus becomea an eat^ terly wind in both hemispheres, while the upper outflow or anti» trade cun-ent is westerly and in both cases with a certain exception the longer the course by which the ciurent has reached a given pointp the greater is its deviation from a polar direction. This explanation of the trade winds and of the intervening belt of calms was developed, more than a century ago, by Halley and all ob- servations since made have served moat fully to demonstrate its truth.

It is comparatively lately, however, that Dove and others have shown that the atmospheric phenomena of the trade and inter-trade regions are but simple teases of the air-movements which take pla<^ outside those limits. For instance, the well known veeiing of winds in the temperate zone is now held to be referable to precise^ ly the some cause as is the peculiar constant direction of the trade-

187K]

Proce^dintfB of ths Aniaih Sacktif,

d9

currents, There is not rautih diffimiity in perceiving one great rea- ton why the prohlems furnishod bj the extra-tropical parte of the Jobe are of e»2>ecial eoniploxitj. The volume of vapoiir-bearin^ air whi<-'h, rising from the equatorial belt and escaping away noi-th- wards and sonthwarda, coaatitutes the anti-trades, must^ so to speak, fihi'ink in volume as it proceeds tuwai'ds the poles. It advances or flows away from the place of as<^:eat in t^nsequenue of the superio- rity of the horizontal pressure which is represented by the sum of its own tension and that of its contained vapour at thn hoight, where the lateral escape occurs over that of tb© adjacent purtioa of atmosphere. And it is enabled to pass into and lit itweU to the gradually le&seniug spherictd spae(3 which, as the residt of gravita- tion, corresponds to the higher latitude of the teiTestrial globe, bec4iU8G it gradually cools by radiation on its journey and as it cools contracts. The necossai-y result of this process is, that tlia onward flowing mixture of air and vaptmr comes to bo at some point epecihcally heavier than the compnratively dry air which feeds the trades below it, and which is itself underg<»ing a converse .nrocess. Consequently the upper sti'eam lalls, or ratliur (lor it ifl )Elf course at any couftidorabie disttuice fr^jm the e*[Uutor gonerully moving with a high relative velocity) drives through the lower i|rtratum, and makes it« appearance on the earth's surfai'e as a wteudy * Bouthwcst wind in the northern hemisphere and as a northwest wind in the southern hemisphere. The dowiiooming in this way of the anti-trades determiues the outKide edge of the belt, over which the trades prevail, so tliut on Iho polar side of this etlge the atmospheric phenomena are the resultants of a totally new order of things, namely, a conflict of currents of equatorial westerly winda on the one side with currents of pdar easterly winds on the otJier, the currents constantly tdiifting beds if%ter a^ and always varying f N^eatly in hygrometiical condition. We, therefore* see ample reii- eon here for the compleidly and variableness of the atmospheric phenomena in the extra -tropical zones.

I have so far entered upon these details, notwithstanding that every one present is probably more or leas familiar with them, sim- ply l»y way of leailing the membyis of this Society and indeed through them, persone outaido our boily to consider the singidai* ad-

40

Proceed in ff 8 of the Aaiatie Soeuft^*

[Feb.

vantages which India ofTers for meteorological obaervatioii and re* ©earch. The great peninsula covering a« it does scarcely less than twenty-eight degrees of latitude is in various resj^ects so special in its character, tliat the periodic sliiftings of the equatorial wind belts of which I have spoken, have a greater range above its surface or in its neighbourhood than any where else probably in the whole circuit of the globe. Not only does the southorn trade belt come tip to and over it in the period of the southwest Monsoon, but in the other half of the year tho polar edge of the northern trades lies far to the south of the Himalayas, thus bringing some of the principal phenomena of the extra- trt^pical region well witliin the I observation of the Indian Meteoitdogist, So low as Calcutta we not unfreqnently get warm equatorial breezes and showers of rain about Christmas time. Also neither of the trade winds presetrved its normal character in our region. The belt of highest tempera- ture does not, where it transverses this pai-t of Asia in the summer months, mark the Icm^us of minimum atmospheric pressure ; obser* vatiou appears to have shown that this minimum prevails at that time over an extensive area in Central Asia, whOo tliore are com- | paratively small spots of relative minimum within the peninsula i itself. On the other hand in the winter months there seems common- J ly to exist in the northern part of the peninsula a locus of relative 1 maximum pressure. The coninequence of these conditions is, that instead of a trade-wind in tlie ordinary sense of the teim, u tf. an atmospheric movement ell'ected in approximately parallel currents towards an anuukis whit:h is coincident with the diui'iial locus of maximum surface temperature, we have as long as the sun is on the north of the equator a monsoon converging towards a 1o(jb1 focus of low pressure which lies outside that annulus ; and at the opposite period of the year we perceive tliat tlie wind constantly inclines away, and often apparently blows directly, from a centre in the upper pai-t of ludia. These recurring phenomena appear to pre- eeut such a particular case of a general law as is especially valuable ] for the purposes of sciontifie inquiiy.

Again a consideration of the possible causes which give rise to a separation between the simultaneous positions of places J of minimum pressure and of maximum heat respectively, leads us to see another reason for rating highly the importance of]

187L]

Proeeedififfs ofOie Asialie Society,

41

Inflia as an area of meteorological obseiration. The height at ^hich the mercury of the barometer stands, indicates to us sometluDg more than the mere amount of atmospheric pressure on the surface of the mercury in the bowl of tho instrument. It gives US the woight of the whole superincumbent column of air and this necessarily varies with the composition of that column. Now with us in In^lla during a great part at least, if nut the whole of the year, the vertical atmofsplieric column is made up of two radically distinct portions, a lower and an upper, tlie one polaTi comparatively cool, dry and dense, the other equatorial worm, va- poiu'-bearing and specifically light. The baronieter is immediate- ly affected by any alteration of the relations between these portions. Also the heating of the surface soil has t]ie effect, iu an interval of time more or less short, of dimini^hhuj tho uir-material in tho column which is vertically above it, and of contemporaneously in- crenaiug the vapour therein as long as a source of vapour remains at the base. These two changes are, it is muuifest, diumetx'ically opposite in chai*aoter, and it would be impossible to say, & priori whicli would at any given hour prevail over the other. As a mat^ ter uf fact, almost univereally over all zones of the earth*s surface, the baroniHtric column exhibits regular diurnal oscillations in it height. In the temperate zones these osciUations ore comparative- ly speaking, snudl. But in the tropical and subtropical regions the ca-**e is different. There, the barometer discloses considerable and, well marked periodic changes of atmospheric pressure during the twenty ffmr-hotirs, constituting in the whole two distinct oscil- lations. At iliiferent times, various tlieories huve been put forward to account for this phenomenon* I need not now endeavour to specify them in detail. I will, however, very shortly refer to two, in order to indicate the veil of uncertainty which still obscures the subject J and which we cannot hojio to pierce except by the force of pxhaustivo observation. One explanation, which has been very Ktenaively accepted, is based on the imrticular solar agency of which I have just spoken. The pressure at a given point in the atmosphere (in accordun(;e with a well known law of pressure in elastic iluids) is taken to be the sum of two separate pressures, namely, the tension of the vapour ut that point under tlie conditions

44

J^roce^dtH^i of th^ Anatio Socief^*

[Pbb.

throughout India would have for acienc^o generally, and as means for the solution of this qiiestion in particular, under careful analy- sia and comparison ? Every condition affecting the supply of vapour through the action of huut at tho earth *s gurlace, is a cause which iiitluencea the locid atmospheric jiresdure in a direutian con- trary to that iu which the heat alone operates^ and we Und such conditions existing in notable opposition of extreme thronghont the countries which are immediately subject to Her Majesty's Tu- dian Government. Need I contrast the maritime and the t-onti- nental tractsi, the deltas and the inland plateau:?^, tho plains and the mountain peaks which I may say are paired against each other from the Himalayas to Point do Galle (more than the breadth of the northern tropic) and fn>m the west coast of Malabar to the Salween. In truth we possess in India almost unrivalled opportu- nities for exainiuiwg and analysing the atmospheric column in fill its parts.

Doubtless the daily periodic changes of pressure, by their very nature, are ineffective to cause anything more than very limited oscillatory louid movement of air masses. These movements, how- ever, are not always insignificant in themstjlves, as for instance tli© land and sea breezes of our coast districts, tlie winds on the out-er iianks of mouutain ranges and in mountain valleys and the diurnal modiiications of tho Moiisoou which we experience in Calcutta, But the daily phenomena of thi&i class are especially important, be- cause they are both the type and tho material of those annual va- riations whith tire serious eiumgh to be the governing forces in regard to ihe winds of tliis portiou of the globe. We may in this matter lilson the year to one long day with the solstices for mid- night and noon. The gradual incrcabo of ti^mperaturti which takes place over the greater part of th»* eartli's tsurlace from a minimum In the winter mouths to a maximum in the summc^r months is (A in th« case of a day of 2 4 houi's and probably for a common reason) generally speaking accompanied by a double oscillation of the atmospheric pressure. In places of western Europe near the sea, where I may remark the source of vapour is uiJimited^ both sets of maxima and minima are I believe invariably sti'ongly mivrked, the summer maximum which is attributed to the vapour, being commonly

1871.]

PrW00diH0B of thr Af>iutiv SociftyT

46

the ubsulute maximum. But ^itli iitlvam?e into the interior of the ciintmoutj ilie plioiiomena change. Ft>r iuatuucB at St. Pwtei*sburgh, the aumia^ maximum ilivides itself iota two subordinate maxima. Fiirfhtjr on, iii* at Moscow, these two reUvtive maxima are still found, but their absolute magaitudti are diminished and the sink* ing between them increased ; and finally on this aide of tlio Ural the summer max:imum disapponra altogether. The expluuatiim which is commonly given, is that which I tirat referred to in uc- oounting fur the diurniii osi»illutions of tlie barometer. It is argutid vith much force tlint the riHe towards a maximum goes on as lorig as the additions of vapour which are lifted up by the actiim of thtt heated surface conliuue to be more than sufficient to trompenwate for the iuereasa of rarifaction brought about by tlie same agency. Eut as fiium m the supply for any reason \rhich may locally obtain falls below this amount, the proewss t>f nuifaction prevails to di- mmish the material in the atmospheric oolumn and consequently to lower the pressure, Tlius it would luippen that all phu-es which are in tins way atfjxt.Mil by, so Uj speak, a duticlency in the supply of vapour are sunounded by places where the tttinospherio pres- sure at thtf same time stands relatively at a maximum. Thoi'e is au eloaient, which 1 liave not yet mentioned, and which is more than any other Influential as a cause aifoctlug the efiicieney of the oarth's surfono ns a licating agent, and therefore affecting the den- sity of the superincumbent atraosxdierio column, I refor to the activity of terrestrial radiation. This not only depends upon the ma- terial condition of the surface itself, but aLsci upon the circumstances of the local situation. We all know the striking difTeronco in this respect between the plains and a liill stJitiou. IVofessor Tyudall is of opinion that the presence of invisible vapour in the air oper- ates to chock the radiation from the earth's surface, nxid so ts a principal ingredient in the varying circumstances upon which sur* face temperatiire depends.

That loci of ma^tiiniun and minimum pressure do perJodiciiJ manifest themselves as a con8e«|ucnoe of the rctcun^eneo of the samff^ local f<»ndition& is certain, as also that periodic wiadB or modifica- tions of winds are the rostdt, I will repeat that we seem t€> have especial advantages in tlds c^ounti-y l<tr wurkirjg out the problem

1^^

Ail

46

Froe$9dingB of the Asiatic SacUiif^

[Feiu

of the causes of tHs cdase of phenomena. One locu8 of suck pla^.'eB of riiiniraum pressure for the northern heinif^phere in the hotter months appears to he a large tract of central Asia, extending down into, or rather having what I may ctdl outliers in, our, own Indian peninsula. I have oh-eady referred to thia in men-I tioning the eau&e of our Monsoons. The part which this region o£l low barometer playa in govorniug the course of the periodio windsl ie only vaguely ascertained ; and its pos.^ilde iniluence as an ele- ment in the generation of om* circular storms ha« not yet, I bolievey J been made the subject of serioiia inquiry. It would appear proba^i ble that the harrier to horizontal mutton which is presented by th^ Himalayaa must to a large extent exclude the barometrical condi- tion of the atmosphere over Central Asia fiom being any signific^ant element in the motion of tli© lower strata of the atmosphere over the peninsula of India, at any rate over those tracts which are com- paratively clo!*e to the hills. The niinalayan range, if aa^umod to ] bo of the effective height of 10,000 feet only, (j>rybHbly the eJI'ective j height is fdmost double this), would in truth be a dam to at least! cne*fom*th of the whole material of the atmosphere^ and to much 1 more than that projKjrti on of the therein contained vapour. For] fitrata above tliis height, no doubt, any diiference which might J emst between the northern and southern pressures would become] active ; but it may, perhaps, be questioned whether there is much difference at a high level in any degi'ee proportional to tlmt which is found to obtain near the earth-surface j for assuming the relative I emallneee of weight in the trans*Himalayfln atmoBi»heric column to - be in any considerable degree due to the absence of vapour, it is probable that this element affects the density of the lower part of j the column especially. If, however, in consequence of the exist- ence of the Himalayan mountain range, there is at one period of the year, so far as regards the Gangotic trough and tho higher part of the Bay of Bengal, a motive force operative upon the upper strata of the atmosphere which has no effect or com- paratively little effect upon the lower, there must thus arise by a sort of torsion sucJi a divergence of currents in the body of the atmosphere as would be favorable to the formation of local centrei of minimimi pressuie and constK^uent vorticellary

187L]

Pf'fwtffduf^i of the A$iatie Sotiei^*

movement* This last conftideration leads me ta notice the remark- able mechanieul effeut whioh ia pruduued upon the course of the lower 6ti*eam3 of air in our regions by tiie physical con ti juration of ^e land The peninsula of India acta as a weilgo to divide the adyancing etroam of the southern trades into two branches, one of wMeli slides up tlie Malabar coast, the other passes along the eas- tern aide of the peninsula ; a portion of the latter ci'ossing the Bay of Bengal is headed by the highlands of Burma and by them diverted northward and westward along the flanks of the Hima* layas. The angular epai^e marked out by tJiis lust deflection lie* on the left Bide of the stream, and tliereforebj an experiraental law which the illustration of the free moving particle above given per- haps goes some way towards explaining^ but which has also been otherwise ingeniously explained by Dove, the atmospheric pressure within the bend will be commoidy less than that on the outside, and thua we hero again meet with a cause tending to produce periodi- cally in the neighbourhood of our shores a locus of relatively low barometrical pressure, and so to originate a rotatory motion of the air. And finally we have the periodic occurrence of warm eurrentii in the eastern portion of the Bay of Bengal, to which Mr. BlanftJrd in his valuable paper published in the Proceedings of the Koyal, Society' attributes the generation of these low pressure centers.

It is I think apparent from the facts stated in the hasty sketch which I have juHt made, that In<lia proper, the Bay of Bengal and Burma together, constitute a region which, for the purposes of one br6meh at least of meteorological science, demands to be taken and treated as a whole. It is a most ha|>pily situated field of view, singidarly mmplete in itself, of disitributed phenomena which are ' mutually inter-dependent an<l wln*!}i cannot be separated without destruction of their value. It is rich in the data of the highest proldems of the science. AVitliin it are Ui be found in the simplest form those materials for inquiry and investigation which almost certainly contain the clue t^ further great advances in knowledge- If this valuable mine of Sfrientihc information is to bo worked at public cost for the public advantage^ is it not evident that the organization for the x>u^rpose should, if possible, be uniform for the whole area and subordinate in all its parta to one centro of manage*

48

P$*oceedinffg of ih Ana Ik Soctrtf/,

[Feb.

moot? 1 am Jirtppy to Hay that the hypothesis of this qn^tioii| does not need to be arj^ued out by me. The Govemmeut of this I country has already satistifid itsolf that the regular obBervation of J metoorologiral phenooiena is work proper to be done at public ex- pCMise. It is, therefore, I assumn, dt^sirouR tliat the best availabld ' results shoidd be arrived at Now I do not hesitate to eay, having regard to the peculiar c ircumstunc os of fiituation which I have men- tiouedy that a carefully preparetl system of observations earrii^d on throughout this trat.*t, under the direetion of one competent head, j ought to yiehl results of th*^ hi^bi^st scientiHc importance to the whole world. Need I puiut out tliat iu any system which ia to be effective, the dlspositiou of the stations ruust be matter of eonsidar* ed arningement, with a view to combined work* The observations ahoidd be made in <jonformity with wt^ll devised directions adapU^d to secure results as complete as possible. The instrunienl^ upon I tlie accuracy and uuiformity of which everything depends should be issued from one central station after comparison and adjustment with standards there kopt and maintiiined in efficiency. They should also from time to time be readjusted by reference to these same standards. Everj' station shoxdd be furnished with the means of keeping correct local time at least. And above all, the results of the local observations should be reduc;ed and tabulated for pubHcit- tion and reforence, under the instruction and superintendence of | one dii'ecting head. Unless this be done, they are useless for eom- parison with the results of observations made with different instru* ments and under difi'erent circumstances, •*, e. useless for the whole body of scientific men. As it is what have we ?

British India for administrative and other pui'poses is divided I into eight principal districts or provinces, viz., Bengal, Madras, Bombay, N. W. Provineea, Dude, Panjab, Central Provinces and Burma ; and in each of these, excepting Burma, is a sepai^ate local system of meteorological observation with its own independent head* It is r*3nmikible, too, that the gentlemen, who are at the head of these dill'ertmt systems, possess as little community of char- acter and situation as can woll be conceived. They are, in Btiugal and the N- W. Provinces officers of the Educational Department, in the Ponjab a member of t^lie Mt*dical iService, in Madras the

1871.]

Proc^edin^'t of th^ AniniiC Soeieti^,

49

Gnvomment Astronomer^ all specially salaried for this extra -work ; iu Bombay, tlio iSupGriotendent of the Observatory, in Oude the •* Scieutitic officer," and in the Central Provinces the Sanitary Cc*mmissioner, under aiioldig'ah'nn to do this work ex-offieio. There arn no official relations between those provincial officers, and fta a matter of fact, I believe, if ono of them requires the registers, or results of a neiglibourin^ province for comparison with his own^ or for I lie purposes of scientific inquiry, ho experiences great difficul- ty and delay in obtaining tliem.

Thou again, in regard to organization, the systems seem to vaiy considerably in tho diflerent provinces. In the Panjab, I am in* formed, the officers who keep the registers are all volunteers ; and they seem to b© somewhat irregular in the matter of observing, for according to the published reports out of 19 stations, from 2 only have continuous registers extending over 2 J years been furni?^hed ; &onL most of the other stations registers covering a few months only, or for interrupted periods, are foilhcoming. In Bengal and Madrns there is a paid observer at each station and also a sujierin- tendirig officer (generally the Civil Surgeon) who receives on al- io want-e for j^upnrvising the work.

As to the instruments, the kinds in use are vety diverse. Tha ftd of the system in each province, (except Madras, and from a recent period Bongal) gets thtsn whence and how he can. Por instance, barometers of several sorts, standards or aneroids, are employed indiscriminately, and coDse€|uently the registers of ob- servations effected by them are of little value whenever small difl'erences are important, as for example in the comparison of ranga in the daily oscillations of atmospheric pressure, inasmuch as no^ data exist by which due allowance can be made for the instrumen- tal irregidaties, und these are of the same order as the diiforences in question. In Bengal and Madras, the barometers are cM>ni pared with a provincial standard at the Presidency towns. And those of two stations in the N. TV. P- have been compared with the Calcut- ta standard. Whether or not in the other provinces any corapari- eon is effected with a local standard I cannot say positively, tliough I have henxtl that it is not ; but certainly no attempt has yet been mailo to compare the local standards if there are any, with one as*

^mui^MA jrvr^nfi^r <miftirL JLvnfvr»e^ tK ^ttprK^xiL nf ^li^

Of/<i^!mr#;r<i nt Akj^/ aEfj/i F^/it Blair M»d r«tpift«n V> the reporter i(«r/r IWf ^iiJ ; f/'jt th« mr/f^t hnynXMnl of tiiefte n^siers is kepc «p n^/I^I/ ^/j tii^ T'/lfintuTT 4fXHnum.% nod netiritj of tiie Chil Sargeon, who ruy^)%t hX auj m^ftafml Ifstire hu pr/st and so extlngoiih tiie

In lUm^nl ny^tun^ ctiri'/tuilj ^foon^h, the central Metecm^ogical ^iJ,«Kfrvat//ry m t^mU: itulHlPhfAfml fft the Ixxral Beporter, who is thus ifA/t only yf%tir\f7»M in r^j^^anl to the prinrrlpal station of his own IfTovlnrjjf but i«» nlvi nAw^A to tho alt/.-niative of either testing his iiihfr»n/i<ffitH U'iifiH*:H \**iry/funl\y, fft of entrusting them for this obj<;''t to oiUi'jiT^t ov<?r whorn he has no c^piiiT^jL lie is, moreover, in t}ij« way 'l<;f/riv<?d of the m*:iiuH of carrying out any special ex- p<frjiii';ntal iij^|iiiry, howevor iifn>'/rtaTitit may be for the regulation of hi« own work.

1 ni;iy mid that, at Calcutta, even to this day, as our Council known U^t wf;il, for one reanou or another we have nothiug that we t'liu hiUr to th«; Mj'riillfio Hrideties of the West in exchange for their jHihli^tationH in ni«fteorology. The fK>-called Observatory in Park Hl.roMf, /iwun a non Incrndo, is ho placed tliat no effective observa- tion of the hky vM\ be hud from it. I ne(jd hardly say that often- linMJH tlin forniM and behaviour of the ch>uda give most important infonnuflon rohitivo to niovenientH and evon to the constitution of air niM'mcH at hi^h altitudes. One or two especial instances of this

ve ori'urnMl laioly, but our oificial observers have literally been l)ln to notice th(;ni.

1871.]

Praeeedi'n^/s of ths Aitatie Socii*i^,

ai

Experiments of sueli a chaxaeter as those wliirJi would be necea- sary to test TvTidairs tJioory in regard to tliu caMm of the azure colour of the sky, or to measure the retardative upei-ation of invisi- ble vapour ou terrestrial radiation, are, I believe, sctiroely thought of m falling" withia the work of any meteorohigicol station in India. And I do not know that a Bingle spectroaoope has yot been intro^ duced inUy oui* otficiul collections of instiTiments.

It S00IU8 to mo that the state of things wbich I hare just de- scribed Ls most disci^edi table, I should scarcely go too far if I said that it represents a good deal of money tlu*own away : certainly it is very remote from that which ought to be» Surely the time has come when in the place of this infirm and unsatisftictory system (or more properly want of system) a well planned simple orga- ni/atirm inspired and direc^tod by a niiiu of reiil scientiiic power and ac(.[nir«mLtuta should be 2»ut into action.

If auy tilt fig t]iat I httve said to -night should help to hastt^n such a reform as this, my object will have been attained.

The scrutineers announced the following el&ctioas ;

The Hou*ble Mr. Justice Phear.

l7ciHpreM tdentSn Th. Oldham, LL. D. Babu liajundraliia Mitra. Lord Napier of Magdala, G. C. 8. 1., G. C. B.

Secreiarien, CoL II, Ilydei E. E. (Financial Dept.) H. Bloehmann, M. A. (Philological Dept.) iT* Stoliczka, Ph. D. (Natural Itistory Dept.)» M^mhetH of CuunciL The Hoii'ble Mr. Justice Phear, T. Oldham, Esq., LI., D., E. li, and G. 8. Babn liajendralala Mitra.

Lord Napier of Magdida, General, G. 0. S. I,, 0. C. B. CoL n Hyde, R. R Babu Devundra Malhka^ J. Ewart, Esq., M. D.

F, StfAie^kBy Esq., Ph- D^ F. G 8.

H« Bloefanuum, £»q^ IL A«

Ccrf- BL Thnillier, R. A-, F. R. 8., C. & L

H. F. Blanfcird, Eeq^ F. G. 8.

W. 8. AtkiBflon, £0^^ IL A.

F. W. Innw, Esq., M. D , C. B.

£. Gaj, E^.y M. A.

W. W. Hunter, Esq., LL. D.

It was proposed by D. Waldie, Esq., seconded bj HaulaTi AbduHattif Khzji, Babadur, and carried onanimouslj —

Tbat tbe marked tbanks of tbe Society be given to tbe Secretariea for tbeir earnest attention to tbe duties of tbeir office during the past year, from wbicb tbe regularity in tbe issue and tbe value of tbe Journal, as well as tbe very satisfactoiy finimf»iAl condition of tbe Society, bave largely resulted.

Messrs. L. Scbwendler and J. Wood-Mason were appointed audi- tors of accounts for tbe past year.

Tbe meeting tben resolved itself into an Ordinary Montbly meet- ing.

The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Pbear, President, in tbe cbair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The receipt of the following presentations was announced —

1. From the Govt, of India — A copy of Antiquities of Ksishmir, by Lieut. H. H. Cole, E. E.

2. From the Government of India, Home Dept. — nine photo- graphs of the ancient temples in West Berars, and twenty-one photographs of ancient architectural structures in Mysore.

The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members.

Col. J. F. Tennant.

iJr. W. Waagen.

G. C. Farr, Esq.

T. F. Ilarkness, Esq., C. S.

The following gontleiiion have been announced as candidates for ballot at the next meeting :

1S71.]

Procmlhi0i of the Aiiatic Society*

5S

0. B. Clarke, Esq,, M. A», Botanic Q-ardensj Calcutta, proposed by the Hon*ble J. B. Phear, seconded by W. 8. Atkinson, Rs<j,

James Wilson, Esq., Cathedral Mission College, Calcutta, proposed by n. F. Blanford, Esq., seconded by H. Blochmann, E»q.

Baba Dvijendi-anatha Thakura, proposed by H. Blochmann, Esq,, seconded by Bfibu BiijendraUla Mitra.

B^bu Ilarachaudra Chaudhuri, Zemindar, Sherepdr, Mymensing, proposed by H* Blochmaau, Esq,| seconded by B6bu E^jeudiuilsUa Mitra.

Bibu Govindaehandra Chaudhtai, Zemindar, Shorepdr, Mymen- sing, pr<»pQsed by H. Blochmann, Esq., seconded by Dr* F. Stoliczka.

A. Oough, Esq,, Queen's College, Benares, proposed by W- Oldham, Esq,, seconded by H. Blochmann, Esq.

Nawib Ziauddin Ahmad Kh^n, Bahfidur, Chief of Liiharii, Delhi, proposed by MauIaYi Kabir uddin, aeconded by II* Blochmann, Esq,

Walt*jr Abbey, Esq., Civil Snrgeon, Mergui, proposed by 9- Kur2, Esq*, seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

E. Benedict, Esq., C. E,, Calcutta, proposed by L. Schwendler, ' Esq., secoDded by Col. H. Hyde,

T. 8, Isaac, Esq., Supt Engineer, Presidency Circle, proposed by T. Oldham, Esq., seconded by H. H. Locke, Esq*

The Hon* Sir W. Grey, and L. B. Bowring, Esq., have intimated \ their desire to resign the membei^ip of the Society.

The receipt of the following communicationa was au nounced —

1. Anangements for the discharge of long overland tulegruph lines, by L. Schwendler, Esq.

2. Associations connected with vaiious places situated in the sub-division Banka, Bhngulpur, by B4bii Rashbihari Vasu.

3. Mondari Vocabulary, by B4bu Kakhaldas Haldar.

The following additions have been made to the libraiy since the Inst jiiceting hukl in Januai*y last.

ii*« Names of Douoi-a in CapUaU.

The Beport of the British Association for the advancement of , Science, for 1869.^ — Thb British Association.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, VoL XIX, No* 123, — The Eoy.vl Hocibty.

Proceidififfs ofih^ Asiatic Smefy.

[1

BuUottins della Sociota Geografica Italiona, faso. 5°.— The Geo- GRAF III CAL Society of Italy.

Bulletin do la Society Imp^riale des Natiiralistea do Moscow, 187n, No. I. — The Lmperiai. Society of Natt7halist8 of Mosooty.

Tlio Qiiai'terly Journal of tho Geological Society, No. 104.—^ GEoLootcAL Society of London.

Journal of the Statistical Society, September, 1870. — The TifiTicAi Society op Lojtdon,

The Numismatic Ohronicle, No. 39. — The Numismatio Society OP London.

The Smithsonian Eeport for 1868 ; Smithsonian Miacellaneou Collection, Vols. 8 and 9 ; Smithsonian Contributions toknowle Vol. 16. — The Smithsonian iNsTrruTioN,

Cowell's Lecturos on Hindu Law. — The Untveesity of Ca

Hauiayana, Vol. 2, No. 5, edited by Hemachandra Bhuttacharya^ — The Ebitob.

Ill list rations of Ancient Buildings in Kashmirj by Liout, H. H. Cole J Deaths of Madras, during 1868, — The Goternment of India.^

Griffin's Panjab Chiefs, — The Government of the Panjab.

Genural Report of Public Instruction in Bengal during 1869-70 j Annual Eeport of the Adiiiiniatration of the Bengal Presidency foj! 1809-70. — The Government of Bengal,

Purehme*

Helfenstein^s Comparative Grammar of the Teutonic Languages : — Etude sur 1© rituel du respect social dans I'etat Bralimaui* que, par C. Schoebel. — Vuller*s Grammatica Lingii£D Persiose :- Daa Jatapatala, von Dr. G. Thibaut : — Ueber die Entaiehung unci Verwendung der im Sanskrit niit K. anlautenden Personulendun- gen, vou Th. Benfey : — Dr, A. Bastian's Sprach-vergleichende Studien : — ^V. von Strauss* Lao-tsc*s Tao ih King : — B* Gachet*i CEuvres de Koutsa et de Hirayastoupa. — Dr. StickePs Handbuch zurl Morgenlandischen Miinzkunde, I Heft : — Deuteches Worterbueh, 14 Baud : — Dr. C. Somper's Boisen im Archipel der Philippinen, 1-2 Heft,— Philosophiial Magazine, No, 269. — Calcutta EevieWi , January, 171 : — Bee?e^8 Con. Iconica, parts 284, 285 : —

The Nature, Nos. 58-6 !• The Athenajum, November, 1870,

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOB Mabch, 1S71,

The montlily meotiag of the Society waa held on Wednesday, the Ist instant, at 9 o^clo*^k, 1*. m.

The Uon'ble Mr, Justice Phear, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and con^rmed.

Presentations wore announced —

1. From the author — A copy of a pamphlet entitled : Arevifiion of the TerehratuUdm and Lhif^uUd^^ with remarks and description of some recent forms, by W. H. Dall^ Esq., Smithsonian Institution.

2* From the author — a copy of Tatvdvali, a treatise on Vaisha- sika Philosophy in Sanscrit verse, with notes by the author, Pandit Chandrakclnta Tarkaknkira ; — also Pravida Sataka by the same.

3. From the author — General report on the Punjab Oil Lands, by Benj. Hmith Lyman*

4, From Eev, C. II Dall — Three Nepal coins hearing on the ohverse in a square compai-traent the legend in Nfigari ohararters ^=^1'flHm*a***r^ and on the reverse ^SWl-^T^Nifi^T^^, and at the lower margin on the reverse the date ^.^^ 1789.

Legend L Sri Sri Sri Nejmla Sarkdira, the Government of Nepal. ,j II, Sri Sri Sri Surendra vikramarka Deva (the name of the prince). The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members. C. B. aarke, Esq., M. A. J. Wilson, Esq.

Babii Dvijendran^tha Th6kura» „ Harachandra Chaudhun. „ Govindacumdra Chaudhuri. A. Gougb, Esq.

56 Pra<?Mdin^g o/ih^ Asiatic Society ^

Nawab Ziauddlu Ahmad KhJin, Bahadur*

W. Abbey, Esq.

E. Benedict, Esq., 0. E.

J. S. Isaac, Esq., C. E.

Benjamin Smith L^Tnan, Esq., has Gxpressed his wish to be<Jome a life member of the Society, in oonformily with rule 14 of the Bye-laws of the Society.

The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next meeting :

I>r. F. N. Macnamara (for re-Gleotion), pr^^p^^;od by the Hon*ble J. B. Phear, seconded l»y I). Waldie, Esq.

Oscar Trefftz, Esq., Calcutta, proiKJsed by H* BlochmanUi Efiq*, seeonded by Br. W, Waagen.

M. 8, Howell, Esq., proposed by Col. Hyde, Beoonded by Dr. Stoliczka,

Captain A. J. Filgatte, E. E., proposed by Col, Hyde, eeconde by Dr. Stoliczka.

Major J. M, Graham, proposed by CoL Hyde, seconded by Tennaiit.

CoL F. n, Eundull, R. E., proposed by CoL Hyde, seconded Dr. T. Oldham.

T, M. Bourn, Esq., Mining Engineer, proposod by F* Fedden, Esq., seconded by Dt* T. Oldham.

W. J. Ciirtoys, Esq., proposed by the Hoa^ble J, B. Phear, se- conded by H. H» Locke, Esq,

W. E. Ayrton, Esq., proposed by the Hon'blo J. B. Pheor, sq conded by CoL Hyde.

Walter Bourne, Esq., 0. E-, propoBed by Dr. T. Oldham, second- ed by Dr. Stoliczka.

Mr. W, 0. Bonnerjea has intimated his desire to withdraw £m^ the Society.

J* Sohroeder, Esq., and Lt-Col. C, Macgregor have resigned zSS^ membership on their leaving India.

The following letters were read : —

1. From the Secy., Trustees Indian Museum, forwarding a cor

respondence on the earthquake felt in Sind on 2ttth October, 1870,

187K]

Proee^fdin^s of the Aiiaiic 8&ekhj^

S?

Tliifl correspondence is a copy of one forwarded by tlie Bombay Govt, to the Seey. of Stat© for India.— The Collector of Shikarporo reports that a severe shock of an earthquake was felt about a quar- ter to 3 p. M. on the 28th October, 1870; it lasted for about a minute. The earthquake was eapeeially felt at Nau«hera, Lark- liana, Lubdursa, Mehur and Kukur, and the shock is stated to hare been more severe in the hills than in the plains. A second but slighter ehock was again felt at Nusaeerabad, Teje, Mehur and Ktikur on the let November, 1870.

Another report from the Commissioner in Rind says that a alight shock was experienced at Jacobabad and Thoole at about 2*30 F. m, on the 28tli Oet^iber, 1870.

A thii'd report records a severe sbook of an earthquake at Dadoo, lasting for about 5 minutes, at 2 p, m. on the 28th October, 1870 ; and a second slighter shock, lasting for about one minute, was felt about 3 p, ic. on the same day. The eartb- quako appears to have been experienced throughout the Talooka Dadoo, as various rejiorts state that shocks have also been felt at diiierent times of the day and night on the 27tk, 28th and 29th October, 1870. No serious damage appears to have been done,

2. From Mr. J, H, Samuells — addressed to, and commimicated by, Col. Dalton.

Mr. Samuells reports that the temples near Harchoka in Oliang Bhokar are y^vy extensive, but uufurtunately some of them are almost entirely in ruins and the destruction by the annual Moods in the rainy season goes on so rapidly, that in another 100 years many will have probably altogether disappeared. The inscrip- tions are very mueh worn off, but what remained preserved, Mr* Sumuells had taken rubbiugs of, and also executed plans of the diiierent temples. The inscriptions appear to be in very old Nagari character.

The Council notified (in conformity with rule 13 B. of bye- laws) that the names of the following gentlemen have to be struck off the list of members for non-compliance with rule 13 of bye-laws*

A. G. Walker, Esq. 0, J, Wilkinson, Esq.

68 ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Soci$ty, [Ma boh,

Dr. C. Williamfl. C. B. Garrett, Esq.

F. J. Chambers, Esq. £&bu Nundolala Bose. J. C. Whisliaw, Esq. H. Duhan, Esq.

B. L. Martin, Esq. J. W. Sherer, Esq.

And that the election of Sir Sherif ul Omara, Bahddur, be can- celled for non-payment of admission fee —

Also that Es. 1203 due from the above gentlemen, together with Bs. 204, due to the Society from Kaliprasanna Sinha, dead, and Bs. 57 from Bamanarayana Tarkalankara, dead, and Bs. 5-10, due to the Oriental Publication Fund from the last named, be written off. The Council reported that they have elected the following gen- tlemen to serve in the several Committees* during the ensuing year.

Finance, T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D. E. Gay, Esq., M. A. Col. A. Allan.

Library. T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D. Col. A. Allan. Babu BajendraMla Mitra. Dr. J. Anderson. J. Wood-Mason, Esq. Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.

G. Nevill, Esq. Col. J. F. Tennant. E. Gay, Esq., M. A.

Philological. E. C. Bayley, Esq., 0. S. I. B&bu Bdjendralala Mitra.

C. Tawney, Esq.

* The President and Secretaries of the Society are e»'Offieio members of aU Committees.

1871.] ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Society. 59

W. W. Hunter, Esq., LL. D.

Eev. J. Long.

Eey. K. M. Banerjea.

Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.

Maulavi Kabiruddin Ahmad.

Maulavi Abdul Latif Kh&n.

Natural HUtory,

T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.

Dr. J. Fayrer, C. S. I.

Dr. J. Ewart.

H. F. Blanford, Esq.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

W. S. Atkinson, Esq.

V. BaU, Esq.

H. B. Medlicott, Esq.

Dr. J. Anderson.

D. Waldie, Esq.

J. Wood-Mason, Esq.

G. NeviU, Esq.

Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.

Physical Science,

Lord Napier of Magdala, G. C. B., G. C. S. L Col. H. L. ThuiUier, C. S. L T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D. Col. J. F. Tennant. H. F. Blanford, Esq.

D. Waldie, Esq.

L. Schwendler, Esq.

Coins.

E. C. Bayley, Esq., C. 8. 1. Babu Eajendralala Mitra. Major F. W. Stubbs. Rev. M. A. Sherring.

J. G. Delmerick, Esq.

60 PtocHiingi of tfi^ AJKKtKKtUf* [MabcHi

OoL the Hon'ble R. Strochej made a commtmi cation to the effect,! that the Government of India have lately resolved to place 4 laca of nipeos in deposit, whicli sum should be available for completing the new Museum building. He regretted the delay which haa beeml caused in the construction of the buildin|j and stated that it wafti greatly duo to the tiuaucial diHieulty in which the Government of India fuund themselves a short time ago. Col. Strachey mentioned^ that the original approximate estimate amounted to about 3 J laca of rupees » This 8um had been sanctioned by Government, and the work for the new building was commenced. Subsequently the regular estimate came up and it amounted to about 7 lacs. After about 4 laca had already been spent, a revised estimate was called for, and this rose up io about 10 lars. It waa, therefore, not surprising that thd GKjvernment stepped in and euij^uired into the whole matter carefully, and this caused such delay that it became impossible to complete the Museum within the ai>x)oiuted time, 23nl March, 187L However i he (CoL Sti'achey) hoped that the proeont acttion taken by Govern*! ment in the matter would bring the building to ita desired comple* tion at aa early a date as possible- Col. Strachey 's communication was most favorably received by ^ the meeting*

Mr, H. F. Blanford exhibited several barometric and other. meteorological curves and made the following observations :

The diagrams that I have to lay before the meeting this evening, ] will, I think, be interesting to the Society, as they exhibit in a gra^ ^ phic and readily appreciable form certain unportaut features of our local Meteorology. Beyond this, there is no especial ounnexion between them ; each illustrates certain special points, some of which have recently been discussed in the Society, and they must be re- garded as materiala wliich have been generalized up a certain point ; representing facts which may be of important service in any future Bcientilic treatment of our Meteorology,

The £rst sheet shews the mean diurnal variation of some the principal Meteorological elements at Calcutta for each month of" the year, as deduced ii'om the hourly observations recorded for 16 years at the Surveyor General's Olfice. Those elementa are (1) the

1871.] JfOSMf^nF'^ Aniaiuj Siteiety. 61 ,

atal atmospheric pressure, (2) the temperature, (3) the vapour pres* 0, (4) the curve of saturated vapour pressure corrospouding to that of temperature, and (5) the mirve of humidity. The first shewa the variation of the diurnal barometric tides for each month of tha year, and I will draw attention to the great regularity of the wave curve which is one of double curvature, having an absolute maxi- mum about 10 a, M, and an absolute minimum about 4 r, M* with a secondary maxinmm and minimum at 10 p. M. and 4 A. H* The hours of absolute mo^mum and minimum vary a little during tho year, the former being about an hour earliur and the latter about un hoiu' later in the hot months then in the cold. The differencflrl of the morDtng and ervening maximum is greatest in the driest months and least in the rains. lu the latter tliis difference is com- paratively small, the two crests having nefirly the same height; but the afteirnoon minimum is always considerably lower then that of 4 A. M. The explanation of the double tide is a subject on which great diversity of opinion exists. The explanation ft>und in most of our ti'eatises is that originally suggested, I believe by l>ove, and adopted by General Sabine and Sir John Herschell, rts.that the curve is com- pounded of two distinct elements* one of the di'y air pressure which talven by itself has a maximum at about 4 a. M. and a minimum at 4 p. M., the other a curve of vapour pressure which has two maxima and two minima at or about tlie periods of the maxima and minima of the total pressure curve* Col, Bta-achey* who, as you are aware has given much attention to this subject, has long since pointed out the insufficiency of this explanation in the case of the barometi'ic curves in India, or rather the failure of verification when the curve of ob- served vapour pressure is superimposed on a supposed dry air curve of a single periodic variation. And you will soo tliat no composition of the vapour pressure curve of Calcutta with any such supposed curve will give a curve approaching in form or regularity to that of our tidal curve of total pressure.

The curves of vapour pressure exhibit groat variations in the different months of the year* In the montha of the rains, the pres- sure IB almost unvai^ing, or there is but a shght increase during

• Similar objections have been raisecl by Mr* Broun, Frofesgor Lam oat of Ifmuoh and othen.

62 Proceedings of the Aiiatic Sm^tif. [March,

the daytime and decrease towards early morning, forming a onrro of single variatioii. From September to May the curve is mo; complicated. It presents a rise for an hour or two after simrise j then in most months a rapid and deep depression to a minirn^TTi about 3 or 4 p. M*, after which the rise is very rapid to 7 or 8 p, m, and thereafter (in the hot months) gradual to midnight. From this hour it faUs again to sunrise. In December and January, thd absolute uxiniinum is at sunrise, in the other months in the aftemoo; and it is deepest in Maroh, (the driest month). The absulute maxi- mum is in the evening or at midnight from October to March^ and in tlie morning in April, May and June. The curve generally for all these months may be described as one conforming to that of tem- perature, but with a deep notch cut out of it during the warmer hours of the day, thus producing two crests, of whirb the earlier ia the higher in the hottest months the later in the remainder. This form of curve is well known as characterizing a continental climate, and something similar, but much less in the relative and absolute magnitude of the afternoon depression, obtains at certain stations in the interior of Europe during the summer months. The ciu^vea of saturated vapouj presstire are given for comparison, and the ratios of the two are shewn by the humidity cui-vea which are almost an exact inversion of those of temperature. The temperature curves are of the some general form throughout ; differing chiefly in the absolute mognitudos of their ordinates which are greatest in Marchj the driest, least in July and August the dojupest months. The next set of curves that I have to exhibit are the diurnal barometric curves for Simla, deduced from Major Boileau's hourly observations for 3 years. They are as regular and shew nearly as great a range of tidal pressure as those of Calcutta, but with^H this marked difference, that in all months except July and August" the morning (4 A, M.) is the absolute minimum of the day. This peculiarity of the barometric curve has been noticed by Planta- mour in the c^se of the Great Saint Bernard, and is stated to ba characteristic of mountain stations situated on ridges, as distin- g^iBhed from stations on plateaux and plains. The exj^lanation given, I behove, by him is that the lower strata of the atmoflphero being heated, lift a larger proportion of the upper atmosphere above

l8iK]

Prceeedingt of thi Aiitdie Saeidy.

es

stations in the positions of Simla and the Bt^ Bernard, and so dimi- niah relatively the loss of prosftiiro due to overflow in tlio higUoafc rtj^utts of the atmosphere. Plaatamour'a law of the diiferonod between stations on ridges and those ou table*land3 is borne out by our looid experience, in so far that while Darjeeling, a ridge- station^ in several months of the year has, like Simla, aa absolute minimum at or aliout 4 A. M,, both Shillong (4,800) foot and Huzari* baugh (2000 feet) which aro ou table-lands, havo^ like Calcutta, aa absolute mimmum in the afternoon.

The next sheet to wlilch I have to direct attention is one shew^ ing the mean curves of pressure and temperature for the year, as given by the mean daily values of these elements at Calcutta for 15 years. The temperature curve erhibita great irregu* larities, ae if there were a tendency to rapid changes at certain periods. Father Secchvhas noticed a similar result ou discussing the Homan registers for a much longer period, and Mr. Buchan hfts pointed out that the regigtora of Scotland show a tendency to tho recurrenee of warm and cold days at certain periods of the year. It would, however, be premature to draw any such condasion firom the registers of only 15 years.

I have here two sheets that shew the variation of the moatt daily presstu'e at a considerable number of stations, for the yeai*s 1869 and 1870. The northornmust station is Roorkee, the sou* themmost Port Blair, The chici' noticeable feature that these curves present is the almost exact coincidence of all thuir in^egula- itties, these being greatest at Hoorkee and least at Port Blair. Thia oorrespoadence of the barometric waves and the deerease in tho air.ount of their variations in proceeding from north to south, wtis firatpointed out in the case of European stations, many years ago, I believe, by Professor DuniBU; aud theexplatiiitiou of the phenomeuon given by Professor Dove is, that the alternations of the oreats and troughs forming these irregular waves, depends ou the prevalence of Polar and equatorial currents, the trade aud aritltrarlu cuiTents wliieh cross and alternate with each other in the Temperate 2Sone. These curves shew that the same phenomenon i^ presented here in the Monsoon region at all periods of the year, tlie variations being absolutely less, however, than in Eurf>pe, and decreasing in like manuer as the stations are in lower latitudes

64

ProceedwyM of the Asiatic Society,

r*

Finnlly I liare to bring to t!io notice of the Society a set of curva sliewiag tlie mean diurnid variation of the wind for eatih mon| of the year at Colcattii. These have been tk-awn up from a dil ciission of in years' observations at the 8urvpjor General's Offie The observations are record od only to eight points, n'z., N. NE, BE., &o., and I may remark how this very rough method of obs ration 8ufficL's(when so lon(? a period aa 10 years is coniiidored), shew a regular variation, even when in some montlis it amounts ' little more than one point of the compass. The diurnal variatio of the wind appears at first Might soniowhat anoDiakiua, &ia<i Calcutta is at no very great dintanee from the 8ea» and it luigl be expected that as at coast stations, there would be a tondoncty 1 a southerly or sea breeze during the latter part of the day and j land breeze at night. Tito case is, however, precisely the revera The land wind at Calcutta, •.<?., a WNW. jwind prevails strong during the day, in the cold and hot weather months, and even \ the rains, when the variation is very smalb the westerly tendency still manifnst ; while the southerly or sea breeze prevails or ttinds \ prevail during the night. When the mean of the whole year is con dered, it appears that the WNW. wind tends to set in abuut 10 a. and to increase in force and steadinesfs up to about 4 p. M., after whi<S tlie wind veers roand rapidly to south, and a little east of south, which quarter it continues till midnight or 1 A. M. It then diminish^ in force and there is a tendency to calm until about ^unrino* Tlj coincidence of the prevalence of the westerly wind with the perid during which the barometrie gradient is from west to ea-<*t, owic to the advance of the ai'ternaou minimuoi fVom the eastward, su gest^ the cause of this phenomenon. It is true that this gradie is absolutely small, and the loci of maximum and minimum separated by a quadrant of the earth's circumference; but thoeffa to be accounted -for as the diurnal oscillution, when deduction made of the mean monthly or anoual component, ia also small, beil a predominance of 12 or 13 per cent, only, and is proT»ably ni greater than may be acci>uuted for by the cause suggestod, whid must have ttotm effect.

Colonel the Uon'ltle R. Strachey said that he iliought the Sodel^ and indeed all persons interested in the progress of science, were mu

ri,]

Procffdiwj$ of the Aiiatk Soeief^,

6.1

indebted to Mr, Blanford for tbe manner in which he was taking up the study of the Meteorology of India, and of Calcutta in parti(5ular. It was an indigpiitahlo fnct that there was no eountiy in the world that had suth great advantages as India, to otter to a student of Meteorological Science, if such a term coiUd be used in the present state of our knowledge or rather ignorance. Here the great mo- tive force of all atmospheric phoHuuiena^ the Sun, acted with an tltensity and rogulurity that led to a corresponding intense and regu- lar development of those phenomena, would reader their study in a correy]Mjndiiig degree ea^. The great plains of India presented vast areas of land over which the action of the atmosphere waa romarkablj little disturbed by local causes, and which thus offered special facilities for watohiag the principal pheuomena at- teuding that action. The niountuiiis on the north of India, in like manneri gave advantages for c^ntj^uiries into the condition of the atmosphere at great heights above the earth's surface, not equalled in any other pail of the globe. The great ocean that surrounded the Peninsula, again, offered similar opportunities for observing the special phenomena due t<t the peculiarities of a ma- rine surface, and to the juxtaposition of laadand sea. On the whole ho had no hesitation in saying that India was the country of all others in which meteorology could best be studied, and to which wo shouhl look for the investigations which could rescue meteorology from itJ5 present somewhat dist^reditable positiuij, and advance it to that of a real Seience.

CoL Striiehey said ho would oti'or a few coninicnts on the t'hief t*>* pics of Air, llUiufortrs instruL'tioiis and observations.

First as to Vapour- He had on a former evening stated gener- allj' his objections to tbe suggetit**d depeudeace of the double diur- nal tide of pressure on the variations of the vapour pressure, it was impossible for any one who had looked at the facts to have it moment's doubt on Uiis point, and it was obvious that, after hav- ing nmdB tlie suggested allowance for the variations of va^mur pressure, the double tide remains in the Bombay^ Madras and Ual- outta olisei'vatione just aa plainly marked as bofore, though some- what altered iu form.

As he hud before said, to subti'uct the vapour pressure, as indicated

Proceeding* of the Atiatic Socuty,

[MabcHi

liy a hygrometer, from the totrtl presaure* indicated by the baroma* ler, was to eomniit an act of folly. It meant nothing* It rep» sented no physical fact. Tlie vapour tension at the earth's surfa was not the resolt of the pressure of the particles of vapmr in Uio upper eirata of the atmosphere, but of some tiling quite dilforeii It was the measure of the rf*sistiiuco offered to the passage of th# Yapour particles in an upward direction hy the air particles, the superincumbent vapour particlos together ; and the condition < the vapour in the upper etratu proved that this resistance of air particles was very g^*eat, so that, roughly speaking, the vaj teuBion was commonly about four times as great at any place as ^9 pressure from above of the vapour particles. Of course there were great local variations from any such rough general average, but the average might be mentioned to show how senseless was th© subtraction, of the observed vapour tension from the observed total pressure.

Kef erring next to the local variations of vapour pressure at i eutta, Ci>L Strachey remarked, that the only satisfactory way of < sidering such phenomena was in connexion with their physic causes J and that most of the apparent pecidiaritios, such aa tUa noticed by Mr* Blanford, might readily be explained when view^ in this manner. He (Col* S.) had not had the means of cnticallj examining the variations of vapour tension at Calcutta, but he ra mombered enough of the results of such an examination made i him of the phenomena at Madras^ to be able to indicate to the 1 ciety the kind of analysis of these facts that he had suggested. Thd it was observed at Madras that at a certain hour of tht^ day a very sudden increase occurred in the quantity of vajjoui*. This was at once exphiined by the fact that at this hour the seti breeze became established. As the heat tjf the day increased, the wind blowing from over the sea brought in more vapour, and a maximum occurr in the afternoon. As the temperature full, and the wbid veer landwtti'ii, the vapour became h?ss, and when the land wind thoroughly established, the vapour became mucli less, and a mini- mum was arrived at somewhuro near th« mininium of temperatu But certain subsidimy complications of this general rule were ; observable. After the sun rosei the heat, radiated to the ea

1871.]

Ffaceedin^t of the Aiiattc Soeietf*

caiiBed tho rapid evaporation of any water, either a deposit of dew or pools of water &c,, exposed to the rays of tile sun. Tlius a rapid development of vapour began* But soon the air became heated, and ita capacity for vapour increased more rapidly than the process of evaporation could supply vapour. This caused the air to become relatively drier. Like opeiiitions in the converao sense took place in the evening. Such results were more or less visible in the observations made at v&i'ious places that had come under his notice, but necessarily each locality would have its own peculiar conditions, and would show a special set of changes. It was, he thought, in some such manner as this that all Meteorologi* eal phenomena should be looked into, with the intention of ascer- taining as far as possible the precise physical causes of their com- ponent elements. A mere record of facta such as was commonly put forward as a discussion of the Meteorological phenomena of any locality, could only be of use in a seientitic point of view so fai' as it was thus treated, and he hoped that all observers would bear this in mind.

The variations of the pressure of the atmosphere were next re- ferred to. Col. Strachey said that he had little doubt that the dou- ble tide was simply the result of the heating power of the sun oa the atmospliere, though we did not distinctly know haw tlio result was brought about. He remaiked that the explaDation of the phenomenon involved the solution of a very difficult problem in hy- drodynamics, and that he believed tliat it was only by the aid of ma- thematical science that any precise explanation could be given. He regi'etted his own want of mathematical knowledge and hoped that eome of the mathematicians of India ur Kurope might be led to in- vestigate the problem. It was^ to ascertain tUo effect produced, (on an elastic vapour atmosphere covering a sphere), by a source of heat gradually moving round the sphere* The necessary result of such a process could be generally stated with great ease, but its precise mathematical expression was quite a different thing. The Sun, the source of heat, certainly caused the expansion of the por- tion of the atmosphere between the meridians say of B o'clock a, m» and 5 p. M,, and a general overflow of the upper parts of the atmos- pheric colLmms 80 expanded must take place to tho east and the

68

PricadingM of the Anutlia Sttci^ty.

[MabcrI

west, catieiug a dispersion of air and consequent reduction of pres- sure, near tJ\e centre of th« lieated spare, and a heapinp: up of air " and inoreftse of preasure at its two inargiua, TMci he believed to he tlie most likely explanation of the two maxima and the inter-J veuing minimum of pressure. At the same time he munt guar himself by fstnin^ that tho aboye was a very coarse and imperfout explamition of the plienomenon, not intended to be put forwai'd oal Bcaeutifit.'aliy precise. As a fact the movement of the air particlea which caused the diumul tide of pressure was a wave movement^ and not a real permanent luovemtmt of tianslation* Tiiis wi proved by the cir^-nmstance that the tide of air pressure moved round the earth Mulh the Sun and quite independent of the actual motion of the masy of the atm(x>phcre at the place of nbservatioa. Col. S. referred to various peculiaritiea in the form of the curve oi diurnal pressure at various places, and ollered comments on some of tliem. He particularly su^^gested the pro^^riety of making care* ful observations at some small island, in an extensive sea area witliin llie tropics, as a moans of asccrtuiuing the normal diurna curve in its simplent form. He noticed the well known inochiiTiicalj law of the possible co-ejtistence of any number of waves in a fluidj body, and said that, no doubt, many of tlie local peculiarities of the! barometx'ical curves, daily or other, were due to such superimposed 1 waves, and that what the scientilic obseiTer had to do was to se-J parate tliese and indicate their several causes.

Col. iStrachcy piuuted out how the diurnal variation of pressure was most marked when the diuinal variation of t4:jmperttture was^ greatest. Also how the daily tide was best marked near the equa- tor, and gradually faded awuy towartls the poles. He sug^estedl as a siLfRcient explanation of this, that at the equator the force|l exerted by the eun in creating the wave action iu the atmospher©|l 0(jntinued constantly x^arallcl to the actual motion of the air particles, forming the atmospheric wave as they revolved with the earth on its axis, and that consequently the impulbe was accumulated in an intense degree, and a true accelerating force developed. As we lejive tlie equator this parallelism is departed Irom, the actualj direction of the air particles of the atmot^phoric wave being forced! into a email ciicle uf latitude, so that the impulse eaubod by th#l

I

?Taceedingn of the AsimtieaSmi

heat is not anoumulateil, aad at length at tho pole no force at all can be exerted.

The gradual ^lisappearanoe of tho re/iuiar dally variations of pressure, as wo rouedo from the equator, was pointed out to be a phenomenon analogous to the correspouding disai^pearance near the equator of the irrf^fftilar variations of prossure, so strongly mark- ed near the pole. The 8te«dines8 of the pressure in India whic^h is most marked, aud the change that takes phuie from the cold season of greatest pressure to the h<tt season of least pressure, were referred to as phenomena readily explained in the manner suggested in the case of the daily variations. The eonatancy of til© pressure over large areas, aud the propagation of what may ho called the irregular variations, from day to day, over the whole of India, wero phenomena whit.'h had been notii't^d by the late Mr. James I'rinsep, and some very inetrut-tive diagrams exhibiting this had been published iu the Hoeiety^s Journal, OoL Stradiey thought, in 18.36. The subject had lung ago attracted Ool. S.*s notice, and he invited attention to it as well worthy of epL'cial examination^ in connexion with what he had said regarding the superimposing of wraves in a fluid mass. These great fluctuations, extending over half the continent of Asia, were manifestly in tho nature of great waves, and the smaller fluctuations atfecting smaller areas, were smaller waves, f>r so to speak ripples, breaking into the general fluid surface. This part of the subject was one of much intorestj in whieh very little hud yet been done, and ho hoped that Mr, Blauford might be able to throw more light upon it.

The curves of tenjperaturo to which Mr. Blauford had direcited attention were noticed by liim as indicating certain irregulariitM of importance. Ool. Straohey wished to say that in his opinion the first thing to do was to attend to tho rtf/ulan'ties. If we were ever to make a Science of Moteoruhigy we must do it by supplying i>hy si cal explanations of tlio observed phenomena. The regular phenomena were without any doubt those at the present time best deserving attention. When we had thoroughly mastered them, and wero able to give a satisfactory explanation of their peeultarities, we should be in a reasonable position to advance to the irregularities. It certainly caunot be said that any sucli command hua yet been oh-

70

Proci0d$nff9 of the Asiatie Socteff.

[MARdf,

tained over tlie laws of the ordinary diurnal change of temperature, and to the study of these, he would express a hope, that Indian observers would apply themselves. The primary causes of thoea changes were simple enough. On the one side, the Sun during the day added to the heat of the air and the earthy and on the other the air and the earth during the night threw off their heat into celestial space. Very little waa yet known of how these operations took place, or why it was that special laws of inareaae and decrease of temperature governed eai.*h soaaon or eaoh locality. One of the causes of such variations he might refer to, (as before, rather ia illustration of the general scope of his advice, than as au attempt to deal exliaustively with the subject), was the quantity of vapour in the air, by reason of which ite power of transmitting radiant lu^at varied. As the air was dry, it transmitted more j as it waa tilled with vapour, it transmitted less heat* Thus the diurnal vft^ nations both by day and night would increase in extent as the aur was drier, and vice verail. OoL Sti-ochey had examined the Madras observations with a view of osnertttining how the matter was, after the suggestion had been made by the researches of Professor Tyn- dall, and the result, as above stated, quite corrohoroted the labori^ tory experiments.

The diurnal winds of Upper India were very well known to all persons acquainted with that part of tUe country. That they were due to the daily variation of the pressure he had little doubt They wei'e not conhui^d to India at all, and in truth extended all over Southern Asia up to the Caspian. The correctness of this theoreti* col explanation of these diurnal westerly winds, woi^, he thoughtj quite coniinnod by the circumstance that during the months of dry westerly wind a faint easterly wind was common early in the morning, showing that tlio high pressui'e to the east of the place of observation had a similar effect to that produced to the west of it. Of course as the actual course of the crest of the wave of prea* sure waa east to west, and tlie great fail of pressure waa to tho ea«t of the crest, the westerly wind mtist be the best marked.

It is important, Col, 8, said, always to bear in mind that wind is nothing more than a eonatquenc^ a/ inequality of preisursp and^ i tlierofore, commonly, if not always, more or less directly of ehan00$

187L]

Ff0€t6d%ng$ of the Aiiatio Sacieiif,

71

of iemperaturff. It is a vulgar error to drop out of view the easen- tial change of preflsxire as the direct cause of wind, which should be fitudiouflly avoided in Col. Strachey'e opimon by every scientific Meteorologist The study of the winds, with the view of obtainingj the precise explanation of theli" mochanical causes, ia much to bfl reoommended, but here, as in all other like enquiries ^ the observer must seek for true physical forces, and not permit himself to be blinded by the vague generalities which afflict this section of meteorology as they do all others.

Closely connected with the winds is the subject of rain^ but on tliia he (CoL S.) would not venture to say anything excepting that, of all the phenomena with which meteorology affected to deal, this waa least understood^ and most involved in all sorta of misconceptions < the grossest description of the physical forces that were operative inM its production.

In conclusion Col. Strachey said^ he would earnestly exhort every one who desired to assist the progress of meteorology, to treat it in some such spirit as he had explained, to abandon the misleading dogmatism that had hitherto obstructed all real progress, and to seek for the precise, true, physical and mechanical forces which produce tlie phenomena that he studies*

Tho President briefly alluded to a few of the most important meteorological questions noticed by Col. Strachey, and expressed a hope that the time may soon arrive when it will be possible tO<j carry out the many valuable suggestions which CoL Strachey has brought forwai-d.

The following papers were read : —

On a PRACTtCAL MBTHOD K>R DBTECTINO BAD nrstTLATOBa OH

Telegraph Lmss, — hy Loma 8ciiwENDL»a, Eao*

On© of the many practical measures, and certainly not one of

the least important, introduced during the last few yrara with a

view of increasing the ufficteucy of tlio Telegraph

72

Pr^imdingn of IIm Anuftiv Society*

[Ma&cr^

ifl the establisliment of a scientific 83r8tem of testing all materials and instruments eDipltiy^'d on the lino. Many practi<ial resultn h&YB already been obtained therefirom, but it is not tbe object of the present commimication to enter into the details of tliis most interesting subject ; I will, only point out one impoilaat fact thjit has been established. A ^eai many lines in India eoutain rledrtraUy defective inmlator~

aom§ to such an esf^nt m to lower th^ itisulnlion to a deffref ichich if

faUl to ths direct and regular working ofhng Une$.

Why such insulators could creep in, notwithstanding^ the care taken in England to secure efBeient Telegraph Stores for India, ifi a question with which I cannot deal at present, but which maj perhaps form the subject of a, future paper, when more data have

en collected,* ae very fact that electrically defective insulators, showing no- thing externally, do exist and are distributed over lines of such vast extent, has created the necessity of having a reliable method by which such insulators can be detected, and other perfect onea substituted with the least possible expense.

It is clear that such a method, if practicable, must be very sim- ple, and the instruments used portable and handy.f

After some searching in this direction, the following method was found to answer the purpose most satisfactorily.

The principle of the method is to produce magneto- electric cfurrents through the resistance of the insulator under test, and to measure these currents by the effect they have on the boily of the tester^

• The caBB© for the low inmlatlon of in?nlat^>j'B seems to bo the poroua •tftte of some porcelain, through which a minute qaatitity of water diffmiee Haelf ill time. When hentiiig aa imperfi^nt insnlator, it becomes wlwaja perfect, but iTnmerging it a aufticieutly loojy time in waU*r, it beoomea agaiti imperfect.

The leakage eeeme to be iuTariablj m thia part of ft poroelaio which is cemented in the iron hood.

^ To use a deflection method is out of the qneatiou, hecanse the still oompara- tirely high reniBtanceof insulators, which have to hfitletected, would neoeuitAie a high electromotive force, and a very delicate GtilvaDometer, which arr»ng«- menta ooultl not bo made easily portable, as it la required wlieu the tester pro- oeeds along a liua.

1 87 1 .] Proeeedingi of the Astatic Society.

The subjoined diagram shews the connections readily :

78

Fi^l.

	--^
o o o o rs o 4J>
m'	\ iSJ^

J is a magneto-electric machine, the two terminals t and V of which are insulated from each other and from the ground.

t is in permanent contact with a perfectly insulated leading wire /, long enough to reach the insulator, to the iron hood of which it is to be hooked.

t' is in permanent connection with the clamp c to which is fixed a small platinum knob, m, and both the clamps, o and c\ are permanently connected with each other. A good insulated leading wire, //, which is to be hooked on to the bracket of the insulator under test, is in contact with the moveable platinum knob m' which, however, is insulated from c\ when pressed down, but which in its position of rest^ (or when not pressed down short), closes the circuit between c and c' at /.

The whole arrangement is constructed light but strong, protect- ed from rain and can be carried along the line by one man only.

74 Proeeedtn^s of the Asiatic Society. [Mabcr

The tester proceeds as follows : —

After having cleaned the insulator carefully, he removes tem- porarily the line from the insulator and hooks the leading wire No. I to the iron hood and leading wire No. 11 to the bracket of the insulator. He then turns the handle of the magneto electric ma- chine with one hand, while one finger of the other is resting on the knob m of clamp e.

As soon as he touches with the other finger the knob m^ of clamp c\ at the same time pressing it down, the metalio cir- cuit between c and m'is opened, and the positive and negative magneto-electric currents have to pass from one finger to the other, and consequent!}', if strong enough, will give the tester sensi- ble shocks, by which he is at once informed that the insulator under test is defective, and much under the fixed standard of insidation.

If the tester does not feel any current through his fingers, (a comparatively rough galvanoscop), he has only to repeat the ex- periment by placing his tongue on the knob m, while his hand still presses the knob tnf down. If no current is felt by the tester through this most delicate galvanoscop, the tongue, he can rest assured that the insulator is perfect for all practical purposes.

By opening and closing the circuit alternately at the knob m ', the tester has it in his power to allow at short interval currents to pass through his tongue, and consequently will be able to detect the slightest induction currents.

The following experiments were made with insulators of known resistance to ascertain the highest limit by which the tongue is still able to detect induction currents.

The currents in these experiments were produced by one of 8iemen*s well known dial instruments, the revolving bobbin of which had a resistance = 1577 S. U.

The absolute resistance of each insulator was first carefully measured in the ordinary manner, without water in the porcelain cups, and the insulator afterwards tested by the method above described.

1871.]

ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Society.

75

No. of Insulator.	Resistance in vnilU. S. U.	Strength of magneto-electric cur- rents as indicated bj the human body, through the resistance of the insulator under test.
1.	0.11	Strong shocks felt by fingers.
2.	0.13	Ditto ditto.
8.	0.145	Ditto ditto.
4.	0.19	Ditto ditto.
6.	0.75	Slight shocks felt by fingers.
6.	2.30	No shocks felt by fingers, but good shocks through tongue.
7.	6.70	No shocks felt by tongue, but a strong acid taste.
8.	7.1	Distinct, but slight acid taste.
9.	82	Ditto ditta
10.	82.0	Nothing felt by tongue.
11.	189.0	Ditto ditto.
12.	615 0	Ditto ditto.
13.	2620.0	Ditto ditta
14.	8	Ditto ditto.

From these experiments it follows that all insulators offering a resistance up to about 1 mill. S. U. can be detected by the fingers, and those above 1 mill, and under 8 mills, can be unmistakably de- tected by the tongue. It appeared also that tongues of different persons were equally sensitive, since several persons, Europeans and natives, acknowledged the known acid taste, even through the insulator No. 9, having 8.2 mill. S. U. resistance.

The highest limit of the method could of course be increased by filling the revolving bobbin of the magneto-electric machine with much finer wire and increasing the nimiber of permanent magnets ; however, this will be scarcely necessary, because it seems to be a fact that if an insulator has more than about 8 mills., the resistance is generally so high as to be practically infinite and, therefore, a

76

Pi*ocf^dingi qfthe Aiiatic Soctftf,

[March,

greater sensitiYeness of tlio iustrument would only complicate th method.

As it is inteiided that the tester liimself should tiim the hand of the magueto-electTiu maeliine, he has it entirely in liis power to" regulate the strength of the induction currents by turning fast or slower, and an, besides this, he always begins the testing by i fir8t sending tlie currents through his fingers, noseyere shocks can occur to him in the subBOquent operation.

The method has also a safeguard in itself against careless rejecting good insulators, because the tester wiE certainly oareful in having the insulator properly cleaned befoi-e testing If in order to a%*oid severe shocks.

There can also he scarcely any doubt that the tongue is tB best detector in this particular case^ because it is sufficiently Beusitivej never comes out of order and inJicates almost momen- tary currents ; it is beeides tlie cheapest instrument tliat could be used*

[iN'i;/^]. This method may also with advantage be used td detecting bad joints in a telegraph line. It is then only necessar to c*onnect the two ends of the joint to the two terminals of th m ague toelecti'ic machine, in such a way that the body of the test acts as a shunt to the joint.

A joint which offers a resistance of not less than 5 8. U, alio? a tun cut to pass sufficiently strong to he detected by the tongue p but if the joint has a resistance of more than 200 S. U. the cur- rent passing is strong enough to be felt already by the fingers of the tester.

Mr. W* E. Ayrton observed, that there is one point of excellency in Mr. Schwendler's arrangement for detecting bad insulator wliit'h, as ^Ir. Schwendler has not mentioned it, he should like say a few words about. Testing insulators by passing a curre tlirough them is not th^w, but the turrcnt used for this purpose hii uji to the present time been that oV>tained from a galvanic battel'] and to observe such a current a most delicate galvanometer is re- quired. Kow both a galvanic battery and a delicate galvanooiet are in theniaelves most unportable, the battery because it must

lano

Proee^dingn e/ih Amiic Somei^.

n

very large, and also because by being shaken its effect ia greatly diminished, and a delicate galvanometer requires most careful ad- justment each time before it is used after being moved. To obviate the use of a galvanic battery, Mr. Sthwendler has sijggf>flted a mag- neto-electric machine which is much more portable and also has the eame power as a very large battery. An ordinary magneto- electric machine, however, sends (rapid) reverse currents which would produce no effect on the needle of a galvanometer, even although the galvanometer were very delicate, because the rapid reverse cur- rents produce a quick suc^^ession of opposite effects on the needlei or practically no effect at all. This, it is true, may be obviated by attaching to the magneto -electric machine a particular kind of re- versing arrangement, but thija is liable to get out of order. Conse- |aenUy whut is required is a delicate portable gtdvanomeler affect-

. by reverse cun*unts, and such a galvanometer Mr. Schwendler has found in the human tongue, which is most delicate and certain- ly is most portable and is affected by reverse currents, therefore ia most suitable to be used with the magneto- electric machine*

Mr. Schwendler exhibited the apparatus for testing the re* mstence of insulators and explained in detail the advantages of the practical method. The experiment, ae described in the above paper, was tried by several members.

The President noticed that Mr. Lethbridge has brought an interesting communication relating to the old Dutch records in Chinsurah. It wiU be brought to the notice of the Society at the next meeting. There were also two other papers on the list

OjT a new OEXUS of BATSi with DEBCaTPTIOX OF A 2»nrW SPECIES OF

Kehtvoctla, bj/ G. K Dobsok, B. A., M. B,, Aui, Surgeon 11. M» British Forcet, (Abstract.)

The new genus, described in this paper, is characterised by the presence of a nrttfle phalanx in the 4 th finf^er^ two in the 3rd and three in the 2nd. The single, terminal phalanx of the 4th finger, and second or terminal phalanx of the 3rd are rudimentary, so mi- nute as to be scarcely discernible, and, therefore, do not add appre- ciably ti) tlie length of these fingers.

78

Pfocredin^a of the Atiatia Soeiety.

[1

Tlio typical number of plialanges in the 2iid, 3rd and 4th fingors of a bat is two in each digit ; this number is often exceeded in many genera of Insectivorous bate by the addition of another short plia- laax, but in no genus, hitherto described, is the number loss than two. Ab the greatest breadth of a bat*a wing ia uaually found by measuring along the 4th finger, it foDows that, in this typical spe- cies where we fi.nd the terminal phalanx of the 4th finger rudime tary, and the homologue of the Ist phalanx only in other bats, (tl 2nd and 3rd phalanges being suppressed), the wing must be ce paratively extremely narrow. On account of this remai-kable na rowness of the wing, the author suggests to call the now geniM_ " SUn(^pUms.*' The type spedea is from Darjeeling.

Tho new Kenvoula diifers from other allied spocios by corta peculiarities in the shape of the head, of the ears &c. Tho sg name aurata is pi-oposed for it.

On Indian and Malayan TelphmidtBf by T. Wood-Mason, Esq.

The receipt of the following communicalion was also announce Notes on birds olsened in the neighhourhood of Naffpur^ Kam^

Central FrovinceSf Cfukalda and AhoUi in Bcrai\ by Lt.-CoL A.

Mc Master, Madras Staif Corps*

Library* Tho following additions have been made to the Library since 1 meeting, held in Februai^ lost.

Preieniatiom, <»% Names of Donors hi Capitals*

Philosophical Transactions of the Hoyal Society of London lS70,vol. IGO, partL^ — Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific pajiers, vol, IV.— The Royal Sociei-y of IjOM>03f<

Praceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. XYI, 5. — The E. Geographical Society of Londojt*

Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Nos. 47 and 48, Bota- ny 53 and 54. — ^TrnuRactions of the same, vol, XXVI, part 4, XXVII, parts 1 and 2.— *Tlie Linkeak Socieit of London.

Geschichtliche ErgebniBae dor Aegyptologie. — Die Entfaltnng dor Ifloe dos Menschen dui'ch die Weltgoschit^hte. — Sitzungsberichto 1809, n. Heft iii-iv j 1870, L Hefto i-iv,— AUmndluugen der Phi-

1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 79

losophiscli-Pliilologisclien Classe, Band XII ; Abth. II ; der Mathe matisch-Physikalisclien Classe, Band X, Abtli, III. — BAYEEiscnB Akademie deb Wissenschaften zu Miinchen.

Possilo Mollusken des Tertiajr-Beckens von Wion, von Dr. M. Homes. — K. K. Gbologisohb EEicnsAiirsTALT, Wien.

M^moires de la Society Imperiale des Sciences Naturellcs de Cherbourg, Tom. XITT and XIV. — Sooiete Impbeiale des Sciej^cbs Nattjkelles de Chebbouro.

Monatsbericht, Novr. 1870. — ^Abbandlimgen, 1869. — Akademib deb Wissenschaften zu Bebun.

Bulletin, Tom XV, Nos. 1, 2.— M^moires, Tom XV, Nos. 5-8.—

ACADEMIE ImPEBIALE DES SCIENCES DE St. PeTEBSBOUBG.

Tatv6vali. — Pravoda Sataka, by ChandraldLnta Tark6lank4ra. — The Atjthob.

A revision of the Terehratulida and Zingulida, with remarks on and description of some recent forms, by W. H. Dall. — The Au- thor.

La Langue et la litterature BLindoustanies en 1870, par M. Garcin de Tassy. — The Authob.

General Eeport on the Panjab Oil-lands, by B. Smith Lyman, with 11 plates. — The Authob. Ueber das !R&mdyana, von A. Weber. — The Authob. Journal of a Voyage up the Irrawaddy to Mandalay and Bhamo, by J. T. Wheeler. — The Authob.

Eahasya Sandarbha, No. 63. — Babu Eajendbalala Mitra. Annual Report on the Convict Settlement of Port Blair for 1869- 70. — The Govebnment of India.

Annual Eeport on the Administration of the Bengal Presidency for 1869-70. — ^Eeport of the Administration of the N. W. Provinces for 1869-70. — ^Eeport of the Administration of the Eegistration De- partment in Bengal for 1869-70. — The CoochBohar Select Eecords, No. in. — The Government of Bengal.

Eeport on the Meteorology of the Panjab, for 1869. — ^Thb Go- vebnment OF THE Panjab.

Uzchange. The AthencDum, for December, 1870. The Nature, Nos. 62-65.

80 Ptoeeedingg of the Asiatic Society,

;j;i'! Purchase,

I,: j Eeisen in China von Peking zur Mongolischen Qrenze, von Dr.

2 f A. Bastian : — F. Bopp's Vergleichende Grammatik :— The L. E.

ii ' D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 270; — Annals and Magazine

Jj! of Natural History, No. 37 : — Zenker's Dictionnaire Turc-Arabe-

|: Persan, Heft XVn :— Bohtlingk und Eoth' Sanskrit- Worter-

J ' buch, Bogen 51-60.

t

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOR APRIL, 1871.

The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the 5th instant at 9 o'clock p. m. The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed Presentations were announced : —

1. From Col. T. C. Hamilton — a large round Gold coin, very thin, somewhat more than an inch in diameter.

Col. Hamilton writes that he received the coin from Mr. W. H. Pattisson, District Superintendent in Bamree, who obtained the same on the island Oheduba. In an account which Mr. Pattisson published in the Arracan News of 1871 (p. 27) regarding his trip on Choduba island, the same officer states to have been informed that the inscription on the coin is in Cingalese, and that the coin was struck during the reign of Maha Paramat, king of Ceylon in the year of religion 446. This would nearly correspond with the year 1086, A. D. Since the publication of the account, just alluded to, Mr. Pattisson, however, believes to have ascertained that the inscription is in old Siamese character.

2. From G. Latham, Esquire — two charts of the Harbour of Bombay.

3. From Major J. M. Graham — a group of rudely moulded brass figures, representing *' Lushais" and their social habits.

The following memorandum accompanied the donation : " The group was presented by one of the * Lushai* chiefs of the tribe of * Nuttun Pooea' to Major Graham, then Deputy Commis-

82 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [AprHi^

sioner of the Hill parts of Chittagong. It consists of a great nma- ber of small brass figures and two trees, arranged on a wooden block, nearly ten inches square and about IJ inch thick."

" Amongst the figures will be found men engaged in acting, which consists in representations of fights, attacks on, or by, wild beasts, the proceedings of war parties, &c. Their singing is a low monoton- ous, buzzing chant, often accompanied by the music of drums, small gongs, and of a wind instrument which in appearance, and sound, strongly resembles the bagpipe. Liquor making, dancing, fishing, shooting, smoking &c. are also shown."

'^ On the trees are figures of birds, and animals, such as the Tou- can, and the long-armed black ape or * Hooluck.* "

'^ The method of fastening the bison, {Bos Gaurus) , which animal is domesticated by the Lushais, will also be observed."

'^ The Bison is kept for the sake of his fiesh and, as he represents a description of Lushai currency, ho is much used in barter. It is also worthy of remark that, while the Lushais will eat al- most anything under the sun, they will not touch milk, which they consider to be excrement."

4. Prom Lieut. W. Miller, M. N. I. — an egg of Megapodim Nicohariensis from Kamorta island and the carapace of a remarkably shaped Pagurid Crab from one of the small Nicobar islands.

From Capt. J. V. Falle, — a skin of the great Albatross, Diomedea exulans, Linn., shot off the Cape.

The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting wore balloted for and elected ordinary members : Dr. P. N. Macnamara, (re-oloctiou). Oscar Trefi'tz, Esq. Capt. A. J. Filgatto, R, E. Major J. M. Graham. Col. P. H. Eundall. T. M. Bourn, Esq. W. J. Curtoys, Esq. W. E. Ayrton, Esq. W. Bourne, Esq., C. E. Tlio following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next meeting: .

18710

Proc&eSinffi of ihe Aiiatic Society.

H

Blbu KalipTasaTina Ghosba, prtnposed by B^bu Rijendralila Mitra, seconded by Mr, H* Blocliniann.

Capt. B. Rogers, B, St. 0,, proposed by Mr. J, Wood-Mason, seconded by Col. H. Hyde,

C. F. Bligb, Esfi-, proposed by 0. KeTil], Escj,, seconded by J. Wood-Mason, Esq.

Ch. Sanderson, Esq., proposed by iku Hon'ble J. B. Phear, iecondcd by H. H. Looko, Esq*

The following members have intimated th©ir desire to withdraw from the Soeioty.

Dr. S. C« Mackenzie. B. J. Leeds, Blsq.

Letters were read —

1. From Mr. St John — On some North Arracan Celt^. Mr, St. John gives 'outlines of several colts in his collection. One

large form is from Upper Barma and, in having a short abrupt shoulder, resembles the Burmese celts described and figured by Mr. Theubald in the Proceedings of the Society for 18G9, p. 181 &c., pK iii and iv. Two other celts are from the hills in North Arracan and are in form and bIzo very similar to those figiu^ed in the Proceedings for 1870^ pis. iii and iv. One of them has the lower edge shai-pened from both sides, ihe other only from one. A fourth outline repre- sents a long irtm hatchet, of the shape of a broad chi^^el ; it is stDl in use by the Arakanese in being simply put through a hole at the end of a stick of a male bamboo.

2. A letter was also read from Mr. E. C, Bajley« 0. S. I., re- garding a Goldmuhur, struck by Firuz ShAh Zufar in A. H. 791. The coin appears to be unique. A drawing of it wiLL appear in the philological part of the Journal together with Mr. Bayley's notes.

The following papers were read —

1. On Iitdian axb Malavak TsLPUUsm.^, by J. Wood-Mason, Esq. (Abstract.)

The author gave a general sketch of the organisation of Tf^lphuiA indim and noticed its relation to the two other known species of the genus, T. Leschenattltu a.n<i Gwrim. He also referred to the de- scriptions of 15 new species of which two belong to Milne-Edwards'

84

Proc00din^i t^f the Asiaiic SQckUj*

[AfiJH

subgenus Paratdphma^ oocmring in Eastern Bengal, which provinca possesp a decided Malayan character in its fauna. Some remarks an the distribution of tlie various species were also made.

Dr. Stoliczka observed that the results at which Mr. Wood-Masoa arrived regarding^ the geographical distribution of the Indian Lui^ crabs are partictilarlj intoroating, because they were obtained ind pendently of the ©xaniijiatitin uf other groups of animals. This wi chiefly due to Mr. W. T. Blanford in having pointed the distinc- tions existing between the Imliau and Malayan fauna within th geographical area which we usually designate India. Many of tb details on the subject are given in Mr. Blanford's paper on the Central Indian Reptiles, published in last yearns JournaL It is, D^ Stoliczka stated, natural enough that Burma, Eastern Benga stretching along the slopes of the Ilimalayas up to Nepal, should po&>^eds a fauna very closely allied to that of the Malayan peninsu and tlie neighbouring islands, but it is diflictjlt to explain how tl same Malayan forms have come into existence on nearly all the higher ranges of hills in South India, along the Malabar coast, an even on some perfectly isolated hills, while the intervening part \ the lower country possesses an Indian fauna with a i>rovalenco Afi'ican types. Ileliable data regarding the distribution of tl] animals, particularly in India, are as yet very scanty, and car drawn up hste of those observed in various districts are mu needed, that we may be able to explain the peculiar phenomenon \ the isolation of the Maloyan fauna in some parts of Southern IndL

It does not appear improbable that the fauna of India was some remote period chietly, or altogether, Malayan, and that it ha been more or less defttruyed in those porta which were affected the enormous volcanic eruptions, characterized as the trappea formation of Oentral and K. W. India. It must have been son where about that time when a communication was establiehod ba tween India and Africa, and when African forms were enabled travel eastwards and attain a firm hold in India* The immigratic from the West must have been considemble, for it seems to ha^ greatly checked the further development of the Malayan fant; which remained preserved only on the more elevated hiUs, chiefi those consistiJig of gneissous and other mctamorphic rocks. It is also

1871.]

PrcceedingM af ih$ AsittUe Soetei^\

^5

highly probable tbat the overflow of the traps produced a great change in the climate of India, particularly in the less elevated coimtry, and that this climate was more favorable to the develop- ment of Afritan than of Malayan forme.

2. On soire old Dutch recorbs of the settlei^ent of CnDfeTJKA ; by E. Lethbridge, Esq., M, A.

A short time ago I act'idontally discovered that some of the old records of the Danish settle raont of Serampore, or Frederiksnagar, and some of those of the Dutch sottlement of Chinsura, ^ere pre- served amongst the ai-chives of the Judge^s Court at Hooghly. By the permission of the Judge of Hooghly, I was allowed to examine these records ; and I expected to open up a rich mine of antiqua- rian wealth, for Dutch records, at all events the European ones, are generally considered to be more fuB and detailed tlian any others, except Yenetian records. The documents still preserved at Hooghly are contained in a large nloiira, and are covered with the dust of years. As 1 believe is the case with all the record re* positories in India, there are absolutely no modem scientiiic ap- pliances for the preservation of these papers ; and consequently most of them are worm-eaten and decajring, and many are in a state of inseparable cohesion. I was somewhat disappointed to find that most of the Butch papers which I examined were of only local importance j a largo number were merely proiocoles or r*- ffitters of the wilU of the old Dutch residents, and hardly any of them of any general scientific valuti at all. Fortunately^ however, the records of the Court supplied me with a very good explana- tion of this fact; I found that in 1853 aU the Dutch reenfrd^ of any historical mid acunUfic value had been handed over bodily^ and without even any proposal to retain copies of them ia this country, by ttie Government of India, to the Government of the < Netherlands' India j and by the latter had beea doubtless at once transferred to the Boyal Archives at the Hague. I have beea fortunate enough to diseorer the list of these documents, made by the order of Mr. Torrens (the then Judge of Hooghly^ at the time of the transfer ; and a copy of this list I beg to be allowed to sub- mit to the notice of the Society, (vide App'nclixj p. 89).

86 ProrMilmgti of ike Asiatic Saeteh/, [Aprii., ,

To this list should bo added (as is evident from certain romarks of Mr. Torrena) a eomplete aeries of the minutes of the Governors of Chineura* I^Ir. Torrens says—" The latter must undoubtedly, I think, have been of very considerable historical importance ;" and I ventxire to behevo that the Society will agree with me that eomo of the series described in the accompanying' list may probably be found to be of very high scientific value. The Government of His Majesty the King of the Netherlands is well known for its* liberal encouragement of science ; and it is very probable that, if the So- ciety should tliiuk the matter of sufficient importance to warrant its being mooted, copies of the more important documents trans* f erred fmm Chinsura, might be obtained without much difficulty from the Itecord Department at the Hague.

It may be worth while liere to add a brief account of the circum- stances of this transfer — ^an account which I have gleaned from the Records of the Judge's Court at nooghly* It may be remembered that, at the time when Chinsura and other Dutch possessions on ths Continent of India were exchanged for the Britisli settlements ia Sumatra, in 1824, a Dutch Officer (named the Fiscal) at Chinsura was, imder the terms of the Treaty, taken into British employ, ap- parently to protect tiie jnterei^ts of former Dutch subjects. Many of the old Dutch Records wore retained in his custody; possibly all were so retained, but on this point I have not been able to ob- tain certain infi>rmation. On the death of this officer in 1852, the Government of Netherlands* India expressed a wish " to be fnr- niahed by an early opj^nrhinity vrifh the Dutch Records appertain- ing to the late office of tlio Fiscal of Chinsura." After some cor- respondence, the Governor- General ordered, on the 31st Dec. 1853, that all records possessing any general historical interest sliould be sent to Calcutta to be handed over to the Dutch authori- ties ; all records having only local importance, and generally all those in Bengali, being retained in the Judge's office.

With regard to the contents of the more imi^ortant records ©numerated in the appended Ust : —

No. 57 is a book containing a Note of Warren Hastings on the capture of the Fort, and Tov^n of Cliinsiira in 178L This may very possibly prove to be merely a copy of, or an extract from, a

1871.]

Procsedingi &/ the Aiiatte Socitt*^*

87

Eeeord of the Calcutta Foroign Office, which waa established in 17H3.

No. 42, contmns 21 vol times of Journals and Minutes of tho administration &om 1773 to 1805 ; tliis would in all pro b ability furnish materials for a fairly complete history of Netherlands' India for that period.

No. 12 is a packet containing copies of 5 firmans permitting the Dutch to trade in the provinces of Oudh, Allahabad, and Agra, The dates are not given.

No. 8 is a packet containing documents respecting transfer of some premises at Dacca from the Frunch autliorities to tho Dutch I in 1674- This is, I fancy, the eai'liost mention that wo have of the French being settled in Bctfgal. The India House Hecovda (calendared hy Mr. Bruce) mention the arrival of a French fleet under Admiral de la Hayo, in the Bay of Bengal in 1673; and Stewart says that the French settled here about 1G76*

No. 6 contains two Perwanas under the eetd of Yizior Sadoolah Khan respecting a house at Patna.

No. 4 contains documonta respeoUng the acquisition of land at Boranagore by the Dutch in 1 680.

No. 3 contains copies of grants respecting lands at Pipley and Balasore, in 1676.

In conclusion, I may perhaps be pardoned, if I venture to call the attention of the Society to a fact which must have frequently at- tracted the notice of many of its members : — ^I moan, the immense historical value of many of our Mofiissil Rec^orda (especially those preserved at places of historical noto like Hooghly, Burdwan and Dacca,) which ore yearly crumblLng away and becoming lost to science for ever, tlut»ugh lack of the most ordinary precautions for securing their preservation. I believe that in no other coimtry in tho world, possessing a civilised Govomment, lA so little care be- stowed on the preservation of the materials lor its history ; and in no country is there a greater need for such precautions as can bo devised by the skill of the archivist. With regard to accessibility, our Mofussil Records ore practically, for all purposes requiring extensive reseai^cli, absolutely closed to the eludont ; for whilst tliey are scattered in scores of remote and insecure hiding -places, with-

Sft

rroc€tdmg9 of th Asiatic Sueutjf,

[Apb

out indexes or calendar's vorlby of the name, and in tlie cusi of record- keep era of no acioniiiic skill and comijaratively little iiu tolligence, the search fop a single fact would not nnfrequen Involve the waste of years, and years of hard labour* Moreo'V he annual deatniction of valuable documents that must go on id climate, like that of Bengal, must be enormous. A momorandu written by the late Mr. Piddington, is noted by Mr, Torrens, (tl Secretary of the Asiatic Society), aa a paper of very great valii and is printed in the Journal of the Society for July 184Q. It inq eat^s some of the pocidiai' dangers to which documents are expose in India, owing to the deleterioua nature of some of the ingrodioD of the ink generally used, and to other causes. The dangers ] suiting from the darapnesa of the climate ; fi*om the ravages Tf^ hite-ants, rats, bouk-wonns, and other vermin ; fi'om decay ; fro mutilation, inflicted either intentionally, or tlu'ough ignorance 1 carelessness ; from fire &c. — all those are Buificiently obvious. It will be within the recollection of the Society that a valuable collection of Oriental manuscripts, the property of Government, was recently damaged by rain ; when a circular was issued by the Home partment, ordering that in all annual repoi-ts made by olHcors charge of public libraries, museums, or collections, it should specially stated whether or not the whole of the property is safe and in good condition. The present methods adopted in the pre- servation of all Mofusfiil Becords are of such a nature that it impossible that any documents can long remain in good conditia I believe that it was found, a short time ago, that the CoUectoral Eecords at Jessore had been so extensively tampered with by terested parties, that the evidence of any of these documents wi hold to be almost worthless; and I have heard many disti-iet offiea of experience state their behef that a similar state of things exii in many, if not in most of the Mofussil Becord-OfiiceB. It wH stated last week in tlie Fioneer that the Kecords of the cutcher- ry at Ermakulam are at present inaccessible, owing to the number of the venomous serpents that have taken up thuir abode amongst them.

The Records are generally placed in common wooden almird fastened by ordinai-y padlocks, and x>iaced in rooms of more or le

I

JS7I.] Pt*ocerd$nff4 af the AiiaUe Sbtieiy*

|[©neral resort. Tlie inaecurity of bucIi custody may perhaps best be illustrated by a very brief description of the metbod of custody whioh is fouad necessary evea in England, where the climate is much less injurious^ and the fear of mutilation smaller. As soon as any sets of Becords have been taken into the custody of the Mas- ter of the Rolls (who is ex-officio bead of the Englibh Record De- partment), they are cleaned, sorted, bound or mended as far as may be necessary and practicable, and placed in boxes for subsequent aiTungoment* Then a catalogue or general descriptive list is drawn up j and afterwards the more iiuportant documents are in- dexed, and the most important are ultimately calendared. When tlie work of arrangement is complete, they are placed in iron presses in the room assigned to their class* Every room in tba building is separately tire-proof^ being caaed with iron and furuish- ed with an iron-door which is thief-proof. Water can be turned on at a moment's notice in any room for tlie extinction of Ere, Hot-air pipes are placed around every room, so that an equal tem- perature is preserved throughout the year ; and by this means damp is excluded and i\>t arrested. Every part of the building being thus protected by every means that sdeace can devise^ the whole is constantly watcbed night and day, both by the Depart- ment (on Olficer and an olHce-keeper being resident in an adjacent house) and by the Police ; a police patrol is on duty throughout the night in the building. The perfect accessibility of uJJ recorda is iilao well pi-ovidud fur.

Appendix^ Litt of Dutch Jifcordi likeJif to be of any ht^toncat value.

No. I * 1 packet of papers or docomeuts of Dutch Government, during the administration of C. Van Citter, Governor of Chiusura, dated the 29tU April, l79o.

2. 1 pa^'ket of papers, dnt^d the Sth July, 1771, in Dutch and Persian lespecting the right of the Dutch Authorities at Poply in eome parcels of ground at Balasore.

3* 1 packet of original documents in Persian, and copies of grants relating to tlio Peply Factory at Balasore, date<l in 1084^ Uidgree.

Pf09Hding$ of the Asiatie S&eUty.

[April,

4. I packet contaiiung dooumenta in Persian inspecting transfer of some land in Buranagoro, by one Bamopur Mozoomdar to Uie Dutcli authoritieB in 1088, Kidgree.

6. 1 paclcet containing documents in Persian respecting the pur- uhaseof aparcelof ground^ Cnssimbazar, dated 19th January, 1750.

6. 1 packet containing documents in Persian respecting the purchase of two houses at Paftia, and copies of two Purwanahs with seal of Yizeer Sadoollah Khan, awarding possession of the houses to a Dutch General, (no name mentioned).

7. 1 packet containing document in Persian » respecting the proprietory title of a house at Dacca, which formerly helonged to one Mehdee Alii Khan (date and year not mentiotjed),

• 8. 1 packet containing documents, dated the 25th September, 1674, in Dutch and Persian, relative to the making over garden land with premiBes at Dacca, by the French Authorities,

9. 1 packet containing documents in Persian, and Bengalee, respecting purchase of some land in Beeetoopore, adliah Moorshe- dahad, dated the 23rd December, 1772.

10, 1 packet containing documents hi Dutch, Bengalee and Pe^ eian, respecting transfer of a water-course at Kalkapero to the Dutch Government,

11. 1 packet eontaining a deed of sale and a pottah in Persian and Bengalee, of a certain quantity of land at Cassimbazar, granted to Mr, T. M. Eoss on the 2 1st instant, 1181, B. S.

12, 1 packet containing copies of 5 Firmans permitting the Dutch to trade in the provinces of Oude, Allahabad, and Agra, dated Ist February.

13, 1 packet eontaining documents respecting a house at Bala* eore.

14. 4 Prothocoles in Dutch, raai-ked A, B, D and E respective to Patna and Ca8simbai!:ar from 1763 to 1785.

16, 1 Prothocole in Dutch, during the incumbency of W. F» Van Citters from 1817 to 1818.

16. 2 ditto in Dutch of the Eesident for 1823 and 1 824,

17. 1 Diary in Dutch from 1818 to 1828.

18. 1 Order book in Dutch from 1820 to 1822.

19. 1 Aocount-curreat book in Dutch, 1793-4.

1871.]

rrom§im$9 ^ih^ MtmiU l^^itif*

91

20. 1 Journal book in Dutch, 1793-4.

SI. 1 packet containing in Dutch rules for proflaouting aetioas in Europe Courts,

22. 1 Book of certificates in Knglish regarding eale of Japan Copper, &c., commencing firom 28th AugUiSt 1818 to ith Pnh. 1820.

23. I Begister of certiiicates in Dutch and English rmpecting purchase of a ship and other pfoper^ by a Dutoh gentlanuui named L. Chngtianson on the 7th January, IB22.

24. 1 Bataria, acoount-ourrent book in Dutch for 1794-5.

25. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditta

26. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto. ,

27. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto* 28* 1 Amsterdam ditto ditto ditto.

29. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto.

30. 1 Begister of Pensioners in Dutch*

31. 1 Eegulations respecting Batavia in Dutch for 1819.

32. Begister of Minutes respecting Batuviahi DuUh from 1820 to 1825.

33. 1 Book containing orders for the PolitJO in Dutch for 1817.

34. 1 Widow Fund Begidation Book in Dutch for 1817.

35. 1 Military Widow Fund Book in Dutch for 1817. 86. 1 Ditto ditto ditto for 1822.

37. 1 Civil Widow Fimd Book in Dutt^h for 1820.

38. 1 Ditto ditto ditto for 1822.

39. 1 Book containing receipts in English of Despatcbea ad- dreosed to the OoTernor-General of Balavi.

40. 1 luistruetioQ Bo4>k in Dutch (date and year not mentioned).

41. 21 Principal Ledgers in Dut«h from 1773 to 1806,

42. 21 Journals and Minutes in Dutt^h from 1773 to 180*5.

43. 8 Orphan Account Books in Dutch from \HIH U^ 1H2.^.

44. 12 Books containing letters received and copii»» of lottera sent in Dutch from 1775 to 1821,

45. 7 Books containing ord««rM itm^tH^iing Batavia in Dutcb« 1718-19 til 1825,

46. 4 Sequestratio or Accotmt B<*«ilcs in Dutc^h from 1789 to 1814.

47. 8 Gastorsor expense books in Duic^h from 1799 to 1814.

92

Ptorffdm^n of the Asm tic St^ciet^,

[Apri

48. 3 Eegulation Books in Dutoli from 1750 to 1 766.

49. 2 Books eontaining statute for Bataria in Dutch from 1664 to 1669.

50. 1 Cliinsura Police Regulation Book in Dut^b for 1761,

61. 1 Memorial of the Residenta.of Cliiasurai in Dutch, from 1819 to 1822.

52. I Book eotttaining Proceedings in Engliah and Dutch of 1 Dutch Court at Chinsura from 1815 to 1817.

63. 1 Memoir Book in Dutrh.

54. 3 Books containing copies of lettora in Dutch on Tariotl subjects.

65- 2 General KuBter Eolls in Dutch shewing the names of officers appointed by the Dutch G-overnment of Ohinsnm.

56. Correspondence on Tariou!? subjects in Duttjh and Englia between the Dutch authoritiea and English Commissioners,

67. One Book containing extract from the Proceedings of the Hon'ble Warrgn Hastings, Governor-General, relative to the caps tare of the Fort and To\m of Chinsura, 1781,

68. 1 Book containing letters and receipts in Dutch from 17S to 1798.

69. 2 Books containing letters of Colonel Tan Cittera in Dutolj 60. 2 Books containing copies of correspondence between th

Dutch Governors of Chinsura and Batavia from 1792 to 1795, GL 2 Registers of letters in Dutch and Engli&h of the Kesident on various subjects, 1817.

62. 6 Various accoiint Books in Dutch.

63. 20 Registers of letters in Dut^h on various subjects*

64. 1 Batavia account-current book in Dutch,

65. 3 Account Books in Dutch from 1817 to 1821.

66. I Begister of letters and accounts in Dutch and EngUsh relative to the old Church at Chmsura.

3. Oar jl QUA^rnTATivB ME'rHOB op testing a " Tblbgb Eabth,'* by W, E. Ayrton, Esq. (Abstract.)

The method used up to the present time for testing a telegraph earth has been qualiMive uuljr. As, however, the elGctrical contl tion of eruiy ** earth" is of great practical importance, it

lISTI,]

Proe$$Mng$ of the Aaiatie Smd^,

n

ssary that some accurate quanUfaitv0 method should ho devified, arder that every telegraph office may ascertain whether the resistance of their earth ia higher or lower tlian tlie maximum resistance allowed* The principal difficulty met with is that, if the resistance between two oartka be measured successively with 1 positive and negative currents^ th§ same result is not obtained- Oonsequently the ordinary law for a Wheat^tone's Bridge, or Differential Galvanometer, wouhl not hold true. This difficulty, however, has been overcome in this paper, and formulaa are devel- loped suitable for a Wlioatstone^s Bridge, a Differential Galvanome- ter, or simply for a Galvanometer of which the law of tho deflec- tions is known.

The details of some experiments are also given, and a particular instance is mentioned in which a much better ** earth** was obtain- ed by burying the plate in tho upper stratum of soil than by bury- ing it much deeper, on account of a bed of sandstone that existed at about fifteen feet below the surface. * ^

Mr. Ayrton's paper will be printed in full in the natural history part of the Journal.

The following paper was received :

Notes on the Country of Braj, by F, 8» Growse, Esq,, M, A., B. C. 8.

Tills paper will be published in the first number of the philolo- gical part of the Journal which will appear shortly.

LtBBABY.

The following additions have been made to the library since the meeting held in March lost.

Prismtati^Hi. *«* Names of Donors in Capitols. Monatsbericht der Koniglioh Proussischen Akademie der Wis- ienschaften m Berlin, December 1870: — Akadbhiis dee Wissin*

SCHArrEN ZTJ BEH1.TN.

Selections fi'om the Records of the Government of India, Home Department, No. LXXYTT ; Papers relating to the Nioobor Islands : — Govt, of India, Home Dept,

04

Pf'0e$$din09 of ilie AmUc Society,

[AfRIL,

Bahasya Sandarbha, VoL 6, No. 04 : — Babtj EAJEwBRAnAUi

MiTBA.

Kam^jana, Vol. 11, No. 6« edited by Kemackandra Bhatti* cMrya : — The Ebitor.

Eecords of the Geological Survej^of India, Vol. IY| part I :— -J Thb Geolooioal Buevey of Ixdia.

Beport on tbe Kevenue Survey operations of tlie Lower Provin^ for 18G9-70 : — General Beport of the Bevenue Siirvey opera* tione of the Bengal Presidency upp-er circle, 1869-70: — Tins Sira-

"TEYOE GeNEKAL OF IxDIA.

General Beport on the operations of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, 1869-70: — S cti'erintendent of tide G. T. Sua-j

VEY OF IXDIA.

Beport on the Bevenue Survey operations in British Burma, ' 1869-70 :^Solectionfl from the Kecorda of the Government of India, Home Department, No, LXXII : — Selections from the Records of the Bengal (Jover^mont, P. W. D, No. I : — Beport on the Admini- stration of the Salt Department 1869-70: — Paltoontologia ladiea, VoL III, No9* 1-8 : — The GorERN'METrr of Bengal.

Flora Sylvatim, by Major R. H. Beddome, part TI : — Sanitary ' and Medical report on the settlement of Port Blair, Anda for 1869 : — The Goveeniient p/ Inbm.

Grimm'a Deutsches Worterhuch, Band XY. Liefenmg 10 :^I The Calcutta Beriew, April 1871 : — HtJwitfson'B Exotic Butterflies, part 77 ; — The Annala and Magnzme of Natural History, No. 38 ; — The American Journal of Science, January 1871: — The L. E« and D. Philosophitid Magazine, No. 271 ; — The Ibis, January J 1871 :— Conchologia Indiia, part 2*

PROCEEDINGS

OF TUB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

The monthly meeiang of the Society waa held on Wedueaduy, the 3rd instant at 9 p. m.

The Hon. Mr. Justice Phear^ President, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmod. The receipt of tho following presentations was aniiounLtHl : —

1. From T. R. Lewis, Esq., M. B. — a copy of a Beport on the Microscopic Objects found in Cholera Evacufttiona^ &c.

2. From E. Blytb, Esq*, — several copies of a Note on the contro- versy between Mr. W. Theobald and Br. Gray.

Mr. Bljth records his belief that the sknE of Te^tudo Phayr^i^ which was transferred from Dr j?al( ner's collection to the Britisli Museum, belongs to a specimen of the same tortoise in the Society ^^ collection ; it waa originally sent to the Calcutta Museum by Sir A, J. Phayre from Arracan, The fatit was first noticed by Mr, W* Theobald, but it« correctness was disputed by Dr. J, E» Gray in one of the late numbers of the Athenasum.

3. From S. E. Peal, Esq., — a few notoa on tlie cultivation aud manufacture of Tea.

4. From Akskayaeumdra Datta, — a copy of The Beligious Sects of the liindus.

6, From His Highnoss Thakura Gii-iprasiida Sinha, Raj^ of Besma, Allyghur, — a copy of Vedurthaprudipa, Commentary of Wl»ite Yajur Vodai Fasc. I| in Braj BhSaUa.

6. From W. H. Dall, Esq., through Rev. 11 , Dall,— A PreU* minary Sketcli uf a natural arrangemont of the Ordei- i>watf/a<r*tf,

ite

96

Pme$$dinff9 of the Asiatte Socid^.

[Mat,

(Extract fivMn the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natoral History) f and Note on tranflrverBely striated muscular fibre among the OmtrojHida^ (from the American Journal of Science and Arts, VoLI, February 1871).

7. From Rev. H. Ghmdert, — a copy of prospectus of a Malaya- lam and English Dictionary.

8. From Babu Bajendralala Mitra — a dried spocimen of a now'^ species of Sctncus. (For a description of the sjiocies see p. 115).

This specimen was obtained by Babu K. Mitra from a Kash- mir merchant, who stated that he brought the same from Arabia, The lizard is largely used medicinally in various diseases, and iaJ particularly highly valued as an aphrodisiac by the Muhammadans. It is commonly known under the names of regmdkij or the sand&shy j reg%udah^ or tlie deecondant of sandj and mqunqur^ which word iai said to be of Greek origin. Scinca, and also the conmion greea European lizards, had been formerly largely used by mcdiievolJ European physicians, who attributed to them most wonderful 1 metUcinal virtues in all kind of diKcases.

In India the seine is taken in the form of a j>aato mixed with fiaffi-on, cardamum and other spices, or in the form of a powder, with beetle leaf, but it is never prescribed by Hindu physiidana.

The following gentlemen were elected ordinary mombera l — A. P. Howell, Esq. Babu Kaliprasanna Ghosha. Capt. B. Hogers, B. S. U C. R Bligh, Esq, Ch. Sanderson, Esq The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the n&xt meeting : —

Capt. 0. Stewart Pratt, Adjt. 34, N. I., Morar^ proposed by Mr.j Wood-Mason, seconded by CoL H. Hyde.

Mouiavi Habsburrabju&n, proposed by Mr. Blochmann, second- ed by Bfibu E^jendralala Mitra.

J. W. jUexander, Esq., proposed by Dr. T, Oldham, seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

Bibu Gangaprasad Sinha, proposed hj Mr. U. Blociimannr seconded by Maulavi Kabiiudd in.

187 1 .] Pr<K$edin^9 of (he Asiatic Smd^* 97

Bibu Ramakrifikna IHsa, proposed bjr Mr. H* Bloohmann^ seconded by Moulavi Kabiruddin.

The Presideiit reported that the Council had elected Dr. P, StoHczka as a Trustee of the ladian Museum, ou behalf of the So- ciety, in place of Dr. S, B. Partridge who has resigued his trustee- ship on leaving India.

The President also commumcated a proposition of the Council that Ch. Darwin, Ksq,, be elected an honorary member of the Society,

The President said that according to the provisions of Kule 6 of the Bye*laws of the Society, the Council should, in the case of a pro- position for the election of an honorary member, state the grounds on which the recommendation is baaed.

In the present case, the President thought it would scarcely be aeceasary to say anything more in support of the proposition of the Council^ than to recall the very great influence which the works of the author of the * Origin of species/ ' Animals and plants under domestication' and the ' Descent of Man' had updn the study of natural history in every one of its branches. Few can claim such a thoroughly philosophical treatment of natural history, as Oh, Darwin, who is justly styled the naturalist of the day.

The ballot will take place at the next meeting of the Society,

The following letters were read i- — 1. From Major Stubbs — on a Muhammadan coin* Mr. Blochmann said : — The ooin of which Major Stubbs has sent a rubbing, is a most curious one. It was struck in A. H. 1 202, (A. D., 1788) by Muhammad Bedar Bakht, whom the notorious Ghulam Qidir, on the 22nd ShawwAl, 1202 (2Sth July, 1788) placed upon the throne of DiMi. The reign of this puppet king, who was a son of Ahmad Bhah, was of short duration. When he was first brought forward, Shah *Alam (IL) wae still upon the throne. Ghulim Qddir, sword in hand, made him descend, and sent him to his apartments, and three days later made the new emperor iniict corporal punishment upon his venerable predecessor. He used to lounge on the throne, aide by side with Bedir Bakht, whom he covered with abuse and ridicule.

100

Proc^edm^i of th§ Aiiatic Sodeiy,

[M^t,

gai^ ftom, Qidir *Ali^ AfziSngaxij from Aiztm, and Iqbilgafij from Iqbdl 'All.

3. There are at present no Hdjahs of Kharakpiir in the dls* trict, all their estates including the j&gura granted by the em« peror ha^ng been sold a few years ago by Mr. Latour by public auction, which led to long and harassing Litigation. There are Bome illegitiniate cliildren of the last Rijah still surviving. I may as well mention here the remaiaing Rajahs of Kharakpiir subse* quent to the table given above^ Faiz *Aii succeeded MuraGT&r *Ali^ and was suooeeded by CUdir 'All, who was succeeded in his turn by Jo^^ 'Ab'p who again was succeeded by Bahmat 'AU, with whom the lino became extinct,*'

The following papers were read : —

I,— Styi^ of dress m ANOiEjrT India, by B^bu B^jendralila Mitra, — (Abstract.)

Buchanan Hamilton, in his ** Eastern India,*' first started the opinion that the ancient Hlitdua knew not the art of preparing needle -made dresses ; and it has since been adopted by Dr. Forbes Watson, Mrs. Manning, Dr. John Muir and others. The pre- misesi however, on which this opinion is foimdod, appear to be imtenablo. Mention is made of the needle and sewing in the Big Yeda, which dates ^m twelve centuries before the Christian era according to the lowest computation, and the existence of those words in the language cannot be accounted for, except on the sup- position that the people who used them knew and had what thej meant. It is also argued that it is very unlikely, that the heroes of the Yedic agOi who were able to forge, and wore in the habit of using, armour and mail coats, never oame to the idea of fashioning their clothes into made dresses. Beferenees are likewise made to the Bdm&yaoai the Mah&bhirata and other ancient Sanskrit works to show that they allude to dresses which could not have been otheff^ than needle-made and shaped. The most overwhelming proofs on the subject are, however, met with in sculptures. Though the bulk of the human figures at S&nchi, Amaravati and Orissa are nudes or eemi-nudes, stiU there ore some which bear unmistakeable evidonoe of the antiquity of Indian made dreeaeB. Among the Sanchi bas- relieb there are several figures dressed in tunlce whichjoould never.

1871.]

^roceedingi of ih$ Aatatic Society,

101

have been fashioned without the aid of needles ; those of the two archers, one of them the Buddhist King, Piliyuk of Benares, figured in Mr. Ferffusson's * Tree and Serpent Worship,' (plate xxxvi) are particularly remarkable, inasmuch as the chapkans there shown are peculiarly Hindu, and the like of th&m has nowhere else been «een. On a Buddhist rail*i>08t from Buddha Gay4 which probably dates from a time earlier than the 8ilnehi rail^ and which is now preserved in the Indian Museumi there are two figures fully dressed firom the neck to the middle of the leg in a garment which appears strongly like ihejnmd of the present day. At Amaravati, there are also several figures dressed in tames which owe their shape to the tailor's art, (Vide r©rguflson*s plates Ixvi, Ixxxiv). The Orissan sculptures offer even more positive proofs. In the Queen's palace (Rani Nour), among the rock-rut caves of Khandagiri there is a statue 4' — 6" in height, cut out of the solid rock, which is dressed in a close fitting chapkan, with the skirts hanging down four inches below the knee, and having sleeves down to the wrist. Over the chapkan there is a haubert or coat of chain mail, the sleeves of which reach the elbow. A light scarf is wrapped round the waist, and its ends hang on the aides, holding on the left side a short sword. The head is partially mutilated, but there are traces on it of a twisted turban. The legs and the feet are enclosed in thick high boots or buskius. The age of the figure is supposed to be the third century before Ohnsty and the existence of chapkan, chain niail and boots at the time^ it is believed, must be accepted as the most conclusive evidence on the subject. The dress differs so entirely firom the chiton, the chlamys, the himation, and such other vestments as the soldiers of Alexander brought to India, that they cannot be accepted i0 Indian modifications of the Grecian dress, even i£ it were possible, which it is not, to suppose that such a foreign dress would at once ke imitated in stone many hundreds of miles away from the place where it was exhibited in India. The dress reappears on some of the Amarivati bas-reliefs. Among the sculptures on the temples of Bhuvanesvara there are representations of coats, kilts, boddicea^ L^Ai^ra, p^i/ajjtnii, and other articles of needle-made dress, some of ; ^em on gods and goddesses, and they cannot but be accepted as

102

Ffi^eMdingB of the A$iatic Soc$fff^>

[HatJ

intligenons. Among the Ajanta fre8<^e« there ar© alao traces flowing ilresses with sleovcs, and thoy all tend to show the Ilindus knew» and did ufie, made dresses long before the advei of tho Muhammadans in India.

In roplj to the remark of Capt. Meadows Taylor, in which h< says that the Hindus had no tailora among theni, and tliat there no word in their language for tailors, it is shown that lu thd. Vocabulary of Amara Sinha, which dates firom before the Christi^ era, there are two words for tailors, one, iunnmhiya^ applying doming, and the other, iauchtla^ to general tailoring : the derivation' of the last word is given in Paniiii^ts rules. The profession of tho latter was of sufhcient importance to necessitate the esiabli&hmeui of a separate tribe, and a mixed cla^s, the lawful issue of VaisyaA by Siidra woniea, was, according to the ancient law-book of Usanas, destined to live by it, and bear the distinctive title of ueedle-mony

Sanskrit words are next quoted to show the names which vi ous kinds of made dresses bore in ancient times ; the most remark' able of these being kanchuka, k&nchuhhj hirpaM^ anpika, cholaka^ ehola, nm, Sj'c. The first indicated the modern /dm «, and warders, guards, and the personal attendants of kings generally dreeeed themselves in it. Kings, princes, chiefs and warriors^ when they did not put on chain mail, wore a tunic, something closely like a chapkan. While ordinary people contented themselves mth the simple dJiUti and chadar, not unoften supplemented by a turbau. Among women, tlie boddice was in general use, the body dothos consisting of either a Bari or a ghiigr^ : the former predominating. When respectable women wont out of their houses, they generally wrapped themselves in a chudder thrown over their ordinary dr<

Sculptures, however, do not, in all cases, support the above dedi tions, and nudity is the prevailing character of the bas-relioDa Banchj, Amara vati, and Orissa. The q^uestion is, tbei-efore, raised as to how far those sculptures may be taken as evidences on the subject. On the one hand, it is difficult to reject the testimony of autheiiitL- graven atones ; on the other, the ancient records of the Hindus and the Buddhists, efjunUy authentic, are in direct conflict with thom. Th< furmor rrvv*. went cxueons, princesses and ladies of rank in poj

ally luoS

|l87Lj

Jh'OCmlingi o/tlu) Amaltc iiwi

U»3

^

^

dt&kahilk ; whUe tlio lattcir insist upon decency, nioUesty ant] ut ivoring of the person as of the utmost importance. Looking, however, to the foots that in many instances clothing is represented on females, but not to cover their modesty ; men and oven ohildron are clothed, Init wives and mothers are left without any covering ; horses are covered with housings, but female beholders af the highest rank^ standing in the verandas of two-storied houses and decked with a profusion of rich jewels, are made to content themselves with the raiment of the atmosphero ; it is concluded that the prevailing chai^acter of the bas- relicis and statues of Sanchi and Amarivati is due, not so much ethnic or social causes as, to the exigencies of art. No doubt tlie .lily clad Tamulian aboriginal races formed the great bulk of Buddhist congregations, and were mora ireely and pleutifidly repro- Bentod on the monuments of their co-religionists than the Aryans, but their presence alone does not sulfiee to account for all the pecu- liarities noticed. It is supposed, therefore, tliat a conventional rule of art, such as has made the sculptors of Europe x>refer the nude to the draped figure; or a prevailing desire to display the female contour in all its attractiveness ; or the unskilfulness of early art ; or the dilEculty of chiseling drapery on such coarse materials as were ordinarily accessible in this coimtry ; or a combination of some, or aU, those causes exei'cised a more potent iaduence on the action of the Indian artist than ethnic or social peculiarities in developing the human form in stone. There was likewise, it is to be pre- muned, a longing for variety, and a pruriency of imagination and design, which made the males ax)poar in dresses of diverse kinds and the females in a state of uiiturOt At Bhuvanes Vara a roligiouji eentiraeut, tlmt of veneration for the creative energy or phalUo worship, wajs evidently also brought to boar upon art, and to produce an effect highly oflcnsivo to good taste. Btit whether so or not, it wuuld, the author of the paper is of opinion, be as eHectiitJ lo draw our conclusions reganling the costumes of the ancient In* [dians solely and exclusively from tho stniiptures they have loft .©libid thorn, as it would bo fur tho Now-Zealander uf Macaulay to do the same witli reference to the Eun>p^au3 of the 19th can* :tiiry from the ooUoctiun of modem statuary in the Crystal Palace [at Kensingtun or the Loiivro.

iia^^

Proef^in^a «/

[iLvY^

II,— A nisTOBY OF THE Oakk*hae«, by J, G. Dolmerick, Es<j.,

IRawul Pindee*

(Abstract.)

Mr. Blochmann read extracts from the paper, wliieli is to be lisbed in the foHhcomiBg number of Part I, of the Joumi 18TL He said— The historical notes collected by Mr, Dolmi are most interesting, and coniprise nearly every notice of the fotind in the Muhanunadan Historians of Inditi, Mr. Delmericli mentions above forty chiefs who ruled over the tribe from thu time of Mahmud Ohazni till onr age. The present chief, Karam Did Khdn, ret^oivos from the Government a small pension as a sort of compensation for the losses suffered by his family during thf Sikh Hole, For the early history of the tribe, the author has use^ traditional information obtained by him on the spot, and tJn^ro no doubt that the principal facts are reliable. The Akbamdm places the hnal settiemeDt of the Gakk^bars in the Bawul District somewhat later than local traditions.

Mr. Blochmann also mentioned that among the historicii] MSI of the Society, there was a short history of Gakk'hars, prosi some time ago by Major Pcarse, who, on various occasions had tributed to the collections of the Society. There was a note on fly-letif of the MS. by the donor, according to which the worl ** an extract from a larger work found at Eohtas." Mr, merick, to whom the book had been sent, says regarding it —

" I consider it an original pi-oduction from the brain of Chand, the grandfatlier of Bdizadoh Ratan Chand of Goliana, zl Bdwul Pin^i, tlie head of the ancient Qinungo fomily. I hac already seen a copy of it, I believe the few historical facta (^ntaine< in it have been scraped together from various histories, and chieflj from the legends or tales related by the hhdU of the country, par- ticularly from the family bh^t of the Gakk'hars, at Kiiri, allal Pawul Pindi, The work was compiled by order of Major Jamei Abbott, Deputy' Commissioner of llaziira, and as Major Pearse wal an A esistant Commissi6ner there for some time, he must have pro^ cured a ropy of it from the Deputy Commissioner. It is perfeetlj worthlesa,**

187L]

Pr<^eMdm^M o/th A^iaiu SGcifftf/*

105

Mr. Lethbridge observed that, witTi regard to tho occupation of Tibet by tlie Gakk'liars, it may be interesting to note the similarity between certain forms of the names of the chief towns of the Gakk^hars (which are properly Dangjxli and Pharwala), and of those of Tibet, which arc Lassa and Pntola. De Laet, writing in 1631, epeaks of •* Kakares, whose chief towns are Dankahr and Purholat a Teiy broad and mountainous region, divided from Tartary by the ridges of the Caucasus." Mandehloo calls the district ** Kakires, with the chief towns Dankalen and Binsohu*^ Bennell tells us, that the Tibetan capitals are sometimes called Baronthala and Putahj and sometimes Tonhr and Putala.

ITT- — On some new species of Maultan bats from the collection OF Dm Stouczka, — hj G» E* Dobson, B. A,, M, B», AmUtani Surgeon U. MJs British Forces,

Mr. Dobson said — I have thepleaa^ire of bringing to the notice of the members of the Society four new species of Malayan bats from the collection of Dr. Stoliczka who, knowing what an interest I take in this order of Mammals, Idndly placed at my disposal, for examination and description, the spooimons collected by him at Penang, Moiilmoin, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, Of these new species two belong to the frugivorous and two to the insec- tivorous divisions of bats, and represent four genera namely Gynop' Urw, MacroglosmSi Phylhrhina^ fmii AscUia. For these spocies I propose the following names : —

L Cympierus hrachifsoma,

2, Macro(/louus speUcia*

S. Phifllothiua Nicoharetms*

4» Asellia Stoliczkfma.,

As full descriptions of these bats will be publiaJied with illustra- tions, in the natural history pEU't of the Journab the fullovving short diagnoses of the species will suffice for Iho proi^ent : —

1. Cy. hrachys&ma^ Dobsou,

Head, bi'oad, triangular ; body very abort ; tail short and slen- der ; fur bicolom^d, slatey-blue with a greyish or silvery tingo ; I tips of the hairs sooty-brown*

105

Proeeedingi of th Jiialic Sttcieiy*

IUa%^

Length : head and body 2^9 ; head l^.SS ; foroarm 2^2 ; 2iid finger 4''.0.

2. i/1 $pelcetii, Dobson.

Head long ; niiizzlo naiTow, pointed ; tongue very long ; index finger without a ilaw ; a prominent, anlxaitanooua gland on eacjh side of the anal opening ; fur short, dark-brown.

Length : head and body 4". 2 ; tail 0^45 ; head r.55 ; forearm 2^75 ; 2nd finger 4^6.

3. Phjlhrhina NitoharemiB^ Dobson*

Head long j muzzle obtuse ; nose-leaf \*^th three small ]>oint8 on its anterior margin, the transverse portion erect, forming an arc of a cirelo, rolled back on itself and overhanging the concave baso which is divided into two celU by a single longitndinal fold. Wing membranes attached to base of metacarpal bone of outer toe.

Length : head and body Z\Q ; tail TJ ; forearm 2'.o ; tibia 1^0.

4. Aselita Stolirzkanei, Dobfion.

Ears acntely pointed, outer edge doubly omarginate immediate- ly below the tip ; nose-leaf large, transverse portion erect, npper part of crest tri-acumlnate, in form like an isosceles triangle with an obtuse vei-tical angle, having its apex divided into three pointd by two narrow incisions, perpendicular to the base. Fur pure white, with purplish-brown tips, beneath dirty-white.

Length: head and body, 1",6 ; tail 0\G ; forearm r.52 ; 2nd finger 2'.6.

The discovery of the new species of Ma€rofflo$9Wt leads to Iho necessity of an important change in the classification of the Pteror pine bats, as proposed by Br* Peters of Berlin.

Dr. Peters has devoted, perhaps, more attention to the examina- tion of this interesting order than any other living natui'alist, and his generalisations have, accordingly, been, I believe, very exten« fiively accepted. In the Vol, of the monthly Proceodiugs of the Berlin Academy for the year I8t37, page 8Co, he arranges the generm of the Pteropino bats (with the exception of Pterojuu, of which hd enumerates tlie species in a former i>aper in the same volume)— thus : —

Itt7l0

Froc$0din^i of ih AHtUie Somt^.

A. Tnd^ finger mih a claw,

2. CynonycUru,, D. *-* ^ 3; ^ g.

3. Cynopleru,, D. || { \\ ^^ 3fl, PifftwchtruSf

4

2 3. i«

4. Mege§^op(tf

5. JBarpi/ta,

24, I,

- T- M Cauda dietintta.

B.L^ 1 i i !^ caudanulla,

2 3, 1, 2, I, 8JS,

6. Epmopl^orm, D. 'J i i 1 |i

7. Mmroghum, D. 1-^ 1 i i B

•^ ' 3.3, 1, \ 1. SJ.S.

B. Indsxfiiiger without a claw*

8. O0phaht^9^

9. MkfpUrii^

' sjt, X i, 1, as. * t.ai, 1, I— 1, 1, ^^.

It will Be thus seen that tho genus Macr^ghssuSf according to Profc Peters, oomes under the head of the firt*t diviflioni or tlia«0 Data provided with a elaw on the index finger, and this generalisa- tion was perfect go long as Jf. mmirnui^ remained the type of the genus, but the above noticed new species, of which two spirit fipedmens are before you, has not the dightest trace of a claw on the index finger. That this is a true Maeto^hinu is suifidentlj evident, if the form of the head, and the miinber, charaeter, and arrangement of the teeth be comparod with the same partes in J/l mfnimuty the points of tlifference consisting in the possession or ab- sence of a claw on the index finger, the place of attachment of the wing membrane to the foot, and the comparative length of the tail. These differences would, perhaps, warrant the formation of a new sub-genus for the reception of this species, which, however, I hesitate to do till the discovery of other species requires it.

The differences referred to would, no doubt, be of great import- ance in separating the species and placing them in different gene* ra, were there assoclatorl with them corrospontllngly important dilTeiencos in the form of tlie head, and the chai'actur, number and

108

Fhyc$idin^i qf the Asiatie Smettj^

LMat,

arrangement of the teeth. Bat when we come to osamine and com- pare those parts in the specimens of tho two species, we are at | once struck by the almost complete similarity of the speoimena in.] these respects, the relative importance of which it is imnecessary tal dwell upon.

Tiiereforo that part of Prof* Peters's classification which depends j on tho presence or absence of a claw on the index finger must be abandoned, and some other generalisation, based on a more con- stant and important characteri substituted, but I have not yetj examined a sufficient number of species to enable me to Indicato this character.

Among the bata obtained by Dr, StoHczka at tJie Nicobara three specimens of MiniopUrk AuatralU^^lom^n^ occur. Mr. Tomes ia J describing this species* says ** the name under which I have da- 1 scribed this species was given under the impression that it waa exclasivoly a imtivo of Austi-alia. It was not until after I had arranged and named the apecimens in the British Museum and in some other collections, that I found it to be an inhabitant of Timor (and probably of other islands of tho Indian Archipelago), as well as of Australia, and that the name of AmiralU was not strictly j appropriate. But to avoid the confusion which might possibly I arise from a change of name, I have thought it desirable that it should remain unaltered." I believe this is the first time M. Austraiis has been recorded from the Nicobars, and in so recor<ling ' it, I not only add a species to the faunaj but also a fresh locality to tho species placed neai'ly as far north of the equator as its firatJ locality was south of it, so that Mr. Tomos's surmise has provedl correct, though I believe in a far wider sense then he expected^ and taking the name AusiralU literally, ho might with almost ec|t] justice have called the species geptenttionaiis.

IV. — NOTBS ON TnE ANATOldTY OF CEEMKOCOKCmrs SyhabkeksiSi by Dr. F, Stoliczka,

A peculiar amphibious shell, living on the moi^t pret ipitoual rocks of the Wes torn Ghats near Bombay, was described by Mxa

• AmmlB and Mag. Kat Hist 1S58, Yol. U, p. 161.

1871.]

-Fr$C0$d$n^9 of the Asiatic Soriefy,

KM)

W, T, Blanford as Cremmhaf.es Si/hadrensh, iu Ann. and Mng. N* H* for September, 1 86ft, vol, I^ In this paper Mr. Blanfuinl noted tho I species as representiag, in 8ome respectSf a connecting link betweau tho LiTTouLNiDji: and OYCLosroMiDiK, but ho incli0t4 to ita claasi- fication in tlie former family, although Ue wm not able to discover the presonoe of gilla.

In Ann. and Mag. N. H. for May 1869, vol. HI, p. 343, Mr. Blanford proposed to eubstitnto the generic nam© Cremnomn' chm for Cremmhaie$^ the latter having boon preoccupied by Br* Giinther iu Ichthyology, In «rourii, Aaiat. Soc» Bengal, YoL XXXIX, p. 10, &c., Mr. Blanford added a new spedos to the genus, C. conicus^ with the variety cfmaiiculatKs, and classed Lay- ard's An^uhtm carinattts^ in the same genus. All three forme occur at Mahableshwar in similar localities, as the first named species ; they appeal' to me to be only vaiieties of Layard*8 carinatua,

Prol Troschel obtained a specimen of Cremtiaconchm Sijhadremii witb the animal dried in, but all he cauld examine were detached portions of the radula ; these, however, agreed so well with thoao of Littorina, that no doubt remained as to the Littorinoid character of tlio species in question (vide Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1867, pt. 1^ vol. XXXm, p. 90).

In my review* of the genera of tlie family LrrroRisiDja I have classed Cremnocortchus in the sub-family uloutcik.^, but it appears that the species now known to constitute tho geuus shew rather more affinities to Lit tor {na than to Lacuna, I shall return to this subject of classification again.

Considering the verj' great importance wMch attaches itself to the discovery of every form, representing a link between two others, now widely sex^arated, I was glad to receive several specimens of CremmeonchuM Syhadrtmis through Mr. Pairbank from the Maha* bleahwar cHfis. The following notes wiU give an outline of tho principal anatomical characters of the species, in addition to thoBO already noticed by Mr* Blanford and Prof. TroachoL

• Monogmph orcretooeood GntlmpcKla^ Palu^ont. ladicn, II, IS67-S8, p, 363.

110

Pm^eiiingi ^th^ Aiiatk Seciei^^

[MAr,-

^"

S!de tIow of ft mule Hpeeimen, partially protruding oub of tho sIigU. Vidw trom bolow of another spooimoQ, sbevring tho i^olo of the root^ Ad Atomy of a fcmalo epecimQu ;

-radiilfl, fc— kidnoyi U — liver, o*-Tiigi

fill, fe— heart, wv— thoU retmcbor, /—foot*

nQ — obaoleto plame, i — mtestlnes, ut — ntorasp pr^mntwAo^

wg — •alivury glanda, at — stomach oi?— ovary, a — a&as»

4^ 2 utnm of toeth of tho radula. 6* sido viow of tbo oeatre tooth*

The animal (figs, 1-2) of C S^hadrensts has a short rather stout hod}% with a thick subcylindrieal foot, posteriorly with the oper- ctilimi attached by a slight lobo, just abovo the baao j mantle- iwlgo very slightly crenatod and Bomewhat tliickened ; muzzle ahort, thick, with the orid opening at the end, which is not lobed } tontacles subulate, of considerable length, rather far apart, pointed at tho end| with large, black eyes on their outer swollen bases ; ftole of foot roundish or oval, with an indistinct median grooro. Sexes distinct : male with a large, flatly depressed penia, perfoiv atcd at the end, without any appendage.

Qeneral colour pale whitish grey, slightly darker on tJio back| and with ft few irregular darker spotfl at tho feidus of the foot, ten* taclea usually blackish ; the mujszlo appears reddish on account of the red colour of tho buccal parts.

Tho 80X08 appear slightly to diiFor in size ; at least none of tho males were o^ Itirgo as the fomaluu. Tho shuH of tho largest spooi-

1871.]

Procs^in^i o/tJuf Asiaiic Socteft/.

Ill

men of the latter ineasiirod : larger diam. 8, smallor diani. 7 5,

tot^l height 8 niju.

The intornal anatomy (figr- 3) dooa not osaeiitially differ from that

of other Prf^sohraachiate Go^tn^poda. The bucjoal parts in the mouth

SLtB soft, fleshy, with the usual cartilaginous valves interndly. I

have not observed a trace of a separate jaw. The oesophagus passes ^B through the nervous ring, beyond which the ealivary glands are ^m situated. Stomach large, black ; it had vegetable matter inside, the ^H animal having apparently been living on minnte algae. Intestines ^m very long. The uterus in the female is disc-like, large, flattened, of V ft g^^jish colour ; the ovarium very large, occupying the greater

portion of the middle and also mostly of the posterior surface, ^K and of the inner or collumellar aide of the body. In a full grown ^m female, (examined in March) the eggs were somewhat more than

one half millim. in diameter, yellow, with a large transparent,

©xcentrie, nucleus, eneloi^ing a minute nucleolus*

Kin tlie male, the testis is situated, similarly to the ovoiy in tlie female ; it is generally of a pale yollowish colour and the sperma- tossoa are rather short, extremely thin, gradually thickened toward* one end. In some specimens the testis occupied the whole of the surface of the termuial 1 1 wliork. The vas deferens lies along the ventral (or columellar) side and is of very great lengtli j it was ^m filled witli well developed spermatozoa.

^P The kidney is largo, elongately ovate, grey, situated behin<3 thif gills. The liver is greenisli, consisting of two anterior smaller lobes wliile a larger, much subdivided, lobe occupies the terminal portion of the body. ■ The gills consist of a single rather narrow plume, composed of thin fillets which are grown to the npper side of tlio gill-cavity. The fillets are on the right side very finely prolonged and partially f become branched, resembling in this respect the brwathiug organ of Ipulmonifei'ous MoUusca ; the same form is already indicated la Bveral of the more terrestrial than aquatic Lfftortntc, To the right tot the gill is a narrow thickening, which is generally stated to Fl>e a rudiment of a second plume ; it is barely indicated in this species. The radula is narrow, very long, from 10- H m.m. ; the greatiir

n2

Procif^dingM of fh Amtic &ei#^.

fMAT^*

|K}rtioa df it lies rolled in on the right side buliind tke mouth. It is composed of between 260-280 transverse rows of tfoniogloesata teeth, the formida beiiij^ 3.1.3, (see fig. 4)» The centre trxHh is somewhat h>ngor than liroad^ rounded above, strongly emargmate ftt the sides, and less so at the base. The npper edge is very strongly infleeted, with 7 dentides of which the median ono is the largest^ (see fig. 5). Along the concave sides runs a very thin, raised la- mella, and the priijecting comers of the base are also bent upwards. The lateral teeth follow below each other under a rather st^p angle ; idl have the tipper edges strongly inflected, each having tho median denticle the etrongost and obliquely projecting, tlie outer 5 denticles on each side decreasing in size ; on tlie outermost tooth the latter are somt4imes hai*dly traceable. The general i^hape of ^ the first lateral tooth is oblitpitdy qradrangidar, posteriorly deeply emarginate and with the posterior half of the upper edge tliinner ^ and a little longer. The bases of the two outer lateral t^atli ara obb'quely^ and more or less obtusely, pointed.

The teeth of C. eannaim^ and its vai'ieUes^ are perfectly similar lo those of SifhadrrmtR, exct^pt that the metlian denticles of tho teeth are a little stronger and more pointed, as tHjmpared with the adjoining lateral denticles.

When we compurc the general anatomy of CrrmmtanchuM with that of Lttforina,^ >ve find that both nro almost perfectly identical. Prof. Ti^oschel, in tlie above noted communication (p. Ui), eharao* teri^ied CremmvonckHS as possessing an umbilicated shell and iha ] median teeth of the radula without laterally raised lamellro, wlule LiUorina has, according to the some autlior, a non- umbilicated shell and the median teeth with lateral lamellee. The statement relating I to Cremnui'onchtt*, is, however, evidently an oversight on the port of Prof, TroschoL The median teeth of Crtmnoconchtu have, l_ ttli*eftdy noticed^ laterally raised lamellm, and the shell is either umbilicated or not ; as is clearly shewn by Cremmeonehus turitiatm^ and its varieties. In the two points alluded to, the genu», therefore*, perfectly agrees with Lttionna, and it is indeed not ea«y to find out Buffi^oieutly distinctive characters between the two.

• I )mre examined in connection with this tnhji^ci Li ttorinn ftvclanoitoma^Mtd Iwo otht>r speoioB T€M7 dosDlj aUiod or ididHtioiJ wilU wuitiUUa axul itU^rmcdia.

1871.]

^r^efdm^s of (he AftaUc Sociciff,

ua

The form of the alieU of l>oth is ao Tarlable that no Importance can be attached to it| tlie only diiferenca being, that the one of I CremnocdneUua has a pecnliarly thin textnrOf and that it la covered I with a very distinct ulivaeeous epidermis. Aa to animals, CremHO" ^neAuM diifers from Zithnna by the subcyllndrlcal foot, the sole of which is ooly indistinctly grooved, and by the males having the penis destitute of an appendage* There is no pt*culiar I difference in tlie form of the teeth, except that eaeh has 7 denticles, whilo in LUtorina there are usually only a present. The operculum is also in both very similar, paueispiral and horny, only in most epe- ciniens of C\ S^kadremU it becomes in time (juite tuataceuua*

For these reasons I believe, therefore, that Cremmconchwt can be f regarded only as a subgenusi of LUfortnUf and should be classed iiiext to JiMla (=^ Bemhicium)^ the relative position of tJie lateral and ral teeth being very similar in both. Of Ruella two sxiecies rbecur on the Arracan coast, at thd AndamanSi and Nicubars^ [Penang, &c.

In my Monograph of the South Indian Ghistropoda, (Paheont^ Indica, II, p, 259, et soq.), I have divided the Littorlxid.e into tbroe sub- families, poa^Attix,K, la coning and ijttoiunin^. Subse- quent researches make a thorough change in the claasiheation of I the fumily necessary.

In the first named sub-family only RUella can be regarded

as a true Littorinid, and mu^t be placed near Littotina* Fomat

and its allies must be excluded from the present family. In

'the I:>ACUNLN^^ have provisiou/illy to remain: Lacuna, Modultutf

VhtmotU^ and Lacunar iu, while Lithofjlt/ifkui is to all appuaranoQ

did foim, and must be classed near Hylhmia and Amnicola*

tie UTToniNiKJE include Ci/Cionnma^ Sj}irttn^m(t, Amhtfrleifa^ Eehhv'Ua^

MamuSf Jiiitdla, Cremnoconc/ius, JVcnli^ides^ and LiUorina, Itcsoaruhea

■in fossil conchulogy may increane this list considerably.

With regard to the relation of Cremmeunchus to OyckUumm^ CychphoruSf and some of their allies, it is worth wiiiie drawing attention to the many points of similarity which exist botween thd Vltittorinm in general and these opereulated landshells. The aai-* 'mals, and their dentition, are in both ollten extremely similar, with the exception that the foianor have the end of the muzale truncate, vhile the CYCLOPHoBiHiB hav© it lobed. The o^iereulnm in (JifclQ-

114

^rocfedm^s of ih Asiatic SaekUj.

IVLxrA

$Umus 15 similar^ pQucispiral, but tastncoouSj wlule it is homy in 1 Littorina. Cremnovonchmj howeveri liaving oocasioniiUy a ieetooeous opert*uluin, indicates a link between tlie two genera and it also indinoa J to the latter by the males not poases^ng an appendage to the poani/ The gillfl of BOme Liiiorin^B^ and partieukrly thos« of CremnocmKhml equally indicate a passage to the fonn of the lungs of true pituionata^ Fuitheri the foot ia grooved along the middle of the solo is LUtorin(€y it is equally so in the Ctjclostomi^ only the two par of the fiole are in the latter genus still more developed on account ol the {u^boreal habitat of the species, though Tory pTObivbly this will no be found to be so much the case in the purely ti>rrostri*d ones, and C^clophonts and others the groove has entirely disappeared. The ZiM torinw have no jaw, at least none distinctly developed, neither hava the Ci/cJos(ofiu\ but the Cydophorif which may be said to be mora terrestrial, than the former, possess a weil-developGd jaw^ like \ IIkucid^ and other pn.iIo^'ATA.

Considering these nvuneroua points of structure whieh I have just notieedi it can be searcely doubted that there exJBts an i]ili« mate relation between Littorinw and Ctjiiostumi and their aasociat4ja { and that the origin of the latter may be looked for in the eocplanatl tion of certain shght changes in the organisation of tlie former* Crennioconchua^ as already stated, shews in severiil poitita a st greater inclination to CyclmUfmmi than do the common Littorimo*'^ Mr* Blanford's general remai'ks on this subject were, therelbro, perfectly juBtiJledf though he wofi not in possosaion of all the detiuk upon w^hich he might have been able to base more definite conclu- elona.

In point of general classification, the comparison of Uie and tomy of LUtorhim and C^clostomi indicates, that among the dif- ferent orgajjs, the structure of the breathing organ seems t^i be subjected to a greater variation, or change, than are instance the gcucrative or digestive parts, or the rudula, &cJ Therefore, it i« not advisabk to me ih hrtathhig or^an a$ an ImportQ character in the principal clas^ificalion u/ the MoUmca^ tn (hs ichi| in w liich it has been introduced for such a purpose in the isystemn < Cuvier and others.

I could quote other examples in support of this view, as fo| instance that of Ccrithidca vUum, where the gUk have enurolj diflappearedj and become replaced by true lungK, while no on

187h]

Procfi^ingB of ths AiiaUc Societtf,

lU

•will at tho same time deny tlie tkiso rulatiou existing botweou the morino Cerithia^ tho braekiish Fotamtdes and tU© species ol CerUhtdea above referred to, *

V. Desciiiption of a hew species of Soufcus,— ^^ Dr, J, AnjjmiBQN,

SoineuB Mitranus, n, sp *

Head rather Bmall and much pointed ; tail short and thick at tho base. Snout contracted behind the nostrils and dilated in front of tliem, eharj), spatnlate and fossorial. Nasal crescenlic, occupying the place of a first 8UX)eriar labitd, Ijut witli the lateral portion of the rostral bdlow it| in contact \rith the ro&tral| ixrai labial^ anterior loreal, largo eupranaBal and email internaaal- The supranasals largo, not contiguoutf, pontngonal, four of their sides large and one I veiy Bmall| in contact with the internastd, Intemasal finiulij round* ed, Ijring betwooD the rofttral, nasal and supranasal. Rostral with a broad, rounded^ bharp anterior margin ; itd aides much convergent*^ its postorior end forming only a narrow suture with the frontiU ; its under surface broad and slightly Bhclving upwards ; its posterior margin a creacentic, cutting ridge, deiined from the surface anterior to it, by a deep groove. The frontal large, conical from behind forwards, and pointedly unguiforna, forming sutures with the ros- ti-al, Bupranasal, anterior loreal, and contiguous by its hinder mar- gins with tho post li'ontals. Post frontrals large, pentagonal, broad in front) pointed behind, forming a broad suture together* Yerticai aoderate size, rather narrow, ita anterior margins forming an ob- j angle J ktoral margins concave and slightly convevgent; abruptly ti'uncated posteriorly* Two pro-occipitak rather 8mall,oblongly pen- tagonal, placed obli(iuely, and contiguoiLs. Occii)itid consid*:rahly smaller than the vertical and wedge- thai>ed fi'om before backwm'ds : two rather large scales placed transversely along its external margin. Two small postoccipitalj3» Five lai'ge superciliarios with an internal line of fuur small plates, tho first of which et^uals tho length of tbe throe succeeding ones. Four rather large scales form the lower margin of the eye, the anterior scale as long as tho two bo* hind it* Loreal region concave. Two elongated loreals one before the other, the anterior sliii^ld in contact with the supranasal, nasal and three lower labials. Eight upper labials, the two below the

* I have n&inoil this lUard in honour of uiy learucd fncud Bilbu ime&drul^a Milro who obtuiued it under iho cireumiiiatjcca mt'iitioiidd on puge &lO.

116

IVoee^$nff$ 0/ the Asiatic Satiety ^

IUjlY

eye the largest. Eight lower labiaLs : a large shield behind the , mental succeeded hy three paira of largo shields, separated fjon eat'li other by a median, h:)iig]tudinal, row of three smaller shiehla,! External ear completely hidden* Twenty-nine to thirty rows of smooth^ imbricate scales round the middle of the body. Two largii proaual sciiles.

Colour of dried specimen yellowiah buff above, each scale with white 9|K}t in the centre of its free margin with a brown 6j>ot oal either side of it. Ten vertically elongated, or more or less rounded J deep red-lirown spots along the side from the middle of the nock toj above the thigh, the Inst spot reduced t^ little more than a speclc.| Bides and under surface yellowish. Snout to vent 4* 12'* ; vent tal tip of tail 2" £»'" ; snout to postonor margin of occipital 8'" ; anteriorj limb r r" J posterior limb, 1* 2'".

The nails of this serine ai»e flat and broad, and rather eonoave on the under surface : the toes are laterally extended by the outward elon- gation of the dorsal sctiles, an arrangement which gives the foo groat breadth, and suggests the idea that it is specially modified to a] fossorial habit of life.

The specimen from which this description is drawn, was obt by Bibu Kajciidi^aliila Mitrafr^jm a Kashmir meiH^haut, who stiitiidl that it came l>om Arabia and that it was the El-adda of tlie Arabs. It is exti*©mely likely that this term is a generic one applied to al number of nearly allied seines, inhabiting Ai-abia, ^^yria, Hgyptandl Abyssinia, (see antea, p. 96),

The present sijocies is distinguished fi'om iS, i>ifhunnli*j — if th^j descriptions and tU-awiugs of that lizard are corrL^et, — by its morel markedly fossorial snout and by the number, form, and dispositioiLl of itfi cranial plates, and by its peculiar coloration Another specleoi from <d\j:abia is the Sv, w/Tc^^ns/t, Hemp, and Ehr*

The reailing of the next paper was postponed,

li^oUs un ^Kfvifral Arabic and I^enian inscrijdwnSf by H. Bloch* mann, Ei**^*, M. A.

The following communications have been received : —

1ft J^ef^euds and liattacis connected with pernoitu dtificd^ &t Md iVll ffi'sat veneration^ in JJhajutjaur atkd the nei^hbohrin^ di^tricUf by li4bu iiftshbihari Boso.

2. List 0/ birds, collected, orobstrmdin the Wardha VMtfjf and iU^ tmnitjf mar Chanda^ by W* T. Jilanfoi'd, Es(^.

1871.]

Procifdtngi of ths A sialic Society,

117

LiBiaitT.

The following additions have been made to the Librarj since thd [m&eting held in April last : — ^

•^^ NamoB of Donora in Capittik. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Sodety of London, Vol, XXVn, Parti:— The Geoi/>gical Society of London.

Transactions of the Royal Socioty of Edinburgh, Vol. XXVI, ?art I; — Proceedings, Session 1869-70: — The BoYix. Society op "Edixbubgh.

Journal of the Chemical Soc^iety of London, Vol. VlII, Novem- ber and December ; Vol. IX> January : — The Chemical Society OF London.

Journal Asiatiqiie, No. 58 : — The Socte'te' AaiATigi^E, Paeis, Monatsbericht der K. Preusaiechen Akademie der WisBonachaf- ten, January 1871 : — K. PaEUsaisCHE Akauemie dee Wissen-

IaCUAFTEN ZU BeRLIK. I Atti deUa Keole Accademia deUe Sotenze di Torino, Vol. V, DiBp. 1-7 ; — \o\s IV, Appendice ;— Notizia Storica dei layori fatti id&Ua dasse di Scienze Fisiche e Matematidie, 1864*1805 ;— Obser- Ivation do L'Essaim des E'toiles Filantea du 12-H, Nuvembrei 1869; — BoUettino Meteorologico ed Astronomico del Kegio Osser- pTatorio dell* Univeraita di Torino, 1869 !■ — ^Bsale Aooademu deixb t>:nze di Torino.

Kongb*ga Svenska Vetenskapa-Akademiens Handlingar, Ny-

♦*i)ljd, 18f»4-67 ; — Meteorologiska lakttagelser i Sverigo utgii'na af

jKongliga Svenska Vt'tenskaps. — Akademien, anstiiilda och bear-

Ifcetade under inseonde n^ Er EJlund, 1864-66. — Lofoadsteckningar

[ofver K. Svenska Vtjttmskaps Akademiens, efter Ar 1854 aflinda,

lamotor, Band I, HKlftel ;— ofversigt, 1865— 68.— DioThiorar-

en des Ariatoteles von den IClassen dei* Siiugethiere, Vugol, Rop-

len imd Ineekten %'on Carl, J. Sundevall ; — Ci»us2>ectum Avium

fpicinarium, cdidit, Carl. J. Simdevall ; — Hemiptera Afiieana des-

crijisit Carolus Stiil, Tom l-l: — Kongl. VETENSKAPa-AKADEiOE,

lOLU.

M6moires de la Soci6t^ Boyolo des Sciences de Lii'go, 2"*^ S^rie, Tom 1-2 I— Socu'iB' Royalb des Sciences d« LieW.

U8

FroeB^din^i of the Amiic SmHij.

[M.1Y,'

JoiU'Bal of tho Agricultural and Hoiticiiltaral Society cjf Indin^^ VoL n, Vt, n t — The AaiircirLTTniAL awb Honxiriin^TtiRAX. SooiKTTi

OF IXDIA. ^

Arcliivo per L*Amropologia ^ la Etnolojria, pubblicato per Dr. P. Mautegozza, Dr. F. Fiusd ; — The Auraoits.

Brahma uad dio Brahmanen, von Dr» M. Hang: — Tub At7Tiiai^|

Derivativo ITypotliesia of Life and Sijooiee, by Prof. OreilS- The Author,

PreHmiaary Slcethh of a Natural Arrangement of tlie Or Docpffhnm, hy W. 11. DaU,— Note on tho transversely etriaked muscular fibre amoog the (Jastoropoda, by W. H. Dull : — TiibJ AuTiion.

The Eoligioiis Sects of the Hindua, by Akshayaoumira Datta :- The Author.

A Report on the Microaooplc Objects found in Cholera evaoua-i tions^ by T. B. Lo^is : — The Author,

Bimayana, Yob II, No. 7, Edited by Hemaebandra: — Tni Editor,

Baha«ya Sandarbba, November, 18R5 : — Thk Editoe.

Flora Sylvaticn, Part VII ; — ^Icones Plantarum India? Orion-^ talis, Pai't YII ; — General Beport on the Typographical Surveys i India, 1B6D-70; — General Beport on the operationB of the Gre Trigonomfftriral Survey of India, during 1869-70 \ — General Bepor on the Bovenuo Operations of the Bengal Prosidonoy, 1869-70: The QovBRKMEyT of India.

Vodarthapradipa No. 1: — II. H. Tha kur ULRiPxiAaAD Bexiij

Exchange.

The Athenreum for February, 1870.

NatnrO| Nos. C5-75.

Pitrchtise,

B^TQO dee deux Mondes, 1 5th October, 1870 : — Journal dns Sfl vants, September, October, November, December 1870: — Comptoi Bendiis, Nu8. 11-19 i- — American Journal of Science, February 1871 — Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Alanh 1871 : — ^L. "" and Dublin Phihmtjphical Maj^zine, No. 272 : — Thoi-ell^ft Bomarli on Synou}*iiia of European Spidora, No. 1 : — Tbondl on Eui*ope Spiders: — Goiibr^ Birds of Asia, Part XXIII : — Ferguson's Hin toiy of Ai'rhitecturo, Vols, I and II : — ^Cunningham's Geography d Ancient India, Vob I. : — Tyndtill's Diiunagnetism : — Galtou*i Hereditary Genius : — Buale's Disease Germs :^JacoDiot The Bibli

India : — Bhagavatgita in Persian vor^e, (MS.) by Feizi.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOE June, 1871. — ♦-^

The monthly meeting of the Society was hold on Wednesday the 7th instant^ at 9 o'clock p. m. The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair. The Proceedings of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

Presentations were announced, —

1. From B^bu Eamadasa Sena, a Bengali MS., entitled Pas'u- pas'amokshanam, by the late Radhamohana Sena.

2. From the author. — A copy of * Remarks on the anatomy of the genus Siphofiaria^^ by W. H. Dall, Esq., and a copy of * Materials towards a monograph of the Oadiniida,'* by W. H. Dall, Esq.

3. From the author. — English Legislation for India, by A. M. Broadley, Esq., C. S.

4. From Rev. M. E. Lafont. — 2 copies of * Meteorological Obser- vations made in the St. Xavier's College Observatory from July to December, 1870.*

5. From M. L. Ferrar, Esq., C. S., 2 silver and 6 copper coins, dug up at Qanouj.

The copper coins present no particular points of interest. Tliey are a coi)per coin of Firuz Shah III. of Dihli, two copper coins of Ibrahim Sh6h of Jaunpiir, one copper coin of Husain Shall of Jaunpiir of A. H. 887, two defaced B6U)trian copper coins, and fragments of two silver coins.

6. From the author. — A copy of Memoir of the Ghazeopoor Dis- trict, by WUton Oldham, LL. D., B. C. S.

120

Pr00Mdin^s of the Asiatic Socidy^

[jt

7, Fi'om the author. — The Topogrftphy of the Mogul Empire, as kuown to the Dutch in 1C31, &c,, by E. Lelhbridge, Esq., M. A,

8. From the Society. — Six copies of Abatraet of ProceedingB of the Muhammadan Literary Society of Calcutta.

Ch. Darwin, Eeq,, proposed by the Council at the last meoting of the Society was balloted for and elected an Honorary Member.

The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the laal meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members : — Capt. C. StewQi-t Pratt. Maulavi Hahiburrahman. J, W, Alexander, Esq. Babu Gangiipraead Sinha, Babu Eamakrishna Dim* Tho following gentlemen are candidates for election at the Jiiiy^ meeting ; —

J. R. Reid, Esq., C B., Azimghur, proposed by W. Oldham, E«j, i Lli r>», C. S„ seconded by II. Blochmann, Esq.

J, tSmithi Esq.^ C. 8,» Ghazfpur, proposi^d by W. Oldham^ Esq,, j LL.D., C. 8*, seconded by 11, Bbjchmann^ Ei^q,

E. W. Gates, Esq., 0* E,, proposed by 8. Kurss, Esq., seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

Col, Octaviiis Hamilton, proposed by the Hon'ble J. B» Phear^ eeconded by Col. H. Hyde.

0. T. Buckland, Esq., 0. 8., proposed by Col. H. Hyde, seconded , by Dr. F. Stoliczka,

Khalifah Sayyid Muhammad Hasan, Prime Minister to His High* noes tho Mahiirajali of Pati^lah, proposed by Maulavi Abdoal \ Luteef Khan Bahadur, seconded by tho Hon'ble J. B. Phear.

Capt. B. D. Osbom has intimated hia desire to withdraw from | the Society,

The President said that, acting on the request of Dr. Neil, Me* teorological Reporter of the ^^njab, he must ask the attention of ) the meeting for a few raoraents to a short coiTOspondeneo which I had passed between Dr. Neil and hinihulf. It had happened un*

1871.]

Pro0$$ii$^$ of the J/ftaftc S!&<f{ffy,

121

fortunately that a pnsaago m tlie Presidontinl Address, delivonxl l>o- fore the Sodoty in March last, was so coudtetl as to lead l>r. Neil to consider that it conveyed an incorrect r^presantation of tlie state of Meteorological Observations in tlio PiiDJab^ and accordingly that gentleman wrote to the President in the following terms : —

^

Lahore, May Uth, 187L *DsA» Sm, — ^Iwas somewhat sHiprised to find you statint^, in your Prefiidential Address at a recent meeting of the Asiatic Sot:iety, that ** according to the published reports out of 19 stations,* from 2 only have continuous registers extending over two and a half years, been furnished*'' &c. I must ask you to contradict this statement, as it disagrees entirely with facts, and in doing so, I trust you will give the same publicity both to your contradiction and to this letter, aa has already been given to your address/

* From IMultan alone I have records of continuous regtstratioua from 1862 t^ the present time. From Lahore^ Syalkote, Dera Ismael Khan, Rawalpindi, continuous registrations have be*m kept up feiuco May 1866, Since January 1861), observations have been registered at Ludianah, and for three and a half years continuous re- gistrations are on record at Shahix^or.'

»' At present registrations of — Barometric pressure, Hygrometry, Solar Temperature, Max. and Min. ditto.. Direction of Wind, Eaiu- Idl, — are being recorded in Lahorn, Mill tan, Dora Ismaol Khau^ Ka» WWpiudi^ Ludianah, Dhurmsala and Murree, at all of which places the observers ore paid. The observations are recorded on the plan recommended by Qlaischer \ the instruments are all good, the baro- meters being, in the cases of those at Lahore^ Ludianah, Dera Ismael Klian, Dhurmsala and Murree, mercurial which have been compared with a standards In other stationsi registrations which do not include records of atmospheric pressure are kept as in Um- ritfiur, Gui-dai^porD and Dolhousie. In some of the stations I have had anemographs erected for the continuous registration of the dii*eetlon of the wind. A hiatus will occasionally occur in a register from such accidents as treiikageor disorder of instruments. Out of three barometers (Adio's Mei-curial) which I onlered recently * In tUo Pai^iib.

]T2

ProcHdinff9 of ih^ Atiatie fii^cid^.

^ [JtrjirB, That embassy

only one reached me which ie destined for Ladakh

hna already cost GoTernment three barcimeters and myself one,'

The remaining portion of Dr. Neil'a letter did not bear upon the particular matter of complaint, and therefore for the moment he, (the President), would abstain from reading it. Ho at once replied to Dr, Neil us follows : —

19^/i Maij, 187U

* Deab SiK, — Your letter^ dated the 11th May, reached me lato in the evening of the 17tli. I reg^ret much to learn from it that you consider you have occaBion to complain of a statement lately made by me in the course of an Addi'e8s to the Asiatic Siwicty, You quote from the Address the foil owing words, '* According to tho published reports, out of 19 stations in the Punjab, from 2 only have eontinuoua registers, extending over two and a half yeoi's been furniBhed/' and you say that this statement disagrees entirely with facts/

' You will observe that in this passage, I do not refer to your records of registration, as to which I have indeed no information* I merely speak here of the published reports. And at the timo when I delivered my address there were, I believe, but threo of these^ namely, the reports for 1866, 1867 and 1868, The report for 1869 was (if I am not mistaken) not then published. At any rate, I was certainly not aware of its eitistence*'

* Tlie montldy abstracts in these three Koports for 18C6, 1867 and 1868, appear to mo to cover a period of almost exactly two and a half years. I have just now in consequence of your letter, carefully looked through these again, and I must confi3S8 I am quite unable to dig* cover on this review that my original statement in reference to tbi« period is in any degree erroneous. In regard to all excepting 2 out of the 19 stations, there seem to be breaks of greater or less extent in the continuity of every abstract, I take for instance your own-princJi»al station of Lahore, I find there are no observations* or results of observations given, for the months of May, June, July^ ] August and September 1868. I need hardly say, however, that I am nevertheless most ready (if you still wish mo to do so) to comply with the request, which you make to the eEQd^ that I should giv© | the eanio publicity to your letter as was given to my oddi'ess \ and, i

1871,;)

Ptoceedingi of M<? Aiitttie Sttctdy,

125

(accordingly, imlead I hear from jou to tho contrary I will take caro that your letter is read at our next meeting, wliidi will take placo on Wedut'sday, 7th June, and is also publit^hed in our Proceudinga.'

P* I thank you very much for your kind worda of aourttssy towards mysolf . '

I am yours Tery faitlifoUy

J. B. PUEAB,

FrfiB, of A9. Soc, BengaL To A. Nsa, Esq., M. B. C. 8. L.

To this letter he received tho following answer : —

Lahar^, 23rrf Mag^ 187L

* Dear 8m, — ^Your reply to my lett<tr is, as I of course expected it to he, citiito satisfactory. 5Iy Ilei>ort for 18C9 was out ahout tho end of last year, hut was not distributed till some time after- I should like my letter to be published, howeror, in the next issuo of the Journal, not so much in reference to your remarks about my Eeports, as boeauso it contains my views, in great part at least, regarding the method of conducting Meteorology in this country, and what ought to bo dono in order to have a combined plan of registration. I believe Col. Strachey has for some time had tho matter under consideration, and I wrote to him about the same tim^ as I addressed you, but I have not tis yet hetird from him in reply.'

* The hiatus, which you note in the Lahore Register for part of 1868, was owing to my having had to leave the station for another, and some time elapsed before I could get a proper system of regi- stration re-established. Tlie breakage and damages tluit so oflen occur to inspections are a source of continual anxiety to mo. Baro- meters are an especiiil source of grief and annoyance. Thanking you very much for your letter,'

* I am, dear Sir, Yours very faithfully,

A. Neil/

^

^

* Ab an explanatory footnote to my letter, I should like to say/ —

* I have since learnt from the President yf the Society that he had not soon my la^t Keport (&r 1809) beforo he delivered his ad*

124

hfii oftAs Aifotit Soeii4jf»

[j«

dress. This of courae exiilains the mbtako whiGh would nooesftan^ find its way into most x>eopIa's oiinds^ th&t up to the time of hit deUveiing hiB address, two and a half years of oomplete registration had been made in only 2 stations. The Begistratiou of Metoorolii* gical Phenomena was only oommenoed in the middle of IB30/

A. N,

Had it not boon for the especial rv] ' m n I in this second letter of Dr. Noil, he, (tho President), 8)1^ » . i i k t . - i i >iidorod himself justihed in laying before the meeting only that portion of Dr. NeiFs first letter which he had already read, as being seemingly sufficient to satisfy Dr, Neil*s purpose. IIo felt himself, however, under the circumstances constrained to read the remainder, althoiiglt before doing so he must premise that one passage, at least, in it appeared to liim to have a much greater tendency to discredit tho Punjab observations, than any words employed by him in hia address could possibly have. Tho remainder of the letter waa ia follows : —

^ I gather from your addi^eas that you are of opinion that tho (whole Meteorological Begistration of India should be under one directing head. I am quite of opinion that it should bo as much as possible conducted upon one system, but that the entire mauogo* meat, with any regard to useful result, is withiu the mental capa* city of one human being, Is a question which hardly merits being argued. One definite system is requisite and necessary, and tha simpler the system the better and more accurate wUl be the resulta. This moat desirable starting-point would, I conceive, be best ob- ' tainod by a conference of tho i>reQent staff of MeteorologistSp Each f ahould have his own j)rovince to manage upon the defined system) and each should intei-pret the data with which he is supplied ac- cording as hia better knowledge of his awn province will guide him. My field of observation is, you ^-ill admit, a tolerably lai^e one. It embraces about 10 parallels of Latitude by about an equal number of degrees of Longitude. Within this area there is much for the Meteorologist to consider* lie has to do his best to in- torj>ret the laws which regulate the dimatic phases of a country, part of which has an elevation of only a few hundi-ed foot above sea level, while immense tractb have an altitude as high as any

18710

JVgtfiwItufi fi/ (^0 AntfHt S^eifff*

Imown inhabited tract on tho gloW, Tb expoct, tln^roforo, that one dirtX'Uog head coxild so cxpixnd liis powers of olmorvntioii, Iiowotw profound hu knowlo^go of thu gonorul laws of Motoorologj might

I be, as to grasp and interpret tho masses of Kli'tcondoguiU facta whioh would pour in tipon him from all tlio ProvinroM and Vrt^i* denoies of India, is to expect a manifost impossibility. Our first and jp^atest noet>8sity, I concoivo to bo tho corruct rcgistrntitni of barometric and wind phenomena, Tho fonu of bnromctor which ksme most is Gay Lussnc*fl syphon, road by two Vurniora. Soma

[objeot to tho bothor of reading two Vtiruit>r», but to this I alwayi any — there is not so much trouble in reading two Vi'rniers aa there is

I in n^iog all the troublosomo iK»rroc<aon9 for capillarity, tompora* turei reduction to sea IotoI &o. ^,^ Tho nneinogmph whif'h I

I have in use gives a pencil tracing of tho dirtmiion of the wind for 21 hours. I onclose one for your inspection. It only gives

I tho direction you will peroeivo. The force ean be obtainod oa required liy a separate instrument— such n» RobinnimV anemo- meter. I can generally form an idon whothor tho wind lum botm blowing high or gontly, or even whether it lias not bc^on an abso* lute onlm (wr dn not oftnn have an abenoluto (nrdni in tho Pimjab) by the nfraightHHR or othurwiso of the tracing.*

'I have noted with grunt pleasure tlio evidunt interest which you take iu tho profjroa« of Meteorological Scioaco* We can no moro foretell what the patitmt pursuit of thit* H^nonco moy dlBcloso, than could tho past genoration have antieapatud the woudci-ful and glorious revelations of geology, mictroticHipy tuid oUHtrii'ity/

I mil, youis foitlilVdlyi A* K&iL. Profi\ Q/Amkmff tmd Sur^ety^ Lahore Medkttl Sehooi,

MHior&logfcal Jirporterfor th Pufi/ai,

TniS nofif'llLK MlU PttSAQ,

Prnidcnt qf ih Auaiic SocUijf of Bmigith

If the Meteorologieal Beporior of tJiu I^unjab roaUy entertains the persuaHion^ as hn thorns hero to iutlmnto that ho i\mm, that by taking the two rea<ling« of ttiy|ihon baromct&r, ho gets obsorvaUons» which

* As in f oftiti'i Usrotntttera,

I'ifi

^neeedintfB of the Aiiatio Socifit^.

[Jims,

are auch os to free him from the obligation to reduce thom by suoh corrections as correction for temperature and for the height of ihe I place of obserFation above the sea-levol before publishing, then it is I hardly too much to say that his letter discloses that which makes ' Mb QYm tables altogether untrustworthy.

The foUowing papers were read : —

L — ^NoTES ON 8KTBBJLL ArABIC AJ^D PbRSIAW DrSORTPTTOKa BECEH^©^

FROM MzMBEiis OF THE SocrETY, — hy H. Blochmanx, Esq., M, A., I

Calcutta Madiiasah. (Abstract.)

Mr, Blochmann said, —

Tho inscriptions which I lay before the meeting wore received by | the Society in the course of last year. Some of them were for- I worded in the shape of rubbings, others were decyphered, by varioual mcmnbera as Dr. W. Oldham, C. S., Gha2dpar ; Mr, J. G. Delmerick, BIwal Pintjli; ,Mr. A. Cadell, C. S., Muzaffamagar j Mr. A. 8.^ Harrison, Bareilly College, and Mr. A. Oarllyle, Agrali, to whom the Society owes several most costly contributions. Oneinscrip-j tion I obtained from Burdwan,

I trust the members of onr Society will continue to favour UB with inscriptions and rubbings. These inscriptions, if not] always of historical importance, are yet interesting, and help his- 1 torians to correct dates and vorify events, or settle boundaries, ar ' fill up gaiis— and this is especially the case witli old Bengal inscrip- tions— in the lisi^ of kings.

1, An imcnjdton receiced /f^fn Dr, W, OldhutK It refers to tho building of a mosque in A. D. 1527 by a Bengal Amir, who lived] under Nn^rah Shah, the same king of Bengal whose name ckjcutsJ in the inscriptions at Satganw. It hi on black basalt, and was foundl at Sikaudarpur, ziFah 'Azimgarh. The locality is here of import- 1 onoe.

2. Two ffiicriptiom from Mr. Delmerick. One refers to thoi| building of Fort A^ak by Akbar in 1583 (991, A. 11.); the othe to the construction of the Margalidi Pass by Aiirangzib, when thi» j empei'or was at Hasan Abdil. It^date is A. D. 1072 lA, II. 1083), '

mu]

Procudin$8 ofth Asiatic Samt^,

127

I' 8. JFV'awi Mr, A, S, Marrtson, An inscription from the Mau- ftfileiim of the famous Rokilah Chief UUk Rahmat, and from tvro inos<iue3. Also au inscription fi^H>m a mosque in the Mirz4i MahuU lah, Bareli, buUt by Hakim 'All of GiHu, a personal friend of Akbar, in lo79 (or A. H. 987), when the Hakim waa Faujdar of BambhaL 4. Frofji Mi\ A, OadelL Two interesting insfHptinns from the Mausoleums of two B^irha Sayyids of the Kunrllfwal branch, S. Mahm6d and 8. Chhajhu, who served under Akbar. The latter died in 1.^59-60 (A H. 967), the former in 1574 (A. H. 982). ^^ A peculiar interest attaches to the Bjirha Sayyids, who up to the ^present time form an important element in the population of the ^^Muzafl'arnagar District. They trace their origin from one Sayyid

IJlbiil Farah who in the beginning of the Muhanimadan rule immi- krated from Wilsit into India. The elan has received much atten- tion from historians. Sir H. Elliot in his Glossary, and Mr. C- Elliott in his * Chronicles of Onio,' speak of them. Mr. B. J. Leeds lias a lengthy note in his Report on the Castes and Races of the Muzaffarnagar District, and Mr. Cadell has forwarded together •with the inscTiptions several valuable genealogical trees.

The Jijirha Sayyids first served under Akbar, and though praised the histories for their valour and firmness in battle, they were Qeored at for their boorish manners. But under Jahingir they came more refined, and in the following reigns their influence I very great, as may be seen from the fact that they made Farrukh Siyar, Ea(rutldarajat, Rafj'uddaulah, and Muhammad Shilh em- Brors; they detlironed and killed Jahilnddr Shah and Farrukh jjiyar, whom they had blinded ; and they blinded and imprisoned rinces A'azzuddin, 'All Tabir, and Hum^yun Bakht. 5. From Mr. A, Carllyh, Several inscriptions from tombs in the old cemetery at Agrah. They do not refer to persons histori- cally known, but are distinguished by their elegant versos. Also an inscription from the Ajmiri gate in Agrah. It refers to the bmlding of a mosque by one Haji Bulaiman, in 1031 A. H., or A, D, 1622.

I draw the attention of the meeting to the beauty of tlie letters ; , Carllyle is a master in taking rubbings.

12^

rr$C€€difigB o/th Jaintie Socieiif,

[JmrB,

6. The last injBcriptioii I have received from Bardwdn. It stands over the tomb of a Persian poet, Bahr^m Darvisb Saijqfi. Our library has a copy of his works. HewaaafaqSr, and wandered about th&j streets of Agrah as a bhishti di&pensing water among the poor. Hf/nc© also his nom-cle*pliime| Saqqd, a bhishti. He is mc^iilioned in works ia ^ Persian literature, and it is stated that he died on his way to Ceylon. His tomb was discovered at Bardwan by the Persian writer Khush- , go. From the inseription it appears that Saqqa died at Bardwto I in A. D* 1574, or A, H. 982, Poeple often pray at his tomb.

Within his shrine is also the tomb of Sher Afkan, Jdgfrdir of] Bardwan in A. B. 1 606, whom Jaliangir had killed, in ordor to| maiTy his beautiful wife, Mihnmnisa, to whom he gave the title cl Nnr Malmll, and later that of Nur Jahfin.

The tombs of Bahrani Saqqd and Sh^^r Afkan are the historioal^ mights of Bardwan.

MEM0RA2fDUM ON THE ToTAL EcLIPSB OF DbcR. 11.12, 18?1,

*y LiEUT.^CoL. J. F. Teka'ant, U. E., F. R. 8.

In December of this year we have a Total E^^hpse visible in Southern India. The duration is short, but in some respects the circumstances are very favouralile, as tho Lino of central Eclipse passes over the NUgherry Hills, where I rinderfitiuid tine weather may be confidently expected. In order to be prepared, I have computed carefully the Central Line across India, and have addled tlio extent to which errors of tho Tabular place of the moon may be expected to sluft it, In the following Table ^a represents the excess of the Moon's time above the Tobular Eight Ascension in time, and AS the excess of the Tabular above the true 8 declination.

I hope to have before the Eclipse a knowlerlge what en'ors may. be anticipated in the Tables and thus bo in a position to choose central spot, if it is worth making a change. The figures, howevorj show that this is not probable, the principal result of an error Right Ascension being to shift the Centre of tho Shadow along : path the deviation from whicli would bo corro<!tedby a amaU error i the declination >v'hich could hurdly be foreseen*

1 1871.]	■	BMMpt <{/* a# A9iaii0 S^eMy. 12$^ H
I				The duration of the ^H
			3	Eclipse will bd small* At ^|
			« W *t" rt -^ »« «D t^ ift o> QO
"^			the Nilgherries it will be ^H
M			C4 OlS <0 ^' 05 ^ C d 1-4 ^' c«j	about 2 minntes, but thin ^H
P			[Mill I++++	caimot, so far as I know, be ^|
		4	< <lDaOd)tDii3aoeQOxoe<tO	as yet accurately predicted ^H
		•6	ii-om uncertainty as to the ^H
		g	>" ♦ » . ,	real diameters of the Bun ^|
		t2	>^ rs ,3C. 3C' i.o •- :-j -f* iri as ^i C ^ rs - *-* Ir^ 30 O '^-l O -^ 5i 1": '^ z ^' rt ^ri 2 ^- 3C( oo	and moon, when free &om ^M
1		S H	"M -1 CI CI /rj Tl ri '^l ^ r-^ rH +++++++++++ i£ « 3^ M C r* 7* op » -^ <N ™ iO W5 M O t> ^ <M CO « lO	the enlargement by irradi- ^M tion« If the value of the ^H moon* 8 diameter deduced ^M by Oudemaua Irom EclipseSj ^H
1	i		be used with that of tho Sun ^H
H			t>. t* 1> 1:-* t* 1> l> l-* t* l> 00	obtained in the Greenwich ^M
H	CO		Transit Circle, then I End H
^p	o 1			the duration in tho Nil^ ^H
■		%	ghenies just 2 minutes. ^M
1	"8		t^^SSSSSSS^Sfi	The data of the Nautical ^M
^^H	§		—t .35 X b^ CC 0 0 •»'' ^ -* TO t> *^ 0 >© Ci. •*? to -J 5fi :0 'JD	Almanac give 2 minutes 7 ^H
H	^		+-^++++^-++++	socouds, and if I may judge ^H
H			«	from the result I got in ^H
1			•(l	1868 tho real duration will ^M
1		►J j3	^' ..**	fall butweeu these. ^H
P		1	0 -rF- ff^ -H 0 -* CT> C-l t-* 00 *H[ £1 ?i r! 0 ri t^ iM jj 0 ^ 0 ** ^ 0 0 OS aiD X t* !'• r» i»	bhort as this^ time is, it is ^M
		Sz;	r-t r-t •-• .-• 1 1 1 t 1 M 1 1 1 1 * '?-1 t-. SO 0 CI 0 0 00 ©1 ^ G> 0 CO t/S t if3 »^ M lO 0	enough with an adequate ^M preparation to x^roduuosomo ^H
			residta of value. It is long ^M
			^2SSS25S*^5S	enough to allow Photo- H
			££s:;3t:it::ss	graphs to be taken of the H
1			eooj^i^^^ggg^^i	Coronal as to whose structure ^H there is more to be diseover* H ed. There seems now no ^M
p	1,	3 ■4 i		sort of doubt that the Corona ^^
	a	e;:	is not only a Solar ap[)fc)n- ^H
k	1	V 4	^	dage^ but is, as I stated iJi ^M

liio

ProceedingB ef the Asiatic So^iity*

[Jr^K^

Tiij Boport on the Eclipse of 1868, the comparativoly cold atmosphere of the Sun* This ehoiild be farther spectrosoo- pic^lly examined. Observers hare differed about the number and position of the faint bright lines they have seen, but it does not seem that any one has connected the variations with the position of the part examined. To do this appears urgently necossaiy, and there have been additions made to the spectroscope which will allow more than one portion of the Corona to be examined, and itB lines recorded during the short time it is visible.

There Is another subject too of 8pe<;troseopic examinatioQ. ICireh- holl" in his theory of the solar constitution supposed it surrounded by an extensive atmosphere consisting of metallic and other vapours, as well as gases, by the absorption of which the dark Fraunhofer lines were produced. It has long been clear that there waa no such extensive atmosphere and some physicists have been eatisEed that there is none such. Mr. Lockyer and his collaborateurSi though they have detected a greater nimiber of bright lines at the bases uf Uie prominences, have never approached, so far as I knoWi tho number of even the conspicuous dark lines, whose explanation has, therefore, not been satisfactorily made out. At the Eclipse of , December 22, 1870, however, Professor Young at the moment of | obscuration, and for one or two seconds later, aaw as far as he | could judge every atmospheric line reversed, and this was con- firmed by Mr. Pye. I have but the scant information of this point given in the Royal Astronomical Society's Council Report, but it is BuHicient to show me why thie^ has not been seen before by observers looking out for it, and also to make me feel the im- portance of verifying the observation.

To understand why it has not been seen before, it must be eon* sidered that the imago of a bright object in the focus of a Tele- scope when relieved against comparative darkness is enlarged by a phenomenon known as irradiation; the light encroaches on th^l darkness. The sun thus appears larger aud the moon sniallei?} than the real size* This continues till the real contact of tho UmbflJ internally ; at this moment the thread of light, which pre\*iously hadl ooDftlderable width, appears suddenly broken and vanishes in a Total Eelix)8e : while in the Transit of a Planet or Annular Eclipse

1871.]

PrQCt>edtnffit o/l/m Astatk SaeiHtj.

:n

I

ere appears th© ** black drop*

the obscsrvera of the Transit of

enos in 1769. At A in this-

gure I hare onrloavonrod to]

ivQ somG idea of this plienome-

jon in an Annular Eelipse, and ^;

it page 16, Vol XX tX, of the |

onthly notices of the Astro-

omieal Society will be found

iome figures illusti^ating this in

Planetary Transit. When we are doaluig witii m tiiiu a stratum surrounding the true Photosphere, we cannot seo it in suriiihitie, as it ia lost in the iiTadiation, (it may be partly visible in \ery large Telescopes where the irradiation ia veiy smaU), and we are veiy apt to lose it at the moment when the sun disappears, for it 18 found only between the places where a mumunt before the Sun a Moon's limb appeared, so that the observer following either of them might well miss it.

In the search for^ and verification of tliia important obserration, the duration of Total phase can matter little.

I have been in communication with the Home Secretary on the subject of observations of this Eclipse, and my views I may say have been moat cordially received. X am not yet in a position to Bubmit a proposition officially, but I have great hopes of being able to do so in a few days**

P. B.^ — I may just mention that in plotting the Shadow Track on a map it is necessary to allow ff>r the error of its zero of Longitude, a precaution often forgotten. The Longitudes of the G* T- Siirvoy require a corret^tion of 3'- 2". 7", and those of the Atlas of India on© of 4*-l I' to adjust them to the aceeptud Longitude of Madras,

Tlio President was very glad to learn from Col. Tennant that the Government is likely to sanction a ecientiiic ejcpeditiou to the Nilgherries on the oocoaion of the Total Eclipse in Decemb^ next. The objects to wliich CoL Tttunant proposed to direct obser- vation were, he need hardly say, of very groat ecientific interest and importance* Tho spectroscopic analysis of the Corona, so fnr * This Uttf filiicQ b€ea cIquc,

Mi

Proeredirtf^i of the Aiiatie 8m0fy.

[JtTN

as it liad yet been e£fQctod, Had boen productire of no very certftu roBults, TliG matter could not, however, be in better bands tha Uiose of Col. Tennant. He only wished to suggest that thoa members of the Society, who might have the recj^uisite leisure tind^ opportunity, should, even witb the unaided eye, endeavour to observe as carefully as po&sible the exact apparent ahapo and characteristics of the Corona. He believed that data of very con- ' aidurable value might be thus obtained by persouB, who knew how to observe. 1

Later in the evening Col. Tennant kindly consented to draw up some short directions which might serve as a guide to members of the Society who might visit localities of tho Total Ellipse.

m. — Notes ox ihiiee DfscRiPTioirs found in CnirriA' Na'opxt'b^ i Ba'bit Rakhal Das IIaxdar,

Mr. Blochmann road exh'acts from the paper, which will be pub*J lishod in the second number of the philological part of the Journal* The Inscriptions are in Sanscrit and Hindi, of the yeai's A, D, ]665, 1668, and 1737. In one of them (A. D. 1665), aChutii^ Nigpur Hajah of the name of Raghimath is mentioned.

Mr. Bloclimann said— Babd Rakhal Das Haldar remarks on the absence of authenticated historical information regarding Chutia NAgpiir. Muhammadan historians certainly give very little to enable us to verify the details of the family history of the Hajahs* I have, however, collected the scattered notices which are found in the liistorical works of the Mughid period, not only regarding Chutia Nigpur, but alBO Pachet and Paldmau, and trust they may tki'ciw some bght on the history of these districts*

The notices are taken from the Akharndmah (Lucknow edition m., pp. 491, G41), the Tuzuk i J&hdn^it'i (Sayyid Ahrnad's edition/ p, 155) ; the Pinihhdhfhmah (I , b., p. 317 ; 11., pp. 248 to 250, and 356 to 361); and the ^ Alamgirmimah (pp. G49 to 6G0, and p. 072),; A few additional notes maybe gathered from Sarishtahdar Qrant'fl essay on Bengal and BUiar Finances inthoYth Report.

Tlie extracts will l»e published in the Journal. They refer to| the first invasion of Chutia Nagi^iir (or Kokrah, as it is ctdlod,) under JShahba^ Kh6n iCombUi one of Akbai^^s generals, in iL D

Procmlmf^s of fh$ AnaUe Soeuiy.

laa

I

1585^ wliGn Madlin Bingh was zatniudap of Kofcrah, and to tlio second invaBiou, in 1616, under Ibnkhim IvLfiu FatL-jung, governor of Bihar, wlio defeated Rajak Durjun 8&1. There aro also some notes on the diamond washings as then carried on in th& Biv^er 8ttnk.

Regarding Pachet we have a short notice of Eiijah Bir Naraini who died in A. H, 1042-43, or A. D. 1632-33.

The extracts regarding Palamau refer to the invasions, in A. D. 1641 and 1643, by Shaiatah iCliAn and Zabardast Klian, when Prritab, son of Bolbhadr, the Chero, and Tij B^u, his usurping Uncle, were Eajuhs* PraMb was afterwards reinstated, and was Btill alive in 1G47. The/awa' of Paldmau was then B, 250,OUO, and iXiB peshkaih which tlie Bajahs had to pay to Shabjah^'s trea* siirj, was fixed at a lac of rupees. The *Aiamffinidtnah says that the the Raj tdis did not regularly pay the pefthkash ; and in 16fil, the fourth year of Attrangzib's reign, Daud Khin, governor of Bihar, was ordered to invade the district. Of this expedition we have am- pie detailfl. The result was that the fort^ Deokan, Ko^'hi, and Kimdah, were occupied, and Palimau itself was taken by storm on the 1 4th December, 1661, when tlio then Elijah, whosD name ianot given, had to submit to the appointment of an imperial Faujdir. TIiG first Faujddr, Mankli Kh^, remained at Pol&mau for a few I years.

rV. — Ok soatE new species of Persux bats, By G* E* DoBsoir, B. A., M. B* Amttmt Surgeon II. M.'a BriiUh Forces

(Abstract.)

Mr, Pobson introduced to the notice of the Society two new species of Persian bats. One of the species is the typo of a now

genua of Wtmohphine bats, and its discovery leads to the nece.^ity of forming for its reception a new group, as the chtira^fters given by Dr. Gray of the four groups into whidi he divides the Emo- lophida^* do not admit of its being placed in any one of tliem.

The nasal appendages aro very complicatod, the autwHor por- tion of tho nose-leaf is horse-shoe ahaped^ uonaidting of two

• Prgc. Zool, Soc 1866.

l-M

Prmwditi^n of the A^mtie S(*e*ity*

[JuiTB,

lantiniB j the upper, overlying lamina deeply omargiaate in front, I th& opposite aides of the emargination turned upwardSj and sup- 1 porting the anterior portion of a broad, flat, longitudinal crest whitrh ends in a triangular* hoad above and between the nostrils. The hinder portion of the nose*leaf arises from a thick root imme- diately belxind the nostrils ; the base is hollow containing a single cell, the opening to which is guarded by a lanceolate process of membrane. The crest is trident shaped, consisting of a central, lanceolate process, similar to that below, but longer, and two lateral and somewhat broader projections^ parallel to it, and nearly equal to it in length. On each side of this hinder nose-leaf are six cells of which one is situated behind and at ita side, immodiatvly above the eye, occupying the position of the minuto pores observed in nearly all the animals of Gray's 2nd group.

The form of the ears, and the place of attachment of the outer , margin are also remarkable, as well as the pocuL'ar shape of the I bones of the arm in the neighbourhood of the elbow joint.

For the new genus Mr. Dobson proposes the name lyi^tnopi^ and for the species p&rsicui.

Dentition. — In. — , c. 4 *

pm.

— 2 3 — 3

m.

2— 2' ~ 3—3' Length of head and body 2^25 ; toil V.2 ; forearm* 2''.0. The second new species belongs to the genus Ptpistreilus^ Gray* It approaches P, ierotmus, but differs from it in the shape of the ' tragus, colour of the fur, &c, — Ears large, triangular, outer margin faintly hollowed out bolow the tip, and omarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating by forming a small lobe j tragus rather long with subacute, rounded tip, and almost straight Inner margin ; fur above dirtj^ bult beneath pale buff.

Dentition, — In.

2—2

pm.

1—1

3—3

, m.

6 ' ^~' 2—2'"" 3—3

The minute upper pre-molar, placed inside the line of the teeth, so commonly seen in the species of the genus to which tliis bat belong®, is not discernible in either of the two specimens brought I from Persia, ♦

Length of head and body 2^8 ; taU 2^0 ; forearm 2''/2.

1871.] Proceed ings of th^ Asiatic Society. 1.15

The specimens were obtained at an elevation of 47/50 foot near Sfairaz in Persia ; Mr. Dobson accordingly proposes for tlio now species the name " ShiraziemisJ*^

A full account of these new species, with notes on some others from the same region, will appear in Part II, of the Journal.

V. — Names of birds &c. in fouk of the ABomoiyAL lanouages OF Western Bengal, hy V. Ball, Enq,

This paper gives a • list of names of a groat number of birds and other animals in four- of the languages which are spoken by the different aboriginal tribes in Western Bengal. A com- parison of the names shews that, as a rule, there is a great difiPerence in the designations of wild animals in the various languages noticed, while on the contrary the names of the do- mesticated animals are, as in most other languages, derived from the same root. Tliis paper will bo published in the Philological part of the Journal for the current year.

The receipt of the following commimications was announced.

On the Death of Ifumdyun, by C. J. Rogers, Esq.

LegenSk and UcUlads of the District of Bhagalpur^ by Bdhu Hash Behari Bose.

Antiquities of Jdjpur^ by Bfibu Ch. Sikhur Bannerji, Tumlook.

An account of the antiquities of Jesar-Tshicaripury by Babu Hash Behari Bose, Banka.

Library.

The following additions have been made to tJie Library since the meeting hehl in May last : —

Presentations, <i% Names of donors in Capitals. Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. XIX, No. 126. — Tub Royal Society or London.

Proceedings, parts I-II, for 1870: — Transactions, vol. VIII, parts III-V. — TuE Zoolooic.u^Society of London.

Monatsbericht, Febr., Mrorz, 1871.— K. Akademie der Wissbn-

BCUAFIEN ZU BeBLIN.

JM

Proaeding^ of the Adntic Bncief^,

[Tmm,

SJtzimgsl>©riehte, 1870. Heft I-IV :— Bonlvschrift aiif Chriat. Erioli Hermann von Meyer, von Carl* A. Zittel. — Konol» bayes*

AkaDEMIB DEK WiaaEXSOHAFTEN ZU MlIKCHEN.

DLseorso del Commre Negri Cristoforo- — SociETA Geoorafioa

ItALlAlfA.

Historical and Statistieal Memoir of the Ghazeepoor Diatriot, by W. OltJlham, B. C. 8., LL. D, part I.— The Author.

The Topography of the Moghiil Empire aa known to the Dutcli in 1031, by E. Lethbridge. — The Author.

English Legislation for India, by A. M, Broadley, C, S. — Tub

AUTHOE.

Guhsar^-Kashmir, by Kriparam. — ^Tme AirrsoR,

Mat€*riala towards the Bionogi'aph of the Gad$mid*Bf by W. H, Ball : — ^Eemarks on the Anatomy of the Genus Stphmarm^ by W. H. Pall.— The Author,

Pas'upl^'amoksha^iam, by Eadhamohana Sona, — Ba'bu Ea'ma- DA^eA Sena.

Memoirs of tbo Geological Survey of India, vol. Vii part 3 : — Palnoontologia Indiea, vol. IH, Nos. 5-8. — The Superintenbent OF THE Geological Survey of IrmLA..

Abstract of Proceedings of tho Muhammadan literary goeiety of Calcutta. — The M, Literary Society*

Report on tho Land Revenue Administration of the Lower Provinces, 1869-70, — Tite GovERNaiENT of Bengal.

Records of tho Geologioal 8urvey of India, vol. IV, part,a I-H. — Tho Leepeedeepeeka.^ General Report on the Adraiuistration of the Bombay Preddency, 1869-70. — The Govkritkent of India,

Furchme,

The Westminster Review, April 1871. — The Annala and Ma- gazine of Natural History, No XL.— The L. E. & D, Philoao- phical Magazine, No. 273. — Revue des Deux Mondes, Janr, Fevr., Mars, 187U — Comptes Rendus, Nos. l-12,^Hewitson*» Exotic Butterflies, part 78. — Roovo's Conchologia Iconiea, parts 286, 287.— Cheref-Ntimeh, vol. I, part II.— Ibn-El-Athin vol V.

Tlie Athenajujn for Man/h. 1870. The Nature, Nos. 76—79,

Errata in the two last numbers of * Proceedings,^

On page lOG, lino 23 from above road * tail, r.2' for ' tail 0^6.'

„ Cyntmycieris for Cynonycterus, „ ifori.

„ * Ban and moon's limbs' for ' sun a moon's Hmb.'

„ < — 4'-ll 'for U'-ll .' „ after In. -j- insert C. j^T-

99	w ■	lUf y	99	A	99	99
»»	»>	99	19	99	99	99
»>	99	131,	99	17	99	99
»	99	99	99	29	99	99
99	99	99	99	30	99	99
»	99	134,	99	30	99	99

PROCEEDINGS

OF THB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL

Fob July, 1871.

— ♦—

The montlily meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the 5th instant, at 9 p. m.

The Hon'ble Mr, Justice Phear, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and conErmed.

Presentations were announced —

1. From Eev. J. Long, — A copy of 'Historical Notice con- cerning Calcutta in the days of Job Chamock.' — A copy of the * Holy Bible in short-hand.' — A copy of * Outlines of Amharic,' by the Rev. C. H. Blumh£u*dt. — A copy of a * Manual of Geo- graphy in Maharatti,* vol. II, by Major T. Candy. — A copy of the Parsee Acts, by Sarabjoe Shapoorjee Bengalee. — A copy of the Phonetic Journal for 1864.

2. From Eev. C.B.Lewis, — A copy of the Christian Spectator, Vol. I., No. L

The Council reported that they have elected Col. J. F. Tennant as Member of Council and Financial Secretary, in place of Col. H. Hyde, proceeding on leave.

Also, that Mr. J. Beames, C. S., has resigned the task of editing Chand's poems.

The following gentlemen proposed and seconded at the last meeting were elected Ordinary Members —

J. R. Reid, Esq., C. S.

J. Smith, Esq., C. S.

E. W. Oates, Esq., C. E.

Col. 0. Hamilton.

C. T. Buckland, Esq., C. S.

Khalifah Sa^jid Muhammad Hasan, Frime-Miuistor to H. H. the Mah^jah of Patialah.

Tlie following; is a candidate for ballot at the next meeting — Babd Ganga Prasdd, Deputy Colloctor of Moraddbati, proposed

ly Mftuluvi Abdullatif Kh6n, Bab&diu-, seconded by Babu Bd-

jendralila Mitra.

Lieut. W. A. J. Wallace has iutimated his desiro to witlidraw

from the Society.

Tlie following communications were read : —

L — Obseevatiokb oka Pebsiak MS. ok the Luna of the Twelve

Apostles, by Jiiboiis Xatiee, — bt^ H. Bloghmann, Esa., M. A-,

Calcutta MADitAaAH.

At the meeting held in May last year, I laid before tlie Society a rare and cnriona Persian MS., entitled Mirdt-ul Qud*. It was a life of CLrist, written by Jerome Xavier, nephew to the renowned Francis Xavier, and deditated by him to the Emperor Akbar.

The sequel to this work kas now turned up. The MS. before the meeting is a hijitory of the lives of the twelve apostles by the same author. The copy belongs to the Seram|Hjre CuUoge Libra- ry, and seems to bo unir^ue. From a remark in the book, it appears that it was composed in 1608 A^ D., the third year of Jah^gir^s reign. The first chapter, however, the life of St. Peter^ was evidently written eoilier, as the Latin ti-anelation of it by the celebrated Ludovicue de Bieu of Leyden speaks of it aa a distinot work, and mentions A. D. 1600 as the year in which it was writ^j ten.

In point of Btyle, both works exliibit the same features. Th sentences run smoothly and are occasionally elegant. We mayJ therefore, conclude that Maulani 'Abdussattar of Labor, who assiat ed J. Xavier in the Mirdt-ul Qnds^ also superintended the translation of the sequel.

Jn the preface, J. Xavier dedicates the work to Jahangir. Hej says —

** As the history of the life of Christ was written during the reign of his late Majesty 'Arsh-ashyiiiii Joialuddjn Akbarshih, and was dedicated to hiui, receiving from him the title of Mirat-ul QmUt so, from motives of gratitude, has this history of the twelve apostles ♦ * ♦ * been written in honour of his Majesty the present

1B7I.]

Pracfi^dinffi of tJ^ Atiaiio B&tiet^.

139

^H euro

emperor, the successor in power and dignity, tlio true son and heir of the late emperor, the light of the dynasty that rules over the ideal and worldly kingdoms, the Qdnih-qiran (Lord of the auspi- cious conjunction), and will, 1 hope^ meet with hia approyal, and receive a name from his Majeaty, the shadow of God oa earth,"

Thus we see that the title of the foiiner work, the Mlrdi-ul Quda was given by Akbar ; but there is no record to show that Jahlngir, whose indifference to everything, save superstition, is well knowiii conferred a title upon the lives of the twelve apostles.

The work itself calls for no furtlior remark. The Bev. C. B. Lewis has lately written a review of it in the Christian Spectator, July, 187L J, Xavier'a life of St. Thomas contains nothing now. His mission to king Gondapherus of Hiadiistin and the establish- ment of the Nestorian Christians in the south of India are related in several works. The name of the king has boon compared to that of king Gondophares who occurs on Bactrian coins. (Prinsep's Antiquities by Thomas, U, p. 214),

We know from Muhammadan historians (Badioni) that Akbar's 80D8 received lessons in the Christian religion; and the Dutch traveller De Lact {De Imperio Magni MotjoHs^ p. 271) tells us that Jfthangir ordered the sons of his younger brother Prince Danyiil to be baptized and instructed in Christianity^ not because he eared for the reUgion, but because he wished hU nepfmQg to appear icahte in the ei/es of hii Mnhaininadan court ien,^

Copies of both Persian works by Jerome Xavier have been mado for the Library of the Society,

* Jam fiDte retnlimna Begem qQnm nn^orem n&tn filiiim Goiiiro [Khuama} Biinnri una fiHo Solt&QO Gorm [nuuc Xu Zialiun, i, <« SnltAn KhtiiTam, iiow Sbfthjiklidn] oommittereti null oommiBflisse fiiitrii siii DUaa CIm | Odiiydl Shah] qui Bamtnpnre disoesaerat filloa, Xa-Etbiuiorem el Xn-Hoa^ti [SIj^U TAhnturiia ftni Sbah Hg^hau^], qnoa in ipsa paariLia Jeauitia oommiaerat baptlxanduA ot GKristianth relixioiie jmbnendoaj non qoad GlmstiaQae religioui fav^oretf sod vt paeroa Mahometanla mvlaoa faooret i et eadom levitate a fido CbriaUana rarsua ahatrazei-at.

I may rocntkm that a notice of the first part of De La^t'a work (the goo- graphtcul portioDs) lately nppeared iu the Caloatta Hov^iew by Mr, Lcsthbrtdgo of tUe Hugh CulldgQ. The second part of De Lust's work, Ibo bistori- col portioiij i» also ictcrestiDg and Talnablo, and doaervet to bo traiia* lated Hid remarka on Jahaiigir'a Man^abdilra and their Mangnbe, on Khaaran'^ tnurdor by Sh^hjahftD, the last fi|<ht with 'Daman, on Abiilfaxt^a dt»atlt at ttm band of Hiiah Bir Sinffh Batidelnh (wrougly oalladin aeaily all printed bulonea Ifor Singh) desorre the aitentien of biatoriauo.

IJO

rroct*eiJm(fA of tfte A/tttftc Svnfh/, [J^I*1

II. — Notes un hik Aklaii Ujamhitai*,^ — hr/ Ba'liu Ea'jeniiiiala'c

(Abstract.)

After aclvorting to the imitution of the Yajur Veda preporocl the Jesnit missionaries of Madras, during the last eenturv, with i view to prove, by Vedic evidence, the autheuticitj of the Bible auf the diviaity of Josub Clirist, the author describes in detail a forgei; which was committed about three centuries ago, to establish the di\ nity of AUuh as described by the Emperor Akbur. A copy of th ftpurious document has lat43ly been received from Babu Hari&chandr of Benares. It bears the titled of "Allah tJpanishad," and pro feeaea to be a chapter of the Pippaldda 8%khd of the Athai^va Veil

As the Bdkhain question is no longer extant-, and has ceased to 1 60 fur several centuries, it haa been appealed to by at least half a dozen apocryphal Upaniehads, and notably by the Gopalu Tajtdni^ to serv for theii' parentage, and the author of the work under notice, bably aware of the circumstance, haa availed himself of it to esoaj detection. It opens in the usual Hindu style witli a salutation to Oana ea, and then describes Allah to be both Mitra and Varima ; that he \\ th© bestow er of all blessings, and the supporter of the Universe. He is the Lord of all the gods (illahV, and manifest in his own light. H&j is addressed as the Allah of the propliet {rashl) Muhammad AkharJ and gloried repeatedly by being called **th© great God** in th Arabic phrase AlhiJm Akhar, It terminates with a prayer for tli^ preservation of men, cattle, lions and aquatic animab, in the coiu of which a female divinity, tlie destroy eress of demons {a^ura «a)l harint) is invoked with the Tantric mystic formulcc ^rw/w, hrin ana p?iatf which form tho vija mauira of one of the manifestations of th^ goddess Durgi.

The language of the MS. is very obscure, apparently so mada with a view to imitate the Vodic style, but tho imitation is neithe happy nor grammaticaUy correct, A plural verb has been twic used for a singular nominatiTe, and the adjectives do not a]waj*ft

From Q cnraory pGrnsal of De LaetU work oij Persia. I am iiidioed io tlttiii thnt it coDtuiiis tio original itiatUtr*, but ia a. compilation from other worlei on Persia. Even in his wut k mi Itidrnj ihr^re is much that U copied fWifl others. Hia topogTfiphica.1 rioU's od liihar and Bengal are worthless, aod itilaletidiii({.

PfHhceedin^g oftkn Asiatic ^Qciety*

141

correspond with their nouns* Tlie rniUocation is also defective* Tho work nevertheless, wlien first published, met with great success, and niuny Hindus even now maintain its authtmticity, The late Sir R,ija IlMliakunta was so for taken in by it that, on its authority, he introduced in his great lexicon the words Alia and Ilia as Sanskiit Yocnbles.

The use of Aklmr's name suggests tlie idea that it was got up in tlie time of that emperor by one of his courtiers to give currency to his new faith among his Hindu suT>j«^*ts, but who it was, it is im- possible now to determine. It ia said in the Aln t Akhari that Badaoni, the author of the MantakJmh HttawarikK was agi'eat Sans* krit scholar, and was employed by Akbar in translating the Atharva Veda in Persian, but as he was a devout Muhammadan who look- ed With horror upon the new faith of his master, and freely stig- matized it in his history of Akbar's reign ; it is not at all likely that he woidd be gnUty of calling Akbar a propliot, and Allah the God of Muhammad Akbar and not that of the Arabian prophet, unless we believe it was done with a view tQ ritlicule the religion of Akbar, whicih is scarcely probable. A writer in the Oudh Akhharj a Hindu - Biani newspaper of Lucknow, says it is the work of the Khdnkhiindn of Akbar, but as there were eeveral such officers during the long and prosperous reign of that monaroh^ it is not possible to ascertain which of them was the author of this gross religious imposition.

Mr. Blochmann said —

Vikhu Kiijendxaiala Mitra mentioned that the Allah Upanishad was ascribed to one uf Akbar* s Khiu Klianans, Akbar had three, Boir^m, Mun'im Khan, and Mirz^ ^Abdurrahim, son of Bairim« If auy of the thruu bad written the Allah Upanishad, it could only be the last. Buirtiui was a bigotted Shi'ah, and Muii'im a brave, pious soldier, anything eUe but a writer. Besides^ the book could only have been written after A, H. 986, from which year Akbar had commenced to abjure Islim ; but Bairam died in 909^ and Mun'im at Gaur in 983. Consequently, Mirza 'Abdurrahim, the Kh^ Khandn par exctllffncti of Akbar^s reign, could be the only one to whom the imputation could refer. But he, too, was a mont unlikely man to xiudurtake the edition of a liiudii work. People

took him for a 81ii*fth in Siurni garb, and nowliere does BaiUonl, the oenBor of Akbar's age, make the slightest allusion to Hladd

tendencies in the Khfm Khinfin*

The imputation thtreforo falls tb the ground.

In connection with Uiis subject, I may mention that the. Society lately received from Allahabad a copy of a metrical Persian trans- lation of the Bhagavat Giid^ the title page of whifh meutions Faiisi as the autiior. A few weeks ago, X examined the book, and though some passages in it, especially tlie beginning, are well written, there are in it so many Hmdnlzed Persian phrases and occasional slips in rhyme and metre, that I cannot bring myself to beliero that Faizi is the author.

Maulavi *Abdullatif observed that Faizf was known to have been tJie tii-bt Muhammadan that studied Sanscrit, and as the Upanishad had been referred to Akbar's times, he might be the author of it.

Mr. Blochmann said that this was a mere supposition ; the state- ment of Faizi being the tirst Muhammadan that learned Sanscrit was an exploded error [Elliotts Index, p« 259], and there waS| besides, no evidence whatever that the great poet knew Sansorit.

Maulavi ' Abdullaiif thought that under these circumstances Faizi i^sembled the many Europeans who got their Munshis to print works, putting their own names on the title page.

Mr. Blochmann said that Muhammadan historians invariably re- present the translations which appeared during the reign of Akbar, as having been madefi-om Hindi, and not directly by the Maulavis firom the Sanscrit Some of the translators, as Naqib IChfin, knew even so little of the vernacular, that they had to get help in reading the Hindi versions.

I

in» — MEMOBANnTTM ON TITE TmrPTDER-SlOBM WHICH PASSED OVEeCaL-

cuTfA ON THE 8th June^ 1871,— Jy J. 0. N, James, Esq.

About 9 p. M. X fir&t observed dark masses of cloud rolling up from the south, although the direction of the wind at the time waa from the N, E, Gradually these clouds spread over from S. E, to West and N, W., and I then observed distant thimder with occa* aional flushes of lightning to S* W. and 8. By 1 1 p. m . the entire

I87L] jPro€eedtnff9 of the Asiatic Society, 14?J

sky was overcast with heavy block douds and about this time, I ejqjeriGiioed a peculiar sensation of uneasines wliicti prevented me from sleeping. I got out of bod and walked into my verandah which faces the south, and had not been there above ten minutes, when I was startled by a regular crash of thunder on the west. B Several crashes followed in quick suocession on the north and N. ■ W., and all, as far as I could possibly observe, came from clouds ^ overhanging the northern portion of the city. This drew my at- ^Bleiition to the north and I then walked out to an open terrace on ^B|v north of my house. It was now midnight, the wind had voor- ^^V'to south, and I distinctly observed black masses uf cloud com- ing up from the south, while others seemed rushing towards them ^^firom the N. W. and north. The clouds from tlie south were appa- ll rently lower than those comiwg from the N. W» and N. On these clouds meeting or crossing each other, the first severe claps of thunder and vivid flashes of lightning wore observed by me* At times the flashes of lightning followed with barely an interval of a second between each, while the roar of thunder was con- tinuoufl for nearly 30 or 40 seconds at a time.

Bain coming on, I returned to the south verandah ; this was about I A. M. I now experienced a sensation very similar to that

II had often felt when overtaken by storms in the higher Himalay- as, m%,, an irritation about the surface of the skin caused by my hair turning, and felt sure that the storm was eloso in my neigh- boui'hood. I now took up my position so aa to watch the h'ght- ning conductors and observatory on the Surveyor General's Office, disteint from my house about 1 50 yards : —

At 1-20 A. M. the large masses of black clouds seemed to tne to be traversing over the southern portion of the city from W. to E*, wind N. W- The lightning was extremely vivid and the thunder deafening, and I now first noticed, sparks (as it appeared to me) shooting in and out of the conductor over the anemometer at top of the S. G. 0. observatory.

The appearance of the conductor ia given in fig. 1, plate II. The portion of the conductor from A to A was alive with sparks, flash- ing to and from it. Suddenly there was a streak of lightning from a doud overhead which almost blinded me, followed on the instant

Ml

PreeudingB of the Atiatie Soei^^if*

[J0LY,

liy a detonation which made mo shudder. The obdorvatary ap- peared a mass of Ere, there was a sound of metal striking metal, and I olj&ervod the large conductor on the east of the Survey- or Generals Office looking as if it was red hot* Thia was momen- tary, and as I was anxious to observe all I possibly oouldt I again watched the observatory. Agaiu the conductor over the anemo- meter was alive with sparks along tlie same portion of it from A to A, but not a spark seemed to touch the point. This seemed ex- traordinary to me, 80 I watched more closely to see if any other portions of the conductor were similarly aflocted, and now noticed that the horizontal portion of it from the observatory to the back atalr case was similarly aOected, as roughly shewn in Eg. % on pi. II ; horizontal portions of the oonductor from A to A and B to B receiving and emitting sparks.

About i to 2 A. M, the lightning and thtmder was incessant^ at F an^ flash and exploHion the masses of cloud seemed to reoede from. ^ aach other, rise and then fall lower towai'ds the earth thau bofom. While watching this, there was a 6ash of lightning and I distinctly saw a stream of electricity, from a cloud overhead, discharged up- on the Office, which shot back again into the cloudy and then flashed off towards the East end of Park Street ; this discharge I believe struck No. 22, Park Street.

What I witnessed will be best understood from the drawing given in lagure 3, of plate U.

The conductor above the anemometer (A) and the one on the east of the OiEce (B) again appeared rod hot» and thu horiztiutiJ portions emitted sparks for au instant only. After this tliore waj a perfect lull for nearly 10 minutoa and then followed a sttccesstan of flashes and detonations, all overhead, and from W. tt> S. over Cht^wringhee and Park Street and south towards the Martiniert*, which I can only describe as a blaze of lightning and a territio roar of thunder.

This first portion of the storm seemed to mo to pass away to tho South and East, and then turn round by east to north or N. East.

Throughout this storm, for nearly 4 hours, I elos^^ly watched the streams of electricity discharged towards this city and really fancied that neaily every house must have betju struck. From tiovurnment

Plate S.

»^™ii:

Ztaflo^«l^0d At fb« Barmtjm Ommtl'9 Offie* GalMtta.

1671.]

Proceedings nf the Amaiic S^et^.

H5

House Dortliwards and westwards towards Howrali, there ap- peared to me an almost continuous discharge of the electric fluids and as the storm advanced Southwards and Eastwards, I observed the same phenomena extending, m nearly a3 I could ascertain, in a frircle from the Fort up Park Street to the Martiniere and over towards the General Hospital.

Mr. H, Blanford, in reading Mr. James* noto, suggested that tho appearance of sparks given off by the horizontd part of the con- ductor might perhaps be due to a di8<;harge towards the falling rain drops. The zigzag flash returning from a struck oliject to tho clouds and then back again to Uie earth may be asciibed to au optical deception. \

Mr. Ayrton, said : —

Mr. James' paper is certainly a vivid description of an Indian thunderstorm. It is, however, I think, to lesa startling displaya that we must look for our physical iuformation about ntmosi>heric electricity. Not only during visible storms, but at all times there €€eur in the air phenomena wliich instruments electrically more delicate than our senses are able to see and measure. Tho best kind of such instruments, electrometers as they are called, require, however, that the air inside them should be kept artificially dry ; and unfortunately the season when observations of atmospheric electricity would be most interesting, viz, dui*ing tho monsoon, is tho very time when it is most diflficidt to maintain an artificially dried atmosphere. This difficulty, however, can be overcome when Butiieient attentiou and time can be devoted to tlie umnagoment of the instrument ; — ohaervationa too of this kind arc only valuable when made regularly. Therefore, I think that obsorvatiotts of atmospheric electricity can only be rarrted on with any practical benefit, when they are in the hands of a man who can devote hia time to meteorological registration. I would, therefore, strongly recommend to those who have the management of the Meteorolo- gical Department at Calcutta, that arrangements should bo made similar to those already existing at Greenwich and Xew for the registi^ation of the electric potential of the air.

Tho only steps that have, I believe, heen taken to register atmos- pheric electricity in this country consisted in two portable dec-

UG

Premfdings of the A$iati€ Society,

[Jcn*Y|

trometers being sent out about two years ago to tlie IniHaft Tele* graph Department, but from an error in packing they were both so damag-ed aa to be unserviceable. TheBO instruments too were more suited for inalcing rough measurements at different places j while travelling, than for making delicate measurements at aa] observatoiy. The inetruments at present in use in Europe for thii purpose ai*e very perfect, and give on sensitive paper a photograpUo^ curve showing the electric state of the atmosphere.

As an example of the importance of observations of atmospheiio and tarrestrial currents I may mention that from tests made portly on the 10th, partly on the I Itli, and partly on tJie 12thof Fobruar nf this year, it appeared that very strong positive natural current were flowing through the telegraph lines in tlio directions Deesal to Agra, Indore to Agra, Allahabad to Agra^ Agi-a to XJmbaUa, ' Calcutta to Baneegunge and Calcutta to Sahibgunge, in all cases in the same direction from southward to northward. In the cjiSGs whore the lino ran nearly duo north and south the current woe such OS could have been produced by the insertion of about] 8 galvanic cells in the line. In the other cases it vai^od from I about 8 to 2 cells, depending partly on how nearly the lino ran duo] north and south. Un the ICth of February the earflic]nak6J occurred at Calcutta. Now I do not for a moment conclude froodJ this solitary instance, that natural electric currents have necessari- ly any connection with Eurthquakos, still as wo know very littlo about either of these phenomena, it ia just possible that they may bo connected.

And if in the observatories iu Europe and Australia it is thoughtl worth while to carry on a regular system of observations of atmos-* pheric electi-iclty mainly for the purpose of endeavouring to con-l nect the results of these observations with the weather, so that the" electric state of the air may act a^i a barometer to foretell th© weather, how much more important ia it that such a system ofl observations should be established in a country like India, visited i as it is by thunderstorms doing such a vast amount of damage*

^li\ Woodrow observed that he heard several persona stating that they saw the conductor of a house appearing red hot during 1 the late storm.

1871.]

Fn^eudifigs of th Amttic Soi'itttj.

147

Mr. H. F. Blanford montioued that ho had been iaformod by Mr. James of a very striking msianco of this kind. At Bauaou, which was frequently visited by sever© thimdtiratorms, he was

, informed that an observatory erected for tlio G. T. Survey was pro-

I tected by a lightning conductor, which was desiTibed as a thiulc iron rod. This rod was, as Mr. James assured him, subsequently found on the grouud as a fused mass of iron, and having been re* moved was in another year found to have been fustjd like tho former, and in a like condition. This effect was ascribed to light- mng.

The President said they were indebted to Mr. James for a very graphic description of a thunderstorm. Some of the phenomena mentioned did not appear to be easy of explanation* The mode in which Mr. Blanford accounted fur the manifestation of sparks or coruscations on the horizontal portion alone of the conductor wai ingenioua, but did not seem altogether satisfactory. Falling drops would, ho supposed, pass in just as close proximity to the vertical portion of tlio rod as to the horizontal. Without any disparagement to Mr, James, it might perhaps be doubted whether he had been able to possess himself of the actual phenomena with oomplete accuracy. No class of phenomena was eo^dillieult of precise observation, as that

fwith which Mr. James had to deal, both on account of the extreme shortness of their duration, and the absence of a standard of com- parison and measurement. In one particular, Mr. James had evi- dently been misled. The mutual recession and approach of two clouds upon the passage of a flash of lightning between them, of which he spoke, was illusory. The ILash merely illumined and so revealed an interval between two cloud masses, which before were not separable from a back ground conn eoting them, and when the light disappeiu-od again, tlie apparent connection was resumed* The

[mental impression produced by this rapid succession of eventa gave rise most naturally to the idea of relative motion of the two cloud masses. But actual motion to the sumo angular extent of oscillation as that which is, in this way, apparent in the instant of the flash would be sometliing tridy enormous!

The storm was evidently one of the ordinary type prevnlmit here at this time of the year. A lower vapour- beaiing current

148

Proteedingi of thd Asiatic Soc^fti/,

[JlTXY,

was passing over from the 8. W. and 8. This encounteitj or is crossed by, the course of a condensing cause coming up from tho K. W. The latter is no doubt a relatively colder and generally swifter moving current, somewhat above the first, often perhaps ptirtiaily driving through it. The result is a curious moveraont m eehehn : while the lower clouds appear to be coming from the 8. W., the heavy storm masses as a whole gather first in the N. W. and seem to traverse the sky as if coming from that quarter. Also the two atmospheric currents in highly contrastetl m6teort>lo- gical condition give rise to violent eleLtriciil disturbaiife. In the normal course of tlie monsoon rains, when tlxo vapour-bearing current is not interfered with by a ditferontly conditioned cross current, the precipitation of wat«r, however heavy the downfall may be, is seldom fouud to be accompanied by any great manifestation of thunder and lighbiing. JIo, (the President,) was afraid that little confidence could bo placed upon tlie correctness of the path attri- buted to the lightning tlashes. Many causes of deception existed with regard to this. And he might make tlie same remark with regard to the behaviour of the clouds spoken of by Mr, James towards tlie east after the bulk of the storm had passed, It was always matter of much nicety to determine the true motion of a cloud mass. Indeed this could scarcely ever be done with much accuracy except for a limited regiou noar the zenith. The apparent angular motion of a portion of a surging mass at a low altitude did not atford sufficient data for the purpose. It was then almost impossible with the eye alone to form even an approximate estimate of tho geometrical dimensions. With regai-d to the alleged heating of tho conductor to the extent of making it luminous, ho would suggest by way of test for the future tliat a collar of wait or resin bo kept continually surrounding the rods of all the principal buildings in the town.

Somewhat later in the evening Mr. Ayrton observed— Tho explanation has just occurred to me of tho phenomenon observed by Mr* James of sparks appealing to issue from the horizontal, but not from the vertical portions of the lightning discharges, so if it be not contrary to the rules of the Society, I wiU refer again to that subject.

W E. AyRTO-N..?roreedm|s A.S B forjulv J87I.

^

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ia7h]

Pfi^ceedin^it of ih$ Asiatic Soeiriy.

149

W'

Faraday ia his ExperimeattU Kosearches arrived at tho foUaw- ilig law, a law which htm also been proved from entirely Mathe- matical considerationB, that whea a charged insulated body A (Bee figure i on plate III) acts by static electric induction on an uninsulated body B, the amount of electricity on any area a on the surface of one of the bodies U equal and opposite to the amount on the area j9, marked out on the surface of the other body by the linos of force which also mark out the area on the surface of the first body *

Now let us consider the state of the lightning conductor before any discharge takes place. Let it be acted upon by a horiicoutal doud, uniformly charged. Draw lines of force, markiug out equal areas of the surface of the cloudy or, what is the same things since ^^tbe cloud is uniformly charged, marking out areas eontoiuing ^B equal amounts of electricity,

^M Then since the linos of force mtist be perpendicular both to ^rthe doud and the lightning conductor, and also since they cau 0 have no very endden bends we shall, if we suppose a vortical plan© drawn tlirough the conductor, obtain as a section a figure some- l^what like the aoeompanying figme ii on plate III.

^^H|nHBrOain&Hc£(rd and DuhUn Mathematical Jour nnf Novemlicir^ l^^^i or PhUa* ^^KspBBi Mtujasine^ 1854, aocond baLf ye&r^iti whiob tho ptiovf ia givon somowhai OA fbUowfl ;

Let S be any closed nnrtnoe^ contomftig no part of tho ©leotrffied bodies in side it, which we may concxsive to be descnbtjil lj€twn(»ti A »»d B ; let P b« tlie oompuuout in tho direotioit of the nurmiil, uf the n.v'^tittnni force at ikuj point of the snrfuuo 8^ »nd let th be aa elemeut of the duifiice at the namo point. Then it inay be easily provod tliat

j'/iMs^O (I)

the integrationa being extended over the entire surface. No*r let S be inp- poHed to oonaiat of three p;irt4; tlio portioa a» of the miiTuee of A ; ihts urea 3 projected by lines of force, on the surfuce of B ; and the «nrfutH? (fetiemted by tlie curved Uoea of projection, Tliw value of P at each point of tlio bitter portion of 8 will be nothing, flinco tho t4^tn|irt>nt at any point of a hue of pityeo* tiott i* the direction of tlie ibreo. llcnco, if [// i'J*] und {jf P*U) dL<nute the valnes of XT P^lSt ^*>r *he portioiiB a and & of S, th«i fcjuiition (I) becotnee

Bat if p be tho oleotrio density at any point on tho sorfaco A or B, wo haro, by Coulomb's theorem,

P

Hence [/Tpdif] -f (^yp.h) = 0,

i^hich is the theorem qDotcd in the text.

ISO

Proceediti^if qf the Asiaiie Society.

[JrLY,j

Now by Faraday's law the portions of the conductor AB, BC, 1 CD &c* ©aoh contain equal quantities of electricity, therefore thoa^l portions EF, Gil which are longest contain least electricity, per uni'lj 0/ length. The olecti-icity, therefore, will he moat concentrated ate the point J of the conductor and least concentrated at the anglei^ y, 8, and along the vertical portion KA. But the resultant pros- sure on the air, or tendency to produce discharge at any i>oint nea a charged body, is directly proportional to the electric density of the amount of electricity per unit of area at that point, therefora the discharge will be greatest at the point J, next greatest alougl the horizontal portions AE, FG, and least along the portions J5Fp| GM and the vertical portion XA. The only difference being that at the point J the discharge although greatest will most probably be a silent one, whereas along the length of the conductor it will n ' be disruptive or in the form of sparks. We may, therefore, expec(^| to soe with (he n/e no discharge along EF, GU, KL or at the point J, but sparks issuing from the horizontal portions AE andFG-

TV. — SuggcsiionRfor Vmton to the Totnl Eclipse ort \2ih Deecmler^ 1871, % Lieut.-Chl. J, F. Tenkant, F, E. 8. At the last meeting of the Society aft^ar the conclusion of ray Memorandum t1»o President suggested, that idl who might liavo thai opportunity should visit the Xeilgherries, and should endeavour torn contribute their share to the result, and that those having sjiectro^ scopes should use them. Thore is in fact no difficulty in seoing during the Total Phase of an Eclipse lines of light varying more 01 less in number and brightness with a spectroscope directed nearl;f to the sun ; nor would it bo impossible that any one so arme should see some lines of light or darkness which he buUeve to be unseen by others, but this would not be of any use, Th^ light falling on tlie slit of a spectroscope at this time come partly from the Corona and partly from the Protuberances, while there is of course such fiiiut dilTiii^cd light as is about. We knov that this mixed light must vary with the point which happens in the prolongation of the lino of vision of the spoctroseopo, but less we can distinguish tho objects which emit each ray we areJ really gaining little knowledge.

ie7L]

Proc0Bdinff» of ihe AiiaUc Somi^.

An amateur (In one sense we ore all so) then| must before making up his nuiid to such a proceeding consider wliat he loseo : I ven* ture to say tliat he will entirely lose the ^eat sight. In order to see with the spectroscope, he must deliberately shut himself out from tliis. He may then see what others have seen before, but he can, without spocial means, add no material fact to what is known, and it is far more likely that ho will lose the real sight witiiout seeing so much. If he is in any degree anxious or nervous, it is pretty certain that he will have no clear idea of what he sees in the instrument. The case of a man who having carefuUj made up his mind to objects and methods of examination, provides himself with adequate apparatus, and deliberately gives up the sight for the ohanoe of being of use, is of course quite different. I could not recommend any one going down to the Eeb'p8e-line with- out due preparation ; to lose one of the moat magnificent sights ho can 8ee» and to miaa the opportunity of appreciating how much it has been given to man to penetrate into the mysteries of nature. I purpose, however, now, in pursuance of a promise to the President, to oiler some suggestions to visitors who are not content with this.

Any person possessing a chronometer and the means of dnding its error, will do a service if he will simply note the four momenh of eontavt tj/ the Stuis and Mooni Limbi. As I explained before, the first contEict is especially diifieult to note, but the otlior tiiree are comparatively easy. He has then only to mark his place accurate- ly on the Atlas of India> or some good map, and deduce his Latitude and Longitude and height above the Sea. These data will help towards the problem of determining the Solar and Lunar diameters and, if accurate, they canuot be too numerous.

As Totality comes on ; if he dues not mean to take the moment of the Sun's disappearance, I would adviae him to lay aside hia Telescope, and look for the strange fringes of colour or light and shade which mark the commencement of this Phase. I quote some accounts of this from Grant's History of Physical Astronomy.

In 1842, M. Fuuvellu gives the follomug from Porpigiian. ** At ** the moment when the Eclipse was about to become Total, I per- ** ceived the ast rays of the sun to undulate with ^rmt intensity and

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[^TSVit

** rapiditif on a whit© wall of one of the Military Establishments of ** tho Rampart of St. Dominique. The effect might be compared ** with that which is observed whoE the light of the Sun falls upon '* a wall or ceiling after having been reflected from tho surface of ''water In a etate of agitation. The same phouomeaon appeared "at the emersion of the sun," the undulatiana were at first very intense and gradually died away. '' M. Ai'ago states that ** during the few seconds devoted by his colleagues and himself to ** the observation of sunh phenomena the fa*;ade9 of tlie great tower ** of the citadel of Perpignau appeared illtiminated by a siH^ularljf ^^Jluduaiahg H^ht,^^ M, Leathuric at Moutpellier says ** A litUe be* ** fore the commencement of the total obscuration there were seen **oB the ground and ou the walla undulaiimf Bhadmcft composed of a ** eucceseion of arcs, 3 or 4 deoimetros in length, but of much les« *• breadth p which seemed to turn on thenisdvM. The effect was ana* ** logons to that produced by those moveable sliadows wlii<*h are " seen at the bottom of (i shallow basin filled with clear water when ** tho surface, slightly agitated, is Ulumbiated by the sun's rays.'*

At Seyne, Mr. Savoumin says : ** There were here and there seen ''shadows and luminous patches running after each other, the ** effect of which was similar to that produced by the passage of a *' succession of small clouds over the sua. These patches were nci " all of the same colour ^ some were red ; others yellow^ Mm or white. The ** children amused themselves running after them, and trying to '*put their hands on ^em. This extraordinary phenomenon was ** remarked only a few instants before the complete disappearanoe *'of the sun."

IVofessor Grant quotes some Swedish observations of 1733, but they do not seem to me to refer to the same phenomenon. Tho accompan}ing quoted by him &om Deliijle, however, clearly refers to this. '' The second observation is one which a ouxi- "ous individual acquainted me with having made by mere ** accident. Having directed his attention to a large white waU| " at the moment of the tcjtal immersion of an Eclipse of the SuHi '* he saw the Moon^s shadow pass upon the wall, tinned with dij^lerent **€olours,^^

This phenomenon was also seen and drawn by M. Poulain a

1871.]

Tmffi qf the AiMic Society*

IW

Frencli officer at Goree in 1861, whoso attention the Astronomer Boy al called to ifc.

In 1 8C8, 1 askod Col. Addison of H. MJs 2nd ^the Quoen's) Begt.

f examino this matter at Aden. I expressed considerable doulit

I to the reality of the phenomenon which, save for M. Savournin's statement, that the children ran after these shadows, I think one might have considered (in the absence of evidence to the contrary) as caused while resting a weary eye. Col. Addison had a largo sheet hung up and (I quote from memory)* more than one of hia olBcers saw these shadows passing rapidly across the sheet ; so rapitlly that they could not measure the veloci^ ; in the direction in whitih the Moon was advancing on the Sun.

Colonel Addison and M. Poulain are the sole persons I Imow, who have looked for this phenomenon, but it was seen againi unless I mistake, in 1869, and I beheve that the following des"- cription by Mr* Charles Coalo refers to it. ** Tlie grandest of " all to lis, who had no astronomical ambition, or astronomical "knowledge, to gratify, was the effect upon the clouds daring '*tho total obscniration. Those who have had the pnviloge of being on White Top" (near Abingdon, Virginia and 6530 feet high) **and enjoying the westward scene, will remember the ** grand panoramic view of moim tains beginning on the north- **ern and southom horizon and stretching away to the west, ' * till they seem to meet, and will appreciate the scene, which we **now attempt to describe. Stretching along this semicircle of ** mountains in long horizontal lines, far below the Sun lay light ** and Uoecy clouds, as if resting on their wings during the seem- ** iug struggle between the orbs above them. At tlie moment of the ** falling of the dark shadow, when naught was to be seen above " but the stars and the circle of light ai-ound the moon, these clouds '* became arrayed in all the colours of the rainbow, presentmg an '* indescribable richness witli their back ground of sombre moan- " tain. To our vision it was as if bands «f broad ribbon of every ** conceivable hue had been stretched in parallel lines half roimd tho ** universe." One sees here the pen work of the American Juur* naliflt : indeed Mr. Coale in another letter remarks that he waA * The papers wore ' > Boynl AjtronooiiciLl Societj,

Proeeedifi^s of Oi^ Asia(/e i

iTOf

probablj^ extravagant in giving the clouds all the colours of the raiobow (though he considors this allowable in country journalism) and ho proceeds to nam© ** pink, purple, yellow orange, and fiery red," and ** a band of lilac,*' though not green or blue , as being colourg he had seen. It is quite impossible notwithstanding exag*^ geration to compare this, whitli 1 take from Mr. Prot-tor's late worlpH on tho Sun ; with the descriptions I liave quoted from Professoy Grant, without seeing that the phenomenon was tho same that M« k Savournin saw at Seyne, It is eminently fitted for examination byH those unaccustomed to use instruments, and, while I believe worth investigation, will not deprive them of tho great spectacle. Tha occasion will, I think, be very favourable.

To those one degree more professional who may possess iol scopes on mountings and seek to do some further service, withoul too great a sacrifice of personal feelings, I would suggest th( Belection of certain parts of the Corona and their eyeful scrutiny^

00 aa to enable drawings to be made and descriptions to bo written immediately afterwards. The parts I would refer to are those which

1 have in my Report of 1868 called ^are, I did not of course $eB bom then, but it was quite impossible to examine carefully myj

original negatives without a strong conviction, thjit in those places a1 all events gas, luminous though much less so than the body of thi protuberances, was streaming Irom them into tlie general Ugh of the Curuna. As photography will probably be entirely directodl to tho general Corona, these brighter parts will be to a great extent lost in detail. Indeed if they are to be done justice to by Photo* graphy, it must be by special aiTango me uts alio wing large pitjturea to be rapidly taken in some Erlip^e of the future. At present X would call the attention of draughtsmen to these spots, from which, when found, they should not allow their attention to go. McKlurute power would alone bo necessary, though if tho air b( steady enough high power would concentrate the attuutiou b; limiting tlie space. It is alleged too that thero are nodes ani bands of light in the Corona of complicated structure and qui free of the 8un ; these too might be noticed, probably the besi phui wUl be to attack the first such object seen and adhere to lU Lastly, I would urge on those who I trust may be induced

Proeei^dinga qf the Aiiaiic Society.

go to tho EclipsG track hj cnrioaity or some hop© of adding to Imow* ledgt)^ to romomber, that well equipped parti oa (I hop© tho Madras Observatory may Bend one) are not able as a rule to choose botter sites, from which views can be got, than many others about, and that there is nothing so injurious to good observation, as tho motion, and ©von tho presence, of strangers. Possibly volunteers may be wanted for some work ; then, if you accept the position, do tliat work in perfect silence where it does not require speech ; but, if you have no share in the work^ keep at a distance from those who have, remembering that an involuntary motion or exclamation, may seriously disturb those who are endeavouring to close their niiuds to the surrounding circumstances, and to concentrate them on tlie duty they have undertaken. To suffer men who are content to lose all the great sight of the day for work, to do their work without iutemiption, is in itself a service to science, though one which does not force itself into notice.

V. — The Antiquities of Jdjput% — hj Babtj Chtjkder Sekhak Bathjuji .

(Abstract).

Baby Chander 8ekhar Biiniirjf mentions early notices of Jaj- pur, legends connected with tlie invasion of Orisa by the Af- ghans under Kala Fahar in 1558,* a description of the memorials of the Afghan conquest, the importance of Jajpur as a place nf pilgrimage, and a description of temples and several other worka of Bindi'i sculpture.

The puper will be printed in the second number of Pai-t I. of the Journal.

Tlio roroipt of tho fnllowjag communications waa announced. 1. Mouograph of Indian Ct/prinida*, Pt. II, by Surgeon F. Day. 2* Note on Lieut*-CoL MacMaster's Uni of birds from Nagi>oro, &c., by W. T. BlanforcL

* This is the yeitr nientioned by Stirling. But the Alcbarndtnjili (fives A, n U75, or A, D. J 567- Such np t^ke an inlPi"08t in tho liistorj' of Ofisi, ehoiild ix'ttd thu h«?(ri»nitijr of the " ' •'-Tlh jeur of Akhnr'B reign as

givf^n ill the Akbaru^nin)i, provi*!' HS.ana obtAitiablo. There aro

most t*xtraorflinuty iliirerenooa b«+hm m /i .u.m.. i *, ncpcmnt iliuI that of Stirltr»tr, which profcsBOB to ho takon Imrn I he I'llri V'^iiinaavfili. Tho jiciiod ot OfiKji bisiorj ill tho Akbiinuimuh ivxtonclK fmni nbout 15i)0 tu the eud of tho Uiih coiitnry.— Tb« KDiTOtt.

PrfifH}t*dtnff* of th^ A^Mic >r>

July,

LlDll>VRY,

The following additions havo boen made to th© Library einoe th© moeting held in June last.

Preieniatiom*

9*11 Namee of donors in CapiUla-

Momoirs of tho Eoyal Astronomical Society, Vols, XXXV —

XXX^TIT ; Kiitices, Vols. XXVEU— XXX ; IndoK to the First

twenty-nino volumes of tho Monthly Notices.^TuE Eoyal Astro*

NOMICAL BOCTBTY OF LoNUON,

Pi-oceodings of tho Eoyal Society, Vol. XIX, No. 127.— The Royal Socfety of Londo?^.

Proceedings of the Hoyal Geographical Society, Vol. XV, No. I. — The Eoyal GECOJurmcAL Society of Loxijon.

Journal of the Statistical Society of London, IMarch 1871. — The Statistical Society of Lo:*don,

Journal of the Chemical Society, February, March and Apri], 1871. — TuE Chemical Society of London,

Bollettino della Societa Geografiea Italiana, volume sesto, let Magg:io, 1871. — Societa Geografica Italiana.

Nyelvtudomsinyi Kozlemenyek, Kiadja A Magyar Tudomanyaa Akad^mia Nyelvtudomanyi Bizottsaga, szerkeszti, Hunfolvy PiL Hatodik Kutet, Fiizet, ebo masodik, harmadik ; Hetedik Kotet, , El3o Fillet : — Ertekezeaek A. Tcrmeszettudomauyi Osztiily Kor^leol. Kiadja a Magyar Tudomanyos Akadcmia Aa Osztoly Eendelet« bol, szerkesgti, Gregurs Gyula, levelezo taq ; Tzam 1, IX, XI^ — Xm : — ^A Magj*ar THdomanyos Akademia Jegyzokiiny, 1867, Fuzet 1-2, Almanach 1867, 1868, 1860, :— Nyelvtudomanyi Kozle- " menyek, Otiidik Kotot, FUzet Elso, Masodik, Harmadik : — Ertesituje ' Elsd Evfolyam, szaai 1,— 17: Miaodik Evfolyam, sz&m, 1 — 20. — j A. Maqyak Tudomanyas Akademia, Pest,

Abstract of PiH>cee<ling8 of the Mahomodan Literary Society of ^ Calcutta, 1871. — The Mahomedan Lit. Societt of Oalcdtta.

Historical and Stutiatieol Memoir of the Gha2eex>ur District, by| W* Oldham, B. 0. S , LL. D., part I.— The Author,

Eeport on the Hill of Mohendragiri and the mitiYe part of Barwah, by C. Palmer, Esq., M. D., Capt. W. O. Murray, and V. Ball, Esq., B, A.— Dr. 0. Palmeh,

1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 157

A Lecture on the Modem Buddhistic Eesoarches by Babu Ram Da8s Sen. — The Author.

Introduction to a Philosophical Grammar of Arabic, by G. W. Leitner. — The Authok.

The Topography of the Mogid Empire as known to the Dutch in 1631, by E. Lethbridge, M. A. — The Authok.

English Legislation for India by A. M. Broadley. — The Author.

The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Nos. 7 — 12. — The Editor.

TJber das Eamayan von A. Weber. — H. Blochmann, Esq.

Christian Spectator, No. I. — Eev. C. B. Lewis.

Outlines of Amharicby Eev. C. H. Blumhardt; — Historical Notice concerning Calcutta; — A Manual of Geography by Major T. Candy ; — The Holy Bible in Short Hand ; — The Parsee Acts by Sarabjee Shapoorjee Bengalee ; — Phonetic Journal, Vol. 23 : — Eev.

J. LONO.

Eeport on the Financial Eesults of the Excise Administration in the Lower Provinces, 1869 — 70 ; — Eeport on the Cultivation and preparation of Tabacco in India, by Dr. Forbes Watson.— The Government of Bengal.

Selections from the Eecords of the Bombay Government, Nos. 118, 119. — The Government of Bombay.

P%i.rchase.

Eeeve's Conchologia Iconica, 284 — 287. — Quarterly Eeview April 1871. — American Journal of Science, Nos. 3 and 4. — L. E. and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, No. 274. — Comptes Eendus Nos. 15 — 17. — Feer's Etudes Bouddhiques, pr. serie. — Vambery's Uigurische Sprachmonumente imd das Kudatker Bilik. — Semper's Holothurien, Band I. — De Goeje Bibliotheca Geographica Arabi- corum. — Eeise in Hadramaut. — Spiegel's Eranische Alterthums- kunde, Band I. — Lexicon Latino-Japonicum. — Darwin's Descent of Man, Vols. 1, 2.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL

FOR August, 1871.

The montbly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the 2nd instant, at 9 o'clock, p. m.

The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. Presentations were announced —

1. From Father M. Lafont, — a copy of Eesults of Meteorolo- gical Observations, made at St. Xavier's College Observatory, during the first half of 1871.

2. From Babu Prtinkissen Chatterji, — a stone seal, found west of Bard win.

The inscription of the seal has not yet been deciphered.

3. From C. R. Markham, Esq., — a copy of ' Memoir on the Indian Surveys.*

4. From H. F. Blanford, Esq., — a copy of Tamil Grammar by Bev. C. T. E. Rhenius, — and a copy of Tamil and English Dictionary by Rev. J. P. Rottler.

Babu Gungaprasdd, duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting, was elected an ordinary member.

The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next meeting.

E. T. Atkinson, Esq., C. S. (for re-election), proposed by Dr. F. Stoliczka, seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann.

Robert Fellowes Chisholm, Esq., Consulting Architect to the Government of Madras, proposed by L. Schwendler, Esq., seconded by Dr. F. Day.

160 Proceedings of the Asiatic Soeiety, [Auo,

Capt. S. B. Miles, Bombay S. C, Asst. Pol. Agent, Quader, Mukran, proposed by L. Scliwendler, Esq., seconded by Col. J. F. Tennant.

Henry Buckle, Esq., Asst. Commissioner, British Burma, pro- posed by Dr. T. Oldham, seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

The following papers were read —

I. Some remarks on the connectioit between Inertia AND Time, hy W. E. Ayrton, Esq.,

The following was written not on account of its actual novelty, but because the ideas contained in it will probably be new to the majority of those present.

Of all the properties of matter inertia is, I think, the one least understood by the general reader. With weight, hardness, friction, elasticity, &c. he is perfectly familiar, but that matter possesses another property as important as any one of those I have men- tioned never seems to present itself to him. K you ask an ordinary practical man why it is difficidt to set a massive fly-wheel in motion, he will probably say on account of the weight and friction. The friction certainly does in a small degree prevent motion being given, but this can to a great extent be overcome by tlie bearings of the fly-wheel being well made.

And not only is it difficult to set a massive fly-wheel in motion, but it is difficult to stop such a wheel wlien in motion. This ccrtuiiily is not caused by friction, since the friction would itself tend to stop the motion.

Tlie weight too cannot in the least prevent motion being given to, or taken away from, a well balanced wheel, since the action of the earth on each side of the wheel is exactly the same.

There is, therefore, another property that matter possesses — its inability to change its own state of rest or motion. This property which is called inertia is best defined by Newton's law ** Every b(jdy continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, except in so far as it may be compelled by impressed forces to change that state." Now, by uniform motion we mean moving through equal spaces in equal times, or rather we should say, we call those times equal during which a body unacted upon by any

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Proe$€ding$ of the Asiaiic Sociei^,

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forca doderlbes e<}ual spaces ; far no person lias an innate per* ception of equal times. Nobody can from liis inner consoiousnesa I 8sy one time is equal to another. Hours and minutes are aa arbi- trary in their conceptloni and require just as much explanation as degrees of temperature. By general consent the earth is the stamlard body that has been selected to determine equal timea by iU motion, so that according to Newton's law those times J are called equal during which tho earth describes equal spaces, or better during which any particular mertclional plane describes equEd angles. In fact when a person spenks of minutes or hours, he is tacifUy assuming the fact of the earth*8 inertia. And for eomx)aring time without the aid of the eartVs rotation, clocks are used in which the condition of a body in motion, prac- tically unacted upon by any fon^e, is arrived at by compensating by the action of a compressed B|)ring or otherwise for the inevi- table forces of friction.

The earth and moon regarded as a mechanical system possess a certain amount of *' energy/* or power to do work. This energy ia partly potential, that isi energy depending on the relative position of the earth and moon, and partly kinetic, that \b^ en orgy dependiJig on the two bodies being in motion. Now the earth's daily rotation produoea tides by the mutual attraction of the aea and moon, and as the motion of the sea on the surface of the eart! is retarded by tidal friction a certain amouat of the energy pos sessed by the system muat bo lost in overcoming the friction or in generating heat.

One ellect of this loss of energy is to cause the periods of rota- tion of the earth round its axis and of the moon round the earth become more and more equal, or in other words to make the rperiod of the earth's diurnal rotation gradually longer and longer. The earth is, therefore, not a true time*keeper, and if a chrono- meter were set now to keep true sideral time, we should ex- pecft, if the chronometer neither gained nor lost, to find at the end of a lapse of years, that it was apparently too faat, if com- pared with the then true sideral time. Such a chronometer it has been calculated would at the end of a ceutuj-y be apparently 0*44 of a minute too fajst.

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Proceedings of the Asiatic Socwi^*

[Ara* I

To compare, tlierefore, time at one period of the earth's existence with time at another period we require, in addition to the sidoral and Bolar second, a mechanical second which would bo doEned aa tJie pmod, or a definite portion of the period of vibration of a body practically quite unacted upon by any force. Such a timo- keeper haa boon made at the University of Glasgow and consists of a spring pendulum truly balanced about its centre of inertia and hermetically sealed in an exhausted glass tube. The vibra- tions of such a pendulum are of course not in the least affected by the earth, and could only be influenced by the little air that has unavoidably been left iu the tube producing some change in the metal of which the pendulum is composed, The number of vibra* tions of the pendulum per second are carefidly counted now, and will be counted again at some future pex-iod, when the number will be apparently greater per second than it ia now, since a sidereal second then will roally be a longer time than a sidereal second now. In this way the actual loss of speed of the earth's diurnal rotation can be practically measured.

Col. Tennant said : —

He did not see how our idea of inertia involved an idea of time, Inertia was the passive power by which change of state was resisted, and when a body was at rest there was no ques- tion of time involved ; but he had not come prujMircd to discuss this point in detail. The paper seemed to be mainly leading to the question which had lately been raised as to the effect of the tides in retoi'diug the Earth's rotaTiun on its axis, and he thought some account of this nught be interesting,

lie (CoL T) would remark on Mr, Ayrion's statemont that an increase in the duration of a revolution of 0.44 of a minute in a century has been found by calcidation. The whole tidal problem is of extreme complication, and in its generality cannot be touched by analysis* The motion of the waiter hah been deduced on certain hypotheses which are very far indeed from representing existent facts. Thus we have some knowledge of what the motion would be in a canal surrounding the earth equatfirially and of uniform, or great, depth and section, or in similur canals passing through the polos ;

1871.]

PrQC$iding$ of th Mtattc Bmd^,

US

also in canals of comparatively Bhott length ; and in various coses la canals where the wave is derived from a tide wave in the sea. The last case does not concern this problem greatly, and as regards the former cases the conditionB imposed by the necessities of analysis make the results rather representations of the kind of phenomenon, than capable of giving accurate values by calculation. Of course when on any such hypothesis a theoretical result has been obtained, which tihows that a retardation would take place in the earth's ve- locity of rotation, it is easy to assign values to the constants and to deduce a numerical result, but such result^s should be considered as arithmetictd exercises, and not as r«_nd deductiuu"^ proved. It was ▼ery much to be regretted, CoL Tennant thought, tliat mathematicians who calculate such thing* occasionally give iho results without those words of caution which would prevent their being misunderstood.

This matter has of late received a great importance from the strong suspicion that there is a true retardation of sensible amount, and the evidence is quite unconnected with any invustigationa into the tides. It was found very soon after accurate observations of the Moon were taken, that the time of describing its orbit was i than formerly, it being quite impossible to represent old Edip- by calculating from the known elements* For long it was found impossible to account for this phenomenon from gravity : at lust Laplace deduced a result from this cause which so com- pletely coincided with that necessary to exi>lain the old Eclipses, that he thought himself jostiEed in asserting that the sidereal day bji<l not varied by ^^^ of a second between the* time of HipXTfirehus and hia day. His results were conJirmed almost idija^ tically by Lagrange, and till very recently were accepted, wilii their consequence that any action of the tides was rejectaneous. Lately, however, Mr, J, C. Adams in llie course of a re-oxauii nation ol'tho Lunar Theory was led to a diilcrent result. Ha found that the true theoretical value of the Moon*s acceleration only served to explain about half of the observed cliange in its motion of which the rest had to be explained. This conclusion was hotly disputed. French mathe- maticians, jealous of the honor of their counlr^-man, upheld his re- sults, but Mr. Adams* reasoning was unanswerable and has prevailed; it is acknowledged now that gra\dty alone dues not produce the

164

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[Auo,

celeration of the Moon^s motion* It lias been BUggefifted that tUo otlier supposed to fill space, and whose exidtenoe had been ooii« Bidered probable from the peculiarities of the motion of Encke'al comet produced a similar though less rosidt on the moon, but De- launay suggested that the tides ehould produce a retardation ul the Earth's velooity which might account for it.

iSinee then the theoretical discussion of the result of the tidal '

ion has been in question. Col. Tennant had not been in the way "of seeing all the solutions, but the problem is very intrioato ©von on the limited h^-potheses which render it analytically possible. The, Astronomer Boyal has shown that on tlie supposition of a cana equatorially surrounding the earth, the result of using the firafi order of 8mall quantities only in the solution is tliat the frictioa produces no efi«ct on the velocity of revolution, but that it retardal the moon. This is precisely the opposite of the result sought, but he has also found in tbo terms of the second order one wliicUj would retard the earth.

This or any thing similar is Tery far fi*om giving a trustworthy | value of the retuiniation, however, and he (CoL T.) would oautioa] ail to hesitate before giving faith to ligures on this subject.

Mr- Ayrton repbed : —

With reference to Colonel Tennaut^s remark that " Inertia ia , the passive power by which change of state is resiated, and that when a body is at rest there ia no question of time involved,^*] it wUl be obvious that the first half of tliis sentence related two things, a body at rest and a body in motion, whereas thol Becond htdf of the sentence refers only to a body at rest. Kowl as regards a body in motion^ inertia is the property it possesses to ' move uniformly. What, I ask, is meant by moving uniformly if na reference is to be made to time ? Also what is meant by equvl times, if no reference ia to be made to the inertia of a body in mo- tion ? I therefore maintain, as before, that the two ideas inertia oud -equal times are ao intimately connected| that neither can be es« lained without reference to the other.

What follows in Colunel Tennant's remarks rather tends to show the di&eulty of applying direct calculation to the aetual motion oC

1871,]

Pr^eadin^a of th Asiatic Soeieif*

\&r*

tiie fiea^ tlian to show that a retardation of the earth does not ext»t OT that the rate of this retardation could tiot bo calrulated* The ealculatioTi to which I have filhided of 0.44 of a mintite and to which Colonel Tennant objects so stronglj was ohtained in the folio wing* wajhy Pruf Thomson, Mr, Adams and Prof. Tait working together. Hhey started with the assumption that the known difference between the acceleration of the moon relative to the earth, as calculated by Mr. Adams, and the actual relative acceleration, as observed by Mr. Dunthorne, was due to tidal friction, and then by allowing for the necessary consequent retardation of the moon's mean motion, and using a certuin aasiunption with regard to the proportion of the retardations due to the moon and 8Uii| they arrived at the result I have given. Now with reference to the general question, indopoudenlly of any calculation, it appears to me that as long as the sea moves on the surface of the earth there must be tidal friction. Friction must produce heat. Heut jiroducod in any system of bodies must to a certain extent be dissipated uuleas the heated bodies be surrounded by a perfectly non-conducting thermal enveh^po, a tluTig of course quite unknown, Wlierover, therefore, heat is produced, there must be a certiun losa of energy. And the loss of energy in the case in question must cause a retar* dation in the earth^s diurnal rotation, unless thero exists some other cause not yet nscertained which compensates for this loss of energy. The connection, therefore, between tidal friction and tlie imdoubted fact of the earth's retardation possesses, I think, a high degree of probability.

The President understood Mr. Ayrton'fl remarka on Inertia to be intended to lead up to the principal topic of his short paper, Mr. Adams demonstrated, now many years ago, that I^aphice'e celebrated explanation of the Moon*s acceleration was not nearly so complete as it liad been thought to be^ It left about one half of the inequality unaccounted for. But, to discover the true causa of this residuum was a task of the greatest difficulty. Any one who liad practical experience in dealiog with the formal pp of the Lunar Theory would know quite well how complicated the problem was. The best supposition — one he believed that was at this time

IfiG Proceedings ofih$ AiiaUc Society. [kiin\

generally accepted, — seemed to be that the earth's angular velocity ' of rotation, an ingredient in the ealeulation^ wa« not cai&staiit as it had always been assumed, but was slowly diuiiutshlug. The i tide-action on the surface of the globe is cousiderel by many J eminent physleists sufficient to bring about saoh a result. Oa thai olher hand, if the earth is contracting in radius by a procees of j cooling denudation or degradation an acceleration of rotation to I some extent would be the eonaequeuce. Hence it beoomes a^ matter of interest, if possible, to contrive an accurate time-knoper ] who should be independent of the earth's rotation, and servo toj make its deviation from constancy indinputable. Ho would bdJ glad if Mr. Ayrton wo^Ud kiniUy explain the particular mode tti which this end wad sought to be attained in the case of the Glas- gow instrument.

Mr. Ayrton said : —

The pendulum at the Glasgow University to which I referred ia j made simply on the principle of the balance wheel of a watch, that | is, a certain mass of metal is made to oscillate by the action of a spring, and iudepondently of the action of gravity. The friction, howeveTp of the pivot of the balance wheel is obviated by the wheel and spring being virtually in one. The arrangement can be best understood by imagining a straight flat piece of spring rigiiUy fixed at one end and havliig a mass of metal fixed at the other end which mass oscillates in a horizontal piano by the action of the spring. The actual arrangement of the pen d alum is really mora oomplicatod tlian this, but the principal of action is as described.

As regards the President's remark that the earth by contracting j may acquire sufficient acceleration to compensate for the retarda- tion prtidueed by tidal friction, I would mention that Laplace proved < solely fi*om Fourier's tlieory of the conduction of heat that tha j acceleration of the earth's diurnal rotation produced by shrinking from cooling could not have amounted to ^J^th of a socontl in tite last 2,000 years. Sir William Thomson has also shown that the acceleration from this cause must bo extremely small compared with the probable retardation produced by tidal friction.

1871.]

Frtc4§im(f9 of tht AttUiic BacUty,

107

IL— AccomiT OF A viarr to tub Eastkuh akd Northsrh fkontixb

OF IKDEPENDEJrT SlILKIM, WITH NOTES ON TDK ZOOLOGY OF ALPHfE AND SUB-ALPDrE BEOIONS, % W. T. BlaNFORD, F. G. 8.,

C- M. Z. S. (AhtmctJ

Mr, W. T, Blanford gave a brief account of a journey he had made in company with Captain Elwes to the Eastern and Northern frontiera of Sikkim in August, Septomber, and October, I81O, Starting from Darjiling on the 13th August, they tToaaed the Tista to K&lingpung in the Daling Di'iar of BhiUin, and thence marched, by Phyddong, Rhinok, Chusachen and Lingtu, to the foot of tho Jolep*ld, a pass leading into the Chfimbi valley of Tibet, considera- bly to the south of the Yakli. Tlieir objett waR, if unopposed, to cross this pass and march up the Chumbi valley to the Tankra-la and to cross that to lilchiing, thna reaching the upper Tiata drainago by a shorter and pleasant er road at this season than the hot and \?et Tiata valley. However, they found, their plans were known at Clnimbi where the E4ja of Sikkim was staying, and the frontier wafl guarded. They spent a day near the Jelep-M which is under HOOO ft* in height, and then marchud northwards along tlie west slope of the Chola range to Chuman&ko near the ChoM, On their road they passed 3 lakes, each \i to 2 miles in length, larger thai|4 any hitherto mapped in Sikkim and known as the Bidan-tso,] Nemi*tso and Tanyek-tso. They also passed, besides the Yakl^^ an unmapped paaa called the Gnatui-U.

At Chumanako they found the Eaja of SikHm, who had com<» ] from Chiinibi to meet them, and begged them not to attempt to* enter Tibetan territory. They^ therefore, had to march round by Tamldng and the upper Tista valley to Lichung. They remained for Bonie days in the Lac bung valley at elevations of from 8000 to * IC,0U0 feet and made a considerable collection of bii'ds* The fauna is distinctly Pahe-arctic, a complete change taking place from the Malay fauna of Sikkim, when pine fore^iU are entered at about 8,000 feet* Leemmorgeyers, ravens, crowa, ehougha, tita^ tree- creepers, redstarts, larks, pipits and finches, pheasanta and »nnw partridges are the commouent bird^. Tho mammala are burhul, goraJ^ seroWp bears and Lagvmy$,

166

Pro^geaiwjs of Oi$ AMtaiic Socieijf.

[Auo.

On attemptlug to pass from the Lachung to the Ldchan valley by the Donkiu pass and the small portion of the upper Lachen vallijy which ia in Tibet, the travellera found themselree again stopped by the Tibetans. After two or thi-ee days negotiation, a much Iiigher official, the governor of Kambajong, anuved, and with much politenosa said he was obUged to refuRG to alU)w them t^ pass, as he had just received special orders on the subject from Jigatsd and Lhassa. They were, thereforoi compolled again to descend to the hot Tista valley, and mako 10 long Tunrches in- stead of 2 short ones to reaeh lilongra Lama pass or Djo^kong- tongj the Tibetan frontier in the Lachon valley, Ilere tliey again met the Siibd of Kambajong, who hail procured some Of 14 ainmm and goa skins, and 4 live Si/rrhapttfi 2\hetanus for them. They obtiuned fi'om him a little information concerning Tibot, the most interesting of which was the absolute prohibition of all imports of tea from Sikkim,

Around Kongra Lama they obtained a few birds not elsewhere seen, amongst them a new Mont ifi'ing ilia. They left tlie pass oa the 5th October and» marching bark by the Tista valley, reached Darjiling again on the 20th. In conclusion, Mr. Blanford briefly described some of the traces of former glaciers which ho had seen. None were noticed on the Chold range below 12000 foot ulevation, but in tho upper Tista valley glacial markings descended to be- tween 5000 and 6000 ft. He especially noticed the great mo- raines of the Ldchi'mg and Lachen valleys, described by Hooker^ and expressed on opinion that the plains of Ph&lung, four miles long by two miles broad, were entirely composed of moraine accumula- tions, probably derived from the gi'eat glacier which paased down the Lachen valley*

Dr. Stoliczka 8ai<l^ — ho would not enter into the numerous details of observations made by Mr. Blauford on his interesting tour, but only tillude to one or two points noticed by him. Keferring to tho difficulties which every traveller has at tho present time tu encoun- ter in erosfiing the Tibetan frontier, it would appear, as if tho Europeans had, so to eay, come into discredit with the Tibotana within the laet 20 years. Some 30 or 40 years ago, tho diiiicultieo

were hr imr Jk.*\ so CPeaJ, as severjil E^T.^T*ft*^» liJi^ >v^<r, a'^k'.- t,^ enter Tiber liiposi^ Bliatin, KiaajwBi *r5»i lih^ ::^i2cf vaIj*';^ > 1j \* renurlrable far inssanoe dial the tVv> RoTajo. <0«ihi\:i.' M;^.'»TiAr:,'«* Hue asd Gabbet wei^ allowed pdaoofalV t<^ <9Viji<^ th^ >r>5,vf ..f Eastern Hbet and Xorih China, even aiV<^T lii^T kai V^wr, <n\^vC \x^ from Tiiaasaa- It is bv BO xoeans Uki^ilT T^a} a £aftTv>T>Ma^ >ro<:^'i S^ eqnallT weQ treated at the pi>d9i»it timok .V»d $«kU oYv«r oia^ ^)^<> appnndied anj part of the bonder <if that vas) niakih>vii <v^»;;^1TT will nndesstand the anxietr of a traT«ller to pivv«tW mtv> ih^ iiit^^vr of Hbet, where neariy everything i$ new t.^ the obs^wnror. Ivi^lUn officers had, sometimes under the grMit^^t «irffi\ndtieis detv^ni th^Ht time to exploie the sonrcets of rivers of other conntri^ whilf> no lUio has as yet made an earnest attempt, or at any rato not 8tt«x^\UH)^ t^^ diflcorer the sources of the river from which India derin>» h«r nani<t)^ If his (Dr. St') memory serves him right, he thought^ that the only reliable knowledge we have of the sources of the Indu» ic» a »ta<^ ment by Moorcroft in his travels, that a range of hilb sox>arativ» tho sources of the Indus from, the Hansarovara lakes, but it i» not even perfectly certain whether Moorvroft had soon these ih>uv\hvjI| or not. A subject of such general interest^ as this, w\>uld by it- self warrant the equipment of an expedition to Uit^e unknown regions. It is to be hoped that tlio endeavours of tlie Onvit IVi^ gonometrical Survey to increase our knowledge of tlio geograpli^* of Tibet will sooner or later solve this pn>blem.

With regard to the personal objections whi<>h Tibetann mnko to Europeans, attempting to cross the frontier lVi>iu tho Kunnion and Ladak side, Dr. Stoliczka thought, they nppoarod ti> hiiu to bo chiefly of a commercial nature. The Chinoso as rulers of tho country have a monopoly in supplying Tibet with tea, opiutu antl all articles of luxury connected with tlie Bhudhist rt^igion; and because they are afraid of losing this monopoly, thoy n)t\i8o Europeans access to the country. Naturally there aro besides these other reasons, as for indtanoo love for ruling or protiH«tion to a co-religionist, &c., but those seem to be of minor importanoo. The Tibetans themselves aro not directly hostile to Europeans ; they invariably say that they liavo ortlors not to allow Europeff to cross tho frontier, and tliat if they would allow it, their he

170

ProctvilhigB of the Aiiaiic Soe^wfy.

[Aro.

would be burned down and they tbemselTes killed or expelled from the country. A European when ho goea into Tibet from Knmaon, Spiti or East^em Lartak is not opposed with force, but he is starved out. The success of an expedition into these regions rests, theroforo, principally in provisioning a party for a couple of months, which it is certainly not difficult to do*

Another point to which Mr. Blanford alluded was the abseueo of any large moraines in the lower parts of Sikkim. The abscnc^e of any very extensive traces of glacial action in the N» W. Hima- laya is equally remarkable, as compared for instance with the Alps. Large moraines and glacial deposits are in the N. W. Hinialayaa chiefly conEned to the central range and to the north of it. In the valleys on the southern side of the N. W, Himalayas traces of old debris may be often seen 3000 and 4000 feet above the present level of the rivers, but these accumulations appear with very few exceptions to be common river deposits.

The foUowing commumcations have been received :

HL A FIFTH List of Benqai. Aloae, hetejimixed by Dr. Q, v. Martens, communicated htj Mr. S. Kcnz.

No, 2758. Omllaria mterrupta^ Martens. On muddy ground of dried-up tanks, Hot, gardens, Calcutta.

2759. Anahtmia moUiA^ Kg. — Calcutta Botanic gardens, on mud along the edges ol tanks, and in water.

2760, Eifdrocohum vtolaceum^ Martens, n. sp.

Cojspite atroviolaceo ; vaginis diametro 1/180 ad 1/150 lin., arc^fl^ pellucidls; fills inclusia ternis v. pluribus, llexnosis, 1/360 lin* crassis, pallide violaceis, obsolete articulatis ; articuUs granulatis, diametro triplo brevioribus. — Calcutta, in stagnant waters of the Botanic gardens.

52. L^n^hya cincmnata^ Kg,, invested by Glmotila amcatenaia^ and colourless inartictdato filaments like L^piothrtx^ but in- determinable.— Seebpore, Howroh, in swamps and tanks, inha- biting the culms of grasses.

2763 Mdoc grei)arium, Thuret. — Botanic garden, Calcutta, on inllorescences of a Fimbristiflkf submerged in a tank.

(Unicum.) Oicillaria Froelichu^ Kg,, irith the some Lrftoihrim

1871.] rroc^in^$ of tk4 Antitic Society. ITI

filaments* as mentioned sub No. 2762. — Calcutta, Botanic gaidons^ floating on stagnant waters.

2785. Gkeoiila eoncaf^ata. Kg. — Calcutta Botanic gardens iu tanks, floating ; August, 1 870.

2785 b. Gkeofila protogenita^ Kg.— -Eajmahal, floating in tanks ; October, 1870.

2792. Ificroeysth oliraeea^ Kg. — Muhudeepore, ruins of Gour in stagnant pools, with Diafomacew, Closterium, EugUne^ etc.

2793. JRhiwcJonium Kochianum, Kg., with single threads of Lynghya majuscHla^ Harv., Staurospermum ccerulescens^ ^S-t ^^^ other Alga, — Hajmahal, floating in tanks near the station ; Octo- ber, 1870.

2798 and 2803. Cluetophora radians, Kg. — On submerged bricks and dead branches in tanks at Hajmahal station ; Oct. 1870.

2800. Palmella hdlosu, Kg., occurs together with CJuetophora radians, Kg. — Hajmahal station, in tanks, on submerged brick- stones; Oct. 1870.

2801. Leptothrtx muralis. Kg. — Bajmahal (station), damp walls of the traveller's bungalow ; Oct. 1870.

2802. Hypheothrix suhundulata, Martens, n. sp.

Strato compacto, sordide olivaceo, fills 1/400 lin. crassis, pallide aorugineis, obsolete articulatis, granulatis ; vaginis pellucidis, 1/350 lin. crassis, leyiter undulatis. — Kajmahal, in tanks, on Paludina shells ; Oct. 1870.

2804. Spirogyra suhaqua /5., fasciis spiralibus condensatis. — Eajmahal hills, Sahibgunj waterfalls, on rocks ; Oct. 1870.

2811. Spirogyra decimina, Lk., with Gotnphonema dichotomnm, Kg. — Eajmahal hiUs, waterfall at the base of the hills near Sahib- gunj, on trap rocks ; Oct. 1870.

2812. Protococ'cus vulgaris^ Kg. — On the ruins of one of the ancient gate- ways of Gour, Bajmahal ; Oct. 1870.

2813. Scyionema arugineo-cinereum, Kg. — On walls of buildings, very common in and around Calcutta.

2815. Scytanema cinereum, Men. — On a ruined bridge over the Ganges, S. of Bajmahal, on damp brickstonos ; Oct. 1870.

2817. Cylindrospermum spiraU, Kg. — Calcutta, Botanic gap floating in tanks.

172

Pr^oeediwjM of th Amtie Society,

[Aim* I

8037. Polyitipfwnia antfrniUsima^ Kg, — Calcutta, salt-lake Nov. 1870.

3038. Pcdtjniphonia pol}/chroma^ Mm'tena, n. ep.

Crospitosa, pollicaria^ puloliro violacea, in nibrum, virideia, palUdd fasQum et flavescetitem colorem transiena j filia capillaribusj basi 1/20 Un. craBsis, radicantibua, eupeme complanatia ; artitiulis pen- taaipboneia, tUametro plerumque sequalibuB, margine cortit^tis^ BUpreniis brevissimis ; ramiB divaricatia oppositis alternisque ; car- poclonii& lateralibiia curvatis. — ^Caleutta, salt-lakos ; Nov. 1870.

3039 and 3050. irtjpotfhsmm pifgviwum^ Martens, n* sp.

Fronde tenui purpuroai 3 ad 4 lin longa, vix somi-linoam lata, repetite dicliotoma \ cellulis frondis quadrangularibus, costoD eloa^* gatis J eegmentia Hnearibus, apice inusis ; soris in segmentis top- minalibus et sporophyUia axillaribus ad costam aggregatia ; cysto- carpiis stipitatie iirceolatifl. Calcutta, salt-lakea, on the culms of Ct/perm and on submerged braaddeta along Balliagbat canal; Nov. 1870.

304 0» Conferm Antillurum^ Kg. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, on Bub- morgod culniB of Panieam, Not* 1870.

30-12 and 3043. Lynghja cinera^cenAy Kg. — Calcutta, ealt-lakeai on an old log of wood» in brackish water.

3044. Scyionema granulatum^ Martens, n, sp.

Strato oUvaceo fusco, tenui, pidvenilento ; fHie siraplieibua earn vagina 1/300 ad 1/225 lin. crassia, nunc Tireecentibus, nunc fu&cid, laxe intrieatiB ; Taginis aretis hyaUnifi ; articulis distinetis diametro usque ad duplum brevioribus, dupUci aerie granulatia. — Calcutta, salt-lakea, on mud-banks. Nov. 1870.

8061. Cattnella Opuniia^ Qrev., with Chthamhlmtwt Zyngbjf0$t Kg,, and Poly«tphoma angmUanma^ Kg. — Cakutta, salt-lakes ; Nov. 1870.

3053, Ch/ttomorpha chhroiica^ Kg. — Calcutta, salt-lakos, com* mon; Nov. 1870.

3054. ntjpheoihrix ifftrnXf Maj'tens, n. sp.

Btrato compacto aordide virescente; fiUs pallide forugineis v. lutescentibus, cum vagina 1/300 ad 1/225 lin. crosBis, denae intri- catis, obsolete articulatis ; articulis diametro brevioribus, vaginia iHsUnctia, hyalinis. — Hyph. mvetiieHti proxima. Calcutta, salt- ^OB, on roots, etc. Nov. 1870,

1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 173

3055. OseiUaria tmerrima^ Kg. — Calcutta, Bolt-lakes, on wet mud; Nov. 1870.

3057. Leptothrix mamillosa, Menegh. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, amongst Algae; on mud, submerged; Nov. 1870.

3058. Leihleinia Juliana, Kg. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, on Naja»^ Fotamogeton, Ceratophyllum, etc. ; Nov. 1870.

3059. OseiUaria brevis, Kg., with some filaments of the handsome Spirulina oscillarioides, Turpin. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, covering the mud with a layer of soft green. Nov. 1870.

3060. OseiUaria versicolor. Martens, n. sp.

Strato tenui fusco v. violaceo; fills 1/175 lin. crassis, violaceis V. fuscescentibus, interdum viridibus ; articulis dijunetro triplo ad quadruplum brevioribus, ad genicula duplici serie granulatis ; api- cibus rectis. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, covering wet mud ; Nov. 1870.

3061. JHydrocoUum Zenormandi, Martens, n. sp.

Vaginis pellucidis arctis, 1/100 lin. crassis ; filis internis fascicu- latim contortis, 1/600 lin. crassis, obsolete articulatis; articulis diametro coqualibus, subgranulatis. — At first observed in 1866, in the collections of the celebrated botanist, Mr. Bene Lenormand, at Vire, Dept. of the Calvados, from Java, and now found also by Mr. S. Kurz in the salt-lakes near Calcutta, on submerged grasses.

(Unicum.) Fhormidium Lynglyaceum, Kg. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, on an old submerged log of a tree ; Nov. 1870.

lY. List of Alg/e collected by Mb. S. Kurz in Bubma and ADJACENT Islands, by Dr. G. v. Martens, in Stuttgard. This paper will appear in the Natural History Part of the

Journal.

Y. Note on Hemidactyltts marmoratus, H. Kblaarti, Theoh,^ AND Ablabes Hdmbeuti, by William T. Blanford. In the Journal of the Asiatic Society for 1870, Vol. xxxix. Part ii, p. 363, I described a Gecko as new under the name of Hemidaciylus marmoratus. I have since obtained many specimens of this species, which is not rare on trees, and is occasionally seen on houses, in tlio lower Godavari valley and neighbouring parts of

174

Proeetniiji^n of the Asiaiic Sncietf,

[AtoJ

UiG Madras Fresidencji and I find Dial, although the majority ] resemble the typical Bpotnman in tho absence of any enlarged i tubercles on the back, a few are occasionally found with such tubercles, and that the fonn is only a small variety of H. Leschat* aulfit\ with uniform or nearly uniform granulations.

The largest specimens I have as yet obtained of Itmii4ucttflm marawratus measure 5.2 inches of which the tail from the anus is exactly one half or 2.6. JT. L&schenauUn grows to a larger size than this* I tind in 4 specimens of the latter that the number of J scales across the abdomen are respectively 36^ 39, 39, 42, and the i upper labials from 10 to 13, (usually 11 or 12,) lower labials 7 to 9, (8 being the prevailing number). In 4 specimens of the variety murmoratuSf the scales across the abdomen vary from 34 to 42^ (the numbers are 34, 38, 3'j, 42,) tho tipper labials vary from 10 to ' 12, tlie lower from 7 to 9. The femoral pores are quite as constant | in number as either the scales across the abdomen or the lablalsi they are usually 12 in each thigh, but occasionally vary between 10 and 14. i

From those differences, it is manifest that ITcmidactylm Keharii^ Theobald, must also bo considered a variety of JT. Lmchmiaultfu As I hud, guided by Giinthor and other eminent herpetologists, attached a higher value to the presence or absence of enlarged tubercles on the back of this group of IIemidact(fh\ than tho charac- \ ter deserves, it is probable that some of my other iduutiiieations on page 364 (loc. cit.) are incorrect,

I was in error in including Ahlahe$ SHmherii in tho fauna characteristic of the Malabfir province* I have found several specimens of a small snake near the lower Godavari whieh appears to belong to that species, and I find that the same farm oceura near Calcutta. The only important difference between specimena from the diffei-ent localities is in the number of ventral scaloSy which I End to be 155 in a Mtilabar specimen sent by Major Bed- dome to Br. Stollczka j about 2 1 u in specimens from Ellore, and j no less than 240 in one from Calcutta. This is a remarkable de- j gree of variation certainly, and there is a corresponding difference | in leugtli, the snakes &om Iltmgal and Ellore lieing more elongate. lyt. Giiiithcr, I should add, fnund tho number of ventral scales to l»o 175.

1871.]

Prof endings of the Aiktic SocinUj*

17fi

LiBRAKY,

The foUoving additiona have been made to the Librarj' since the meeting held in July last.

^reEmtatiom, ^^^ Names of Donors in Cupittils*

ProceediDge Boy* Soc., London, vol, XTX^ No. 128»— Tub Royal Society of London,

Monatsbericht, April, 1871 — Verxeiuhniss dor Abliaiidlungen von 1710-1870, in alphabetiscLer Polge dor Verfasser. — K, AkadimI

MIE DER WlSSENSCHAFrBN ZU BeIILIN.

Proceedings Zool, Soc, 1870, part HI. — ^Tiie Zoological Society " OF London •

Quarterly Journal Qeol. Soo., toL XXVII, part 2, No. 106.— The Geological Soceexy of Londok-

Bulletin, Anne© 1870, No. 2.— Socfe'te' Impk'ulale des Natuba-j

L18TES DE MOSCOU.

Bulletin, Juillet— Dccembre 1870, Janvier— F&trier 187L— So- •cie'te de Ge'ographie, Paris.

EVkonyvei, XI. 10, 11, 12Dai^ab ; XllT, 1, 2, 4 Darab— Nyelv- tudomanyi K5zlem6iiyekj Til Kotet L 2. 3 fuzet, VIII Kotet, I. 2. 3 fiizet. — Ertekezesek, II — X, ezam — A Magyar Nyelv Szot^a, V kotet, 1. 2. 3. 4 fiizet— A Torveny Tudomanji E'rtekezesek, XII t&zam — Almanach 1869| 1870 — E'rtesitoje, 11 ^vfolyam 13-20, szanii III, evfolyom, 1-20 szam, IV» ^vfolyam 1*12 ezam — A Magayar. Tud. Akad. Alapezabdlyai. — Magyab Tudomanyos Akademia, Pest, A Memoir on tlie Indian Surveys by 0. E. Markham. — The

AUTHOK,

Pamayana, edited by Hemaehandra, vol, II, No. 9,^ — The Editor.

Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, Second Series, vol. I, No. I. — The Editoe,

Rottler's Tamil and English MctionaTy. — Ehenius' Tamil Qram- mar. — H. F. BiaisT'Oiid, Esq.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Pulseontologia Indi- ca, voL III. Nos. 9-13. — The SxfFr, of the Geological SintvEv

OF bfDL^.

1*76 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Aug.

Selections from the Eecords of the Government of N. W. Pro- rinces, vol. IV, Nos. iii — iv. — The Government of the N. W. Peovinces.

Purchase.

The L. E. D. Philosophical Magazine Nos. 275, 276.— The A. and M. of Natural History, No. 42. — Jacut's Worterbuch, vol. VI part 1. — Dictionnaire Djaghatdi-Ttirc. — The American Journal of Science, No. 50. — The Numismatic Chronicle, 1871, part L — Re- vue Archeologie 1870, No. IX. — Eevue des Deux Mondes, Jan., 1871. — Calcutta Eeview, July 1871. — Comptes Rendus, No. 18- 22. — Reise der Fregatte Novara, Botanischer Theil, Band I. — Boht- lingk imd Roth' Sanskrit- Worterbuch, 45 Lief.

Uxchange^

'' Nature,'' Nos. 80-88.

" Athenaoum," April and May, 1871.

PROCEEDINQS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOB S^FTSMBEB, 1871.

The monthly meeting of tho^SoQietj was keld oa Weduosdtiy tlio 6th instant, at 0 o*okit;k P. M.

The Hon'ble Mr, Justice Fhear, Fresident, in the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The receipt uX the fallowing presentations was announced —

1. From Captain W. O, Maitland— Two Thibetan M83., given to him by an inhabitant of the Naga Hills.

2. From the author — a copy of ** Kulu^ its BeautieSi Autif|iutie8, and Silver Mines, including a trip over the snowy range and gla* ciers/' by J. Calvert, E^tj., F. a 8.

Tho following gentlemen were elected ordinary mombtjrd— E, T. Atkinson^ ^^<li (re-election). B. F. CliiHhokii, Eati. Captain 8. 1$. Miles. H. Buukle, Ei$q.

The following gentlemen are eandidatea for ballot at the next meeting.

J. A. Aldis, Esij., M, A., proposed by the Ilon'ble J. B. Fhoar^ seconded by OoL A, 8. Allan.

Dr. A. Neil, Lahore, proposed by tho lion* bio J. B. Phoar, so* conded by li. F. Blanford, Esq.

J. O'Kinealy, Eaq., 0. 8., proposed by Col. J. F. Toananti soooiid- od by Dr. F, Stoliczka.

J. A. Briggs, Eu(i-, Asst. Sapt. Tulograph Dept,, propofod by Mr. L. Schvvendler, tieoondod by Mi*. \V, E, Ayrton.

H, Q. Cooke, Esq., G. 8,, Miduapur, proposed by Mr* J, Wood' Hason, seconded by Mr. II. Blochmaau.

Pr^^ee^ding^ of the Anatic Society,

[Sept.

Col G. E. Evezard, Magistrate of Poena, proposed by Mr. W. T. Elanford, seeonded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.

CoL A. B. Dickens has tendered liis resignation as a member of the Society.

The following letters were rend —

From M. L. Ferrar, Esq., C. 8., Seetapore, Audh, regarding the bidhplace of T?djnli Todar MaU.

*' In Fiis*'. IV, of your Iniuslution of the ASn Akbari, you record that Ry ah Tmlar Mall was ])orn at lAhor, \Vuuld you kindly inform me whitii of the native Historians givos hi« biogi^aphy. I ank tliN. as the people oi Lahmpur^ a lai'go town of 11000 inhabit* ants In the pargantih of the same nam e^ in this iliatrict (8itipdr) and included in the Kin Akhari in ' Sirkar Khairlbad* all beliere that he was a native of their town. I am inclined to think that they have good grounds for their beliefi for in the first place the Eijah was not a mythical personage, like Earn Chantlr or king Bii-at, whoso birthplace is claimed by many places — and 8e<.'ondly, hard by Lftharpiir is Miijdpur, called after IheEajah, and having a year- ly mela in his honour. At the present time, there is a large com* iDunity of K'hatris (the Hajah's caste) at Ldharpdr. I think the point is worth clearing up*"

Mr. Blochmann said —

On the receipt of Mr, Ferrar's letter, I looked up several MS. histories, and found that the Uadnir ul Vmara and the Tafrih ul *Imdrat call the Hdjah a Lahauri. The ^laisir must have derived his information from the AkbarnSmah, though I have not yet found a passage in that work, where the Eajah's birthplace is given* 1 then asked Mr, Ferrar, to obtain more pailieulars re- garding Todar Mall's father, who ia not mentioned in the histories, as I thought that the Laharpiiri Bajuh might bo thd Todar Mall 8hahjahdni^ a dietinguiijhed Hindil courtier of Sh^h- jahin^s time. But the lAhai-puris evidently mean Akbar's re- nowned minister uf finances. Mr. Ferrnr replied —

** I will make more enquiries from the Laliarjulr people about Todar Mall, and shall let you know the result of them* Mean- while, and since my iast| I have been iufermed by a respectable

IB7L]

Prodndtngi ofth& Anatic Society.

Brahmau of that place that Todar Mall's father was a ' PanjabS K'hatri/ and came and married the daughter of a OhApari K'hat* ri ia LLtharpur, where the aon wan bornt The latter seems to have lived there during his boyhood.

♦' L&harpiir eoutaiaed II 000 inhabitants in 1869 — and probably 15000 in the Nawdbj. It takes its name from Lahari Mall, a Fassi^ who 500 joars ago invaded the surrounding country. Up to then it had been known as * Tughluqpur/ having been founded by ths Emperor Firui! Tughhiq (1357 — 1388, A. D.)| who passed through there on his way to the Bahriit/h shrine of Sayyid Salar. I hope that we may be able to settle the birthplace of such a notablo personage as E. Todar Mall was."

Mr. W. T. Blanford exhibited a collection of diipped quartets implements found about 40 mile« west of Bhadrfiohalam on th© Godivari, The 35 epeuimens exhibited were all found within a space of about 50 yards sq[uare, and at least as many more were rejected on aooouni of being badly made* The place where they were found was in dense jungle, the rock soft sandstone, and the implements, as was usually the case iu So nth era India^ had evi- dently been chipped from pebbles. Several were formed of white vein quartz, an unusual cirttumstance. The forms of these im» plemonta were those of the kind most freqaontly found in French and English gravels, and they varied from about 3 to G inches in length. That the spot where they were found was a place of manufacture was probable, not only from the oecurreneo of ill form- ed implements, but fdso fix>m flakes, evidently chipped from the quartzite being abundant.

The following oommnnications were read : — 1. Letter from R. L. Forbes, Esq., AssisTijrT CL»MiftS9ioKi»,

PaLAMAU, liEOA^Dma the MromJL IKVASIOXS of rAULMAU-

CoMMUNicATED hy OoL. E. T. Dalton, C« 8. I.

(Abstract,) Mr. Blochmann read the letter, wliich will be published in the hcoming number of Port I of the Journal. The particulars of the conquest of PaMmau by the Mughuls, and esjieciolly of the final

IfiO

jPrtvWm^# ofty Aitaiie 8<mi4f(ff*

[Sept.

war under Dmtl Kliaii, Aurangxeb's general, are still rememLeretl by tha iiihaliitanta of the district, Mr, Forbes*8 detaibs prove m a moat striking uirim ' tlie reliability of our Mubaramadan bis* torians j tho ouly diwropoiicies refer to the relation e^liip of several Ohero cbielJs. His geograpbical remarks form a valuable commea- tary on several passages in the Paditih6hndmah and the ^Alam^ir* ndma/tf and correct, in one case, a bad reading of the Society^e edition of the latter work.

2. Notes on and translation of two Coppeh-plate nrscniPTioHs

PBOM ChaibassAj Sufoiinc'if, Ay Pbatapachandba Quosiia.

(Abstract.)

The copper tablets were discovered buried in the ground in tin) viDage of Bamangh^|f, Thoy record grants of several vil- lages Bamanvasii, &c., to two brahmans by two jirinces of tho Ma* yurbbanj ftimily, a family still exliint in the Xatak Tributary Ma hall!*. The plates are each surmounted by a seal, bearing the name of the donor, and signs such as the bull, the ti-ident, and tho €resc«:^nt moon. Rajabhanja, the srin of Panabhanja, is the donor mentioned in one tablet and Ranablianja ia the donor of tlie other. The tablet of Ranabhanja bears a date which is supposed to bo 66 Samvat,

3* On two Saubian Geneba Eubylepis and FLocEX>£BMAy Blyth,

WITH A DE8CKIPTI0N OF A NEW SPECIES OF MaboUIA, FrtZINOEB,

% Db, Andebson, Cubatob, Indian Museum.

In comparing some of the Reptiles in the Indian Museum with the catalogue of that Section prepared by Mr. Theobald for thia Society, I have lately made two identiJicationa which it is desirable should be put on record, as they refer to two of Mr, Hlyth^s genera which have hitberto eeeaped the notice of Herpetologiste. I refer] to the two genera EuiifJqjis ond I'l&ce/ietma, In Mr, Theobald's Catalogue, no mention is made of either of them^ audi can only ac- count for their having been overlooked by the circumstanco that they were originally pubb'shed as foot notes to two c^nsecntivo pages of the Journal of tliis Stjcioty for 1854.* The species ill us- I • J. A. B. Bctig. vol. xiiii, pp. 738-739.

187L]

Proc0i^ding9 of the AiUik Society,

181

tratiug the first mentioned so^callcMl g^enus was referred Ly Theo- bald to Phitioihn oiJ^wmavW ami Bibroa, and renamed by him P. gmlatusj and the other spedea for whieh Biyth bad suggested the generic term Plocederma was placed by Theobald in the genus Zaudaha, which he regarded as distinct from Skllio^ and referred to Qray^s species SielUo iuhirculatus.

Before coubidering the affinities of these two forms I shall first point out the characters of the sub-genus Mumecef which Wieg- maun, its author, regarded as only a subdivision of his Section Eu- prepest.

In the Catalogue of the Berlin Museum published in 1856* Lichtenstein identilied Plediodmi Aldropandi^ D, and B-, with Scincus pavimeiiiatus. P. Geoffroy St. Hilairef, but justly retained for P. Al^irovdHiii, D and B.J Schneider's name auratum^ which, even according to Bimieril and Bibron*s showingj was entitled by priority to stand for the speeies to which they had alhxod the name of AIdrot*andus* Prof, P^ters|| was the first after Wieg?nann himsell' to direct attention to the fact that the S. pavi' meiUalmt Is, Geotf, St. Hilaire was the typo of Wiegmaun's sub- genus Eumtces and Dr. Stolicxka^ last year brought Peters' observation to the notice of tliia Society*

The history of the sub-genus Enmecet is as follows : In 1834, Wiegmann** in establishing tho genus refciTed 8, rufiicmn^i Merr, and S.punc^aius, Schneider, to it» but in the following yearjf * he pointed out that these two species did not belong to it. In 1837,tt ho indicated that Fum<*tei was intermediate between Gonpjlm and Eaprcpes and that S^ pamfnentaim^ Is, Geoff. St. nilaire, was the only speoies referable to it, and that it differed from Enprepes in the form of its tongue and dentition, but he did not regard these diilerencea as of generic but only of sub-generic

^ Nomea. Eept. et Amphib. Mosei ZooL, BeroL, Ltobteustolii, p. ID, t DoBo. d rJBgypt, p. 135, pi. 3, tig. 3, pL 4, tig. -4, 4a. j D. and B. UoipL GonL vol. v, p. 70l, 7Uk § Schnoider, Hist. Amph. Zoo« 11^ p. 176, Gntithor places .S\ iiitraiu^ iu Mabouia and recouU it from Persia.

I| Muimta. der Akad. su Berlixi, I86i, pp. IB, M>* If Joarn. As. Boo. Bcng. 1870, TOl xxxix p. 17i. •* ticiptit Meat p. 36.

ft ArcU. fur NfttmiroecU, (Wieg.) vol, U, p. 288, ij Wieif. 1. c, VOL V, p. lajS.

182

Proceedingti of the Asiaiic Society,

[Smi'T.

value. Ho states that the nostrils of S. pavin^ntatm are situated in the centre of a small nasal shield, but ia his work ou the Ilerpetology of Mexico be writes, ** narU in Medio scufdh «f7cP (scuteliii duohm in unutn coalitiiy^ which would lead me to L'onelude that he doubted whether the character of a single nasal shield were a rehable and constant foature. At that time he divid- ed the genus into two small aub-divisions : one Section, A. cxjntain- ing S, pnvimeiUain^ and S. rufisven»t Merr., the latter of which ho afterwards referred to Euprep^*^ and anotlier Section B. in which he placed 5. pttncfatus^ Schneider^ and which he also afterwards located in Euprepe^, The characters of the first sub-division wore thej^e, ** palpcbra supcri^tr m^lkcris : inferior scutfilkta squamosa : denif^ 2xt7it(ini numeroai,** It is therufore to be understood that the scales of Eumeces (E, pavimmta(us) wore smooth the nostril in a single plate resulting from the coalesoenoe of two nasals| the in- ferior eyelid scaly, and that it had palatine teeth.

In 1839, Dumoril and.Bibron^ do not api>ear to hare been aware that Wiegmann had corrected his original mistake and had removed S, rufeacem and ^S*. punctatm from Eamcces^ for thejr enter into an elaborate criticism of his arrangement of the genus in his Herpetology pf Mexico. They regarded Wiegmann'a Eumeces as not founded on a suificient basis and they therefore retained his name simply to apply it to the group represented by the t^'po 6*. punctatm of Schneider, which has a transparent eyelid, a double fronto-parietal and a small nailobular ear. They, however, in the same volume described the genus Fh&tio4oi% which has all the characters of Wiegmaun's first section {A) of Eum^ei as represented by Eumsoc* paeimfintatus^ Geoif«, which iProfessor Peters states is i^Tionymous with SvWjw iStjhneidtn^ Is, Geoff. St. Hilaire, Phsliodon Aldromndi^ D. andB., and Plntio- don cypriu^^ Cuv. Under these circumstances FUHiodon cannot stand, as Eumfcn has the prior claim to acceptance,

Blyih's Euryhpis has the palatine teeth and palate of Eumi^fiff as described by Wiegmanu, and also the scaly eyelid and smooth scales. The nostril* however, is not in a single plate but is placed between an anterior and posterior nasal shield, and not as described • UtiFpet, Geul. vol. v.

IS7U]

Pr^€udin$% of the A$iaiie Society,

ISS

by Bljth and Theobulcl in a small separate nasal slueld. The Leiid x>lut€ss «Je arntuged as in E. pmimentatm and the ear biis from three to two Icjljes anteriorly. The only character of import- ante in which it differs from Eum^cfis b& definod hy Wiegmann, and illustrated hy E, pavtmftdattts, is the oocuiTence of tho nostril ho- tween two shields) but keeping in view Wiogmonn's statement tliat the sinf^le nasal of E. pavftncntatitM results from thfi union of two, this singular ditlerenee tJuii hardly be considered as generic, I therefore regard Eurylepis as another synonym of Eume^^t, Wieg- mann, Eumeees thus defined would appear to correspond with Pitzinger's* genus Mahouta which like Eumecei haa a single nagal^ a scaly eyelid and palatine teeth, and the palatine groove reaching forward to the eye, so that tlie only generic distinctiun that exists between them is the charat-ter of the nostril » but if I am correct in regarding that character as not of anfficient importance to separat^il Etirt/hjm from Euimtes^ it cannot have more force when we compare Mahouia and Eutnccei and I am therefore inclined to gronji to- gether these smooth scaled skinks with palatine teeth and scaly eyelids under the first proposed term Mttbomu^ Fitzinger. Scmcui which ha8 palatine teeth is sepai*ated from Mahouia by ita dilated toea and shoTol-like muzzle.

Thei*6 ia this peculiarity in the scales of the this new form that led Ulyth to term it Euryltph^ rrt,, that the scales on the midiUe of the back from on a line with tlie axilla as far back as oq '' a Une with tho gioin, while they have only the ant^ro-posterior breadth of the scales of tho sidi^s of the back and sides, are so much transvensely extended that each dorsjil scale haa the breadth of threo of the lateral rows of scales. The middle of the back ia thu^ covered^ 4 in the area denned, by a single row of narrow, hexagonal much transversely extended scales. The scalep^ between the occiput and the enlarged dorsal series, are of the same size as those in the sides. Each dorsal scale, largo and smtJl, is marked by shallow groovesf &om the number of 3 to 10, or 11, the iirst number being re* stricted to the small scales and the latter otx'urriug on the larg9^ scales or plates : tlie smaller scales have each a minute j>ore. If these grooves were brought together in pairs, they would produeci

• Keue ClftBS. Jar Ue|it. 18£a, p. 23. f D, and II. ). a v. p. 70S.

184

Precetdtngs of tfte Asiatic SqciH^,

[Sex^t*

n keeled cliaracler in the scale, so that it would appear that they are perhaps modifications of the carinated furin of scales. It should be borne in mind, however^ that this form notwith- standing its grooved scales, is a trxdy smooth scaled sdnk. To revert, however, to the sigaijxoanoe of the large dorsal plates in the form under consideration ; it does not appear to me to merit generic status, because another and distinct species has reijentljr come under my observatioui in which there are two rows of enlarged dorsal shields^ each about half the size of the large scales of the typo of Euryhpis, Mahottia with the foregoing facts before us may be defined as follows : —

Mabouia, Fitzinger.

Head conical, scales smooth and £nely grooved ; dorsal scales either of uniform size or enlarged. Tail long^ round and smooth without spines ; lower eyelid scaly. Nostril either iu a single plate or between two plates, an anterior and posterior. Teeth numerous, conical, somewhat laterally compressed. Palatine teeth. ' Palatine notch broad on a level with the eye. Limbs moderately or ' well developed, rather for apart. Toes, 5, 5.

The species which has given rise to these remarks may be oharaeterized as follows :

Mauoyia t^otolata, Bljlb,

EuryUpU imMMu$t Blytli, Journ. As. Soc. xxii pp. 73dj 7i0. PU§tioion feutotuff Theobald, Cat. £opt. As. Soc. Mas. 18l>8, pp. 25, 26, Eumttss MC^hoMiat Tlioob., Jerdpa, Proc. As* 8oo. Beugiti, 1870, p. 73,

Body rather elongated, limbs moderately developed and far apart, the distance between them eq^ualling five times the interval between the shoulder and ear. Tail Ifrds of the length between the snout and the vent : cylindrical, regularly tapered. Bupranasals transversely elongated forming a suturo behind the rostral. Frontal transversely octagouaL Post-frontals pentagonal, broad estornally but narrowing towards the common, broad, mesial suturo. Vortical elongate, oblong ; lateral and posterior margins concave. Two small pre-ocdpitals not forming a suture together, but separated by the point of the anterior extremity of an azygos, arrow-hoad<ahaped - ocHjipital, with a moderately sizod exoe^lpital bhit^ld, on either aida j

1871,]

Promi(Un^9 of the AsitUic SocMtf.

1B5

of it. Two temporald, on© above the other between the exoccipital and the posterior margin of the last upper labial. A posUicular between the two last labials^ before the temporally and with a small postocular above and two small shields in front of it. Six fiuperuiliaries, the third from before hackwardft being the largest- A rather large pentagonal prsoocnlar below the first superciliary. A vertically obldug loreal with its upper margin wedged in be- tween the prmlrontrtl and postfrontala. Au hexagonal postnasal over the suture of the lirst and second labials. Two rows of very small shields between the upper labials and the scaly disk of the lower eyolid. Two transverse chin shields, one before the other, behind the mental, the hinderraost being the largest and succeeded by three pairs of large shielda, of which the auterior pair form a suture. Eai" of moderate siase witli three or four strong donticula- tions on its anterior margin, the two npperraoat being double thii size of the others. A dorsal line of transversely broad, longi* tu(h"nallj narrow* hexagonal scales fnym over the shoulder to on a line with the groin* These scales are as broad as the three' lines of scales external to them^ and are obiicurely marked by 10 or 11 fine grooves, while the stuall dorsal scales have three such fine BuleL Twenty-one rows of scales round the middle of the body. Scales on the under surface of the tail enlarged, those on tfie Tipper surface the same as on the side of the body. Two large anals Beparated by an oblique suture. Anterior limb when laid forwards roaches beyond the anterior auirle of the eye ; posterior limb reach- es only a short way beyond one-third of the distance between the groin and the axilla. Centre of under r^urface of the feet covered with small tuborch s ; a line of larger tubercles on the hind foot embracing ihe smaller ones, and curving backwards from the outer to the inner toe. About 8 inter-maxillary, and 28 majtillary teeth in the upper jaw, as a whole ; and Hyo palatine teeth on either side. The specimens are much faded, but the cjoloration appears to have been a pale olivo grey above with a dai'k brown biuid running along the large» dorsal scales, and spottixl with whitish* A dark brown baud along the side tVom the eye and partially pnjlouged on to the tail. This baud is urnameuted at regular intervals with three longitudinal lines of whitiMh spots. Tail more or less darkly .speckled, the markings tending to form trauuvorse rings.

IBfi

Pruceedin^s of tlw Aimtie S9ciM>f.

[Sept.

Length : — snout to vent 8," 8"' ; vent to tip of tail 5/ 2'" ; li«ad 6'^' ; fore limb U),*" hind limb I'', fourth toe 4/"

Mah. Punjab^ Salt Range.

Two epefinieue were t^olleuttid by Mr, Theobald in tlie Salt Bange of the Punjab, and presented bj him to this Society and described by Mr. Blyth who created the abovl named genuM for their reception. There cannot be a duubt as to their identity, but both, Bljth and Theobald, have fallen into some inaccu- raclea regarding cei'tain of their characters. The former saya that the nostril is pierced in a amall^ separate, naaal shield, an error repented by Tlieobold. Mr. Blyth also states that the lower eye- lid has a traimloceut disk, but Mr. Theobald more accurately describes it as scaly, with a transverse row of large plates. He, however, says the body is surrounded by 23 rows of scales while | the two specimens exhibit only 21 in the middle of the body> and Blyth limited them to 19.

If I am w^rong in my estimate of the value to be attached to the l occuiTence of the nostiil between two plates, and the presence of I the enlarged dorsal plates, then Blyth's EurtfUpit will stand, buil for the reasons stated, I do not regard these eharactera as gaaeriOtl

^ Mabouia Blythiawa, n. sp.

Uostral triaugular, hexagonal, in contact with the supranisals.] Anterior nasal triangular, rather small ; posterior shield sub* j quadrangular. Supranasals transversely oblong, forming a siitiir0 1 behind the rostral. Frontal transversely elongate, its anterior! mai^ns forming an obtuse angle. Posterior frontals large|l hexagonal, forming a broad suture. Vertical elongate, lateral mar*l gins slightly convergent posteriorly, liinder margins formiag aa obtuse angle, Pra^occiiiitids pentagonal, forming a broad sultiraJ behind the vertical. An azygos, wedge-shaped oceipitaL Ex-* occipitals of moderate size, pentagonal.* Three rather large tern- 1 porals between the exoccipitals and the two last ujiper labiaJa^l one anterior to the other two ehields which lie one above the otherj J the former separated from the eye by a chain of small shieldl running from the anterior angle of the eye, along the upper eyelid and the lower margin of the eye to its anterior third. Sis fiuperciliai'ief>| the Jii'&t and last vqtj smalt A small point

1871.]

Proeefidings of the Aiiaiie Saeiety»

IS7

ledlj quadrangular, and a larga, oblong shield along the an- rterior third of the lower margin of tho eye, the former behind the latter, with a large pentagonal loreal in Iront of tliem, and a vertically elongated, hexagonal postnasal before the latter^ in con- tact with the 2nd, npper labial, posterior nasal, snpranaaal, frontal, postfrontal and loreal. Eight upper labials, the seventh and eighth the largest, the anterior niai*gin of the last on a line with the posterior angle of the eye. Seven lower labials, the last but one the largest. Mental like a labial, but more transversely elongated > with a large, azygos, pentagonal plate behind it, with the concavi- ties of its two hinder miirgins directed backwards and in contact with two pairs of labials. A pair of transverse shields in cjontact with the second and third labials and forming a autore together behind the azygos plate ; another large pair with a small a«ygo« shield between the plates, succeeded by another pair with a still amallerpair behind the latter. Thirty rows of smooth round the middle of the body. Two longitudinal Hum, in thil middle of the back, of transversely elongated, hexagonal scales oon^ fiiderably larger than any of the other dorsal or lat^^ral acales, and commencing from behind theocuiput and diminishing in size on th^J , root of the tail Yen trals of moderate size with their posterior ma I gins rounded. Two large preeanals with a small external pair. Ta rounded, slightly, laterally compressed, long and tapering, one and I two-thirds as long a^ the body. A single row of enlarged sub-caudala. les on the upper sorface and sides of the tail of uuiform size. ^Ear moderately large, erectly oval, with from three to four strong lobules on its anterior margin, the uppermost the strongest. Under surface of feet cowered with tubercles, those of the hind foot embraced by an enlarged series extending from the base of the first to the base of the fifth ioe. Limbs well developed, the fore limb reaching to the tip of the snout, and the hind limb when stretched forwards extending to the anterior third of the space between the axil and groin. Seven intermaxillary and 34 maxillary teeth in the whole of the npper jaw, and 36 in the mandi- ble. Seven to eight palatine teeth on either side* Snout to vent, 3" b'"" ; vent to tip of tail 6 " j head 7'"; fore Umb l" V ; hind limb 1" 6'" J fourth toe 6.'"

Olive brown above ; three dark-brown, hmgitudlniil lines along

IHH

Proceedings of the Asiatic Saeiettf.

[SfiPT.

the bftck, from the nape tu the base of the tail, A broader dark-brown hand from the eye over tho tympanum, along tho side, A broad, pale -yellowish band below it £i*om below the eye thi'ough one half of the tympanum along the sidos to the groin. A palish duslcy band from the angle of the mouth, over the shoulder, and along the side below the yellowish band. Up- per surface and sides of tail palOj uniform browniah*oHvo. All the under pturts yellowish.

Hah, Amritziir ? Purchased from a Bokhara morohant who btMlud that he obtained it at AiuriUur.

Blyth* in a notioe of some Keptilea from the Fanjib writes of the next form which I purpose to consider, ** a well marked Becoud species of Dr. Gray's genua Laudakia^ founded on Affama iubm-mhta of Hardwicke's 111. Itid. ZooL, if not rather a new genus adlned to Ltiudakia (in wLitdi case this may bear the aamo Plo&ffderma^ nobii^)/' This specimen is still in the Musoum and was referred by Theobald to Lamlakia tuhercalata^ Gray, which he oon- sidered generioally distinct from SUlUo, and which it dooa not appear to be. The examples of the genua Stellio in the Indian Museum agree with Dr. Gunther's figure of 5. iruiicus which he afterwarda referred to S, tuherculatug^ Gray. There are, however, two well marked species of the genus in India as Dr, Stoliczka has shown mo from the rich matenals in liis possession, and as Jio is to describe th© result of his observations, I shall proceed to point out the charac- ters of the type specimen of Blyth's supposed genus Floced^rtna^ but, to enable me to do so, it is necessary for me to remark that the two species recognized by Dr. Stolic^ka are distinguished by tho 8126 and distribution of the enlarged scaler of the dorsal region. One species S. tuberculatum has the scales considerably and generally amallor than the other and more numerous, those ou the back of the neck being scarcely enlarged, while in the other, larger-scaled form, the scales in that region partake to a certain extent of the nature of the dorsal scales and are prolonged more or less to the occiput. I am inclined to tho conclusion that Blyth'a Flocf>derm(t is a young individual of Dr. StoUiizka's large scaled form, but the following ai'6 the characters of Bljih*s S, mehnurus. • Juura. Am, Soo« Beng, xxiii, pp. 737,738.

187L]

ProcudingA of ih^ Asiatic Sacttftt^,

im

Steluo MELANtrnua, Blyth,

lMUda1cia(PUnied0rma)fmhinurafBij%U,Jonra. As. Soo. Bong, 1S5I, vol. ixiii, p. 737-739.

Lai^iA^ta tuhorculata, Qvnj, Theobald, Cat. Bept* Aa. Soc. Beng., 1868, p. 38*

A short rudimentaiy crest of enlarged, keeled, tubercular scal^si Scales of tlie back enlarged, imbricate, strongly keeled, with sorrated free margins, and with a small apical spine. On the middle of the back, there are 8 row« of the etdarged scales much larger than those external to them which number 7 rows, gradually decreasing from within outwards, the outer row, however, abruptly sepa- rated by its g^*eater size from the minute scales of the sides. In the large central rows of scales, the strong keels form longi- tuilinal lines, while in those external to them, the keels form ob- lique lines, £i"om wifhin outwards- Htdf way between the middle of the back and the shouldeFj the number of rows of enlarged dorsal scales decreases to 16, so that the scales are rc?stricted a much narrower area than on the back, but before the shoulde there is again a slight augmentation in their distribution,

ows increasing to about twenty, but the scales having diminish- 'ed in size, the lateral extent covered by them is not much in- creased. On the back of tJie neck, there are no enlarged scales besides those ofrhe central crest which begins where the enlarged scales stop, on a line with the shoulder. The scales on the sides of the body are granular, each with a minute apical spine and arrang- ed in transverse lines, and there are no enlarged scales among them. (In this character it differs from S, tuhfreulatm), I count ' 149 rows of scales round the middle of the body, 53 of which are ventral, smooth and without any trace of keels. The scales on tlii» ux*por surface of the limbs, with the oxci^ption of those on the ttiil, are the largest, their margins aro sorrated and each has an apical spine. The scales of the tail are large and aiTanged in verticils which are in- terrupted, however, in their curve on the upper surface of the has of the tail All are keeled and have strong apical spines, with^ the exception of those in the middle of the under surface of the tail which have no keels, but generally have an apical spino^ ^vith a smaller one on each side of it. Nostril above the second «

too

ProfieedmgH of ih Asiatic S^ktfj,

[Sept.

tliirrl labials, but separated from tbem by two rows of scales. Seventeen upper and fiiteou lower labials* A median line of slightly enlarged keeled scales behind the snout, and a similarly enlarged plate on tlie occiput. Two to tliroo rows of enlarged oonical, spined scales frf)m lielow tho eye to the tympanum. A group of tubercular! spinous scales at the anterior margin of the ear. A fold at the under margin of the tympanum pro- longed to the nock, on the under surface and gidos of which there are numerous folds, those in the latter locality being here and there covered with groups of spines. A pit bcforo the shoulder irom the upper anterior margin of which a fold ia prolonged ovor the shoulder to the sides of the back with small spines 0(jnurring on it at intervals ; a smaller and more indistinct fold between the latter fold and the shoulder with a few large spinous scalefi. The opening of the ear is very large and patulous. TIil* tail is slightiy dilated at its base and doproased^ long and slender and more than twice as long as from the snout to the vent. The wrist reaches as far forwards aa the snout » and the hind limb just touches the Tent. The third finger is nearly the length of the fourth which is the proportion in the corresponding toes. A small callous patch of about 20 scales in the centre of the abdomen, with a prffianal series of two rows of callous scales. A deep depression behind the vent. The dental formula of tlie upper jaw is pre- maxillary teeth 3-^3^0; maxillary teeth 13 -|- 1 3 = 26 j total 32. Snout to vent 3" 2'" j vent to tip of tail V 9,'" head 10''' j fore limb 1* 8'" ; hind limb 2" 8"' ; fourth toe 7"\

Colour in spirit, I quote from Blvth> *' Olive grey» probably oUto green and changeable when olive j the head and body speckled over with dark scalesj and also with some scales paler than tho rest ; the long slender portion of the tail dusky black and thd lower parts pole and bulfy white, apparently suffused with crim- son when alive ; the throat and below the shoulders beautifully marbled with greyish black, probably blue in the living animal.^'

Blyth states that the loealit}^ from whence the specimen w^as ob- tained was uncertain, but that he believed it to come from Kashmir. Mr. Theobald, however, who collected the specimen states in his Catalogue that it came from Simla.

187L]

l^rocnedingu of the AmUk $&eht^^

m

4. Notes ojt «ome Inthan ajoj BttRMEsE Ophidiajts, hif Db. F. Stouczka,

(Abstract. )

In this paper notes ere given of the following speciee : l)fphl{ Hofifieldi^ T. hoihriorhynchuif^ T. hraminus and T, pamm^ceM.

T. porttctm, n, &p, — 18 longit. rows of aculea ; 40G-440 tmnsvi OWB on bod J, 11-12 on the tail ; head-skieUls regular ; eyo vei indistinct ; circumference ^^ to -j*^ of length of body ; leaden or olivaceous brown aboTe, paler below and on the head ; mouth aoi below tail pure white. Bengal and N. W. Provinces.

T. Andtimaiiensif, n. Bp, — IB longit. ix>W8 of scales, about 390 transverse rows on body and 17 on the tail ; head shields above regu- lar ; one separate lower pra?-ocular and one sub-ocular ; 4 labitilR, the third larger than the fourth ; circumference a little leas than -j'^^th of total leDgth ; ejo indistinct ; blackish brown above, vinaceoua on side, grey, checkered with white, bolow. Andaman islands.

T. Theobaldanm^ n, »p. — 22 long, rows of scales; 485 transverse rows on body, 26 on the tall ; circumference /^ ^^ ^^^^ total length ; head'shielda regular; eyes perfectly indistinct ; uniform light brown ; ludia.

JS(iii6i4f b ieaien at ut^ — A h lahet eo UartM, — CompMnom a JTodgsom, — Samrn h fane to Ut tm> — Tropidancfus q u in eu n dia im , Of thl s 1 ast speci a varioty is describecl and figured, with the posterior front united int^ one shield.

21 heUuluff^ n. sp. — 19 rows of small, sharply cartnate, scales, head- shields like in the last species, but the anterior fipontals more ob- tuse in &ont, 9 upper labials of which the 4thf 5th and 6th enter the orbit» 1 + 2 temporals; 140 veiitrals, 63 suboaudals ; olive brow: above with two series of little dark spots along the back, all ventrals black at the base ; Pegu (Mr. S. Kuj-x).

r* Eimalayanui, — 71 Junaut* — T. ntlminiatm, A unicoloured large variety is figured and described of tlie last species^

y. macroptt^ Blytli, is the same as 7\ nmcrophthalmm^ Giinther, and most probably also identical with T, Sikkimewfii^ Anderson.

T. plumhkolor from Quolior.

PmmmophiM coftdanuru\ The N, W. Sub-Himalayau variety ia, possibly the same as P, Leithii of Giinthert IVom Bind.

102

Prottcdingti of the Asiatic SotieUj,

[Skpt.

Dipstis Fontmi occui's at Pankabareo, baso of Szkkim liills. 2?. hexagoiwtus, BL, is not identical with D, multi/asciaiaj BL, aa iiggesttjd by Dr. Anderson. D. huhaUna 18 caminon in tbo low valloys of Sibkim. 2), irigonata Irom Qnftlior, LeptorhjUonjara is not considered to be generieallj dietinot from

Ht/pmhina enhgdrix liaa sometimes 23 rowa of scales, TtHmeremms Andersoni of Theobald is qmtre distinot from 71

mmiicola with which it was wrongly idcmtified by Dr. Anderson.

It is an Andaman species, and allied to T> porphi/racem of Bijth. [This poper will be publiisbed with illuati'ation in the Natural

History Part of the Journal for the current year],

6. Notes on new on little k.vown Indian Lizaads, bg Dm, F. Stoliczka.

{Abstract.)

After some preliminary remarks, the author gives notas ou the following, known or new, epeciee : —

Laoertid^,

Tachydromui HjpUmaim^ and tlio allied Bpeoiea T, meridknalU^ T. Hautjhionianwi^ and 21 tepttmtrknalk, — Ophiops Jerdom\ Blyth, = I^HudophiopM Jerdoni ^ Pi, Throhaldi and ? ^= P«. Meddamei of

* Tbe naming of this flpeoiea was the caasd of a Tnost u^justiflubttt Httiusk hy Dr. Aorlerson opoii Dr. Jerdon, as recorded by the former in the PitKS. of tlittj Zool. Soc, of Loudon for 1871» p. 156. I do not wiah to repent that prK8Uui|] tuous stfttemeiit, -which has justly elicited the indi^iiritionofnatuiultst^ uihumoil bnt n reference top, 72 of the Society's Proceedin^»^ for Febmtiry 187M n\i\ »ht3H that it WII8 1 who onViually gave thiit in formation to Dr. Jerdon* iui reourdcd 1 ^ biru (hc>t.). The apecinienj for which the nw)f unme wcis piopuaed, woa i-ectiivod dunnf? my teniporBry touare of the office &s Ciirttutr of H(»* TndiAti Mim^'hto, aod lUi iiach I thong^htit rv/^i in comtnnnicating the i n

1 knew to be engaged in the preparation of n iim

A few |K}ints of minor importance in the idciitsiir .iMuu ,n ,,n . |" v n.-i \'ji.\v mi u atffcerwiirds compared by Dr. Jerdnn, with the knowiedg*^ of one or tho other of tho officers of the Musenm. The name HxriAjht^jrvianux has been n^Lmr* .! iw Jendoti on my saggeation.— Of nlJ this Dr. Anderson ahonhi, oi mii^ht i

Hwure. Bnt if ho svishee todtyle hmiself a " Director" of the Maoeum, V. i

he be so auxious to apply Dr. Jerdon's Blatetncut " with the contiurrf i#t-o oi itufi Curator" to himself? The monopoly of namiu^ and deseribin;^ 8|>ecimeiia in ifc pabtie Mndoatii, \f hieh Dr. Anderson apjwai^ to chiiin tus hia oxclaaive rijjhfc, ht rortnniitcly not yet been mudo luw in the Indian >Io»uutn at Cutoutttu

1871.]

Pr&CB0dinff« i^f th$ Asiatic Si^i^t^.

19^

Jerdon. — Ophiopi [^ymiw/w] microUpU, Blunf., from Kuhurbaleo. — AcantMuctylui Oantority from near Agra, Ambola, Ludiaaa &c.

species

noticed are

In tUia family the more important Of Remidact^U 15 species are distinguished :

1. JL irUdruSf from which Jerdon*8 if. suHriifdruf is poseibl/" diBtinct

2. H, niactdatM^ D. and B. (smaller form).

3. //. Fi^rmif Kelaai't = M. nuicuUtm^ D. and B,> larg« »ped* men, ? s= JJ. Sjfhii, Giintlier,

4-5. H, graeilii^ Blf., and 27". niicuMm, Bodd.

6. B^/renalui, (r — H, punctaius, Jordon).

7. H, L^sch^nautUi =: R. Keh%arii^ Thoob., 5= K. mummatM*^ Blanford.

8. R, Mortoni, Theobald ; Burma.

9. JZ CaddBi = H^ B^Hj/ahsnsitf Andurs<»ri.

10. //. anranfiiicmf B«idd, 1 L n* giganimi^ u. sp. tjimilai* to Coeiwi^ bat muoh birger, the

general size bein^ t»qual to that of Gecko guttaiui. First labial not ectoriug; the nostril, Itt — 20 fomoral pores on either side of thigli, separate in proB-an£ti region ; olive greyj marbled and spotted with darker.

Rab. Goddviri vaUej near Badrachalain^ on trees ; discovered by Mr. W. T. Blanford.

12* if. \_DorgHro'] Berdmm-ti^ Blyth, Tliis species iB re-de- aoribed, and a figure of it given. Burma, Oachar, Sikkim Terai| Tista ToUey and Kumaon.

13, R, [^Dorgur(i\ Mandelianua^ n* sp. Body long, much depres- sed, as is also the tail, the latter with shai^p lateral subtuberouIatt» edges ; 12 — 14 upperi 10 — 12 lower labials ; first larger pair of enlarged ohin-shieldj» forms a suture^ second smaller, separated from each other and from the labials by smaller scales^ 36 long. series of soales on middle of belly. No femoral pores observed. Grey, densely iuai*bled and punctated or streaked with blackisli and with intermixed larger pale spots Pankabaroe and Tista valley in Lower jSikklm.

104

Proeitdingn of the Aitiatu Society.

[Sep

14-15* 27; [i).] OaudatHu and ff. [i>.] STarenorum, Tbcob.

Pcripia Cantoris and Feronii havo generally a distiuct minut 8eta on the inner toe.

Nyctt^ridium phtyurttSf Sclmeider, is = I^^ci. S(}hneiierianuti Bhaw, = iT. Simalayanum^ Anderson.

Oymnodaciylus Lawderanus^ n. ep. Body covered with small and larger tubercles ; no enlarged stales behind the nostril, 9 upper, lower labials ; first pfiir of chin- shields forma a suture and is foil owe by smaller shields ; 32 long* series of scales across belly ; two pairs of femoral pores, close together on pree-anal region j pale greyish brown, densely spotted with dark brown ; Kumaou ; diaoovere by Mr. A, Lawder.

{?. nebulo9USy Beddome, ie not == Q. nebukmSf Blyth, (nomen nudum).

Gym, maculaiita^ Beddome, 1870, is not =^ G, maculalus^ Steind., 1866.

Gym, marmoratu$^ Beddome, 1870, is not = G. marmoraiit*f andB., 1836.

Japahira wriegata^ may possibly be the same as /. mieroUpU^ Je don, but is certainly distinct from Jerdon's pUnidontuta^ the lati having been wrongly identiiied by Anderson with the first,

Sitana Fonticeriann extends eastward to the Ganges and north- wards to Hurki and into the Panjab.

Charasia BUnfordana^ n. sp. :== Ch* dorsaliSf apud Elanford, J^ A* S. B*, vol. xxxjXf 368 ; differs from the latter by its larger scales which are in 80 — 100 series round the body, &c.

Ch, [^Oriotiaris^ tricar inatm (Blyth) = Or tot. Ellictii^ GUuthen^

Stellio Day an ut J n« sp., difTera from St, tuhercui^tuSf =^= St. indicm c Blyth, by the larger scales on the back, these behig continuous ob the neck ; by having only 40 long, series of scales across belly, and bj its longer tail and limbs, &:c. Hurdwar ; discovered by Dr. P. BayJ

Euprepe^ \^TiUqua\ macular iu^^ Blyth, quite distinct from thi next ; varies very much in coloration.

jE", [71] mrinatm has quite as ot^en 5 as 3 keels on each scale.

EnprepeB montiivlaf from Sakibgunj on the Ganges, has a tr parent disc on lower eyelid.

Himtlia indica^ Gi'ttJi ie distinct from IT nktcuhtff^ Blyth an4

I87L]

3f9i^« of the jimattnSoemy7

N

also distinct from H. DmiimtWi\ D. and B. Oliaractera of the three species accorapaiiied by di*awings are given*

Mocoa Sikhm^mts is redeambed and is not the same as Giinther's Mum. Simalaifanm,

Mocoa sacnif n. sp. Like Sikkimensis, but more slender, with 22 longit, series of scales round the body and 40 tTansverBe seines between the limbs ; ear denticulate in front ; sub-caudttla enlarged from near the anus ; bronze brown above with a few dark 8pot«, blackish at the anterior side ; rest greenish white. Parisnath ; W. Bengal.

A new species of the very rare genua JlUtella^ Gray, baa beea discovered by Major Beddome in South India* A figure and des- oription of it is given. It ia named by Beddome 7?. Mahharim.

Uiopa angnma^ Theobald. Dr. Anderson has included two dilferont species under this name (see Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon* 1871, p. 159). The measurements and dimensions are mostly those of true an^iuna^ but the coloration is taken from a species which Theobald (Lin. Soc* Jour* Zool. p. 26) most probably noted under the name R. B<^ringi^ but which is distinct from both these species. It diHers from the former by its much longer limbs, but chieliy by its coloration j from the latter by the structure of sealea, &c. The speciiic name cyanella is proposed for this new species.

Riopa alhopunctata and Hurdteickiu Notes on tlie structural affinities as well as on the geographical distribution of these two species are given.

[This paper will appear, with numerous illustrations, in the Ist number of the Nat. Hist. Part of the Journal for the ensuing year.]

6. Ok HjLAiiLToK Buchakak's original naAwiuos of fish in tee Ltbeailt of xue Asiatic Society of BknoaLi by Surgeon F* Day,

In the Library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal exist several volumes of manuscripts and drawings by Dr. Buchanan. In two of these are one hundred and forty -nine original, coloured deline' ations of fish, and 45 uupios. On the former are ** the specific names in Buchanan's handwriting^, marked under the figures^ so as to leave no doubt or difficulty in referring them to corre- sponding descriptions in the Uangetic fishes.*' (McClollaud*)

Proefedin^i of ih Asiatic &/em

[Sbft

In *' Chambers* lives of Scotc^hnien," it is stated, that Buehaiinti, Hiimilton on his departure from India was deprivod by the Mur- •|ULS of Hastings of all his extensive drawings and papers relatiug^j to ©very brant h of natural history. (McClelland.) Since this period it has been generally admitted that the Indian Government appro- priated the private coUeotions of drawings belonging to that olBcerJ Having boen fummhed with the original correspondence^ I find that Buchanan j on having resigned the olEce of Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, sailed for Europe in 1815 in the ** Marchioness of Ely," taking with him ** collections of natural history, coins and Hindu Mauuscripts'* which he presented to the Court of BlrecU*; of the Bast India Company.

In a communication from Dr. Hare, a successor to Br. Buchanan , in the appointment of Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, the Chief Secretary to the Government, (dated July 27th, 1816 there occurs the following passage, ^' In a letter from the Ktgh^ ** Him^Me the Governor- General of the .5th January, 1815, His" ** Excellency says : * by a letter from Dr. Buchanan received here,, *• * it appears that he proposes to carry to Europe all the drawing ** * of animals and plants coUocted by him dui-ing the tour which he ** * was employed to make in this country. Dr. Buchanan state ** * that it is his object to request the Court of Directors to occef ** * this collection oa a present from him. Now, I appreheod tha ** * those drawings are already the property of the Hon'ble Couil ** * the service for which Dr. Buchanan was employed and pai4 ** * having specifically been the famishing Gt>vemment with a knon ** * ledge of the animal and vegetable productions of tliis country^' '* * delineations are essentially included in this service.* * ♦ • The ** drawings were transmitted to Government with the following '* letter, dated 1 8th February. * I have been honoured with you **Uetterof the Slst ultimo, withdrawing the permission of tk •* * Hon'ble Vice-President in Council for sending to the Hoq*1 ** * Court of Directors, such drawings of natural productions i ** * have been made at the Public expense, and desiring me i " * dehver them to you which I have aooordingly done by the be 14 ( « * ♦ my object in requesting, that X might be permitted to ** * present the drawings to the Caurt of Directors, did not originate

187L]

iin^i qfthe Asiatic Sochtf/.

197

»* * ill a view of claiming the merit of making a present to tlie Com- ** * pany of its own property, but arose from a conviction tbat their ** * being deposited in the collection at the India House vras the ** * most probable means of rendering them uaefiil to science,' " The drawings were kept in India to illuBtrate Dr. Buchanan's statistical reports on several of the districts, and it was proposed to take copies of the originals, whii^h were subsequently to b© transmitted to England.

8om8 of these drawings have been transferred to the niustrations of Indian Zoology, General Hardwicke having had them ** copied from the drawings of Buchanans Hamilton by that gentleman's* consent." (Eichardaon.) Others have been reproduced by McClelland In his Memoir on the Cyprinidm of India, B. A. 8. of B. 1899.

In the Zoological Record for 1869, p. 127, Dr. Giinther observe of these drawings, that they ** exist in triplicate, one copy beiny' in the British Museum, where their Iree use is allowed.'^ He also remarks : *^ It may be questioned whether it is desirable to ^ utilbce drawings, the types of which are lost, in any other way, but as a help to supplement the insufficiently published descrip- tions.'* But have the types been lost ? In the ** Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum," Vol. m, p. iv, 1861, the receipt is ac^knowledged of ** 6. A oolleetioQ of fishes from Bengal, believed ' to contmn many typical specimens of Buchanan Hamilton's work, presented by O. H. Waterhouse, Esq*"

The first consideration wliich suggests itself is» how was tliie collection obtained from Bengal ? It does not appear to have existed in the Miiseom of the Asiatic Society or in the Botanical J Gardens, whilst the collections conveyed to Europe by Buchanan j were presented by him to the India Hoxise,

At page 471 in the same volume, Br. Giinther observes of the Ophiacephalus^ auranliactiSj H. B., ** the typical specimen is not pre- served in the collection presented by Mr, Waterhouse : and in fact the drawing is taken from the Hardwicke collection," It would appear fmm this, that Dr. Giinther had arrived at the conclusion, probably on good evidence, that Air. Waterhouse had presented

* More prob&blj with iho cons^tit of tbe Soperijiteiideiit of the Botmaio Gtirdc&B in wliOAe charge they remiuued.

196

Frocesdingg of the Asiatic Society,

[Sbpt

Hamilton Buchanan's (i/pi?» to the British Museum ; he also observes in eeveral places of spet^meria *' pi'oliaLly types of the species." In sliort it seems that the original collection, or some part of it> still exists in the natioDal one.

As to the aecond portion of the sentence, a slight inaccuracy has occurrecf, bocanso Hamilton Buchanan could not have copied from tJi© ** IlluatrationB of Indian Zoology," He published the *' Fishes of th© Ganges*' in 1822, and died in 1829, General Hardwieke returned to Europe in 1818, and his work wa5 published in 1832 or 1833, several years after Hamilton Biichonan^a death. Irrespective of this the original drawing, No» CO, was left in India in 1818, by Buchanan.

I cannot omit questioning whether the British Museum possesses copies of all these original drawings. My reasons for doubting are, that sorao omissions and wrong identifications, besides figm'es j-^lacod to the literary credit of General Hardwicke, instoad of Hamilton Buchanan, have found a place in the B. M. Cataloguea, which could scarcely have occurred, had Br. Giinther had access to each accurate delinoations, as the Asiatic Society of Bengal possesses. I, therefore, propose enumerating the drawings which eidst in tho library, the figures niarked l>eforu eath being identical with what 1 have placed In pencil on those of the collection, for the purpose of future identification,

In examining these drawings in volume marked iv, I bavo first placed the unpublished names as oxisting upon them within brackets, next the names as published in the fishes of the Ganges, with H. B, after each of them, and lastly the determinations in the Catalogue of tho Fishes of the British Museum, as it is believed that that institution possesses copies of the original drawings, and it IB also supposed the remains of the typical collection.'^

L {Gmtropomm phikhanda\ l^ inches long, Chanda phuU^ " H. B. = Amhams ohlonga^ C. and V,, B. M. Catal.

• By reproduced, it must be distvnctty tindergtood th«t I njoan " mth the lenvti of tho uuthor* or jickuowledged us '' oLitaiuod from H Ji. oollection/* ua M'Clellaud ob«et ved of i.he ii^e bo made of them : " 1 hnvo bweu more anximifl to tderitify Buchfinua'tJ apo«ie« tbaii to deaoribo new onna, j»tid to r<*aerFe hifl Dumes t)mii to subatituto others," By cmiiieJ. I ofoouraa irikjftii *' accidentally" or " overlooked/' aud \ beJievo doe to the drawing in questiou uut being ftjnoogat thiitie hi thu l}iiti«h Museum.

1871.]

Proeeeiingi of the AmUc Sacieti/,

2. ( „ ? bahrul)j l^^ inelAes long* A, --- ? B, M, CaUl.

3. ( ,, hogo^a), 2^*^ inoiies long. Ambasm hogoda^ B. M. Catal.

4. {Silurus chaka), in Fishes of Ganges pL 28, f. 43. Flatg- itacHs chamj H* B. = Chaea Bmhmam^ Gunther, B, M. Cutal.

5. ( ,j kampahda)y 2 views, each 4 inches long. Probahly the omitted first spetios of Gallichrous* P, spiue serrated. Maxil- lary borhela reach to the middle of the total length. Anal tin with about 63 rays*

a. ( „ pahda), CalUchtom paU^ H. B,, pL 22, f. 48» == C.pahda, B. M. Catal

7. (Mahpterure kagaU)^ reproduced HI, Ind. Zool. MalapUrurm ih, H* B. = Ailia Bengalivmh^ Oniy, B. M, Catal.

8. (Hf/poiftomits ^ aisorX reproduced* 111, Ind. Zool. jS/xo/' r/th- dophom$^ H B. =^ <Sf, rahdophoni*t B. M, CataL

9. (Plmdodus mm}g<^oi\ 2 views, each 3 inrhos long. Pitmhdai mangou^ H. B. == Amhlgceps mangoia^ B. M. Catal.

10. ( ,, ? fii^iwi*^«*)^ 2 viewe, each 3 J inches long, P» tehhUta^ n. B. = Olypio»iernum — f B. M, Cntal^ ; also probably G, iHUmatmnf Blyth, B. M. CataL

11- ( „ hata»i\ 2 views, each 3^*^ inohes long. Barbels all shorter than the head (quite different from pi. 23, f, 60, whitJi is P. carcio^ n, B^, erroneously named P, hatmtU4). P, batoiWj H. B. = 31 ttc tones batasWf B. M. Catal.

12. ( „ har&)^ 2 views, each 2^*jf inches long. JS* harm^ H. B. = Ilara Biwhanani, Bl^-th, B. M. Catal.

13. ( „ chafigdramara), 2 views, ea<;h 2 inches long, 2 short naaal, and 4 maxillary and mandibular barbels. P, ehandra- vmra^ H. B. = Maeronei — ? B. M. Catal.

14. ( „ muri meha)^ 2 views, each 3|^ inches long. P. murii$8j H. B, = £utropius f munus and Pieud^utropiua wegalopg^ Gunther, B, M. Catal.

15. (

vnm)f 2 views, each 2^% inches long, P, unta

H. B. = Pteudeulroptus aihnnoid^f Bl., B. H, Catal,

16, ( ,, aurafia\ 2 views, ea^h 0 inches long. P, nenga^ II.Bt, reference omitted in B. M. Ctttiil., =^ Arim artotde^^ C. and V., 1. c.

*2i)0

I*r(fC4(din0$ of the Asiatic Socitl^.

n, (

long.

khongia)^ 2 view«, each 3 incliee H. B, = Mara eonta, Bljth, li. M, CataL

Id. ( fi tel^agra and w^rmdn)^ publishod as P, eonuin^ B , pi. 1, f. 72 == Mmroim — ? B. M.Oatal. 5= Macfonm irachactuk* ikiM^ C, and v., I. c

l^J. ( ), tmggana\ P. tengnna^ H, B., pL 39, f 58 ^s jr«?r#-> w<*.v^ iaigunoj B. M, Catfd.

20. ( „ kenM), P. c<m*:<i, H. B., pi* 31, f, 69, reforeno^ omitted in B. M. Catal. 23^ Mat?rm0$ iMksm, Sykas 1. cit., it is a iZji* mipimelodmi*

21. ( ,, eawtMi)^ P, ca vastus, II. B. ^=^ Mucrones catsoiiui^ B. M. Catal.

22. ( „ Jcurki)^ orroueously iig^ired pi, 23, f. 60, as P. hata- Btm ; it ie P. hatasim^ H. B. = JJT. tengani^ H. B., in B* M. Cafcal.^ 1 tlto latter name, however, referring to a diiieront species with a long adipose dorsal tia, itud thurofore P, hatasim and P, airmo must bo distinott and may both be good species, one with long, the other with short barbels.

23. y, tirid€ic$m^ H« B*^ pi. xi, f. 56, reference omitted in B. M. Catalogue ; it ie a Remipumlodia,

24. ( ,, ? namjra\ F.nangm, H. B,, pi. xi, f. C3, refereaoe omitted in B. M. Catalogue ; it is a Macrones,

25. ( „ rama Unggara)^ P, rama^ H. B., pL 3, f, 55 = RUa — ?B. M. Catal.

26. Ophiaurus haro^ reproduced in HI. lud. ZooL 0, boro^ H. B* = Opldchthya horo^ B. M. Catal,

The gills of tills Qcd are contained in a large cavity on either aide of the head, and do not oommunieate with each other. The fish distends this receptacle with air takon iu by its month ; it appears to be able to respire directly from the atmosphere, or by means of the air contained in the water. On holding its smdl gill opening hrmly closed^ it takes in air by its mouth ; should ltd month be held dosed, it struggles until its head is released, so as to be able to respire. If the gills are exposed by cutting away the gill membrane, and it is placed in water, it slowly movfs its branchina, and appears to fool no inconvenience in being unablo to obtain air direct through it» mouth.

1871.]

Fro€4f§din^s of ike Asiatu

201

27. ( J, rwttraitu)f perhaps O, hijala^ H. B;, appai*eatly omitted from B. M. Catalogue.

28. ( „ harangc/ia), reprotlueed HI. lad. ZuoU 0. haraji' cha, H. B. = 0, horo, B, M. Catal.

29. (Murmnojfhig ba2i\ nearly 12 inches long, Munmut ha^ia^ H. B. = Mm^mnegox ciuereuM^ Forsk., B. M. Catal.

30. ( „ tilelaim), 8J inches long. i/. iile^ H. B. ==: Murw- na tile, B. M. Catal.

31. ( ,» fat/iifU), about 15 inches long, 31. «alhete^ H. B. = if. mth$te, B. M. OataL

32. {Muratm bamack), reproduced 111. Ind. 55<ioL ai* M. Benffa- Uenm; the same aa M* maculata^ H. B* = Angmlla Hm^almtm, B, M. Catal, H. B's name rejected as " (not LacepA,** wluUt no

A. maculata^ Lacep^^de, finds a place in the Catalogtte.

33. ( ,, ? rakta bomya)^ reproduced in 111, Iiid. Zool, J/- miiaboumf H. B. == Uoringtia raitahmra^ B. M. Catal.

34. A shark is figured^ Squalus carcharitu Y II. B*, omitted . in B* M. Catal,, it is Carchariiu Gan^ftictts^ B. M* Catal.

35. (SquaUoM characiuM f KdttUa). This shark with a sharp noae was not desuribed,

36. {Trichopodm hijs), T. coUm, H. B., pL 15, f, 40= TriVsAo. ff after /(uciatusf B. M. Catal,

37. ( „ rtiber% 2 inches long, J. lalius^ II. B. = T, fa* aciatun, B< M. Catal,

38. ( „ vittatm), \^% inches long, T, ehma, H. B> = Tri^ cUgMUr — ? B. M. Catal,

39. ( „ fmcm), 1^ inches long. T. iotu, H, B = 71 — ?

B. M. Catal.

40. ( J, eim'ulesc^m)t 2y\ inches long. T, coira, li. B. = r.fiueiaiw, B. M- Catal,

41. {Achifirii jihha)f 11 inches long, Cj^m^los^m Im^ua, H. B. = a lingua^ B. M. CataL

42. ( „ kukur jMa), D, lOi}^ A. 7B, A. c^nof/hum, IL B, = C*ftUfffloisui HdmiUomtf Qitnther, B. M. Catal,

43. {FUurofuetn ani), 2^% inehea long, P. arsit^^ H. B. = Pxeudorhomhus <im«#, B, M. Catal, with the following remark, *'» coloured drawing of this huh, 31 UauH long, is in the i^ollection of

202 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, |_Sbpt.

drawings, presented by General Hardwicke to the British Muse- um.*'

44. {Slolephorus balitora\ reproduced McClelland, OyprinushM'- tor a, H. B. = FsilorhynchtM balitora, B. M. Catal.

45. ( „ 8ukati)j reproduced McClelland, = F.sucatio^ B. M. Catal.

46. {Colitis geto\ H. B., pi. xi, f. 96 = Botia dario, B. M. Catal.

47. ( „ dari\ C. dario, H B., pi. 29, f. 95 = B, dano, B. M. Catal.

48. ( „ turi)y reproduced McClelland, O. turio, H. B. ==5 Nemachilus turio^ B. M. Catal.

49. ( „ hilturi)^ reproduced McClelland, 0. hilturio, H. B. =• K botia, B. M. Catal.

50. ( „ botya), reproduced McClelland, C. botia, H. B. = N, botia, B. M. Catal.

51- ( » ^flw^ya), reproduced McClelland, C, pangia, BL B. = Acanthophtlialmus pangia, B. M. Catal.

52. ( ,, kkorika), reproduced McClelland, G. corica, H. B. ,= N. corica, B. M. Catal.

53. Unnamed, reproduced McClelland as 0. soaturigina = iV^. — ? B. M. Catal.

51. ( „ savun khuriJcd), reproduced McClelland, G.savona, n. B. = N. savova, B. M. Catal.

.35. ( ,, ghorgota), reproduced McClolland, G. gongota, H. B. = Cohifis gongotaj B. M. Catal.

56. ,, halgartiy 11. B., reproduocd McClolland = Lepido- c phiUchthyif hahjara, B. M Catal.

57. ( „ cJuda kn/cura), roprodm^od McClelland, G. cucura H. B. = GohiliH gongoia, II. B., B. M. Catal.

58. ( ,, guntc), reproduced McClelland, G. guntea, H. B. =r GobitiA' guntea, B. M. Catal.

59. 60 and 61 are the originals of Ophiocephalas barca, pi. 35, r 20. 0. aurant incus, pi. 23, f. 22, and O. wrahle, pi. 31, f. 17 == 0. barca, 0. airiatus, and 0. gachua ? in B. M. Catal.

02. Agentosus inilitaris, outline only.

63. Pseudeutropins, unfinished.

64. {Mugil bongon). This fish does not appear to have been

187L]

Pro(f9edifi^M of th§ Auaiie Socteitf,

203

described by Ilamiltou Buchanaii, unless as M, cephahis ? Tho Bangon in the Culcutta markets is J/1 planic^ps^ C. and V.

65. Utmamtid. Rata fiuciatilui^ H. B. = Tty^on Mphen, B. M. Catah

66. (Kaicltanda)^ ^^^ mohoB long, outline of head mth inter- maxillarioa protruded- Vhanda? ifitt/er, H. B., omitted in B. M. Catalogue, appears to be = Qfrren aUijtpinis^ Oiinther in B, K. Cata- logue, the specimen of wlueh belonged to tho Buchanan eoUoction j the species ib abundant in Calcutta and Bombay.

67. {^Bolorentni-R ? katkaya\ reproduced in HI. of Ind. Zooh as PUrapon trivittatm^ considered Therapon aervuv^ BL, in B. M. CataL, whereas Coim trmttaiust H. B., was the original desfTlption^ and

I = T, invittaiUBt L c.

68. (MugU hmkmya) 3 inches long. M. cattcaimy H. B. =» M,—?, B. M, Catal.

69. fMugUlmis). Mugti albula ^ H. B,» omitted from the B. M. Catalogue, the same species however, appears to be described aa M, nepaUnsMf Giinther, who records, one skin 8 inches long from the " fresh waters of Nepal'' presented by Mr. Hodgson, and in VoL i, p. 279, another marine liah Therapun §ervua^ is thus referred to ** Half-grown; stuffed, (Nepal?)* Presented by B. H. Ho<lgson Esq.*' Both these fish ascend the Hoogldy to within or a little above tidal influence, and perhaps the two skins were prepared m Oalcatta. As not a single example of the Family AlagUicUB is found in Nepal, the designation Jf. nepaUmis for this Calcutta fish ib, I think^ a little inappropriate, and I would suggest its being altered to if. hBuh^ n. B. (MS,). I may remark that 1 have lately obtained five specimens of it in the Hooghly at Calcutta,

70 and 7L Same as No. 64.

72. {Cohitta chunojf 1^*^ inches. Gobms ehum^ H. B., omitted in B. M. Catal.

7d« ( ,; §adammdi\ 2yV inches. GMm tad&nundta, H. B. ^>= O^ ModanundiOf B. M. Catal.

74. GohiuM tfutum^ H* B*» 2^^ inches. = <?. — >' H. B., B. M, CataL, with the remark ^^ a figure of it (No. 272) exists in the collection of drawings of fishes by Hardwicko (M88. of the British Museum).'*

204

Prf^eedinga of the Aniatic BQtiHif.

[Sept.

75. ( „ ihuikim)^ ^^ incliea, Q. nttmis, H. B», omitetd in B. M. Catalogue.

76. {Gubioid^s ^qunmnlom)^ 5y*^ inches. G, ruber ^ H. B. =^ ^W pauchm vagina, B. M* Catal. It is a beautiliil drawing of Amblt^- opus Sennannimim,^ Lao^p., ©howlDg most distinctly tho crypts in which the scales aro imbedded, iirhich is not found in T, vagina. As a synon^TH oi Amhlyopii$ H&rmannianm^ O, rubictmdust H, B., ia given, which latter is an entirely distinct species, delineated in H, B.'s work, and appears to be Amblgopus taniaf Giinther (B. M* Catal), a common species at Calcutta. I may here remark that in the Proc. ZooL 8oc., 1869, p* 518, 1 considered Ambhjopfu cirrhatui^ Blythj aa AmbJt/apus cmculus^ BL ; in the B. M. Catalogue it is A, hrachgga^i^r^ Giinther, which is similar to Blyth'a species, whose name would have priority should the fish be looked upon as moro than a variety. It is not uncommon in Calcutta.

77. (MalcalJcar) % inches. Trichiurus lepturm^ H. B., apparently ondtted &om B. M. Catalogue.

78. {OhiikdopUrui hUih^rf) 4 inches, 111. In. ZooL, (7, buiit n, B. = Ekotrii hutis, B. M, Catal.

79. {Sijgnaihm kharke^A^^ inches long. S* carce^ H. B. = IchthyQcampiis earee^ B. M. Cattil,

80. ( „ deokhida)^ 6^^ inches long. 8. deoeaia^ H. B. = Borgichthgg — ? B. M. Catal.

81. {PolgnemU9 paradiHeiu) 6 inches long, = idem, B. M. Catal.

82. ( „ ) 7 inches long. P, ieria^ H. B. = P, htra- daeiglui, B, M. Catal.

83. ( „ ragt) 12 inches, P. mU, H- B. = P. IndimSf B, M. CAtal.

84. Uniinished drawing of Serranm.

85. Mtrac/toide^ gangeHCj H. B., pi. 14> f. 8. ^^ Bafrachui grnn- mem, BL, B.M. Catal.

86. {CoUus ? chnka)f CulUomorm cfiaca^ II. B,, 4-/^ inches long, = Platycephalus tmidwi^^ Forsk., B. M, Catal.

• Dr. Ciintor ongiually rprerred the desoription* to tbeae ep^ics which probably he woold not hnve done, hnd he teen the draiving«. Shonld a donbi exiBt fia to whether the ruhee ia a IVy^vchjcn or an Artkhhj<yp\L^^ I CAniiot iTDiigine how there could be Htiy roepoctiug the latter apeciea.

1871.]

Pro(mding9 of the Aiiatio Society,

205

I

87. (Clupamdon ? suhomo khmrtka), l^V i^icliea long, reproducod in Ind. Zool. is Oorica 9ob&rna^ H* B*, omitted from B. M. Catalo- gue, but under Clupeoides pseudopifima is quoted: *'The fish which served tbr the figure of Corica guhorni^ G^ray , Ind. ZooLj was perhaps eimilar to CL pseudopterm^ — it is also represeated with separate anal firdets,"

88. {Clupanodmi moti), 5^^ inches long, C. fnotiut^ H. B, = Pellona fftotiuSt B, M. Catal.

89. ( „ chapra)t C. ehapra^ H, B., p. 248, omitted from the B. M. Catalogue. The drawing is reproduced in the Illufttrationa of Indian Zoology under tlio name of G, Indim, and = Vlupea In- dka^ Gray, B. M. Catalogue* Another illustration in the Indian Zoology 13 conaidered as O. chapra, Gray, (L c), unfortunately this sheet is missing from the copy of the Indian Zoology in Calcutta, 50 I am unable to compare it with H. B/s drawings.

90. ( „ champil), 2^ inches long, apparently not described.

91. (Athmna dhani)^ 9/10 of an inch long, reproduced Mcaellond. A. danim^ H. B. = EUutria— ? B. M, Catal.

92. MyHta ramcaratif H. B,, 8 inches long, reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. = Ooilia ramearati^ B. M. OataL

93. {Lahriis darki), l^<j inches. LahrU9 ladU^ H. B. = Badu Buchannni, Bleeker, B. M* Catal.

94. (Tetfodoji kariya phoha)^ 2^ inches long. T, cutcutia^ H, B, = T. cuicutm, H. B., B., M. Catal.

95. (Efox angulaiuB), 4J inches long, not R eHuntio II. B»

96. {Cijprinm korikmt)^ reproduced McQeEond. G. conchonius^ H. B. == Barhm eaHc/mniuSf B. M. Oatal.

97. ( ,, impungti)^ reproducod McClelland. C?. ierio, H, B. = B. Urio, B. M. Catal*

98. ( „ pungn), reproduced McClelland. C. pamio, II. B. = Lahm— ? B. M. CataL

99. ( }» jauyali), reproduced McClelland. C. jmlim^ H. B, = Laheo— ? B. M. Catol.

100. ( „ %ri), reproduced McClelland. O. f^ra, IL. B. ^BariliHJf^? B. M. Catal.

101. ( „ gi^mt), C, ^u^auh, R. B, = Bar^w^? B, U, Catul.

^^

206 Proceedings of the Anatie Society, [S:

102. ( „ /a^i), reproduced McClelland. G.htiiM, H. B. =:« Croftaochilus latiuSy B. M. Catal.

103. CyprinuB elanga^ H. B., 6^'^ inches long = Rashora elanga^ B. M. Catal.

104. ( „ hukrangi\ 3 inches. (7. morar, H. B. ?

105. ( „ godiyari)f reproduced McClelland. C, lamta, H. B. = Diseoynathus lamta^ B. M. Catal.

106. ( „ soda balitora), reproduced McClelland. 0. sada^ H. B. == Orossochilus sada, B. M. Catal.

107. ( „ etyawyrn ^oAtfwwi), reproduced McClelland. C, yo^ hama H. B. == Orossochilus yohama, B. M. Catal.

108. ( „ dhenro), C. dero, H. B., pL 22, f. 78 = Tyhyna- thus— ? B. M. Catal.

109. ( „ mriycda), H. B., pi. 6, f. 79 = Oirrhina mriyala, B. M. Catal.

110. ( „ morala), H. B., pi. 18, f. 91 = Laheo morda, B. M. Catal.

111. ( „ c^rfra), reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. C, chedra, K. B. = Barilius cocsa, H. B., B. M. CataL

112. ( „ kh4)ksa). a cocsa, H. B., pi. 3, f. 77 = B. cocsa, B. M. Catal.

113. ( „ morar)y H. B., pi. 31, f. 75 = Aspidoparia morar, B. M. Catal.

114. ( „ curalati lata), G, lata, H. B. = Cirrhina — ? B. M. Catalogue.

115. ( „ hoga), H. B., pi. 28, f. 80 = Tyhynathus hoga, B. ' M. Catal.

116. ( „ 2?rt«^w^iyfl), reproduced McClelland, (7. panyusia, H. B. = Labeo pangusiay B. M. Catal.

117. ( „ 6flwy<i;*a), reproduced McClelland, = ry%»aMi« — ? B. M. Catal. ; it appears to be Cirrhina reha^ H. B.

118. ( „ anyra\ reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. = Laheo — ? B. M. Catal.

119. ( „ Xwrn), 10 inches long. L. 1. 92, L. tr. 13/?, 14 rows of scales between 1. 1. and ventral fin. (7. cursis, H. B. = La- heo cursa, B. M. Catal.

1871.] Froeeedings of the Asiatie Society. 207

120. ( „ nandin), C. nandina, H. B. pU 8, f. 84 = Laheo nandina^ B. M. Catal.

121. „ toTy H. B., reproduced HI. Ind. Zool. = Barhus mosal, B. M. Catal. ; it is, however, a distinct species,

122. „ mosalf H. B., reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. = JB, mosal

B. M. Catal.

123. „ goniusy H. B., pi. 4, £ 82. = Laheo Dmsumieri ? B. M. Catal. ; however, it appears to be identical with C curea and

C. cursts, H. B.

124. „ cursa, H. B., 1 H inches long. L. 1. 62. L. tr. 12/? ; 1 3 or 14 rows of scales between 1. 1. and base of ventral fin. = Z. cursa, B. M. Catal.

125. ( „ tiki), C. tiUo, H. B. = Bariliut tileo, B. M. Catal.

126. ( „ goha)f H. B., reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. = ^o^ gohay B. M. Catal.

127. ( „ kani punti), reproduced McClelland, C. caniusj H. B. = Barhus gelius, B. M. Catal.

128. ( „ himacuhtus), G. titius^ H. B. = Barhus titiusy B. M. Catal.

129. „ phututiio, H. B., reproduced McClelland, = J?. phutunio, B. M. Catal.

130. ( „ pAw/ c^^/a), reproduced McClelland, C. phulo, K. B. = Chela phuh, B. M. CataL

131. ( „ Ihola), reproduced lU. Ind. Zool. (7. lola, H. B. = Bola goha, H. B., B. M. Catal.

132. ( „ ko8wati)f reproduced McClelland, (7. cosuatis, H. B. = Barhus cosuatis, B. M. Catal.

133. ( „ geli punti), reproduced McClelland, (7. gelius, H. B. = Barhus gelius^ B. M. Catal.

134. ( „ Wi/fl), H. B. = B. harila, B. M. Catal. and? B. morarensis, Giinther, 1. c. The figure has been somewhat damaged by termites.

135. ( „ yaytf), H. B., Ij*^ inches long =^*pi(^aruiyfly<», B. M. Catal.

136. ( „ Dyangra anjana\ Sj'^ inches long. C. anjana, H. B. = Rashora daniconius, H. B., B. M. Catal.

208 ProcecdtngiofthAiiaUeSQcUt^. [fi

137, ( ,, phakra)^ reproduced McClelland, C. vii^tf, H, B»^ = BarUiu9 — ?» B. M. Catal.

138. ( ,, baUhola)^ reproduced McClelland, Q, hama^ EL B. = B, hamn, B. M. Cutal,

139. Cyprmu9 lauhuca^ H., B. reproduced McClelland, = Ohtt^\ lauhuea^ B. M. Catal. ; It is a FerUampmf MeCleil< = Cachim^ \ Giiather, and Euniira^ Giiuther*

140, ( „ rf^ifi^t/a), H. B., reproduced MoCielland, -=^ 2>a»*# danffikf B. M. Catal.

HI. ( ,, joHtji;a\ reproduced McClelland. C Jo^iaf H. B. = iV«ria danrica, H. B,, B, >L Catal,

142» ( „ /ciyi4*tJi'), 0. a/jwar^H.B., reproduced McQell and, ] fc= Cachim atpar^ B. M. Catal. Mu<j1i damaged by termitee, one ii- ] gure destroyed.

148. ( „ mtiha)f H, B,, reproduced McClelland^ = Nurm \ danrka, B. M. CataL

144, ( ,, ^ir^(yaw_5f/tf), reproduced McClelland, C. rerh, B^ B* = Bariiitti rerio, B. M. Catal.

145, ( „ cachittii)f H. B., reproduced McClelland, ^= Ctwhiun aipar, B. M, Catal.

140. ( ,, ^ora) H, B. = CJuila ffora, B. M, Catal. The tail id injured by termites.

In Vol. I. of animals are 48 drawings of fiah, some of which ara j duplicates of the foregoing, others copies of some miBsiug figures ; they are as follows.

No. 1 unfinished copy of No. 124 ; 2 = 146 ; 3 = 70 ; 4 = 70 ; 6= 114; 6 = 86; 7 = 65; 8 =32; 9= 27 ; 10=8; 11 =16; 12 = 140 ; 13 = 92 ; 14 = 6 ; 15 is a larger drawing of 123 ; 1 16= 115 ; 17 = 28 ; 18 = 118 ; 19 = 61 ; 20 = 14 ; 21 = 29 ; 22 = 18 ; 23 = 78 ; 24 = 142 ; 25 = 117 ; 26 = 120 ; 27 MffMiuM chiialu, H. B,, reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. ; 28 = 109 ; 29 = ^ 122 ; 30 = 82 ; 31 = 103 ; 32 = 126 ; 33. ia a figure 7^^ inches long of SUlaijo thmina. In fact all the rest are reproductions of the origiualB now uv Vul. FV, except the foUowiug; — 36, 9 J inches long of Catla Bitchamnif C, and V. ; 39 is a figure 9i inches long of <7y- prinu4 ehagunk H. B,, the original of which is misdtng. Dr, Guuthor

urn.]

Piv^9$dingi of the Asiatic ^eww'/y.

:20y

in the Zool. Record for 1869, demurring to my identification nt ihtr* hus Bmvijniy Giintlior, with Ci/prinu* cht^utito, Ham, Budi*, observes this ^h has ** largo scales and minute barbels/' In the iigiiro there aro about 41 scales along tho lateral lino and well developed ros- tral and maxillary barbttLs. The species may be readily rocognisod £x'om the drawing, 48 is Folynemus Indi^uij 11 J inches long. This Yolimio iv contains 30 coloured iUufitrations of fish*

[I would suggest that the numbers I Iiave inserted on the draw* ings in pencil be recorded in ink, and that the original figures hava the Society's stamp on each seporato sheet].

7. MoNooBApn OF IxD£AN CYPEmtD.^, Pt. m, iy Surgeon F. Day. This is a continuation of Dr. Bay's Monograph published in No*

3 of tlie Nat. Hist Part of the Journal ; it will appear in No. 4 of the same Part for the current year,

8. Notes our soke l.ind -shells from titk ncnnTY of MouLMErw, wrrn descriptions of new spzcies, — % W. Thkobauj, Esq,

Mr* Theobald gives notes regarding various species of Cycloithorm and Slr<*ptit,tU'^ and a few other shells, found in the ueighbourho*jd of Moulmein. If iUustratious of the newly described species be supplied in time, tho paper will appoar in the 1st number of Part 11 of the Journal for the ensuing year, 1872,

9. Notes on the Ornitholooy of CAsiixut, — b^ W. E. Bbooks, Esq., C. £*» MtawaK

Ml*. Brooks notices several imporfwtly known or new species of birds from C'a&hniir. His observations on the breeding aetuioiiy &c., of many of the speeies m-e particularly interesting*

Tho new species noticed in this paper aro as follows :

Certhiii Hotlj^ani^ — dift*ir& from C'/timiliarhhy a much larger biU, leas rufuui* tone on rump and upper tdl coverts, and by hanng 4 plain primariee and tlie dth marked with a buff patch on tho outer web.

SUta €a$hmiremH'^ Coloration y^vy like that of S, Hinhnk^ann, Imt the wing ia 9*3 incthos ; no whito edglngii to the undur tail coverts.

• Thia is very uloao i*> S. casia of Bamp^Or tli<^" two bciutf riaL-ih r^f * Mi£0, Ei)iT.

210

Proeeidii^t of the Asiatic SoeiHfj. [Sspr*

Duvuticifla maJQT, Similar to D. affinis^ Hodgs,, but much larger; wing 2*28 — 2*3, tail 2*7, bill at front '55, mid-toe aud claw -72 inches.

HoritM pallklm. Above light olivo grey or greyish olive with a slight tawny tinge ou the wiugs ; lower back and upper tail covertB lighter ; a dull whitish grey suporciliura ; a pde browa streak j through the eye ; cheoke and eai- coverts brovviiijih ; chiu to abdoniDu greyish wliite, sides of bretist and flanks aud lower tail | eovei'ta pale broMnxish groy. Total length 6*15, wing 2*2, tail 2-2, , bill 0*33, from gape 0*5, tarsus 0 9 inches.

Phiflloacopm 'fallen. In plumage resembling Fk. vmdanue^ but of J a richer and deeper olive ; bill much longer, daiker and of a more j pointed and elendor form than in the last species. Average length 4*75, wing 2-3, tail 1*7, bill at front 0*36, from nostril 0'31, tarsus 0*7 inches.

MHaeilla Cashmiremls, Coloratioa as in J/< LuzonentUf except i that the chin and tla*oat are black, the black extending for 2} { inches from base of lower mandible j white portion of head as in petionata, remainder of head and back deep black. Length 7*6^ wing 3*55, tail 4, bill at front 0 o, tarsus '1)7 inches,

Ahmda guttata. Larger than j/ul^tih and not so rufous on the breast and with bolder maikings; wing 3*7 — S'9, tail 2*6 j — 2*8 inches.

Siumui nitcmt Hume* Like St, untcohr^ but smallor, with | ehorter wing mid brighter colours.

[This paper wiU be publi^^hed in fuU in the Ist numbar of the Nat. Hist Part of the Journal for 1872 J.

10. Notes oh xine kew srEcms of Indian akd Indo-Ciiixesb Ves-I

PEKTIUONTDiE, WITH B£MA113CS OJf TUK SYXOl^MY AKD CULmtyiCX- J TlOlf OP SOME OTHEK SPECIES Of THE SAME FAMII^Y, — bp Q, E.

DoBsoN, B. A., M. B., Aiiktani Surgeon H, J/.V British ForoM, The following diagnoses of nine new s|>ecie8 of bats are intendod I prefatory to more detailed descriptioua accompanied with illus* trations to be published hereafter. Sec.— ScoTOFHiUNA, Gray.*

• Ana. and Mag. Nat. Umi., 1866.

1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatio Society. 211

Genus, Nycticejm^ Eafinesque, Incisors, — .

Sub-genus, Nycticejus ; premolars, ^^J- wing-membrane attach- ed to base of toes.

N. EMARGixATirs, Dobson.

Glands of the upper lip largely developed,* forming rounded pro- minences between the nostrils and eyes ; ears nearly as long as the head, with broadly rounded tips ; outer side flatly omarginate beneath the tip causing it to project outwards ; tragus moderately long, slightly curved inwards and obtusely pointed, maintaining al- most the same breadth from the base to within a short distance of the tip. Fur, above, tricoloured, at the base dark ferruginous brown, then buff, the tips light yellowish brown ; beneath, dark ferruginous brown at the base, the remaining portion buff.

Length, head and body 2^9 ; tail 2^.2 ; ear (anteriorly) 0.85 ; forearm 2''.2 ; thumb 0''.45 ; tibia O^.SS. Loo, ?

Genus, Vespenigoy Keys. Bias. Incisors, --.

Sub-genus, FesperuSy premolars,^, wing-membrane attaclied to base of toes.

V. PACHYOTis, Dobson.

Head flat ; muzzle very broad and short ; glandular prominences of upper lip largely developed, immediately behind them a furrow extends from the anterior corner of one eye to the other in front of which the fur of the head does not pass : ears triangular above with rounded tips, outer side without emargination ; lower portion of the ear from below the level of the tip of the tragus to the termination of the outer margin near the angle of the mouth very thick and fleshy ; tragus short, curved inwards ; tootli very mi- nute, inner incisors bifid at their extremities, much larger and longer than the outer ones. Fur, above, dark brown throughout; be" neath, a lighter shade of the same colour.

Length, head and body 2''.2 ; tail, V\6 ; ear (anteriorly) 0/'o5 ; forearm, 1".6,- tibia, C-GS.

Loc. Kasia Hills, Bengal.

V. Andersoni,* Dobson.

* Moro detailed descriptions of this and of the next new speoies will appear in Dr. Anderson's forthcoming account of the Zoology of the Yonan Ex- pedition.

21:^

Pfoe^din^n oj Ihr AtMie Saeitl^,

[BXfT*

Ears moderate with rounded tipa, outer edge with a shallow but wido emarginatiou botieath the tip, then convex and again emar- gmate opposite the base of the tragus ; tragus obtusely pointed, inner margin straight, outer convex upwards ; fur^ above, dark brown with grayish tips ; beneath^ light grayish brown fop two- thirds its length, the remaining portion ashy. Inner indBora long and bifid ; outer incisors %^ory short and acutely pointed, placed in fi-ont of the inner ones and lying on their outer sides.

Length, head and body, 2*,6 ; tail, 1^9 ; ear (anteriorly) 0*.75 ; forearm, 2". 15 ; tibin, cr,85.

Zoc, Momein, Yunau,

YSSPEBUS ATBATUS.

Nyctieejus atratm^ Blyth, Cut Mamm* Ifns. Am. Boo. Beag. l?o« 96.

The following is BIyth's description of tJiis species, — '^Liko' (Veip.) fuligimm^ Hodgson, X A. S, lY, 700, (whi^h I>n Gray ranks as a SScofophilm)^ but with only one pair of upper incisors- Length of forearm IJ in/'

I have examined tlie t^^T>e specimens thus described ; their fore- arms correspond exactly with the measurement given, but Mr. Bly th has not been equally accurate in stating that they possess only one pfiir of upper incisors ; there are certainly ^(i>o^ajr* of upj)er in- cisors, but the outer ones are, as in many other species of the sub- genus Ftfsperus^ very small and might easily be overlooked ; the inner incisors are remarkably long, but very unlike those which are so characteristic of the genus Nt/cficejus, The necessity, therefore, for changing the genus is apparent. The species ia^ however, still quite distinct from Sc. fuli^ino»my Hodgs.

Y. PACHYPUS.

Vcspetiilio paehyptiSf Terak. Memo. Mamm.

Vtfifpenu puchypus, Wugaer, SuppL Scbrebor.

8c^tcphilus fulvidm, BIyth, J. A, 8. Beog., VoL XXVTIIj 293.

I have compared the type specimens of Sc. fuhidm^ Blyth, from Tenasserim with Tommi nek's description of V, pachypm from Suma- tra and Java. The measurements agree in every respect with those of the latter species, and the colour of the fur, form of the fo&t^ &c., equally corrcsiJond, I think it very probable Mr.

1871,]

Prvctedings of the Auntie SocMy^

2n

Blyth did not possGfls a copy of Temminck'a Monograph when ho described this species as, otherwise, he must, at least, have noticed in his descnption the close affinity of the speoies*

Subgenus, Pipistrellus^ Gray j premolars, -^ j wing^-membrane at-

tat-ihed to the base of the toes.

P» AFFiNiSi Dobson*

Head flat ; glands of the upper lip so developed as to cause a deep depression between them on tho faro bnliind the nostrils ; ears, measured fi*oin behind, as broad as long, outer edge without emargination ; inner margin of tragus straight^ outer convex up- wards : tail long, of nine vertebrro, the last free ; above, chocolate brown, lighter on the head and neck, tips. of the hnira light brown ; beneath, dark brown with light brown or ashy tips ; on the pubes and along the thighs dirty white or very pale buff. Outer incisors at'utely pointed, inner obtuse, flattened at their extreuiities ; first upper premolar minute, placed insiJe tho line of teeth and not distinguishable from without. Lengthy head and body, l^.g ; tail V*M ; ear (anteriorly) 0^0 j foreai^m 1^55 ; tibia O^.e.

Loc. Bhaiuaw, Yunan,

P. AusTENtAKtrSi Dobson.

Ears triangular with broadly rounded b'ps, outer margin su-ai^'ht above for nearly half its length, tlion slightly convex to the base ; tragus rather broad witli a straight inner margin. Pur, sooty- brown throughout with grayish or ashy tips which give the fur on the ventral surface a grayish appearance ; cutaneous system black, specimens in spirit appear altogether intensely black.

Incisors nearly equal in lengthy inner incisors bifid ; first upper premolar minute, placed inside the line of teeth but may be dis- tinguished from without.

Longtli, head and body 2^0 ; tail l\4j forearm VA\ ear (an- teriorly) 0", 65 j tibia C.e,

Luc, Cherra Punji, Bengal.

P, Al^KECTANS, DobsOQ.

Head slightly ele^Tited ; face hairy ; glandular promineneos of ujiper Hp small ; ears pointed, outer margin deeply hollowed out beneath the tip causing it to project considerably ; tragus long, acute, with a straight inner margin. The colom* of the fur of a

214 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Sept.

specimen in spirit appears to be above, dark brown with lighter tips ; beneath, brown with reddish tips. Upper incisors nearly- equal in size ; first upper premolar minute, placed slightly inside the line of teeth, second premolar nearly equal to canine in size. This species unites the external form of a Vespertilio to the dentition of Fipistrellus ; the form of the ear and tragus is almost precisely similar to those of the next species which is a true Vespertilio.

Length, head and body 2^0; tail l^.S; ear (anteriorly) 0". 6 ; forearm r'.8 ; tibia 0*.75.

Zoc, Naga Hills, Assam.

Sec, — Yespehtllionina, Gray.

Gen. Vespertilio^ (as restricted, Gray).

Dentition, — in.' --- ; c. ,— r ; p. m. — ; m. ,— ; wing-membrane at-

tached to the base of the toes.

Subgenus, Vespertilio^ Tomes.*

V. NiPALENSis, Dobson.

Ears narrow and pointed ; outer margin deeply hollowed out immediately beneath the tip causing it to project considerably; tragus long, narrow, and pointed ; fur, above, black with brown tips ; beneath, black for two -thirds its length, the remaining por- tion pure wliite ; the whole ventral surface of specimens dried from spirit appears white and the dark portion of the hair ia not perceived till the fur is raised. Canines very short ; first and second premolars in both upper and lower jaws very small and conical.

Length, head and body l^.GS ; tail W^b ; ear (anteriorly) 0''.48 ; forearm r'.35 ; tibia 0".6.

Lac. Katmandu, Nipal.

V. Blaxfordi, Dobson.

Outer side of ear with a deep emargination about the middle cut- ting off the lower portion which resembles very closely the large anti- tragus of the species of the genus Rhinolophus ; muzzle j^ointed : face very hairy ; fur, above, on the back, black for three-fourth's its length, the remaining portion light yellowish-brown, on the top of the head, black with shining tips ; beneath, black for three- * Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1857.

1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society^ 2 1 5

fourths its length, remaining portion ashy. The first and second premolars in the lower jaw are very small, in the upper jaw they are still smaller and scarcely distinguishable without a lens.

Length, head and body V',7 ; tail V\5 ; oar (anteriorly) 0".5 ; forearm l\2S ; tibia 0".5.

Zoc, Sikkim ; Simla ; Dalhousie.

Subgenus, JLerivoulUy* Gray.

Ji.fusca, Dobson.

Resembles K, picta very closely in its general form ; on the outer side of the ear there is a wide emargination which forms the tip, and without which the ear would be reguhirly broadly oval as in Miirina suillus ; fur, above chocolate brown with paler tips ; beneath of a somewhat darker shade of the same colour, the hairs tipped with yellowish-brown. This species differs from JT. Hard^ wickii, Horsf. which it resembles in some respects, in the form of the ears, and colour and distribution of the fur.

Length, head and body 1^.6 ; tail 1".6; ear (anteriorly) 0^.45 ; forearm l^.S ; tibia 0".6. Loc, ?

11. Notes on a collection of birds from Sikkim, —

hy W. T. Blakford, F. G. S., C. M. Z. S.

(Abstract.)

This is a description of a collection of skins made by Mr. L.

MandeUi, together with a few notes on birds obtained at low

elevations in Sikkim by the writer. Tliree species are described

as new, and two others, Zosterops simplex ^ Swinh. and Eiispiza

rutila^ Pall, are added to the fauna of ths Eastern Himalayas.

The now species are —

1, Fhylloscopus pallidipes^ sp. nov. Brownish olivaceous above, rump a little more rufoscent, lores and a line through the eye to the upper part of the ear coverts dark brown, suporcilia wliite, elongate, quills earthy brown with rufoscent olive margins, cen- tral tail feathers the same colour as the back, outer ones ea»thy brown edged with olive. Lower parts silky white, sides of breast olivaceous. Under wing white. Bill dark above, pale below, legs very pale coloured. Wing 2*05 inches, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-76, bill * As restricted by Tomes, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858.

216 Pro€€eding9 of the ABiatie BocUty, [Sept-

from forehead 0*4, from gape 0*55. The 5th quill is the longest, exceeding the 1st bj 0*87, second by 0-4, and 3rd by 0*15 in.

This species is distinguished from P. tristts, P. negUctut^ and all allied forms by its pale coloured tarsi, and from most of them by its smaller size.

1. Pellomeum Mandellii, sp. nov. This is closely allied to P, ruficepsj Swains., but differs in its smaller size, approximating in this respect to P. Tickelli^ Blyth. It is distinguished frx>m both races by the much larger spots on the breast, and by having large spots on the sides and back of the neck, similar to those on the breast. Wing 2*65, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*95, bill from forehead 0*6, from gape 0*75.

3. Propasser saturate, sp. nov. Male with lores, forehead, Bupercilia and cheeks pale silvery pink, the bases of the feathers brown ; head above dark crimson with blackish centres to the fea- thers, ear coverts and sides of neck a little duller. Back with. broad dashes of brown, edges of the feathers paler with a gloss of crimson, rump and upper tail coverts nearly the same colour as the back, wings and tail feathers earthy brown with red edges, and pale rosy spots on the tips of the outer webs of the wing coverts and of the last 3 quills. Chin gre^dsh, throat full rose colour, darker than the cheeks, and with a silvery gloss ; the breast deeper and darker red, abdomen j)ink, all the feathers of both with naiTOw central stripes ; lower tail coverts brown, edged with pink. Length about 6 inches, wing 3*32, tail 2*6, tarsus 0-95, bill from front 0 49, from gape 0*62.

Female earthy brown, feathers of back paler edged, wing coverts and 3 last quills with albescent tips, rump tinged ochraceous. Under parts fulvous, all the featliers with dark centres, broader on the breast, naiTOwer on the abdomen, which has a rufescent tinge.

This is the bird, a female of which was formerly assigned to P. fJiura by Mr. Blyth ; the male is darker and richer in colour than its allies, and wants the pink rosy rumj) of the other Himala- yan species.

The birds obtained by the author at higher elevations in Sikkim in 1^70, are described in a separate i)aper.

1871.]

PtQOHdmgn qJ iht Atiuiic Bmktf,

217

I

It. Note oir toe e&bor of the Calcutta SxAimARD Baeoice-

TER, COiiriRSD THTlt IHOSE OF KfiW AND GbKKXWTCH, — iy H,

F. BiJiXFoitD, Esq.

This flhort paper will be publislied in the 4th number of lb© Journal for the current year,

13. Ox A FORM OF Galtanombter suttablk roR THE QUANTI-

TATITE KB.iSUE£9il£NT OF THB ElECTROMOTITB FoUCE, Alf0

Intbbjcal KEaiAXAjrcv of Tkleoblapu Batteribb, — 5y W. E» Aybtow, Esq.

(With plato IT.)

The efficiency of a galvanic battery depends on tlie magnitude of two properties it poaseasea, its electromotive force, or power lu send a current, and its internal resistance, or power to impede a cun-ent. The greater the electromotive force the greater the current sent if the whole resistance in circuit remains the same, and the gi'eater the Luternal resistance of the battery the lees the cuiTont sent, other things remaining the eame.

It is therefore of greut practical iniportanre ia Telep^aphy to be able eaiiily to measure the olectroraotive foroo and internd re- eistance of a battery eo as to see from day to day that the former doe*» not diminish, and that lh« Iutt*^*r doej? not inrreaao.

I vrill first examine the way in which this haa been practically done up to the present time, and point out tlie objections there exist t'j this method.

A galvanometer was employed, on the bobbin of which were wound two coils, one of a comparatively high resistance, called the *' intensity** eoil, and the other of a comparatively low re&istanee, called the '* quantity** coU, The electnmiotive force waa measured by observing the deflection produced when the ooil of high resistance was inserted between the battery polee \ and the internal resistance could be found bj- comparing the de- flections produced when the coiLs of high and low resistance were respectively used. In some instruments the low resistanoe galvanometer coil was di^nsed with and instead the high re- sistance coil was shunted.

!20

Pr&ce^din0M of (he Auaiic StKiet^,

[Skft,

^xccediu^^Hy iiii-.fnHitive for amall dilfureuce?^ luid also with the *'inteDbity'' cull 30, 40, or 50 cells ail protlitce nearly thy sum© dotlectioE (S>0'') ao that it is impossible practically with this galva- nometer to compare the electromotive fart'es, or to dud the inter* nal resiBtaneQ6 of large batteries.

TSTiat therefor© is reqturt*d is an instrument which irUl give independent accurate measurements in aholute unit^ of the electro- motive force and internal resistance of any battery. Such an instrument will be still more valuable if it be simple, portable, and tolerably cheap. AU these requirements have been ful£U&d in the little galvanometer arrange! by Mr, Schwondler, and which therefore I have considered of sufficient interest to bring before the notice of thia Society. This galvanometer that I have on the t*tble is a tangent galvanometer the bobbin of which is wound with two ooils one of thick wire and having a resistance of abuut one Biemena' Unit, and the other of thin wire and having a resistance of about 100 Siemens' units. Forming port of this instrument are two resistance coils of 200 and 2000 Siemens' units respectively*. The 200 coil can be placed or not at pleasure in circuit with the thick galvanometer c^il, and similarly the 2000 resistance coil wit the tliin galvanometer coil.

Tu (1) {4^6 pi. iv,) is attach ed onf^ end of each of the coils.

To (2) the other end of the thick coiL

To (3) the other end of the thin coil.

To mmturff the llfiUtamt qfa Battery,

Join the two poles of the battery to the two binding screi respectively of the galvanometer, and make the fallowing ub.scrva- tions, in each case the mean of the readings witli + 'und — current to be taken.

Plug up holes marked A and 200 : then the battery, and th€ thick coil only are in circuit, T*et the deflection of the needle be tt^}

Remove plug from hole marked 200, but leave plug in hole marked A : then the battery, the thick coil, and a resistance of 20G S. U* are in circuit. Let the deflection be i*^.

Let It be the internal resistance to bo found of the battery,

then

200 X tan fP

E==

tan «**^ — tan b^

^ I Siemens' Units.

rVJgWS

o

1871,]

Ptoceedinps of the Asiatic SociM*/*

221

To memure Hut Resistance of a Non-Ehetromoior, Insert thia resifttanee in the battery branch, and repeat the pre* ceding obsorvatioua obtaining respectively defiectiona a^ and h^ then if r be the resistance to be found 200 X ^'on ^1*"

E + r

1 Siemens' ITnita.

tan ai^ — tun h^ Eliminating E from this and the preceding equation wo have

\ tan a[ — tan b^"^ tan a° — tan &°/

The most constant electromotive force that can be practically made use of is that of a new Menotti's cell with clean zinc and csoppor, a stondard cell as it is call«d. Tlie electromotive force of such a cell is tlicroforc taken as our unit of electromotive force.

To expreu ifw EUeiromolivt* Force of a Battery in iertnu of that of

Standard cell.

Join the two poles of the battery to the two binding screws

respectively of the galvanometer, and plug up holes marked B and

2000 : thea the battery and the thin coil only are in circuit. Let tho

deflection be ^.

Remove tlie plug horn, hole marked 2000, but leave plug in B : thea the battery, the thin coil, and 2000 S. tJ, are in circuit. Let the deflection be m^*

Hepeat these two tests with the standard cell substituted for the tery. I^t the two deflections now obtained be p^ and tf. Then if E be the electromotive force of the battery, and e that of the standard cell,

_ tan r X tan m'' tan ;>° — tan g^ " tan//*" X tan 5° ^ tan f° — tan m'' ^ '' This galvanometer can also be used aa a telt«graphie receiving instrument but then the two copper stops^ S, S', shown in the dia- gram, on pi, iv, should be placed one on each side of the alumin- ium needle. If well adjusted, signals can be read wliich are produced by ten Menotti*8 cells at the other end of a line about

L400 miles long consbting of No. 5 1 wire and havug an insulation of two millions per mile.

r

^P ins

fli

i

224 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Sept.

Purchase. The American Journal of Science, June, 1871 — The Ibis, July 1871 — The L. E. and Dublin Pliilosophical Magazine, July 1871 — The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, July 1871 — The Quarterly Eeview, July, 1871 — The Westminster Eeview, July, 1871 — The Edinburgh Review, July 1871 — Eevue des Deux Mondes, Juillet, 1871. Comptes Rendus, Nos23, 24 — Journal des Savants, Avril 1871 — Hewitson's Exotic Butterflies, part 29.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL

Fob Octobee, 1871.

The montlilj meetiiig of the Society was held on Woclnesdny, the 4th October, at 9 p. m.

T. OUlham, Esq., LL. D., Vice-President, in the chuir. The minutcis of the lost meeting were read and contirmei TJie foUowiug proseutatious were laid on the table —

1. From RAj a Dhimai>ati Singh Bitliddur — A copy of Prakria Maaorama Yyakuranani.

2. From the author — a copy of Satiparinaya, a Saaacrit poem, ty Pandit Chaudrak&nta Tarkilankdra.

3. From Eev. C. H. Dall, lieport on tho Brachiopoda, by W- H. DaU.

The following gentlemen were elected Ordinary Members — J. A. Aldis, Esq,, I^g^j. . Neil, J* O^Kinealy, Esq., 0. 8., J. A. Briggs, Esq,^ 11. G, Coo,-,v, Esq., CoL J. E. Evezard.

J. M. Foster, Esq., M, D., Civil Surgeon, Nazeerah, Assam^ pro- pc^sed by Mr. J. Wood*Masou, eooonded by Mr. H. F, Blanford, will be balloted for as a member of the So<uety at the next meetingp

The Council reported that they have elected Dr, 0* King, a member of their body.

The Chairman, briefly referring to the sad loss which the Society Lad experienced by the cruel osauiiainatioa of the late O^g. Chief- Justice, stated that the Council of the Society, of which Mr. Nor man had fur many years been an active and zealous member, had^ at their last meeting, recorded theii* own expression of the pain with which

226

J^f^eemttngi 9/0$ Mudw Soeki^.

[per.

they bad Iieard of Uie murder, which had deprired tlii^iii of a lon^* esteemed colleague and friend. It appeared aluo to tlie Council that probably the Members themfielTes would prefer, at their general meeting, to put on the records of the Society a resolution expree- fiive of thoir horror of the deed, which has 80 suddenly depriyed them of one who was belored by all that had the adraniage of his acquaintance, and who had, fit>m a few months after his arriTal in the country, been a member of their Society, and a frequent and much-interested attendant at their meetings. If this were eo, iie would take the opportunity of proposing the following resolutioQ^ —

' The Society would desire to record the pain and sorrow with which they haTe heard of the cowardly murder uf the lato Chief- Justice Korman, in whom they haye lost an earnest and trutli- seeking supporter, an esteemed member of the Sodety, and a much. J respected friend/

lie believed it would, from the feeling of the meeting, be un- necessary that this should be formally seconded, as it would be carried without the slightest opposition.

Carried unanimously.

The Chniruian also proposed that the Secretary should seiidl copies of resolutions of the Society and the Council, together with a letter of condolence^ to Mrs, Norman, and further, that out of respect to the memory of the late Chief-Justioe, the meeting be| adjourned.

Carried unanimously.

After announcing the receipt of the following paper, the Chair- ] man adjourned the meeting. Account of a visit to the EASTER3r akh Nobthbh!? FBOKTiBas

OF Independent Sikeim with ^otes oif the Zoology of mm

AxPrnE AND SUBALriNE REOIONS, — PaET II, ZoOLOOY. Slf Wu.*

ujlu T. Blanfobd, F. G. S., C. M, Z. 8. (Abstract) This is the second portion of the paper already noticed^ Ji commences with a short note on the Sikkim fauna and remarks on the peculiarity of a belt of country, inhabited by animals with Malay affinities^ intervening along the base and lower slopes of the Eastern Himalayas between the fauna of the Indian plains and the Falaearctio region of the higher mountaius. The peculiar

1871.]

ProetedingB of the Asiatic Soetrty,

227

paucity I during summer, in Bikkiiiii of tlie migratory birds, wliicli visit the plaiua of India dui-ing the winter, is poiuted out, aud the occasional replacement of those species which cross the Hima- layas twice in the year, but do not breed there, by allied forms which never leave the mountains except aa occasional stragglers.

The greater portion of the paper is devoted to notes on the range, habits, &c., of mammals and birds noticed by the writer in the Paisearctic regions of Sikkim, with occasional descriptions of tlie rarer species, or of peculiar phases of coloration or plumage. Two birds are described as new. These are*—

MoniifringiUa ruJlcolUs^ sp. nov. Pale umber above with darker streaks, the forehead whitish and the rump rufescent, a dark line from the lores, beneath the eye, and over the ear covei-ts ; the latter and the sides of the nock ferruginous ; the outer web of the , first primary, a wing band formed by a large spot on the basal j portion of the inner web of most of the secondaries, and the greater] part of the smaller wing coverts white ; all the basal portion of the tail feathers except the two tniddle ones cinereous, then a little wliite, and the tips for half an inch brown like the middle feathers. Lower parts white with two black diverging lines on the chin In the female the ferruginous collar is brown behind and appears, to extend across the front of the netk. Length 6 inches, wing 3.75, tail 2.35, tarsus 0.82, bill from forehead 0.42.

The general coloration dilTurs from that of the three other species belonging to restricted Moniijrinplla, ITiat it is not the winter plumage of M* Adamsi is proved by that bird having more wliite on the tail and much narrower brown tips to the outer rectricea than the present species, and by its having the ends of some of the secondary quills white.

Otoeoru Elwesi^ sp. nov. This is near 0, psmcillata^ but distin* guished by the white of the sides of tho neck intorvoning between the black of the cheeks and tbat of tho breast. It is smaller than 0, longirmtrk^ and has a mucii shorter bill. The black on the head and breast is arranged as in (K alpnfn*t the bade is pale fulvous brown with faint dusky streaks and passing into greyish lilac on the nape, back of neck, rump and wing coverts, the quills brown^ the first prunary with the outer web white, the middle rectrices the same

22& Proceedings vf ihe Jiiaiit Society* [Oc3T» I

colour as the back, all the rost Llaokish, the two^outer on each Bide edged and tipped with white ; lower parts while, legs blaek«

Length 7J5 inches, wing 4.7, tail 3.2, taisits 0.9, hind toe with ita claw 0 J5, the daw alone 0.36^ bill tcom the forehisad 0.4 * from the gape 0,6.

Both these new species wore found in the Lichen valley near the Tibetan frontier, in places where Zepm Tihetanm^ Leuctniiefe fmma^ iopijgia^ Cinclm iordiditSj and other Tibetan animals* were met witli.

Library, The following additions have been made to the Library since tlie meeting held in September last.

Pf'esenMions, 9^11 Karces uf Douora in CopitaTa.

Proceedings of the Eojal Society of London, Vol* XIX, No* 129. — ^ The ItoYAL Society of Londost.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, part T, 1871. ^

Transactions of Do., VoL VH., pjtrt VI. — The Zooloo, Sooiety London.

Proceedingfl of the Eoyal Geographical Society, London, VcjI. XV, No. IL^ — Tme Eoyal Geographical Society of Loimoir,

Journal of the Royal Qeogi^aphical Society, London, Vol. XL, — . ] TnE TloYAL Geoobaphical Society o¥ Loxdon,

Bidletinde la Sociiite de Gcogi-aphie, 1871, Mai-Jnillet. — 8o- Cie'te' de la Geoobaphie, Paris.

Bulletins de T Academie Eoyale de Belgique, 2me Tome, XXIX

XXX. — Aunuaire de PAcademie Eo^ale de Belgique, 1871,

M^moires de V Academie Eoyale do Belgique, Tome XXXVIIL-

M^raoires Couronncs et M^moires des Sayants Etrangers, Tomes

XXXV, XXXVI. — ACADEMXB EuYALE UE8 ScXEIfCES BEiS LeT- TRES ET DES BeL\UX-AeT8 DE BelOIQUE.

Memoirea de V Academie Inipcrialo des Sciences de St, Peters- J bourg, Tome XVL — Bulletin do L' Academie, Tome XV. — AcjLm

DEMIE ImPEBLALE DES SCIENCES DE 8t. PETERfcBOlTBOt

Actes de V Academie de Bordeaux ; 1869, Se et 4e trimeetres.

Academie des Sciences, Bexuss-Lettres et Aets de Bordeaux. Jahrbuch, Band XXI, No. L — K.K. Geol, EEicnsANsxAXT

VtBKJfA.

1871.] ProceedingB of the Astatic Society. 229

Eeport on the Brachiopoda, by W. H. Dall. — The Author.

The Eamayana, Vol. II., edit, by Hemachandra. — The Editor.

The Christian Spectator, 1871, Octr. — The Editor.

The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Aug. 1871. — The Editor.

The Bengal Atlas, by Babu Eajendralala Mitra. — The Editor.

Catalogus Codicum Orientalium Musei Britanici, part II, Codi- ces Arabici, 1846-1871. — The British Museum.

Pehlavi Grammar, by P. D. B. Sungana. — The Trustees, Sir J. Jeejeebhoy's Translation Fund.

Prukrita Manoramd Vyakaranam. — Raja Giri Prasada Sixoh.

Tagore Lectures on Hindu Law, Vol. II, by H. Cowell. — The Registrar of the Calcutta University.

Exchange.

The Nature, Nos. 89-92.— The Atheneeum for July 1871.

Purchase.

Harold's Coleoperologische Forschungen, Heft I-YI. — Burmeis- ter's Handbuch der Entomologie, 1-5. — Cand^ze, Monographie de E'lat^rides, 1-10.— Thomas's Pathan Kings of Delhi.— The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1871, Aug. — ^L. E. and D. Phi- losophical Magazine, 1871, Aug. — American Journal of Science, 1871, July.— The Calcutta Review, 1871, October.— Comptes Rendus, Juilletl871. — Tenesser, Reisen in den Philippinen, Band n, Theil 2, Heft U.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OE BENGAL

FOB NOYEMBEB, 1871.

I

^

A tQocting of the Society was lield on Wednesday the let of Novem>»or, 1371, at 9 r, M.

T» Oldiiam, Rsq., LL, D., Vice -President, in the chairs The mmutes of the last meeting were read and conErmed, The following presentations were laid on the table — 1 . — From Cupt. W* L. Samnells, Assist. Commissioner, Pachum- ba^ Chord liue, — Two copper axos.

The following letter accompanied the donation — ' In my letter to you which accompanied the inscriptions, I men- tioned to you that some singular looking pieces of copper had been accidentally found by a native of tliis district in digging for bam- boo roots on the top of a hillock. I am sending you the only two Bpecimena I have, and may as well tell you the circuoistancoB under whiL'h I came by them.

* On rotiiTDing to Pachumba this year from the Eewah frontier, I set about making enquiries as to whether there wore any known ruins or rock excavations in the neighlmurhood^ and one clay in talking to an old resident of the place on this subject, he mentioned to me that last year a native had brought Mr. Ileyne, the Man* ager of the Bengal Coal Company^s mines at Kurhurbar6e,some three or four vory curious looking pieces of copper, which he had dug out of a liilloek on the borders of this subdivision* On enquiry I found that Mr. Heyne had given them all away, but I managed to reoover one, which I can*t help thinking may have served as a head for a battle-axe, I have mounted it on a handle in true primitive fashion, and I leave you to judge whether a man with such a wea- pon in his hands could not lay about him with some moaning. Some who have seen it, think that it is made of bronze, others that it ia pure copper ; but that it has been formed by moulding in

Proceedin^i of the Asiatic Saciety*

[NotJ

sand, I tliink there ib not a doubt of. At ail events, the iind wi an interestiDg one, and I was consequently induced a few days to start off from here with tho Intention of visiting the locality, an^ having further excavations niado under my own 8U|>erinteDdouc?0, I, therefore, went last Friday to the village where the finder of tbo articles lived, and on his appearing befure iw*^ ho produced auutli' piece of copper of the same weight as the BUpposed axe-hoa< (3J D>s), but elliptical in shape. What this can have been it h hard to conjecture. The native informed me that he had foutii five pieces altufjether, throe of which he gave to Mr. Heyne,* on< to Mr. F. Peppe, the manager of the Gawan Estate ( District Hnzareebagh) and the fifth ho that day put boforfe me. He them all within a cubitus depth of the surface of a hillock vvliicl covers an area of about 4 local cottahs (i. e., about 10 or 12 cottulij of the Bengal standard measure), and there are, he says, Beve; other hilioeks near it, some larger and some smaller. But Ik refused to point out the locality, and gave a wliolo string of frivo- lous excuses for not doing so ; but when I got him to myself lie told me the true reason, and I cannot refrain from relating it ao it 13 a curious instance of supGrstition.

* It appears that thi« man, whr^ae name is Anup Teli, cultivated land about this %^ery hillock, and he told me that the night after he found these things^ he had a dream in which a hhuf of terriUl aspect appeared before him. lie was no ordinary looking spirit, but of prodigious proportions, liis skin being red and liis dothaa black, whilst a proftimoa of hair hung down his back from hia, head to his heels, each hair being as thick as a man*s wrist* Ilav-^ ing dismounted from a tiger which had carried him to Anup*i door, ho entered the hut and pointing to the copper pieces, in. formed Anup that they wore his (tho hhuCs) property. AjiiV at once expressed hia willingnesd to give thorn up^ but the hhk was for none of them, He wanted in exchange four haira o: Aniip's right knee, and in the bargain offered to relinquish claim to the treasure which he said lay buried under the otlie*] hilioeks in that locality* But tlie much-coveted hairs And] would not part ivith at any price. So the hMd mounted his tiger,

aUl

• Two of these wem takcu io Culcutta^ by Dr. Geetogicjal Sunroy of ladiii.

F. Sto]iciku, Palueatitola^at, J

187L]

rt^eudingB &/th4 Aiiatk Sacui^*

2S8

and trotted oiT in higli dudgeon. When tha day broke, Aniip proceeded to do a little xilou^lilng belbre rosiimiDg bis excavations at the hillock ; but as he passed that spot, one of hia bullocks dropped down stone-doad, and within a few days the remainiDg two biilh>ckg which he possessed died also. Upon this he deserted that plac©! and took up hia residence in the village where he now lives. This, he says, happened three years ago, and till last year he concealed these copper pieces, which he believed to be gold j but thiiJcing ha might then realise something by them, he carried them off in great secrecy to Mr. Hoyne, to whom he imparted the information of where he had found them. But thia little indtacrotion brought fresh troubles on him ; for when he returned home, his little girl sickened and died. For this reason he said he never would tell another eoul where the hillocks were and much leas would he venture near the locality to point them out«

* I believe the man Irom his demeauour to have been thoroughly sincere in his belief that evil would bet'al him, if he disclosed any- thing further that would lead others to the place ; for I used every kind of persuasion without avail, and even offured Jiim Its. 20 oa the spot, bnt he begged me not to press him and assured me in a whisper that Mr. Hoyue knew the exact placOj as he had made a note of it in his pocket book. Finding now that such is the case, it is dear that the man had uo motives of personal .gain, as I at tirst thought, in withholding the iuformation from me ; whilst tho fact of his refusing the Bs. 20, being under ordinary ci roams tan oes a most unusual trait of native character, proves that his fears were at all events genuine.'

The Chairman, in soliciting any remarks which the mambera desu^ed to offer on this very iuterestiug had of Captiiin Saiauelis, said, that the specimens which he would send round, were, if iafcead- ed for weapons or unpleaient^ of any kind, of the rudest form* There could not be a doubt that they were, one entirely so, and the other to the extent of more than half its surface| simply the bloom, derived from the small copper furnaces which were known to have been in use with the old smeltt^rs or workers in eoppar in the liountry, and of which littio smelting pots examples still remainod. One, as he said, was entirely so* It bore all the marks of the hn^

rth or sand into which it was run, a rudely aii^cular or «li|^htiy

3S4

^roe6$imf9 ofiit AtMde Smidp,

[Nov.

oral tbin plate of copper, just as the melted melal^ wooM nater* all/ spread cmtt if pooied ottt in the eetni-Tiaooaa aiate in wUiA woA, little poti inndd jield it On tlus piece tliere waa not a toaio^ af kaannerlng or of die application of anj looL T1m> aeeood oq the oOier haod^ tlioogk precisely similar to tlie first for ooe kalf ita avrlaoe, had the other portion beaten and hammered ap to a stiai^ht Ihm^ the two ends of this being hammered oat into two shoolderB or two •emidrcnlaHj etured recesses, which would be admirably suited loT the application of a handle farmed of a split bamboo or stickyJ as Oaptain Samndls has applied it* Bat the cunous pari of il ia, that is, if thaae were so intended for the application of a handle,^!, and with such a handle tmqnestioQably the heavy mass of copper would form a mde^ but very effectire, axe or club, though not a cutp- ting tool, — I say if this were the intention, it is doubly strange, that those who knew so well how to hammer this part so neatly into shape^ iihntdd not also hare hammered out the edge, so em to forma shnrp cutting surface. This edge now remains with all the roughnc and thickness of the old bloom just as it flowed &om the melting pot, j

*' I beli<!ve the metal has not been examined as yet, so that I ant unable to say whether it be pure copper or not, but it looks as if it , were 80,

** The discovery of any copper implements is of high interest, and while, thanking Oaptain Satnuells for this ooutribution, it is hoped that the discovery may stimulate others to searching for such evi* dence of the state of metallurgical knowledge among the ancient dwellers in these lands.

** I may mention that within a few mOes of where these copper blooms were found, there is a very large excavation, stretching forj nearly half a mile on a local lode of copper ore. In tlils the ore ia probably too diffused to pay for working now, but a very consider- able quantity of copper must have been extracted from this place in olden times."

2.— From J. M. Foster, ilsq., M. D., through Kr, T. Woo Mason — three Asim small sUver coins.

Babu Pratapa Chander Ghoshe, Assistant Secretary, said thaP the largOKt of tbo three coins contains the name of * Sri Brajanith Singh, the king/ and the two smaller that of ^ Sri Qauriuath/ Na years are mentioned.

187L]

Proceedrnffs of the Asiatic Seeiety.

235

The Presiilont mentioned that he had seen a complete collection of Asam coins with Mr* Leonard.

The following gentleman duly proposed and seconded at the last meeting was balloted for, and elected Ordinary Member — J, M. Foeteri Esq,, M. D., Nazeerah, Assam*

The following gentlemen ore candidates for ballot at the next meeting.

Cupt. W, L, Samnella, Assistant Commissioner, Pachnraba, Chord line, proposf-4 by CoL E. T. Dalton^ 0. S. 1., seconded by Mr, H. Blochmann*

S* E. Peul, E^q., Sibsagar, Asam, proposed by Mr. J. Wood* Maaon, seconded by Mr. H. Bloclimanji.

The Chftirman said he had to report on thio part of the Council that they had had under consideration the terms of Rule 29, By this rule, as now worded, it was coDipnlsory on the Society io hold a meeting in each month in the year. Practically, however, it was found that during the months of September and October, it was ex* tremely doubtful whether a sufficient number of members could be brought together to constitute a meeting, and rarely has it been tickat on one or other of the meeting evenings in these months, tiiere had not been an adjournment, as there was not a quorum. Fujp- ther than this which, is the practical result — it has been felt, that with the serioui^ly increased duties now devolving on the Secreta- ries, in editing the Journal and the Pi*oceedings, it was not just or fair to those officers, who it must be remembered are purely hon* orary officers, to keep their time so preasingly occupied during the whole year, without any respite. It certainly is the rtile else- where for Scientific Societies to have a certain recess during the year, and it is considered that it will be desirable to have such a recess here also. The Coundl, therefore, recommend that the words, * ixcepUng in Sepimnher ttnd Octuh$r^ be inserted in Rule 29 after the words : ** The Society shall meet on the first Wednes- day in each month/'

This being an alteration in the rules must be referred to the So* ciety at large. Voting papers will be sent out, and as the time re>

1

286

Fr^miim§% rftht Atiaiic &d<<^.

LNor^

quired for the rnlee will be given bj this ftirangment, the moui meetisg on the first Wedneedaj in February will be made meeting for the discussion of the question.

The following letter wae read —

From Cnpt. W, L* BAUinaJM^ forttorSing facMmiles ttf iusffifi itplan^ and a drmemg of a rack ctU UmpU at MareMts^ CAi

'laend joubjdik bangby a parcel containing facsimiles of eome inscriptionB which I found cut on the pillan of a rock-<*ii| temple at Harchoka in the Chutil Nagpdr Tributaiy Mahal ol Chang Bhokar, and which I came acroes this last 8eas<»n in settling the frontier line between Hewah and Chatia Nii^iir.

* One inscription ( marked B) I got amongst some very inter€«tiiig| remains of rock -cut templce and mona&t^riee near the Tillage o| Mira in Bewah. Tht?i?e temples were risited by a Capt. Hluni in 1795, and are mentioned by him in his '* Narrative of a from Chunargbur to Yart&ago<jdum^' published in 1801 in the Tolnme uf the Asiatio Besearehes. On pogee 73 and T4| naotionB hating taken sketches of these temples with their •sreoients, which makes me anxious to koow whether your IS in possession of those sketches, and if so, whether I could be b^\ Toured with a view of them ; for my visit to the M4r4 temples, Ihna press of work, was, I regret to say, a very hurried one. I was th* fore unable lo make a plan of them as I should like to have di if I had had the time. But if Capt. Blunt's sketches are to fore, I slicmld be very much assisted iu writing my report on ti temples, if I had these fiketclies to refer to. Capt. Blunt states he was unable to find any writing or inscription, and as the temples and monastGriee go, I was siniilurly disappointed I doubt, if he noticed the remains of a stone aqueduct, as no m^i* tion is made of it in his narrative. It was in following op remains and fragments of the aqueduct with a view to asc^rtaaS? ing from i^henee and for what distance the water had been con* reyed by this artificial channel that I came to a spring whtoli issued from a rock in the side of a hillf and found the rook excavated so as to form a grotto of the following dimensiona— length Ifl' 4' J dt-pth 6' j height 4 '. The roof is horijBontal with

far J

187L]

Procudingi ofth^ A$%<$tk Society,

237

a pldn frieze and cornice along its Trhole frontage, the fonuor bearing in its centre ficulptured fig'ures in relief of Biva atid BJia- wani with a cobra's hooded head rising above them. The height of the frieze is 2 ^6", The shape of the grotto is rectangidari except tliat at one end the elds wall forms an obtuse angle with the back wall from whence the spring of water issues. It was on this side wall that I found the inspription marked R,

* I was for some time puzzled to think what the singular device which is seen on the right was Intended to represent, till it fltrnck me that something similar to it might be got by twist- ing two blades of the long broad jungle grains in a particu* lor way, I therefore cut two strips of paper to be used as a substitute for the grass and put a coloured line along the centre of each to represent the mid rib, and coloured the edges also to mark tlie lines which would indicate the breadth of the grass when cut in stone. In an envelope attached to the copy of this inscription you will find the paper ligure I allude to, and on examining it, you will observe how exactly the directions of the coloui'ed lines on the paper correspond with those shown in the copy of the inscribed device. This may be a mere coincidence, but still it is natural to suppose that the carver of the inscription had something in his mind^s eye that suggested to him the device I am alluding to ; and I that it was something of the nature suggested by mo is, I think, more than probable,

*• This groUa^ as I have termed it, appears to me to bear some resemblance to the primitive wells of Thrace which are described as consisting of arched excavations in the sides of rocks where the water was dii*ectly obtainable from springs ; with this diJierence only I that the Mara *' weir* or grotto, whichever is the more cor- rect expression, has a flat roof instead of an arched one.'

Babu Pratapa Chandra Ghoshe said —

**The inscriptions are in old Nfigari characters, but are so rude, that the characters are identified with mucli difficulty* Tlie iu- Bcriptions, so far as I have read them, are names of perhaps the donors of particular portions of the temple. They bear no date. I suppose they are Buddhistic, but I must not be certain b«for« I read uU the impressions sent by Capt» SomueUs."

Mr.

y,c^

to tW

Ux.J.J.Cv^, El

d«i

4&I

IMi.

iktdji

to ihmOmOxwi

a Kkai.

VftUAy aboiii

A BdUk nutBff Am aortk mi natk, &• frond lins my n^idly, ir 4^ m 1,4M &aL I ikodld Odftk. tksre am ^Qai» IM of then oBooiids dotted about m oq logdbr lorai, oloi^ tlho od^ of ikam milUli. In ontnrd Ibm l^of iso piMooljr tiw ooaiio OB tbooe iHortitttod im Coptein Meodowo Tojlor^o boolt, with iMXfgm Olooeo niber oronlj pheed zovod. Koioiiero of ikoM stooeo mp* poored to no to haxm poiinil lliioiigii otooo-dnoMT^ lyndo^ Iheg^ borti]^ firo Mm radolj sliapod, vlii^ mofcee mo tkh^ Uwy w«ro OvigKBoIlf intended to Iwfo boon plnood npRgkfc^ not in Ibo poohiom Iboiid i liovoTOE^ aotliii^ VBB finuid to indicate llinl anf bnlldn^ mm otoeCed hme^ otill il is steao^ tbai tikeao fiTO-oidod otoaoa abooli bo tbera^ and fiouiid Ijio^ flat on Ibo grooAd. I am om^ tiMgrworo noTor latondad to be placed in tbai poailioiu Tbe momda m ewery eoae were boUow at the top^ makiag me tbink tlni a ckambor would bo fottnd iuideinjealb« tbat tbo atono iag tbo oeiliag bad probeblj giren way ; bul^ ooi t^oaiiig t BOlbiiig watt fouad to g^uarantoo fiuob an idea,

* 1 oaauaenced digging oporalioad on Ike principal monnd in place, 40 y( 4$m diameter, there being more cut stone sunoiindin^ tk, and tliroe or tour in the centre ; yery groat earo wao tokeai in digging and removing stones. The top of one of ihaeo fiTO-fiidod otooaa wae bit open doee to the sarfaee, and in the centre of tbo moiDid thii waa earefoliy left standing, while operations were goin^ *m up to one fotit deep. Nothing but loose stones and earth wna

I

1 8 7 L] Proctfeding» qf th A iiatic St^ieiy, 239

removed, imtil about 15 inohes from tho surface broken red pottery began to sliow on the eouth side. At last some stiiT leaden colour- ed clay was found, fast binding pieces of pottery, and on close ex* amination large quantities of teeth were found, which evidently had been piit into a gurmh and imbedded in this clay. These bones are, 1 believe, the back teeth of horses, in very good pre- flervation. This clay then began to be found in patches, in which, as a rule, you always lind pottery and other implements, and ap- peared in no other place than on the south side.

* I was standing one evening looliing on, when all of a sudden I saw a **iind/* and immediately jumped down into the hole, and with the greatest care dug out of the clay, well cemented together, two copper bells, two round copper (in my opinion) ear-rings, and an iron axe; these I hanilled with the utmost care, vainly hoping that the whole would remain in this solid state; but after a few days, the heat of June soon dried up the day, and the whole be- came detached. This and a few inim imploraenta and a gold ring were the only things found. This excavation was carried down about 2*6 feet.

* In the other wo went down over three feet from the surface, and notliing but iron was found, very rust eaten. The only implement in good preservation was a kind of saucer for holding oil, which had a handle with a hook to hang by, and a spiral spring, which must I think have been wound round a stick,'

, The following papers were read —

!♦— 0/4 a netv FhotO'caUographic Printing Process. — I}g OAPTAiif J. Wateeuousb, Amsiant Sm-i^tgor Gmaral^

1 have the pleasure to bring to your notice this evening a new ^ process of photographic printing, I have lately worked out, which| , though it can scarcely be called original, i& in some respects new I and, as I believe it has never before been worked in India, a de- scription of it may not prove uninteresting to many of the membera of this Society, more especially as the new process will be used for the reproduction of photographs and drawings of all kinds for the illiLstration of our Journal.

The few specimens I have with me, though very imperfect, ore^ Butlident to shew the capabilities of the process. I liave hitherto

S40

Jhnmtdimgw p/iJu AmMu Smt^,

[Not;

cilueflj practised on sabjects ib line in order to perlMt mymU in tlie manipulations, whleli were entirelj new to me* Imt I knov from the trials I harts alreadj made, dust tiie proeaM will also give azcellent resulta in half looie aa aooa as I shall hava bean abla to master the diffiettlties 'oCthe printing, and to obtain proper appli- aooea. I am^ therefore, nnwilling to delay the publication of a process by which absolatelj permanent photographic repfoductio&a maj be made fitim any elass of subject with great perlection and economy by means of applianoee which are within the reach of alL

In principle my process is similar to that introduoed in 1866 by Tessier du Mothay, which was afterwards modified and improved by Albert of Munich and other Germans, and still further perf< by Ernest Edwarda of London^ who has brought it into extenai' use under the name of Heliotypo. Many of the members may probably have read deseriptians of it in some of the EngUah serials, or hare seen specimens In a publication entitled ** Art, Pio- torial and Industrial/' which is iUnstrated endrely by its meaiia.

The distinctiTe feature of all these prooesses is, that tiie princiii^ Buriiace is composed of gelatine^ hardened in such a manner that ii^ri may stand the wear and tear of printing, and they all dej>end upoo^B the well known property peculiar to a dried film of gelatine mixed with an alk aline bichromate of becoming insoluble after e: to light, and repelling water in the parts exposed to light exaetl: in proportion to the amount of the action of the light upon th( and at the same time of acquiring a corresponding affinity for greasy substance, such as printing ink. Although this propei by itself has been most usefull}* applied in many photographic pi oessea for the reproduction of subjects in line, it would be qttil incapable of giTing the required results in the processes now und notice, because the unexposed gelatine remains in a pulpy soft si incapable of withstanding the wear and tear of printing, and over it would be liable to dissolve entirely with any rise in tempi ature, the consequence of which would be the loss of all the lighi tones. It has been found, however^ that the chromated gelatine film may be so hardened or oxidised by certain substances, such aa Ihc alums, especially chrome alum, tannin, dilorine, bichloride of merttiry, permanganate of poiaah, and other suitable oxidi^

1S7L]

Froee^dtn^i a/ the A viatic SocUt^,

241

au^entSf that it made quite insoluble in water, though etill capable of retaining a certain amount of water, without interfering with its property of attracting greasj ink in the parts exposed to light and repHlling it in the unexposed parts, so that if such a fihn bo spread upon a surface of glass, metal, or other suitable material and after exposure to light under a photogrupliic negative, be washed till aU the chromio salt is removed^ wo obtiun a printing surface possessing the properties of an ordinary lithogi-aphie stune, that is to say, it ia absorbent of water in some parts, and absorbent of greasy ink in otiiers, but, as I have mentioned, it also has another most valuable property which is not possessed by the lithographic stuue, and which baa been most aptly termed ** a discrimiaating power of absorption,** tto that when it is inked in with a roller, the ink will be thickest on the parts representing the deepest shadows of the picture, and whifh have received the most exposure to light, the middle tints will take less, the lighter tints still less, while the high lights will lake none at all, and be represented by white paper. It will readily be seen that in this way an exact transcript of the original photo- Igiuph may be obtained, shewing the most dolieato delineation of detail with as perfect gradation of tone as in a proof produced by the ordinary process of silver printing, but possessing the great ad- vantages of a lithograph or engraring over a silver print in respeat I of undoubted permanence, cheapness and rapidity of productioa. The above is the principle upon which those processes depend^- the practice though presenting some diilicullies of manipulation is verj^ simple, A mixture of gelatine and bichromate of potash, with one of the hardening or oxidising sub&tauces I have mention- ed, and also a little glycerine, sugar or other substauct*, capable of preventing the gelatiue Elm from being too brittle is poured upoa tlie eurface of a perfectly level finely ground glass plate, and care- fully dried in the dark in such a manner as to preserve ii very eyen surface. When dry the plate is ready to be exposed tmdear a reversed negative in the usual manner. After the BUrlaoe has received sufEeiout exposui'e the plate la turned aud its under surface is exposed to the i\dl power of the light for a short time to render it thoroughly hanl and insoluhlo and prevent it from swelling too much in the after wushlug. The plate is now

242 Proeefidinff^ of th0 Aiiatfe S&neiy, [Nov*

washed till all the bichromate is remoyed and is then rolled in wit soft prmting ink.

This is the dmplest mode o| printing hut in the coi] of working out the Heliotyp© process Mr. Edwards found tha it was very difficult to ohtain perfect contact between the nega dve and the gelatine £lm and thus it was impossible to obt the shai^pest results, so he thought of preparing a tissue wklu might be printed upon juBt like a sheet of een^itive photograpl paper or carbon tissue and afterwards transferred on to a : plat© or any other suitable surface which would stand the wear and tear of printing. This was a great and valuable improve mentis but in the course of my experiments I found some difficulty i^| transferring the tissue, and as I find that with proper precau- tions fairly sharp results may be obtained by printing on IU^h original plate, I have abandoned the use of tissue till I have nior^H fully worked out the process. ^|

I will now briefly describe the mode of working which, after man^^ trials and failui-es I have found most successful.

Having well cleaned some pieces of Jinely ground plate glass such as is ordinarily used for looking-glasses, and having cart^fully levelled them. I prepare a mijtture composed of —

Gelatine, 1 ounce.

Honey Soap, 30 to 60 grains.

Tannin, 10 grains.

Distilled water, .... 8 ounces.

I have found 10 grains of tannin to 1 ounce of gelatine suiHoie to render it quite insoluble^ and I think oven less would do ; but it more is added, it has the effect of rendering the film insensitive - light. The object of adding the soap is to render the tilm tougt and prevent it from becoming brittle and breaking up when dried J its use for this purpose was first suggested by Mr. Johnson, it working the autotype process. Some precautions are nooessary in * mixing the solution so that it will give an even transparent film when dry. I have tried many kinds of soap, but I have found tlial the honey soap exported by Coward of Ix^ndou, such as is commonly 1 aold by the box wallas, is the best« The soap and taimin mu^t b^ I

187L]

Protmdingn of th$ Awiaiic Sociiiy.

243

P

P ¥

W P N

pepaiately dissolved in about 1 ounce of hot water, then mixed]and *dded very gradually, and with coastaEt stirring to the gelatiao dissolved in the remaimng 6 ounces of hot water. The mixture is then filtered through eoarae cloth and poured on the plates. Should any air bubbles be formed they may be removed with the point of a pen- knife. The gelatine soon eets and as Boon aa I find the film is firm, I turn the plates face downwardt^ and plaoe them out to dry in the open air on suitable supports. They dry in from 12 to 24 hours or longer according to the state of the atmosphere. I thiulc the plan I have here adopted of preparing the gelatine film with- out the addition of the sensitive bichromate is advantageous in many ways- It enablos the plates to be dried in the open air, quickly and evenly and I find that when turned face downwards very little dust settles on them ; another advantage is that a stock of plates maybe prepared and kopt till required to bo sensitised for use. After sensitising the plates dry very quiekly and heat may be used without any fear of the film bocaming di8'=*olved and flowing otl^the plate. I tried Mr. Edwards* process of mixing together the ^latine» chrome alum ami bichromate of potash according to his published formula, but I found that the plates so prepared took a very long time to dry and required to be kept carefully level in the drying box, besides this there were other disadvantages which led me to abandon the use of r.hrnme alum and substitute tannin with which I had made some experiments so long ago as 1866*

Wlien the plates are thoroughly dry I immerse them in a solution of bichromate of potash about 1 oz. of the salt to 20 ounces of water and then place them in a drying box. As the gelatine is quite insoluble there is no necessity for keeping the plates level in this SQL^ond drying and if necessaij heat may be used* The plates dry in 2 or 3 hours and are then ready for nm, I expose under a rtn^enad negativQ for about 10 minutes in the sun for a clear line tubject and about half an hour for a subjeot in half tone accord- ing to the density of the negative. \Vlien sufficiently exposed I remove the negative and expose the hack of the sensitive plate to light for a few minutes in order to thoroughly harden the under surface of the gelatine film and prevent swelling and it from puckering up during the printing. The plate is then thoroughly

244

Praci^iingi df the Astatic Society.

[Not.

rafthed in several changes of water till all the bichromate is re- moved and is ready for printing.

The priritiiig is the most difficult part of the whole process and sue- ceas appears to depead entirely upon the composition of the ink* In printing lino subjecta some inks are too tough and cannot well be cleaned oil' the plate, others are too soft and are liable to be rubbed off when the plate is cleaned with a eluth* Then again in printing sub- jects in half tone a stiff ink will only take on the shadows, while a soft thin ink will take all over the plate and by giving a slight ton© to the high lights destroy all brilliancy of effect* In printing subject in line I roll In with a tolerably stiiF ink made of onlinary Hthogri phic chalk ink thinned with olive oil instead of varnish and before print! ug, cloan tho surface of the plato with a damp cloth* Pot halt' tone subjects, the plate must lirst be rolled in with stiff ink it order to obtain depth in the shadows and tho detu.il of the ha tones afterwards brought out by tho use of a iofter and lighten ink which should just be of such a consietency and tint that th«j halftones may all be well developud, but the high lights left clearJ The inking in may be done with lithographic rollers, bnt rollers india*rubber have been found better. The printing is best pe formed by vertical pressure in an ordinary type printing pr which should be furnished with an India rubber bed to prevent the glass plates being broken, and tho plate should be covered with" a padding of felt, so that the paper may be well pressed into tliQi- hoUows forming the deepeat shadows. Euamelled paper is th^ best for printing on, especially for subjects in half tone. The proof I have with me have all been pulled in an ordinary copying pres which I find answers the purpose fairly, though it is iuconvenicmj in many respects.

If it is required to print on a tissue, a plan which certainly posse es msny great advantages, a perfectly polished glass plate is use instead of ground glass, and the surface is rubbed with a solutftu of wax in ether, so that when it is dry, the film may be stripped ofl with ease. The composition I have described above makes au i oellent tissue.

Such ore the details of my process as far as I have gonejB it ifl very imperfect in many points, but I am stiU working

1871.]

Pr^M$iinp of the Amtie Saciety,

245

I I

at it, and hope aoon to perfect and bring it into practical use in the 8urvoyor Generara office for tlie reproduction of line delicate draw- ings iu line or brush shading, which are not susceptible of being reproduced by photography, and also to replace the costly and te- dious process of silver printing for ordinary photographs.

The experience I have already gained has shewn me that the process is perfectly practical, and also exceedingly economical both in time and in material. It is true the preparation of the plates takes a long time, but once the plate is prepared, copies may be puUed from it at the rate of from 100 to 200 copies a day, and as the plates may be kept ready prepared^ the time taken in their pre- paration is really »jf little consequence. As regards the cost of materials, I hnd that the preparation of a square foot of surface costs about 4 annas and 6 pie. This is a mere trifle, when the great advantages of the prot^esa are considered ; Ist, in being able to copy drawings or other subjeota in line with a sharpness and delicacy equal to the finest lithography or copper plate engraving, and 2ndly, in being able to print copies of shaded drawings or ordi- nary photographs, which shall be permanent and perfectly repro- duce all the gradations of the original, and I need not point out how immensely valuable it will be for the reproduction and cheap circulation of photographs illustrating various branches of science.

I would only further add thtit I do not put this forward as an original process of my own, as I must acknowledge my obligations to former workers in the same direction, I can only claim to bo the fij'st to have worked out a practical proooss suitable for use in this country, and hope that the subject may be taken up by somo of our Indian photographers.

n, — NoU on three Arabic Jmcriplwns hy 0arly Muhammadan Kin^n o/ Bengal^ remved from A. BitoADLEY, Esq , C. 8., BniAJi.— ^y <iH. BLOcnMANK Esq., M. A., Calcutta Madraaah,

The three Arabic inscriptions wkit'h I have the pleasure to lay before the meeting, were sent to me^ among others, by Mr. A. Broadley, C. S., Bihar. Mr. Brondley has taken rubbings of a birge number of inscriptions, which he found on mined buildings and shrines in the town of Bihar, a town, which in the early

246

PteeMdingn of the Amaik Soeie($.

[No^

poriod of Bengal histoiy held a mucli lugUer rank than it do^ novr-a-daj9. From the rubbings which I have examined, it certain that Mr. Bn>adle7'8 inscriptions will considorably add our knowledge of the beginning of the Muhammadan perind Bengal History, and I hope that he will 6iid leisure to publish large ooilection, and add archeological notes on the old buildinga of Bih&Ty and alao collect the numerous legends, etill current in the district^ regarding the early Muhamma^^lan invadera of BongaL

My object in laying a few of Mr. Broadley'a inscriptions before the meeting, is to direct attention to BIh&r inscriptions in generalj and to appeal to officers stationed in that provint»e to send rub- bings to our Society for publication. Every inscription with the name of a king and a date on it, is of value. At a former meet- ings I explained what progress had been made, up to the preeeiij time, in the elucidation of Bih^ and Bengal history. I mentiou< that we do not even possess a correct and complete list of Muhammadan kings of Bengal and Bih^, and that no histo: had yet attempted to ^ the limita to which the kingdom Bengal, at various timesi extended. There exist no MS. kis- turiee of Bengal ; the first attempt at a connected histoi known to us, U the short chapter by Nlzaniuddin in tlie Tahaqul Akbari^ which was composed so late as A. H. lUOl, or A, D. 1592, For the beginning of the Muhammadan period, we have only occ^i&ional notices in the MS. histories of the Dihli empire, and ooins and inscriptions. The information which coins yield, will be found in Mr E. Thomases excellent Essny on the * Initial Coinuiif Oj BengaV (Joiimal, A, 8. Bengal, for 1867). He compiled a valu able list of the early Muhammadan Governors, and assigned to several kings, whose names were not to be found in the existing histories of Bengal, thoir proper places. As an example, I may mention the king Shamsuddin Finiz, of whom Mr. Thomas found ooins strnck between 1315 and 1322, A, D. The inscriptions %t Tribenj near Tliigli, which I lai«l last year before the Society, men- tion the same king as having reigned in 1313, A. D. Two of Mr. Broadleye inscriptions — and this wilt shew the value of hia dia* coveriee, prove —

1. that FiroK already reigned in 1309 over (Western) Bengal» or Lah'hnauti.

id

be I

4

IfitL]

Proceedings of ty Ammw^

247

I

2. That South Bihar under him belonged to Bengal, whilst other inscriptions shew thatBihdrin 1352 again belonged to Dihli.

3, That Shamanddia had a bob of th© name of Hfilim Khain^ who in 1309 and 1315, and hence most likely during the intervening years, was g<5vernor of Bihdr,

From a letter, I lately had from Mr. Broadley, it would also ap- pear that portions of Ilalim KhSn'a palace still exist, and that his descendants ai-e still inhabitants of the town of Bihfir.

Of the three iuscriptiona before tlie meeting two belong to Halim Khin and contain the date« 1309 and 1315 ; the former inscription

Bms to have belonged to a sarai, the latter to a mosque. ' The tliird inscription is of a still earlier date, and mentions an edifice built in A. H. 640, or A. B. 1242, by 'Izzuddin Abulfath Tughril Khttn> who styles himself SuI^An^ and asfiumes other regal ©pithotH, as Khaqdn ul Jlu^azzam, khtUada-Udhu mnlkahuj Sf€,^ though his contemporary, the author of the TahatpU I JViif iW merely calla him Hdkim^ or Governor, of Lak^hnauli, which was then' looked upon aa belonging to the Dihli empire.

The characters of all three inscriptions are f^ighH,

m, — A Ehtory of the Vilhge of Arufa^ Tahiti Jagtdan^ ZiVah Ludhidnd* — By Attah Singii, Chikp of Bhabdaue.

This pnper is written in Hindi, and contains eeverul interesting facts. The writer states that Afufa lies a litthj north of Bhuddnur, and eight hog south of Jagraon, and is inhabited by Muhanimmlans and B^jpiits. The decline of the place dates from the time of Ah- mad Sh6h Dtirriini.

In old times, Afii^a was inhabited by Hfijputs of the Pramnifla clan. Many of the inhabitants were killml when the Miiliammadans invaded the diBtritit, and many emigrated. Among tlie fugitives were also several families of Brahmans, and hence it is that i;ertain clflnB, as, for example, the Kiligotra Brahmans of the hills of CJbintfiptiri, look upon Arura as their original domiuile.

The writer then mentions several legends of Bdi Firuz, undf^r whom AfUfa flom-ished* His tomb still exists, and in one of its inscriptions the year 1532 Samvat is legible. The old tank called Eam'yani near Afura is fretiuented by numerous pilgrims.

248

Proeeeditiffi of ihe Aaiatk Society,

rSor)

People say that the ancient name of the place is Ahichatta, and that ita ruler, Edja Buddhamati compo&ed a work in Prakrit, enti" tied Bharma Kathd, which ia still used by the PiTija tribe in the dis- trict. In the 15th chapter of tliis book^ it is mentioned that a former prince of the city of Ahichatta, named Kanaka Ketu, reign- ed at the time of Mahdvira Swami^ the twenty-fourth incarnation Buddha. Under him the town was so lurgo^ that Bhaddaur antf the adjoiniag villages were the suburbs of Aruya,

III eoncliision, the writer mentions a few facta connected with Bhai Bahadur Singh of Bhaddaur, who died in A. D. 1 866.

IT. — Description of a Nm Spmes of AhromU, — B^ W. E. Brooks, Esq*, C, K, Eta'wah.

Abbobkib Jekdoki, — The dark slatey-headed Ahrortm. Dimen«j Bions— length of skin 3 J, but the bird in the ileah would probablj measure 3J ; wing 1*82; tail 1*57 ; bill at front '35; from gaj about *5 ; tarsus -72.

Culors similar to those of A, Xanthoschittos^ hut the slate colour of the head and shoulders ia very dark and without the greenisl: tinge observed ia the other species. There ia no apparent light coloured coronal streak, but a greyish white supercilium. Lower baci bright yellow green, as are also upper tail coverts. Upper part o| wiug vivid green, all the coverts primaries secondaries and tertial' as well as tail feathers edged vivid yellow green. Two outer tail feathers white on their inner weba ; the white of the outer one bein^ spotless, while that of the penultimate one is clouded with pale brown spots ; but that of the lower sui'face of body from chin to under tail coverts bright yellow ; bill and feet coloured as ia the other gpeeiea*

Dr. Jerdon was acquainted with this bird, and he procured thi specimens which Mr, llumo and I have. I therefore name it after^ him J but he confounded it with Ahrorni$ XatUkoMchidos^ Hodgaou. X have examined Mr* Hodgson's original drawing with dimensioha of the latter ; and find it represents undoubtedly the North-W©s*j tern bird, which extends to Caslimero. This drawing ia very aecu*| rate, and perfectly accords with Cashmere, Dhurmsala and Kuina- on birtls ; also with others procured on the Nepal border by Mr«J Yealman^ in the cold ueadon. Mr. HoilgBon'^ dinieuHious of J^i/<«l

1 87 1 J Proceedingi of the Aatatie Saektjf. 249

ihosehistci are — ^length 43 ; bill from gape i ; tail 1} j wing 2| to 2 i,^ ;

tarsua J.

Dr. Jerdon'a dimensions of Alhc-mperciliarU are^length 4J ; wing 21 ; tail 1;^; tarsus f. Inasmucli as tliesa are tho diinensiona of Hodgson's bird, and as bis drawing exactly reprosents tho North.- > West species, I have no hesitation in putting Alho*6upereiUari9 aa a synonym of Xanthoschuto9, Abramii Jerdmi ifi tho eastern repre- sentative of A, Xanthoschutoi*

Mr. Ball exhibited several birds captured by him in the Rod and Arabian Seas, and said — ** I wish to make a few remarks upon some birds which I recently captured in the Red and Arabian Seas, when on board the Mail Steamer * Mongolia/ I am more particularly ious to exhibit them as they have been cured by a process what novel. Having neither the facilitios nor inclination for sMnning them, and being unable to procure any pure carbolic acid, I tried the effect of injecting them with common disinfecting fluid. The result has been that tlio birds have kept admirably and aro only now gradually drying up into mummies. Tho spocimens include —

Ut, — A male and female of the common Tinnumulm alaudatim^^ Briss. ^^1

2nd, — A bird which I rather think may be a Hobby, Hypoinar* cJiis suhbuii'Of L,, but if so, it presents a very unusual phase of plumage* At some future time, I hope to describe it more fully.

Srd. — ^A species of Roller fChraciatJ distinct from botli tho Euro- pean and Indian birds. It comes nearest to tho former, but diifers irom it in many details of plumage. Speaking gonorally, it has n more subdued coloration, and the violet blue of the lesser wing- ix>vertfi is not continued^ asin C Garrulu^ on to tho shoulders* The liead and nook too are a dirty green rather than a bluish green* I have not yet had time to ascertain whether it belongs to a known species*

AtK — A specimen of the somewhat rare Sondorling, CatidrU Gtenarm^ Tern. It came on board in the Arabian Sea in a very ^K exhausted condition.

^H Besides the above, I obsorved many other land birds flying about r or resting upon the ship* Notably a small party of six. ^smS^

250

Proceedings of the Atiatic Society,

wkich kept up with tho aliip for two days, I in vain tried to capture a spocimen, tlioy were observed one by one to drop exhausted into the soa. I am unable to say with any degree of certainty to what species they may have belonged, but think it juat possible that they may have been Olm hrachyotm^ Gmel. Their markings and eijse resembled those of that bird, they had laost decided ear-tufta, —

The meeting then broke up*

Librahy.

The following additions have been made to the library slnoe meeting hold In October last*

Ptaentatiom, ^•, Names of Dcinora in Capitals.

Journal Asiatique, No. G2. — Socie'te' Asiatiqite, Pabis.

The Quarterly Joui-nal of the Geological Society, No. 107. — \ Geological Society of Loxbon.

Join'ual of the Chemical Society, May, June, and July, 1 87: The CnEincAL Society of London.

Monatsberichfc der K, Pr. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Julji 1871. — ^K. pR. Akademie beb. WissExscnAFTEN zu Berlin,

Momoires de la Soci^to des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourgfi Tome xv.^ — Sooie 'te' des SctEifCEs Natttrelles db OflERuocrRo.

^eitschrift der Beiitachen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaffc, xxv, Heft. 1, 2.^TnE Editors.

Indische Studien, yon Dr. A. Weber, Band xii. — ^The auhk

Wiasenschtiftlicher Jahresberieht iiber dio Morgenltlndii Stndion, 1862 bis 1867, von Dr, E. Qosche.— Tjie autoob.

Eeview of Christian Literature in India, during 1870, by J. doch, LL.D. — The Auxnon.

Account of the Operations of the Great Trigon. Survey of Im vol. L, hj Col. J. T. Wulkor, R, E,— The Surv* Gj^^eral of In'Dla..

Selections from the Itecords of the Govern, of India, No* LXXXin. — The GovEHNiktEA-T of India, Hoate Detartment*

Numismatic Chronicle, Part II, 1871. — American Joumi Science, August, September, 1871. — Rovuo Am Doui Mondefl, Sept. 1871. — Comptes Bendus, 9, 10. ^Journal des Savants, Ji August, 1871.

PEOCEEDINOS

or TUB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOR Becemsse^ 187 L

A meeting of iho Society was held on Wednestlay, tUo Gtli in* stant at 9 oMuck p, m.

1\ Oldlmm, Esq., LL. D., Yioe-President, m the chair. The mmntes of tlie lust meeting were read and couiii'iued.

Tlie following presentations were announced — L Prom the GoTernment of India in the Homo Deportmout, a et of photograx>h3 of temples, &c., in Biliar, Thu fuUowlug correspondence accompanied the donation.

I'Hm Ahxhub Howbll, Esq., Under- Secretary ta ih^ ComrnmciU

of India.

I am directed to forward, for tlie nee of the Asiatic Society, a

6ot* of photographs of the Anti- quities of llehar, together t\it)i

• 14>8 piottirea.

Fj'oin Oovoriimeot of Bengal No,

closures,

t From Ditto No, 21»4, of 2Ctk

copies of the paperu noted on the

July, lb7l. and Enclosure. mai-gin,t containing a short OO-

count of each subject by the photographer.

IVom T. F. Peppb', Esq., Suh-Deputy Opium Agent of O/wta- Nagpore^ I have the honor to forward herewith a concLie notice of the pho- With photogmpl4«, one compteto set. tographs of the antiquities in the trti., No9. from 1 to 1123, niiU ouo m- Behar division, of wltich I have complete »et, miuuii Nod, a» A, C, n i « -

16, lU, ly, 2ii, 23, 26, 28, 38. Hw. negatives, as called fur m your 7l:7^7%f"»b/«1.1f98,"iS !«"- N.. 66, dutod 22nd July. 106| 107, lutt, lus?, Ill, 11^, 111, and ahio one ogmplete sot of those

1152

Proceedingi of the Aiiaiic S&ciHy*

p>w.

122, 123*39 which will bo aetit on their arrival from Calcutta. Total B€iit — Large ... » 102

BujaU •* •• 105

Totca

207

mentioned and nnmbared accord*^ ing to the doseriptions. The Shahabod pbotogTaphs are no|| included in tlie above, as I Kavo unfortunately no copiea of thenu Afl soon as they are recoived, the eopios and dGscriplions will be forwarded.

2, I also forward aomo duplicate copies, which will be complet- ed as soon as tho remaining copies are received from Calcutta, This therefore makes three copies of the photographs more or leae complete. I regret to state tho sets could not be supplied complete at once \ but as this could not be done, care will be taken that the missing ones ai*e hereafter eent.

3, In the meantime, I would beg to stnte that I have been put to considerable expense iu having them printed in Calcutta, and that as so many more are still retiuired to complete the seven copie of each, I would beg that an advance of lis. 600 be given to enablo"" me to have them printed*

4, My transfer to Chota-Nagpore has prevented me from taking negutivea of some of the antir|uitios still remaining to bo phot graphed, and would beg to mention them for your guidance ;

The tower at Gimak.

Tho fort at Behar,

The rock sculptures at Pabuttee, east of Girriak.

6» I have also included some co]iios of negatives of Chumpnrtii which are probably not refiuired. In that case they can be returuJ ed, and so much of tho description as applies to them may be cut tailed,

Gta* — There are a great many interesting structures and re* mains of antiquity in and about Gya, as it has been a place of coxi<« Bid crab lo importance for many centui'ies. Unfortunately, during this time, there have been at least two changes of religion, and ve few of tho older structures are now intact ; for ae the buildings tlie deeertod faith were at hand and readily available, they were used in Jfie eonstruction of buildings belonging to the prevalent religion. On rare occasions only was a new temple built of fresh] materials* With tlie exception of tlie temple of Yi^hnu Pad, aU-I

isn.]

ProcHdingB of the Aiiadc SoeMy*

253

the other teiMpIeg are either converted Buddhist^ or built with tha materials obtaiued from Buddhist, buildings*

Photographs No$, I and 2. — The tomplo of Vishnu Pad, the larg«» est and most important in Oya, although comparatively modern, is a most imposing structure, but its condued situation prevents a good photograph being obtained of it. It fronts the east, and tho f(i{'(td<t is very strikiug, although greatly diaiigurod by ragged pnr« dabs, &o.

2^0. 3. — To the south of the temple, and almost touching it, thero is a handsome pillared hall, where tlie bare rock shows itself ; in fact, the pilliira are let into tlie solid rock for a foundation.

iV^a. 4.-^Alongside, to tho north, is the temple of Gadadliur or mace-bearer, which must have been a fine stone temple, but hag been modiGed and ronoTred at a comparatively late date, and a number of Buddhist figures are collected in and around it.

iVo. 6. — ^In front of the Vishnu Pad and Gadadhur temples ia the holy plaee whore the pilgrims bathe in the Fulgo, which forms a priucipEil part in the ceremony of Pind^ for which so many pilgrims annually visit Oya from all parts of Hindustan and Nipal.

Kos, 6 and 7. — The old t^jwn of Gya is picturesquely situatod on a rocky ridge running along the bank of tho Fnlgo. Photographs Nos. 6 and 7 conjointly show the whole river front of the old town of Gya, with its background of hills, and the nearly dry bed of the river in the foreground.

Ko$, 8 and 9, — Are views of the old town from tho Bam Oya hill on the opposite bank of the Fulgo, and the village of Selempur in the foreground.

jYo*. 10 and IL— The town extends from the banks of the Fnlgo to tlie foot of the hills, occupying in fact the wh(de vaUey between; No. 1 0 is the view looking west from the high bank of tho river, and No. 11 is the view looking north,

Nos. 12, 18, and 14.— The southern extremity of the town occu- pies a rocky eminence which commands the greater part of the town, and No- 12 is a view looking north from this point, and Nos* 13 and 14 are views looking south and west.

Nos. 15 and 16, — The peculiar priesthood oF Gya, the U^'awals, without whose assistance no ceremony is olfectivo, Imvu their houses

U4

Proccedinffs of ihs Aaiatie ISoeidt/.

on the banifi of the river, and in tho most prominotit aitos witliiD the city, but they, I believe, are reatricted to cortain portions of it riiotograpbs Nob. 15 and 16 aro some of thoir housos along th^ banka of the Fnlgo, many of tliem five and six storios high and very old.

No9. 1 7 and 1 8.^ — To the south of the town the range of hill which snrroimds the town ends in a conical hill called Bx^ahmajoE which is considered of great sanctity. There is a temple on summit dedicated to the sakti or femalo energy of Brahma, bon the name. It is approached by a flight of stone stops leading uj from below. The liill itself ia 450 feet high, and is a promiueij object ia approaching Gya from every direction. It is one of th principal places which must be visited by the pilgrims who como perform the ceremony of Find*

iYo*. 19 and 20. — Another of the principal places of pilgrima is the SiU'uj Xund and temple. This is only a short distant from tho Vishnu Pad. The temple is one of the oldest in Gya, and evidently belongs to Buddhist times. Inside there is a valiiablQ inscrijjtion dated in the era of Buddha*s death or Nirvan, which is of great value, as fixing the date of that event. Tho vestibnlo is formed of two double rows of pillars ten ft^et in height, and fiv© pillara in each row. A great number of mutilated statues are lei into tho walls on either Ride.

iVcp. 2L — Another place which must be visited by all pilgrims i the tank, or Kund Petta Mahaswar, Tlie present buildings quite modem, but a great number of Buddhist statues are coUecte in and around them.

JVm. 22 and 23.— The final ceremony of Pind is performed at ' Achybor temi>le which ia situated near the foot of the Brahmajon hill and close to the Rukmini tank.

JN'b. 24, — Gives the relative positions. The Aohyber tempio i very old, and must have been a monastery cJiapel, as the presen buildings, although mostly rebuilt and altered, seem to Imve : c«'iginally a Buddhist monastery.

iVof . ^25, 26, 27, and 28.— Higher up the same hill, which down to the Bukmini tank, there is an old temple much in the sam^ stylo as the tem^de at Budh Qya, called Muugla Duva, but

187L]

pToeeedtngM of the Asiatic So&i^f.

later dato, and on the same hill lower down, on tho ©astern sidei is another of the same stylo fatJing the Sarafivatti tank.

Nb9, 29 and 30. — The modem town of Oya, or more pinjperly Saliibanj, contains few strnctures of any antiquity. Tho largest temple is a double-spired one, built by a wealthy Kaist^ Fatb Baliadur. Near this is a fiBO sculptured doorway.

iVa, 31, — Over one of tho gateways of tho town there is a fin o arch. This was the limit of the city aa originally enclosed. It has, liowever, extended very considerably to the north sinco then,

Bmhlh Qya — This plaeej so celebrated in tlie annals of the Buddhi&t world, is situated six miles to the south of Gyn.

No, 32. — Tho great temple faces the east, and is 50 feet square at the base, and is 160 feet high. Colonel Cimningham gives tho date of its erection by Aniara Bova about 500, A. D. It is remark- able as being the fiuest brick structure still standing in India.

No* 33. — To the west of the temple itself is tlie famous Bodhi Drum, or tree of knowledge, famous throughout the Buddhist world as the tree under which 8nkya Siagha sat for six years, and IB still visited by pilgrims from. Biirmah, Ceylon, &o. It ia Raid to have been rooted out by a Brahmanist king, Sasanka^ and renewed by his contemporary tho Buddhist Puma Yarmma. Only one large branch is now alive and from all appearances it will not last much longer. Kxcarations made some years ago under tho auspices of the Asiatic Society showed that the whole temple was surrounded by a Buddhist railing similar to the one at Sanchi. This shows conclusively that the present temple occupies the exact Bite of the original one, as those railings bear inscriptions in the an- cient Pali of tho time of Asoka.

iVa. 34. — The front of the temple which faces tho east is in very bad repair, and large masses come down every rainy season. In a few years tho aspect of this side will be entirely changed. Tho porch in front has now nearly disappeared ; oidy portions of the arch of its roof adhere to the said walls. The peculiarity of this portion is the Lehra or horizontal arch to the third story, and tho radiating arches on the second stoi-y, ^

No^ 35. — In front of the building there is a small arched doorway leading into the courtyard, in which m the Buddlia Pad, or impres-

2ao

Proc^in^s qf th4 Aiiaiie SocUtjf,

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Bion of Buddha's feet, to which offenogB are made by all clajises « pilgrims, as also to the Buddha tree, but none of the orthodoa

Uter the temple itself*

No. 36. — Tlie south side of tho temple is in the best preservation,' and mnuy of the niches still coiltain plaster figures of Buddha, but_ in many they ore wanting*

No, 37. — On the same side a deep excavation made to follow the railings disclosed the original plinth of the temple in tolerably preservation. This has since been fiUed up. It showed that th^ general level of the roxirtyard, and the surroimdiog part was cnnJ siderably above tho plinth which must have been approached bj steps, instead of descending to it, as at present, through the arc hod passage ia front.

The arches in t!io front supporting the entrance and roof of thfl first and second story have attracted considerable attention , and i^ has been doubted whether they were true radiating arches, and whether they were part of the original buibiing. Both these doubts have been cleared away, but it is still a problem how thej came to be built^ and it has cast great doubts on the assigned of tlio buikling itself. Fergnsson has decided, principally on th€ fact of those arches, that the building cannot be of the age assigned to it by Colonel Cunningham, as it is quite anomalous to find arches in a purely Hindu structure of such an early date, Tho fact, however, remains, and there seems no other solution to i| than that the Hindus did understand the principle of tlie ar but only resorted to it In structures of brick, very few of whicli are now left.

No. 3H. — Inside the little cenotaph, t^ the left of the entrance there are some Buddhist figures, representing Buddha himsel seated under tho Buddlia tree.

No, 39. — To the oast of the great temple there is a smaller one of something of the same style, but much later, dedicated Tara Deva.

BiTRBADnB. — The group of hills in which tho caves have beemj excavated is about sixteen miles to the north of Gya, and somfl two miles from the bank of the Fidgo.

No, 40, — The most westerly hill is an isolated peak called.

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Proeeedin^a of ike Aiiatic Suciefy,

* Kawwa Dol,* or tho crow's swing. There are a number uf large boulders at tli© foot, which seem to have fallen from the top. Many of these are sculptured with rude lingams, &c., and on one to tho north-west angle of the hill there is a short inscription, wliit'h, however, is nearly illegible.

Nou 41. — On the east side of the hill there must have been a

large temple, some few pillars of which are Btill standings and a

* gigantic figure of the ascetic Budh, mertsuring eight feet high> with

a breadth across the shoulders of six feet, still in ita original poaitioD,

witli part of the onginal bnck wall behind it.

Ko, 42*— The temple itself must have been a large one, but there are only a few pillars now standing sumowhat apart irom the shrine where tho gigantic Budh is* "Whether more tlian one structure existed here it is difficult to say, but a groat many mounds are existing in the neighbourhood, and a large village must ako have existed to the north-east.

To the east of the Kawwa Dol there is a group of hiUs, tho higheat being Burabee, and the whole group is called Burrabur* Near the centre of the gi*oup, and to the southi five oaves have been excavated in the solid granite rock, and the labour expended in cutting, and subsequently poli&liing tho compact granite miist have been enormous. There are three of these caves in one group.

iVi^. 43.^ — ^Tho Sudama and Lomas Hishi are cut in the western face of the rock ; tho Sudama to the north, and the Lomas Illslu to the south. The Sudama cave, which has a jilain doorway, has an inscription in the ancient character of Asoka's pillars, cut in the side of tho doorway. It records the excavation of the cave, in the twelfth year of the reign of Bajali Pyadasi, that is, of Asoka himself; the cave therefore dates as far back aa 2oi2 B. C. It consists of two rooms, a circular one of 19 feet, 11 inches in dia- meter, and an outer one 32 feet, 9 inchea in length, by 196 inches in breadth, the walls are 6 feet, 9 inches in huight from the vaulted roof, whicJi has a rise of 5 foot, 6 inches, making the total height uf tho chamber 12 feet, 3 inches.

No, 14. — ^The Lonias Rislii is similar to the Sudama cavo both in si2o and airangexiiunts, but tho roof ib ludinishud ; v^lule tho wails

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[Dw,

and roof of the Sudama oavo are liiglily polighod. The doorways t botli oaves are of the Egyptian atyle, but the porch of thti Lomfl

Hishi lias been unlarged uud arnumonted, and rojjreaents tbo ^blo end of a tkatcbed iiouse with a frieze of elepLanta 6un*oiUidiiig tbe doorway, executed in a most artistic manner. Indeed the dramn^ of the elephants eontrasfcs favourably with the popular modern repre eentatious of tbia animal. Colonel Ounningbam is of opinion thifl porch was executed at a later period than the cave it There is an inscription in the porch over the doorway, of tha or fourth centuiy of our era. It is curious to remark that in representations found on the bosses of the Buddhist i^ailing Budh Gya, there is a similar representation of the gable end of a thatched house forming the doorway of a cave also,

iVi^. 45. — On the northern side of the same granite rock as the two preceding, there is the third cave of the group called Kama Chopai'. It is 33 feet, 6^ inches long, by H feet wide# Th Bides of the cave Eire 6 feet| 1 j inches high, aud the vaulted roof ] a rise of 4 feet, B inches, making the totui height 10 feet, 9 iuoheaJ On the outside of the doorway, there is an inscription in the auciu Pali recording the excavation of the cave in the nineteenth ytM of the reign of Itajoh Pyadaai, that is, of Aisoka himself- TUa cavo, therefore, dates as hr back as 24d B. 0. To the east oft doorway the rock has been cut away, and several rude sculpturos' bave been executed on Uio sciuped face represouting a liuga and two rude Brahminical ligurefi.

ITo* 46» — The group of hills nearer the Fulgo river, and about" half a mile to the east of the Burrabur group, is eallod Nagarjiuu* There are several caves in this group. Tbe largest is cut in tfat southern face of a rocky ridge, and is approached from below by flight of rude stone steps. The height of the cavo doorway, abov« the level of the plains, is about 50 feet. The cave itself measure 4G feet, 5 inches long, by 19 feet, 2 inches bi'oad, both ends be Be mi -circular, and, in the inscription on the doorway in the ancient character of Asoka^s edicts, tho cave is eallod the * Gopi^s' cave, aac] was executed by Dasaratha on his acceesion to the throne. ** TUo Gopi*s cavo, an abode lasting as the sua aud moou, was caused i bu ujfccavulLMl by Dasarathai beluved of the Devas, on his accesmon^l

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Proegadinga of the Asiaik Sachtt^,

25a

as a hermitage for ike most devoted Bhadantas (Bud>liiUt ascetics)." Dasaratha, acoording to tlia Vishnu Parana, was the grandson of Asoka, and aa the son of Aaoka^ SayasuSi only reigned eight years, the acceBsiou of Daaaratha must have taken place in 214, B. 0.

I iVW* 47 and 48. — The other caves in the Naguijuni group are aituated in the northern aide, and on the southern face of a rocky ridge, running parallel with the Nagarjnni hill, there are twa eaves, one to the west being nearly hidden in a recess, and has its entrance facing the east. The cave itself is 16 feet, 4 inches, by 4 feet, 3 inches, and there is a rude brick wall running across it, diviiiing it into two rooms, which has been done by eioine late occu-

I pant^ eaid to have been a Musahnan fakir. There is an inscrip* tion in ancient Pali, in which the cave is called Vadithi-ka-Kubha, the rest being letter for letter the same as the inscription in the 6opi cave ; the date is therefore the same.

iVa, 49* — The eastern cave has a small porch 6 feet long by 5 J feet broad, and the doorway ia Egyptian, like all the doors of these eaves. The cave itself is 1 1 feet, 3 inches, by 16 feet, 9 inches long ; the roof is vaulted, 10 feet, 6 inches in total height. There is an inscription on the porch in the andent character of Asoka's ediete, in which the cave is called Vapiya*ka~Kubha, or the well cave» The inscription is word for word the same as that on the Gopi cave, eo that the date is the same, 214 B. 0. In &ont of the cave there ia a large well 9 feet in diameter. From various inscriptions on these oaves it would seem that they have been at various times occupied by Buddhists and Brahmnnists, but were originally excavatL*d for Buddhist ascetics by the kings Asoka and Dasai-utha, in the thii'd

I tjentury B/C. About the third or foui'th century of our era, the kings Sardula Varma and Anunta Varma placod Bruliminii.ai images ia tliree of them, and subsof^ueutly Mussuloian fakirs took posses- sion of them. They are now, and have been fur many years, uninhabited,

Nos, 50 and 51, — Alongside the Tapiya cave there is a curious boulder poised on two others, and the cavity UiMh formed had beuu

[built up into a grotto no doubt for Buddhist ascetics. The

[Kaguijuni hills ai'o 6ome little distance from the Burrabur group,

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and No. 51 is a view of tlie Burrabur group from the plau^ Irout of kliD NagUTJuni wive.

iV^, 52, — Is the view of the Burrabur gronp from tlie rocky ridge in wliieh tbe two nortbem cavea are cut, with tlie Biirrabur peak and temple in the centre.

Dhjlrawut. iVb«. 53 and 54. — Dliarawut lies immediately to th© north of the Burrabur liills, about 1| miles distant. There ore large and extensive moimds in and aronnd the present large villajje, and a large tank called Chandohur Tal| which is some 2,000 fe^ long by 800 feet in width, evidently as old as the Buddhist monaa* tenes which existed here, On the banks of the tank tber^ is i little temple, near which there is a fine standing figure of famous Bnddhisatra Avalokiteswara, the Pudma Pani af Tibetans, and is always represented with a lotus in his hand.

Nos. 55 and 5&. — From the little hill to the south of the tiinkt which is covered with brick and stone rubbish, eome curi^? Bculptures were obtained by the villagers searching for bricli representing various object* of Buddhist worship.

Nair. No. 57. — Nair is on the Patna and Gya road, westfron Dharawut, and about twenty miles from Crja. There is a pil temple close to the road very much in the same style as the temple at Poonawa. It consists of three rows of monolithic pillars, pillars in each row. Fronting the temple there is a further roi of four pillars. The temple or shrine behind consists of brick aui mud cement, hut verj little of it is now standing ; the 6up©rstr\u> ture is entirely gone, and none of tlie temples of this form aro sufficiently complete to allow of a conjecture as to their origmal form. The roof of the portico and the shrine is composed of large granite slabs, a linga now occupies the shrine, and there ia a mutilated figure of Gauesh lying outside.

Judging by the size of the mound, and the part of the shrink remaining, the temple must have been a lofty one. The brick are large and well made, although inferior in this respect to thos used in the construction of the Buddha G}'a temple. It is probable that the temple dates about 700 A, D.

No, 68. — Shows the temple from the east, with the remaiae of the shrine and mound of brick rubbish.

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Proeeedin^B of the Aiiatie Sitckii/^

2ai

Pali. No. 59, — About sevon miles nearer Gya, on the Patna road, there is a large mound witli a smiill modern temple. Near this is a large slab with a representative of tlie same group of figures as at Koch DaptUoo, &c.

KrsPA. Nog, GO and G I.— This 'place is nearly west from Nair, about six miles. There are large mounds there, and a vei'y fine standing statue of Sakya Singha as a teacher with the Buddhist creed in an inscription round the head. Near the above there is a large four-armed figure sitting on the shoulders of another squat- ting figure. This figure is quite unique; this being the only specimen of the kind to be found in the district, it is not known to what it refers.

No, 62- — There is also a curious sculptured bloi'k, which it is diiRcult fjo make out to what it belonged. It fould not have been tho base of a li agn, as that is invariably inserted into the yoni, whereas in this case there is no place for insertion.

Oenjajt. No, 63, — ^About a mile and a half from liispa to the north-east, there is a village called Genjan on the top of a large mound. Here there is a very fine statue of Budtlha the ascetic, with representattons of the birth, teaching, and death or Nirvana of Sakya Singha in small figures surroimding it, Thi*? is oae of the best-executed sculptures in tlae district, and altlamgh muish mutilated and broken, it is of considerable interest.

Bajgebr. No. 64. — Kajagriha is one of the few places about which there can be no doubt of its identity, and was visited by tho Chinese pilgrims, Fa-Hian in the fourth century, by 11 wen Thsang in tiie sixth century* They both visited the * Son Bundar* cave, famous in Buddhist annals as the spot where the first Buddhist eynod was held in a temporary building in front of it, by Ajatasntru, Eajah of Magadha, There is an inscription ctit on it not later then 200 A. !>., but the cave itself is prtdwiblj^ older. It measures 34 feet long by 17 feet wide, and is cut iu the solid rock, but is neither smoothed nor polished.

No. 65* — The cite of the aiiLiijiit ciiy is now overgrown with brushwood, and is surrounded by hills ia every direction. A small elevation in tho centre marks the cite of a monastery chapaL View 65 in lookiug cast from the door of die oave.

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Procfsditigi of t/te Asiatic Sacht^.

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ortJiodox. Notwitlistandiwg tliat there is a linga now occupying tho ehrine, the buililiDg itseli' is by popular tradition the work « Xol Eajahs (a generic name for the aboriginal races). This ba odour with the orthodox would seem to prove its Buddhist origic

A^o. 80. — Four mii^a east of Konch, on the same road, there ia village called Pali, where there must have been some large tompU only a few pillars of whit'h are now standing. It must have bee of the same style as those at Nair and Poonawa,

iVb, 81. — The sculjitured doorway, part of which is lying under a tree close by, closely resembles the hno rme at Poonawa.

Seharee. No, 82, — About eight miles west of Konch, near tl3 village of Seharee, there ia a small stone temple on the roadside J it is constructed entirely of Chunar atone, and was completed , Chuoar and eent down fit for erection. It is now the pride of 1 little hamlet where it stands.

OoMGA. — This place is situated within a mile of the dkk bungalo^ of Madunpore on the grand trunk road, and fourteen miles we of Shergbati.

No, 83. — ^The temple ia built on a rocky spur of one of the high est hiUs overlooking tho grand ti'unk road, and is built entirely equared granite blocks without cement and ia in excellent preservi tion. The height of the temple fi'om the rock to the crest is abou 60 feet, the extreme length from east to west is 63 feet, and the breadth o3 feet

No, 84, — To the north and south there ore balconies whicli_ ^ve the temple a distinctive character, and mai-ks a trauaitic from tlie oiicij pillared portico which had previously been tho ruU as at Poonawa, Nair, and Pali.

No. 83. — The large porch in fi'ont was entlroly enclosed, and wn lighted by these side balconies, the interior lias a very imposing ai pearance, and the monolithic pillais with bracket capital is a de ded advance from plain column with cross brackets.

No, 86, — Inside there ia a large slab of blat^k chlorite with a lotij inscription recording the building of the temple by Bhairub ludra ig Sambat 1496, i\ e,, A. D. 1439, on Thursday, the light half of t moon Bysac'k, and was dedicated to Jftgamath, Balbhadru, and Subhadra. The shrine is, however, occupied by a Huga,

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• Asiatic SaciHtf,

265

X{o. 87.— To the south of tlie temple tli ore is a fino large tank with a flight of stone steps on the east side nearest the fort, part of of which is stiU standing north and south of the tank. Several mouDtls indicate the position of the town.

No, 88*— Higher up the same hill on which the temple is bnilt, and on the summit of a higher ridge, there is a curiouii little altar with a huge hoiilder alongmde it. Under the boiilder sacriiiL'es of kids and other animals are still made. Every available ledge and spur on this liill seems to have been occupied by similar etrmitures, and there are also a groat number of figiu*efl and lingams both on this and the adjoining hills.

jV^t,, 89*— Htill higher up, and also facing the east^ are the ruins of another temploi nearly as large as the one lower down, and in the same style, but nearly the wliole of the superbtructure has fallen down. iJn the path between the two templi-n there are several in- scriptions cut on the faoe of the rock, but £rom the textun^ of the granite they are nearly illegible.

On the hill opposite the duk bungalow there is a small temple and tank which are of a much earlier date, and the bricks and style re- semble those at Budh Gya. In this case also the chamber has an arched roof.

Deo, Na. 90, — Deo is twelve miles to the west of Oomga, and there is a very fine temple here. It is in the same stylo as those at Oomga and like these built of squared blocks of stone. This temple, liowever^ ftu:es the west, and has been higlJy omamenti^d* There \ no inscription on the temple^ but it may be of a somewhat earlier flat© than those at Oomga.

Nn. 91, — This place is also tho residence of the Maharajah Jai Pergash 8ingh, K. c. s, i. His palace, a large rambling biuliling, is quite modern.

BaiDOE ovEja the Pookpook Eiv£R. No. 92, — The bridge ov«r the Poonpoon river, where it crosses tho grand trunk road between Muddunpore and Baroon, is given simply to show the character of the scenery on this part of the country. The Poonpoon, which Is here only a few miles from ita sourcei is a mean little stream, but as it collects the whole of the rainfall between the Sone and Morhur rivers, it beoomes towards Patna a large river, which lays the coun- txy under water for many miles to the south-east of Patna.

tM

Prtettdingi of tht AUatie Somvfy.

[1

CnsoN* — Id situated north-east of Oomga, about eight miles. A large number of isolated little hilla are dotted over the country for some distance north of the grand trunk road« Monj nf these largis masaes of granite are not shown in tlie revenue m^^p^- Nearly every one of these hilk had little structures of some kind on thei summits.

Nm. 93 and 04. — To the east of the village of Cheon thnrH tu-u the ruins of a temple of coiiisidorablo size built of squarod granite black without eemont. It is now in ruiusi only part of the shrine aad dtwrway romiiiuing.

The intt^rior of the shrine is occupied by a linga, and there n2tm no inscriptions ; but from its general resemblance to the temples at Oomga it may be considered as of the same date,

Nt*]t, 95, 96, and 97. — To the south of this temple, and to tli« east of a little hill there is a line, life-sized f(mr*armed dtatue willi many fragments of others, also soveral mounds and massea of brlokt rubbish on ^Yeiry side. About 300 yards to the west, on auothor little hill called Puchar, there is a cave abuut half way up the hill. It is a natural hollow which ha^ been built up endosiug a oliambor BOme 10 feet by 12, with a doorway supported on bracket pi Inside there is a figure of Budh surrotiiided by a seven-bvi snake called ' lungabeer.* There is also a iigure of Mahamaya, Uie mother of Builh.

No, 98, — A little platform has been constructed in front of tha cave, and a flight of rude steps led up from below* The cave fiioea the south.

Ko, 99. — About a mile to the south there is another duster of little hiUs witliLU the boundary of the viEago of Deokilloe wher© there are many little caves similar to the one at Oheon« Most of them are filled up. One curious td tar-like structure crowns tha sunmiit of a ridge between two liills immediately above a nati hollow in a rock which was used as a tank.

iVa- 100. — And on the north of the hiU a bund has been tlirowS across a hollow, thus forming a large tank, thus showing that iho whole locality had been one of some importance. All these hiUii must have literally swarmed witli Buddhist ascetics. Judging by the great nujubor of little cavos and structures, tho remains of

187L]

Proee^ingi of the Aiiafio So&ietff»

2«t

wliicli now exist, it is to bo regretted that no inscriptions liavo oomo to liglit.

PoojTA'VTA. JVa, 10! . — Tills village is situated fourteen miles west of Gya, and the principal antiqiiitj Ss a pillared temple of Trilok- nath, wliich haa no superstructure left, but which, according to Major KittoO) was not the case when he visited it in 1847, at whioh time a considerable portion of the superatructure was still perfe^it,

A^o, 102. — One of the doorways is beautifully carved in black chli:>Tite, and is the finest piece of sculpture of the kind in this part of the country*

Seetamuuee. — This place, which seems to have escaped the notico of all the antiquaries who have visited tliis district, although only fourteen miles from Poonawa, shows how difficult it is to obtain information of the whereabouts of antiquitieSi even to enquirers irho devote themselves to euuh pursuits.

Tlie village is situated about a mile south-east of a village called Nadgurha on the Nawadah and Gya road, and fourteen miles east from Poonawa.

JV5>. 10^. — ^The cave is excavated in a large block of granite on an open plain ; th<^ doorway is of tho Egvptian fonn, being 1 foot,

10 inches at the top and 2 feet» 2 inches at the bottom. The pas* sage leads into the cave at an oblique angle, and is 3 feet, 5 inches long. The chamber itself is 15 feet, 8 inches along the floor, and 15 feet aloDg the roof, and 6 feet, 4 J high in the centre, and

11 feet, IJ in width. The roof is vaulted, and springs at once from the floor. The whole of the inside is higldy polished, and the rock is as compact as those in which the caves are executed at Burrabur* Curiously enough tbere is no trace of an inscription, inaide or out- side* Inside, from the high polish every where, no inscription could escape notice; outside, without a recess being cut for its reception, no inscription could be cut, and there is no sign of any such recoss* Its construction at any time must have been an adiievement of no ordinaiy kind, and it is remarkable that an inscription should havd been omitted. Its date cannot be less than those at Burrabur, which it so closely resembles. The form of the doorway and tho polished interior are conclusive, I think, on this point.

KcjRKmAja. iVb. 104.^ — Is situated about tlu*ee miles north-east

d56

Profiedwgs. of the Atiatte Sacififi^,

[D«

ofPoonawa. Thgre are large and extensiv^e niins at this placei^ and a groat niimber of statues scattered over a large area.

The principal one is a figure of Sakja Singlia sitting under tlie" tree nt Budh Gya, T^ith repreaentations of evonts of Lis life on. either sidei and a small inscription on the pedestal.

BiranAOAoir. — ^There is no place in this district where the ruina are so extensive, or on such a large scale* Unfortunately, tha, greater part are hidden under immense monndjs of brick nibbial and although thi> place has been used as a quarry for bricks for many years, the foundations are not yet reached. The place is thaj site of the ancient Kalanda, according to Colonel Cunningham J where the greatest monastery in all India existed,

iVb. 105,^ — ^There are a series of lofty mounds some 60 feet bigh|l covering a space 1,6D0 feet long, by 400 foot in width. The prinJ eipal ruin is that of the groat teniple of Baladitya, which is said have resembled that at Budh Gya, and must have been built tween 460 and 500 A. D.

if'os, 106 and 1 07. — The statue enshrined in this temple was most likely the gigantic one now caUod Bhairav* It is in a sitting posi- tion, and is now collected with a number of smaller figures in a small courtyard at the foot of the large mound.

Ko, 108. — To the north there is a large statue of the ascetic Budh, with several inscriptions on it giving the names of tkfl attendants,

iVo. 109. — ^There is also a Jain temple in the same style as the Budh Gya one, and is therefore of much tiie same age.

No* 110. — At the adjoiniug village of Jagdespore there is a ver fine large figiure of the ascetic Budh surrounded by demona and alliiring females.

Chillor, — Major Kittoe notices this place as the site of one of the eighteen viharas of Behar. The ruins are very extensiv©, coa-' fiisting of large mounds, with many iigures and sculptures.

iVo. 1 11. — Tho principal one is of a beautifully carved one, nearly life-size| said by Major KJttoe to be a representative of Siva, but this is doubtfid, as there is a small figure of Buddha in the hi3ail^ dress^ tho outline of an antelope forms the upper edge of the dresi^ which may determine what the figure really is* The e^tpressio

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Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.

and attitude of this fi^ire has more life in it than is general anioogst ancient sculptures.

Dapthu. — iVo*-, 112 and 113. — Is Bitnated about a mile inland to the east of the Fulgo, and about fourteen miles from Gya io the north. This eeems to have been the site of a large Buddliist community, and the remains are extenBive. There are two temples partly etAud- ing. The northern one was dedicated to Surya, and a large figure of the same is still standing inside*

JS^o, U4» — Botli tomplos seemed to hare had a pillared portico in front, but which has since been built up with brick. Tlie door of the shrine in the southern temple is very fine, and has been figured in the first volume of Martin's Lulia. Oxitside there is the some curious group of a prince on horseback with the same atten- dants, &o.f 08 at Koneh, &o., only differently arranged.

iVof. 115 and 1 16. — The south of fixe district of Gya is bounded by a range of hills which foiin the boundary between Gya and Pulnmau near Maharajganj. Some of these hilla are composed of huge masses of granite of very suggestive outlines. The most conspicuous of these is the * kotila* or granary, the curious dome- like peak of which is nearly inaccessible. Nevertheless on certain occasions a light is observed on its summit which would show that some one has a knowledge of tho way of getting up to the summit, although I believe the revenue surveyors failed to do so.

Ko. 117. — The continuation of the some hills, and whore the Koel river runs round their base, and at tlie point where the rock slopes down into the river, Hiree large boulders block the path» Tliese stones are said to have been collected by the popular hero * Bhimsen' for his * chula* or cooking-place, which the arrange- ment of the three bouldei's favours, as they closely resemble the three stones used by travellers to rest their pota on wliilo cooking.

On the sloping rock which dips into the river there are some ctiriona worn hoHows, which I have no doubt were caused by the women of the aboriginal tribes in hulking their rice, as is the universal custom amongst the Kol ti-ibea of Chota Kagpore, oa the wooden instruments for this purpose, so commonly in use elsewhere, are not used by them. I could never obtain any clue as to tho meaning of these depressions until I bad soon the practice

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of tho Kol worn en, and it la known tliat the aboriginal tribe of Mliars wete in poeseseion of tli© country until dispossessed by tlio j anoestors of the present Kajput family of Sonpura.

TiRUUT. Ko. 118. — Bukra. This place, which is one of the banks of the Gandaek or Naraini, must have been a place of greatf importance, and has been identified as the ancient Taisala, The printupal antiquity is one of Asoka's pillars sui'inounted by a lion.*! It is only 18 feet above the present level of the ground, and 27^ feet, 1 1 inches above the level of the surrounding; fields* Colonel Cunningham made an excavation down to the water level, or H feet below the present surface, but found no inscription, and had not then reached the sc^uare base, so that the whole length abovo tbe water level ia 32 feet, and, including the statue and capital^J 44 feet 2 inches,

Ifo, 119, — Immediately to the north, and outside the courtyard in which the pillars stand, there is a ruined brick stupa with a fine old pipul tree growing on the top. TMs place ia famous in Bud- dhist annals as the place where the second Buddhist synod woa held.

LoTTHYA NEAB AftE-RAj, iVo, 120. — Between Bukra and Betteah>' and twenty mil ea north-west of Kesariya, at a villago callwd Loui'ya, there is another of Asoka'e pillars, and of the same polished oom- pact sandstone. It is 36 J feet high and has no capital j it 13 41*8j inches in diameter at the base, and 37 J inches at the top. It Uaal fievcral of Asoka's edicts neatly engraved on both sides, and the letters are still as fresh and sharp as if only done a year ago.

8maoui^. — On the borders of Nepid, nortJi-east of MotihariJ is the fort of Simroun, the ancient capital of Mtthila. The : cover an area of sixteen square miles, but are so overgrown wit dense jungle that it is almost impossible to make out anything.] A brick wall of four feet thick by a further tliickness of 10 feut of J mud, surrouudft the whole. The bricks used are lEirge, 10' X "' X 2'^l well burnt, and finely fitted toguther. Within the outer enclofiturd there is another, comprising about live acres; inside this was the palace and principal buildings* Between tlie two enclosures a grc«t number of figures, earviugs, statues, and large welk buUt witU ' Btone ai*e scattered all over. TJie palace and many of the principal

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btdidings were built of stiuared blocks of saudstoae 3 feot by li. Some part of the waUa aro Btill standing, but from tho irregularity of the upper courses thoy must have beou robuUt, so that little remains to show what the structures original were

JVc)5. 121 and 122. — Some large figures are collected near tha little modern temple, which are beautifullj carved, and seem repre- Bentatives of Surya. Some blabs of sandstone are collected in the same place which no doubt formed part of a doorway, and executed in the very best taanner. They consist of several figures enclosed in scrolls of lotus stem ia a most beautiful and artistic manner.

A^o, 123.^ — An itiscTiption let into the wall of the little temple i» quite modern, but I am convinced this stone had an older inscrip- tion which must have been obliterated to receive the modern one*

iVi?» 124, — This is a view of the rock in which the * Kama Chow- par* cave, at Burrahur, has been excavated, and showing the general appearance from the east of the immense granite block in which the cave has been excavated, and also the scarped rock to ihe south.

iVb. 125* — Is a sculptured slab with a representation of the nine, Avatars let into the wall of the porch of tlio temple at Kouch.

JVb* 126. — Is a curious slab with some carved figures, and sur* mounted by some singular emblems with an inscription in Sanscrit imilcrneath : unfortunately the inscription is too much worn to be decipherable. The figures represent a seated figure in the centre, sometlung like a Budh, with male and female figures on either Bide. The emblems above are an open hand with a rosette in the pabu; Uie emblems of the sun and moon on either side. There are three specimens of this emblematical stone in this district ; the present one is from the banks of the hirge tank at Madiuporo on tlie grand trunk road twenty-four mllea west from Sherghati, near the templo of Oonga ; the other one is under a tree near that temple ; and the third is on the temple of Gtijadhur at Gya. AH of those fetones are neaily similar, and the stone is the same in each case, viz.f a soft soapstone, and in consequence the inscription is not readiible in either of them. From the style of workmanship and the peculiar selection of this soft stone, it is probable that thtse stones are the work of a dUTui'unt race of people Iroiu the

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cRrverg of the numerous statuoa and figures generally found in tills district J the manner in whiok the hair is arranged in tho figurea differs also ii*om the iisunl Biuldhist and Hindi figures. It ia believed that similoi* emblems are I'uund on some Canarese inscrip- tions.

^Tq^ 127.— la another view of the bojiutifully executed figure at Chillor, showing tho standing figure of Budh, the teacher, along- side.

No. 128. — Is a view of the southern temple at Dapthoo ; it is tho larger of tlie two temples, and a-s it stands at present it consists of a pillared hall, wliich was originally open, hut was subsequently enclosed. The shrine has now nearly fallen, and in the enclosed porch there are a great number of figures collected, most of thorn in very good preservation ; but the want of light in the interior proven^ their being photographed.

J\^*j. 129.*— To the south of this temple there is a fine stand tng i figure of Mahamaya, the mother of Budh, in good preservation and well executed j she is represented as four-armed, one hand hold- ing a water vessel.

Ho, 130.— Is another view of the Tishnu Pud, at Gya, giving the whole of the iii>per portion of the temple, whieh, from its very con- fined situation, cannot be photographed as a whole.

No. 131. — Is a view of the old town of Gya looking west from the Vishnu Pud temple, with the Brahmajoni temple and hill in the distance.

No, 132.^Is another view of the fine old temple, at Deo, giving^ ' a better view of the south side of the temple, with part of tli© Maharajah's palace to the left,

SlIAHAnAD«

Sas8eram, from having been selected by Sher Shah as Ms reflidenca^

was at one time a place of great iuiportancg, and there are very interesting buildings still in existence, although from inferior work- manship many of them are in a very dilapidated condition, and in a few more seasons some of them will have fallen.

Not. 133 and 134. --The prinripal building is the tomb of tho Emperor Sher Shah, which is situated to the west of the town m

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the middle of alai^e tank. From the north side of the tank a bridge leads to tlie island, on which the tomb stands ; it has partially fal- len doim, and is replaned by a mud embankment. The island is raised by steps from the level of the water. Above thia ia a wall 30 foot high, surmounted by battlements six feet high. The ter- race is placed obliquely on Uie island, for what reason it ia difR- cult to say. The four comers of the battlements are formed into octagonal buildings, forming inside airy apartments- There are two balconies projecting on either side stipported by stone brackets covered by cupolas supported by four etoae pillars. The tomb it- self consists of a great hall surrounded by an arcade forming a gal* lery. In the centre of the great hall is the grave of the king op- |K)site the niche for prayer : the other graves are said to be those of favourite officers.

No* 135, — Sher Shah also erected a large monument to the memory of his father Husain Klian Snr, in the middle of the town ; it ia enclosed in a large area by a high wall of cut stone ; the tomb is not ao largo as that ot his son, but like it consists of a large ball surrounded by an arcade and covered with a hondsomo dome,

Eohias^arh, — Tliis fortress is situated on the banks of tbe river Sone, at a distance of some thirty miles south of the grand trunk road, and occupies the whole of the crest of a nearly isolated spur of the great table-land* Buchanan Hamilton, in Martinis Imh'tf, states that this important fortress derives its name ^m the young prince Rohitasiva, the son Harishchandra, a king of the family of the sun, in the most remote period of Hindu legend. His image, he further says, was worshipped at this place, until the time of Aurungzeb. From the time of Harishchandra until the 12thi century of the Christian era, it is not known in whose possessioa the fortress remained, but at this time it belonged to Fratapa Devala, father of the last Hindu emperor, and it continued for some time subject to his descendants. The tradition is, that it came under the Mussulman rule in the time of Sher Shall, A, D, 1539, and that on its capture he immediately set to work on strong- thiming its defences, but that the works projected were never com- pleted owing to his having discovered a more favourable situation at

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Bbergarh noar Sasseram^ where lie erected a fortress named after liimself. When Man Sing^h was selected as vicei*oy of Boliar, 1iq| sele(t43d I^^jlitaa as a place of safety for his treasure and fanLily, and almost the whole of the present buildings were erected by him, and this is confirmed by the inscriptions on the principal entrance to the palace, andWso on the gateway of the fortress leading to thai main table-land called the Ketantya gate. From these it wotildl appear that the works were finished in the year 1654 Sambat,^ or A. D. 1597.

The fortress occupies the whole of the plateau, measuring about J four miles from east to west, and five miles north to south ; butj &om the deep windings of the precipitous crest, the whole circum-'l ferenee is said to be twenty-eight miles round.

No. 136, — The palace called the Mahal Sarai extends its greatest length north and south and the principal front faces the west, where it overlooks a large enclosure, probably intended as a parada i ground, as the principal state rooms have balconies projecting Arom the walls overlooking this enclosure*

' No. 137. — At the southern end of the principal front is a large airohed gateway with two elephants cut in the stone on either side, j 'wbbA (JOnseqnootly called the Hathiya Pul. Within this gate there] are several vaults and recesses for the oecommodation of the guard | and the officers on duty.

No, 138. — Passing through this gateway the passage leads inta a sort of conrtyard; and immediately opposite the entrance ia one of the finest builLlings in the whole place. It was the public recep* J tion room, and was called the Barahdoware or twelvu gates, and it | is divided into two principal hiJla, one behind the other, with lofby I arched roofs, and are the only respectably sized rooms in the whole palace-

No, 139, — The eastern face of Barahdoware is ornamented with a double row of arched doors giving light to the spacious halla behind, and also giving a Hght, graceful appearance to this aide^ which is wanting in the principal front.

No. 140. — The northern part of the palace seems to have been] the quarter sot aside for the ladies* apartments, aud fhe chief building was surnmuded on tliree sitles by a flower garden. It

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was tho residence of the cliieffl mfoi and was oaUed the A'iuah Mahall. Photograph No. 140 is the view looking west with the open verandah of the Takht P^diihalii to tho leflfc.

iVa. 141, — ^Is a view of the Bonie building from tho opposite side looking south-east. This building ia not overlooked by any part of the palace, except from the roof of the Takht Padishiihi or principal ate room, and evidontly intended as the chiefs audience room. iV*o. 142. — la a view of the Takht Padishihi with the cupolas on the fiummit, and part of the country beyond the waUs, which is very pretty and park^like.

iVi?, 143.^ — The inscription over the principal entrance on the inner side is a £ne specimen of the florid style of Pursian writing. The inscription is given both in Hindi and Persian on the same tablet.

M. 144.— To the north-west of tlie palace, where Sher Shah had [itemplated the erection of a citadel, there are the remains of reral very large buildings. The principal one is the tomb of the superintendent of the works, who is said to have been an Abys- sinian slave {HahMy It is in the same style as the tomb at Sasaeram, and b now picturesquely overgrown with jungle.

No* 145. — Between the palace and the edge of the precipice> there is a small ravine by which the water from the tanks above finds its way to the edge of the precipice over which it throws itself in a tiny rill, which is lost in spray before reaching the bott^im, I Prom the opposite bank of this ravine^ a good view of the palace is obtained.

Nq. 146.^ — At the south-east comer of the table^land there are

some curious old buildings constructed ovidontly with the stones

l^om some still earlier buildings. At the foot of a long Hight of

Steps, leading np to the Hiudu temphi and the mosque, is a amalli

but handsome, temple ascribed to Man Singh.

Nq. 147. — The Lnl-darwaza or lied Gate seems to have been t!ie principal entrance from the places below, and although the cUfls ai-e ntiai4y inaccessible themselves, they have been strengthened with works on a large scale. The difis are ^&rj grand and impressive. Photograph No. 147 Is tho yi^w looking south over tho ridge of thechtt

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[Di

iVb. 148. — Tho precipice all round the plateau is qtute perpon- cUculor, dipping down for a difitanoe of 500 feet iu mme placoSf and nearly double that distance in others.

The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the lost meeting wore balloted for and elected Ordinary Members^ —

Cttpt, W. L» Samuellfl, Assistant Commissioner, Pachuniba,

Chord line, S, E. Peal, Esq., Sibsagor, Asam.

The following gentleman is a candidate for ballot nt the meeting^ —

W- D, Butcher, Esq,, M. E. C. S., proposed by Mr. Q. Nerill, | seconded by Mr* J. Wood-Mason.

The follo^^g gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw from the Society —

Dr. H. Worth; J* F. Cockbum, Esq* ; Dr. J. M. Fleming.

The following letter from J. G. Delmeeigk, Esq., Biwalpindi, was read —

• I bog to inform you of the discovery of a hoard of seventy-four^ Indo-Baetrian hemidrachms in this District.

* Of llieso no less than fifty- eight were of Menander, viz. : — 20gj with bare head ; 15, with helmetedhead ; 22, with bai-e head, hurling* a javelin. 1, Owl on the reverse. Six were of Antimachus Niko- phoros, and ten of ApoHodotua, square, and of the common elephant and bull type.

* These coins were recently found by Sharaf, eon of Najii, cast^- Mochi, age 16, of the village of Shakarpari^ Tah(;il of liiwalpindij The fiite of tlieir discovery is a ravine five miles due north of ] walpindi on tho Saidpur road- Bharaf waa emx^^*^!*'*^ ^ digging out the root of a shrub when he accidentally came upon the coil in a hole. They might have been in a pot, which ho thinki may have been broken by the spade with which he was digging^' but he saw no pot* No buildings or ancient remains are any- where near the epot^ and Shakarpafi is an in&igniEcant village with no pucca buildings or ruins. Tlie finder was rewarded froi our local funds, and the whole of the coins, whiuh Avere in por£

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proaervation and as fresh looking as if just issued from a miat^ were forwarded for deposit in the Oeatral Museum at L^or.*

Blbi] Bajendralila Mitra read the following report, for 1870-71, on the progress ho had made in cataloguing Sanskrit MSS. that are found in private libraries in Bengal.

**I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- tions carried on during the last official year (1870-71) for collecting information regarding Sanskrit manuscripts in native Libraries*

2. The task of searching for MSS. during the past year was confided to the travelling Pandit solely, cirnumatancef* not having permitted me to proceed to the mofnssil. The Pandit had, how- ever, the aid of the Rev. J* Long ft)r a time at Dacoti, and subse- qnently consulted me regularly about bis work, fiirniiihing me every week nominal lists of whatever MSS. he met with, and notic- iag in detail those only which I thought to be new or rare.

3. Nearly four months were spent by the Pandit at Dacca, Vikrampur, and other old towns and villages in Eastern Bengal, and most of the leading pandits and zemindars of those places were consulted. No one evinced any disposition to withliold in- formation or aid. The Kundu family of Bhagyakula touk groat interest in the operations of the Pandit, Thej eonvened a meet- ing of the influential people of their neighbourhood at th(?ir house, andurged them to assist us with the loan of MSS. They also

their sense of the importaaue of the undertaking by sub- scribing Rs. 1000, towards ita furtherance. The amount was sent to the Government of Bengal, and has since boon received by the Society. Dacca, however, though celebrated as a seat of commerce for over two thousand yearS| and the metropolis of Bengal for a time during the supremacy of the Muhammadaus, never ai-^inired any reputation for learning, and does not contain any Sanskrit work of great value. All the MSS. that were examined turned out to be such as are common everywhere, or of little iniportance. Be- tween forty and fifty little treatises were found, which were new to the Society, and detailed notices of those have been soc^ured.

4. On the return of the Pumlit from Baooa he was sent to BiQsberiya in ZtUa Qugli, which was at one time noted as a seat

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of Sanskrit learning ; but nothing of any interest was met wit then?.

5. The Piuidit was tlioroforo, after a tbrtnight*s stay at that plaL'e, Bijnt on to liuidwtm whoro I had hopcxl to iiiid largo collec- tions of MSS. in the Library of the MaMrAji and the pandits ol the district. But I was equally disappointed there. The Ma raja, at my request, very obligingly allowed the Pandit access 1 his Libraiy, but there were not quite a hundred MSS. in Sanskrit and they cxjmpnsed the Mah&bh^ata and other well known work which have been idready printed. The head pandit of the Maki-I raja's palace, however, showed somo works on the Vedanta now' to the Society's Librai^, and notices of these have been duly so* cured. Bui'dwan, is a place of some antiquity, and was of consider^ able importance dui-ing the Muhamraadan rule, but it seems, likij Dacca, to be very poor in Sanskrit works, and there is not a singU pandit of any note who has a decent collection of MSS.

6. The disappointment at Burdwan, however, was amply com<<| penaated at M^nkar, near the Boodbood station of the East Indian Eailway. Babu Hitalila MisVa, a «emiudar and Honorary Mag trate of the sub-division, has an excellent libraiy, in which th travelling Paudit fouud between five and six himdred works on tJie Vedanta. These I had hoped, would have occupied his time for at least four months, but before he had time to take notes of aboafe forty or fifty works^ the Dusserah vacation intervened, and th^ Babu's pandit subsequently fallmg ill, there was nobody to kee the library open, and the ti-avelling Pandit had to be removod Halisahar, a small town sittiated opposite Hugh,

7. Halisahar had at one time a large number of iQlnM or colleger J of Sanskrit loamiDg, and several are still extant In the time ot Raja Krishnachandra Edya of Niidia, about one hundred and lif years ago, the place was celebrated for its Nyaya school, and eomol of the best pandits of Calcutta came from that place. But the pandits who now own the toles^ proved tho most bigotted of thoi kind, and offered so many obstacles, and raised so many diilicuitioa^l that after two montlis' stay, my travelling Pandit had to retu without getting a single work of any importance,

8. During the last two months of tho year, the travelling Pan*

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dit was employed in examining tlie library of tlie late Sir Eaja IladliaHnta Bahridur, K. C. S. I. wliere he will have ample work for at least four months*

9. My assistant %vas, for a time during the period tinder report, employed in examining the library of Rija Yatindramohana Tha- kura of Caleutta, who has very kindly placed bia collection of M88. at my disposal. It is perhaps the richest private collection in Calcutta, and contains a larger nnmber of Tantras than what I have any where else met with, not excepting the collections of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and of the Sanskrit colleges of Calcutta and Benares. Yery few works of this class have yet been examiaed by European orientalists, and owing to the circumstance of some of them being of an offensive character, thay are generally looked upon with disfavour. They are wanting too in the halo of anti- quify. The oldest among them, as far as I can guess^ does not date before the 3rd century of Christ, and the bulk of thom were composed probably between the 5th and the 12th con- tiiries. They exercise, however, the most sovereign inEaonce on the religious life of the Hindus, and control ail their actions. A few display a curious phase of thought, in which a hyper- trophy of the sentiment of veneration for the creative energy has lead to the most mystic and obscene rites that mankind has ever indulged in. Some of the works of this class profess to be rovela- tious by S'iva made at the request of his consort Pai'vati, and a great many are acknowledged to be compilations, but they all hava the same characteristics, the same style of composition, and very similar professions of faith. Their subjects are various* Ancient legends, topography, medicine, and grammar are frequently treated of, but those subjects are all intended to lead to the establisliment of the preeminence of the female energy in the creation of the world, or the mysterious adoration of the phalKo emblems as the means of salvation. Traces of this dogma may be noticed in tho ] Egj^tian, the Chaldee, the Hebrew, the Gnostic, the Greek and] other ancient creeds, but nowhere has it been developed to saj inordinate or reeolting an extent, or carried to eo extravagant a length as in the Tantras, and in that respect they are of interest j to the antiquarian and the dtudent of ancient religious history.

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Proc00d%n0s of the Asiatic Samty*

The mystic charms and mantras and gestictilations wMch the hot- ter cloaa of these works inculcate havo, furthor, ahnoat entirely superseded the rituals of the Vedas, and in the present day scarce- ly a ceremonial is performed, or a prayer repeated by a Hindu, which does not boiTow its primary elements from the Tantraa. For a correct understanding of the modern Indian forms of raligioii it is necessary^ thorofore, that these works should be carefolljr examined, and thoir true character thoroughly brought to light. Ifc may be added also that^ however offensive some of these works may appear in the light of modorn European civilization, they were held in peculiar esteem by the dreamy monastic followers of tha Buddhist creed in the 7th, 8th and 9th centuries, who translated a great number of them, and compiled others, with a view to en^aft their doctrines on Bud^lliisra, and we find in Osoma de Koroai^B essay on the Buddhist literature of Nipal and Tibet hundreds of Tantras noticed as forming parts of the saored scriptui'os of those places. Mr* Hodgson describes them as containing tlie esoterics of the Bnddliist religion of Nipal, and in connorion with the Mvni* dhiflm of the noi'th, these works, therefore, are also of importance.

10, According to the Nila Tautra, the original Tantric revela- tions of B'iva are reckoned at 64, but their nuuibor htia of Into , multiplted manyfold, and in the collection of E;tju. Yatindramohana Thakura, there are upwards of three hundred different works. Moat of them are, however, ii-agmentary, and others are avowed compi- lations. In the notices already ptihliahed I have given brief ao« counts of upwards of a hundred of these works, and I hope er«a long to add considerably to that number. In Etirope there are not a score of thesie works to bo met with in the India House, tho Berlin^ the Bodleian, and other collections.

11, Altogether notices of about six hundred manuscripts have been compiled, and are now ready for the press.

12, The publication of the notices has not been carried on 60 expeditiously as could be wished. The form originally suggested by me and approved by the Society, did not meet with the ajjpro- bation of the Government of India » and the correspondence whicb thereupon ensued, prevented me from pushing on the work. I have, therefore, to report the publication of only two numbois of

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about 250 pages, contammg notices of 317 manustn'ipta. These, -with the first number which haa been reprinted (the first edition havmg been exliausted), constitute a volume of 360 pages, contain- ing notices of 619 works, of which 40 are on ntuals, phonetioa and ' oOier Vedic subjects, S2 on the Njaya, 17 on the Vedfinta, 20 on astronomy and astrology, 14 grammars, 23 Kdvyas, H Ndtakas and 38 Smfiti treatises. The body of the Yedas are represoatod by only two works, the Eudrakanda of the Yajiir Veda and the Chh^u- dogya Brahmajga of the S^ma Veda, This paucity is, however^ not a subject of wonder, considering that the study of the Vedas had fallen into disuse in Bengal long before the reign of the Sena rajas, and the founder of their dynasty, nine hundred years ago j had to obtain five Br^hmans versed in Tedic rites from the Xing] of Kanauj to oilidate at a sacrifice. The descendants of those priests, who now constitute the bulk of the Brahmans of this pro- vince, have nowhere kept up the learning of their ancestors, anlJ not a single native of Bengal is to be now met with who has sys*' tematically studied the Vedas. The Vedic Sutras are also ill-re- presented, and the few that have been noticed were obtained irom Benares* The philosophical and theologiL'al portions of the Vedas, the Upanishads, have, howeveri been represented by no less than 7S treatises, most of which will bo new to European scholars. The Purinas are met with in considerable numbers in Bengal, but a9 most of them are contained in the Library of the Asiatic Society,-^ I have not deemed it expedient to notice them at length. On the completion of the Society's catalogue, which is now in a forward state, full inibrmation regarding them will be rendered ai-cessibld ] to scholars.

13. Annexed ia a list of the MSS. whicli have been purchased 1 for Government. Most of them, it is beUeved, will be new to the In» dia House Library, though soino of them are of little interest. They had to be bought as they formed parts of a collection which could not be broken up. Owing to the owner not having called for their price, most of them have not yet been paid for. Three oi* tlio works in the list| viz, the 2nd part of the Saukhayiuia Suirskf the Vivarana Bliashya and the ChhaDdogapariii'iijhta, were copied from codices in the possession of pandits at Bouares.

^^^ 282 ProceedinffB of the AsiatU S^cietif, [Dec.^H
^H Bkonda Fuianiva Ksbetram^h^t-	Goraksha-s'aiaka. ^^^|
^m mya.	Furnananda-ehakra. ^^^H
^H B'aktisaFigatQa Tantra*	Ya&'isli|1ia-yogakdiii}a. ^^^^H
^H Kamariipa-y^tra paddliati.	Tfi'vara-gita* ^^^^|
^H Kigama-tattva-B^ra,	Gaiigaslitaka, ^^^^|
^H Bralnaajn^aa-mahri-taBtra-sara.	Aunad^kalpa. ^^^^H
^H K^li-salmsraDama stotra.	PurasV'liarana-rasoUdsa. ^^^H
^H S'rjgurusaliasr&nimastotra.	Gangashtaka. ^^^^H
^H Brahmajoana Tantra,	DoTikavacha. ^^^^H
^H Kddlijuaiia-dipika.	Datt^troya Sanliita. ^^^|
^H Bolarohana-paddliati.	PiiTasV'harana-yivoka. ^^^H
^H Kilistavarija.	Gurd Tantra. ^^H
^H Byam;i-stotra.	Durgadadindma stotra. ^^^M
^H Yati-Lhusbuj|L	Takaradt-Bvarupa. ^^^^|
^H Barsann-kalika.	Kfla Tantra. ^^^|
^H SVilduiktiratoavalf,	YagaU Patala. ^^^H
^H Ilariiigmjtmrita.	Adl>huta*&dra sangraliar ^^^^|
^H r^ana Sanhiti.	Saj avail ablia, ^^^^|
^H Matrika-koslia.	KogaviniM?baya. ^^^^|
^H Madana-pdrijata.	S&nlthya Kaumudi. ^^^^|
^H Santi'S'ataka.	MuiKJiaindla Tantra. ^^^^H
^H Bliat-cliakra Tippani.	Sandbyd paddbati* ^^^^|
^U Yagal^Lmukbi-kavaelia.	Karpurastaya Tiki, ^^^^|
^H ' Stotra.	S'lTa-sanbit^, ^^^^H
^H Y^stuhoma.	G^yatri-Lrldaya. ^^^^^H
^H Orantha-sangraha.	GaurikanibiiHka. Il^^^^^l
^H Chaurakdvya fiatika.	Sundarl-s'aktidana. ^^^^^H
^H G^j'atri-hridaja.	Do. Tika. ^^H
^M Gayatri-kalpa.	Sabasranama-etnti* ^^^^|
^H Jnaaa Tantra.	Yijako8ba, ^^^^|
^H Guriigita.	GaiigSstaTa. ^^^^|
^H Pit^a-nmiaya.	Gayatribriknianolldsa Tanti'a. ^H
^M fiarasvati Tantra.	Tripurd-samuehcbaya Tiki. ^^M
^H Guhyitiguhja Tantra.	Aparokabauubbuti. ^^^H
^H Mugdhabodlia-tika.	Bvarodaya. ^^^H
^m Svatautra Tantxa.	Favanayijaya. ^^^H

Proceidiiigw of th$ Asiatic Society,

283

Mdtrikajagaiiman^ala-kayaclia. Grautha-sangmha. Prasna-k aum ddi . JjotiiLs^gara-sara, Oiandro ami 1 ana . Padartlitt-sangraha. Vya vastMrn a v a, Dvitiyatlivyutpattivida* Anumiti Raliasya. Vyfipti-panchaka Eahasya. Sifilia-vyaghra Eahaeya, ShatchakraTivTiti Tiki. Suddhi-ctipika» Divj-a- cliiitj^mam. Anuapurod Upanisliad , Ninrlna Upanisliad. Ekakskara Upanishad. YaJTjyavalkya tTpanishad. Akehamalika TJpamshad. Ty adli i karan a-dharma vachchti-

na-bliavtw Samaay^bli^va Ealiasya. ViB'eshavyfipti Bahaaya. Ty&p tigi^ahopaya Bohasya.

Tarka Bahasya. Vydptyanugama Hahasya. Sam^nyalakahaa^ Rahasya. Pakshata Bahasya. Vrihannaradiya Purfi^a* Tarka Tippa^i- Vytiptyaaugama Tippani, SamaDya bhava Tipimui, Siiiha-vyaghara Tippaui. Tardrahasya-vrittika* Kdtantra-yrittikd* Katantra- vritti*dui*ga- tika. Kfitantra parie'lsb^a. Durgav^kya-prabodha, Biddhiata*dipa. 8 abda- chin tamany alaka. Smriti-chandriya sraddliakala, ValakrishMshtaka. Xdiifasafa Tantra, Sraddhavidki. Chhandoga Paris' iahta, Vivaraoa Bbasliya, Sinkh^ana Sutra, part !!♦

The following papor was read — The Eock'cui Ejceavatiom at Sarckoka^ dUcovered htf Captain W. X. Samuelh when employed tu Boundary Commhtimer an the Retook atid ChutUNagpdr Frontier^ Saasm 1870-71.— i?y Capt. W. L- 8amuelL8, Assistant Gommisnoner^ Pachmnha^ Owd line. I The Secretary read the paper, which will bo printed in No. IH of Part I of the JoumaL A tracing of the excavations and a plaa of the templea by Capt, Samuella will aooompony the paper.

Colonel Thmllier moved that the thanks of the members are dae to Capt. Samuella for hia valuable and interestiag oontributiooj and donations to the B&ciety,

284

Proee^dinps of iftd Aiiatk Society.

[DecJ

The Chairman put the motioa to the vote. Carried imammouslyj A conversation ensued In which several monibers joined.

The receipt of the following papers was announced —

1. List cf SMU colUcted on the Arakan Ct>m£. — By W. TheoLald Esq,, Burma,

2. (hi a JS^eto Sjfecm qf Flamingo. — Bg W. E. Brooks, E8q.| C. E,, Etawah.

The meeting then broke np.

XilSBART.

The following additions have been made to the library since tha meeting held in November last.

«% Names of Donors in CapitaJs.

Journal Asiatique, No. 63. — SociE'te' Asiatique, Paris.

Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Vol. XI, Nus. 49 to 52 J — Tke Likkean Society.

Ditto, Botany, Vol. XI, Nos. 64 to 56, Vol. XIII, No. 65,— Tax ] LiNKEAN Society.

Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. XXXIV, Pt, in. — The Statist icai. Society of Lokbon.

Proceedings of the Hoyal Geographical Society, VoL XV, Noa. 3^j and 4. — The Eoyal GEooHAPmcAL Society.

Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, VoL I, No. 2. — The Axtkropolooioal Institute.

Annual Keport of the Settlement of Port Blair for the year 1 870-1 71. — The GovERXMBifT oe India, Home Bbpaetment.

Eecords of tho Geological Survey of India, Vol. IV, Pt. IV. — Thb" Geological Sitrvey of Indla..

Catalogue of the Syriao MSS* in tho British Museum, Pt, IL- The Trustees of the British MusEtrM.

Memoirs of the Akaakuf family, a sketch of Ruasian Bural Life soTonty years ago. — ^Betd. J, Lokq,

1871.] Proeudingi of the Asiatic Society. 285

Catalogue, Punjab and Sindh Plants. — J. E. T. AircnisoN, Esq., M. D.

Seventh Annual Report of the Sanitary Commissioner to the Government of India. — J. M. Cunningham, Esq., M. D.

The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, 1871, No. 9, Sept.— The Editob.

The Christian Spectator, 1871, Nov. and Dec. — The Editob.

Purchase,

Tarikh-i-Jahangir (Mirza Jahangfr), MS. :-— Journal des Savants, September, 1871: — Comptes Rendus, Nos. 11 to 14: — Bevue des Deux Mondes, 1st October, 1871 : — The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1871, September and October: — Westminster Eeview October, 1871 : — ^L. E.and D. Philosophical Magazine, 1871, September and October : — Hewitson Exotic Butterflies, Part 80 : — Eeeve*s Oonchologia Iconica, Parts 288, 289 : — Kitab al Khrist, I Band, Text : — Al Hariri's Durrat al Ghawwd9 : — Ma'sddi, Les Prairies d'Or, texte et traduction, par C. Baxbier de Meynard, Tom VI.

286

Proceedings of the Aiiatic S(>cift^,

APPENDIX.

COBHESFQXBENCE EeLATIVB TO DeEP SeA DSLSDOTSa,

CdcMita, UihJum, 1871.

I\r(m p. Stoliczka, Ph, P., Honif, Se^etarff Ag» Soc* of Bengai

To E. C* Bayley, Esq., 0. S. I., Secretary io ih^ Oawmmmi &/ diHf Home DeiMirtment^

Sm, — I am inBtructed by the President and Council of tlie Asii tic Society of Bengal, to solicit tlio favorable consideration of Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General in Council to a sui jeot which appears to the Council of the Society one of the voiy highest importance, namely, the desirability of ondertaking deep sea dredgings in Indian waters.

The Council believe they ijan best bring the matter before Hii Excellency in Council by submitting a copy of a Memorandum^ drawn np at the suggestion of the Natural History Committee and, after full discussion by the Committee, accepted by the Couni the Society.

It cannot, the Coimcil believe, be questioned that results are to be expected from deep sea dredgings of the highest importance for the pi*ogre6B of both biological and physical science. It is a well known fact, that in former periods of our planet there prevailed a much more uniform distribution of temperature, and of animal and vegetable life* In the kainozoic epoch the climate in Europe was somewhat similar to that of our present Indian and Ausfa'alii waters, and many of the then inhabitants of the seas shew gr< altinities to those now found living in Indian sens. In order trace the connection of these faunas, dredging in Indian wal would undoubtedly supply most valuable materials.

Again, as yet tliere have been no systematic observations made regarding the laws regulating the temperature of water in Indian aeas, the various cfurrents, the physical character of sea bottom^ Ac, Yoluable results may, therefore, be justly expected for the progress of hydrography, and collaterally for the benefit of navigation ; and

cilj^i

I87h]

Proce^dingi of the Aiiatic Societi/,

2S7

I

equdly important will be the examination of the »ea bottom for tbe studj of geology and physical geography*

An undertaking of this range is beyond the means of any private individual, but it« importance is so great that the Council believe it to be well worth the consideration of His Excellency the Ticeroy and Governor- General in CouncU, and the enlightened Government of a powerful State like the Indian empire.

The Council of the Society are, therefore, confident that His Ex- cellency in Council will approve generally of the proposal^ put for- ward in the accompanying Memorandum, and trust that he will give the Tindertaking the same generous support which has been afforded to similar expeditions in Eugluud and other coimtriea.

They would hope that steps might at once be taken in comrau- nication with the Admiral commanding the Indian stations, and that this project may be brought under the consideration of the Lord Commissioners of her Majesty's Admiralty at home, so that certain special preparations which will be required may be made without delay. Owing to the peculiar nature of the climate in these latitudes such researches can bo favourably carried on only during one-half of the year, and the importance of completing prehminary arrangements at an enrly period beoomeS| tliereforei more obvious.

^O Of ItIL

dtt'

Memorandum on Deep Sea Dredtjmg Op&ra(i'>n-^ jiropvmJ takrn IN ImlUm Watcr>i.

The Sub-Committee appointed to oonaider the deairability of im- dertuking Deep Sea Dredging in Indian waters, beg to submit the following Memorandum on this subject : —

The vast importance of Deep Sea Dredging for tlio study of Zoology, Geology, Physics and Hydrography has been placed be- yond ail doubt by the results of the explorations which have been lately oarrieil on, and are still being' prosecuted, under the auspicet of the Governments of England, Sweden and Norway, and in America* In England, the importance of such researches was re- commended to the conaideration of tlie Royal Society of Loudon chiufly for tlie followhig i*eaaona : —

288

* i»f ike Aiiaiie Society,

[Dbc.

1 . To tost a rather generallj aoeepted opinion that na animal life existed below the depth of a few hundred fathoms :

2* To determine the influence of light and of pressure upon animal life at great depths :

3. To further the study of the geographical distribution of animal and vegetable lifo,

4. To determine the temperature^ the strength and direction of the currents, the relative Chemical compoaitioa and the amount of dissolved gases in 8ea Water at various depths, &o.

6. To determine the nature of the Deep Sea bottom, the mode of its deposition, and the sources whence the materials composing it were derived. .

The interest attaching to the study of these nuostions, and their important bearing upon the progress of Biological and Physical Beience, having been duly oonaidered by the Eoyal Society, it was .Tesolved that application should be made to Government for ossifl* tanue. The Lordu ComniisMioners of the Admiralty in the most liberal manner acceded to the recommendation of tho Eoyal Society by placing a suitable vessel at the disposal of the Dredging Com- mittee by whom the Scientific exploration of the Deej) Soa has been, and is being, most successfully prosecuted. The results of their explorations have been given from time to time in the reports printed in the Proceedings of the Boyal Society (Vol. XYII, No. 107, Yol. XVIII, No. 121, &c.), and they fully justify the high expectation of success from the expedition which had been formed. The Sub-Committee woidd only draw attention to one or two of tho most important acquisitions to science.

Dredging operations conducted down to the enormous depth of upwards of two thousancl fathoms have proved the existence of animal and vegetable lifo in abundance, even at that vast depth.

Moat valuable observations have been made on the rate of dl* minution of temperature with increase of depth. The existence of two distinct submarine climates in dose proximity and on the aamd llavely called respectively the Warm and the Cold areas, has been Ftnost oondusively proved, and eac^h area has been shown to t>0886fl8 its own peculiar fauna and sea-bed ; this in the warm area being almost entirely composed of Obb^mm-mud and in the cold area

187LJ

Ptoc6edit^i of the Asiatic SomM^,

269

of fragments of rooke. It B^mfi imposfiible to overrate the impor* tant beariBg of these observations on the study of Geology. The Atlantic sea-bed was in places found to be covered with a jelly-like not work of protoplasiu fHalh^hius of Huxley), which offers a ' curious parallel to the Laurentian Eozoon, the oldest trace of animal hfe yet discovered*

Up to the present time naturalists in India never have had a ^ possibility of carrying out such researches. There has been no vessel, fitted for snch duties available, and no means of carrying them on. Since, however, it has been determined to form the In* dian waters into a special naval station, and several steamers have been placed on the station, it is hoped that the posaibilittes of J success have been entirely changed. (The experienced ofEeer who commands the station is fully alive to the great importance of enquiries such as we have alluded to, and has expressed his anxious willingness to aid them, in so far as his duty will permit, The readiness and friendly support wldch the Lords Commissioners of the British Admiralty have shewn in the promotion of any line of research calculated to advance knowledge, lead us also to hapo that the same Mendly aid will be extended to ludian naturalists, and we would, therefore, urge that an application be made to the Government of India for its support in these enquiries, with a ro*^ quest that it will also urgo the question on the favourable consider-! ation of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Admiralty, so that if consistent with naval duties, some one of the steamers, now in these waters, might for a time be placed at the service of the Committee.

It is beyond doubt that results of equal value and import anoe uA those obtained by the Dredging Expeditions at home can, and wil be obtained by explorations of a similar kind undertaken in In^ waters, and, no regular dredging operations having ever been oon^ ducted in the seas of a tropical country, the Sub*Committee vott** ture to think that the more favourable climate and the far richer fauna and flora of tropical and subtropical regions justify the ex- pectation of even more numerous and more varied results, than those* which have been obtained in colder regions* The variety and abundance of animal life must be enormous, because we luiTo

290

I^roeeedin^i qf the Asiatic SocUfy*

[Bac.

to deal in the Indian seas with such vast dlHerenoes of depth and, by a oonBeqnencSp of temperature. It Is known that these seas are the home of several species of MoUnaca and other invertebrate animals only known to occur besides in the Middle and Upper Tertiaries of Eui-ope, Of others occurring in the same, and even in more ancient, deposits, we know that the nearest livLag repre- sentatives are only to be found in Australian waters, and it would be a most valuable acquisition both for Geological and Zoological science, if we could in any way establish a connexion between these widely separated faunas.

Again, it is an acknowledged fact that complete and rapid d©-

kstrnction of organic life hardly ever extends over very large areas. We know the enormous ricliness of the Oephalopodous fauna that existed during the latter part of the Cretacjeous Epoch in some dis- tricts of Southern India, and it seems to us almost incredible that such a vast variety of forma of animal life should have in one moment, so to speak, been entirely extingmehed. Moreover, the feet that species of Nautilm^ very similar to those found fossil in

[the deposits just mentioned, continue U> live in the waters of the

^Bay of Bengal, almost justifies the expectation that some recent descendants of the Atmmnitidm^ beUeved to be entbely extinct, also may have survived.

The Sub-Committee are confident that explorations of the deep

I «ea in Indian waters wiH not only furnish data which will illustrate the modification of certain supposed laws regulating animal and vegetable life in countries Geographically and Climatologically diHerent, but that they will undoubtedly supply much and most important material for the study and explanation of many yet obscure facts in Zoology, Geology, Physics, and the collateral branches of science*

The Sub-Committee, therefore, earnestly hope that Government may be led to regard the undertaking of Beep Sea Dredging in Indian waters as the most important source whence great progress to Natural History and Physical Science will result.

In the first iastance your Committee would suggest the exami*

Fnation of the Bay of Bengal by a line of Dredging right across fiom new Juggurnath Black Temple to Oape Nigrais^ to be fol*

1871.]

Froc09dit^9 of the AMik Sacieiy,

S9I

lowed by another traver»e from near Madras to the AndamanB or the Nicobars, and again by a line from Ceylon to the ci^ast of Sumatra, It would be necessary that, say three persona acquainted with the mode of enquiry should accompany each oxpeflitioa, and it is hoped that siifliciont accommodation could readily be found for them on botird.

It is unnecessary to point out, that very vast acquieltirniB to our knowledge of the depths, currents, character of bultuiu, &c,, of that part of the Indian Ocean and of the Bay of Bengal would result froni these traverses, quit© iudependently of the additions tu our knowledge of the life, inhabiting tht\se as yet entiivly un- searched seas.

Your Sub-Committee, however, do not wish to insist on tlie adoption of tliis ground in the first instance. No course can be taken which will not yield a rich harvest of novelties and additions, and they would sn^r^i^t that the convenience of the vessels on the station, should be oup of the Erst considerations, as well aa the climutal periods of ]\ionsoon, &c., &c*

With regard to Ihd appliances necessary for Deep Sea Dredging, ^ the Sub- Committee beg to enumerate the foUowing^ —

1 . Three dredges of various sizes and an adequate supply of strong Manilla rope, which will probably b© best obtained thi-ongh the Admiralty. For heaving up the dredge, the vessel charged with the conduct of the expedition, should bo pitjvidud with a donkey-en- gine, and might be otherwise so fitted as to render it adapted for thcr duty : the latest experiences in Deep Sea Dredging at home, have shewn that a double -cylinder donkey-engine proved to be the most ethidont contrivance for hauling-in.

2. Sounding leads.

3. At least a dozen of Siemann's differential thermometers ; or Prof. Killer^s new Thermometer for Deep Sea Dredging^ ; thesis may be obtained from the Meteorological Department at home.

4. Water bottles,

5. In order to determine the nature and proportion of the dis* solved gases, oontained in sea water from various depths, an opera- tion which must be performed at once on ship-board — 3 glam hydrometers and 2 of Prof. Miller's apparutua for the Analysis of gases will bo necessary.

292

Pr^dfdings ofthe.Aiiatic StHneiy,

[D»o.

6. The Sub-Committee believe that an annual grant of E», 2000, placed at the disposal of the Dredging Committee for the purchase of gksa bottles, spirita of wine, scientific apparatus, &c«, &c., necessary for the preserv-ation and examination of the material obtained, would be sufficient.

7. They recommend that a Dredging Committee be appointed by the Government, including —

The President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for the 1

being. Do., Natural History Committee, ditto. Do., Physical Science, ditto ditto. Thos. Oldliam, Esq., LL. D., F. E. S., F. 0. 8, Col. J, F. Teimant, E. E., F. E. 8. F. Stoliczka, Ph. D., F. G. 8. W. T. Blanford, E^i-, F. G. 8., 0. M. Z. S.. H, F, Blanford^ Ewi., F. G, 8. J. Anderson, Ksij., M. D., F. L, S., F. Z. 8. J. Wood'Mason, Esq., F. G. S.

8. That this Committee be entrusted with the management of the explorations and with making euggestions as to the manner in which theee can bo best carried out.

9. That all Bpecimens collected be in the hands of the Com- mittee until they ehall have been worked out ; that the choicest specimens be eventually transferred to the Tmatees of the Indian Museum where they should be preserved j and that th« Committee have direction of the distributian of the duplicates to the Museumn and men of science in Europe and America, who are engaged in aimilar research es.

10. That the report on each Dredging exp^tion be submitted to Government through the Committee hy the officers who shall have had charge of the expedition.

Thomas Oldham, Febd. Stolic/jla, James Wood-BIajon.

1B71.]

Proc&edingi of the Aiiatie Soeidy*

293

From J* Geoohegan, Esq., Under- Secrdar^ to the Ooummmmi of India, Ikpartfnmt of Agriculture^ Bavmm and Oammetee^

Th the Mon^. Secrctartf to the A$iatie SccieUj of BmgaL

Simla, th» 2%th Avffmt, 1871.

SiE, — I am directed to acknowledge tbo rocBipt of your letter No. 280, dated Hth June last, forwarding a Memo, on a proposed series of deep sea dredging operations in Indian waters, and requesting the Government of India to extend its support to the undertakiDg and to place a steamer at the dispoBal of the Com- mittee appoiuted for the pnq>oee.

In reply I am directed to state tliat the Governor-General in Countfil oordially approves of the proposal of the Society, and would be glad to make a steamer available for the under tukmg. At present^ however, no vessel can be spared either f^om the Hoyal Navy or the Indian Marine.

A Nautical Survey of the Indian seas is, however, contemplated, and wh*?n the result of inquiriea that have been instituted in con- nection with that subject is arrived at, it will be considorod wbother a vessel can be made available for the joint purpose of carrying out the deep sea drodgings as well as the Marine Bui'vey.

M. M,S. Forte, BetfuhfllH, AnguH 26fA.

Eii EiteeUmoy the Comvimder-tn^OMef Her Mojestjf^s iVara/ Forces f Fast Indies,

To Fbsd. Stoliczka, Eontf- S^relartff Asiatic Soi^isiy, Ben^aL

Sm,— I have the pleasure to acknowletlg© the receipt of your letter^ 23rd June, enclosing papers from the A^tio Sucitjty re^pird* ing ** Deep Sea Dredging/*

I beg to assure yuur Society that I will assist in every way in my power so desirable an object. I would take the liberty to sug* gest to you to obtain aa soon as possible all the apparatus necea- sary, — ^ready to embark in any vessel which may be made avail- able.

I will represent to His Excellency the Viceroy that one of the two vessels of war stationed in the sea of Bengal might with ad*

Taniage be employed on this service during N, E. MoBsoon (10 p- posing her aervices not otherwise urgently required) a ti^mporary cabin being erected for the aocommodation of the gentlamen who would conduct the scientific operations.

The small (or donkey) engine on bofird could be made to serve the purposes de&ired in the circular you have sent to me.

Anntio Society g Roami. CdaUta^ 9M Oetoher^ 137L

From F, Stoliczka, Esq., Ph. B*, Mony. Hceret. As. :Soc. Bmgat,

To J. Geogheqan, Esd., Undtr-S^rdary to ths OorernmcfU 0/ India^ Ikparimmi of AffrimUtire^ Revenm and Commerce.

Sib, — I have the honor to acknowledge your letter No. 1B1 , dated Simla, 2Sth August, \%1\ and to express the thanks of thu Ctiimeil of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for the great interest with which His Excellency the Governor-General in Council ia prepared to meet the recommendation of the Society conveyed in my letter No. 280, dated 14th Jane, 1871.

The Council has been informed by His Excellency the Admiral of the India Naval station that there is a likelihood of a Steamer being avnilable for the proposed Beep Sea Bredginga during the approaching North East Monsoons provided that ** her BerrSsea are not otherwise urgently required," and His Excellency suggeoii^ that the necessary apparatus should be obtained as early as prais^ ticable.

The Society has also received most encouraging letters from tlie Swretary of the Boyal Society of London, and other leading men of science at home.

Considering the great importance of the subject I have the honor, by direction of the Council of the Asiatic Society, to suggest that His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor- General of India may he pleased to appoint a Committee for Beep Sen Brodging«, and also to apply thi*ough the Right Hon'ble the Secretary of State to the Lords Com niissi oners of the Admiralty for the early supply of the necessary apparatus which I had the honor to Apec^ify in mj letter, No. 280, dated Ulh June, and enclosure.

1871.] Proceedmgg of th» Asiaik Soeieijt* 295

The Council is coafident that the Royal Society would he glad to afford their aid in selecting the necessary iDstrumentfli and also in testing their value. The appHcatioa for those instruments just at this time would probably be opportune, as several expeditious for Deep Sea Dredging are being organized in England, in Norway, by the German Empire and by the United States.

.Fhwi J. Geooheoajt, Esq., Under Secretary to the Oorernment of India ^ Bqmriment of Agriculture Bevenue and Commerce.

Ta the Bomrary Secretary io th9 Asintic Society of Benyai.

Simla f ifie 6th Komnther, 1871.

Sra, — ^In reply to your letter, No. 500, dated 9th Ultimo, on tlio gubject of a proposed aeries of Deep Sea Dredging operations^ in Indian waters, and the allotment of the Steamer for the purpose, I am diret^ted to inform you that Hi a Excellency the Governor- General in Council much regrets that it is not, at present, possi" ble to promise the services of a vessel. The request will, however^

I borne in mind and due intimation given of any arrangementa "Vhich may hereafter become feasible. Copies of the Offico Memo- randum and enclosures accompany.

To J3«> Excetlmcy the Commander -in-Okkf^ Hpt MajcAty^g Naval

ForceHf EaU Indies,. 8ii^^ — I am directed to acquaint jou that a telegram to the fol- lowing effect has this day been despatched to you : —

Your letter of 9th October, and telegram of 23rd, Your Excellen- cy's proposals regarding " Dryad" approved. — She should go to Bombay for repair and fittings and be back at Sandhends by last week of December to take the King of Siam up to Calcutta*

Enclosure of letter No. 18 of 18th October will have informed Your Exf'fjllency that a man-of-war is now required at Sandheads only to meet the King of Slum.

I have &c., (Sd,) H. K. BuBKR, Col<m«it Seey. to the Govt, of India.

Smla^ the 27th October, lti7L

296

Proee§ding8 of tlw AMiatic ^ntitij.

[Dec

Chmmmmt nf India, Marine Department, Simla, lit Nowmber^ 18tl. Office MEMoitAJCDtrM.

Witli referenoe ix> the commumcation from the Department of No. 423, dated 28th Agriculture, Hevenue and Commerce, noted

October, 1871. in the margm, the undersigned haa the

honor to transmit copy of a letter from His Excellency the Com- mander-in- Chief of Her Mttjesty's Naval Forces, dated 9thOctoher, and of the reply, No. 86, dated 27th October, regarding Her Majes- ty's Ship '* Dryad/'

% The " Dryad *' will proceed to Bombay for repairs and return to the Sandheads the last week in December, to meet and convey the King of Siam to Calcutta. She may perhaps afterwards be required to proceed to Burmah, so that it is much regretted that it is not at present possible to promise that her serviceB shall be available for other duty, but the re<jue8t will be borne in mind.

(Sd.) H. K. BcujfE, Setretary to the Governmmi of Inditt. lb tk$ Sifpartmmt of Affruulture, Itevenw mut Comtmr€$.

lycm Mis Excellencf/ the Commander-in-Chief of Met Majesty* s Naval Forces^ Emt Indies,

To Major General H. W. Norman, 0. B. Secretary to the Go^emfnent of India f Marine Department. H. M. S. **GiABGow/' TrincomaUie, 9M Octoher, 1B71.

Sm, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter oftli6 2l8t ultimo. — (Marine Department No, 34) oonveying the recpieat of His Excellency the Viceroy for H. M. S* ** Wolverene'* to be sent to the Isthmus of Kra in January next to embai'k the King of Siam who is about to visit British India.

I have to inform you that tlie '' Wolverene*' has sailed for the East Coast of Afi-ica, my Fkg-ship (the ** Glasgow") taking her place here.

Some time since I received a letter from Mr* Stoliczka, the Soore- tary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal^ requesting my co-operation

1871 .] ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Society. 297

in a scientific exploration of the sea of Bengal. I answered that I would take an early opportunity to consult with the Viceroy and to suggest that " the Second Vessel of War'* stationed in this sea be BO employed.

I wish now to propose that the " Dryad" (the Second Vessel of War) a ship of 1000 tons, be substituted for the " Wolverene;" and that on her arrival at Bombay next month, (for repairs) suffi- cient accommodation be temporarily added for the use of the scien- tific gentlemen, who would embark for the Marine explorations ; this additional accommodation would render her a very suitable vessel to embark His Majesty of Siam.

I do not think the expense of this extra cabin-room would cost above £100.

I shall be glad to know His Excellency the Viceroy's opinion upon this proposition.

I have, &c.,

(8d.) J. B. COCKBUBN.

APPENDICES.

1

Apptndix A.

305

•a"

-3

J ®

PUi.

^

I

1

I

s|

1^

t^ rH ^

00 00 db

1.

•i 1

GQ

GQ

I

Hi

^

i i

I I

^^. ao6 Jg^mdi^B. ^^H
I^^V APPENDIX B. ^^1
^^L List of Donations (not including BgoUm^ or othm* puhUcatiom and MSS.^ ^H
^^^H iht^ie being achtowUdged m thf monthly lih*arg list*/, ^H
^^r [Objoots marked with &a astorisk hAve beau trannfurr^d to the TrUBie€8 of Uio ^H
^^H Indian Muscttm]« ^H
^^^^ DoQore.	DoEatioas. ^H
H Dali, Th6 Hev. 0. H	,* Three Kepal coins. ^M
H Fidle, Capt. J. Y	♦A skin of the great Albatross, ^^
	Diomedea exulans, shot off 1
	the Gape. 1
^M Perrar, M. L., Esq , 0, S	Two silver and six copper coins J
	dug up at Qanauj* ^J
H Fodter, J. M., Esq., M. E. 0. P.	Three A^saui dmaU silver coins* ^H
^K^ Graliam} Major, J. M	*A group of rudely moulded ^H
	brass figures, ropresenting ^H
	''Lushais'* and their social ^H
	habits. ^B
^^^ Hamilton, Col. T. 0.	*A largo round gold coins very ^|
	thini somewhat more than au ^|
	inch in diamoter. ^H
^r *f '"^^' ^^^^^ "^^ M. N. L • . . .	*An Qgg of Mugapodius Nicoba* ^H
	rien^is &om Kamorta island ^|
	and the carapace of a remark* ^| ably shaped Pagurid crab ^H
	from one of the small Nicobar ^H
	islands* ^^^
^H Newmaiii Dr • * •	Five silver eoiuB. ^H
^K Prankissen Cliatterji, Babu, * . . •	A stone seal, found west of ^|
	Bardwan. ^H
^^^P&djendralMa Mitra, Babu, . * * .	*A dried specimen of a nevr^^^f
	species of Scinous. ^^^^|
^^^ fiamuelU, Capt. W. L. ........	*Two copper tixcs. ^^^^H

INDEX.

Page

A'azzuddin imprisoned, ..•••• 127

Abbey (W.), Election of, <t 66

Abdul Latif on the Mubammadan who first studied Sanscrit, 142

Abdurrahim, Mirza, Akbar's £ban XliATiAn^ .» , 141

Ablabes coUarisj 191

„ Humberti, Notes on, ...•...« • 173

Abromis albo-superciliaris, « « « • 249

,, zanthoschistos, • • • ^ 248

Abid Farah, Sayyid, . 127

Acanthodactylus Cantoris, ••»..., 1 93

Aeanthophthalmus pangia, *•»•••••• 202

Accounts, Annual, « . . . « • o zx — ^xzxiv.

Acbarasara, Tantra, 283

Acheiris jibha, «•••••• • * 201

,y kuknijibhaj • 201

Acbyber temple, , 254

Adbhuta S^ra Sangraha, 282

Admiral de la Haye, 87

Aeiris oynoglossus, 201

Afziin, 98

A&unganj named after Eajah Aizun, « 100

Ageniosus militaris, •••««. 4 202

Agra, Dutch trade in, . • • . • * « 87

Ahichatta, a 248

Ahitagner Anteehthiprayoga, 7

Ahmad Khan (Nawab Ziauddin), Election of, 56

Ailia bengalensis, ....it 199

Ainah Mahall, , , , . , . 275

Page

Akshamilika TJpanisliad, ..*,,.«» ^ ......••* « 283

Alaudfl guttata , 210

Aldis (J. A.), Election of, • • , . , , 225

Alexander {J. W.), Election of, 120

Alg«e, Fiftli List of, 170

„ List off from Birma, . , « « ..««.•••«. 173

All Tabar imprisoned, ....,....; * 127

Allahabad, Dut^h trade in, * « . 87

Allah Upaniehad, Note on thei . . • .•,•,.• HO

Amara Beva, *•...*, .•.•••«••....• *••#•• 255

Ambaseis bogoda • 1 1 • • • • • 1 9d

„ oblonga, .....,*,.. • 199

Amberleya, *..«...«••• 113

Amblyopufi braohigaster, « 204

„ ciiTbatus, , , 204

„ co^oulus, «.......•.»..« 204

,1 Hormanmanus, .*....... 204

,y tenia, «*....*. .«.*........ 204

Aninicola, * «■•••»•• 113

Amery (0. r.)i Witbdi^awal of, 2

Anaboona mollia * • « , , . « 170

Ananta Yarmd, «.*.., ,,,,,.., » . . • 259

Anculotus earinatu.s, 109

Anderson (Dr. T.), Beatb of, 22

„ (Dr* J.), on a new Scincus, , , 1 V5

J, „ on a new Mabouia, and on two genera of

Eurylepis and Plocederma, 180

Angika, 102

Angiiilla niaculata, . . . • • 201

J, bengalensiB, • , , 201

Annada KalpB, , « • » « 282

Annapm-na Upanishad, •....••• 283

Anumitirahasja, w. .. ....,« ,. 283

Antimachus Nikepboros, Coin of, ..........♦,.,..*.», *•,

Antiquities of Harclioka, ••.... ,

,» of Jajpur, , 135,

Antifiuitiea of Jesar-Isliwaripur, • ..«.••. 135

Aparokshaaubliutij « 282

Apollodotug, Coin of, • • * • * . . • 276

Arlua arioidee, ,.»..•• ,•.•.•.*•• 1 ^^

Arrakan, OelU from north, , , , 88

Arakan shells, *•••• 284

Arura, History of, , 247

Aaellia Stolicikana, , 105

AsKtaka, Ganga, 282

Aspidoparia jaya, * 207

„ morar, ••«,«.. ^ . • • • * . 206

As/oka, Pillars of, , . . , 17

Assam Coins, 234

AthaiTa Upanishads, # 6

Atheriaa dhani, i .....»...*.••• • 205

,, danius, .*..•. • 205

Atkinson (E. 1\), Ee-olection of, • 177

Atma punlna, •.••....• • • • • 0

AtmoBpherio pressure, Day maxima and minima of, 1 7

Attar Sing f iSirdar) on the history of Arura, 242

Auditors^ Election of, « * , 52

Avdoll (JO, Death of, • . . . . • 22

AjTton (W. E ), Election of, • • 82

„ on bad insulators, ...*.. • * . * 75

„ on tho method of testing Telegraph

Earth, 22

,, on Thunderstorma, 145

„ on Inertia and Time, ..•,...,,,... 1 60

,t on a new Gaivenometer, .•.••»,, 47

Badis Buehanani « ,<«•.. 205

Bahram Darwieh Saqqa, Tomb of,.*.* • 128

Bairam Xhan, Akbar*s Khan Khanan, , . # • • • 141

BaiydaikadhikaraQa m&l^, , 7

Balasore. Grants of lands at, 87

Balavi, Governor-General of, * • • ^l j

Ball, y,, on a new method of stufEng birda, ••.. 24S

BaU (7') Names of birds in foiiTi aboriginal language

of Weatern Bengal, 1 36

B^mangbati, ,..^ ••*•• 1^0

Bdmaubasti, « •••••*. ....*••.*• ISO

B&naberlya, ••• p . p t ...•••.»»•• • • 277

Bai*ahduwar 0* .•,,,. •,,^..,» 274

Barbua barna, ...«#• 209

y, Beavani, •••.•#,••••», «^» ••••••••*«• 209

II CGUcbomuSy *•..•,•• 205

II cosuatis, ..,«..,,. • * 207

II gelius, i . 207

,, morarensie^ *....*»••,•..... *....<• 207

II muBala, •#••• ..,.••...»• 207

„ pbutunlo, 207

„ litiua, - 207

BurdwaDp A Btone seal^m, *»*, 15d

Barba Sayyidi • • • 127

Bariliiis cocrai •«........ 200

II reriOi , .* 208

II tUeOi , 207

BarometeTi iJiurnal oscillations of, H

,, Errora of SStimdard^ 217

Barometric curves, •..«•• 60

Barsee IVklee, Antiquities of, 1

Baaevi, (Oapt J. l\j, Witbdrawal of, 2

BataYia, Acoount euiTenta of, 91

Batraclioides gangeue, 204

Batratibua grmnuie .^, , , , , 204

Buta (Malayan) of Dr. Stolicika, , . 1 05

I, Ke w Persian, .,•.«,••......, 138

Battery, Eiectroiaotive force yf a, 221

,1 HesiHtunce of a| , , • « ^ , . , 220

Baudbayana Somay^ga, « ••••• Tl

„ Suti-a vritti, ...,,. J

Bayley (E. C ), on gold Coin of Firuz Sbab Zafar 8S

Bearan, (Litut. E), Deatb of, 22 ]

Beeatoopore, Purchase of land at, 90

Behar, PJiotograplis from, , 251

Beuoditt (K.), Election of, • , . • . # 66

Bengal, Arabic iuseriptions of, «,**««««#t#««t«* «• 245

Belteah, , 270

Bliag^ulpur, Legends and Ballads of, * lift

Bibliotheea ludica. Report on, ».,.••* ••«•« • 25

BUireji 09

Bihrilz Singh, , . . . . « 98

Bird^ froDi Kaniptii .,.•,,,.•«««« 78

,, Names of, in four languages, , , , 135

,^ from SUckim, , .i ••.»••••• 215

Blanford (H. 1\) on Barometric curves, , 60

j, on errors of Calcutta Standard Baro- meter, , , , , , , 217

,1 on Thunder-storms, «.»....... 1-18

(W. T.), on chipped implemente, 179

,, Notes on Hemidactylus marmoratus

and Ablahos* numborti » , » . ITS

f» Visit to Independent Sikkim, 167

,t on Ma4:^Master'fi Nagpur Birds^, . . • . . 155

,^ on Sikkim birds, .,,,,,.» ♦ 215

y» on the Zoology of Independent Sik- kim, •*.•••...... • . 226

. ,, on Wardah Birds, ...,. 116

Bligh (C. F.)* Election of, . , 91

Blochmann (H*) on Allah Upanishad, * • . , , HG

yf on Arabic Inscriptions, .« , •.•••»•..• 245

ly on Arabic and Persian Inscriptions^ ».», 126

ti on several Aiabic and Persian Inscriptions, 116

If on Mr, Ferrar*s letters, • , • 178

i, on Gakk'hars, *.•..•*.* 104

II on Hai'choka inseription^ »••••••••....« 238

If on Major Stubb's Coin,* .«,«•«••«• 97

n o^ Xa?ier*B Life of the twelve Apostles,... 108

Eodhi Drum, ..,.,,,,,♦..* ^ , , 255

312

Ikimh

Page

Bolagoha, 207

Botio dario, ., , 202

Bourne, (W. ), Election of, , 82

„ (T, M.), Election of, 82

Bowring (L. B.)» Withdrawal of, 53

Bralitnajndna-Tualia-tantra-sara, ...,.,- , 282

,, Tantra, , ., 282

Brahmajoni Hill, . , , , •. 254

Brahmo Dntt Chobay, ,.•*.,..*..•.• 98

I Braj, Notes on the Country of^ 93

BrajaDsth Sioha, Coin of, .•...•.•... 234

Brigga (J. A.), Election of, 225

Broadley's (A.) Inscriptions, ..*•.... 245

Brooka (E.) on new Abrornis, * 248

„ Cashmere Ornithology, 209

,1 on a new Flamingo, 284

Brough, (R 80, Election of, 1

Buckland(C. T.)i Election of, ..., 137

Buckle, (H.). Election of, , . 177

Buddamati, Eaja, 248

Budh Oya, • , .....#.. 254

Bukra, Antiquities of, •.....••«. t 270

Burrabur, * .«..»•..*.••••.• 256

BurragaoQ, Photographs of, ,,,.......,.• 268

Burranagore, , .•.•..•........••..«.« 30

Bythinia, , U3

Cachius atpar, 208

Cadell's (A*)j Arabic inscriptions, 126

Calidris arenaria, 249

Calliclirons pabo, ......,« 199

Oallineorus chaka, 204

Oarcharias gangeticus, • , ,. 201

Carllyle'a (A.) inscriptions, • 126

bCaahmir Ornithology, 209

tCassimbazar, Purchase of land at, ««•«*•«•, • 90

[Catenella opuiitia, «•«•«••• 172

Index. 813

Catla Buchanam, , 208

Caves of Lomasha Rslii, 257

„ Sudama Rslii, 257

Celts from Arracan, 83

„ Khangaon, 238

Centropomns baciilis, 199

„ bagoda, 199

„ kanipabda, 199

„ pabda, 1 199

„ phulchanda, , 198

Certhia familiaris, 209

„ Hodgsoni, 209

Cerithidea obtusa, 114

Chaca Buchanani, 199

Ghadar, , , 102

Chaibasa, Inscriptions from, 180

Chambers (F. J.) struck off 58

Cliandm Sikhur Banerji on Jajpur, 135, 155

Chand, Poems of, 137

Chandronmilana, .......•• ••• 280

Cbarasia Blanfoidana, 194

„ tricarinatus, , ,, 194

Chauraklvya Satika, 282

Chayanapaddiiat] 7

Cheilodoptams butibere, 204

Chela laubuca, , , 208

Cheon, Photograph of, 266

Chhajhu Sayyid, 127

Chhanda Sutra, , 7

Chhandoga Paris 'ishja, 283

Chillor, Photographs of, 268

Chinsura, Dutch records ifrom, . . . . , 85

„ Police regulatione, . . . . , 92

Chipped implements from the Qodaveri, 179

Chishohn (E. F.), Election of, 177

Chastomorpha chlorotica, 172

ai4

IndiM.

ClifGtophora radians, . Chola

102

ICholaka, , • * * ♦ * • . • . • 102

Chola range, .... * • , t • . * * l^*i

ChriBtiatiBon, (L.), a Dutch gentleman, 91

ChtlionoblaatuB Lyngbyei, ,,,.,**,,,,. , 172

Cliumandko, ,•••....*«....•. ,**.**•*»• • 167

ChumLi valley « , » .,.,,, 1 G7

Chu^icken, , * * . . . . • 107

Ginclus sordiduSy , 228

Clrrhina mrigala, ^ « .f^rfir^^ *«^«.'« t 206

Clarke, (C, B.), Election of, , . , v , • .w^ , • 55

Clupanodon champil, , ...»•. 205

„ chapra, ..,,,,, 205

,, indioa, ,. 205

„ moti, ,,.«•.. 205

„ Bubfeniopharika ; , • , ..,..,. . 205

Cltipea Indioa, 205

Clupeotdea pseudopterns, , 205

Gobitis bolgaroy ,*,.,.... , 20$

liilturio, ..,.•, 202

chimo, ....•••. •••••••••• t .••■••«....«••. . 203

oorica, •.•••».••.. • 202

cncurca, 202

geto — 202

gongota, ^ , 4 . . . i . . 202

guntea, * • t ..*... 202

khorika, 202

pangia, 202

Sadanandio, , 20S

sayonai ....••.... • • • • * 202

turio, - 202

ckburn (J. F.), Withdrawal of, 276

Coilia ramcarati, 205

Coins from Asam, 234

,1 Indo-Bacti-ian, « #•#••«*»•# « ^^^

IniUx,

tl5

Coma of Brajan^tlia Sinlia, , 234 •

„ of CliediiLa Island, .,.•*••,,.,►•..•» • . * . . 61

„ of Fifdz Shah Zafar, 83

„ of Fmiz BKali IH of DehH, , 119

„ of Huj^aiu Shah of Jaunpur, • • • • 119

,, of Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur, 119

1^ of MuhonLmad Bodar Bakht, 97

II from Nopal,, , *••• 55

,1 from Qanauj, *,......« ••••#». 110

,, cabiaet, Heport on the, , * • . ..«••• 28

Coiua Izivittattia .,...*........«••.#• 203

Committees, Election of, , 68

Compsosoma Hodgsoni, . * , ..*••...•• 191

Conferva Antillarium .».»•. 172

Conservation of Sanecrit MSS. Eeport on 277

>* „ Correspondence on, . , , 3

Cooke (H, G.), Election of, 225

Copper axes from Pa<;humba, • • 231

Coraccias gfarrula, 249

Corica gubomia, .•#•....••.«•«... 205

,, Boboma, p 205

Corona of the sun, 129

Cottns chaka, , 204

Council, Election of the, 51

I, Election of a new members, 137, 225

Cremnobates Bjhadrengis, ...,•.,*......,. -109

Cremnoconchus, Anatomy of, . * * • « *•••«. 108

,j carinatus, • 112

,, BjhadrenBlB, 108

C^ossochiluB gohama, • • « • • 206

„ latins, 20e

„ aada, « 206

Curtoy»(W. J.), Election of, 82

Cjdonema, «• .• 113

Cjclophorus, i ^4« •«« • 114

CjclOBtomuB, «.. t «*. 113

CylindrospermBm spiral©, , 171

Cjnogloasus lingTia, ..,.••,,,•, 201

Pynoptenifl, , . , , » . * 103

Cyprinidce, Indian, * , 19, 155, 209

CypriniiB angra, • 206

II aBJaua, «»..« i*«« •*.... 207

„ atpar, 208

„ balibala, , , . , 208

„ balitora, « 202

,, bangaiia, • 206

„ barna, ..*•.,... ^* . . 208

„ barila, 207

„ bata, . , . . , ,' • . • • . 206

,, bimacfulatua, , » , • , , , » 207

I, bhola, , , , , 207

» boga, 206

,f bola, ..« 207

,1 biikrangij • 206

^1 cacliius i .»...•• • . « . • 203

„ canius, .,*...•••.» 207

,, cliagimio, ,«.......** ...,• 208

,, cbedra, 206

,1 cocsai .....•,,,......•. 206

^, conclioniuflj .....••• »•.••., 205

,1 cosuatis, , 207

*j, c-nrabati-bata, • 206

,, ciirsi, 206

,1 CUTBlSi i *•»*••*«.. « 207

„ dangila, ,, 208

„ dero, 206

„ dbrenra, < , , 206

„ diaDgra-gobamai • , , , 206

„ Dyangra aujana, , 207

„ elonga, , , 206

,, geUtis, 207

,^ geH pimtii 207

InAx. ^^^V 317

Cypi-mTi3 godiyari,..,. ♦***,. 206

If gobs, *....»,.•.•.•...«•., 207

fj gohamo,...*, ,. 206

,, gonius, , ., o 207

„ gora, ,... .....••• 208

„ . guganio, . , • • 205

,, Jaujali, ,...,.,. •. .».» 205

» jaya, 207

„ Joalius, 205

„ jogia,..,., ,..., , 082

„ kauipunti,.,. „,.« .^,„ 207

5, kii'ki joBgja, ......t ..., .', 208

,, khoksa, 206

,, korikon, ,..•.. * 205

^, koswati,...,... .....* , , 207

„ lamta, 206

„ lati,.. , 206

,, latiiiSj ,...,.. ,,..» 206

,, laiil>ucaltt, 208

„ layukuli, 208

„ loya, ..,, .„... ,.. 205

„ moralo, .,.,.. .,,.. 206

„ morar, ...,,...-. ,. 206

„ mrigaki 206

I, mosala, . . * • .•••••. ....•,.••.». ^07

,, nandin, ..t.^.* .....•• .«•• j207

„ pliakra, 208

„ pangusiya, 206

,, paufiid, «.•* 205

„ phulo, 207

„ pliulchelai, 207

„ pkutuuiOf •••..,. •••**•*.••.•••••«..•«••.•••• 20

„ puugsi, .....4^..i. 2oa

„ rerio, «,.....«...... ...*«. 20f|

„ sada, 20

„ sada balitora, • 206

C^rpriBus sutilia, ......«# 2UB

„ terio, * , 205

p, teripimgtiy •• » 205

„ tilei, * 207

„ tiloo, 207

„ titius, ...♦. •.... 207

„ tor, „.,. 207

„ vagra, * 305, 208

Dacca, Prencli property at, •,,,.♦ , , ...••• g • .... « 87

Dolhouaie, Variations of the Barometers at, 14

Daaio dangila, .,..«•..... 208

„ jungja, .• 208

Dapthu, Pliotograplis of, .,....,... , . . , 269

Dira Sliikoli, translated by Duperroy, , » , . 5

Dareana Ksilika, * 282

Dars'apaumamaea prayaschitta kiriki^ 7

Darwin {C,)> elected an honorary member, * 120

,j proposed an honoraiy member, ••*»»••, 07

Datt^troya Sanliita, 282

Baud Klian, 262

,, Governor of Bihar, 133

Dfeiidnagar, Photographs of, , • , , * 262

Daiikee, (F, 0.), Election of, , 1

Day (Dr, F,) on Iniliau Cyprinido?, , , 1 9

„ „ on Indian Cyprinidio, ,....*. 155

,^ ,y on Hamilton Buchanan's original draw*

ings, .«. . • 105

„ „ on Indian Cyprinido^, *..,. .,,,..,..., 20^

Delmerick (J. G,) on the Gakk- hars, ....,,., 1 04

„ ,^ Arabic inscriptions, , 126

^ „ on discovery of Indo-Bactrian coims, .... 276

Deokund, Photography, , 262

Deonaxayana Sing (Kaja Sir), Death of, .......».•*•..,. 22

Deo on the west of Oomga, 265

Dera Ismail Khan, Notes on, •••...., 17

Devikavacha, , . , 282

Index. ^^^p 319

Page

Bhorawat, , 260

Dhuti , , , 1 02

Dickens (CoL A. D,), withdrawal of, .......; 178

Digdrisyavivarana Akhyai «...••••••••*•,.«.**.•*.. . . 7

Diomedea exulana, , , , • . 82

Dipsas bubaUua, , , , , • * » 192

„ Eorstenii .....•*,• 192

,, Iiexagonotiis, •••«. *.*k, 192

,^ trigonotai ,*••.*»..... 192

DiscogBathua lamta, ».«•••.. .«••* 206

Divja Chudamaoip •«•*•• 283

I>ia-kong tongf 168

DoIjo Bliairam, the atrologer, ♦ 99

Dobson (Q. E.) on hqw bats, •«• •«•.*, 77

„ „ on a new Kerivoula, • 77

„ ,, on new Indo-Chinese VeBpertilionidal, . * , . 210

y, }, on Malayan Bats, • , • 105

y, ,y on Persian Bats, 133

Docogloasa, • ,.•«•••• • 95

Dolarohana-paddhati, , • -..,.,...... 282

Donee Chaiidj author of a History of the Gakk^hars, • 104

Dredging (Deep sea) Carrespondence on, 286

Drees in ancient India, Style of, , ••.••. • 100

Duhan (n,), Struck off, 58

Dunceticola a£B.nis, «... •«•...«• •••••»••.. 210

„ major, ..*«..• .... 260

Dofgid^dinama stotra, ' 282

DupeiTon's translation of Dara Shikoh, ♦ * * . • . 5

Duration of the totality of Eclipae of Dec. 11, ....,, 1 29

Diirjim Sal, Eaja, .,, ., 133

Dutch records, * » , 65

„ trade in Oudh, ...•.•••.••. 87

Dvijendranatha T^i^kura Election of, ...... • 65

Dvitiyadvitiyatpatti vada, •.•••.»..••«••.,.. .#«•».•• ...••• 285

Earthr^uako in Sind....... .. ,•««,«••• • 56

EchineEa, 113

320

Inie3i,

Pagi

Eclipse, Memorandum on the total, of Deer, 11 .,, , 128

Ekimra chandrikai 7

,, pnrdna, , • , ,.•*.«« 7-

„ cliaiidrika^ ...«• ••• 7

EkaksKara Upaniflliad, .•. ..•..- 283

Electromotive force of a Battery,.,, , *...#. 221

Eleotris butis, 204

Esos angulatus, 205

Eumoces sciitatus, , , 184 ^j

f » pariinontatus, ..•••.. ^ ...,,« • 183^|

Euprepes laaoularius, ..,,.,,.., *...>,• 1^4 ^^

,, monticola, ,.****... , 1*J4

Eiirylopis^ troaiolatus .,» ,*•.,.. 180, 184

Euspiza rutila, ,*.,.»*♦.... t 21

Evezard (Col, J. E.), Election of, 225

Faiz AHganj named after Eajak Faiz AH, 99

Parr (G. C), Election of, 5^1

Farrukh Siyar, * , , , 127'

Fath Baliadui', House of, . . , , , » 255

Fergusson on the art of Liiilding among the Aryans, ,,.... 17

Ferrar (M. L.), on'Eaja Todar MaU's birthplace, 178,

Filiate, (Capt. A. J.), Election of, 8ii

Finance, Report on, , 28

Finiz, Eeign of, , 246

„ Shah Zafar, Coin of, 119

Flamingo, Kew species of, ..•. , • 284

Fleming (Dr J. M.), withdrawal of, 278

Forbes, on the Mogul invasion of Palamau, 179

Foster's (J. M.), Assam silver coins, 284

„ Election of, 235^H

Fulgo, banks of the, .,.,,. 25S^^

Gadadhara, Photograph of, , ,,...... 258

Gadinidaa , 119

Galvanometer, A new form of, • • ^ 217

GanguprasMa, Election of, . , , , , .«..•«*».. 159

„ SinUa, Election of, « , 120

dsa

It^eat.

Gimendramoliaiia Thakura, electioii o^ • * , • •*•

Ouriigita, «,•«•« •• 2fl

Buru Tantra • , *.• , , 28

Gulijatigiihya Tantra, ,., . . , , 28

Gja, Old town of, .., , 26

,y P]iDtogi*aplxa of, • .•^,... .....*. ...** 282

Gyawals, Horses of the, ...,*. i .**...* • •• 2^3

Gymno dactyl us La wderanusj • ...<«..**..«»*.. 194

f^ maculatus, ••., «....•«*• *•.•• 19<^^

^ marmoratoifi, « • .„ ^S^H

„ nebulosua, ., .,•.*«....•• 194 ^

HabiburrahiMa (MaiUavi) election of, t.. • • 120

Hafk Bahmat, the Eoliilah chief, ' • 127 I

Hakim AH, Faujdar of Sambal ^ 127

Haji Siilainian, ,., • * -•..*..• 271

Halim Kldn, eon of Shamsuddii!, ...•••••..•.•••.«...*..<•• 247

Halayudha'a Pingala Ckhandaautra, .« • • •

Ilallsaliar, ••.,... • • «•'•»..*»...... 27fl

Hamilton (CoL 0.), Election of, , .••••«..«

Hamus, #*-...►•*,... «..*..

Kara BuelxaDani, ••...

„ conta, , , 200

Harchoka, Antiquities of, 57| 230, 283

Harisckandra, king of Eohtasgarh, * , 273

HarkncBS (T, F.), Election of, . , 52

Haraoliandra Cliaudhuri, election of, * • 55

Harinama nirita, ......,, ••,••• 282

Harrison's (A* 8.), inscriptions, •*•.••**••....* 126

Hasan Abdil, Anrungzeb at, , * 126

Hastings, Note of Warren, - * * . 80

Hathiyaphul gateway, 274

Heliot}T;)e, 240 ,

HemidactyluB aurantiacus, , l9d|^H

,, Berdomorei, .•,,,,,,,. .,»..., 193^^

,, beugalensis, ,.,.,.,,» - -•.••«•. 1 93

,, Coetroi, 193

iemidactylus, frenatus, giganieus, Gaudamai ^ gracilis, Karenorom,

Kelaarti, , .,•••. *... 174,

Leschenaultii, , * 1 74,

maculatuB, Maude liaaus, marmoratus; Notes on,, Mortoni, Piereeii, eulitriedrus, Sykesi, ,, tiriedruB, Hinulia Duasimieri, „ indica, ,1 maciilata, Biranjakes'i aiitra, Horites pallid U8« Horse^ Polydactyliflm in, Hovendou {Major J, J.), Death of,. Howell {A. P.)> ^eotioQ o^. Hum^jda Bakht,

,, Death of» Husain 6hah, Coin of,

„ Khan Sur, father of Sher Shah,. Hydrocoleum Lenormandi, „ Tiolaceum,

Hygrometric obseryationi on the plains of India,*

Hypheothrix investienti,

subundiilata, «,. ««.

„ tenax, ..* •

H jpotriorchis aubbuteo, ...*•*••« ••••,«••«•.••*•

Hypoglossum pygmoeunii • • • • ■

Hypsirhina enhjdrii, ,....,,.» • .

Ibrahim Sh&h, Com of, ,.,. ,

„ lOiau Patlijang, ..,,,, • . . - .

Ichthyocampus carce, , , »

Indian Architecture, Antiquity of, ,.«•.,.,,,., » . . •

„ Museum, Br. Stulitzka a trustee of, . • . •

Inertia and time, Connection between, ,,,*»..,..•.

Inscriptions, Arabic and Persian, . , • • * . , . . . ,

„ from Agrah, . , ♦...••••

II of B^Migal, Arabic, ...... •*.......

,1 from Bardwan, , .*....••••••••••«•«••

p, irotn Bareli, * , . , . , « • ■ • • •

,, from B ;r8ee Taklee^.. •«•••»•,•,.#«.•.••

,, from Chaibasa, , , «•....

„ from Cbutia Nagpur, *.

„ from n arch ok a,

11 from Pf irt A tuik, ...••.....*.<• • • •

^, from Slkandarpur, »**...«..••

Isaac (J« S.)i Eloetion of,

Ifiina Sanhita, * ....••

leVara-gita, ....«.«•« • . • . »

Iqbdlganj named after Iqbal Aili, • . •»•••«

Jyotihsagara sara, * •,..*.

Jmina Tantra, *,.•*•« r , ., ,

Jigatzi, ,«*. ,. ,

Jesar-Ishwaripur, Antiquities of, ••..,•,

Jelup-la, *. .•*•**

Jardine^ (E>] Decease of, ,.

Japan copper, Bale of, .., » ,.*••»,,,,,,.

Japalura variegata, , .,<...• • •« , ••*.,,

,, microlepifl, ,, •

James (J. 0. N,), on a Thunderstorm which passed over Calcutta, *».

Jama, • • • * « » • *.......,•,,.

Jajpur, Antiquities of, »•••• ••• ««.

Jahandar Shall killed, »..,•.

Jagr^on, HiBtory oi, ....•••••••»•, •«•*•#«# • ...

135

I27j

^47]

indim, ^^^^^V tax

Fag0

Kaiqubad, » ..,• , 98

Kalkapore, Water course of, ♦..•... 90

Kalingpungin, tlio Baling Dunr, . » , , • 167

Kaliprasunna Glioslja, Election of, 196

„ 8iiilia Death of, ..... . • 22

Kall-saliasrauama stotra, .«,, .,...•«•••••••. 282

Kali Haliasran&ma, . . . « *,...«,. •••«*)«•!«. 282

£alistaTa raja, * . 282

Kamba-jong . . ... . • ,,•,•••• ... 1 03

Kimarupa y4tra, ....».••.. ,..*• **, 282

„ „ paddkati, • 282

Kama suti'd, . . . « 7

Kampti, Birds from, ,• ...* 78

Kanthuko, .,,, , 102

Kanclitilika, 102

Kapila SaDhtti, ..••...•• ...«....•«»*•••. ••.., 7

Kama Chapar, Pliotograph of, 2dS

Karam Bid Khan, tjhief of the Oakkars^ . , 104

KarpUTiietava tika, «, ... S82

Karacha, Devi, ......«•« 282

„ Matrika jaganmancjala, 223

„ Vagalamukki, , 282

Kavenagh (J.)^ Decease of, , 22

Kowwa Dol rock, ,,,,,.,•...,., 237

Kendowar caste, ....... •..,,. 98

Kerivoula fusea, , 215

,, Hardwiokii, .*... 215

I, pieta 215

Kesbada's Prayogasiira, 7

Ketantya gate of Kohtasgarh, ..•••... 274

Khai-akpitr, Rajaha of, , .•..,, 98

Khorgo Singh, ..•,, ., 99

Khushgo, » ,.. „ 128

King (Dr. G.) elected a member of Council, 22*5

Kispa, Photographs of,, ..••.••• , 201

Indian Lizardai ...» , 19i

Pa^0

Koel river, 269

Kotich, Piiotographa of, •*....•»#» 263

Kongra Lama pass, •••«•.••«•••**»»• 168

Koaha, M^trikfi, . . • ; 283

„ Vija, .. ..„ 282

Kshetra maliatmya 282

Kund Petta Miihewara, 254

Kuntlus (The) of Bli^cryakula, 277

Kurkibur, Photographs of, 267

Kurpasa, , , 102

Kurz (S.) OB Bengal Algro, ,., 1 70

Labeo cursa, , . . , , » ,„ 206

„ Dussunueri, .,...•..«*.•« • » * • 207

„ morala ....••• 206

,y Bandina, , 207

„ pangusia, ,••.*..,, 2U6

Labrus badi ...» ••«.,.*• 205

„ darki, * 20^

Lacheo, ,.,..,,.... 16^

Lachung • ,. 161

Lacuna, •.... •%• 10|

Lacmiaria, 112

LaharpUTy 178

Lhassa, ^ 1 G8

Laldarwaza of Rohta&garh, , 275

LandHhells from Moulmein, 209

Landakia melaBura, •........, lS9

„ tuherculattt, 188, 18?

Leeds (B. J.)> Withdrawal of,

Lebra in Budb Gj a, 25|

Leibleinia Juliana, 17^

Lepidocephalichthjs balgara^ . . , , , 202

Leptorbytaon jara, 192

Leptothrix mamillosa .•-•........... .„., 173

„ muralis, ,. , 17J|

tepus tebetanufl, , . , 28

Indm.

S27

Letlibridge on the Dutch records, .,,•.«,..••.., 77,

,1 on the Gakkhars m Tibet , , • • •

Leucosticte hoematopy gia , • . » #

Library, AdaitiL>iis to the, 19, 53, 78, 93, 117, 156, 135. 175,

222, 228, 250,

,, Annual Boport on, ,.....,♦

Lingtu *.....

List of Dutch records, ,

LithoglyphuB, .,...•.....«•..

Littorlna ,

Lizards, Little known, •••.,.. «•.«.............•,......,..

Lourya near Are-raj ,

Lushais, Figures represeDting the, , .,

Lyman (B. S ) a life member, , * . *

Lyngbya cincinuata, , * , , » • . ♦ ..•,•„.

„ cinerascena, ♦ * . . . , •-.,• . *.. »...

„ inajuscula, .»

Mabouia, Blytliiant^, •....••

,, tfouiolata, .... •

Mackenzie (Dr. 8. C.)» Withdrawal of,

Macnamara (Dr* F, N ) Ee-election of,

Macroglossusi minimus, , •* . ,

^j spelteus, .. , . , * . . .

Macrones cavasius, » . ,

,, ilchkeea, ...,.,,.*.

„ tengana, • • * * ^ •

,, tengara,

,, trachacanlhua,

Madana p;iiijat<i» ..- •*-,..

Mttdliu Sing uf Kokra, . , r. ...«

Mrklial Sarai palace, *,.*.....«....•.. ,..

MaLavira Sv.imi» • t • • • • • • . . ^ »

[ahda north of Kharakpur, , , ••»••

Halopterure kazali, <m»**«>* ^ • •••.

Malapteruiiia coila, ..•••••«...* ,........,..,

Mancar near Boodbood, , , , . ,,.,,». »,

P&fe

Mn Stog, Ticeroj of BOiAT, ..,, ..,., 274

Mmrgaiah Pmi oonilnkctod I17 Attnmgzeb#„ ••*•«••••••. 126

Maitensy Luiof BarBta AlgSD, ITS

ILirtin, (B. L,}, atrack off, .« ........ &3

Malriki-koclti, ««....« «• 28i

Ifjtnkijagnnmmjnlifc^kayaclia, ••«•••••.«,.«.*•*.,«**.. 263

lUtnka-KotliAtikft, *.. 2S2

Mayurblwuija, #•••••* •...• 180

ll«]£a«tor on Nagpora birdS| ........••«.*. 78

lUidae AIU Khan, HoiiM of, 90

ICeelbg Annualf .•.•.•••...«.. •«•..«• ••*•*«*•« Si

„ HonUiij General, 1, 52, 55, 81, 95, 119, tS7. 159,

177, 225. 231, 251,

HegapodtoA moobariemBis, , « » , , 82

Memberi Liat of, i-xrlit

,, propofled, 1, 52, 55, 82, 96, 120, 138, 160, 178, 22,

251, 257

„ elected, 1, 52, 55, 82, 06, 120, 138, 160, 178, 221,

231, 251

Menander, Coin of, •.•.••••••.*.. 279

Mieroeyntiii olivacea, , * 171

Milo» (Caiit. G, B ). Election of, , , 177

Mluiopttiria ausiralU, .,« «•••,..,.,.. IO8

Mirat, Fort of, , , , . 98

Hirsai MahaJlah, built by Hakim All, • , 127

Mocoa Baora, • 195

„ sikkimensift, , * . . » ,*.•«...«...« • 1 95

MfKliihm, ,,, 113

Mofu.Hfiil records, Ilistoric'al value of, , 87

Moll tiHoa, Torres trial, from Moulmein, , ,., 19

MoatiXringilltt Adatnsi, 227

„ ruficolUa, 227

Motaoilla caahmirenAla, • , , 210

„ Lusonenais,. , < « 210

„ pomonata, , • 210

Moulmein Mollusca, •••»....•»,.« 19

Pitge

Mugahabodha Uka, 282

Mahammad Bedar Bakbt, son of Ahmad Shah, »,...• 97

,, Haeau, (Khalila Sayyid), Election of, 137

Shah,.. , -• 127

Mugil albula, „•.• 205

,, hongon, , ••••«•• 202

,1 cephalusi ....t*^ • .*.*• •.•.«..•••. 205

,^ kaskasiya, ••#,«• ••••••.*•- • • - • • 205

„ Itevia, ..., 205

yy nepalensis, * 253

1^ planirtepSy « 203

Miindamal^ Tautraj 282

MimglaDeyay ,.^. ««.••••• .•...•..»»*.. 254

Huuim Klian, Akbar'a Khaa Khanan, » Hi

Miiriaa suillus, ,.....*, • » **«..• •* 215

Mmii^ua bagio, . , ,,.. ..< *• «.,.••••• 20l

,, bamach, •..•.•.... 201

,i raiiaboura, « , t*.*t*«* 20l

Murfenesox cinereus, ,,.. , , , ,« ,,•,, . « ,« 201

Murcenopbis bazi, . . . * , ,,,,, ,»„.,» 201

Musoum Building, Correspondence on, .,., . . . 60

„ Eeport on the, , 25

Mu2airar Ali, ,. .,_ ».... 68

Muzailargauj named after Muzaffar AH, • . . . •« • 9^

Mystu3 chitda, 208,

,, ramcarati, »• ,.„ ,, ,. , »,,,,,, 203

K6diju6na dipika, ,...,,*•• , , 283

Nagurjnni, ., , 258

Kaqib Khan, „, 142

KagpuT, Birds from, , 78

I, (Chutea) BloL-hmann on, ..,.•... 1 32

Narada'a Vedic phonetics, , , , ,,.,. 5

Katdgurha on the Nawadah road, 267

Nowada Koad, 26f J

Neil, Dr. A., contradiction of Mr. Pheor'e stfttemeatj ...... 121 1

„ (Dr* A.), Election of, ^^^•♦•.••ap^L-*' • ••• • • 225

Page

Nemi-tso, ....•.••••....•*«.• b ....« t ••••• • •••* 167

NtTitoideSi •••«»*.••••• lis

Ketlierlatids iDdia, Adminstratioa of, •«*•«..,. 87

Newton (J. )f Election of, t

Kigama tutva * *. *..«»•.. 282

Niltt Tantra, ••. 280, 282

Nirv^pa Upouishad »• , 283

Nivi» a kind of Hindu dress, •«• , ..* 102

NizimuiidiUf ...»* 246

Norman (The Hon. J. l^,), Asaassiuation of| . . . . • • < . • • 226

Kostoc gregnrium, ,...«... • »,,,...*..•••••••.• 170

N<jtices of Sanscrit MSS>, Kemarka on, ••«••••••«•,«••#•« 12

Nutjrah Shah, 1 25

Nundfilula Bose atruck off, , • , 58

Ntiria danrica, •..*...•......«.••« 2l'8

Nyctitjejus atratua, .^.,. ,,, , 212

„ emarginatuSf •...•, • 21 1

Oatea (E. W), Election of, 137

Officers, Election of tlie, ...,•,.,. ,^ • 61

,, Beport on ..••.••••**.... 31

0*Kinealy (J,), Election of, , * . 225

Oldham's (Dr. W.), ArabJtj iascriptions, • ,„ 126

,, (Dr. T ) on Fachumha axes, ...,« 233

On&o, Chronicles of, , , . * .,, 1 27

OoDiga, Account of, •.,.,. , • • ,, 261

Opbichthys boro, * ..*.,. * . , 200

OpiiidiauB, Indian and Biirmes©, . .**•*.,. 191

Ophiocephulus anrantiacus, * • 1 97, 203

„ barca^ 203

,1 fttriatufl, 202

., wrablei 202

Ophiops Jerdoni, .••«••• ••.... ^.^ ••«...« 192

Ornithology of Cashmere, •••....... 209

Ophiops ndcrolepis, .«•*••*#•,••*,,.••••*»«• , 19S

Opluburus boro, ♦•••..••.......• **,■... 200

,» haifangoha, .•.•...•• *•. . • 201

Page

Opliisurus hijala, 201

y, rostratus, • , , 20 1

,, tilebaim, 201

Oriotiaris Elliotti, 194

Ormsby, (M. H.) Death of, • 22

OBborn (Capt. E. D.),. Withdrawal of, , 1 20

Oscellaria brevis, ..•••.•••............ 173

„ Froelichii, 170

,, interrupta, » 170

,, tenerrimay ••..••. » 173

„ versicolor, 173

Otocoris alpestris, • 227

„ Elwesi, 227

„ longirostris, 227

„ penicillata, 227

Otus brachjotus, 250

Oudh, Dutch trade in, 87

Ovis ammon, ^ 168

Pachumba Copper axes, 231

Paddhati, Dolarohana, 282

,, K&marupa ydtra, 282

„ Sandhya, 282

Paddrtha-Bangraha, 283

Pakshata Kahasya, ••••••. f.... 283

Palamau, Mughul invasion of, 179

Pali, Photographs of, ^ 261

' Palmella bullosa^ 171

Paratelphusa, 84

Pas'upas'a mokshanam, 119

Pavana vijaya, , 282

P6yaj4ma, 101

Peal (8. E.), Election of, 276

Pellona chapra, 205

„ motiiis, 205

Pellorneum rnficeps, 216

,, Mandellii, ,. 216

a32 IfUUx.

I

PeUomeiimTickclli,.,,*. ..,,. 216

Peply Factory, ....-*.,.,.,, 80

Peripia Cantorifl, ...•..».«..«••.•••••..,.. „ 194

Petrapon triyittatiifl, .a.^. ... .«• , 203

Philong,.. ....-• .-.. 168

Pliear, (J. B,), on atmoipherio pressure, * • 16

PhoueticB, Tedic, ,........*.. , , , 6

Phormidium LTnghyacaumi > 1 73

Photocallograpliic Printing, New Process of, 239

PhyllorMna, nicobarieiisis > . . • ....,,,,, 106, 105

PLjlloecopuB Begleetufi, •••.•• 216

„ pallidipes, • , «.«. 215

„ tristis, ,.. 216

„ Tytleri, • ;... 210

Phudong ...,..,...., 167

Piddington on deletrions ink, • .....*.. 83

Pingalachhanda Sutra, .....»..., ..*... 7

PimeloduB batasius, .« 190, 20i)

„ cardo, .«...., 200

„ changdramara, , 199

„ hara, • 199

„ khongata, 200

„ kurki, 200

„ manggoi, 199

„ nangra, 200

„ rama, 200

„ veridescens, 200

Fipistrellus affinis, 213

„ annectans, • 213

„ Austenianus, • •• 213

„ serotinus, ., 134

Pipley, Grants of lands at, 87

Pippaldda S'akha, 140

Pitha nirijaya, 282

Platycephalus insidiator, 204

Platystacus chaca,. , , , ,, • » .....••.. 199

Pleeiiodon AJdroTandi, • , ♦ , «••«•• 181

„ scutatuSf *.».«* »t«t»t*«* 1B4

Plouronectes arsi, , * * , 201

„ areius, » 201

Poly d act jlisra ia a horse, ....,«.••* * . • . . 18

Poljnemus indicua •••-•..•.. •••..«• 204, 209

„ paradiBeua, •....•...••.... • i . • » • 204

y, ieria^ *.,.•,.* 204

,, teti-adactyla, , , 204

Foljsiphotua angustiasima, * 172

ff poljehroma, , , l*ti

Poonawa, Photographs of, 267

Poonpoon river, Bridge over the, * • . . , 265

Praumra dan, •*.,#,♦• , , 247

Pras 'na-Kaumiidi, ,,•..•••«••••. 283

Pratab, son of Balbhadr, .♦♦.•.•.*,,«,,, , ,. 133

Pratapachandra Ghoaha, on Assam coins, , %Zi

„ on Chaibassa inscriiitions, . , 18(1 .

^f on Harchoka inscriptions, 237

Pratapa Devala, king of Eohtasgarh, , , 273

Pratt, (Capt, C. 80, Eloction of, 120

Prayogas^a bj Keshada, *.••*•••• ,,, 7

Presentations received, •,•»•.,♦•,•*,,»#.•••.. ,,., 1

Preeidont's Addrese S3

„ remarks on Inertia and Time, 165

,, ,, on Thunder-storms, 147

Propasser saturatus, ••«..••■•« * 213

„ thura,..«. .*•• ***••.* r**** 216

Protococcua yuIgariB, •*••*««• « * . 17l

Psammophia condauurus, ...••• 191

„ Leithei, .«.•.« ., ••«• ,..« , 19I

P&ilorbynchus balitora, .«.*.«*«. « 20

,, eucatio, « 20

Pseudophiops Beddomei, 19

„ Theobald], ,*.*.. 193

„ Jei-doni, , . 102

page

Psmidorhombus atftius, ..*.** 2<>l

Pseudeutropiua atherinoides, , • . • . • 1J)9

,, megolops, , . , , •.....•»*. 1 1>9

„ nenga, , , , , 1 99

„ unira, .i.*.i ••.••• 19d

Pterapon trivittatua, ♦...*,*,* 203

Publications^ Iteport on, ., * • . . . • « . • » • 24

PtirfiDa, Atma, . • • » • « • • • 7

„ Ekamrai , 7

„ Viihannaradija, 2%%

P^m ^a Varmma, i « 2^5

Purninandai liakra, • . « * 282

Puras charana rc^olldsa, • • , . , « 282

„ viueka, »•«•• *... 282

Pyada^i Eaja, » *** , 257

Qadirganj, named after Qadir Ali, . » , , » , 100

Qanauj ooine, ••..«.•• Ill)

Pddhanfitba Sikdora Death, of, 22

Bafi'uddarjat, 127

Bafi^nddaidali, • ...,., 127

Raia fluviatilis, , 20.S

Itii Fiiuz, , , . 247

Raizadeh Ratan Chand, grandson of Donee CUand, .,.,,,,» 104

EajabullabUa, , , 282

Bijabbanjaj .... * ••.•.•«.••••••.•.*......«..• 180

Rajapur, * ,.«*«# 178

Bajendralala Mltra, on tlie Allah U^ianiBhad, • • . , • 140

„ on Dress in Ancient India, 100

„ Notes on tlie Antiquity of Indian

Arohitocture, .,,,,,., II

„ Il<?ply to Mr. Chalmer*8 remarks,*. 13

^, on Sanscrit MSS., ,..,,.,. ^ 277

Rajgeer, Photograph of, .•,...,,,.... 261

Rnkal Da© Ilaldar, on Chutia Kagpui' in scrip tiona, • , , IU2

Ramltrishna Dasa, Election of, , , , , 120

RameBvar Mazumdar, , , ,,»«*...,.,«», 20

Index*

ado

jTft, Pliotograpli of,

JlanaLhanja,

, 263

_ , 180

Kana Kii^n, • • . . * f »....,*.« 98

Banizana, Tank of^ ••..., 247

Baelibihai'i Boee^ on Bliagulpore Legends^ . • • . • 116

,j on a Hinrlee work on Kharakpur^ . * 98

„ on Josar Isbwaripur, ..,.•,. 134

Eaal>ora daniconius, ••..»•,•• .••..,.■•.........• 205

,, elonga, . . , . « ...<....... . 206

Recess in September and October, .»...., 255

Reid (X R)» Election of, , 137

Blopa anguina, •«•••.....••....«« IQ5

y^ Hardwickii, .••.....» 1 95

y, alleopunctata, , , * « rJ5

^, Boringi, ,. .....*••. 195

Beport^ Annual, . , ••..•. .,«»....,,,, 2t

Ekinok, ..•••••.•..,, 107

Eliizoclonium Kocliianum, . . , 171

Ki8olla, 113

Rogers ^Capt, B), Election ofi 90

„ (0. J-), on the Death of Humajun, 105

Rogavinis'chaya, .•,,,•. 282

Eokilah Chief, Mausoleum of the, ,•..,, , 127

Rohtasgarh, Antiquities of, 273

Roliitasiva, founder of Rhotasgarh, . . • • • 273

Ross (T. M.), grant of land to, ^ 90

Roz-a&UD, • • • • • « * . * . 9B

Rakmini tank, * , 254

Rale 29, Ohange of the 235

Rundall (Col. T. H,)» Election of, •,.*.,,. 82

Sabine, (General) vie^ of atmoepherio pressure, , 15

Sa'diilah Khan, Yizier, 87

Bahabad, Antiquities of, , 272

Sahasrandntia 8tuti, . • 282

Saidpur road, , , 274

3'aktisangania Tontra, , 282

Fag4

Samanyabbava Eahasjai 28S

Somblial, Faujdar of, 127

Samuells (Capt> W. L.) Election of, 276

,1 on Harclioka, ,,,••., • 57

}, on Harclioka Antiquities^ , 236

,i on Pacliumba axes, « 231

,, Bock cut excayations at Harchoka, 283

Saudorson (C), Election of, , , ••♦*...*..•.• 96

Sandhya paddhati, * , , , » 282

Sangraha, Grautbai ••...,... •»..,••* 282

Sangram Skab, .*..•*..... 98

Sankiti, Battatreya, 282

„ Xaxnl^j * * • > * * 7

„ Siva, , • . , 98

,, Tsana, * . * ^ . . « . . • 282

S 'aiikai'uuaiida*s noto on Atharva Upanisliad, , , 5

8 dnkhayana Qrihya Sutra, ...*•«•,•., 7, 283

S 'ankbya Kaiimudi, * , 282

JSimanyalaksbana Kahasya, ,.•*,...*«.«..,• 283

Ban&crit MSB., Conservation of, 2, 277

B'dnti-s'ataka, w 282

S tolula Yarma, . . 259

Barasvatt Tantra 282

Sari, 102

BaBanaka, ,*..... * 285

Basseram, Pbutograpbs of, • 272

S^ataka, Gorakshap * . * 282

„ S'auti, 282

Saucbika, * . . • ».,.,.... 102

Sayyid Mabmud, of Barba, 127

Bcbwendler (L.)j Tests of bad insulators, , 72

Seincus officinalis, . « . .«•••.....«• 116

,y Mitranus, * . • • *•• «.•• 115

,y New species of, ••*.•• t » • » « # • • 96

rufegeens, ..••• •• •««.•••••• • 181

,, pavimentatuBi ••«<•«•••««#•«•(«••• ••## 181

I

I

Scincus punctatufl, , , , , , , 181

Scotopliilus fiiliginosai ..,,.. « • 212

„ fiilvidus, , . * , 212

„ cinereum, 171

Scytonema gTamelataniy » 172

„ 8Bruginio-cinereum j • 171

Boetamoree near Nadgurha, , * . .........#•• 207

Sehoree, Photographs of, , . , , , , , , , 263

8equestratic or Account Books, .... i »«..««..•• • • 91

Shahbttis Khan Kambu, .....*»...»»» 132

Bhaiatah Khan, 133

8hakarpari, ,..•.,.. ^ , • 276

Sliamshernagar, Photographa of, * .^ • • 263

Shamsudtliu, Date of, 249

8hat chakra tippani, • . • 282

,, vivriti tika, ..•.»*..•• 283

Sherif 111 Omra (Sir) Election cancelled, ,,. 58

Bherer (J. W.), struck otf, 58

Sher Afkan, Tomb of, , , , 128

Bfier Shah, Tomb of, , 272

Shikarabad nortJi of Kharakpur, * , , , 99

Shunt's Galvanometer of Latimer Clark, ...,.•*•,,«•**«• 219

Sikkim Birds, , .,,.... 215

„ (Independent), Account of, 167

„ „ Viaitto 226

S ikshfis, . . . , • 7

Sillago domina, « ,.,.*.... 208

Bmha-Tjigraha Eahaaja^ , 2H3

Simroun, the aneieut Capital of Mithila, •»••••••• 270

Bimotea bicateuateR, •••..• 191

Siphonaria, Anatomy of, , 119

Bisor rabdophorus, ..••••••••••.. 199

Bitaua ponticeriana, •..«.•,......•..*• .••••••• 194

Sitta cashmerensiB, ••,•««••■»•••*««,..«•* 209

,, himalayanas, « . • « • 209

iTa-Biinhita, . . . . « ..*..,.«*..•...••.. 282

238

Indejs^

81caiifla Pui-tt^a, •«.«*.•• * « 4 ^ t « • . •

Smith (J.), Election of, »

8mriti*clnmdriya sradJliakala, , • » ♦ ♦ ♦

Spectroscopic analysis of the Corona, * . . -

BpirogjTa decimina, , • , , , * , *

,; euboaqua^ • • • • • i *

Bpironema, .•..,..«,•.«•.•, ...*••...»

Bph'iih'oa oscillarioides, ,..».••..

Sqiiallns characias, •«••»•••«•«

SraddhaTitlhi, .,....••.•«.•••••,•,•,,«.

B'riguruafthaBranama stotra, ••,,.*

S^rautaprayaseliitta chandrika, *

B 'ribhaktiratnavali, •.••», * * « 1 1

B^rigunj BahaBranima, ,.«,«.,

Btaurospermiim c^erulescenBi « • • • • m «.■ a^* «••••!•» •«<

Btava, Gangfi, . . , , , ,.,,,.,,.»»..,

Stellio DayanuBy

,^ indicua, »....•..•

-,, melanuriiSf .••••«*..,

,, tubereulatuSy * .....«• 181,188,

Btenotis^ « • * • ,.....,

Stevens (H. W.), Withdrawal of,

Btolephorus bulitoraj » ,..•....• t •••.*•••*... •

,y 8uketl| • .....*

Btoliczka, F., on the Anatomy of Cremnoeonchus, ,•...,,,

„ on atmospheric pressure,*.. • • , *

,, on Mr. Blanford*8 paper on Sikkim, ,

,, on the geographical disti'ibution of Telphusidwj .,

,^ on Indian and Bunnese 0j)hidian9 ,

,, on Monlmein Terrestrial MoUusca, . . . • ,

„ appointed trustee of the Indian Museunip ...,..*,

Btotra, Durgidddimanama, . . . •

p K^li Baliasranaina, ,

I, S^riguru eahaaranama, •*.....,. **...••

,, 8 y^ma» , ^

^ Yagalamukloi »

113

Indsa*

a^9

Strachcy (CoL E-), on Bai^ometnc Curves, , . . 65

,, Bemarks on Baromoters, •,»•.,*...* 15

St, John, on Arracau celts, , ,.,.•....♦.•, 83

Stubba (Major), on a MnUammadan coin, , 97

Sturnns unicolor, ,•..,. *.••.. 210

,, niteuSj t* t... 210

Sut-^hika, , , . 102

Sudama Eshi cave, , , 257

Suddhi Dipika , ••.. 1B3

Sun, Spectroscopic examination of the, 1 38

Simdari saktldana tika^ , 181

,, Baktidana, •....• 232

Sureavaraa, notes on Briliadaranyaka Upacishad, 5

Siirajknnd, Temple of, 254

Svarodaya, 282

Svatautra Tantra, ........... 2s2

S'yama-etotra/ ,.,.,,.... 282

Sygnatliua deocata, .••......•••« * 204

„ klaarke, • 204

8yn-hapto3 tibotonus, 168

Tachydromus Haughtonianiis, , . , , 192

,, maridionfolia, 1 92

„ Beptemtrionalis, 1 9*2

„ eexiineatus, , 192

Talxawwnr Singh^ DH

Tukarudi Svarupa,, , 282

Talborfc (T. W. H,) Notea on Dera Ismail Khan, 17

Tankra-la, * . . . . 167

Tantra, Aeliaraftahasra, 283

,, Brahmaj nana» ...••.• 282

„ G^jatri brJlhmanoll^ba, 28^ J

„ Gui'u, ... 282^

„ Guliyati gnhya, 282

„ Jn^na, ••^••••••••••««^«».«. 28i

„ Muiidamila, ,,..,.... ...»....,. .• 283

„ Nila, 282

340

Index,

Tantra SiiktisaDgamn • .

I, &ira| (Mahat) Bi-alimaJDaua, • • .

y, Sarasvatij

,, Svatantra^

,, NotoB on. • • , , • •

Tanyek-tsoi * * • . . . .,..«.

Torka Ealiasya, , .......*

Tattvauu aandlidiiai . . « .....•».. « . «

Tattra prakasika, , t . •

I, sandliinai ,

Telpbusa Gueritii, ,

,, indica, ••.,.••.

„ Leschenaultiiy ,,. ...••

TelphuBida.^ Malayan and Indian, 83|

Tennaiit (J. R), Election of,

,, „ elected Membor of Couuoil,

,, on Inertia and tinio, •

„ on the total eclipso of Doer lltli

)» Biiggeetiona for visitors to the total oclipse,

Telegraph earth, Test of, . . , , »

Teetudo Phayrei, Notes on, • • •

Tetrodon cuteutiai , ,..

,, kariya phoksa, ...•,••,••......

Theobald (W.), on Aracan Bhella, , , , .

„ on Moiilniein aheU, •....,,,,,,,,,,. ...

Thomas (T,), Withdrawal of,

Thorapon eervus,

Thimder-etorm,

Tibet, Observations on atmospherii: prttsenre in, . *

Tij Eai of Palamau, ,..••..•• «.«.......

TinnuncnluB alandarius, ,,,.....

Tippani, Shatchakra,

Tirhut, Antiquities of,

Tiata (The)

Todor Mull, Birthplace of, ...,.,,. ,

Todar MaU of Bihar,

M^.

Ul

TrefTts (0.), Election of, . • • . • . • . . 82

Tricliiurua leptiirus, ••••..• 204

Tricliogaster fasciatiis, chiina, eotra, laliiis, sota, «•...•«*., 201

Trichopodua beje, ceonilescens, colisa, fuscus, rubor, vittatus, 20 1

Trimeresurus Andersoni, ..••., ••••••.• 192

Tropidonotua bellules^ himalayaiiufl, junceus, macrops, ma^ croplthalmus, plumb icolor, quincunctiatus, eikkimeasiB,

subminiatus, , • . • , • 191

Tugliril Khan, , .,,.••... 2l7

Tunnavaya, »..•#•«#• • • • « • .,,,,•«•« 102

Turka Tippani, •-•... 28$

Trygon sephen, ...,..•, * •••,•• 20.*)

Trypancben vagina, • « t • « • 204

Tylognathus boga • . . 206

TypUlops andamanensis, braminus, Lothriorhyncbus, Hora-

fieldi, pammeces, porrectus, Tboobaldanua, 191

UpaniBliad, Akshamalika 283

,, Anuapiirna, •« •••.. 283

„ Commentary on Atkarvaj .....•...••...« 5

^, Bribad^an 'yakoi • • 5

„ Ekaksbara, . , , . , , . 283

„ Nirvana, , 283

,1 Yajnavalkyai , *. . . 283

Vaditbika kubba, , 269

Yagalamukbi*kavaoba» * • * t ««,,,•• • 282

Yagala patala, • « • 282

Yaisala identifiod witb Bukra^ .*«*., 270

V^akrisbn 'ashtukai , * . . t 283

Tapiya well, . , 250

Yapour, Actual tension uf, , 15

. Yasisbtba yogakanda, • ....••...•..•*«•.•... 282

Yastu Homa, 282

Yespertilio Blanfordi, nepdonsisj pacbypuS| •«•••«•• 314

I Yespertilionidso, New Indo-Cblneso, .,,,,* •.... 210

Ye^perns Andordoui, atratu^j, fidiginoBa^ pracbiotiB, pra-

cbypua, ,.••,*,..•..»..••«.,., 211| 212

342

iMte.

Vijakosha, 281

Yigesharya'pti bbava EoLasya, Sa,

VishBU Pad in Gya, ...**...... 2

Virarana Bh^lija, .••,«• i •.. t *.••....« . 283

Vrihanndradija Purana, ...•»•»•*.»**•••*»#••«• • • 2;

Yj^karana bhdra, . . • ••»»**.«» •...*.«* 21

Vyaptanugama Eabasja, ..•••, 283

Vyaptigrahopaja Eahasya, , , i , , • 283

Vyapti panchaka Eahasya, . - , • • • • . 283

Vyfivaatlianiana, 283

Waagen (W ), Election of, 52

Walker (A. G.), struck off, , , . . 57

Wallace, (W. A. J.), WitLdrawal of, , 138

Wax'da birds, ..,,,.. •..,.••,.... 116

Warth (H), Withdrawal of, 27^

Waterhouse, J.,on new Plioto-callograpluc printing process, 23^H

West Berar Temples, Photographs of, * * * , ^^^|

Whisham (J, B.), struck of, w . . . , • 5™

Wilkinson, (J.) strnek off, • . . , 57

WiUiaina (0.) struck off, 58

Wikon (J.), Election of, » 55

Wood-Mason (J.) on Telphusidee, • 78,

Xavier*s (Jerome) Life of the Twelve Apostles, ••.•.....• 1

Yakla,... 157

Yati bhueani, ....»,.... 28]

Zabardast Khan, I

Zamenis fasciolotus, ....•• .•.,,«..« IDl

Zosterops simplex, 1

Meteorological Olservaiiom.

I

Abstract of the JRemlh of the Hourlif Meteorological OlsenatioM

taken at the Surveyor General's OJjice, Calcutta^

in the month of January 1871.

Latitude 22° 33' V North. Longitude 88° 20' 31/' East.

Heiglit of tlie Cistern of tlie Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.

Daily Means, &c. of the Oliserrations and of the Hygrometrical elements dependent thereon.

	5^.	Itan^e of tlit* Eurorii(>ter	'3 g	IJange of the Tonipera-
		diirliij^ the diiy<	^1	tuie during the day.
				!
Date.
		Max,	Miu.	DiE		Max.	Min.	DiflT.
	Indies.	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	o	o	0	o
1	29.907	29.998	29.843	0.165	71.5	81.6	63.5	18.1
2	.934	30.009	.883	.126	72.9	81.2	66.4 148
3	.986	.072	.928	.144	67.1	73.7	60.5 : ]3.2
4	30.009	.107	.941	.106	62.3	70.0	66.0 ]4X)
6	29.909	.031	.897	.134	61.7	70.8	54.0 M\M
6	.954	.024	.889	.135	63.9	73.5	b^.6 37.0
7	.986	.059	.931	.128	65.7	75 2	58.0	17.3
8	.981	.056	.930	.125	67.0	76.7	59.5	17.2
9	.986	.073	.936	.137	65.7	76.2	57.0	19.2
10	.970	.047	.912	.135	65.5	75.5	66.7	18.8
11	.948	.016	.910	.105	66.8	78.0	57.5	20.5
12	.962	.042	.921	.118	60.8	74.5	60.5 1 14.(>
13	.977	.058	.923	.135	65.7	76.5	57.2 19.3
14	.996	.072	.943	.129	65.7	77.5	66.2 21.3
15	.986	.067	.931	.136	60.8	78.4	57.3 21.1
16	.971	.041	.901	.140	68.9	79.5	60.0 1 19.5
17	.945	.004	.9(X)	.104	70.0	79.2	61.2 ' 18.n
18	.982	.062	.930	.132	72.7	79.4	67.8 11.(5
19	30.005	.106	.943	.163	72.3	79.8	65.4 1 1.4
20	29.976	.076	.897	.179	68.8	75.7	62.0 ; 13.1
21	.943	.022	.881	.141	60.1	75.0	68.3 ' 10.7
22	.959	.022	.913	.109	66.9	76.6	60.0 10.(5
23	.989	.065	.932	.133	68.7	78.8	60.5 ! 1S.3
24	.984	.053	.947	.106	70.0	80.3	i 62.1 17.9
25	.977	.062	.923	.139	71.3	81.5	i 03.5 i 18.0
26	30.037	.119	.960	.159	69.3	70.9	1 02.2 14.7
27	.057	.148	.990	.152	65.0	75.0	1 57.5 17.5
28	.032	.115	.906	.119	Ct.6	71.7	1 55.5 19.2
29	.011	.099	.944	.155	668	77.3	i 5S.4 ! 18.9
30	.013	.099	.962	.137	69.4	79.5	1 01.0 • 18.5
31	.029	.101	.988	.116	70.9	81.0	1 61.0 19.4 1 1

The Mean Height of the Barometer, an UVe-^V^ci N\\^\^^^ t^w\"^ ^v ^v^ Thermometer Menns are derived, from " ^ c)\i'&<iYN^NAQ\\'i,xs^^^^ '^"^ ^^"^

5(^rei«/^ours during the day.

u

Meteorological Observations.

AbMtract of the ResulU of the Jlonrl^ Meteorological Observationi

taken at the Surveyor GeneraVs OffieCj CalcttUa^

f» the month of January 1871.

Daily Meiui8, Ac. of tlie Obserratmns and of llie Hjjfrometrical element! dependent Ibereon. — fConiinu^ni,)

Bate.

^

^

a

0	0	0	0	Jncljes.	T.RT.	T.gr.
65,0	6.5	59.8	11.7	0.620	5.69	2.69
60,3	6.6	61.0	11.9	.541	.93	.80 '
69.0	8.1	52.5	14.6 1	.44)7	4.60	.82
55.9	6.4	&}.!	12.2	.375	.19	.12
56.0	5.7	60.9	10.8	.385	.31	1.88
68,6	6.3	53.8	10.1	.425	.73	.90
60,7	5.0	56.7	9.0	.469	5.19	.83
6<3.9	6.1	56.0	ILO	.458	.07	223
59.4	6.3	54.4	1L3 1	.434	4.81	.21
59.0	6.5	53.8	1L7	.426	.71	.27
60.5	6.3	55.5	11.3	.450	.99	.27
60.0	6.8 1	54.6	12.2	.437	.84	.42
58.0	7.7	61.8	13.9	.397	.40	.62
58.0	7.7	51.8	13.9	.397	.40	.62
58.5	8.3	51.9	14.9	.398	.41	.85
60.9	8.0	54.5	14.4	.435	.80	.94
63.0	1 7.0	57.4	13.6	.480	5.27 ,	.73
66.1	6.6	60.8 '	11.9	.537	.88	.80
65.2	7,1	: 59.5	12.8	.515	.63	.95
61.9	6.9	56.4	12.4	.464	.11	.60
§9.7	6.4	54.6	11.5	.437	4.84	,26
60.4	6.6	55.2	11.7	.445	.93	.35
61.9	6.9	66.3	13.4	.462	5.10	.59
63.6	6.4	56.5	11.5	.498	.47	.53
65.8	5.5	61.4	9.9	.548	6.02	.31
6L9	7.4	56.0	13.3	.158	6,05	.78
! 50.5	9.1	49.:i	16.4	.363	4.04	.96
50.8	7J	50.6	13.9	.381	.24	.52
59.6	7.2	53.8	13.0	.4^5	.70	.66
63.0	6.4	57.9	11,5	.488	5.36	.60
6i.9	6.0	60.1	, 10.8	.525 \	.76 \	.47

,69 .67 .63 .63 .61 .62 .66 .68 .66 .66 .68 .68 .66 .68 .72 .65 .58 .63 .65 .68 ,70

1

f/gromeiricol elomeutft tie compuU4\ii HXitQtT^<iuVv?^Q<yM\^aXi*

Meieoi'oloffical Otservathns,

ml

Ahitraet of the Hemlh of He Hourff Meieorolo^kal Oliervaihns iakm ai the Surveyor Generates Office^ Calcuita, in ike month of January \^1\^

HomrJj Means, &c. of Uie Observntionfl and of tW HjRTometrical elementfl dependent thereon.

	•su	Hftnge 4	:>r tlie Biiro meter	^	Itan^e of the Temperm-
	III	for eaeb hour during	11	tur« for each Lonr
	the mouth		1^	during	the month.
Hour.	Max.	Min.	Diff.	Mm.	Mis.	Dir.
	Inches.	Inches.	Itiehes.	Inches.	0	o 1	0	D
Mid-
nigiit.	29.981	30.064	29J96	0.168	63.9	71.6	58.3	13.S
1	.972	JM9	.892	.157	63.2	70.0	57.2	12 8
S	.9B4	.038	.883	.155	62-5	69.4	66.0	13.4
%	.967	.031	.894	.137	61.9	68.5	66.7	12.8
4	,956	.026	.896 !	.131	61.3	68.0	56.6	12.$
5	.964	.061	.906	.145	60.8	67.8	56.0	12.8
e	J77	.072	.916	.166	00.4	68.0	54.2	13.8
7	ao.ooi	.101	.941	.160	60.1	68.0	64.0	14.0
8	.031	.120	.970	,150	62.3	68.4	67.7	10.7
. 9	.067	.148	.991	.157	65.5	71.7	69.7	12.0
lio	.061	.142	■WO	.144	69.2	755	62.5	13.0
1"	.043	.114	.976	•139	72.0	77.6	65.0	12.6
^oon.	.014	.082	.941	.141	74.0	79.0	67.0	IS.O
1 i	29.979	.046	.899	.147	75.6	80.4	68.5	11.9
9	.954	.028	.873	.155	76.6	81.2	69.4	11.8
8	.939	.013	.861	.162	77.1	81.6	70.0	ii.e
4	.931	.014	.843	.171	76.1	80.6	69.0	1L6
L ^	.934	M2	.846	.176	74.8	79.5	67-9	1L6
1 ^	.948	,040	.856	.186	71.8	76.7	66,5	11.3
' 7	.959	.056	.870	.186	69.6	74.3	63.2	11.1
8	.978	.067	.880	.187	67.8	72.6	61.6	ii.a
9	.992	.079	.893	.186	66.7	72.6	60.5	12.1
10	.998	.082	.899	.183	65,6	72.0	69.6	12.6
i"	.993	.075	.894	.181	64.8	71.8	68.6	13.2

I

I

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as Thermometer Means are derircd from the houra during the month.

like wise the Dry and "Wet Bulb

obscrrations made tvt tW ^^t-^^tx^

i

IV

Mi'itiorologlcifl Ol^erra /iouf.

Ah:tfi'acf of the llit^nllH of Ihp Uonrlif MeieoroUg'ical OUervations

iakcH at the Sanetjor GeneraVs Ofjice, Calcutta,

id the month of January 1871.

Hourly Means, kc. of llic Oksorva lions and of tlie ITygronietrical clemcnii dependent tliereon. — (Continued.)

	1	i	^ 1 1	1 Ep	Cm O	Vapour of air.	?-1l 1
	r5	o				«.- ^	«*- r "?
Hour.	-3	1	1	a	c			c Ji 3
	(S3		1 1	ft-			5 8.1'	brs q
	0	0	0	0	Indies.	T. gr.	T.gr.
Mid-
niglit.	60.1	3.8	56.7	7.2	0.460	5.22	1.41	0.7^
1	69.0	3.6	5(>.4	6.8	.461	.17	.:«	.8(>
2	5<J.2	3.3	6(L2	6.3	Mn	.15	.20	.81
3	5S.G	3.3	55.6	6.3	.452	.(>(>	.17	.81
4	5H.2	3.1	55.4	5.0	.410	.02	.10	.82
5	b7.7	3.1	5 1.')	5.0	.411	4.0 1	.08	.82
(*>	57.1	3.0	5^.7	5.7	.1.8S	.01	J)i	.S3
7	57.1	3.0	51.1	5.7	..J 81.	.80	.08	.83
8	5S.1	4.2	51.3	8.0	.!:«	.88	.48	.77
K)	5i>.rt	5.7	55.2	1().8	.115	.05	2.03	.71
10	61.1	S.l	5 1.0	11.0	.187	.Si	3.(K)	.02
11	02.0	10.0	51.0	18.0	.428	.00	.81	.55
I^oori.	62. t	11.6	5i.3	10.7	.482	.71	4.83	.52
]	6:i.O	12.6	51.2	21.4	.131	.08	.80	.40
2	m.o	18.5	58.5	28.0	.421	.57	5.18	A7
3	08.1	18.7	58.8	28.8	.425	.01	.81	.47
4	(58.0	18.1	58.8	22.3	.425	.()2	.01	.48
5	08.2	11.0	55.1	19.7	.414	.81	4. 12	.52
(i	08.1)	7.«	57.0	U.2	.483	5.20	3.16	.03
7	08.L	0.2	58.1	11.2	.400	.40	2.11	.00
8	02.0	5.2	5S.4	9.4	.400	.18	.00	.73
9	02. 0	4.7	5S.2	8.5	.408	.15	1.78	1 .75
]0	(U.l	4.2	58.0	7.0	.1^0	.42	.58	.77
11	60.7	4.1	57.1	7.4	.-180	.33	.50	.78

AU tho Jl jgrometrical clemeuts are computed by the Grceuwicli Constant*.

Meteorological Olservationa.

Abstract of the lieauli'S of the Hourly Meteorological Observations, taken at the Sui^et/or GeneraVs Office^ Calcutta^ in the month of Jantmry 1871. Solar IJadiation, Weather, Ac.

			Wind.
c	Prevailing	S	H	General aspect of the Sky.
1 ss	^F	direction.	eS go
1 o i Inches		lb	MUes
1	135.2	...	WbyN	....	100.6	Bto3A.M.,\iiol2A.M.,B. afterwards. Slightly foggy at midnight, 1 a. m., & 8 p. m.
2	136.0	•••	WSW&WJSfW	...	143.6	B. Slightly foggy from 7 to 10 p. M.
3	129.8	•*•	NW, N& NN W	..*	186.0	B to 2 A. M., N^i to 6 A. M ,.
					B afterwards. Foggy from 7
					to 11 P.M.
4	129.5	...	N W&NNW. [W	0.3	136.0 B. Foggy at midnight & 1 ▲. H., & from 8. to 11 p h.
5	126.5	...	KW, NNW&WiS	...	159.4 { B. Foggy at midnight & 1 U. M., 4 from 8 io 11 p. M.
6	128.0	...	WNW &N	...	143.6 1 B to 6 A. M., \i afterwards.
						Slightly foggy at midnight.
7	128.8	...	NbyE&NW	...	126.9	B to 10 A. M., \i to 7 P. M. Vxi afterwards. Foggy from 9 to 11 p. M.
8	131.2	•••	NW&WNW.	...	104.4	\i to 7 A. M., \i & \-_i to 6 p. M., B afterwards. Foggy from 8 to 11 p. m.
9	130.0		WNW&NNW		105.7	B to 11 A.M., \ito6p.M.,. B afterwards. Slightly foggy from midnight to 8 a. M., &d to 11 p. H.
lO; 132.5	...	N NW& WNW	• ..	108.0	\i & \_i to 6 p. M., Baf-
						t<»rwards. Slightly foggy from
						7 to lip. M.
11	131.0	...	WNW&WbyN	...	77.0	. B. Slightly foggy from mid- night to 6 a. M., i& 8 to 11
12	123.8	...	WNW.	...	107.4	p. li. B to 2 A. M., \i to 6 p. M., B afterwards.
13	130.0	...	WNW.		106.6	B. Slightly foggy from 9 to 11 p. M.
14	133.5	...	WbyN&ENE.	...	73.0	B. Slightly foggy from mid- night to 6 A. H. B to 7 A. M.,\i to 10 A. M.,
16	133.0	...	ENE&ISr.	...	126.0
						B to 2 p. M* W to 6 p. M., B
						after\i'ards. Slightly foggy
						from 7 to 11 p. m.
16	137.6	...	N N E & N.	...	160.6	B to 6 A. M., W to 4 p. M., B afterwards.
17	137.8		N]SE,NE&NbyE	...	136.7	B to 6 A. M., V»i afterwards.

\i Cirri, —i Strati, '^i Cumuli, \-.i CiTO-atT«A.\, «^VC\v\si>3\Q-'8?ct^>:\,^^'^^^'^^- W C/rro-cumuli, B<?lear, S stratoiu, O .o\<itcTv%\^v'^ V\L\\xi^^^, ^Xx^xvwsv^ B rain, 1) drizzle.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^fliel^mSpeS^VliervaiwnJ^^^^^^^^^M
^H Ahiiraci of ike Remits of the Hot^rly Mekorvhgkal OUertaiion^ |
^^^^ taken at the Surveyor General's OJice^ Calcniia, ^^
^^^V in the month of January 187L ^H
^H^ Solar Hadiation, Weather, ^Lc.
	:3^ (&? .	WlKD.	^
				"""""■ "■ "3
Prevailing direct ton.	1^
	o	lucbee		tb	MUen	^
^^Pl8	124.3	*•»	^E3byE&]!^KE	1	81.7	^i to 4 A. Iff.. 0 to 9 A- M.. 8 to 3 p. M., Vi t^ 7 p. M- 8 afterwards. Slightly foggy from 9 to 11 p, u.. D at5i& 11 A. M.
H	134J	.»■	N &NW	...	^8.2	Chieflj B. Slightly foggj at midnight <Sc, 1 a. m.
H	136.0	...	NW&W	...	156,1	B. Slightly foggy at 10 k 11 p. M.
1	134.5	««•	W&Wbylf	...	109.1	B. Shghtly foggy at mid-
H	134,0	• •*	WbjtN&WSW	•**	105.6	niglit. B. Slightly foggy from 8 la 11 p. M. ^M
^ft^ £3	104.5	...	W S W & W.	...	77.3	B. _■
^^H 24	138.0	• **	WAWSW, [W		99.7	^B
^^B S5	136.2	B* ■	W8W,SW&SS	...	129.3	^^
^^^ 26	134.0	...	WJSW&Variable,	-*.	146.0 0 to 7 A. If.. B afterw»SBrn Foffgy from 1 to 4 a. m. 126.2 B. Slightly foggy from 7 to
1	133.5	• •*	Wl?^ W&W	0.8
					11 p. M,
H	133.0	***	W & W by S	*••	96.5 B. Slightly foggy at ttitd- nfght from 6 to 7 a. M. i& 9 to 11 p. M.
H	131.6	...	W by 8 & W	...	109.0	B. to 1 p. K.. ^i to 4 p,ii., B. afterwards.
^1	131.6	• It	W by S & W	...	104.9 1	B. to 12 A. M..v^i, to 3 p. M,, B afterwards
^1	136.6	.««	W by S & W	■•>	78.11	B. Slightly foggy from 7
						to 9 p. M.
^^^H f icifmV — ^i Stmti, '^i CurauB, '^l CltTo^aiTii.^, rv^C\OTw\?>-%lttLU. s^iNimW, 1
^^^ACirro-camulf, B clear, 8 straionip 0 o^m^^t, 'I vVw^^T,\.\v^VBbak%*|

Meieorolagical ObservaSmS,

nil

Ahitrael of ike UemlU of the Hourly MeUorah^^ieai Oliervatlotu taken at tke Surveyor Geiieral'i Office, Calcutta^ iu ike month of January 1871*

MOITTSLT BbsULTS.

MeED KeigTit of the Baromet^^r for the month,.* *,.

H&x. height of the Barometer occurred at 9 a, M. on the 27th. Min. height of the Barometer occurrt^d at 4 p.^m* on the 1st. Extreme ntnge of the Barometer during the month Mean of the daily Max. Pressures

Ditto diUo Min. ditto Mean daily range of the Barometer during the montli .««

Id dies. .. 29.983

. 29.843

, 311002

. 0.130

Mean Pry Btilh Tliermometer for the month .i* Max, Temperature occurred at 3 p. m. on tlio Isit. Min. Temperature occurred at 7 A. M» on the 6th* Mxtreme range of i\w Temperature during the month Mean of tlie daily Max. Temperature ...

Ditto ditto Min. ditto, Meandaiij^ range of the Temperature during the month,.

Mean Wet Bu!h Thermometer for the month *», .,. „.

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer Computed Blean Dew-point for the month Mean Dry Bulh Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ..*

Mean Elastic force of Tapour for the month

. 5S.5 * 12.1

Inohes. . 0.450

Troy grain. Mean Weight of Taponr for the month „. .„ ... 4.98

Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ,,* 2' 48 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete aaturatioa being tinlty 0,07

Mean Max. 8oIar radiation Thermometer for the month ,

132.4

I To

■ To

L

Inchet.

Dmxled 1 dtty,^Max. fall of rain during 24 honn .*. ,», Nil.

Tota! amount of rain during the month ... ... ... '^ih

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge^ attaehfid tA IW vs^«is^- meter during the month ».. ... ,.* .- *- ^S'

PrermliDg direction of the Wind.., ,., ^ ^"^ %^^**^ *

♦ Height 70 feot 10 mckea ii\*<>^c igccroaA*

via

Meteorological Ohenaliom,

00 d

r-t O

a* ^

.5 «

g s s ^

^ ?- O c

o

g

2S

tc

c3 G

I a

tc

G

00

0;

i

Ai KT

TK( tanji

*A\

■tro tnuj-j

~ 'aT'^ ■no i^iV"Jr ~AVl?^^S

Ar4^

'1111 \i\V,\\ "UO IN II J] 'Ui* Ultljf

^?r ^s ■?!

'UO U[T7Jf

-^q -[^

UD mii-jy

no Tiiwji^

Hf) U11IV|-

'iin um^

UO TIJIJIJ

/

i-4 r-4 ^^^ ,_|	f*
C^l ?1 "M m (M ^ ^ r^ tM ^ ^ C^ 1M ip^ ^ ^	fN ^1 !N 'N W 5^ 'M

~^^~^^~WWWW^ -4 ^ 94 CO 04 7^ SQ TiTcfij'ifi &> «"«^eia eo go sq

Cp U3 '30' OS CD <C ^ t£ <^ CD <D t^ op to ^ J> QD I

^'^cscsa « CQ CO ra CQ m «o co>#w3>? -*# o(i os eo di9 0% "M ^ 9t

so OT CO EO SQ 00 P9 KTiPS ^ 05 rH TO "^ PO ^ tCH>i tn* ?6 US iC'S ^qT

CS 60 5*5 CS fiO *rO so ^ CO CCl ^ ^ ^ 94 04 OT ^^ ^^ ^ 6*5 SO

90 PO PS O 9? TO C? O? 9^1 (f^l "^^ QO QO PO i-Hl ^ )HI ^ if^ 91 901 CO ^ ^

=3

6 -

94 OCl C^ fO TO r

,_«,^_^i-^.7PS7*-^TO'^i— '■-^'?1 ,-H,-^,-H^i-NrHi

!W'N9<lTOi^'^'^"— '"-^?2M TO^-* i-*ip-«rt»-Hi-irH^M94

^ ,^V-4 ^ TFl IN T?5 «5V»-^ r- ?>l ^ -f ■?! -M 5*1 ^M « -M .-H-' ^

'Jnoji^

B.

McUorolofjtcal Obierration *,

IX

Ah^lMcf of Ike llennlU of Ht<' Hourft/ ikfaoroiof/ical OU'ervul'wim

lakeii at thf Saneijor G^neraCs Office, QdcniUiy

in the month of Febrvarif 1871.

Latititde tt'' 'SV V North,

Longiluile 88° 20' ar Eyst.

Height of ilie Cistern of tlic Staiul*nllUromcteral)0%'e llie sea level, 18.11 feet.

Daily Means, &<*. of tlie 01»serva(ioiis mid of the IfygromeiricwlijleMutits dopenileiit (hereon.

	:S	l^iMiS^o of the IJnromeler	.A	!i{«n^e of theTen)])Pi^-
		dn	•iii<jf (he iby.	«€	; ture tl^ii	•iiig the	ihi^-.
				t^c
Date.
	• FS~	Max.	llin.	Diff.	s^	; Mnx.	iMiii.	Diir.
	j^-^" ;				s^
	1 Inrheis.	Inches.	1 ' IiKrlies. 1	Tiiehos.	o	1 o	0	o
1	1 80.028	30,116	29%8	0.158	71.4	• 81.8	64.9	16.J»
2	1 24).9o2	.037	.887	.150	71.2	IK3.2	(50.5	22.7
3	1 .OOG	29,970	.840	,130	73.9	1 83.5	68.8	14.7
4	.009	.994	.834	.160	71.3	1 80.5	63.0	17.5
6	' .808	.937	.803	.134	70.6	1 80.5	62.3	18.2
C	i .894	.981	.841	,140	71.8	82.0	(52.0	20.5
7	1 .903	.976	.847	.129	72.5	, 81.4	64.5	1(5.9
8	1 .895	.959	.838	.121	73.6	1 84.0	65.5	18.5
9	.899	.97^S	.850	.128	74.1	8:^.5	65.4	18.]
H)	.899	.9(57	.840	,127	74.6	! ^5.0	6(5.5	18.5
11	.912	.995	1 .8(55	.130	75.6	1 86.0	(i8.0	18.(!
12	.893	.952	' .840	.112	75.4	' 8(5.0	(58.2	17.8
13	.882	,964.	! .809	.155	76.4	88.6	68.5	20.1
\\	.887	.953	.8:s$)	.114	77.1	89.5	(59.0	20.5
15	.885	.956	.^37	.119	78.8	1M>.5	70.6	19.'.»
16	.872	.959	.816	.143	7(5.9	■ 8(5.8	68.9	17.9
17	.91<>	30.019	.877	.142	(59.9	74.0	6(5.7	7.3
18	.901	29.986	.836	.150	72.(1	80.9	65.5	15.4
19	1 .92(5	.995	.8(55	.130	73.6	82.0	(5(5.5	15.5
20	.926	.9i>5	.8(56	.129	72.2	H).4	(>6.0	14.4
21	1 .955	30.031	.9(>5	.126	71.3	80.4	02.0	18.;
22	i .936	.025	.877	.11^	74.5	85.0	(55.2	19.8
23	j .873	29.941	i .809	.135	77.4	87.5	68.8	18.7
24,	.890	.9C2	.830	.132	80.0	89.6	73.7	159
25	.915	.995	.817	.148	78.3	86. S	72.5	14.3
26	.905	.990	' .8:«	.157	75.1	82.5	(50.8	12.7
27	.878	.9(52	1 .83(5	.126	74.(5	83.0	(^.8 3	n.7
28	.896	.<JSl	.841	.141)	71.9	K5.5	C»5.0	20.5

The Mean Height of the linronielcr. ;>s like\^ ise the Dry and Wet IJnlh Tliermonieter Means ore tlerived, from the hourly oljiiewivC\<^\v&.,>Mk?^.\< vvv >\>««6. several Lours dicrin^ the day.

I Meteorological Observaiio)i9.

Abstract of the llesnlh of the Hourly MeUorolotjical OhservalioH^

taken at the Surveyor GeneraVa Office^ Calcutta^

in the month of Febniary 1871.

Daily Means, Ac. of tlie Obserra lions and of the llygrometrical elemenU dependent Ibereon. — (Continued.)

Date.	S o	1 -3	imputed Dew Point.	1	enn Elastic force of vapour.	p > o	Iditional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation.	1 X t^ o « * be e g	II
	a	P	^ !	p	;?!	T.gr.	<1 T. gr.	13
	0	0	O '	^	* - Inches .
1	61.8	6.6	69.5 1	11.9	0.616	6.G4	2.71	0.6S
2	63.5	7.7	67.3 1	13.9	.478	.24	3.06		.63
8	67.6	6.3	63.2 i	10.7	.682	6.35	2.66		.71
4	61.8	9.5	54.2	17.1	MM	4.72	3.61		.67
5	62.8	7.8	56.6	14.0	MM	5.13	.02		.63
G	Cl.l	7.7	57.9	13.9	.'^^	.31	.11		.63
7 i	G5.9	6.6	60.6	11.9	.5:u	.84	2.79		.68
8	G5.5	8.1	59.8	13.8	.520	.67	3.26		.&i
^ 1	6i>.4	7.7	61.0	13.1	.541	.90	.17		.05
10	6S.G	6.0	61.4	10.2	.605	6.61	2.59		.72
^^ i	GS.9	6.7	64.2	11.4	.601	.54	.94		.69
12 1	GD.o .	5.9	65.4	10.0	.626	.81	.62		.72
13	G;).4 1	7.0	ai.5	11.9	.607 ■	.60	3.12		.68
U 1	70.5 1	6.0	65.9 ,	11.2	.636	.90	.02		.70
15	68.9 i	9.9	62.0	16.8	.559	M	4.40		.68
IG	69. 2	7.7	63.8	13.1	.593	.41	3.42		.65
17	65.7	1.2	62.3	7.6	.565	.21	1.77		.78
18	6().9 1	5.1	62.8 ,	9.2	.571	.29	2.21		.74
19 1	67.7 1	5.9	63.6 '	10.0	.590	.44	.49		.72
20	61.8	7.-i	5S.9	13.3	.504	5.52	3.03		.65
21	62.5 :	i^.S	55.5	15.8	.450	4.94	.39		.59
22	678 ■	6.7	63.1	11.4	.580	6.33	2.85		.69
23	72.3 ,	5.1	68.7	8.7	.697	7.55	M		.75
21	7i.9 1	5.1	71.3 •	8.7	.758	8.18	.63		.76
25 '	71.8 ,	i).o	67.2	11.1	.661.	7.19	3.09		.70
2G	66.1 I	9.3	59.6	15.8	.516	6.61	.82		.60
27	63.8	10.8	56.2	18.4	MM	.02	4.18		.55
28	60.9 1	8.0	61.3	13.6	.646	.95	3.33		.64

AU the i/yjjroujctrical clemcuts arc con\vvxU^'\>^ W<i Qit<i«\v.VvilW ^Qtw'fc\i%jal%

ileleorological Ohsenatious,

Abstract of the liesnJts of the Ilonrlt/ Meteorological Observation t

taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^

in the month of February 1871.

Hourly Means, <&c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrlcal elements dependent thereon.

Hour.

o ^

J?ange of the Bnronieter

for each honr during

the month.

Max.

Min.

Diff.

I^ange of the Ten>pera- ture for each liour during tlie month.

Max.

Min. I Diff.

Mid- night.

1

2

3

4.

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

Noon.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11

Inches.

29.914 .906 .898 .889 .882 .891 .908 .928 .951 .975 .983 .973

.946 .910 .879 .861 .853 .855 .861 .873 .894 .910 .916 .916

.067

.033

.002

29.979

.963

.958

.964

.978

.992

.999

30.002

29.991

Inches.	Ine^s.	Inches.	0	0
30.042	29.872	0.170	70.3	76.0
.035	.860	.175	69.7	75.6
.032	.855	.177	691	75.3
.024	.846	.178	68.5	75.0
.027	.837	.190	68.0	74.7
.041	.843	.198	67.6	74.5
.057	.861	.196	67.1	74.6
.066	.888	.178	67.0	73.7.
• .090	.913	.177	69.2	76.5
.113	.927	.186	72.1	78.7
.116	.937	.179	75.2	81.5 1
.102	.910	.192	78.2	84.5 !

.890 1

.841

.819 I

.803 I

.803

.809

.819

.833

.849

.860

.874

.881

.177 .192 .183 .176 .160 .149 .145 .146 .143 .139 .128 .110

80.3 81.9 83.1 83.7 83.4 82.2 79.2 76.3 74.4 72.7 71.8 71.2

86.5 88.2 89.4 90.5 90.3 88.4 84.5 81.5 79.0 77.0 76.3 76.3

65.6 64.5 63.7 63.0 62.0 61.5 61.0 60.5 63.8 66.5 70.0 72.0

66.7 68.8 69.5 70.0 69.5 C8.0 68.4 68.0 67.8 67.7 67.5 66.5

10.5 11 0 11.6 12.0 12.7 13.0 13.5 13.2 12.7 12.2 11.5 12.5

19.8

19.4

19.9

20.5

20.8

20.4

16.1

13.5

11.2

9.3

8.8

9.8

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet "Bvs^Vi Thermometer Means are dorired from, the oVjaw'^^AAOii^TsxsAfc ^^"Cv^si -^^x^x*^ hovuts during tiie month.

Mrfetvutfotftiurf OUerrafmvte,

Mf/nn*/ of ffte BesnU.f of fife llovrft/ M'le^nohijtcal 0hserrafion9

iii/cen at (he Snrvrt/or GenoniVa Office, Calcatia,

in lite month of Fctjruarij 1S7L

ilourlj?	Meani*,	Ac. of tlic OI»sorvnfii.rii.M	nirtl of tlie ITy^ronwlnViiT e	lew	ent»
		cL.	pcmlciit	tliercon.	— (CoulhinciJ.)
1 1 Hour. 1 1	1 <^ . if	i i ■ 1 rt ; -* ! 1 ^ '	^ ! 1 2	P > Is		U 5.1 Tr i)	ST' 1* « •r £ s* Ml	is III 1 Mm
1 1	o	0	0	o	Fiiclio.s.	T. gr.	T.gr.
Mid- ;		1					i
nigbt.	60.5	! 3.8	G3.5 i	C.8 '	0.588 '	(T.lf5	' 1.02	; 0.80
1 ;	<)G.2	, 3.5	GM '	0.3 '	.5S(5	.15	.)8		.81
'2 \	Go.i>	. 3.2	(5:13 '	6.8	.5St	.13	.:«		.m
3 .	(55.7	1 2.8	(>:].5	5.0 '	.588	.18	.17		.8.5
4 i	03.1	2.(5	(5;;. 3	4.7	.5st	.a	.(K)		.8(;
6 ;	(55. 1	1 2.5	153.1 !	•15	.5.^0	.11	.03		.8(J
<) !	(Jt.H	2.3	(>:r«)	4.1	.578	.10	0.112		.87
7	(»1.5	^ 2.5	(52.5	'1.5	.5(58	.20	1.01		.8(5
8 '	(55.7	3.5	(>2/.) '	(5.3	.570	.35	.1(5		.81
0 ;	(5t5.1>	. 5.2	(52.7	\y 1.	.572	.27	2.2()		.71
10	(57.0	7.3	(52.S	12.1	.57 i	.2(;	3.11		.(57
11	CS.-ir	1 D.B	G1.5 ;	10.7	.5.50	5.05	4.:jo		.58
l^oon.,	n«.i	: 11.^	1 , 00.1	20.2	.525	.05	5.20		.52
1 ,	(5S.(5	' 13.3	, 50.3	22.0	.511	.18	.1)0		.48
2 ,	()S.G	: U.5	5S. 1.	21.7	.l'M5	.31	0.55	1	.15
3	(5S.5	15.2	57.<J	25.S	Js^^	.21	.80		.13
4 <	()K.2	15.2	57.0	25.8	.183 '	.1(5	.80		.13
6	(;s.2	11.0	, 5S.t	23.8	.10(5 '	.31	.23		.KJ
r»	00.2	lO.o	(52.2	17.0	.5(53 '	0.08	4.1.S		.58
7 '	()S.:j	8.0	(.52.7	13.0	.572	.21	3.18		.01
8 '	(57.1	(5.(5	(5:^2	11.2	.582 '	.35	' 2.S0		.(50
0 1	(57. t	5.3	03.2	0.5	.5S2	.3(>	M		.73
10	(57.0	' l.S	0:^2	8.0	.5S2	.37	MH		.75
11	Oi>.H	1.4	03.3	7.0	.5S1	.41	1.80		.77

All the i/jgromctrioul elemeuU arc couvvvvtc^W^ \Ai« <3xs!«\iw\^\\ VlviVi»\».wV*,

Meleoroloffiea I Ohserra iion^.

XIII

Ahsiracl of lite Besnlis of the Uonrli/ Meteorological Ohsenai'ioiiH (aken at lite Surveyor GeneraVs Offiee, CalcnUa, in the month of February 1871» Solar ItacliatioD, Woatlior, «&c.

i -I ^

o

1 ]38.0

2 138.0

3 138.0

4: 137.2 6 135.5

6; 137.8 7; 134.7

8i 135.0 9, 134.0 I

lo; i3r..o

11 138.5 12| 137.0 I 13 I3y.5 I

1 14. 135.5 15! 140.0 I 10= 141.3 j

jlufbes

WlXD.

Prcvailinjr direction.

18 19

136.2 ! 141.3

20; 135.5

21; 140.0

22 23 24

139.0 141.0 142.0

W,WSW&SW

s s w & w

WSW&WbyS 8 by W & W by S

S S E & S by El S, S S E & S by E

S&S S E

s s w & w s w

S W & S s w S S AV & S W

ssw

SSW,SW&SbyW

S by W & 8 S W SS W&SW

is W & Variable,

P-i_

^ ^ . General aspect of the Sky.

^ c i

I

0.26 !

Variable

W

0.10 jW by N & S W

I

SW&WbyN

WNW&TVbyS

WSW&SW

SbyW, S&SSW 0.40 Is by W & S S W

Miles 78.7

9.0

89.3 112.3

119.0 89.7,

81.0 i 76.6

80.8

80.0

92.2

102.1

142.1

187.3

B. Foggy from 3 to 8 a. M., Si 8 to 10 p. M.

B to 6 p. M., \i afterwards. Slightly foggy at 6 & 7 a. M.

o to 7 A. M., \i to 6 p. M.,

B,afterwards.Slightly foggy from 1 to 5 A.M.,&8to 11p.m.

B- Foggy at 8 & 9 p. m.

B to 10 a. M.,\ito4p. M. B, afterwards.

B.

B. to 11 A. M., V-i to 2 P.M., |\i to 6 p. M., B afterwards. Foggy from 6 to 8 a. m.

B. Slightly foggy at 8 p. M.

B. Foggy from 5 to 7 a. m.

B.

B. Foggy from 2 to 5 a. m.

B. Slightly foggy at 4 & 5

|A. M.

107.1 I B. Foggy from 3 to 8 a. m.

126.0 B.

166.5 I B to 6 A. M., \i to 5 p. if.,

B afterwards. Smart Shocks

of Earthquake felt at'5} a. m. ^i to 10 A. M., 6 after-

j wards. E at 11 & 12 a. h.,

I& 4 & 6 p. M. 131.3 i Clouds of 'different kinds

Ito 4 p. M., B afterwards. \_i to 6 A. M., W to 11 A.

M., '^i to 6 p. M., clouds of

different kinds afterwards. L

from7to9&at 11 p. m., T &

R at 8 p. M.

I S to 4 A.M., \— i'to 10 a.m.,

iB afterwards. Slightly foggy

from 9 to 11 p. M. B. Slightly foggy at mid-

inight, & 1 A. H.

j Chiefly B. Foggy at 6 a. m. I Clouds of Tarious kinds. T !at 6i & 7 p. M., L from 6.^ to 18 p, M.., ^ t>.V^,*\ ^^S^\^.^•

132.0

96.1

111.9

100.0,

109.9 126.5 128.8

i 8trah-, '^i Cumuli, \-i C\ro-atTtit\, ^'^^^^^^-^'^T^'^^^^\^^^

\i Cirri, -

V^i CiPTO-cnmuIi, B clear, S stratonV, O

XIV

MfUurolo(/ical Olierralloni.

AUiiart of the. BemlU of the Hourly Meteorological OiserraiioHS

taken at the Surveyor Ge/ieral's Office, Calcutta^

in the month of February 1S71.

Solar IJjidiatioii. Wontlier, «tc.

AViND.

tt r ^

'^ .J £ Prevailing >*

El >^ .^'' General aspect of tlie Sky. directiou. ;?: c; ^ -r i

o Inches. lb Miles ■

25 139.0 ... S S W & W ... ll»5.6 B. Slightly foggy at 8 & 9

P M.

20 139.0 ... iWbyX&WhvS ... 141.4 B.

27 140.0 ... W'SW.W&WtyS ... Kn.l B. Foggj- from 4 to 7 A. M.

28 141.0 ... WSW,AVl>yS,& ... 101.2 B.

sw.

Tirri — i Strati, ^i Cumuli, V-i C\Tro-slTal\, rv_\i:\\mvL\o-*\.T^i\:\,NrJv^\\xvVv, Srro' riimiili. B clear, S stratom, O o^ctca^t, T \.\i>^^^T, \. X^^VVxixx.^. lin. P drizzle.

Meteor olog lea I Ohaerva lions.

XV

Abstract of the Results of the Hourlt/ Meteorological Olservaflons taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta, iu the month of February 1871. Monthly Eesults.

]\rcan ljeii(lit of tlio Barometer for tlie month...

]\lnx. lieiglit of tlie Barometer occurred at 10 a. m. on the 1st.

!M in. lieiiiflit of the Barometer occurred at 3 & 4 p. m. on tbo 6tli.

l^.rtreme raiipe of ilic Baromet^'r during tbe montli

Mean of tlie daily Max. Pressures

])itto ditto Min. ditto Mean daily range of the Barometer during iLc month ...

Inches.

. 29.907 . 30.11(5 . 29.803 . 0.313 . 29.9S5 . 29.8I4> . 0.136

Mean Pry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ^fax. Tenjperaturc occurred at 3 p. m. on the 15(h. Min. Temperature occurred at 7 A. if, on the 2nd. Jixireme range of the Temperature during the month Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ...

Ditto ditto Min. ditto, Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month..

74.3 90.5 60.5 30.0 84.0 66.7 17.3

i^Fean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ...

Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer

Computed Mean Dew-point for the month

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ...

Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ...

67.1

7.2

62.1

12.2

Inches. . 0.561

Troy grain.

Mean Weight of Taponr for the month ... ... ... 6.12

Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 300 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.67

Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the mouth

o 138.1

Inches.

Eained 3 days, — Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 0.40

Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 0.76

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... »,, ... -• ^^^*

PrevaiiJiig direction of the Wind ^'^^ > li.'^^^ ^

♦Height 70 feet 10 \iic\ieE «i)OTe ^otxsA.

XVI

Hfeieoroloffica I Oiiferva/iuttn,

OD d

^ o

r5 b

« Z

ft o S

B

a o

5s S

e

i.

If is

^ « 5 :3 1^ aa — -w

I 1

Av •>::,"<:

AVJX

*IU» UfWJ[

AVMAV

'UO uiii;i

X^'4A\

•uo UIWJI

" AV

•uo UjUJI

s -^^q • AV

•uo uiit^i •uo UlUJI •uo until

lA\:s;s'

•uo UjUJJ

;av7h.:s

•uo Ul«}[

'do UjK^I

"A A<i s

•uo uiirjf "A S S

Ut) UIIIJI

A S uo unijf

'UO un:j|

>^' '^'l ['[ Uo im;jf

•tin UllIJ] "UO UMIJI

A K'A

'UO UIIJJI

~~~A K 'UO uinjy

•no unrji

A ^<i 's:

'UO uinji _ *>S

W l-Hf- l-^f^l^-^'-H'-*

i-H n ^ ri -M ri -M -M -M rH

CO^n^— •'-^-^p-'NT^'^?^

Mn-M-H ,-i,^,-i»^»^,-H

cQ oc cc ri ri ^1 -M ri -M n « lo cc « "lb H» rf lb « ?c rs cc "N n '

'/^i

'-t -M 'M n ^1 CCM CC •* lO i'^ »0 »<5 lO OC i-i

"^ ^ '^ ^ r? *? rf CO •* CC >1 i-H *;< IC l'» •<5 to •* rc -?■! -" j^l -^

~"m~ (M -m cc n'vi r? »© -^ -M cc »c~^ :i -^ lo «o rr cTio »io oo sC x~x X i>. i>. i>. :o ;b'<i« "^ i>. :c co'-^ -^ '^ -^ r* cc «o «b -o x di' •^' ■^'^ "^ '•f 00 ^ ?o~'^ "!* 'j'l »-^ ■ ■ ~ ,-, ,—1 r-i" i-4~i— I cb w'

'>!"'-' ^ ^ ^ "'N •-• r-i <M 5^ rH~ f-i f-i <M 'M -N CO CO «■

p» ^- «

; ^ ,-. r- ri -H ^ r-. '^ .-^ ,-. r-^ ^ ^ ^ 7^1 .-^ ^ ^ ^M -M -M ^ -M

::; tc

— * ^1 r: -* »o •,c i>. X r. c

ilcleoTolinjical Ohnerva Hon 8 ,

xvii

Ahmir/icf of Ike lh*nnlU of titt Ilonrft/ Mefeorohxjical Ohaervatiou^

taken at- the Siirvei/or GeneraiU Offu-e, Calculia,

in the month of March 1871.

Latittule 25^ ^.^J' V North. Longitude 8B^ 20' 3r Eiit>t.

llt'iglitof tlieCist<?rn of tlie Standard Barometer above tlie sea level, 18.11 feet.

Daily Means, »fec, of tlte Observations and of tlie Kygrometrieal elements * dependent tliereryi.

	1 ^	^ z^	l^ange of tlie BHroineter		IJniigo of	tlieTr	n)]ierA-
	"TJf	^ *^	during; tlie day.	n|	tare during tlie	(hiy.
	r^					n C ?
Date.
		"3 rt	Max.	Min.	Diff.	2d	Max. 1	Min. ; 1	Difl".
	IncLes.	Inches.	Tnclies.	Inches,	o	o	0	o
1	29.882	29.950	29.800	O.MI	76.2	813	70.0	113
2		.923	30.012	.815	.107	09.2	70.5	07.0	3.5
3		.845	29.928	.789	.139	08.O	70.5	05. 0	5.5
4		.8i7	.910	.788	.128	09.8	77.1	01.0	13.1
5		.i>53	30.031	.902	.132	71.8	79.5	0().O	13.5
(i		.9(U)	.050	.917	.133	73.2	82.0	05.1	10.0
7		.913	29.981	.8W	.135	75.1.	83.8	09.0	11.8
8		.9U	30.028	.883	.115	74.0	- 82.5	07.O	15.5
0		.937	.(H;9	.870	.139	70.2	80.7	07.5	19.2
10		.885	29.957	.812	.145	78.0	8vS.2	70.5	17.7
11		.880	.910	.816	.124	79.2	89.0	72.2	10 8
12		.801	.902	.831	.131	80.9	91.0	73.5	17.5
13		.859	.91.1	.782	.102	81.1	91.0	74.0	17.0
U		.781.	.800	.711	.119	82.4.	92.3	7t.O	18.3
15		.098	.758	.038	.120	83.1	93.5	74.5	19.0
10		.702	.851	.009	.182	82.0	, 91.5	71.5	17.0
17		.8t9	.912	.793	.149	78.2	87.0	70.3	10.7
18		.830	.918	.78S	.130	77.7	' 87.0	08.1	IS.O
19		.837	.908	.783	.125	78.9	; 89.8	71.5	1S.3
20		.881	.90()	.831	.132	! 80.8	91.0	71.5	1().5
21		.808	.940	.793	.117	1 81.7	93.0	72.0	21.0
22		.837	.900	.778	.128	, 83.4	i 91.0	71.5	19.5
23		.851,	.931	.791	.IW	\ 83.5	95.0	75.5	19.5
21		.818	.900	.710	.151	83.8	1 90.0	73.8	22.2
25		.776	.811	.717	.127	84.1	1 95.0	77.0	18.0
26		.797	.858	.730	.128	81.9	i 97.7	i 70.5	21.2
27		.849	.929	.779	.150	1 83.4	: 92.4	' 7r).5	15.9
28		.832	.912	.7r.8	.lit	j 85.2	91.0	i 79.3	14.7
29		.818	.890	.751	.142	1 83.5	92.2	1 70.0	1 10.2
30		.701	.851	.612	.212	1 81-.9	97.2	i 70.5	20.7
31		.750	.825	.000	.169	1 85.1 1	95.5	77.7	17.8

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as Thermometer Means are derived, from the several Lours during the day.

likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb hourly observations, made at the

XVUl

MtUorological Olservatiom,

AhHraci of (he Beanlfa of the Hourly Me(eorolot;ical OliervaHions

taken af the Survrf/or General's Office, Calcutta,

in the month of March 1871.

Daily Menus, Slc. of tlic Observations and of the Jfygrometrical elemenU depeniliMit tlicreon. — (Coniiinud.)

		i		>	o *2	> o	^1&		^1
Pat*?.	^3		i			5.?	PA Q G p< <3	c ^ bo g g s
	5 3	1~1 0	1 • 0	o	Inclios.	^5 go
	^	T. gr.	T. gr.
1	72 8	34	70.4	6.8	0.730	8.00	1.66	0.83
2	6S.0	1.2	07.O	2.2	.059	7.27	0.54		.93
8	(><;.s	1.2	()5.8	2.2	.031.	.01	.52		.93
4	GO.l	37	('>3.I	0.7	.5>0	6.38	1.57		.80
5	(;5.9	5.9	iJl.2	lo.o	.511	6.97	2.43		.71
6	07.2	G.o	02.4	l()..s	.507	0.19	.63		.70
7	70.0	5.1	or.. 2	9.2	.042	.99	.44		.74
8	0S.3	67	01.3	9.7	.0t»3	.59	' .45		.73
9	0:>.O	7.2	OH)	12.2	.597	.19	' 3.17		.67
10	73.1	4.9	09.7	bM	.720	7.80	2..39		.77
n	73.7	5.5	09. ><	9.4	.722	.81	. .75		.74
12	73.G	7.3	0S.5	12.4	.092	.47	• 3.03		.G7
13	'. i-.o	().»)	09.9	11.2	.725	.80	i .37		.70
11	72.7	9.7	(;-).9	1«).5	.030	0.82	: 4.79.		.69
35	7l..=i	8.')	Os.o	11.0	.Oi>2	7.12	1 -'^^		.03
3G	72.3	ln.:j	OVl	17.5	.019	0.01	5.04		.67
17	Ol.l	13S	5t.7	•J3.5	.438	4.73	! .52		.46
18	r).>.i»	li.H	57.0	2'M	.l.>3	5.22	4.^8		.62
19	72 3	(J.G	07.7	11.2	.074	7.3<)	3.17		.70
LJ	72.t*.	8.2	(>0.9	13.9	.057	.(»8	; .99		.64
21	72. 1	9.3	(>5.9	1.V8	.030	0.83	1 4.54		.60
22	7r>.9	75	70. 0	12.8	.711	7.91	i .(^2	1	.66
23	73.1	10.4	05.8	17.7	.031	0.79	5.21	1	.57
21	7t2	9.0	07.5	10.3	.070	7.18	4.92		.69
25	111	0.4	73 2	10.9	.800	8.03	, 3.58		.71
2t5	7^.6	10.3	07.4	17.0	.608	7.12	6.37		.67
27 1	77.0	5.9 -	73.1	10.0	.811	8.09	3.27		.73
2S 1	77.S 1	7.t	72.0	12.6	.790	.43	' 4.18		.67
29	75.1	8.t	09.2	14.3	.7(H	7.59	1 -'^1		.63
3)	7r S i	7.1	72 8	12.1	.7;»5	8.50	1 3.99		.68
31	79.3	6.8	75.2	9.9	.800	9.18	1 .39		.73

Ah the Hygrometrical clemenU are computed by the Greenwich Confitantt.

Meteorological Observaiiotts,

XIT

Abstract of the Tteanlts of the Uotirli/ Meteorological Observations

taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,

in the month of March 1871.

Hourly Means, Ac. of the ObservntionR and of tlie Hjgrometrical elements dependent thereon.

	^13	Jlniige	of the B^iroiiieter	?S	Bfinpfe 0	rtheT*	iiipcrai-
	1 ^ >4	Tor enHi lioiit* \	lurijig	£3 U	in re f*»r rm-li	ftfiiiir
		f*	Jje ni OIL 111	*		clrir'ii^:	lllO IIKIttU.
Hour	^ |o				Pl
		Mfljt.	Min.	Diff.	ii	Ma.r,	Min.	DifR
	^J				fe^
	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	0	0	0	o
Mid-					«
nif^ht.	29.857	29.964	29.703	0.261	75.3	80.8	65.2	15.6
1	.844	.958	.690	.268	74.7	80.5	65.0	15 5
2	.830	.953	.673	.280	742	80.0	65.7	143
3	.821	.943	.669	.274	73.8	80.0	66.0	14.0
4	.818	.939	.668	.271	73.2	79.8	65.0	14.8
6	.829	.949	.674	.275	72.8	79.6	64.5	15.1
6	.848	.964	.688	.276	72.3	79.5	64.0	15.5
7	.871	.987	.710	.277	72.5	79.3	64.0	15.3
8	.899	30.014	.737	.277	74.8	81.5	65.0	16.5
9	.918	.046	.743	.303	77.4	84.0	66.5	17.5
10	.922	.050	.758	.292	80.2	87.0	68.0	19.0
11	.914	.040	.750	.290	83.1	90.2	68.7	21.6
Noon.	.892	.016	.732	.284	85.2	92.5	69.8	22.7
1	.864	29.992	.718	.274	86.7	94.3	69.5	24.8
2	.834	.968	.686	.272	87.8	96.0	69.7	26.3
8	.808	.933	.668	.265	88.5	97.2	69.5	27.7
4.	.797	.920	.650	.270	88.4	97.7	70.1	27.3
6	.792	.924	.638	.286	87.3	96.0	70.0	26.0
6	.798	.927	.650	.277	84.4	92.0	69.3	22.7
7	.815	.935	.672	.263	81.3	87.6	69.2	18.4
8	.836	.957	.684	.273	79.3	85.0	69.0	16.0
9	.854	.968	.699	.269	78.0	83.8	68.0	15.8
10	.864	.971	.708	.263	76.9	81.8	67.0	14.8
11	.862	.971	.703	.268	76.2	81.2	67.0	14.2

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Drj and Wet Bu'b Thermometer Means are derived from the obseryationa made at the several hours during the month.

j^Ielt'ornfotj'iraf Ohxerra fionit.

Ahnfiitct of f/ie 'RtisnJf.s of the llonrli/ Mefeorological Ohservationn

taken at the Survet/or Geuenira Ofjlcey Calcutta^

in the 7Houth of March 1871.

Hourly iVfi'wnH, Ar. of tlic OlH(M'Tntioii» nnd of tlie JTygroinctTica] elemeiit» (Icpt'inlout tlioreoi>. — (CoHl'mHcd.)

i , u			2	1		C4^ o		Vapour of air.		ji
1 ^		i o	.	&				^ «j	T s- *-	«^ *i
Hour.! «		; 1	f Q	at				11 .rf.2
CJ	u	^	TS	^		CS		'c 15	rt zl	tf. = cs
		' ?.	1 1	1 >»	3			^3 1 g rt	1 'S S'S
		t^		' t.		4»		•' '^	1 r" » O	** 1^ --5
S	^	: P	; 0		?-♦	r^	r^	^ S-	! ^r-o	a''-

o i rntrlio.4. ; T. gr. T. gr.

I •>

1

s

in 11

72.5

72.1 71. s 71. t 71.1 70. S 70. t 7<>.() 71.7 72. :i 72. s

7;'>.o

2.S

2.i;

2. 1

2. f 2.1 2.() 1.1) 1.1) :j.1 r>.i 7.1

n).i

7<).r,

7i).8 7<>.l

«;;).7 (::».? (;•.». 2

OD.l <)S.7

4.8

l.i 1.1 1.1

:j.h

:m. 8.1

S.7 12. «r 17.2

o.7:W .7:U .72i» .720

.71:) .70s .7<)I .7or> .7ir, .»;i>7 .r>72

8.05

.02

7.1)7

Ml

.s<> .7'> .01)

.^*i)

.5.5 .2">

G,.s2

i.:r> .21 .12 .11

.<>2

0.1 H)

.81)

.1)0

i.n; 2. If;

o.ot

.87

.ss

.ss

.8l>

.1>(>

.IM) .St

.7i» .r.7 .5S

'M.Il.	7:i.o	12.2	(W.o	2t)7	.007	.ts	(MM	.51
1	72:^	1 1.1.	(•:i.7	2:ro 1	.-,11}	.21)	.81)	.IS
«■>	72.1	1.1.7	(••2.7	2r>.l ;	.r,72	.08 ;	7.52	.!.>
;»	72. 1	IC.l	<>2.7	2r>.s ,	.572	.<M>	.82 '	.4i
4.	72. •>	. i:>.8	«":M	2:7.:^	.580	.15	.(>l)	.M
0	7:M	1 1.2	(il.H	22.7	.Oo;r ,	.•>7 I	<».1)1.	.IS
(I	7:?.l)	1 <»..-,	iV\.o	17.1>	.(VlsS 1	.1)3	5.38	.5<;
7	7:i.:i	S.o	(>7.7	IIJ.O	.r>7 1	7.25	3.II1)	.(5.>
s	72 7	{\y,	(;.s.i	11.2 ;	.()S|l	.:J8	.21	.7^^
1)	72."')	5.5	(N.d :	<).!	XOo	.53	2.ru>	.71
ID	72 1	1 0	(51). 2	7.7	.7«)S	.01)	.17	.78
11 '	72.7	:i..>	70.2	6.0	.7:i2	.J)5 1	1.71	.82

; II • I _ '

AJi llu* My::n»uu'trical clomouts are v-nniiuvtod hy tUc Greeuwicli Ci mutant :=:

Meleorohjfical Obnerva fiov^.

A^js/racf- of the Remits of the Hourly Mefeorologiral Ohaerrafiom taken at the Surve/for General's Office y Calcutta, iti the month of March 1871. Solar Jiadiation, Weatlier, Jcc.

^1

I rr. s^ •

■•'5 "^ *5

' ,*J 2 1 rrevailinfif

WiM..

i-=^0.

direction.

o ]36.5

: Inches |

I 0,65 jSSWi&SbyW.

3.83 ,SSE & Variable.

6 139.0

8,

9

lo' 11

yi\ IS li

15

la,

171

IB ID

2<Jl

21 ^2

23' 21

25

137.0 I

138.2 I

110.0 I IILO' 112.5 ' 141.5 M1.5 M5.U I

1 14.5 ' 1118

141.0

M0.0 ML3 145.0

146.5

M^.8

143.8 148.0

143.0 145.0

— V.

«5

General aspect of the Sky.

... ! 0.79

I

132.0 1 0.14

I 135.0 i ...

i

SE

WIS W&NW |W «fe W S W

:WSW,SbyW&S

iSby W& S W

iSS W& WbyS

I ' I

|WSW,SSWJtSW

;s Jt s s w IS A 8 s w

IB by W &SW

18 b> W

|S by W & S W

8 S W & S W SAW

W N W j£ W W S W

SSWA8W. rw

SbyW.SSWAWS

wsw.sw.tssw S hj w&wsw

S8W& WbyS S W & S by W

SSW,S&SSE

S byE,SWi&W

! Miles 114.4

0.9

B to 3 A. M., S to 9 A. M.,

i to 4 p. M., O aflt-cr wards. T & L from 3 J to 9 p. m. E at 1, 4 & from 64 to lip. m.

O. Tat2|A. M., 8& 10 p. M. L at 2^ A. M. & 8 p. M. H nearly the whole day. I Chiefly O. R from 1 to 4 & ■at 12 A. M., & from 2 to 6^- 'p. M.

; Chiefly B. Sliprhtly foggy from 8 to 10 p. M. E at 3 A. M. ' Vi tA5 A. M. B, to 10 A. M., A— • to 4 P.M. B, afterwards. Foffffy from 7 to 11 a. m. I B to 11 A. M., '^i to 5 p. M., IB afterwards.

I B to 9 A. M., ^-i to 2 p. u.y B to 8 p. M., V^i afterwards. I Chiefly B. Foggy from 4 to 10 A. M. I B.. ; B.

B.

B. Slightly ^c%^ at 9 p, m.

B. Fogjrv from 4 to 9 a. m, I Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at

6 A. M.

B.

B. Slightly foggy ffom 5 to

A. M.

B. B. B.

Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at

& 7 A. 31.

B.

S to 2 A. ir., B afterwardi.

Sliglitly foggy at 4 l^ 5 a. m. 120 J I B. Foggy Iroin 4 to 8 a. si. 16D.7 I B. to 5 A. »., \i to 3 p, u.,

]B afterwards. 230.5 B to 2 r. m„ \i to 8 p. ir.,

IB afterwBrds, 180.4 I B to y i. ai., \i to 1 p. m,

[B afterwards^

178.1

224.2

187.4 95.2

93.2

i 213.0 I 208.0

113.4

177,0

101.0 10.8

91.5

127.4 108,0

99J5

99.3

138.3

lati-l

109.6 117.8

\i Cirri, — i Strati, '^i Camuli, v_i Ciro-strati, '^i Cunmln-stmii, \,^i Nimbi, Vi Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T \.\i»sA«t, ^ \\^>is»xsN?^> E ram, V drizzle.

xxn

Meleorolotfical Observations.

Abstract of the. Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations

taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,

in the month of March 1871.

Solar Eniliation, AVouther, Ac.

o o

SI

a*-

27

o 141.0

^^ ^ 9

hicliesl

Wind.

ProTfliling direction.

28 143.0 ■ 2i) 140.0! 30 148.0 ; 31 1 146.8 I

I

SSW,SSE&S

S by W S & S by W S byAV AS SSE&S

^ ^ General aspect of the Skj.

lb Miles. 1

111.4 I B to 3 A. M. S to 8 A. X. B

|to 2 p. M., ^ -i to 7 p. M. S af-

iterwnrds. Foppy at 6 a. li., L

;& D at lOV p. M. ] 11.4 I S. to 0 a. m.. B afterwards. 105.4 : Vi to 8 A. M., B afWwardi. 166.1 B to 5 p. M., \i afterwards. 229.0 I B. to 2 p. M., \i to 8 P. ii., B

'afterwards.

Cirri,—! Strati, ^i Cumuli, v-.i Cirro-strati, r^\ Cumulo-strati, vv^iNimbi, Cirro-cumuli. B clear, S stratoni, O o^etc«.i\,, 'I ^>a»sA^x, I^ U^btning, nun, D drizzle.

Jleieorological Observations,

XXlll

Abstract of the Results of the Honrlif Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^ in the month of March 1871.

MOMTHLT EbSULTS.

Mean lieiglit of tlie Barometer for tlie month...

Max. lieiglit of tlie Barometer occurred at 10 a. m. on tlie 6th.

^lin. lieiglit of the Barometer occurred at 5 P. M. ou the 15th.

Jijrh'cwe range of the Barometer during the mouth

Mean of the daily Max. Pressures

Ditto ditto Min. ditto Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ...

Inches.

29.850 , 30.050

29.638 . 0.412

29.926

29.783 . 0.143

Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month Max. Temperature occurred at 4 p. H. on the 26th. Min. Temperature occurred at 6 & 7 a. m, on the 4th. Hxtretne riniffe of the Temperature during the month Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ...

Ditto ditto Min. ditto, Mean dailg range of the Temperature during the month.

79.4 97.7 61.0 33.7 88.7 72.1 16.6

Mean Wet Bulb Tliermometer for the month ...

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer

Computed Mean Dew-point for the month

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ...

Mean Elastic force of Yapour for the month

72.3

7.2 67.2 12.2

Inches. . 0.664

Troy grain.

Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 7.17

Additional Weicht ot Vapour required for complete saturation ... 3.46 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.68

Mean Haz. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ,

o 142.2

Inohes.

Bained 5 days. — Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 3.83

Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 6.41

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... ,„ ... ... 5.16

Prerailing direction of the Wind 8 by W, & 8 S W.

* Height 70 feet 10 vnc;\]LC% i^t% ^scq^oA.

XXIV

jHftifeoro/nf/ival Oltuvivntnuin,

1^		"UO UIKJ[
oc	d	M^j^'-is:
t	o	uy itroji
	R
^,	S"	^u"^:^^'
'TS	■no \u\^\\
V	«^
	o	'^_K_
*^
s		■irt) niEj[
o	^
§		_A\ \:*A\
^ *<	c	'llO lUVJI
•*-
,«	i*	■v-A.rv\
^	"^	"I'k m%\}\
-5
•»-	"^ *	'\\
	^ r'
e	&4 S	notm^jl
li'F	■£AI, - \\
i	tc—	nil lUlSJJ
% .<		'Uj» lllUJl
»>-	1, ^
!S	•^ ^	\\\ '^_
^ R	c ■»■	"ii<> ini:j|
V
CD	'b §	U 'S*'S
^		IK! uii:j|
5- 'ti	r '5	\v\ -^'q *s
V. »-
5: Li	"Z t-	Mill (1IMJJ
cr, r	t. ^	. ll
^ '/.		"K
"5 'f
	> '^	'T|i« ilt,;jj
^ "^	:-. •"-	"M ^^''1 >■
•^ F	r ^'	■Ihi Mfll'l
•c: ^	-= r:	M s s
^ ^.	r 5	Miv im;*f
■^	tr 5=	■:'i s
	K t-'	ii-« miiji
<J
V.	rz z ;
c^		":i 5^ M
►«w	• — i '	'XUv tU12J|
.^	'^ ^	^S -^^l "J
^,
<	?r •	"tlu UIMI^
		^ 1
<;,
>		nn Mii'n
c:	"" r^	, ■ '
^	e*- .5:	'\- Vif Vj
^	c ^	V 1
	t- V	i^t ijn:;|
2	c	,
t5	s	'A 'V '^1
	a
^	c	."Al<
V	•5	*itit triH||
!<:	^f.	- '
		"M 'v \s:
^	i^	■"n« nn^ir
c
fts	'x	Vf A'l \v
	Ol	iiu lirnii
S.	15	s:

> H

^Jrit^n

„ ^ rM „

•— ' *^ i-« •ri -^ *« rt: -* ?^ « cc ?i ^-* *-»

— ^1 7-1 '?! 71 ^ r: r: n ^i ti

* ifT Il7 ^ -4' -^ ^ ^^ fi- «< '

I — n ?5 C 3C t3c ^ -7* !»; r? ri -^ ?i

; I-* i^ (--. y, X ]^ 1^ -t i!^ "(S r? If; -^ io "t -* »s -* ^ \^

y. X ^, 3C 3t 1^ 71 7J Ti i(r 1*; ^ li? *c i^i- le ^ lo t=

^ K -^ I- ^ I-

^ 71 71 7V 71

-- "Ff «— 'M ^ -*? »« 's I- DC *, r « 5 — ' 5^1 r: •* ic -^ 1^ 3t ^ r '-

Meteorohgieal Olitnathnn.

XXH

dMract of ike liesnlU of ike Hourfy ileleoroio^ical Ohenation^

taken, al the Stureyor General*^ OJice, Ca/cu/ht,

miie mmfk of Aprd 1871.

Latitude £2^ 33' V Nurth, Longitude SB'' 20' 3i" E««i.

Height of tke Cistern of tUe Sundarcl BAronicter tbove i\\t Roa lovel, 18.1 1 feet,

Daily Me&os, &c. of the Observations and of tlio Hji^roioptrifal eleroentH defM*inleut tliereoil.

Date.

Eange of tlie Barometer during tlie cJfijr.

Mas.

Min*

Diff,

Hniifi^p of the Tempera- ture during the duy.

Max*

Min. DiflT.

1

2 3

A 5

e

7 B

10

11 12

la u 15

16

ir

18 19 20 21 22

Inches*	Indies.	IneUes.
29.770	29.852	29.715
.823	.894	.771
*816	.872	.727
.762	.830	.672
.769	.817	.703
.S()3	.876	.754
.743	.813	.660
.729	.795	.676
.769	.826	.725
.839	.909	.768
^1	.948	.8i»2
.841	.915	.759
.757	.826	.674
.716	.766	.631
.746	.854	.677
,837	.895	.778
.829	^11	.741
.798	.8*56	.730
.781	.860	,701
.769	.826	.685
.757	.820	.681
.728	.831	.651
.704	*775	,633
.727	^00	,681
.759	.816	.696
.744	.818	.689
.722	,788	.656
.765	.855	.703
.762	.8:k)	.679 -
.709	.784	.651

Inehes.

0.137 ,123 .]45 MM AU .122 .153

aiti

.101 .141 .146 .156 .152 *135 .177 .117 .170 .13H .159 .141 .139 .180 .142 .119 .120 ,129 .132 .152 .151 .133

84.6 83.6

824 80.2 82.H 82J 83,8 84,3 83,7 85,5 81.9 85.3 85.4 85.0 8L0 75.8 79J 81,6 83.7 8L9 80.2 7G.2 797 81.2 8L9 81,9 85-0 85.5 86.0 86.1

94.4 900

m&

88.0 91.3

m.t

91.0 93.0 88.2 93.3 t>2.7 945 9i.2 93.6 93.0 83.0

9410 92.5 93.0 902 80.8 87.6 86.3 89.0 89.2 92.6 93,0 93.8 84.5

78.0 78.8 73.6 72 3 76.5 79.0 78.5 78.6 80,5 80.8 78.7 79.5 80,5 79.4 72.3 72.0 71.0 74.c» 77.5 74.3 73.5 72.2 72.4 75,2 77.7 74.5 79.5 80.0 8L0 80.0

16.4 iL2 15.9 15.7 14,8 lOJ 12.5 144 7.7 125 14.0 15.0 13.7 14.2 20.7 11.0 17.6 16.0 15.0

lar

16.7 8.6 15.2 11 I 11 3 14.7 13.1. 13.0 12.8 14.5

The Mean Height of the Barometer, a^ likewi^ie the Dry and Wet Bttlb Thermometer Mean» are derived, from the kourl) ohserfatiaua, luade at the teTeral houra during the day.

XXVI

Meteorological OlservalioH9»

Ahatracf of the B emits of the llonrli/ Meteorological 0l9ervalhH9 tiikeu at the Snrret/or General's Office, Calcutia, in the month of April 1871.

"Daily Means, Ac. of ihe Obflcrrfvlio»9 and of t}»e JlygrooKtrieal eiements clopoiuloii t tlK»reon. — (Cuntin ited.)

Pate,		1 fid	i	t P o p- o m		'if ^	ill
	g 3	J ^ ^	^ "a		ii ^ £"	T. gr.	O 0 tx :-5 i^s
			5 o o	0	a ?> 1^'	r'	p.
	o	0	0	TnclieK.	T.gT.
1	ro.ir	5.2	75.8	8.8	0.a76	9.37	3.02	o.7r>
2	7l».o	4.(5	75.8	7.8	.87(J	.30	2.04	.7»
:\	7r».<>	5.2	7:^3	8.8	i^Oi)	8/58	.83	.75
4 .	7o.2	5.0	71.7	8.5	.7(58	.28	.(30	.7(J
5 .	77.:^	5.5	73.1	l).4	.811	.71	3.0 1	.74
r»	7t».:J	:m	7»).i)	5,S	.<.)08	0.7 1	1.08	.8:^
7 .	71>.^	4.0	77.0	r,.s	.f)10	.75	2.35	.81
8	SO.:}	I.o	7 7. 5	(>.s	.1)25	.00	.38	.»1
i' i	H< >.i »	3.7	77. t	('..3	.022	.80	.18	.8!^
30	80.<>	l.\)	77.2	8.3	.Dir,	.70	.03	.77
H :	HO.O	i:.\	77.<^	7.3	.028	.03	.6(5	.8(>
]2 1	N(».S '	1.5	77.<>	7.7	.028	.01	.73	.7S
}:i	8').5	■i.\)	77.1	8.3	.013	.70	.02	.77
^^ ,	HO.l	\A\	77.2	7.8	.01(5	.70	.74	.7i<
15	7o.l	5.1)	71.0	lo.o	.751	8.00	3.05	.7:i
}()	7i.(;	4.2	♦vs.7	7.1	.(507	7.58	1.0(5	.80
37	7:{.l	<5.2	r,s.s	10.5	X^M	.51	3.05	.71
]S	75/i ;	G.3	7().i)	10.7	.718	8.00	.20	.71
11)	77.1	(;.3	73.0	li>.7	.8()1	.57	.50	' .71
20	7(5.:)	5.0	73.1.	8.5	.811	.71	2.73	.7C)
21	71.1	5.S	70.3	D.l)	.7:U	7.02	.00	, .7:i
22	71.7	1.5	fN.5	7.7	.(502	.53	.13	.78
23	7-».:J ,	•l.l	72.2	7.5	.781	8.1.1	.31	.71)
2t	7<;.5	•1.7	73.2	8.0	.80«	.(5S	.53	.77
25	7^.0 ■	3.1)	75.3	G.(J	.8f>2	0.27	.17	.81
2(> 1	77.1 1	4.S .	73.7	8.2	.810	8.82	.02	.77
27	81.0	4.0	7X2	0.8	.04(5	10.11	.42	.81
2.S ■	So.(> ■	'IV	77.2	8.3	.01(5	0.70	.03	.77
21)	81.7 ,	4.3	7S.7	7.3	.0(51	10.2(5	.05	.80
1	1	■'1.2 , i	7U.0	7.1	.070	.35	.00	.80

All the liy ^romL'iin"\\ vWuwuVsi wc v:v.Mv\\Av\.\:d Uy Ike Grecnwicli Cous<lanr*-

Meteorologkal Obaervadoni,

XXVll

Alfslr^cl of the BesnlU of the llonrlff MeUirolofical Observaiious

t<ikeu at (he Surveyor General's Office, CalcuUa,

in Ute moniA of April 1871.

llowrly Mecns, &c of tlie Obtervstions and of the Hygrometrical elements dependent thereon.

	O «3 !^5	Panpfc of the Bnronioter for each liour during the month.	J3	l?ange of the Tempera- ture for eaeli liour during tlie month.
Hour.	Max.	Min.	Diir.	Max.	Min. Diff.

	Inches.	Inches.
Mid-
Dlgllt.	29.770	29.909
1	.761	.898
2	.761	.883
3	.742	.866
4	.745	.871
6	.762	,888
6	.778	.897
7	.797	,907
8	.817	.928
9	.832	.918
10	.810	.943
11	.829	.933
Noon.	,814	,015
1	.787	.895
2	.760	.861
3	.731	.837
4	.715	.817
6	.711	.8'>9
6	.725	.819
7	.744	.854
8	.761	.853
9	.774	,883
10	.787	.891
11	.783	.898

Inches,

29.667 .663 •658 .651 .674 ,692 .709 .735 ,755 .763 .765 ,760

.745 .723 .695 .663 .639 ,633 .641 ,631 .687 ,708 .710 .703

Inches.

0,2i2 .235 .225 .215 .197 .196 .188 .172 .173 .185 .178 .173

.170 .172 .166 .174 .178 .176 .178 .223 .166 .175 ,181 .195

79.0 78.8 78-6 78.4 78.2 77.8 77.6 78.2 80.5 83.1 85.2 87.0

88.2 89.3 89.6 89.7 89.0 87.7 85.5 82.7 81.1 80.5 79.9 79.4

82,5 82.2 82.0 81.8 81.5 81.0 81.0 81.5 83.7 86.8 89.0 91.2

92.5 93.5 94.5 94.5 9t.O 92.5 90.0 86,(» 85.5 83.6 83.2 82.6

72.0 71.5 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.0 71.5 71.9 75.0 78.7 80.5 79.5

73.5 72.2 73/2 74.2 76.5 78.0 75.7 72.3 72.3 73.0 72.5 72.5

10.5

10.7

11.0

10.3

9.5

9.0

9.5

9.6

8.7

8.1

8.5

11.7

19.0 21.3 21.3 20.3 17.5 14.5 14.3 14.3 13.2 10.0 10.7 lO.I

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer Means arc derived from the observations made at the several liours during the month.

XXVlll

Meteorological OhBfrfiafionn.

Ahdvact of the liesnlts of the Honrly Mefeorologieat 06servatiom§

taken at the Snrre^or GeneraPi Office^ Calcnita,

in the month of April 1H71.

Hourly MeaiiM, Ao. of the Obscrvalions and of tlie Hjgrometrica] elements di'pcii(U»n t thereon. — (Conthtned,)

Hour. I

Mid- niglif.

1

2

4

5

fi

7

8

\} 10 11

1 2 3

6

7

8

9

10

11

.3

H

7B.I

7<».0 75.1) 7o.l) 75.9 75.8 75.8 7t?.3 77.«5 78.8 70.7 80.1

80.1 81). 7 80.1 80.5 80.1 7i).9 78.') 77.G 7<).9 7f?.8 70.9 70.G

|8 \S

2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.9 2.9 i.3 5.5 (3.9

7.8 8.() 9.2 9.2 8.6 7.8

c.r,

5.1 4.2 3.7 3.0

2.8

'T3

o O

71.1

71.0 i

74.0 ;

7I-.1 I

71.3 !

7i.4 ;

74.r)

75.0 I

75.8 I

75.8 !

70.0 ;

i'M I

iO.D I

71.9 . 75.0 I 75.2 75.2 i 7i.3 i 74.0 j 74.0 I 74.2 ! 74.8 74.0

P

4.9 4.8 4.0 4.3 3.9 3.t 2.9 3.2 4.9 7.3 9.t 11.0

12.5

13.8

lt.7

U.7

13.8

12.5

11.2

8.7

7.1

6.3

6.1

4.8

'an Elastic force of apour.	an Weight of A'apou a Cubic foot of air.	ditional Weight of apour required for onplete saturation.	Iff
1 ^.^	^..S	:5^8	jS^-i
	Inches.	T.gr.	T.gr.
	0.830	8.98	1.62	0.86
	.827	.95	.49	.86
	.827	.95	.43	.86
	.830	9.00	.31	.87
1 .835	.05	.20	.88
	.838	.10	.03	.90
	.813	.14	0.90	.91
	.851	.25	1.00	.90
	.871	.39	.59	.86
.870	.U	2.45	.79
	.87(5	.37	3.24	.74
	.8.S2	.39	.90	.71
	.873	.20	4.50	.67
	.808	.2(»	6.01	.66
	.851	.00	.33	.63
	.851	.03	.31	.63
	.800	.11	4.97	.66
	.800	.13	.43	.67
	.835	8.92	3.80	.70
	.827	.88	2.84	.76
	.827	.91	.26	.80
	.832	.98	.00	.82
	.8 l-l)	9.17	1.61	.86
	.84:J	.11	.61	.86

All the Hygromctrical clementB arc computed by the Greenwich Constanta.

Meteorological Otfservaliom.

ZXIX

Abstract of ike Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta, the month of April 1871.

in

Solar Eadiation, Weather, &c.

	k	Q Guage t. above round.	Wind.
^	Prevailing		General aspect of tlie Sky.
1	si	»— 1 1— 1	direction.
	0	IncLes		Tb^	Miles
1	146.5	...	8.	...	234.8	B. to5 A. M., Vi to2p.M., VI to 5 p. M., B to 8 p. M., W afterwards. L on K at 9 p. ii., D at 9| A. M.
2	141.8	_•••	S.	...	211.3	(Jlouds of different kinds to 9 A. M., '^i afterwards.
3	129.0	1.84	S&SSE	30.0	260.7	S to 5 p. M., 0 afterwards. Storm from 6 J to 7 p. if. T A L from 6 to 11 p. m. E from 6jto8Aat Up. M.
4	139.0	0.71	ssw&s	9.6	336.9	Vi to'8 A, M., '^i to 4 p. M., 0 afterwards. High wind from 6 to 6J p. M. T L A Eat mid- nieht, A from 5 to 7 p. m.
6	142.0	...	ssw&sw	...	279.6	Chiefly ^i L on S W at 7
6	188.0	0.04	S8W&8	...	180.6	Clouds of various kinds. T at 4 6i A 9 P. M. L. on N. at 6i A 9 p. M. Light R at 5, 7 A 8| p. M.
7	143.7	•••	ssw&s	...	224.2	Scuds to 10 A. M.B to 8 P.M. Scuds afterwards.
8	147.0	...	SbyE&S	...	194.1	Scuds to 8 A.M. MA^-i to 7 P. M. Scuds afterwards.
9	136.0	•••	S by W & S	1*.	198.3	Chiefly S.
10	149.0		SbyW,SSWASb.E	...	216.0	Scuds to 9 A. M. \i to 5 P. M. B afterwards.
11	140.8		S A 8 bj W 8&S SW	...	211.0	Chiefly B.
12	145.0		...	215.7	B to 2 A. M. W to 8 A. M.
						B to 2 p. M. \i afterwards.
13	144.8	...	8 by W A S	...	217.5	S Jo8a. M. B toll A.M., \i to 7 P. M., B afterwards.
14	145.0	...	S SW&S	...	269.4	Chiefly \i L from 9 to 11 P M
15	140.0	0,07	Variable	0.9	244.4	S to 9 A. M., clouds of dif- ferent kinds to 4 p. M. O to 9 p. M. B afterwardti. L at mid- night A 1 A. M. A from 6 to 8 P. M. T from 45 to 8 p. m, Light R. at 9.i A 101 a. m.,A from 4J to 7 p. m.
16	128.3	...	E A Variable	2.0	212.7	S to 7 P. M., B afterwards. T from Noon to 2 p. m. D at 7 A. M. A 2 p. M.
17	145.5	...	E by N A Variable	...	108.2	Clouds of different kinds to 9 A. M., '^i to 7 P. M. B after- wards L from 7J to 9 p. m.

\i Cirri,— i Strati, '^i Cumuli, \_i Ciro-strati, ^i Cumulo- strati, Vv.i Nimbi, Vi Cirpo-cumnli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T tkuadfit, L. V\>^\Vvccw^. B nin, D dxbale.

*

XXX

Meieorolof/ical Oiservalwns.

ALdract of the liesulU of the Hourly 3fe/^oroloffical OlserraiiouM ' iakoi at t/te Snrvcf/or General's Office^ CalcuUa^ in the month of April 1871. Solnr IJjuliation, "VVentlicr, <fec.

18

ly

20 2] 22

o o

15^

-5 C r—

Wind.

Prevailing dircctiou.

o 148.0

147.3 145.0

142.0

137.C

Fnelics

0.47

0.12

O.Cl

23

24

112.0

142.5

25 115.0 1.40

20

2U 30

SE&S

SbyW&SSW S by W & S S W

I r= Z I cs o

^1 £: : ft i: Siiics

92.4

1.8 4.0

ENE,S&SbyW 4.4

Variable

4.2

91.2 104.7

195.3

201.0

General aspect of tLe Sky-

S S W k s

S W& Sby W I

S&SSE

140.8 I 0.10 S S W, S AV & S

147.0

I

I

150.2 : 1 15.5 144.8

SSW SbyWSSW&S

ssw&s

S &SbyW

2<M).0

G5.0

218.9

105.3

184.1

131.1

102.0

207.8

B to A. M., \i to 0 A. M., '"i to 4 p. M., \i to 7 p. M., B aftcrward.s.

B to 0 A. M., ^i afterwards T & I) at 3J p. M.

B to 7 A. M. ^itoSp. M.O afierwanls. Bri8k wind from \\ to 6.i p. M. TfromS to 8

M. L from C to 10 p. m. It. jfrom 4 J to 10 p. m.

S to 4 A. M. \i to 1 p. H., S to 4 p. M., O afterwards. Brisk wind from 10 to 12 a. m. T&L from 6J to 8 p. M. Light Kate, 8 All P.M.

O to 0 A. M. Vi to 10 A. H.,

O to 2 P. M., Vi to 7 P. M., O

la ft t•n^•ards. Briskwiud at 11 l'. M.. Hf.t l()|p. M., T after lintorvals L nt 3 a. M. «$: from j7 to 9 v. M., B from 9J a. m., |t.o2 &S\ to 10 r. M.

S to 5 A. M., VnI to 10 a. m., i aft<Twards. L on S W at 9^&11 P. M.

i !S to 10 a. m., f i& Viaf- jttTwards. 1) at midnight. 1 "^i to 3 A. M , Vito8p. M., jO nftcrwards. Lfrom 9 to 11 :r. M./r& B from 10 to 11 p. M.

I () to 8 A. M.. clouds of dif- jfon-nt kinds afterwards. T at iiiidnifflit L at niidniglit & 8 !?. M. 11 from midnight to 3

A. M.

: B to 7 A. M.. '"i to 8 p. M., \i aft<.'rwards. L on E at 7

iP. M.

; \i to 11 A. M., '^itoGP.M.,

B afterwards B to 3 A.M., ^ i to 3 P.M., B

afterwards.

! B to 2 p. M., Vi to 8 p. M.,

|B afterwards.

\i Cirri, — i Strati, '"i Cumnli, v_i Cirro-strati. rv_i Cunmlo-strati, v>_i Nimbi, Uf Cirro'CumuU, B clear, S Hiraloui, O o\ci:coLst, T thunder, L lightning, li rain, D drizzle),

Meteorological Observations. xxxi

Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calciitta, in the month of April 1871. Monthly Bbsults.

Inches.

Mean lieiplit of the Barometer for tlie month... ... ... 29.772

Max. lieight of (lie Paionieter occurred at 9 a. m. on the 11th. ... 29.948

Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 7 P. M. oil the 14th. ... 29.631

Hxireme range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.317

Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 29.843

Ditto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.702

Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.141

Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... 82.7

Max. Temperature occurred at 2 & 3 p. m. on^t^e 12th & 30th ... 94.5

Min. Temperature occurred at 2 a. m, on the 17th. 71.0

JUxtreme range of the Temperature during the month 23.5

Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. . ... 90.7

Ditto ditto Min. cfitto, ... ... 76.7

Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... ... 14.0

Mean Wet Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... ... ... 77.9

Mean Drv Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 4.8

Computed Mean Dew-point for the month ... ... ... 74.5

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... 8.2

Inches.

Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ,„ ... 0.840

Troy grain.

Mean Wei^ of Yapour for the month ... ... ... 9.03

Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 2.69 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.77

o Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 143.0

Inches.

Hained 14 days, — ^Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 1.84

Total amount of tain during the month ... ... ... 5.72

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... ... ... ... 4.64

Prevailing direction of the Wind 8, S by W^ & & S» V^ .

* Height 70 feet 10 uxeVie^ «5oo^« ^gcwwA.

XXXll

Meteorological Observations,

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Afefeorofoff^ieal Observations,

XXXiU

Abstract of the Besnlts of the Hourly Meteor ologi cat Observations

taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcuttay

in the month of May 1871.

Latitude 22° 33' Y Nortli. Longitude 88° 20' Sr East.

Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.

Daily Means, &e. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements dependent thereon.

		Kange of tlie Barometer	'Bulb eter.	Bangc of the Tempera-
	5 a +^	during the day.	ture during the dn^ .
Date.		-
		Max.	Min.	Diff.	Max.	Min. Dili'.
	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	0	0	o	o
1	29.767	29.842	29.694	0.148	84.8	89.0	79.0	10.0
2	.787	.869	.721	.148	83.3	92.0	76.8 ' 15.2
3	.766	.843	.709	.134	84.9	92.2	78.0 1 M.2
4	.750	.824	.6.39	.185	84.0	93.0	74.4 1 is.i;
5	.729	.775	.656	.119	78.8	90.0	74.0 i 16.0
6	.705	.766	.599	.167	81.0	91.4	74.8 1 uu;
7	.683	.743	.589	.164	83.8	94.3	76.8 i 17.5
8	.697	.735	.627	.108	80.6	88.9	76.0 i 13.9
9	.704	.753	.649	.104	79.9	86.9	74.5 , 12.4
10	.714	.772	.644	.128	81.8	91.8	76.5 1 16.3
11	.723	.775	.637	.138	80.8	91.2	76.2 1 16.(»
12	.718	-.776	.640	.136	82.2	89.2	76.5	13.7
13	.713	.766	.616	.160	82.6	91.0	76.6	16.4
14	.687	.751	.604	.147	82.1	89.0	76.6	13.5
15	.661	.712	.687	.125	83.8	90.2	78.0	12.2
16	.661	.697	.574	.123	86.9	94.0	80.6	13.4
17	.662	.719	.595	.124	88.0	95.0	82.5	12.5
18	.641	.702	.565	.147	86.4	94.7	82.7	12.0
19	.690	.636	.623	.113	86.7	93.5	80.6	12.9
20	.577	.629	.606	.123	80.8	86.3	77.0 ' 8.:i
21	.561	.614	.459	.156	83.7	92.8	78.0 1 14.8
22	.538	.595	.475	.120	82.4	89.8	79.1 1 10.7
23	.537	.601	.428	.173	84.6	93.2	78.6 • 14.7
24	.571	.647	.633	.114	82.3	89.4	76.5 1 12.9
25	.645	.779	.586	.193	84.0	91.0	75.3 1 15.7
26	.695	.754	.653	.101	82.0	90.7	76.0 1 14.7
27	.747	.812	.687	.126	84.0	91.6	77.0 ' 14.0
28	.735	.814	.641	.173	82.8	91.6	76.0 i 15.5
29	.730	.788	,669	.129	83.0	90.5	76.5 14.0
30	.690	.762	.612	.160	84.6	92.3	77.7 14.6
31	.669	.730	.604	.126	86.2	93.0	80.5	: 12.5 1

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bu\U Thermometer Means are derived^ from the hourly obacrTa.t\o\i^^\aa.^vi >i^. *<^2^^ serend hours during the day.

XXXIV

Meteorological Observaliont^

AbUract (rf the Jtesnlts of the ITonrlt/ Meteoroloffkal Oiservalhns

iaken al the Sin-vef/or GeneraPs Office^ CalcuUa,

ill the month of May 1871.

Bail J Means, Ac. of Uk) O^orvations and of tlie irygromctrieal elemcni* dopciulent tlierco». — (CoHthiited.)

		^	^ vi	^ ^		is	^Mi	Mw
Ihie.	pi?	m		m	9 tfi «3 t!	Q 9		ail
	^1	9	6	Q	Si
	0	o	o	o	Inches.	T. gr.	T.gr.
1	80.5	4.3	77.5	7ir	0.925	9.90	2.56	0.8O
2	7^.1)	7.4	70.7 1	12.6	-744	7.»7	3.96	.67
3	7S..1	0.8	73.3 ;	11.0	^9	8.03	.80	.6i>
4	77.1)	G.1	73.0	10.4	.817	.75	.42	.r^
5	74.7	4.1 ;	71.8 ;	7.0	.771	.33	2.11	.80
6	75.i)	5.1 i	72.3	8.7	.783	.43	.71	.76
7	7S.(> ;	5.8	73.0	0.0	.821	.83	3.27	.73
8	7ir.'3 1	4.3	73.3 ,	7.3	.800	.72	2.20	.7U
9	7«k1 1	3.8 i	73. 1	0.5	.811	.75	.03	.81
10	77.8 I	4.0 !	75.0	0.8	.851	0.18	.22	.81
11	70.',)	3.1)	71.2	(kO	.832	8.00	.11	.81
12	7S.()	4.2 i	75.1 i	7.1	.8.->7	0.21	.33	.80
13	77.0	i>A) 1	74.0 '	8.5	.827	8.8S	.70	.7«;
11	78.2	3.1) !	75.5	o.r>	.808	0.33	.18	.81
15	71».2	4.0	70.0	7.8	.882	.45	.05	.75^
16	8i».o i	0.1 1	70.7	10.2	.002	.00	3.05	.73
17	81.2	o.s	77.1 '	10.0 :	.013	.70	.08	.71
18	81.5	4.J) 1	78.1	8.3 1	.043	10.i)0	.00	.77
11>	Sl.t	5.3 ;	7S.2 !	H.5 !	.010	.07	.11	.76
20	77.(J	3.2 ;	75.4 I	5.4	.805	0.31	1.73	.84
21	7l>.5	4.2 ,	70.0 I	7.1	.8iVJ	,03	2.41	.80
22	71).5 I	2.J) ,	77.5 j	4.0	.025	.04	1,07	.86
2;i	7i).l) 1	4.7 '	7r>M ;	8.0	.^)\)	.01	2.78	.78
21.	70.7 ;	2.0 j	77.0 1	4.4	.037	10.08	1.50	.87
25	Hi). 5 1	3.5 !	78.0 1	ex)	.9U) ;	.07	2.10	.83
20	78.0	3.4 '	7<1.2	5.8	.887 1	0.51 1	1.03	.83
27	SO..S	3.7	77.7 :	(;.3	.031	.08	2.10	.82
2S	78.5	4.3	75.5	7.3	.s<;8 !	.33 !	.42	.79
21)	78.7	4.3	75.7 i	7.3	.873 1	.38	.41	.79
:}«)	78.7 1	5.0	71.0	10.0	.813	.02	3.37	.7a
31	81.2	5.0 1	77.7	8.5	.031	.02	.07	.76

All the J/j'^^iviuetrii'al cicmouts are cyinvutod hy the Greenwich. Constantg.

llcUorotoglcat Olnervatio^is,

xxrr

JLhslract of tie Remits vfthe Ilonrlf/ Mefeirotojical Ol$€i'vathnt

iakeH at tht Snrvet/or GeneraVs Office, Calcntl^^

Ui ih'e Kionih of May 1*87 U

Uottriy M*c«n8, Ac of the Obsetvnlions nnd of the irygrometrrcal elements depend cut iliereon.

f^ire fi*r em-li Imiir dairiii^ I tie iiiotilli*

Hour.

	Jlmii^f* of llui lilt tlie inonLti	luring
Ma^.	Mm.	DiE

J^fusc,

	laclies.	Inclies.	Inclies.	Indies.	o
Mid-
•ifflit.	29.093	20.816	29.543	0,272	70.5
1	.683	.805	.626	.279	70.2
2	.672	.7vS6 .	.513	.278	780
3	.665	.7r,8	.S'X)	.268	78.6
4	.665	.770	.504	.272	78.4
S	.67^	.782	.^22	.2(50	78.2
6	.601	.80»	.640	;269	78.4
7	.710	.850	,672	.278	79.6
8	.724.	.866	.583	.^8S	82.1
9	.732	.869	.501	.^78	84.5
20	.730	•867	,682	.286	8f>,4
U	.717	.849	,64ri	."278	87.9
Noon.	.702	.829	.556	.273	884
1	.680	.798	.533	.265	89.3
2	.653	.768	.489	.269	89.5
3	.628	.735	.473	.262	89.6
4	.615	.721	.4.^9	.2(>2	80.8
5	.612	.735	.4:i8	.3<>7	88.0
6	.624	.727	.4o3	.274	80.2
7	.648	.736	.401	.216	8:^5
8	.669	.763	.523	.240	81.9
9	.686	.810	.532	.278	81.3
10	.609	.832	.641	.291	80.6
U	.6^9	.842	.544	.298	80.0

Min. I Dilt

I

8i.2 84.0 83.8 8:^5 83.0 82.7 83.0 81.0 87.0 88.3 J«0 92.4

93.6 94.7 95.0 105.0 "95.0 t)4.8 04.0 90.0 87.5 86.7 85.4 81.6

74.0 74.2 74.0 74,0 74.0 74.0 74.4 75.0 77,0 77.0 77.0 79.3

76.5 77.5 79.3 79.2 80.6 76.0 76.4 76.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 74.4

10.2

98

9.8

9.5

9:0

8.7

8.t}

9.0

lO.-O

11.3

13.0

13.x

17.0 17.2 15.7 15«8 14.4 18.8 17.6 14.0 12.5 11.7 10.4 lo.a

The Moan lleij;lit of tlic I3aroinelcr, as lil^ewisc tlio Dry and Wet liulh Tlierxnomcter Menus are derived fiom liic obscrvalious luade at (lie scvcFti Iwurs dttiiDg die moDJth,

XXXVl

Meteorological Observations.

Abstract of the liesnlts of the llonrlt/ Meteorological Observations

taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,

in the month of May 1871.

Hourly Means, Ac. of the Obsefrations and of tlie Ilygromctrical elements dependent tliereon. — (Continued.)

	^	i 0)	-^ 1		1
Hour.	1 1^3	p	a a	1 1 cS Si 1^	0^ o	2.S '	S8.g-
	0	0	o	0	Indies.	T.gr.	T.RT.
Mid.
jaiglit.	70.7	2.8	74.7	4.8	0.8ir»	0.14	1.52	0.80
1	7<5.«	2.0	74.8	4.4	.819	.19	.37	.87
2	7r).«	2.3	75.0	3.9	.85 1	.21.	.23	i .88
3	7r>.i.	2.2	74.9	' 3.7	: .851	.21	.17	.89
4	7t>.i	2.0	75.0	! 3.4	! .851	.25	m	i .1H>
5	70.1	1.8	75.1	3.1	, .857	.28	0.97	1 .91
<>	70.8	1.0	75.7	i '^-7	.873	.45	.8()	1 .92
7	77.5	2.1	7(>.o	3.0	.8S2	.52	1.17	! .80
8	78.8	^:,\	70.5	5.0	. M\n\	1 .03	.88	, .84
1>	7i>.8	4.7	7(?.5	8.0	.SiM;	.59	2.70	1 .78
10	80.7	5.7	7<;.7	9.7	'■ .(KTl	.00	3.4(>	.74
Jl	81.2	'; ^-7	77.2	10.7 i	' .910 !	.73	.91	.71
Noon	i 81.1	7.3	70.7	1 11.7	'■ .902	; .50	4.28	1 .00
I	1 81.4	7.1>	; 70.7	• 12.0	. .902	.55	; .00	.07
2	81.2	8.3	' 70.2	1 13.3	.887	! .41	i .88	.00
a	80.1>	8.7	■; 75.7	\ 13.9	1 .873	' .21	' 5.(X)	j .05
4	1 81.2	8.0	1 70.0	13.8	.as2	1 .33	.09	1 .05
5	n\)	■ 8.1	i 75.0	13.0	. .854	.07	4.01	• .00
()	79.5	0.7	, 74.8	11.4	.8ti)	.0(5	3.93	t .70
7	. 78.7	i 4.8	75.3	8.2	.8()2	.25	2.75	.77
s	77.8	4.1	74.1)	1 7.0	1 .851	i .15	.29	.80
1)	. 77.8	; 3.5	75.3	i 0.0	' .802	1 .29	1.95	.83
10	77.4	; 3.2	75.2	' 5.4	.84*,<1	.28	.73	.84
11	70.8	. 3.2	74.0	5.4	.81;)	.11	; .70	.84

AH the IJ jgromctru-al clcineuts arc computed l»y the GrccuwicL Constants.

Meteorological Observations.

xxxvu

Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor GeneraVs Offif^Cy Calcutta^ in the month of May }871. Solar ItadiatioD, Weatlier, &c.

"■	s^	&g .	Wind.
		aGua t. abo round
i	Prevailing	H S	DaUy Velocity.	General aspect of tbc Sky.
1	|1	IS^	direction.	H	-
	o	Inches		lb	Miles
1	142.0	...	S & S by W	...	2244	Chiefly Vi.
2	142.5	...	W& variable.	...	166.5	Chiefly V>i.
3	147.0		W & W by 8	...	84.6	Vi to 12 A. M., '^i to 6 p. M., B afterwards. •
4	147.7	.1*	SSW&Sby W	3.2	115.7	Chiefly '^i. Brisk wind from 7J to 7i p. M., T at 8 p. m.
			*			L on W at 7 & 8 p. M.
6	131.8	0.25	E S E & Variable	3.6	239.0	Mt<)3 A. M., Bto9 A. M., clouds of different kinds af- terwards. Brisk T^ind from IIJ to Hi A. M. TatllJA 12 A. M., & from 6 ta8 p. m., L from 6 to 8 p. m: E. at \\\ & 12 A. M., and from 6.^ to 8 p. M.
6	148.5	...	WN W& variable.	...	202.7	Chiefly '"i, D at 65 p. m.
7	160.0	0.48	SE&S8W	19.5	83.3	Chiefly ^i., stronpf wind at 6J p. M. Hailstone at 6i^ p.m., T & L from 6 to 9 p. m. 11 from 6J to 7J p. m.
8	135.2	0.13	8 E & Variable.	2.8	99.5 •	Vi, to 3 A. M., 0 to 6 A. M., clouds of different kinds to 6 p. M. O afterwards. Brisk wind at H p- m. T at 1 p. m. L on S at 9 p. m., Slight Rat U, 7 & 8 p. M.
9	145.0	.. •	8 S E & S W	J,	147.3	Chiefly '"i.
10	1^.0	0,24	SSW&S	1.7	98.0	Chiefly ^'\. Brisk wind be- tween 4.J A 5 p. M. Tat 4 & 5
						p. H. ]{ at 5 <& 6 p. H.
11	147.4	0.27	S E & S by W	2.2	140.6	B to 10 a. m., '^i. to 5 p.m. 0 afterwards. Brisk wind be- tween 5 & 5J p. m., Tat 5 J & 7 p. m., L at 9 & U p. m., Efrom 5.i to 7 p. m.
12	146.5	0.16	SSW,SEitSSE		136.9	Clouds of different kinds to 7 A. M., ^i to7 p. M.,Oaf- terwards. T at 8 J p. m. L on 8 Wat 8 p. M., E from 8J to 10 p. M.
13	150.0	1.40	S by E & S S W	7.8	114.0	Vi to 8 A.M., ^i to 6 p. M., 0 afterwards. High wind at 7 p. M.T at 7 & 8 p. M. L from 7 to 9 p. M. K at 7 & 8 p. M.
14	145.0	•••	SSE&ENE	*■«	113.3	O to 4 A. M., B to 9 A. M., "i to 6 p. M., S afterwards.

\i Cirri,— i Strati, ^i Cumuli, "v-i Cirro-strati, ^^iCumulo-^Vc^^x^xrOv^vss^-v^ Vi Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratom, O o\«t<:«AV,T VJ^mA^t, Xx \\'^vV«ssn^> M TMD, D drizzle*

XXXVlll

MtUorological OlservationTB.

Abdraci of the ItesnlU of ihe llonrhj Mekorological Oiservatioiki

taken at the Surveyor General's OJJice, Calcutta^

in ike woiiih of May 1871.

Solar Kadiation, Weather, &c.

	u	^ p
	^ a	tr t: .
.?i	w^	ad£
fS	g2

Wind.

Prevailing direction.

^ . r^ rr.

o 15 150.2

16 149.8

17

18

19 20

21

22

2:^

2 J

2.3 20

110.7 Xfi^2.0

148.0

120.0

140.0

115.8

110.7

111.2

Incliesl \h

0.80 is S W & Variable 1.7

[SW SSW,SbyWitW

0.22

0.27

0.10

0.21

1U.3 135.5 1.10

2.58

0.82

S SW&SbyE S by E & S W

SSW

S by W& Variable

SW&E SE

KSE&WSW

W S W & S S E

S S E <t S by W

0.8 1.8

0.8

2.C

2.4

1.0 G.o

' rt o

Miles 108.8

GenenU aspect of tlio Skj.

46.3

68.3 72.7

113.6

177.1

108.3

85.4

46.8 00.1

JSS W 22.0'. 101.4

S W<LSbyE 11.4 230.8

B to 8 A. M., '"i to4p. M. B afterwards. 11 between 1 & 2 r. M.

IJ to 3 A. M., \i to 8 A. M., ^ i to 7 P. M. B afterwards. L at 0 & 10 P. M.

B to 0 A. M., ^i to 5 P. M. B afterwards.

B to 6 A. M., ^i to 7 P. M. B aftxTwards. T at 21 & 4i p. M. 11 at 2, 3 & 5 p. M.

B to 4 A. M., W to 4 p. M., 8 aften^ards. L at midnight & from 7} to 9 p. m.

Chiefly O. L from 2 to 5 A. M., & at 10 p. M. T at 5 A from H\ to 10{^ A. M., llfromSi to 10 A. M., &at8 p. M.

S to 10 a. m., '^i to7 P. M.

0 afterwards. Brisk wind be- iwct^n 5 it 6 J P. M. L on S at !8 p. M. 11 at 3', &6i P. M.

1 Clouds of difloroTjf kinds to 8 A.M., ^i to 2 r.M.Olo 0p.m., I\i to 0 r. M., B att^Twards. 'Jirisk wind, Tit K at 2.i p.m. I B tod a. m., \i to 10 a.m.,

-i to 4 r. M., S afterwards. Tat 41 Jt 5 V. M. I S to 0 a. m., \i to 10 A. M. !o to 3 P.M., S afterwards. !Hi«;]i wind at 11 a.m. T from |]2 a. m., to 1 p. M., L at 11 & 112 A. M., & from S to 11 P. m., 'Knt 11 Sc 12 a.m. ! StolOl.A.M., ^ito7 P. M. jo afterwards. Storm at 01 P. !M., T .t L at midniirht c't 1 A. |m., & from 7 to 11 p. m., R 'from 7 J to 10 ]). m. I O to Oa. m.. S to3p. m., O afterwards. High wind be- lt ween 4] ctl^ p. M.,Tat 5p. iM., L at midnight & 1 a. m., life from 7 to 0 p. M., 11 from lli to 6 p. M.

V Cirr'u—i Strati, -i CmnuV\,v-\C\rro.^VT;vt\, rv.\ Cumulo-slrati, v^-i Nimbi, \n/C/rro.cmi,uIi, B clear, S .tratom, O o^ctv:vx>.V, 1 Wxxxi.^v:x,\.\v>^\vWi|,.

Meteorological Olservafions.

xxxix

Alstract of lite SesuU of the TTourli/ Meteorological Observations taken at tie Surveyor OeneraVs Office, Calcutta, in the month of May 1871. Solar Eadiation, Weather, &c..

o o

. si

27

28

30 31

o 145.8

145.0

145.8 143.0 148.9

lucliei

1.57

Wind,

PrcTnUing direction.

H S

General aspect of tlie Slj*

ssw

SSW ,5: Tariable

sw&ese;

w

s w&s

]^

Miles. 147.3

3.8

12G.9

155.2

90.8 99.7

O to 7 A* K., ""i to 5 K M*,

B afterwards. L on N W at 8

S to 8 A. M,, '^i to 5 p. M.,

O afterwards. Brisk Tmndlw- tween 7^ & 8| Ip. m. T& L from 7 to 11 p. m, K from 0 io 8 p. u* ife at 11 p. M,

S to7 A, M., -i io 7 p- K„ S afterwardsX on S at 8 p.M.

\i & \_i to 7 A. M.» Bio 2 p. M. '^i & \i aftorwarfls*

Chiefly ^i. LonIS atB&i*

p,M.

\i Cirri — i Strati, '^i Cnmuli,\-i Clrto-atr«AA, rv_\ C\vmv\Q-^Vt^^.v^rOv^xa^\^ y^ Cirro-CumvlU B clear, S btrat0Tu,O o^etc^^t>'l^>^^^^>"^'^^^^^'^'^'

xl Meteorological Observations.

Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office, CalaUta, in the month of May 1871. Monthly Bbsults.

Inc LeB

Mean lieiglit of tlio Barometer for tlie moDtb... ... ... 29.678

Max. Tioiglit of the Barometer occurred at 9 a. m. on the 2nd. ... 29.869

Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 6 p. M. on the 23rd. ... 29.428

Extreme range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.441

Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 29.741

Ditto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.603

Mean daily range of the Barometer during the mouth .«. •.. 0.138

o

Mean Dry Bulb Tlierraometer for the month ... 83.3

Max. Temperature occurred at 4p. m. on tlio 17th. 96.0

Min. Temperature occurred at 6 a. m, on the 6th. 74.0

Extreme range of the Temperature during the month 21.0

Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... ... 91.2

Ditto ditto Min. ditto, ... ... 77.2

Mean daily range of tie Temperature during the month... ... 14.0

Mean "Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... ... ... 78.7

Mean Dry Bulb Tbermomctor above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 4.6

Coniputea Mean Dew-point for the month ... ... ... 76.5

Mean Dry Bulb Thermomet^T above computed mean Dew-point ... 7.8

Inches.

Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 0.868

Troy grain.

Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 9.31

Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 2.62 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.78

o Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 144.4

Inches.

Kained 17 days,— Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 2.68

Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 11.08

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... ... ... - ... 9.33

Prevailing direction of the Wind... ... S S W,

♦ Height 70 feet 10 me\i<e^ \siNiONe ^qiamqA.

Meteorological Olservalion».

xli

^^,^^

^

^ ^

nil uitJjj

AV^^^^u

UU 11 tail

V-^'A\

*ao Hit* J.]

;Ai ^no timji

M '^

■no utBjf

■no mw^]'

no iTTir^ "rioiipii

'HO T|TO>|

'?r *R *:?

'no Tiiir^

*ftci Tttwji-

^^iCq '1^

-TIO nitr^T no urtrii'

■no niTf^

^^q 'ST

■4I10H

^ — •**- — -M

« ^5 ^l ^1 -N ?1 -?! ^ ?1 « *# iW W ir^ ^TM — — » -- ^1

i-t ?ij :»a 5«> >i t* — 7>i ^ 7^1 ^

M !?1 -BiJ -^ -^ -M IQ « "^1 3«l *^ -» »-• W CO lO -f ?1 -^ 1^ — ^1

-^ >1 ?5 *^ T^l M TO 9^ lO TO TO TO ^ ^ TO — * ^1 *Q -* Tl -• ^

cs' QCSiC' ^C5t*^s^«3ii^^^QCi>^ '^ r^i-*«?iSj)t rix.

eo <>t -M -4

-^ TO -t t^ ^ lO ^ "i ^ 'S^ ^1 -^ '?! ?1

^ gfj -* _ ^ _ ^ ^515 ^' TO •^ ^ 91 -^ ^^ ^"-i-rl TO *?! TO to"

» ^1 'M -M TO TO -f r^ -H — ^ F-* — -M -♦ ^ *^ ^ .-^ ^

O^ JO*C-"5*fTO^'"*TO

O — ■ ^ ^ ^

— -t -,«-?>.- *>] -?! TO

TO TO TO TO ^ ^ TO ^1 ^1 «-• T'T ?1 —

— n 'M TO ^ TO

^1 ^ ^ ^l M ^1 -M -

^ ^41^ *4 — V^ — ■ -4 r-t ^-4 rs TO •'I TO

^^^--1 ^'

*>! >1 ^"^ "^ —

i— ?1 M -^ « ^ -^^

^S *S". *-" S4 €^ *^ *<^ '^ ^^ '^ ^ *^ ^* Sl'^

Ta ^ra -^ «k "^^r-^ ^^ "^

^X

Mettorological Observationb.

xlii

Abstract of Ike Itesult^ of theJlottrl^ ileteoiological Observations

taken at the Snrveyor General's Office, Calcutta,

in the month oj June 1871.

Latitude ll"" 33' V North. Longitude 88° 20' 3^ East.

lEeiglit of tlie Cistern of tlie Standard Barometer above tlie sea level, 18.11 feet.

Daily Means, k^, of the Observations and of tlie Kjgrometrical elements dependent thereon.

	^t	Itau^e of tlie Barometer	J5 3 li	Rang<? of tlie Tc	nipt- ra-
	til	during tlie cUy.	^ 1	ture during tlie	ting.
				^1
Data.
		Mas, 1	Mip.	DiC	Mai.	Min.	DiO;
	lucUes*	lut^lies.	IncLes,	Indies. 1	0	0	0	o
1	29.6^5	29.714	29J90	0.124	86.3	93.8	^.7	11. 1
2	.625	,075	,550	.125	80.7	88.0	77.0	11.0
3	J79	.647	.497	,150	81.3	87.0	77.0	10.0
4	.626	.570	,471	,099	81.8	87.0	79.5	7.5
6	.551	.590	.508	.082	82 J	87-5	80.0	7,5
e	,610	.605	.488	,117	82.0	86.0 !	80.5	5.5
7	^20	.594	.'154	.140	82.8	88.4	80.0'	8,4
8	.508	.555	,464	,101	83.3	87.5	80.5	7,0
9	.620	.672	.459	,113	8L5	85.9	77,8 1	8.1
10	.5*55	.612	M%	,100	83.7	90.0	80.5	9.5
11	.578	.62:1	,537	,086	81.4	83.0	80.2	2.8
\%	.541	-5115	.469	.126	82.8	88,0	79.8	8.2
13	.515	.5ti2	.455	,107	81.7	84J	80.0	4.6
14	M%	.530	,'407	,132	83.6	87.0	81.0	6.0
U	.472	,549	.405	,144	83.5	870	8L3	5,7
la	.m	.486	.374	,11^	84.1	87.3	81,0	6.3
M	.460	,535	.403	JS2	83.6	87.4	80.8	6.6
18	,52B	.587	.482	.105	84.4	89.6	80.5	9,1
19	.543	.593	.484	.1<»9	85.5	9i).5	81.8	8.7
20	.465	.543	.370	.173	85.1	89.5	83.0	6.5
21	.428	.479	.371	.108	83.7	89.7	80.6	9.1
22	.405	.454	.342	.112	82.1	85.4	80.5	4.9
23	.425	.499	.370	.129	82.2	86.4	80.0	6.4
24	.490	.552	.441	.111	81.0	84.3	80.0	4.3
25	.531	.573	.466	.107	81.4	86.7	78.5	8.2
26	.536	.576	.474	.102	81.2	83.5	79.5	4.0
27	.501	.539	.444	.095	81.2	84.5	78.5	6.0
28	.519	.588	.463	.125	82.0	86.0	78.7	7.3
29	.598	.672	.531	.141	81.6	86.5	76.5	10.0
30	.635	.690	.580	.110	82.8	89.4 76.4	13.0

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observationSi made at the several Lours during the day.

rriii

SItfeorotogicat 06senrafiou9',

Ahatract of the liesnlls of the llonrlij Melearologkal OiservafhnM

lakeu al the Snrrei/or GenemVs Office, Caleulla,

ill ike vtoHlU of Jme 1&7I.

Pailjr Means, «&c. of blie ObHerrations and of tlie lijpgronietfiea) tUmemim dcpeiKlent IbcrcoiK — fCouiitinedJ

P»te.		i 1 ^	'i 13	1	Q a EJQ.	1^	ill as t^ ^
	^1 si				1°:	3>g	8^S
	J^	p)	o	Q	i^	<	^
	O	o	0	o	1 ladies.	T.gr.	T.gr.
1	82.1	4.2	79.2	r.i	0.976	10.41	2.61	OtSO
2	78.7	2.0	77.3	3.4	.919	9.92	1.12	.90
3	78.9	2.3	77.3	3.9	^19	.90	.31	.8a
4	79.7	2.1	78.2	3J>	•940	10il7	.23	.81>
6	8«).3	1.8-	79.0	3.1	.970	.44	.07	.91
0	»).3	1.7	79.1	2.9	i*73	.47	M	.91
7	80.3	2.5	78.0	4.3	.955	.27	.48	.87
8	80.0	2.7	7S.7	4.0	.901	.31	.62	.8(J
y	80.1	l.l	79.1	2.1	.973	.49	0iJ2	.93
10	80.1	3.3	78.1	5.0	.94^3	.10	li)7	.8^4
ii	80.3	1.1	79.5	1.9	.980	.02	0.65	.94
12	81.0	1.8	79.7	3.1	.992	.06	1.09	.91
13	80.5	1.2	79.7	2.0	.992	.€8	0.69	.94
11.	81.5	2-1	80.0	3.0	l.OOl	.72	1.31	.S»
15	81.3	2 2	79.8	3.7	0.i»95	.06	.34	.8»
1(>	81.2	2.9	79.2	4.9	.970	.45	.76	.80
17	»0.0	3.(>	78x5	5^1	.955	.25	.78	.85
18	80.3	4.1	77.4	7.0	.922	».87	2.44	.80
lU	81.0	3.i>	78.9	6.0	.907	ia32	.'V)	.81
20 !	82.0	2.5-	80:8	4.3	l/)27	.98	1.59	.»7
21 1	80.9	3.8	78.9	4.8	0.907	.37	.70	M^
22	80.2	1.9	78.9	3.2	.907	.41	.10	.90
23	8ii.3	U)	79.0	3.5^	.970	.44	.10	.91
24	8).2	0.8	79.0	1.4	.989	.08	0.46	.9&
23	79.9	1.5	78.8	2.0	.904	.38	.89	.92
20	79.3	1.9	78.0	3.2	.940	.13	1.08	.90
27	79.2	2.0	77.8	3.4	.9,3.1	.07	.14	M
2S	79.8	2 2	78.3	3.7	.949	.20	.27	.89
29	79.0	2.0	78.2	3.4	.910	.19	.16	.90
3JJ	8o.a	2.5	78.0	4.3	.955	.27	.48	.87

All the Hygrometrical elements aie coiv\^>\lvid by tlic Greenwich Constantsa

•MtUorohffkal Ohipervafwn^.

xllv

AbilfMci of the Hfsnl/s of Ihe flonri^ iTe(e(n'olog]cal X)bseyva(ioftn

tuien at ike Snrveyar Gtueral'n Office^ Odcntt^i,

iu ike ihohU ^/ Jme l«7h

tloRrly Meam, &e. of tlie ObserFaiions and of ike Hygromctrioal elements dependent tLereon.

Hour,

^3

If R'r>|rc of llie Dnrf>TtH'ter

for enrti lioiir chtritig

the itioritli*

Max.

Min.

Bim

Rjin^e of (lie IVmponi*- i nro for i*ncli Uoiir diititi^ ifie niontli.

Max. Min. ; Diff.

Mid-

1

2

4 6 6 7 8 9

10

11

Noon. 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 D 10 11

Indies.	Indies.	Inches,	Indies.	o
29.545	29.683	29.4£4	0.259	81.5
.633	.672	,412	.260	81.2
.621	,665	.407	.258	800
.64)7	.647	^sim	.248	80.6
.602	,648	.398	.250	80.5
.511	.653	.403	.250	80.4
.625	.684	.414	.270	80.O
.639	.697	.426	.271	81.0
.656	•711	.438	.273	82.1
.5(53	.714	.442	.272	83.3
.603	.706	.454	.252	84.3
.657	.703	.440	.263	8-1.3
.541	.679	.417	.262	85.0
.622	.642	.392	.250	85.1
.603	.627	.370	.257	85.3
.485	.6(U	.354	.250	85.0
.469	,690	.ai9	.241	84.8
.470	.600	.342	.258	84.2
.482	.602	^65	.237	83.6
.499	.621	.381	.240	82.0
.620	v635	.388	.247	82.3
.636	.661	.413	.248	82.1
.653	.670	.437	.233	81.8
.553	.672	.430 1	.2^12	81.6

84.5	77.0
84.3	76.4
84.1	76.4
84.0	76.6
84.0	76.9
83.6	77.0
83.7	77.4
84.5	78.0
86.6	78.5
87.0	78.2
88.6	7t).0
©0.5	79.8

91.7 93.0 93.8 ©1.0 90.0 88.9 87.6 86.0 85.3 85.0 85.0 84.0

81.0 77.5

77.0

78.2

78.4

79.0

79.0

79.5

77.9

78.0 '

76.5 ;

76.8 I

7.5

79 7.7 7.4 7.1 6.6 6.3 6.5 8.0 8.8 9.5 10.7

10.7

15.5

16.8

12.8

11.6

9.9

8.6

6.5

7.4

7.0

8.5

7.2

The Mean Height of ilie Barometer, ns likewise tlie Pry and Wet BuIH Thermometer Means are derived fiom the oUservatious made at the oererfii hours during the month.

xlv

Meleorological Olservafioni.

Afjsfraol of (he Resulls of the Ilourli/ Meteorological Observalioni

taken at the Surveyor Getieral's Office, Calcutt-a^

in the month of June 1871.

Hourly Means, Ac. of the Obserrations and of tlie Hygromctrical eloment* dependent thereon. — (Continued,)

		1 >		If it 1	ic force of	ht of Vapour foot of air.	Weight of quired for aturation.	^ 2 9^ §
flour.	•43 .	eS		«	1S •	bf.o	^ c "	i ^^
	11		1 a. 1 0,	Is			1^^ lis	III
	0	0	0	Tnches.	T.gr.	T.K».
Mid.
.TKl't-	80.1	1.4	79.1	2.4	0.973	10.44)	0.82	0.93
J	79.8	1.4	78.8	2.4	.904	.40	.81	.93
2	7l).G	1.3	78.7	2.2	.901	.37	.73	.93
3	71).5	l.l	78.7	1.9	.901	.37	.01	.94
4	71).3	1.2	78.5	2.0	.955	.31	.07	.94
5	7'.).3	1.1	78.5	1.9	.955	.31	.r>3	.91
(I	79A	1.1	78.0	1.9	.958	.3t	.01	.94
7	79.7	1.3	78.8	2.2	.901	.40	.74	.93
s	80.3	1.8	79.0	3.1	.970	.41,	1.07	.91
\)	80.S	2.5	79.0	4.3	.970	.42	.51	.87
]()	Sl.l	3.2	78.9	5.4	.007	.37	.91	.84
11	81.0	3.3	78.7	5.6	.901	.29	.99	.84
PToon.	81.5	3.5	79.0	o.o	.970	.37	2.10	.83
1	81.4	3.7	78.8	0.3	.9(>4	.31	.20	.82
2	81.4	3.9	78.7	0.0	.901	.20	.38	.81
W	81.3	3.7	78.7	0.3	.901	.29	.24	.82
4	81.2	3.0	78.7	0.1	.901	.29	.17	.83
5	80.8	3.4	78.4	5.8	.952	.19	.05	.83
Cy	8o.r»	3.0	78.5	5.1	.955	.25	1.78	.85
7	80.0	2.3	79.0	3.9	.970	.42	.37	.88
s	8t).3	2.0	78.9	3.4	.9(;7	.41	.17	.90
i>	80.2	1.9	78.9	3.2	.907	.41	.10	.00
10	80.2	1.0	79.1	2.7	.973	.47	0.93	.92
]1	80.0	1.0	78.9	2.7	.907	.41	.93	.92

All tho II vi^nmietrKiil olomcnts arc computed Uy the Greenwich Constants.

Meteorological Observations.

xlvi

Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office^ Calcutta^ in iJte month of June 1871. Solar liadiation. Weather, <&c.

	^ A	&? .	Wind.
	n n	Hain Gua \\ ft. abo Ground
1	PreTailing direction.		DaUy Velocity.	General aspect of the Sky,
	o	Inches		IfT	Miles
1	161.0.	0.61	S& Variable.	1.7	133.6	Chiefly ^i. T at 6 p. m. Bat 9} p. M.
2	113.0	3.87	SSW& s w	1.3	162.4	8 to 8 A.M. 0 afterwards. T from 10 A. M., to 6 p. M. L at 3 A. M., & from 12 a. m., to 2 p. ir. H from 8| a.m., to 2 p.m.
3	139.4	0.68	SSE&S	2.0	101.4	0 to 7 A. M., 8 to 1 p. M., "i afterwards. T from 1 to 3^ 7to9A. M., AatU p. M. L from 1 to 3 A. H., at 7 & from 9tollp.M. Efromlto3A.M.
4		2.67	S&SbyE		88.9	8 to 6 A. M., V-it0 9M. A., "i & VnJ to 2 p. m. O to 6 p. M. S afterwards. Tat 6 A 7a.m. & from I to 4 p. M. L at mid- night. Rat2, 6. 10i& 12 a.m. & from 1 to 3 p. m.
5	145.0	0.84	S by E,S & S S E	...	60.6	^i to 12 A. M. O to 4 p. m. 8 afterwards. T at 1 p. m. B at 1 A. M., & 1 &2p. M.
6	140.0	0.11	SSE&E SE		59.9	\i to 3 A. M. 8 to 7 A. M., -ito 12 A. M. O to6p.M..>i afterwards. T at 1 «& 2 p. m. Slight B from 11 J A. M., to a P M
7	138.3	0.35	ESE&NNE		61.8	\i to3 A. M. 8to6p.M.O
					afterwards. T at 10 a. m. , and
						from 8 to 10 p. m. Lfrom 8 to
						10 p. M. Slight B at 11 A. M.
			[E.			& from 7 to H p. m.
8	132.0	0.12	WSW^NNW&N		120.3	0 to 4 p. M., \i k v-i af- terwards. Tat2A. M., & llj p. M. L at 2 A. M., & 11 p. M. B at 3 A. M.
9	127.6	4,04	WbyS&SSW	2.0	101.9	O to 3 p. M. S afterwards. Brisk wind at 3f a.m. T from midnight to 7 A. M. & at 7 P. M. L from midnight to 6 a. «. <& 7 to 11 p. M. B from midnight tol2iA. M.
10	141.8	0.74	s w&ss w	0.8	162.2	8 to 11 A. M., \i & -ito4 p. M. 0 afterwards. T, L & B at 6 & 6 p. M.
11	...	0.34	SSE&SbyE	...	102.7	Chiefly O. T from 1 to 4 & at 8 A. M. L from 1 to 4 a. m.
					Slight B from 2 t^ 6 & 10 to
					12 a. m., &at2B,>iL.

\i Cirri,— i Strati, ^ i Cam^ili, \_\ CiTto^^ltaW, '^\Ci\xm>a^cy-'eXx^^x>->--^<^^^^- W Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratom, O OYeTWAV.,'^ >DtaNsAs?t, \^ \^^J^>^^ks^^-

xlvii

Meteorological 06servafions»

Abiiract of the Hesulls of the Hourly Meteorological Observations

taken at tlis Surveyor Generates Officey Calcutta,

iu tie month of June 1871.

Solar Eadiation, Wentlier, &c.

u ,	o 9
GQ '^
|i

Wind.

Prevailing direction.

8|

General aspect of iLe S1ry«

12	o 145.3
13	...
14	152.3
15	137.5
26	...
17	149.2
18	14^.5
19	148.5

127.0

143.0

20

^1 :22

^3 138.8

24' ..

InclicHl 2.18 SE&SSE

1.38 0.06

0.13 0.25

0.01

0.27 0.84

0.45

S by W & S S&S8W

WSW, S AS byE SbyE,S&SbyW

S S by W & S S W

s s w&s

S&ESE

S E &E by S SE&ESE

ESE&SE

1.53 E S E & S

1.0

0.8

Miles 199.3

S to 7 A. M., ^i to 3 p. M. O to 7 P. M. B afterwards. L at 4 A. M., & 11 p. M..H from 12 A. M., to 3 p. H.

107.4 O t(» 7 p. M., >^i aftcrwnrds. E at 1 & from 5 to 7 & lOJ a. H., to 1 p. M.. & at 3 p. H.

77.4 Sto4 A.M. Oto 9 A.M., -i \o 2 p. M. O to 9 p. M. B after- wards. Slight 11 at 8 A. M., 1, 4, 6 A 9 p. M.

75.9 Clouds of different Icinds. Slight K at 2 A.M., & from 12 A. M. to 3 p. M.

171.5 \-i to 4 A. M. Oto 7 a. M., i &^i io 7 p.M.Safterwardsr.

L on Sat 11 J p.m. R at 7, 12

A. M.. & 1 p. M.

206.5 I S to 5 A. M., Vi to 9 A. m., pi to 1 p. M. O afterwards. D |at 6 A. M., 2.1, 4 Sc 5 p. m.

165.8 () to 4 A. M. S to 8 A. M., \i to 11 A. M., ^i to 6 p. M., v_i aft^^rwards.

114.8 \i to 5 A. M.. ^i to 7 P. M. IB aflorwards.

115.8 O to 9 A. M., clouds of dif- ferent kinds* afterwards. L at 4 &5 A. M., & 11 p. M.Tat8 A. M. D at 8 & 12 A. M., & 1

& 2^- P M 153.2 \1\ to 5 A. M. S to 10 A. M., '^i to 8 p. M. O afterwards, li at 12 A. M., 4, 5 & 11 p. M.

216.7 O to 3 A. M. S to 6 a. m., \i& ^i to9 A. M.O tol P.M., clouds of difTerent kinds af- terwards. B. at midnight, 10, 11 A. M., IJ, 2J, 4, 5 &7 p. M.

273.8 S to 6 A. M., '^i to 1 p. m.,

0 afterwards. T at lOJ p. m. Slight U at 1,3, 11a. m., 2, 6, |7 & from 9 to 1 1 p. m.

1 O. T at 2} & 6.1p.m. L at

254.6 2\ p. M. B after inter?al8.

\i Cirn, — i Strati, '"i Cumuli, \-~\C\rTo-^ttv\^\, rx.:\ C.v\w\wVv>-'s>\r\U, vrv_i Nimbi, V>i' Ciri-o-nimuli, B dear, S stratouH, O o\ctc^*V, T \\v>i.\i^x, V Xx^vVvivsvi^,

I?

7^ A.vt'Ti

Meteorological Olservalions,

xlviii

Abstract of the ResuUa of the Uonrly Meteorological Oiservations taien at tie Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta, in the month of June 1871. Solar Sadiation, Weather, Ac,

o o CO '43

si

to .

-J a §

ad 2

Wind.

Prerailing direction.

:^

25 26

27

28

29 30

o 120.0

128.5

187.0 1U.0

110.5 134.0

Indies 0.44

0.02

1.12 0.21

1.82 0.47

I

ssw&w sw

[W WNW,SWitSS

SW&SSE 8S W

S S W&S W 8SW&SW

0.8 0.8

2.0

Miles. 85.0

168.2

179.1 139.3

79.9 98.9

^General aspect of tlio Sky-

Chiefly O. E at 1 J & 3 A.M., & 4 p. H.

8 to 6 A. M. O to 11 A. M. S afterwards. Light E from 7 to 11 A. M.

Chiefly O. E from IJ to 9 at 11 <& 12 A. M.., & 6 p. M,

Chiefly O. Slight E at mid- night from 6 to 10 a.m., & be- tween 7 & 8 p. M.

Chiefly O. E from 3 to 11 p. M.

O to 9 A. M , S afterwards. TatlA.M.LatlA.M.,&fix)m8 to 10 p. M. E from midnight to 4 A. M., at 1, 2 J & 11 P. M.

^\rSrTr^^^TStaiti7TCnmSdivlA^reo^^^ W CirTO-CumuIi, B clear, 8 stxBcWm, O wcwfta^.^"^ ^OssMi^^^

xlix

Meieorological Oiservaiiotts.

Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office^ Calculta, in the month of June 1871. Monthly Ebsults.

Mean lieiglit of tlio Barometer for the month... Max. Iicight of the Barometer occurred at 9 a. m. on the Min. lieight of the Barometer occurred at 5 p. m . ou the JCxtreme ravage of the Barometer during the month ^

Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... "..

J)itto ditto Min. ditto Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month .

Ist.

Inches.

. ^.523 . 29.714 . 29.34S . 0.372 . 29.679 . 29.462 . 0.117

Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... ,., ,., 82.7

Max. Temperature occurred at 2 p. m. on the Ist. ^1^3-8

Min. Temperature occurred at 1(&2 a. m, on the 30th. 76.4

Extreme range of the Temperature during the mouth 17.4

Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... ... 87.2

Ditto ditto Min. cfitto, ... ... 79.8

Mean daily range of tl:e Temperature during the month... ... 7.4

Mean "Wet Bulb Tliermoraetcr for the month ...

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer al)ove Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer

Computed Mean Dew-point for the month

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ...

Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ...

80.4

2.3

. 78.8

3.9

Inches. . 0.964

Troy grain.

Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 10.36

Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1.36 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete satui'ation being unity 0.88

Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ..,

o 13^.8

Inches.

Bained 28 days. — Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 4.04

Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 26.35

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... ,,, ,,, ... 23.66

Prevailing direction of the Wind 8 & S S W.

• Heiglit 70 Ceet 10 'mcVieiv «Xjo^c ^gtwsA*

Meteorological Observations.

^ o

^

S.

5. 2

0 ^

f»

"3 *- fir. -

CD

« r 5

"•,-5 2

^ :f i; C

Si •..

&

o

05 ^

c 1^

Si

'^ ^

c

«^ -s

V

■Uc» UIUJI
AilCcrsf	*-^ 1-^ ^^ 1-^
'uo aio}^
.il k'.M	4^ ,-4 «^#-f
■UU UilJ)f	f-^ i-i
■AV '\'	--.-^ T^-N
■iRi m\\\\
XVK'W	'M'^^^'S^^ ^^^ CT^
Ml IIUIJI	1—1 * -•	r^
V'^'q-AV	— "
ito utuji	^ " " -
\u	^ „ ^^^^ ^ ,^^^
no uttfJl	-* -^ '^^ — * *^ 1
■^ A a A\	^ -^^__^_4 — -* ^^.^^
'it«^ !iirt}j	^« 1-H r^^ -^^r^
\V<^ \\	-r^ ?^ ^1 ^ ^1 "* -. — — Ci ^ ?4 ?4 -, ^ -, OT
Mhi fi|fi;f	— 'M -* ^1 ^ -^ 1^ -M ^1 --( >1 ^1 —
U '=?	n -*^1 10 -f -f iO ?*? i!5 -? •* ?3 ^3 — •^ 7^1 ^1 t^ ^ -M ^ TC 7:
	-j> -. «i ^ -fl ^ 71 ^ ri 'M ?1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
■nil iiiifjf	— M r: *^"r: ** 7a :*^ r: '— — ?c *^' ?^"tVi^ rt 75 ^ — * — — T""" | -^ e*> r-t ^1 ^T -*; — f J 11 — " --» p^ i, — -• ^ ^ w^ -f — IS -■ i-i t'l -* ae i(^ I-- lar^ i-^i^io'H*
•Itn itllfjr
■:■! ■^"^1 ^g	*0 -* ?1 "M 75 _«*-—. — -^J ^1 :>!-, >t ^ -* -t 31 TI -# ira
	^1 ^ ^ 71 * _ ^ ^1 P-, — r*; rs t: -ys >i rr ^ ^ «j — *j ?: I'S >j ?; ^ *© 'J ^ -siT " «» ^ '^'i *i -, ~ ^i ~Ti~ ' ■
-J -Q	■M >m -» — ■?! 9^ -* -* >! T5 ?1 >t >1 ?l -M > 1 M -,^ ^ r- W,
■no TiiFii	-5, ^ .^ ^ _ ^^ « ^
*',r "Q -.r	-^^?^75 «« — ^~— -Mt?^-* — T^r^-M^^lrt^i
■lio liivjf	— ^
^q Xo'V	^ ^-.-.1 ^.^ r, .-?! -
*nr» iiri"»T	1^	.»^-, i-m
M	--«^„^ ^ .^^ i^^fl^^^ ^^-.
•ni> THi?)f	"^
■r Cn~^T	''^ *--
no TinT>r
':t 'X '^^i	-^ ^
'Hf* ftmu
tr ■ V'	^ ^„^^^
'Ufl nm;r	— » t-l
?r \'\s:
■ufi fiiw)y
TT ^^ ' ^T
'TIO TltBJJ
s:	I
^jnojf,	-5^ S.^	-* ^1 C*^ 'f ^O -J> t- t» Ci 0 "^ ^-^ '^ '^ ^ *& tj^^ '^lu't

-^

Mtlti^rokH/ical Olfittn'^a

AMraH of the Sc^nlf^ nf the llourlff AMeoroiufficat OlfSefvalwuB

iaiea ai the Surveyor Generates Office^ Caicttlfa^

in ike moufA 0/ Jufy 1871,

Latitude W W r NqiIIj, LongiUide 88"* JJO' 3r Eu«t.

Hef^Utor 4lic Cii^tern of the StamlmrU Barauietcr nbove tUe see level, 18.11 feet*

Dmily Means, Jtc. of tke Observulions iind of tlie Ifyj;roiiieU'ical clemeuts drpemletit iliiTeoji.

Bate.

ltaii*?e of llio Uiipotnetor during the ihy.

Max.

Milt,

Diff.

W ^

Itjiiigt' of the Tempera* turedtiriiJg tlie day.

Max.

Miii.

Diff,

Inches.	IiiL'hes.	Inches. 1
29.G0S ,	2»,&ii^	«9.628
M5	M4.	.6<XI
Ml	Mm	.522
Mt	•68S	.6(m
.tm	.666	.637
JI743	.616	.511
.5i3	.694	*47o
.5W	.6t]a	.462
.628	,58.H	.48«)
.539	.581	.488
M2	.579	.466
.692	.660	.552
.674	.724	.624
.657	.721	,6iJ3
.675	.64 L	.495
.64^	.696	,486
.613	.655	.-150
.406	.6*7	.4:^5
.482	.62iJ	.423
.51i	Mi	.463
.650	.598	.60*3
.6<MJ	.6:i9	.661
.aw	.637	.663
.641	.607	.461
Mn	.5W)	.421
.510	*5H3	.462
.57*5	.618	.537
.5i$«	.611	.5<MI
.482	.661	,3^»
.41«	.49 i	.359
.626	.613	.457

IiiL'hea.

80.8 78.1 82.4 829 83.7 81.4 86.1 83-8 83.1 83.2 83.a 81.U 8(M» 83.5 84.4

m.9

82.6 88 9 83,2 82.4 8<1.9 79.0 8L6 82.0 79.6 H2S 82 5 84.0 Hl.8 82.4 80.&

0	0
87,6	76.4
8C>6	75.6
88 .0	79.0
87.4	79.4
88.6	80.2
89.8	80.6
90.0	81.6
9»>2	81.2
85,7	81.0
86.7	8<».7
89.0	70.4
86.5	78.0
81.8	77.6
88.4	80.6
87.6	81.4
86.0	81.0
86.4	78.6
84)9	8f».6
89.0	80.2
86.6	80.0
64.2	78.0
81.6	7H.2
S-1.0	79.0
86.8	80.6
8;i9	77.2
8t>.0	78.0
87.6	78,8
89.0	79.5
1K».6	81.1
86,0	80.0
82.8	70.4

The M€\an Keiglit of the Barnineter. a« liki'Wtse Hi© Dry and Wtf l\\i\l Thermometer Meunt; are tlenvcd^ from the huurly ohscrTaliuuSj made ii-l vU aeveral lioura during tlie day.

lit

Meteorological Obiervalions.

Abstract of the Results of the Honrltf Meteorological Obserpation$

taken at the Surveyor Generates Office, Calcutta,

in the month of July 1871.

Daily Means, &c. of the Obscrrations and of the Hygrometrical element! dependent tbereon. — (Continued.)

Date.	i 1^	1 1	-1^ p 1	1 1 li	1	II	111 lit	Pi o^ en III
	o	0	0	0	luclies.	T.gr.	T.gr.
1	77-7	2.6	75.9	4.4	0.879	9.49	3.42	0.87
2	77.1	1.0	76.4	1.7	.893	.68	0.64	.95
3	79.7	2.7	77.8	4.6	.934	10.03	3.68	.86
4	79.5	3.4	77.1	5.8	.913	9.80	.99	.83
5	80.7	3.0	78.6	5.1	.958	10.28	.79	.85
6	81.2	3.2	79.0	6.4	.970	.40	.91	.85
7	81.7	3.4	79.3	6.8	.979	.46	2.11	.83
8	81.3	2.0	79.5	4.3	.986	.57	1.53	.87
9	81.1	2.0	79.7	3.4	.992	.66	.20	.90
10	81.4	1.8	80.1	3.1	1.005	.77	.12	.91
31	80.7	2.6	78.9	4.4	0.967	.39	.64	.87
32	79.4	2.5 i	77.6	4.3	.928	9.99	.45	.87
33	78.8	1.2 ;	78.0	2.0	.910	10.15	0.66	.94
34	8').9	2.6	79.1 1	4.4	.973	.4o	1.55	.87
15	81.6	2.8	79.6	4.8	.989	.68	.73	.86
36	81.0	2.3	79.4	3.9	.983	.51	.39	.88
37	80.1	2.5	78.3	4.3	.919	.20	.48	.87
38	80.8	3.1	78.6	6.3	.958	.28	.85	.85
39	80.4	2.8	78.4	4.8	.952	.21	.68	.86
20	8'..).2	2.2 1	78.7	3.7	.961	.33	.28	.89
21	78.9	2.0 !	77.5	3.4	.925	9.98	.12	.90
22 j	7S.5	1.4	77.5	2.4	.925	10.00	0.78	.93
23 1	79.5	2.1 1	78.0 1	3.6	.910	.11	1.23	.89
21 1	79.S	3.1 1	77.6 1	6.3	.928	9.97	.82	.85
25	7S.0	1.6 '	76.9 '	2.7	.908	.80	0.89	.93
20	79 1	3.5 i	76.9 !	6.0	.908	.71	2.05	.83
27 1	79.7	2.8 ,	77.7 i	4.8	.931	10.00 1	1.64	.86
28 1	8').6	3.1	78.2 ,	6.8 :	.916	.13	2.04	.83
2!) I	81.2	3.6	78.7 1	6.1	.961	.29	.17	.83
30 1	80.1	2.3 '	78.5 ,	3.9 '	.955	.27	1.31	.89
31 I	79.2	1.7	78.0 1 1	_!:'J	.910	.13 1	0.97	.91

Ail the J-[jgromctricaI elements are computed by the Greenwich Constant*.

Meteorological Olservations,

liii

Abiiract of the Hesnlls of the llonrli/ Meteorological Olservationa

iakcH at fie Snrvegor GeneraVs Office, Calcutta,

in tie month of July 1871.

Hourly Means, &c. of tbe Observations and of tlie Hjgromefcrical elements dependent tbereon.

	^^	Jitaiige i	:^f the BaromctiT	»o	liange of the Ti*!i*p<M-a-
	III	for ePi'b Lour duriug	M	ttire for eaeh honr
	tbe month		^1	during Mai.	tbe month.
Hour.	Mas.	Mb.	Dim	Mb.	DiC
	Incbes.	Incbes.	Inches.	Incbes.	o	0	0	o
Mid-
nigbt.	29.574	29.710	29.457	0.253	81.1	83.0	77.0	6.0
1	.564	.701	.447	.254	80.7	82.6	76.3	63
2	.554	.693	.420	.273	80-4	82.2	76.0	6.2
8	.542	.682	.404	.278	80.1	82.3	76.7	6.6
4	.536	.662	.391	.271	79.8	82.3	75.6	6.7
6	.543	.671	.399	.272	79.7	82.5	75.6	6.9
6	.554	.674	.399	.275	79.7	82.5	76.5	7.0
7	.568	.691	.408	.283	80.5	83.0	77.0	6.0
8	.578	.714	.429	.285	81.6	84.5	77.3	7.2
9	.585	.721	.438	.283	82.9	86.8	78.0	7.8
10	.587	.715	.430	.285	83.8	87.5	78.2	9.3
11	.580	.724	.419	.305	84.7	88.5	79.0	9.5
Noon.	.567	.709	.401	.308	85.5	89.5	79.5	10.0
1	.550	.707	.391	.316	85.9	90.5	79.0	11.5
2	.531	.689	.384	.305	86.7	90.0	78.8	11.2
3	.513	.654	.366	.288	85.1	90.0	79.0	11.0
4	.500	.640	.359	.281	85.2	90.0	79.6	10.4
6	.495	.624	.371	.253	84.7	88.7	79.5	9.2
6	.508	.637	.384	.253	83.6	87.5	77.5	10.0
7	.528	.650	.411	.239	82.5	.86.3	77.5	8.8
8	.548	.681	.431	.250	82.1	85.2	78.0	7.2
9	.567	.700	.458	.242	81.8	84.3	78.2	6.1
10	.581	.718	.472	.246	81.5	83.7	77.5	6.2
11	.582	.717	.464	.253	81.4	83.6	77.5	6.1

Tbe Mean Height of tbe Barometer, as likewise tbe Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer Means are derived from the ob8erTaUoii%TaiA*^N.^<^ ve^^t:^ boors during tbe month.

liv

Mef€oroh>gical Obserrafiim$.

Ab$hact of the liesnlls of the Uofirlt^ Meteorological Odsenralidms

taken at the Sttrreyor General's Office^ Calcutta,

in the month of July 1871.

Hourlj Meann, Ac. of tlie Olworrfttionn nnd of tlie Hygrometricft] eleneato dopcudcnt thereon. — (Continned.)

Hour. ^

Mtd- oight

1

2

3

4

a

6

%

IQ 11

1 2 3 4 IT 6 7 S 9 10 11

o	0	o	o
79.7	1.4	78.7	2.4
79.4	L3	78.5	2.2
7l*/2	1.2	78.4	2.0
79.0	M	78.2	1.9
7a8	LO	78.1	1.7
7S.a	1.1	77.8	1.9
7HJ	1.0	78.0	1.7
7^*.3	1.2	78.5	2.0
79.8	1.8	78.5	3.1
80.1	2.8	78.1	4.8
BO.d	a.s	78.2	5.6
8«J.9	S.ti	78.2	6.5
81.2	4a	78.2	7.3
HL3	4.6	78.1	7.8
8L1	40	77.9	7.8
81,2	8.9	78.5	6.6
81.1	4.1	7S.2	7.0
803	3.9	78.1	6.6
80.5	ai	78.3	5.3
79.D	2.(5	78.1	4.4
71>.8	2.3	78.2	3.9
71K8	2.0	78.4	3.4
79.7	i.a	78.4	3.1
79.9	1.6	78.7	2.7

Tnclies.	T.gr.
0.961	10.37
.955	.31
.952	.37
.91.6	.21
.913	.18
.984	.09
.940	.15
.955	.31
.955	.29
.913	.12
.91.6	.13
.946	.11
.946	.11
.91:^	.06
.937	.00
.955	.21
.946	.11
.943	.08
.949	.18
.913	.14
.946	.17
.952	.25
.952	.25
.961	.33

T.gr.

0.80 .73 .67 .63 .57 .63 .67 .67

1.05 .67 .97

2.31

0.9S

.93 .94 .94 .95 .94 .95 .94 .91 .86 .84 .81

.61	.80
.81	.78
.80	.78
.36	.81
.50	.80
.34	.81
1.85	.85
.50	.87
.34	.88
.15	.90
.06	.91
0.92	.92

Al] the Hjgromctrical dementi are computed by the Greenwich Constanta.

Meieorological Observations,

Iv

Abstract of the liesnlt^ of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office^ Calcutta^ in the month of July 1871. Solar E-adiation, Weather, &e.

	5?d
	-o §
	QQ.2
	. eS
	1^
p	a2

eS ^

3

^i'S

O

«S S3

- o

Wind.

Prevailing direction.

10

11

12

13

14

16

o 143.6

160.0 146.0

148.0

146.0 144.0

iao.o

126.0

163.0

160.0

146.0

126.8

TuclieFi 2.24

1.01

0.02

0,09

0.43

0.27

0.84

0.49

0.36

0,30

0.16

L41

0,43

0.11

lb"

L4

sw,asw& w

WSWJtWbjS-

WbyS&SbyW. ...

[E.I SbyW,SSE&8by 0.6

S S E *i S by E.

SbyE& S.

SbyE&S. SSE.

S8E.

a s E & s.

S by % & S S E S by E 4 8 W

3 by E & 8

3 & S S W, SSW,

ft -f

Mites 142.2

169.9 111.1

208.4

219.9

109.3

144.4 166.3

119.6

93.9

81.2

112.6

127.7

174.6

266.6

General aspect of tlie Sky*

Otol2A. M..\ito6:p.M.O afterwards. Rfroni midniglit to 2 A. H., (& 6^ to 11 p. M.

O. E from midnight to 9 a. M., 1 to 21 & at 6,8 & 9 p. M.

O to 6 A. M., ^i afterwards. LightEatl2A.M.,liJ^3ip.M.

B to 6 A. M., '^i to 7 p. M. B afterwards. Slight K at 11 A. H., \\ & 2i p. M.

S to 8 A. M., '^i afterwards. L from 8 to 10 p. M. K from 12^ A. H., to 2} p. M.

\i to 6 A. M , ^i to 7 P. M. B afterwards. 11 at 8 a.m. <&

3 P.M.

B to 4 A. M., ^i & \i after- wards. T at 4 p. M.

8 to 7 A. M., "^i to 1 p.'m. O to 7 p. M. 8 afterwards. T at U & 6i p. M. K at 4 a. m., " 3, 6&7p. M.

8 to 3 A. M. O to 7 P. M. S afterwards. Tat 9f a. m. 1, 2 &3p. M.Lat9p. M. Kat9h 12 A. M., & 1 p. M.

8 to 8 A. M., ^i. to 12 A. M. O to 4 p. M. 8 afterwards. T

at li P.M. Slight R at 12U><- &from2i^to4&at6i p. m.

S to 4 A. M., \i to 8 A. M., '^i to 2 p. M. O afterwards. R at 3 & between 7 & 8 p. m.

O to 7 A. M., <>i to 1 p. M. 8 to 4 p. M. O afterwards. Slight E from U to 6 A at

10 A. M.

O to 4 p. M., Vi to 8 p. M.

5 afterwards. K from IJ a. m., to 3 p. M.

O to 9 A. M., Vi to 6 p. M. O afterwards. R at 6i a. m.,

6 from 6^ to 9 p. m.

S to 4 p. M. O afterwards. T from 9 to 11 p. M. L from 8tol0p.M. Slight Rat 8i<ft 10 p. M.

\i Cirri,— i Strati, '^ Cumuli, ^-\ CVrxo-^lWk^V, rN_^vCi\OTi\s\5v%'c»5Cx,»-^ W arro-cumuli, B clear, S atratom, O o^ctowX.'l^ \>KwsA«t. ^

Ivi

Meteorological Observafions,

Abdract of the liesnlta of the Uourlj/ Meteorological Observations

taken at the Surveyor General's OJice, Calcutta,

in the month of July 1871.

Solar Eadiation, Weather, &c.

	u	«4. 1
	* a ' K ^ •
	si	Ait t

17 18

19 20

Wind,

PrevailiBg g j„

direction.

S £:

Cy

o Indies 16 113.0 0.02

148.8 186.0

110.6 148.5 129.4

21 22

23 120.0

I

241 134.1

0.83

0.17

0.38

1.12 0.42 0.05

25

26 27

28 29 30 31

134.0 1 3.25

145.0 129.6

148.0 147.2 128.0

0.11 0.13

0.05 0.51 0.73

S&SW

WAS

S,SE&ESE

ESE&SE S E & S by E

S by E & 8 8 W

S S W & S by W S SW

SSW&S w

[S WSW,WifeWby

W by S & S S E

S E. & S

S & S by E SSE.E&EbyN E S E & S S E.

S & S by E

U)

0.8

MiicR 151.5

General aspect of the Sky.

85.6

30.4

266.2

257.4

120.6 133.9 120.1 121.9

101.7

87.7 190.7

108.3

0.5: 14rl.2

141.5

145.3

O to 10 ▲. M. 8 to 5 p. M.

0 afterwards. L on £ at 9 p.m. Light E at 3 a. m.

O to 6 A. M.,\i A v-i to 10 A. M., '^i to 2 P.M., Vs. i after- wards. K at 3 & 4 A. M.

\— i to 4 A. M., *^i & W to 6 p. M. B afterwards. T at 8| p. M. L on Wat 11 P.M. D at 11 A. M., & 8i p. M.

Clouds of various kinds. T at 2 p. M. Slight E at 7 & 11^ A. M., li, 5i & 7 p. M.

O to 10 A. M. S afterwards. SlightEat4,10&12iA.M., & 3, 6i & 10 p. M.

O to 11 A. M. S afterwards. E at 2, 3^ & iVom 0 to 11 a. m.

1 Chiefly O Slight K fnjm 4 ito 6 & 10 A. M to 6 F. !kl.

I O to 9 A. M. S to 7 p. M. O aftonvartis. Liglit E at 3J a.m.

I O to 10 A. M., ^i & W to 8 p. M. O afterwards. L at 10 &

II p. M.Dat8A.M..&10p.M. Chiefly O. T & L at 1 & 2

A. M. E from 1 to 12 a. m., & 4 to 7 P. M.

S to 5 A. M., ^i afterwards. Slight E at 4, 5 a. m., & 2 p.m.

E to 4 A. M. S to9 A. M., '^i to 4 p. M., \i afterwards. Slight E at 12 A. M., 2& 4 p. m.

E to 2 A. m., \i to 8 p. M., '^i afterwards. I) at 4 & 6^ p.m.

S to4 A. M., ^i afterwards. Slight E from 1\ to 9 p. M.

S to 6 A. M., '^i to 4 p. M. O afterwards. E after intervals.

O. E after intervals.

\ Cirri,—! Strati, ^i Cumuli, v_i CiTTo-^trattv rx_\ CMmulo-strati, \r^i Nimbi ^ Cirro-cumuli, B clear, 8 atraiom, O oymfk%\., T \)ii>i5iekJiT,la\x^\5i^i,

Meteorological Obse^raliona, Ivii

Abairact of the Results of tie Ifourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^ in the month of July 1871.

MoiVTHLT EeSULTS.

Indies.

Mean lieiglit of ilie Barometer for tlie month... ... ... 29.551

Max. Leiglit of the Barometer occurred at 11 a. m. on the 13th. ... 2U.724i

Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 4 p. h. on the 30th. ... 29.359

JExireme range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.3(>5

Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 29.606

Pitto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.492

Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.114

o

Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... 82.5

Max. Temperature occurred at 1 p. h. oil the 29t1i. 90.5

Min. Temperature occurred at 6 a. m, on the 2nd. 76.5

Hxlreme range of the Temperature during the month 16.0

Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... ... 86.8

Ditto ditto Min. ditto, ... ... 79.4

Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... ... 7.4

Mean Wet Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... ... ... 80.0

Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 2.6

Computed Mean Dew-i)oint for the month ... ... ... 78.2

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... 4.3

Inches. Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 0.946

Troy grain.

Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 10.17

Additional Weight ot Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1 .47 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.87

o

Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 137.2

Inches.

Eained 30 days,— Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 3.25

Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 15.93

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... ... ^, ••;^ « ^ ^i^'^

PreTwling direction of the Wind %>o^^,^ >i.^^ "^ -

•Height 70 feet 10 VncVe* «i>ooNe ^oxwA-

Iviii

Mf^ftorottHfktti Oifset'miionn,

Al >^ H Hill UtltJl	,
Ai K
\\V!C AV	trM t-^
*^ f*^
A^^^*A\
AY no txiTiji "S! Ail M "MO niwj] AV R A\	r<4 ^*^ r^tm^mm^^m-i^^
w-4 ^-t^^^^Vl^^,^^^
*^ r-» .^^^^^^
e«s<i»«« 5^17*1 r-» N^*^«osq*^Q^'NeooO'M«i'
<N«NMM9^Mr-ii-* r-i (pH
01^94';^lQ4«f999p<i«^*^ *-4rH «^ ^^
•no inuji	»-»-Hl(}q|?J(-^ 1-4 «^r<-|*4 »H»Hi*#^»-<l
C4 9't'MCQ9btOeQ93i3«^-H^9399 P^fH i-4<^ (Nr-^Qil
no itiu;[
1-^ ll' •-* T^ W^m-*
^^^i-ir-tM^94^^«-#7<l «-«.^i#^»9l9I^Cr>00
tlO UIIJJj *s utt n^n^ no tnn}| *iio iinij^ 'no niw>f	^ lb ^ 'Sfl fco -^ -^^ CO «^ « to «3 1© •© ft^ »o io t** t^"«© « la to^
^^^ ^^ ^ etOQr-cStl — •^ P-* -*
^ ^^ 049I94 ««l C*
oco ^o«seo««co>c^fc*'#®**^^9^«o:3««»-«*ifl«i^
»^2 f^ «p-l W r^ ©1 r-* f^
P^ ^Hi 1-* ^i* ^^ -^ 9^
">l '« 'M 'no uio^]'	(?)'74'Pl(»tr^(N^^79^^'^ — *^9«*-«'^ •« »^ •-•«
^H
*« ^<1 •?!	»-*^W ««« «!-* r^
•no niirjf	•M 1^ 1
''A	Cfl f-« «-« ^ ^1 *s<i
■no niujy	^^ •-«
p^ iM f* r^ rf 1-^ ^<
no nv\t}i ■no tjTuyf
1-^
■no niir)|
*uo tii»|X
.KT
' moH

Uekoroloffkal Observations.

lix

Abniract of the Ittsnlh of (he Uonrlij 'Mettorologlcal ObservalioUM

taken at the Snrvet/or UeneraVH Offh-e, CalciUia^

in the moutA oj Aitgud 1871,

Latitude 22° 33' l" N<»rtli. Longitude 88^ 20' 3 J'' E^wL

Hf i^lit of the CiMtern of tlie Stninlnnl BRronieter above tlie sea lerel, 18.1 1 feet.

Daily Meati«, &«. of tlie Obseri-ations aii«1 of Ibe Ky groin et rim! elements depeiubMit tlunvoii.

	:s.	Jiaii^e of tijo lJar*>iiieter ■		U'nii^e of tlie Teni])era-
	3 2^	clui	iii|{ tlie (lay.	'I	ture during the	tl«y.
Date.		1	1
	Max.	Min. !	Diflf.	ii	Max.	Min. I	Diff.
	fiiclies.	Iiiclies.	Indies, i	Tnclies.	0	0	^	0
1	29.624	29.672	29.581. ■	0.088	78.9	79.8	77.5 '	2.3
2	.642	.65)2	.590	.11)2	»).9	81.3	78.8 '	55
8	.614	.607	.519 i	.118	82.9	88.9	79.3	9.6
4	.564	.603	.481	.Hi)	84.4	88.5	8rK5	8.0
6	.535	.580	.480	.KKJ	84.9	88.2	82.7	5.5
6	.524	.564	.457	.107	84.7	89.2	82.0	7.2
7	.452	.528	.370	.158	83.8	88.7	80.6	8.1
8	.4<)7	.4.36	.359	.097	82.1	86.0	80.5	5.5
9	.444	.500	.396	.101	82.6	«8.«	80.5	7.5
10	.465	.5'>8	.401	.107	83.8	89.6	80.5	9.1
11	.482	.524	.436	.088	83.4	91.3	80.5	10.8
12	.464	.608	.392	.116	83.2	87.0	, 81.0	6.0
13	,493	.586	.413	.173	82.8	86.2	i S*).7	6.5
U	.560	.601	.506	.098	8:J.8	8S.2	81.0	7.2
15	.566	.601	.518	.083	82.4	8(5.5	79.8	6.7
Ifi	.553	.621	.514	.110	80,0	81.3	78.7	2.6
17	.617	.690	.570	.120	82.1	' 86.9	^ 78.2	8.7
18	.663	.721	.601	.120	81.1	, 8vS.2	; 79.9	8.3
19	.617	.689	.51)3	.09(5	83.6	: 86.0	' 81/)	5.0
20	.652	.692	.613	.071)	83.5	i 86.5	i 81.5	5.0
21	.654	.697	.586	.111	81.6	; 87.0	78.0	9.0
22	.641	.703	.580	.123	; 81.4	' 86.0	7S.7	7.3
23	.637	.688	.592	.096	j 81.8	86.8	' 7S.5	8.3
24	.672	.716	.620	.096	83.4	; 87.4	i 80.0	7.4
25	.7t)9	.760	.653	.H)7	1 81.0	8S.r)	' 7t».5	9 1
26	.721	.774	,mi	.113	' 83.9	8S.0	81.2	6.8
27	.700	.717	.630	.117	, 82.9	87.0	' 79.5	75
28	.6t)3	.731	.638	.ov«>	82.5	87.2	. 79.8	7.4
29	.717	.763	.661	.102	83.6	■ 8S.5	i 71).6	8.9
30	.767	.831	.706	.125	81.9	91.0	8<).0	11 0
31	.800	.859	.743	.116	. 83.6	1 89.0	1 8n.8	82

The Mean Heiglit of tlie Barometer, as lilce\vi«e tW Dry nnJ Wet llulH Tliermometer Means are derived, from the Lourly ob«ei*Tatl<Hv>!»^\svt6A.^ v>K. ^vNa^ several hours during the day.

HeieoYoloffiml OhermtfimB,

%

AiUtaci uf ike Ue9Hli4i i}f the ilunrl^ Mtle^mh^tjlcal Oi^setmili^HW

Uiken ai $he Suvpegor Gene/at^e Office^ GdtmiiBf

in ihe moniA pf Aug mi 1S7L

Pttlljf Meit0Sj 49* of tJie OUierrtitioiTs »Dd of ilie Hygroni«trioal elemeuiv ^ depc' ltd en t Uiet^oii . — fOfuiiu tt^dj

	hm	**	-^	iff	^	1^	c e a	. ,
•	1 ^ H	-a	.9 Q	4i 1 1-^		pi, m 11	m	&i:a C fii M
	a	0	O	0	IiieLet.	T.gr,	T.ir,	4
1	mi	03	77,6	1.4	0.926	10,03	0.44	0.961
8	79.5	1.4	785	2.4	.955	.31	J9	m^
i	8o.a	2.6	78.6	4.4	J65	.27	1.6:S	.87 '
4	BL^	3.2	79.il	5.4	.070	.40	Jl	;M
f	8^.1	2.8	80.1	4.8	1.005	.73	.76	.m
e	mA	2J}	ao.a	4.4	Oil	.82	.60	M7
f	BLS	2.5	79.6	4J	0986	.57	.53	.97
B	8a,7	1.4	79J	2A	.992	.68	0.83	.9S
9	8L1	1.5	8D.0	2.6	1.001	,75	.93	.92
10	81.1	2.7	79.2	4.6	0.976	.46	1.66	,m
11	§M	2.3	79,5	3.9	.986	.57	,39	.88
12	81.^	2-0	79.8	3.4	.995	.69	.m	.90
13	mM	2J	79.1	3.7	.973	.46	*30	.6$
14	81.6	2J	79.9	3.9	.998	.69 1	.41	.88
IB	§0,8	l.tt	79.7	%7	.99S	.66	0.96	,92
16	79.0	1.0	78.3 ,	1.7	.919	J4	.57	.96
17	79.7	2.4	78.0	4.1	.910	.11	L40	.88
13	m.B	3.8	77.5	6.5	.928	9.93	2.2S	.ei
19	81.4	2.2	79.9 1	3.7	,998	10.69	1.S4	J9
»>	83.4	3J	78.2	6J	,944J	.35	J5	.86
91	79.ti	2.0	78.2	3.4	.9i^	.19	.15	.90
n	79/J	24	77.3	4.1	.919 1	9.90	J7	.88
«:?	79-Q	2J	77.0	4.8	.910	.79	.61	.86
2&	8ao	3.4	77.6 1	6.8	.928	.95	2.01	.83
23	BhA	3J 1	77.7	6.3	.931	.98	.19	m
16	BLd	2.({ 1	79.5	41	.986	10.67	1.56	M
»7	SO.J.	2.5 1	78.0	4.3	.958	.30	.49	.87
sa	Bh2 1	23 1	78.6	3.9	.958	.30	.34	^9
S9	8*1.3	BM 1	78.0	5JJ	.940	.07	.96	.84
90	81.0	3.9 ;	78. :i	6.6	.049	.14	2.36	.81
SI	80.4 1	ass 1	7a2	6.4	.946	.15	1.88	.84

LU tiie Hjgrometrical element «xe oom^^^l^d b^ tbs Qreeuwieh Conitaiilifca>

Meteorological Observatiou9.

Ahntraci of the llesnJls of the Uonrlif Meteorotoffical Olfseirafio taken at the Snt-reifor GeneraVs Office^ Calcuttn^ i% the mouth of Angu$i J 871.

Hoiirlj Meann, ke, of tlie 01)ser7ationfi and of tlio Hjgrometrical eUm dependent tliereoa.

Hour,

Mid- night.

1

2

4

6

6

7

8

9 10 11

Noon. 1 2 2

4 «

7

6

9

10

11

^1

Kanf;^ of tin* Bi*ran>el*r

for eaHi liour dudug

the tnoiiili.

Mast.

Mfn.

Dim

Incheg.

29.620 .610 .600 .589 .580 .588 .601 .615 .630 .641 .645 .637

.602 .581 .565 .500 .500 .561 .579 .600 .622 .637 .637

IncheR.

29.820

.813 .806 .794 .781 .787 .794 .800 .820 .838 .859 .841

.825 .791 .770 .753 .743 .746 .767 .773 .7i)7 .815 .827 .837

Inclicff.

29.423 .411 .399 .388 .366 .371 .399 .409 .421 .429 .423 .422

.410 .401 .387 .382 .369 .3(59 .385 .394 .403 .422 .427 .439

fncheii.

0.397 .4^)2 .407 .406 .415 .416 .895 .391 .399 .409 .436 .419

.415 .390 .383 .371 .384 .377 .382 .379 .394 .393 .400 .398

81.4 81.2 810 80.8 80.6 80.5 80.5 81.0 82.0 83.2 84.2 85.4

85.9 85.9 80.4 85.8 85.6 85.1 83.7 82.7 82.5 82.1 81.7 81.5

HfinK*^ of I tin Ti'Mi hrro fur i'flrli hn ^hiring thi< m*>\\

Mh%.

84.0 83.8 83.4 83.2 83.0 82.9 82.7 83.8 85.0 86.8 87.8 89.0

89.2 91.0 91.3 90.6 91.0 88.4 87.6 86.6 86.0 84.5 84.3 84.0

m\u, \

78.5 7H.6 7H.8 7H.fl 7H.5 77.5 77.5 78.0 78.8 78.8 79.1 79.0

78.9 78.7 78.8 79.5 79.6 78.6 78.0 78.8 79.0 79.0 78.2 78.7

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet \ Thermometer Means are derived from the obserrations made at the le )u>urs during the mouth.

ku

MeU^r^fopemi fMi^rmAfw^^

iu ike mon/A of AuguU 1871.

Hflttf^jf MenTii, A<*« of tli© OljS(*t'Ttrtioiiii mul of tlie IFj^rometriral v\t>nn*n\n d r [lend ev) t 1 1 »c« rcon . — f Cortfitt ttedj

Hour.

I

;3

.3

fl4

1

I

•	Cr	o
iina^
Oigllt.	80,1	1.3
X	80.0	1.S
d	ns	1.1
a	70.8	1.0
4	79.6	1.0
5	706	0.9
6	7a&	1,0
7	7afl	la
8	80.2	1.8
9	80.0	2,a
10	80.8	S.4
11	8L3	41
IVoon.	8L5	4.4
1	8L6	4.4
2	8K7	4.7
3	BL3	4.6
4	8LG	4.0
6	81J	3.9
6	80J	3J>
X	s^i.d	2.4
8	80,4	2.1
9	8»13	L8
10	mi	If)
11	80.0	iJ

79.3 7fi.S 7».l 79.1 78.9 79.0 78J mi 78.9 7H3 78.4 78.4

78.4 78.4 78.4 7a I

78.8 78.5 78.6 78.0 78.9 79.0 79.0 78.9

I

^ J,

s

Li

>i'

2.2 %0 1.9 1.7 1.7 L§ L7 1.9

an

4.4 5.8 7.0

7.5 7.6 8.0 7.7 6.8 B.6 5.1 4.1 B.6 31 27 2.6

Tttdi^a.	Xgf,
OJ76	mm
.975	S2
-973	M
S7B	.49
.967	.43
.970	.46
.964	.40
.973	.49
.9ft7	.41
.9fi4	.36
.953	.19
-9m	.17
.952	.15
MS	J5
.952	.15
.943	.06
.9iiU	.29
.955	.21
,9d8	.28
J58	.30
,957	.39
.970	.41
,970	.44
,967	.41

.7'^

,72 .91

.77 .47 .36

1.79 .43 .25 .07

0.93 .90

.70 •7t .78 .78 .81 ,81 .8S .8§

.91 M M

. ihe H jgrometrical olemeuU are computed by the Greenwich ConstaDte*

Meteorohgical OhHervafionB,

]xiii

Ahafraci of the BetuJU of the llourlij Mefeorologiral Observadont Uiken at the Surveyor GeneraVn ^ff^^^y CulcuUa, in the month of Avijuat 1871. Solar Radiation, Wcatlior, «fec.

	Ji 1^		Wind.
	Prevailing directioo.

1

2 136.0

146.0

4 147.5 6

6

7

8 9

147.3 ! 128.0

133.0

10 149.2

111 144.6

12 13

14 15

129.7 138.2

152.0 145.2

Inc'lii 2.23 jS & S by E

0.04 SbyE&SbyW.

... SbyW,E&8W.

... S W, W&WSW.

VS.

... WSW,WbyxN&

1.12 N&ENE.

0.04 N E & E N ]

0.30 E <& S E 0.56 S E <& 8 S E

0.03 SE4&ESE.

iir

1.4

AiiU-N 120.4

83.6

39.2

94.2 111.3

97.6

245.7

General aiipcot of ilio Sky,

0.53

0.60 0.25

0.56

S S E, E <& 8

[b^N EbyS.ENE&E

SbyE, S8E&S

S by E A 8 SbyW,S&SSW

1.6 272.3 210.3

181.1

181.4

145.3

202.7

235.2 102.9

\i Cirri,—! Strafci, "^i Cumuli, V-\ Cirro-atratv W Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoui, O <

I O to6 iMf., 'N-i aftorwariln. li from 1} A. M., to 0 1*. M.

^ to 1 W M., clotKlN nl' illT-

fereni kimlN nftorwArclM. Li^Ut R from 0 to 9 A. M.,

M to7 A.M., ^iiilVrwnnln. T at OJ A His M. L mi N VV at 8 p. M. I) ntftji f. M.

\i to 8 A.M..VI to 7a.m./ I afUTwardi. ii on N nl II pm,

\i to 8 A. M„ c'loucUnlMir. fi^rrnt kifuU al'tormirdw. I Hi

MA 10 I*. M. \)\\\{S\ V, M. Vi A '• I f^) fl |». M. () Mllof.

wardn. T at loj a. m. I< nl il P.M. Unt 101 AM. 1. HA M t«M.

(^*1oiu1m oI' vrifiouM kiiuU ti at niidniKlit. hUht U m mid. niKbt7t A. M., IJ. nj.fir li ivm.

0 Jj on N. VV. «t N f. M. Slight It nl'(iirint<Tvni«.

() to U A. M., ' i lo N i«, M. H artorwnnU. T «t lUi a. m. A a 1*. M. hnl N A U f. M. It at niidni»{lit, 1. a. N a. M. I A 3 p. M.

O loH A. M., ' ilo7 IV M. H

aftiTward*. 'J^ at 121 a. m, Ii tit7. 9 A II p. M. SliMJit Hat 2 A. M., A 21 p. M.

H to 8 A. M., 'I to 5 p. M. S alli^rwHrdw. T nt 4,V A p, m. L at uiidni»(lit, 4a M . N,!bP P.M. Hat 7. Ha. Mm A a p. m.

Chiofly i h at niidniKlit,

1 A. M., 7 A H p. M. I( Hi tl),

9}. 11, 12i A. M., UAAp, M.

O to U A. M..(OotidNordil'. f<rf*ntkiiidMat'U*rwardH.SIii(|ii H at 4. 5i, 10. 11 A. M.. 1.4 A 5 p. M.

S to 10a.m., 'M aftnwnrdn. Lon W at 5 A. m. Dal Hp.m.

\ito6 A. M. () to 10 A.M.. '^i to 3 p. M. O al'trTwardn. T at 5^ p. m.. Slight It from A to 12 A. M. Aai<fi^yi-^.>k.

kwr

JMearoUffiml OUervatim^^*

Jisiraet ^ Ike Ee9ulU rf ike Hourly MeUarahgkal 0k9«mAUm^

taken at tke Surveys GeneraPs OJlce, Calcutta,

in tke montk €f AuguMt 1871.

Solar Hadiation, Weatber, k,c.

SJ

1:5

WlKB.

PreTailing direction.

si

General aspect of tlia Sl^.

ir 141.6 Id 146.0

19

21 22

24

25 26 27

SO 81

115.0 128.0

141.8

126.6

150.5

150.0

149.6 135.0 144.0

137.8

144.5 153.2 137.0

1 UCjltfK

1.01

0.92

0.02

2.69 0.16

0.02

0.19 0.30

0.25 0.07 0.22

ssw

SSWASbyW

8,SWASbjW

S S W A 8 by W SbyW&SW

S S W & S b J W

W 8 WAS 8 W

WAS W

SW,WbyS&W

s w&ss w sw

S W, S A S S W

S S W A S by E

SbyE, S8EAS

SA SSE

[W SbyE,SSEASby

U) 1.0

1.5

0.4

Milei> 133.0

178.0

157.9

73.8 87.8

96.5

194.7

98.5

84.4

73.4 53.9 73.6

102.5

85.0

50.9

80.6

O to 6 P. M. 8 aftenrar^iR. Slight E from Z\ a. m., to 6 p. M.

O to 10 A. M.. '^i to 7 p. M. O afterwards. T A L betwe« n 7A8r. it.B at 1,8 A.ai.» A from6i to 11 p. k.

\i A \-i to 9 A. M., ^i to

4 p. H. 8 to 7 P. M. BatV terwards. L at Hi p. M

8. Lig^t £ at 6 ▲. M. .

S. L on N between mid- night A 1 A. M.

Chiefly O. B from l\ to 19 A. If., A 5 to 11 p. M. .

O to 12 a.m., ^ito9p.n.

0 aflerwards. L on W at 8 A 9 P.M. Slight E at 2, 3, 6|, 91 12i ▲. M., A 11 p. M.

Oto8A.M.,'^i A WtoSp.M.

5 afterw^ards. Light E at mid- night 1 A 7 A. M.

Oto3A.M. Sto8A.M., v-i A \i to 7 p. M. S afterwards. D at 5 A 8^ A. M.

Chiefly S. L at 11^ P. M. D at 6 A 8 A. M.

Clouds of different kinds. L at midnight. D at 10 a. M.

S to 9 A. M., \i to 5 p. M. S afterwards. Slight E from 5^ to 7 p. M.

Clouds of different kinds to 3 p. M. S to 8 p. M., \i after- wards. T at 3 p. M. Slight B at 4i, 12 A. M., 2 A 3 p. m.

B to 5 A. M.. "^i to 7 P. M. B afterwards. E at 11^ a. m.»

1 A 4^ p. M. \i to 8 A.M., ^i afterwards.

T from 9 to 11 p. M. L from 6i to 10 p.M.SlightEat 8iPM. \i to 7 A. M., ' i afterwards. T at 1 A 3 p. M. Slight E at 12^ A. M.. li 3, 6 A 7 P. M.

rri, — i Strati, '^ i Cumuli, \— i Cixto-%twA.\, rN_\ Cumulo-atrati, v^>i Nimbi, wo-cumuli, B dear, 8 atraionx, O o^excaaV.* 1 ^^aisidA^,\A\w^\s&i&i%, , m. D dnzzlii.

Meteorological Observations, Ixr

Atjstract of the Uestdts of the Hourly Mefeorofngical Ofjitervations laieu at the Stir vet/or General' jf Office, Gilcntta, in the month of August 1871.

MOMTHLT HbSULTS.

Inclii'8.

Mean lieiglit of tlic Baroniet«»r for tlie montli... ... ... 29. (in:)

Max. ]iei)?1it of the Barometer occurred at 10 a. m. on tlio 31st. ... 29.859

Min. height of tlie Barometer occurred at 4 p.m. on the 8th. ... 29.859

£rlreme range of* the Barometer during the mouth ... ... ().5<H)

!Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 29.1154

Ditto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.515

JUean dailg range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.109

o

Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... 82.9

Max. Temperature occurred at 2 p. h. on the 11th. 91.3

Min. Temperature occurred at 5 <& 6 a. h, on the 1st 77.5

JSxtreme range oi the Temperature during the month l:{.8

Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... ... 87.3

Ditto ditto Min. clitto, ... ... 80.0

Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... ... 7.3

Mean Wet Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... ... ... 80.5

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 2.4

Computed Mean Dew-point for the month ... ... ... 78.8

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... 4.I

Inches.

Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 0.964

Troy grain.

Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 10.36

Additional Wei eh t or Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1.43 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.88

o Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 140.6

Inchei.

Eained 28 days, — Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 2.69

Tot*l amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 12.11

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attaclied to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... ... ... ...10.68

Prevailing direction of the Wind S ^'^ » ^"^.^^ .

• Height 70 feci 10 mcV- -^^^-^ 'gtoixai^.

kn

MekoroU^ieal Oitervalioia,

I

4i ^

	^UO UfBJf	1
a		"
o	_
?
'O
o		^ r^ -
1	f^ f-4
	IF^'Si i-« 1^
a
^	■P^^pi^^ t-^ ^p^.^,^'
^ jS	■UVi lUll|j	iHi i-l |i^ -^^—
■f-i	no ntu^i tto Uinj:]' aa:sa\ _JAVJf no nnij]	^-ti-^^HpHI'<«M'^r<r<<«H99 9l9i0&'3Si9ii^*-4^ "
^ -^*:«W
iM ^^_4M.pi4Hr^ .H'A^d^P-i«^P4-»f4p^ '
fD ■«»	»^^ IP^ «-# ^ _^ T^ ' 1
5 u I-	-N 91 m9l tllflM'Mr^P4*-P-» ,Mi^ ^ ^^ » ri ^ t^ ^
^ ,--f _^ ™
«0 lO 14) kits 1^ 'I* P3 rt '34 ^ OEUT - r: :: - r^ t-: -^ o -^ -^ ^~
»-( *-^ ^ ^ t<l "W -^ -H »-« fl ?** Tl ^ ■^ ^ — — : 1 tl -- — --i^
eo ^ lOiO 4i9 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 5S >. ^tH^'^^i-f .r -- - - ^ ^
s?	^-^^^^^ _, ^
	fiOeiS5»&Bqw#-#^»©^9*l ^ajij-*t^*.^_>i^»^^^
f-4 fMi irt pH ■-« i-f r^: .jci _ ^^ "03 "we*: s*>^OT ■« « 'if 95 -19 '^ ^ — i -s^ lo "Wi M to i** i*^' is ?t -* :!^ ^ Oi ^ M ^1 ,^ -.^ ^ -M ^ -^ *i "W •^ -^
^«	Mio uiirji
ir	H ^1 *^	« iO IS lO kO <^ U3 -^ ^ r» H^ ^ ^1 ^ >3^ o4 9|^ 93 93 <i> ^ IQ ^ 7)
^[ y no NrT?|J	^^ ip^ ,^^f;4„^-| ^
^ OS ee u	o -^ ^1 ^ rt « rt «-t 9'i *f lo s *f ?? *» '^) >i ^ -f ^1 rt ^ ^ ^
d c 11	■^^ 'R ':*?	'->— i^i^^ii-* *— ^p-i ^«^
ii<) wi^jf	1— (
s ^q ■%	i^-ii^is^p-^r^»-«isa ^ F^ F^*-ii^#-<
	'UO arir)f	■ ^ ** - «
*>T	rM p^^^e^^^Pjiip^,^^ ^ ^
ua urn)!	^Nl p^ *^
.».2	*H ^ »H(J^^H,Hii-*,P-ip^ #^
:t	'iiu u!«>f	^ P^iM Q« ^ *-*
-5		^ ^«>1^ r-lrt»MO«e«^ ^»i^ ^--*
i	wm ^ C4
	^:t\s:	^ ,^,-,,^^^p^ ^^,-4^#^^ 04^^
■flo niTrj.f
be a	•no ntaji'
r^
4	•4 Atj-jf	^i*i-4 •*«
m	■UO nieir	iH
9» 2	'KT	•M'i^iP^i-^P^^^tHi *^ W^^Mlip^rMl^H
^	•jnojf	^ •^ f-^ e* « ^ lo to !?• (» oa o ^^ -^ «i cc 'f »o '^ t- « ci '^ "*

Meteorological Olservatiofis.

Ixvii

AbHraci of the liesulls of the Hourly Meteorological Observations

taken at the Survegor General's Office, Calcutta,

in the month oj September 1871.

Latitude 22° 33' V North. Longitude 88° 20' 34" East.

Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.

Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hjgrometrical elements dependent thereon.

	1%^	Maiige of the Barometer	3 ^ ,	Kange of IheTtMiitKra-
	a--	during the day.	tiiredu)	■Jng the	a«j.
Bai€.	Mas,	Mia.	DiE	Mfti,	Miu.	Diff,
	luchet.	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	0	0	0	0
1	29.755	29.837	29.668	0,169	63.3	86.6	80.8	57
%	,707	,765	.627	.1138	83.6	88J	80 JS	7,9
%	.084	.732	-649	,083	83.9	87,2	8L5	5.7
4	,im	.755	.627	.128	83.3	91.0	79.0	12.0
G	727	,778	.670	,108	8L2	87.7	7H.0	9.7
e	.714	.765	.641	.124	BL7	86.5	79.0	7.6
r	.673	.736	.674	,162	82,0	87,4	78.5	8,9
8	.612	.678	.613	.166	84.3	90.8	78.8	12,0
9	.558	,611	Am	.131	83.6	88.6	81.4	7.1
10	.563	,616	.490	,120	S2.4	67.1	79.(>	8.1
11	.5441	J09	,475	,134	82.4	88.4	80.0	8.4
12	.528	M%	.470	.113	79.8	8L6	78.6	2,9
13	.541	Mn\	MH	.112	79,9	BiJi\	77,8	6.2
14	.61)5	.673	Ml	.116	8(18	83.7	78.6	6.2
16	.660	,im	, .616	xm	82.2	86.2	78.2	*^.0
16	.611	,695	.574	.121	83.1	87.6	79.6	H.l
17	.614	sm	,569	.087	82.1	85.0	79,5	6.6
18	.622	.tm	.569	.093	81.6	gS.4	79.3	9.1
19	J40	.6i>9	.564	J35	82.6	88.7	78.6	KU
20	.693	.746	.6^6	.120	83.7	88.8	80.2	8.6
21	,681	.747	.604	.143	B4.3	89.9	80,8	9.1
n	.655	.698	.591	.107	82.1	88.0	7f*.6	8.5
23	.649	,699	.601	.093	80.5	82.6	79.6	ZA
21	,726	.833	.643	.100	80.4	83.3	79.1	4,2
2.5	.81 M3	,873	,72<)	.163	82.8	87.9	78.5	9.4
26	,7fHl	.836	,745	.091	82.5	87.8	78.6	9.3
27	.81)9	.857	.764	m*^	8;].4	88.7	78.7	10.0
28	,812	,884	,739	,145	84.3	89.6	79.5	10.0
29	,805	,870	1 ,7a	,127	B3.3	87.4	79.6	7.8
30	,762	.819	.700	,119	84J	89.8	80.0	9.8

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Drj and Wet Bulh Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly oh*^T^^\Aa\i.%^\si3^^ ^^» "^^^ several hours during the day.

Ixviii

Meteorological Odservatiotti.

AbHracl of the Reanlls of the Iloury Meteorological 0l9ervation9

taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^

in the month of September 1871.

Daily Means, Ac. of tlie Observations and of tLe Hygrometrical olementt depctulen t iliereon . — (Continued,)

Bate.	f4 1.	1 J Xi	■4^ R	p	O	'SI	^ ^ s	B^ -3 ^
	^1		o o	P	"4
	0	0	0	0	IncLes.	T.gr.	T.gr.
1	80.5	2.8	78.5	4.8	0.955	10.26	1.68	0.86
2	80.5	3.1	78.3	6.3	.949	.18	.86	.S6
3	80.8	3.1	78.6	5.3	.958	.28	.85	.85
4	80.5	2.8	78.5	4.8	.955	.25	.68	.86
5	79.0	2.2	77.5	3.7	.925	9.96	.25	.89
6	79.3	2.1	77.6	4.1	.928	.99	.38	.88
7	79.5	2.5	77.7	4.3	.931	10.02	.45	.87
8	8<1.6	3.7	78.0	6.3	.940	.07	2.21	.82
9	80.r.	3.0	7H.5	5.1	.955	.25	1.78	.85
10	79.8	2.6	7H.0	4.4	.940	.11	.50	.87
11	79.9	2.5	78.1	4.3	.94.3	.14	.47	.87
12	79.0	0.8	78.4	1.4	.952	.30	0.15	.96
13	79.0	0.9	78.4	1.5	.952	.27	.51	.95
U	79.7	1.1	78.9	1.9	.9<>7	.43	.64	.94
15	80.0	2.2	78.5	3.7	.955	.27	1.27	.89
16	80.6	2.5	78.8	4.3	.964	.36	.50	.87
17	80.7	1.4	79.7	2.4	.992	.68	0.83	.93
18	80.0	1.5	78.9	2.6	.967	.41	.90	.92
19	80.2	2.1	78.5	4.1	.955	.27	1.41	.88
20	80.7	3.0	78.6	5.1	.958	.28	.79	.85
21	80.8	3.5	78.3	6.0	.919	.16	2.12	.83
22	80.0	2.1	78.5	3.6	.955	.27	1.24	.89
23	79.1	1.4	78.1	2.4	.9W	.18	0.80	.93
2i	79.2	1.2	78.4	2.0	.952	.27	.67	.94
25	79.9	2.9	77.9	4.9	.937	.06	1.69	.86
2r>	79.7	2.8	77.7	4.8	.931	.00	.64	.86
27	79.6	3.8	76.9	6.5	.908	9.72	2.24	.81
2S	•80.1	4.1	77.2	7.0	.916	.81	.4.3	.80
29	80.2	3.1	7S.0	5.3	.910	10.09	1.81	.85
30	80.2	4.1	77.3	7.0	.919	9.84	2.44	.80

AM the Hygrometrical elcmcuU aie com^wVc^i Vi'j \Ai^ Gvceawich Constauta.

Meltorological Oltervaliom,

Ixix

Ahiiraet of He RaulU of tie Tlourly Meteorological Obaervalioks

taken at the Snrvejfor GeueraCs Office, Calcutta,

i» tke moutk of September 1871.

Hoorlj Me«n8, Ac. of the Obserrations and of Uie Hygrometrical elemcnla dependent thereon.

	^ii	Eange of ilie Baroineter		Bulge af the Teiivprra-
	^S^	for eftcU fionr during	lure for each hour
		tlie mouth		4	during the luouth.
Hour.
	M&x<	Min,	DLff. j	1^	M&]c.	Miu.	Binr.
	»a
	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	o	0	0	0
Mid-
nigUt.	29.694	29.837	29.642	0.296	80.9	83.6	79.2	4 4
1	.681	.826	.534	.292	80.6	8:1.2	79.0	4 2
2	.671	.811	.620	.291	80.4	83.0	78.8	42
8	.661	.807	.609	.298	80.2	82.6	78.6	4.0
i	.667	.805	.494	.311	79.9	82.0	78.5	3.5
6	.666	.819	.600	.319	79.7	81.5	78.2	33
6	.678	.842	.612	.330	79.7	81.5	78.5	3.0
7	.695	.845	.624	.321	80.3	82,4	78.0	4.4
8	.714	.866	.566	.310	81.8	84.2	78.0	6.2
9	.726	.883	.571	.312	83.4	86.2	77.8	8.4
10	.726	.884	.676	.309	84.2	87.4	78.1	J».3
11	.716	.867	.672	.296	86.3	88.0	80.0	8.0
Noon.	.697	.848	.663	.285	86.2	80.9	79.5	10.4
1	.669	.821	.614	.307	86.2	90.6	80.8	9.7
2	.643	.795	.497	.298	86.1	91.0	79.6	11.4
3	.624	.776	.470	.306	86.9	1H).8	79.6	11.2
4	.620	.764	.480	.284	84.6	89.4	78.0	11.4
6	.621	.773	.472	.301	84.0	88.6	78.6	9.9
6	.632	.775	.482	.293	83.0	87.2	79.0	8.2
7	.654	.806	.490	.315	82.1	86.2	79.0	7.2
8	.679	.822	.616	.307	81.8	85.6	79.2	6.3
9	.698	.844	.624	.320	81.6	80.0	79.4	5.6
10	.706	.856	.634	.321	81.3	84.3	79,4	4.9
11	.702	.839	.661	.288	81.1	84.0	79.3	4.7

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likoTiisc the Dry and Wot ]hi)b Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several hours daring the month*

Ixx

Meteorological Ohervafiom.

Abstract of the Results of the Uonrly Meteorological OlservatioM

taken at the Survejfor General's Office, Calcutta,

in the month of Septemher 1871.

Hourly Means, Ac. of tlie Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements dependent tliereon. — (Continued.)

Hour.

I

O

t5

I

B o Q

a

^'

li

ill

	o
Mid^
niglit.	79.0
1	79,4
2	701
3	79. L
4	78.9 '
6	78.8
6	78.8
7	7S*.3
a	80.0
9	80.4
10	80.4
11	81.0
Ifoon.	8L2
1	8LI
2	81.2
3	8L2
4	60.6
6	60.5
6	8<K2
7	79.9
8	79.7
9	79.8
111	79.7
11	7aJ

IJ

1.2

1.2 1.1 1-0 0.9 0.9 1.0 LS SJJ 3.8 4.3

5.0 5J 4-9 4.7 4.0 35 2.8 2.2 2.1 1.8 IJ 1.4

78.7 78.6 78.'i 78.3 78.2 78.2 78.2 7AM 78 7 7H.3 777 7^.0

77.7 77.5 77.8 77.9 77.8 7^,0 78J 78.4 78.2 78.5 78.G 78,7

2.2

2,0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 3.1 6.1 6.5 7.3

R.5 8.7 8.3 8.0 6.8 6.0 4.8 3-7 3.6 3.1 27 2.4

IncLei,	T gr.
0.961	10,37
.938	.34
,952	.27
.949	.24
.946	.21 1
.940	.21
.946	.21
.958	.34
.9(11	.35
.919	.18
mi	9.96
S4^}	10.05
.931	9.92
.1125	.86
.934	.97
.937	lO.OO
,934	9,99
,9W	10.07
,0443	,15
.952	.23 1
.916	.17
.955	.29
.958	.32
. .961	,37

T.gr.

0.73	0.93
.67	.91
.67	.94
.64	,94
,57	.95
.51	.95
.51	.95
.57	.95
1.05	,91
,78	.85
2.28	.81
.59	.80
3*07	.76
.13	.76
2.98	.77
.87	.78
.40	.81
.10	.83
1,67	m

.23

,05

0.92

,80

.91 .92

.93

All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.

^^^^^^^^^r Nekorolo^tcal Olservailom, Ixxt ^H
^^L^AbHract of the RtftulU of the Houd^ Mefeorah^iml ObservaiwH^ J
^^^H laJten at Ike Snrviyor General*^ Qffire, Oileulfa, ^H
^^H in ike wonik of September 187L ^^B
	Solar Jliidiutioru Weather, &.c, ^l^^l
^^^HTi^	%	i> %VlNP. ^1
P 1	. la	5 *! 1		Gencrnl aspcefc of tlio Sky« ^H
Prevailing		Daily ' Velocity.
H ^	Indies		lb	Miles	^^H
^^li M7.2	...	S by W & S 8W.	...	22.8	S to 2 A. H., \i to 8 A. ll.«^H ^i to 4 p. if„ \i artcrwiirda^^H iD ail P.M. ^M
^^l^ 140.5	,„	S by W Jt S S W	1.0	C5.7	\i to 2 A. IT. S t-o 4 p. M.» \i ^M & v„i nriorwiird»4. II at H a,m*^H
H s; ia7*G	«.*	S by W & S S W	* •«	101.1	\i In 2 A. M. S nt'torwartb.^H
						|L on S W at 7 .V^ H v, m. ^B
H 4	l&l.O	3.25	Sbj w&sw	2.1	M6.0	I 8 Ui 7 4. M . - i to :) w M. O ^H alUTwnrd^, Brisk wind at .H} ^H p, M. T at 4 Si iVnti) 121 a. m,, H to a P.M. L at 1 K, M., .^ t'roni ^M 4 to H F. u. llonxy H trcnn a} ^H to 4^ p. Bt., ^ Hli],Hii It tVom ^1 4i to 11 p. 11. ^H
H	117.0	1.28 |S W & 8 by W	13	75J	\i to 6 A, M.^V-i tolHA. If, ]
						'-i to 3 p, M. o aftcrvvanl^,. ^J
						BriHk ^ind at 3^ r. M. Tat ^|
						3} ct 5 p. If. Lat6 1*. II. li«H
						from IJ to 1> p. M. ^H
^H	160.6	0.35	S by WAS		41.0	() to 1) A, H..Vt to 10 a. lf.,^^1 "ilo6 p, u. S arti'r\vard«r^H 8li;.;ht K from:) to r> .1 al U\ a.h . ^1
^^■^	IU.5	0.20	SJtSbyE	OJ	125.1	S U>2A.M.,''ito<U.WM^ito(3a^| p. M. BaiYiTwardi. Hat 4p.it.^H
^^^6	14S.8	■**	S Jit S by E	i *»	44.9	B Ui6 4. M., \i t-O H A, M,,^^l "i aft or ward"* L from 7 lo 11. J ?. M. n At 4^ p. M. ^H
1	148.7	0.35	S by W. & E by S		30.2	o ia i) A. If., '^i to 5 P. irJ^I 0 to S p. M. S rtftiTuardM. L^^ at midiTi|;jbt A 7 i'. u* 8li^'bt ] li at ti 7, H A. U, 3i ^ 7 P.M. ^J
^H 10	141.0	0.09	E, S E <S^ S E	0.2	70,0	O to 7 A. ir., \i lo 10 A. u., ^H '^i to 3 p. t(. 0 to 7 p, u. I) ^1 afrerwardfl. Li»?ht 11 at iL ^1
1 ^^	14L5	0.02	E. S. E. & E,	0,5	152.1	10{,]2jA,M.,23.4,5.t<Jp,if, ^ Cloud* of diti'iri' nt kinds. 1 L at 7 A 10 p, M. LiL'lit K at | lh2, 4A6p. M. H
^B		1.26	E S E Jk S S. E.	♦ ..	142.7	O. L at mldui^bt. Slight T^^H at 3 & 4. from 6 a. if., to I ^H
1 ^^	129.8	0.48	S S E A S by E	...	99.6	p. H.,<S& 3 to 0 p. M. ^M 0 to 10 A. M. 8 to 3 p. 11. O ^1 afterward^. Slight K nearly ^M
I ^^	1118	0.68	SbyE.	..»	13L4	the whole day. ^1 Oto7A.M,Stolp.iff.O to 7 p. J M. B afterwards, Slight Urrom ^d
1	1			midnight to 7 a.m., i at 5 p.m..*^H
H \i Cirri.— 1 Strati, '^i Cumuli, \_\ Cirfi>-ftlTat\, '^'\e\\m\sici*^Vtti>:\,.\rsA^\x!^
^^W CirrO'CiimnVi, B dear, 3 «tratou^^M^^^^a^^^^gJ^^
^^l^nuii, D drizzle, ^IH^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I

^1 ^^^i ^SK^r Meieorological Oliervaiiom, ^H^^^^^l
^1 Ahimct of the BemlU of the Uonvly Meteoroloftcal OUertaiiom ^J
^H iak&iL at the Smi^eyor Generates Office, Cakntia^ ^H
^H in (he month of September 1871. ^H
^^P Solar Ujidiaiion, Wealjier, <&(% ^^|
^^ •		ad £	Wind.	General aspect of tbe Sky. ^J
Prerniling
1 P			dirtcLion.	^1	4 0	■
	o	Jtielief	1	tL	MileR	^^^1
H ^^	120.0	0.07	ISbyE^t S	'■'	147,0	0 to 6 A. M. S to 7 p. M.,%-i ^1 afterwards. Sli^'lit K at 1,2»3. ^H 4 A. M., 5^ & m\ p. M. ^1
H ^^	1340	0.16	S Jt S L J E	* ' *	216.4	B to 2 A. M. 8 to 6 A. v., \i ^H to 9 A. M., '^i to 7 F. IT. B af. ^^ terwards. Slight Bat 4, 10 a. m. 1 1 <& 3 p. M.
1 ^^	...	0.27	S4tSSE	...	164.3	Clouds of diiTiront kinds to 10A.M.Oto2p.M. Safterwards, J L on E from 8to 10 p.m. Slight ^H B at 2, 10, 12 A. »., Mi P.M. ^M
H IB	147.8	0.18	9 S E A S by E	1.4:	93.2	B to 4 A. M. S Ui 8 A. M.,^i ^7 to 12 A. H. 0 t^ 7 p. M. B ftf- J terwards. T at 1 p. h. Sh>ht ^M lUt lU A. M.. 1. 2 A 3 p. M. ■
H 19	151.2	0,3C	SbyE^SE&SSE	.,.	101.6	B to 6 A. M., -^i to 4 p. M. S ^1 to 8 p, M. B after wards. T at ] d & 7 p. M. L froTu 7 to 1 1 p. M. ,^J
^^^^v »						K rroirj6i t4j7} P. M. H
■T SO	1&3.0	•..	8 S E & S E	...	103.9	B to 4 A. M., V to 8 A. v., ^1 -^i to 6 P. M. B after wai'ds. L ^| at tiiidni^ht A 7 p* u. ^H
21	144,0	*••	SSE«tS E	...	78.8	B to 6 A. M., \i to 9 A. »., ^1 '^i to 5 p. M. S art+'rwarda. ^B
22	l^U.O	0.26	SE	...	104.9	\i to 9 A. M., '^i to 1 p. M. 0 to 7 P. M. S at*ic^rward8. Tatli,2.i&3p. si.SlightR at 10 a. m., a from IJ to7p.M»
^ 23
	114,0	0.20	ESE,SEi;SSE	...	125.7	S to 7 A. M, 0 afterwards. L on N at midnight A I A. Ki Shght li after inti^rvals. ^H Chiefly 0 Slight II from 1 to H
H 21	■•■	0.36	S S E JI^SE	t *.	223.8
						3, at BJ, 9, 101; A. M> A 1 P.M.
25	149.2	0.07	SS E AS	...	167.4	B to 6 A. M., \i to 9 A. M., -^i to 4 P. M.. N i afterwards. Shght E at 12J A. M
" 26	147.0	0.16	8 & S by W.	...	133.6	\i to 2 A. M.B to 6 A. M„\i & ^i afterwards. Eat 12 i a.m.
^ 27	148.8	...	S by WA S S W	...	97.4	\i to 8 A. M., ^i to 4 p. m., ^ \i afU'rwards. ^H
H 28	147.0	M.	SSW.SbyW&S	...	09.6	\i to 7 A. m., "^i to 5 P. M. ^H \i aftorwardn. ^H
■ 29	140.2	• 4 t	S A S by W	...	106.1	\i to 6 p. M, B afterward.s. ^H
■ au	147.0	■ **	Sby WifeSSW	*.*	134.3	\i A v_i to 7 A. M., \i af- 1
					terwarda. L from 6i to 8p.m* ^J
^Hr Cirnt—i Strati, '^ i CumuVv, >^ Cwrofttw.\,v, f\.\Cuv\\\vVt>*%ttaLti^ v^J Nimbi* ^H
^■|firn7-cumulj. B clear, S »traiom, O o^qxc^aI, "t l\vM.\i^^«\4\vi^v^^s3aj^^H
^^^HL n ^^^^1

MeUoTolog ica I Ohscrm (ion$.

\t

xui

Abstract of the Itdsnlts of the flourft^ Meteorofogieal Ohnetvatlom iakeii at the Sun^e^or GeueralU Office, Qdcntta, in the month of September 1871. Monthly I^ksults.

Inchcn,

Mean liciglit oP ihe BarnTnetpr for the month.,. ,., „. 21)J17<S

"Max. heiji(lit of tlic UnromckT oceurreti ut 10 a* M. on tlifl 2Sfh. ... 2V^>5Nl

Min. lieiglit of the Baromot^^r occurred at 3 i*. M. on tha Tith. .., 2i*-J7<l

^a'trrme range of tLu> Unrometcr during tUo moutll .., ».♦ U. 11 i \

M^jin of the dttilj Mux. rresHurcs ... ... ..» ... 2l»7:ii

DiUo ditto Mill* ditto ... ... .., ».. 2SIH1*)

iU^eaii i^i/y T^aiif^e of tlie Baromoter during the mouth ••• ••« U«i2i

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month »„ Mttx. Tcmpemture oei'iirred at 2 p. M, on the -itli, Min, Tern pe rat are oei-urred at 9 a, m» on the 13th* Sxtt*eme ra/tffe of the Tenij^erotiire iliirii»|^ the month Mean of the daily Max* Teni|Hnitnre .»,

Ditto ditto Min. ditto. Mean dailj/ range of the Temperature during the month.

B2J'

SM.O 17M

R7.3

71».4 7.1>,

Mean Wet Btilh Tliermometer Tor the month .,. Mean Dry Ihilb Tliermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer Conv[nited Mean Dew-point for the month ... ,,, ,,,

.Menu Dry Bulb Thermometer abore computed mean Dew-point .,*

Mean Elastic force of TapoiDr for the month

Inchefi.

... o.\m

Troy ^rAif

Mean Weight of Yaponr for the month ... ♦.. ... Iill7

Additional Weight ot Vaponr refjinrcd for pomplete saliiration ... 1.47

Mean degree of humidity h^r the muiith. complete saturation being unity 0.87

Mean Max, Solar radiation Thermometer fi^r the month

Eained 23 days.— Max, fall of rain during 24 hours ,., ,.. 3.2.>

Total amount of rain dnrini; the inontli ... ... ... S*,1I3

Total amount of ruin indieaied by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during thiMnonth .„ *», ,,. ... ... J*.2S

rreFailing direction of the Wind S by W. S. 8. E. $l S.

►IleigUJOCcet

Ixxiv

Meteorological Observalioni.

rH g

<M BO

c» O

^ 1

« 2

•8 tS

5 ^

^ 6

f 2 'HO m

o

_«0

I 5^ I 11

•5 O d c3 cJ O

t= g

CJ cS

OX

o

S

g

■s

I

0 o

to

a

*uo niuji
■UO WW J J
Al M
■no ufi*}| mNAV
*iid ttiv^	rH <-«
NT^qM	i^H( r^
no uirjj
M
'R M A\
UO ntffj[	r-t »p-t(p^ iH
■no m^	^ ,H r^^H
i-H r-4 *^ i— 1
'AV'f!	rH,-lF-i.H— <ifH — -^i-t.-(tH5<)'.fC^(M-t,-« ,Ml-lr^
'UO uvirjj	<^ ■-« rH' $fl •-< ^^. 1-^ 1
Av ^q -fi	r-t «-i«-Hrt,-trt^pi3^^50io(3^flQC0filQ^P«C^WGi|r-liH^H
r^ PI ^ ^ €4 t-1 ipH ^ ,p^ r-l <^
*^ *^*^.00(aq>OQO'^'^^CO»O^P9«iacr3«CQIO«!<^t^l>i
^UO UlttJ]^	f-^ ^1 1-H 1^1 ^^ oq ,_, 1^
7T ^q -s lie) I1I1J}| 110 uurjy 'UO ni"Bu . ^^5 ^ '?!	U3 ^iOU5^^^LQipi0^iaQDEDCDlOIOC*3!D^^Ud^^'^
— iCq^HM^ rt i-i-H ,-i^i3«|e(>r^^,-iP-*©|
« -^ c^^-^esnsaeo«-^^^coe!aioio«*050Eeip<^ioiOio
^ i-t^ ,-4^(3q,_,P3^ei;»>iOT^^ ipi
Ci^ l^t^®l&ii3iai£}^^ifip44MeO^ISS|iGi0^^tOqC>aa<tt
^2 iF-ti^ *-1"^«M-^a^OiICQ^M?-l^i-1 ©5 lN74rH(M!^1l(J«rt-^t^COt^^^OTOTTPe(3P3^COC>3i-<iFH
^^rt ^„^ ^^rt^,_j,_,
P5pOOTOTcCrt^eoi~i 'M^0iFH«i?^^9^i?4^^iep
*™i
1-^ p-^ f^ <-^ 1— 1 1-^ *^
"tlQ ui^^f	•*^
■HI
no iiiuji mi LKU^I 'HO WTB^J *uo tinryy
*lIO UlB^J
vnoH	r^ '^^ 1^ ©* ^ ^ MS *^ t-* ti 0-- -^^ p^ o 1-4 *>\ efi ^ «s *i 1:^ Tt, ■5i -::» -^

Meteorological Ohenafions.

XXT

Abiirael of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Ot^scrvatioHS

taken at the Snrvegor General's OJire, Calcntta,

in the month o/ October 1871.

Latitude 22° 33' V North. Loiigituclo 88^ 20' 31'' VaxhU

Heiglitof tlie Cistern of the Standard Baromct^sr ahovo the son lovol. IH.II r,»f»t.

Daily Means, &c. of the Observations nnd of the irygromclrionl cWnionln

dependent thereon.

Date.

o *4

£ange of the Diironicter during the dny.

Max.

Min.

	Inebes.	LlcllM.	Inches.
1	29.766	29.804	29.704
2	.742	.794	.677
8	.748	.798	.705
4	.773	.827	.727
6	.746	.803	.679
6	.714	.768	.652
7	.676	.724	.629
8	•702	.760	.653
9	.727	.796	.667
10	.738	.798	.68 i
11	.738	.814	.683
12	.718	.800	.(;06
13	.765	.834	.6(58
14	.853	.903	.795
16	.892	.947	.811
16	.911	.977	.857
17	.896	.968	.831
18	.888	.951	.832
19	.905	.967	.865
20	.918	.976	.874
21	.899	.962	.8Ui
22	.891	.967	.832
23	.867	.934	.796
24	.827	.888	.779
25	.691	.771	.627
26	.673	.759	.621
27	.788	.856	.739
28	.821	.882	.764
29	.879	.939	.836
30	.887	.955	.826
31	.896	.960	.8U

Diff.

fnehes.

.117 .ou:t

.100 .124 .116

mti .1(»7 .129 .111 .131

.i:u Am

.108 .106 .120 .137 .119 .112 .102 .120 .125 .138 .109 .144 .135 .117 .118 .103 .129 .116

Nl.H N5.4 86.2 H6.0 86.2 86.2 Hfl.l 84.9 85.1 86.0 82.8 79.5 H0.5 80.8 81.1) 83.6 82.9 81.8 81.2 79.9 80.7 H1.7 81.2 74.6 72.7 74.1 77.8 78.9 79.1 78.7 78.3

Kniigo of the'lVtupri'a- tureiluiMiig (lir diiy.

Mux.

(M),4 WW

91 7

92 O 91 n 91 N 9(M1 90 7 91.5 91.7

8A a

82.0 81 (I

8i..:i

88.0 8ti8 89.0 H8.0 H8.6 87.4 87.4 88.3 87.5 78.0 74.6

78.0 85.2 86.0 86.0 85 0 85.8

Min

81. A 81 0 8)10 81 A 8) 0 8yo

80 A 79 A »\MI

81 \\ 79 A

77 A 78t»

78 A 11 ts

79 V 79.0

11 y^ 76 N 73 5 74.3 76i 77.5 7vi.7 71.5 71.0 710 73.0 73.7 73 5 71.H

piir.

8 9 9(1

9 7 lOf^

Inii

9 8

mi

nil

1V6

10 i

AN

4 A

6 0

AN

10 A

10 4

loo

no itr

13 1

n9

10 0 AN

no

U;l

13 0 IV 3

11 A 14.0

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and \Vet HmII) Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly obserrations, mad« %!L Vl^% •everal hours during the ^ay.

Uxvi

Nehorotogical OiieiTtilwnf.

Aistracl of the IfemlU of ike ITom'l^ Mtfieorola^ical Ohei-valioui

taken at the Sntre^or General's Office, Calcutta^

in the mouth of October 1871.

Pftilj Means, Ac, of tlie Obnervatioiis aud of i\\e Hj-grometrieal eleroenta dfpeii tlen t tbereon. — ( CoiithnttdJ

Pifcte*

^

^

a

oca,

£t3 S

	a	0	o	I ^	Inches,	T. gr.	T. gr.
1	8L0	3.8	783	6.5	0.919	10.14	232	0.81
2	81.0	4.4	779	7.5	.937	.00	M	.79
d	80.0	62	75.7	10.5	.873	9.30	3.69	.72
4	80.2	5,8	76.1	9.9	.885	M	.47	-73
6	80.0	6.2	75.7	10.5	.873	.30	.69	.72
6	rvKi	7,1	74.1	12.1	.830	8.85	4.14	.68
7	78.2	eM	73.4	1K7	.811	.66	3.91	.69
8	78.3	6.6	73,7	11.2	,819	.76	.73	.70
&	78.9	6.2	74.6	10,5	.843	9.00	.67	.72
10	8o.a	6.9	76.1	9.9	.8H5	.41	.47	.73
11	6tK5	2.3	78.9	3.9	.967	10.39	1.36	.88
12	78,2	1.3	77.3	2.2	.919	9.94	0.72	.93
13	78.5	2j)	77.1	3.4	«9I3	.86	1.12	.90
14	78.6	2.2	774	3.7	.913	.84	.33	.89
15	78.6	3.3	76.3	6,6	.890	.67	.87	.84
U	78.3	5.3	74.6	9.0	.813	.03	3.<X>	.76
17	76.6	6.3	72.2	10,7	.781	8.36	.43	.71
18	75.4	6.4	70.9	10.9	.718	,05	.35	.71
Id	73.6	7.6	68.3	12 9	.688	7.40	.81	.66
20	72.7	7.2	67.7	12.2	.674	.28	.50	.68
2L	74,4	6.3	70.0	10.7	.727	.82	.22	.71
St	75.5	62	71.2	10.5 1	.756	8.12	.25	.71
83	76.4	4,8	73.0	8.2	.801	.62	2.69	.77
2i	73-5	I.l	72,7	1,9	.792 :	.65	0.55	.94
2o	718	0.9	71.1	1.6	.753	.25	.43	.95
2e	7K7	2.4	70,0	4.1	.727	7.94	1.13	.88
27	73.0	4.3	70,0	7.3	.727	.89	2.09	.79
28 ,	748	4.1	71*9	7.0	.773	8.36	.11	.80
29	74.7	4.4	71.6	7.5	.766	.27	.26	.70
SO	73.3	5.i	69.5	9.2	J15	7.74	.07	.74
31	72.1	6.2	67.8	10.5	.677	.32	.96	.71

All the HygTomeitioH elemeuU mc com^MVe^\si ^i]^ Gx^ft^^ w\i Q<Mi»iwitg.

M^feorohffical Obiervaiiom.

Ixxvii

AMraet of fie Beenlh of the llonrly Meteorological Observatioui

iaieu at the SHrvetfor GeneraVe Office^ Calcnita,

in the mouth of October 1871.

ffourl/ Means, &c. of the Obser ration a and of the irjgrometrical el^^Riftiti dependent thereon.

	*S^	llflTiije of ihc Ilnrorneter	4	linng*^ of Uic^ IVitiium-
		for earh hmtr (liiniig the ntoiiili.	tiii^ for riii*h llc^tll' dtiriiif( ihi^iniMittu
Hour.					1
	Mai,	Min.	j>m.	1^	Mux,	Mill, uir
	h					i
	Inchei.	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	0	0	0	o
Hid.
night.	29.807	29.918	29.672	0.246	79.0	84.2	71.7	12 ft
	.798	.911	.654	.257	78.6	81.0	71.6	12 5
	.789	.908	.649	.259	78.3	83.H	71.6	12.3
	.781	.902	.647	.255	78.0	83.6	71.6	12.1
	.780	.901	.627	.274	77.8	83.5	71.6	12.0
	.793	.916	.625	.290	77.6	83.4	71.0	12.4
	.810	.943	.643	.300	77.5	83.2	71.0	12.2
	.827	.945	.673	.272	78.3	83.7	71.7	12.0
	.847	.965	.676	.289	80.6	86.5	72.0	13.5
	.860	.977	.705	.272	82.2	87.5	72.6	16.0
	.861	.974	.707	.267	83.9	89.5	73.0	10.6
	.845	.960	.685	.275	84.8	90.5	73.0	17.5
Noon.	J24	.944	.668	.276	85.4	90.7	73.6	17.1'
1	.798	.920	.646	.274	86.2	91.5	74.0	17.5
8	.774	.894	.632	.262	86.5	91.5	73.0	18.5
8	.769	.885	.624	.261	86.6	92.0 73.7	18.3
4k	.756	.889	.631	.258	86.0	91.7 73.5	18.2
6	.760	.879	.634	.245	86.1	91.0 I 73.0	18.0
6	.769	.880	.642	.233	83.1	89.0 : 72.3	1(5.7
7	.787	.903	.656	.247	81.8	87.6 1 72.1	15.4
8	.808	.924	.672	.262	81.0	8«.6	72.4	U.l
9	.819	.932	.671	.261	80.3	8G.0	72.4 1 13.6
10	.824	.939	.689	.260	79.6	85.6 ! 72.5 , 13.0
11	.821	.931	.682	.249	79.2	84.6	72.7	11.9

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several hours during the month.

luviii

Meteorological Observaiiant,

Ahdiael of ike Kesnlts of the Honrl// Meieorological OhervationM

taken at the Snrvet/or General's Office, Calcutta,

in the month of Odoler 1871.

Honrlj Meanfl, he, of tlie Ol^serTationii and of tlio Hjgrometrical elementt dependent lliereon. — (CoiHimted.)

	S		i	^	^	p/3	'■§8	|i
	^	^	1	P	I	^-z	•5 2	Wg^
Hour.	lit	} ft	1 }	1	.2	•3| |5	1-5 i III	111
	0	0	o	o	Indies.	T.gr.	T.gr.
Mid-
d!g1it.	76.7	2.3	75.1	3.9	OJ^57	&.27	1.23	0.89
1	76.5	2.1	75.0	36	.854	.21	.14	.89
2	76.4	li)	75.1	3.2	.857	.28	.00	.90
3	76.2	1.8	74.9	3.1	.851	^2	0.97	.91
4	76.2	].6	75.1	2.7	.857	.28	.85	.92
5	76.0	1.6	71.C>	2.7	.851	. .22	.85	.92
6	75.9	1.6	74.8	2.7	.819	.20	.84	.92
7	76.5	1.8	75.2	3.1	.860	.31	.97	.91
8	77.2	3.4	74.8	5.8	.849	.15	1.86	.83
9	77.3	4.9	7;^.»	8.3	.824	8.87	2.67	.77
10	77.3	ioA)	72.7	11.2	.792	.49	3.61	.70
11	77.0	7.8	71.5	13.3	.763	.16	4.30	.60
Noon.	77.1	8.3	71.3	It. I	.758	.10	.58	.64
1	77.0	9.2	70.6	15.6	.714	7.89	5.10	.61
2	76.H	9.7	71.0	155	.751	.99	.11	.61
8	70.5	10.1	7i).4	16.2	.736	.81	.30	.60
4	76.4	9.6	6*.). 7	163	.720	.68	.23	.60
5	76.9	8.2	71.2	13.9	.756	8.07	4.50	.64
6	77.1	6.0	72.9	10.2	.797	.56	3.30	.72
7	77.2	4.6	74.0	7.8	.827	.90	2.50	.78
8	77.1	3.9	74.4	Q.Q	.838	9.02	.12	.81
9	76.9	3.t	7t.5	b.^	.810	.07	1.81	.83
10	76. S	2.8	71.8	48	.819	.17	.52	.86
11	76.7	2.5	74.9	4.3	.851	.21	.35	.87

All the Hygroinetricai clomei>t» are computed by the Greenwich Constant!.

MeUorological Observations.

Ixxis

Abatraci of the Result's of the Hourly Meteorological Observations . taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^ in the month of October 1871. Solar lUdiation, Weatlier, «tc.

	u	&S . WlKlK 1
	1^ 1l ^		1
£	Prei^ailinff	.1 ^i^	General aspect of tlie Sky-
l\	0 :	5^0 direction. j^ |;	«5
	o 1	ncbes		&	Miles
1	153.2	...	SbyW	...	129.0	\i to 7 A. K., "i to 7. P.M. B afliTwards. T at 12J a. m., 2i, 4&5 p. M. Dat5.Jp. m.
2	152.0	...	S & S by W	...	108.6	B to 7 A. M., <^L to 4 p. M. B afterwards .
8	146.3	<	SbyW&WbyN ... |	83.1	B to 12 A. M.,v_i to 5 p. M.
			[&NW W by N, W N W			B afterward H.
4	148.6	•••	...	67.3	B to 8 A. jr., ^i to 6 p. M.
						Bflftrrwrtrdn.
6	149.7	• ..	XW&WNW	...	69.8	B to H X. 3f., --i to6 p. M.
					B afterwards.
6	152.0	...	WNW&WSW	...	73.2	B to 10 A. M., '-i to 3 p. M. B afterwards.
7	153.3	...	WSW&WbyS	...	79.3	Bto4 A. M., Vi to 10 A.M. "i tn 2 p. M., v_i afterwards.
8	150.0	...	W by 8 & ]S W	0.6	76.5	B to 10 A. M., rsi to 5 p. M. B afterguards.
^	149.0	•'•	NW&WN W	...	66.2 BtolOA. M., ^i to3p. M., \i to 6 p. M. B afterwarilH.
10	147.5	....	WNW	...	71.5	B to5 A. M.. VitO 10 A.M., --i to 6 p. M. B aften^ardn.
11	...	0.89	WNW&SE		80.1	S to 12 A. M. () t^) 7 P. M., \i ailt^rwards. T at \)\ a. m., 1 &2.ip. M., 11 at 8, Hi A.M., 1, 2?M 15 & 0 p. M.
12	...	0.60	S.E,ESE&E.	...	122.5	Chiefly O. K at I. 10, 11 a.
					^M., & from 2 to 6 p. m.
13	127.0		SbyW.	. . .	108.5	() to 10 A. M. 8 afterwards.
14	135.6	6.47	Sby Wi&SSE	...	59.8	Clouds of different kinds to 6 p. M. B afterwards. L on N W at 6 P. M. li at 11 & 12
16	153.0	...	SSE&S	...	75.7	A. M. B to 6 A. M., ^i to 5 p. M. B afterwards. 1) at 12.i a. m.
16	145.7	...	8,SbyW&NbyI		94.0	B to 9 A u \— i to 4 p. M.
					i Bailer war. J.-?.
17	147.2	...	N by E & W	...	86.6 ' B to \) A. M., ^i to 4 p. m. ;B afterwards.
18; 146.2	...	W&W8W	• • •	96.3 B.
19 147.0	...	W S W & W	. . 1	81.0 1 B.
21	) 145.5	...	W&ENE	...	90.7 ! B to 10 A. M., \i to 5 p. m.
				! B afterwards.
21	. 146.8		E N E & N by I [E N E	: 0.8 106.8 1 B to 10 A. M., '^i to 6 p. m.
			J ; B afterwards.
2i	\ 144.5	...	NbyE,]NNE&	(	155.6 1 B to 9 A. M., \i to 5 p. m. jB afterwards.

\i Cirri,— i Strati, ^ i Cumuli, wi Cirro-strat\, ^ \C.\vcKV3^Q.1|^x^^:\.^^A^^'^^^ Ui Cirro-cumuli. B clear, S sUatom, O on^p vsA^^, -^ \x>{^Nxi«^^

JB r&in, J) drizzle.

box

UeUorological Obaervaiient.

Jbstraet of th^ ReiulU of the Hourly Meteorological Observaiious

(aieu at the Surveyor GeneraVt Office, Calcutta,

in the month of October 1871.

Solar Sadiation, Weather, <&c.

Mi

. *

fid s

Wind.

FreTailing direction.

Si

General aspect of the Sky.

23 145.0

24 25

130.0

144.7

143.0 144.0

143.0 142.7

27

28 29

30 31

Indies 0.03

E]!^E,NE&EbyS

2.58 2.46

E b J S <& E S E E,EbyN&ENE

NE&NW

NW&WNW

WNW&SW SW

S W & W by S WbyS&SSE

fb

Miles 115.5

173.2 238.8

378.4

140.5

90.4 71.6

42.5 47.3

Clouds of different kinds to 6 a. m. Bto9 a. m.. "^i to H p. M., ^i afterwards. Light R at ^ p. M.

O. E from 4 A. M., to 1 1 p.m.

O. K from midnight to 2 p. M., & at 5 & 11 P. M.

O to 5 p. M. B afterwards. D at midnight.

Bto 12 a. m., ^i to 4 p.m., \i afterwards.

B.

B to 1 p. M., \i to 6 p. M. B aftemards. Foggy from 3 to 8 A. M. & 8 to 11 p. M.

B Slightly foggy from mid- night to2 & 5 to 7 A. M.

B.Slightly foggy at 10 p.m.

\i Cirri, — i Strati, "i Cumuli, \— i Cirro-strati, ^\_i Cumulo-strati. vv_i Nimbi, *i Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning, rain, D drizzle.

Mtieoroloij tea I Olserranm!^

19^X1

Abiiract of the UemtU of the llourJ^ MehomhtjlcaJ OUervaflmi ] taken at the SHrve^or General's Office, Culcnlt^, in tie mouth of Oci^ber 1871. Monthly BfidULxa,

Indies.

HeAD liei^lii ot tlie Barometer for tlie montb,.. ,., ,., 2iK8(»4

Max. lieiglit of tlie BiirLiineter otcurretil at & a. m* on tliu Iflth. »., 2t).l»77

Min. keiglit of tlie Barometer oecurrtj at 3 f. M, ou tho 2l)th. .,, 21^624

jLJi'tfemt rttitt/v of tlio JJnrometer during the moatk ... ^.. U.353

Mean of tlie diiiij !Max. Prt'SHurea »., ... ,,, ,,. 29M\7

Ditto tlilti> liliiJ, tliUo ... ,.» .., ... 2yJ48

Mean dail^ range of the Puroxiieter during tiie moutli ..» ,., 0.119

Mean Pry Bulh TliermniTieter for the monili ,*. ,.,

Max. TeJiiiHTiihire oc"t'iirrt*<l nt H i». M. ou the 4th, lilin. IVjiipt^niluro ocrurreil nl 5 & 6 a. m, otj the 26 thJt27tli Ji.r( rente rauf/e of the Temperature duriug the mouth Mean of the daily Mux. Teiii]>ernlure ...

Dilto ditto Mill. ditto, MtiiH dait^ range of the Temperature Jiiring the month...

Mean Wet Biilh Thermometer for the montli ... .,, ,,. 76,7

Mean Dry Bulh Tbeniioiuetrr jihove Menu Wet Bulh Thermometer 4.©

Convimteu Mean Dew-poiirt tor the month ... ... ... 73,3

k-Mean Dry Bulh Thermometer aho?e computed mean Dew-point ... 8.3

Inches. Mean Elastic force of Vapour for tlie month .., .„ ,*» 0.80ft

Troy grafnt

Mean Wet (flit of Vaponr for the month ... ... ... 8,70

rjl^tiditionul Wei^'lit ot^ Yiipoiir required for complete saturiition .., 2.04 ""lean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation heing unity 0.77

o Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 145.6

laclitf*

Bnined 9 days.*— Max, fall of rain during 24 houra ,,. ... 2,6S

Total amount of rain during the month ... ,.. ... 7.03

Total nmount of rain indicated hy the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... ,- ,- -- <^*20

PfcTaiiing direction of the Wind ,.. ... W. >\ W^, N. W. Jt S. by W<

•Height 70 feet 10;

^M Ixxxii	^^^^" Mefeorofdfftcal Oh$(*rvftfiofiS, ^^^^^^H
■ si J Nil kill ^ 1 If 111 t !- ^^1 % Its ;£ ^ 1 ih:i 1 21 'S IF oa J* e a* 'S ^-^ g »*" If	•uu lll»}[
f-i«-«>-i
r-WW
1— 1
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r«*
■** '•#'#'*'*-*«flO«3T't7flOO«lO®*OiOiO'f'*"^'<f-?-f
_AV *uo niujj	<M «?lM«l«l?l'M'NW«q'3!| -4^1(|*-4^9^<9i|^^99«l^
<^'S'1'M^S4S4^<M^M^£0^ C^l^^ClQC^Q^S^QQ^Oi^
'm» uiir}|	F-l
m:8 u	«N 91 •?! M M <N -N 70 C*3 "* -"f ^ lO 1© « T* 5^ e<l 5^1 'Jl N 'N C<1 «
^
•A\ S •no uiif^i ■no uiwji	04 74'3(l'Me09»fi(»94«90^rHeQ9^lcOCO?l'M'Mg^194OI'S>1^94
»-l 1M Ol r-* ^ r^ r^ -^
C^ "^ •<9 ^ «3 CQ *<(» ^ ^ CO ^ 09^<^i^^^9«919«99 7i9l
uo umjf
*S'	9)94<&1'?I<M<M<M.-^^^^^ ^ ^^.M^^M
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*uo nvft^	,_ ,_^ip^«,^rH Ciil<-^ip-»«^i-«*M»-« 1
	P-« r-tf-«0«^rHI Oj-Hi^ •-^P-tC*l'?l ^^
p-# p-» 1-^ i-^ ^-1 f-l ^H
•R ^^q 3	^^^ f-l&1Q4 rt»^t^W*-*«»-ie4«
'HO aiir}f	^-|^^©i|r-ii-«rHI<— «i-^ 1-^ f-» »^#^ ^^
r^T	^e<io«i«j*-H.-'.-i«H iH o<i»^^ ^ •-•-*«« •-♦^
•\r Xq -%t	f-K fM (i^ ^ 1-^ "M
iH Ol « "1? ««» CO ^ ^
'UO UIBJI	^^ *-♦
^ J^ CI	wi?iWM-^'-^-^'-«^ «^ *-• f-(flooso««cQcoe»aoo
*IIO UlV}^	<— 1
	^H i-^r-»r^Wa«lWI*-i»^C'3^ (— •«««0«^H
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•JtioH		d
		■

Meleorologieal Ohervafions.

Ixxxiii

jlMraei of the Itesulfs of the Ilonrli/ Meteorological OlservatioM

taken at the Survei/or GemraVs Office, Calcutta^

ill the Month oj Kovemher 1871.

Latitude 22^ 33' V Norlli, Longitude 88° 20' W East.

Heiglifc of ilie Cistern of tlio Standard Barometer above tlie sea level, 18.11 feet.

Daily Means, kc, of tlie Observations and of tlie irj-grometrical elements dependent tlioreon.

	zt.	Sanfi^c of tlie Burometer		Hang(» of tlieTonii^ora-
		during the d	«y.	n Dry B rmomeu	tui'edui	•ing tliedny.
Date.					1
	ij"	Max.	Min.	Dior.	-^	I^Iex.	Min. Diff.
	;?-"				>.^
	Indies.	Indies.	Indies.	Indies.	0	o	o	o
1	29.932	30.006	29.873	0.133	78.2	85.1	72.0	13.4
2	.931	.000	.878	.122	79.1	86.9	72.5 ; 11.4
3	.947	.012	.900	.112	79.0	86.5	73.3 ; 13.3
4	.950	.014	.8^)4	.120	77.7	85.0	71.5 : 13.5
5	.970	.047	.919	J 28	76.9	85.0	70.3 34.7
6	.986	.061	.927	.134	77.0	84.8	70.0 14.8
7	.957	.016	.903	.111	76.9	8;). I	71.6 1J.5
8	.94^	.029	.873	.156	77.5	84.5	73.3 11.2
9	.936	.006	.874	.132	77.5	84.5	71.0 13.5
10	.930	.006	.8(M)	.137	77.0	83.8	71.0 32.8
11	.916	29.993	.847	.116	76.4	a3.6	72.0 ll.G
12	.875	.939	.808	.131	75,9	a3.6	69.5 1 14.1
13	.878	.926	.828	.01«	76.9	84.0	71.2 1 12.8
14	.900	30.028	.aoi	.137	78.2	85.7	72.0 13.7
15	.912	.025	.869	.156	78.5	85.5	73.5 12.0
16	.9:il	.000	■ .888	.112	78.6	a5.7	73.5 12.3
V	.981	.a$5	.932	.123	77.1	81.1	71.5 12.9
u	.993	.0<i3	.925	.138	76.2	83.2	70.5 12.7
19	.968	.020	.922	.098	75.2	82.5	<)n.O 1 13.5
20	.993	.072	.929	.143	75.5	82.6	<J9.r, ]X\.
21	.992	.060	.932	.128	75.2	82.0	69.5 12.5
22	.988	.066	.941	.125	74.4	81.0	69.0 1 12.0
23	.970	.025	.908	.117	74.2	82.5	^)7.0 15.5
24	.998	.063	.952	.111	74.9	83.5	<'>>*.0 15.5
25	.992	.050	.939	.120	73.5	, 82.0	67.5 . 14.5
26	.962	.038	.897	.111	71.9	i 81.1	<)4.6 ' 10 8
27	.921)	29.989	.865	.124	70.7	1 79.7	63.2 1(5.5
28	.962	30.035	.914	.121	70.0	78.S	62.0 ir.s
29	.<'47	.031	.878	.153	71.0	80.1	63.5 ir.u
30	.908	29.969	.854	.115	73.0	82.1	^.0	1 ^'-^ 1

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, mado at Uae several liours diuing tke day.

Ixxxiv

Meteorological Olservations.

Abstract of the Results of the Ilourlif Meteorological Observations

taken at the Surveyor GeneraVs OJjice, Culcntia,

in the month of November 1871.

Daily Means, &c. of tLe ObscrFalions and of Ihe Hygrometrical eletnenta dependent thereon . — (Continued.)

	h	+3	■4-} a 1	1=	o I	> 0
Date.		Q 1	If P	r5				o^ to III
	ri	3				^6		il^
	1'	a'	Q	P	S2		<	g^2
	0	o	O	0	Inches.	T.gr.	T.gr.
1	72.7	5.6	68.8	9.4	0.699	7.57	2.68	0.74
2	7;.3	4.8	70-9	8.2	.748	8.10	.43	.77
3	73.5	5.5	69.6	9.4	.717	7.76	.74	.74
4	71.3	6.4	66.8	30.9	.655	.10	3.00	.70
5	70.1	6.8	65.3	11.6	.623	6.76	.10	.69
(3	70.8	6.2	66.5	10.5	.618	7.03	2.86	.71
7	72.1	4.8	m.7	8.2	.697	.57	.29	.77
8	72.8	4.7	69.5	8.0	.715	.75	.29	.77
9	72.0	5.5	68.1	9.4	.684	.41	.63	.74
10	71.1	5.6	67.5	9.5	.670	.27	.62	.74
31	70.4	6.0	66.2	10.2	.612	6.98	.74	.72
32	70.3	5.6	{M\.i	9.5	xn-Q	7.03	.54	.74
33	71.2	5.7	67.2	9.7	.6(>4	.20	.m	.73
34	73.5	4.7	70.2	8.0	.732	• .92	.33	.77
35	73.2	5.3	69.5	9.0	.715	.74	.61	.75
36	n.i	6.2	68.1	10.5	.684	.38	3.00	.71
37	70.8	6.3	66.4	10.7	.6J^	.01	2.91	.71
38	70.8	5.4	67.0	9.2	.659	.17	.49	.74
39	C8.2	7.0	63.3	11.9	.584	6.35	3.02	.68
20	{S':i.7	5.8	65.6	9.9	.630	.86	2.60	.73
21	69.9	5.3	66.2	9.0	.642	.99	.38	.75
22	6S.1	6.0	61.2	10.2	.601	.66	.59	.72
23	67.1	7.1	62.1	12.1	.561	.12	.97	.67
24	67.7	7.2	62.7	12.2	.572	.24	3.04	.67
25 1	Ql^ 1	8.7	58.7	14.8	.501	5.47	.43	.62
2() ,	610 1	7.9 1	57.7 1	11.2	.485	.31	.17	.63
27 1	62.6 1	8.1 1	56.1 1	14.6	.459	.01	.14	.62
2S ,	(V^.l I	6.3 1	58-7	11.3	.501	.52	2.48	.69
2\.)	65.0	6.0 1	60.2 :	10.8	.527	.78	.47	.70
30	65.9	7.1 1 1	60.2 j	12.8	.527	.76 I	3.00	.66

ill the iij'gronic'trical elenicuts are coi\\\>\iVed\i^ VVe Git<i<;\r«\R.\i CQ^^i^wLliK

Mefeorological Olservations,

Ixxxv

Ahilract of Ike HesnlU of the Hourly iltfaorological Olservaliotts

taken at Ike Surveyor, GeueraVs OJJlce, CalcuUa^

in ike month of November 1871.

Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Ifygrometrieal elements dependent thereon.

		KnTige	cif llie llnronit^ter	^	T!ai>^e of t lie IVnipem-
	11^	for eDJ?h hour iluring the motitli.	f5I	ture for eiicli Inmr during the iiioiiih.
Hoar.				n 1
	l^\	Max.	Min,	Diff.	IJ^ai,	Mill.	D(fn
	s§l
	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	o	0	0	o
MJd.
night.	29.955	30.010	29.869	0.141	72.5	76.9	65.3 11.6
\	.947	.008	.863	.145	72.0	76.3	64.1	12 2
2	.94^)	.002	.851	.151	71.5	75.8	63.6	12.2
3	.933	29.996	.84i	.152	70.9	75.0	63.0 12.0
4	.934.	.993	.812	.151	70.4	74.7	62.5 1 12.2
6	.948	30.012	.859	.153	69.9	74.0	62.3 1 11.7
6	.965	.020	.877	.143	69.7	73.5	62.0 1 11.6
7	.983	.043	.906	.137	70.0	74.5	62.2 12.3
8	30.004	.057	.920	.137	73.2	77.5	66.8	10.7
9	.021	.072	.925	.147	76.0	80.5	70.2	10.3
10	.019	.066	.926	.140	78.4	82.0	73.0	9.0
11	29.998	.051	.907	.I'U	80.2	83.5	76.0	8.6
Noon.	.070	.052	.883	.142	81.6	85.2	77.0	8.2
1	.936	29.984	.853	.131	82.6	85.6	78.0 1 7.6
2	.914	.965	.835	.130	83.2	86.9	78.5 i 8.4
3	.901	.952	.8U	.138	83.3	86.6	78.8 ! 7.8
4	.896	.953	.808	.145	82.1	85.5	77.5	8.0
5	.904	.959	.811.	.145	80.8	84.7	76.0	8.7
6	.914	.971	.829	.142	78.2	82.2	72.5	9.7
7	.932	.989	.848	.141	76.5	80.3	71.0	9.3
8	.951	30.003	.870	, .133	75.3	79.2	69.5	9.7
9	.963	.018	.887	' .131	74.3	77.8	68.5	9.3
10	.967	.023	,876	.147	73.6	77.0	67.0	10.0
11	.963	.016	.876	.140	73.0	77.0	66.6	10.6

The Mean Height of the Barometer, ns likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer Means are derived from the obscrrations made at the several hours during the month.

Ixxxvi

Mefeoroloffical Ohnervainm^.

Abstract of the Results of the Hotirly Meteorological Observations

taken at the Surveyor GeiieraVs Office, Calcutta,

in the month of November 1871.

Hourly Means, &c. of ilie ObserTntions nnd of tlie Hjgrometrical elements dependent thereon.— fConliune J.)

Hour.

%*

a>

s

^

-3

p^

■*» .

o u

^n

i^

^a

Mid-

aight, J 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10 11

H'oon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

70.7 70.2 69.8

-a

0	o
69.5	ao
69.2	2.8
68.8	2.7
68.4	2.5
68.0	2.1
67.8	2.1
67.5	2.2
67.7	2.3
69.2	4.0
69.9	6.1
70.3	8.1
702	lao
70.1	11.5
701	12.5
70.2	13.0
70.0	13.3
69.8	12J1
71.0	9.8
7K7	6.5
71.5	5.0
71.1	4.2

a

p

Q

a

67.1 67.0 i6.6 6^.4 66.1 66.1 65.9 65.9 66.0 65.6 64.6 63.2

62.0 61.3 61.1 60.7 61.2 61.1

6.5	67.1
5.0	68.0
4.2	68.2
3.6	68.2
3.4	67.8
3.2	67.2

p

>

1'^

5.4

5.0

4.9

4.5

4.3

3.8

3.8

4.1

7.2

104

13.8

17.0

19.6

21.3

22.1

22.6

20.9

16.7

11.1

8.5

7.1

6.1

58

5.8

c3 .

Inches.	T.gr.	T.gr.
0.661	7.25	1.38
.659	.23	.27
.651	.14	.24
Srte	.10	.13
.6*0	.04	.06
.6IO	.04	0.94
.630	.(X^	.93
.em	.00	1.00
.638	6.98	.84
.630	.86	2.74
.609	.59	3.72
.582	.27	4.61
.559	.00	5.34
.546	5.86"	.82
.543	.81	C.08
.536	.72	.21
.514	.84	5.67
.599	6.41	.43
.661	7.16	3.09
.681	.39	2.36
.686	.47	1.93
A)HCy	.49	.63
.677	.39	.54
.664	.26	.50

0.84

.85 .85 .86 .87 .88 .88 .88 .79 .72 .64 .58

.53 .50 .49 .48 .51 .58 .70 .76 .80 .82 .83 .83

All the H jgroiDetrical elements are computed bj the Greenwich Constants*

Mtieorological Observations.

Ixxxvii

AMract of tie Result's of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta, in the mouth of November 1871. Solar Itadiation, Weather, &c.

o o

Si's

WlKD.

Prevailing direction.

1 2 3	0 144.2 145.5 141.0	luclies	SSE&S S& S VV ssw&w
4 6	141.7 141.0	...	W.WSW&WbyS WbyS
6	141.8	•••	WbySA JJ^NE
1	137.0	...	NNE&NW
8	146.0	...	NW&NbyW
9	143.2	...	NbyW&N
10	143.5	...	N & N by W
11	142.5	...	NbyW&NNW
12	141.5	...	N N W & N E
13 139.0	... ENE&SbyW
14	140.0	... SbyW&SSW
15 16 17	140.0 139.0 148.0	:::	S SW&WbyS W by S & WbyN VVbyN&W
18	139.8	...	W & W by S
19 20	137.8 138.8	...	WbyS W by.S & S S W
21	137.5		SSW&S W

Cm ' _K_

Mflesl 68.7 95.0 77.2

General aspect of tLe Sky.

lb

Cliicfly B. B.

B. Slightly foggy at 9 & 10 p. M. 35.2 I B.

54.7 I B to 6 A. M., \i to 6 p. m. 'B afterwards.

79.2 I B to 5 A. M., \i to 6 p. m. B afterwards. Slightly foggy from 9 to 1 1 p. M.

47.5 ' B to 5 A. M., \i to 6. p. m. B afterwards. Slightly foggy at 1 A. M., Sl 10 p. M.

35.3 B to 5 A. M., \i to 6 p. m. B afterwards.

30.3 B to 10 A. M., \— i to 3 p. m. B afterwards. Slightly foggy .'from 4 to 6 a. m., & 9 to 11

p. M.

53.2 I B to 10 A. M., --i to 4 p. m.

B afterwards. Slightly foggy

from midnight to 6 a. m. 73.2 B to 10 A. M., ^i to 3 p. M.

B afterwards. Slightly foggy

from 9 to 11 p. M.

66.4 I B to 10 A. M., ^i to 7 p. m. B afterwards.

56.4 I B to 1 p. M., ^i to 3 p. m.

B afterwards. 59.0 B to 11 A. M., v«i to 4 p. m.

B afterwards.

67.8 Chiefly B. 90.7 Chiefly B.

57.7 B to 11 A. M., ^i to 1 p. M.

jB afterwards. Slightly foggy

|at 11 p. M. 72.2 B to 11 A. M., v_i to 2 p. M.

jB afterwards. Slightly foggy

from 7 to 9 p. M. 52.4 B. 73.2 B. to 10 A. M., ^i to 4 p. m.

B afterwards. Foggy from 7 to

10 p. M. 43.4 B to 11 A. M.. rsi to 3 p. M.

|B afterwards. Slightly foggy

at 8 & 9 p. M.

\i Cirri, — ^i Strati, ^i Cumuli, \— i Cirro-strati, '^iCumulo-strati, v>-i Nimbi, W Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S Btrat^*'' O oTorcast, T thunder, L lightning, B rain, D drizsle.

Ixxxviii

Meteorological Observations.

Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office^ Calcutta, in the month of November 1871. Solar Eadiation, Weather, <&c.

•8

o o . *

si

Wind.

Preyailing direction.

. 2

S

General aspect of the Skj.

23

24

25 26 27

28 29

o 137.0

141.0

140.0

137.0 137.0 137.0

136.4 136.8

30 142.0

Tncbcs

S W SWikW S W

WSWik W

W&NNW

N N W & WbyN [AN W WbyN,WNW

NW&NNW N N W & N W

N W & W b J N

MileR 80.3

108.0

76.1

129.9 124.8 118.8

100.9 83.1

76.3

Chiefly B Slightly foggy at 9 p. M.

B to 10 A. M., \i to 4 p. M. Vi afterwards. Slightly foggy from 7 to 10 p. m.

V>i to 2 a. M. B to 3 p. M.,

i to 8 p. M. B afterwards. Slightly foggy at 7 p. m.

Chiefly B. Slightly foggy from 7 toll p. m.

Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at midnight & from 8 to 11 p. m.

B. Slightly foggy at mid- night & 1 A. M., & from 7 to 11 p. M.

B. Slightly foggy from mid- nidit to 2 A. M., & 7 to 11 p.m.

B to 2 p. M., \i to 7 p. M. B afterwards. Slightly foggy from midnight to 7 a. M., & at 9 p. M.

B to 10 a. M., \i to6 p. M. B afterwards.

ri, — ^i (Strati, '^i Cumuli, V-i Cirro-stTati, rv-\ G\3Lxn.u\o-%traU> v^i NimbU ^o-cnmnli, B clear, S stratoni, O o\eTC«tat» T \\i»sAet,\A\\^\.\!:\xi^, D drizzle.

C-hPcr^ irtun^.

m tie man'i tf J'^r^s.**

ll«n of tW tfiTr ir»s. F?*-»-nr "*

Ditto ditto ' Mn. Memm d^j wmmfi 0€ cae Bu-aiLec.tr i iz-^c ~Ji<e ii*:a :Il

o

lf«mDnrB«j!i"n*rw:m.--«' 'r-*.-? IT- r-j. ... '-^ "*

Vaz. Tempencttrv •:^.'vrr-«: i: ± ? x. •».-".' i-»i ... ••• *^-'^

Mm. TcBp«ntw« .:<mrr'*-i ir -T ^. x. r : ..* r^->.. ... ^-^ ''

MfM of the' daily Mil. T;E-..n..-:- ^ ':

Ditto ditto * M-n. i.v.-.

I dWA/5 nf M« of \mt T<ap«*rit.-^e 1 irln x \u^ 31 : n. tli . . .

Memn Brr Bu'.b r.i^TT.i -.•.-«■ v., >[,,,. Wc: Bulb Tliormomot-r ^ «.l Compatei Mean I »-t-:- i. - :* r ■'.:..:.■: H ■ • ■ • • , • " * ,"/' ,

Hean Diy Buib Tixcna.:^.>r a ...t... . .:i.: n:.:-! m^n Dcw-pojnt ... i 'i.

JliriifH.

Mean Elastic force of Taj»ar fjrii:'* montli ...

Trf»y ^v\\\\\*

It H 1 Mean '^eielit of Taoonr for tlic month ... „^ •;',•,„ '" •» -j

Additional Wei^lit or* Vap-.ur reMinrc-a for 77I'^*'*;;;^";.";" V " ;„;i. v 0 Meandegreeof liumidity foribciuontb,compl«tAjHHturiiti..ii Ikmiir »»»«.> * ^ ^

Mean

Max. Solar radiation Tbcrmoinr.U'r for the month ... » »»» ^

Bained no days.— ^fax. fall of rMn dnrinK 21 lioum i^|^

Total amount of rain during th<; "lontli . ;: " , , / \. ^,.„u.,,

Totel amount of rain indicated by ilu- < Siiuk«» atlnrlinl ti» tho mu mo ^ ^^ meter during the month .. ••. — ■ ^ \ \\ jt >'^

FreviUDg direction of the Wiml ^^ . b.\ ?*» -^ 1^ *

•Height 70 Coot \0 uw\w\k «NwNv'* v,tvx\viA.

xc

Meteorological Observaiion$.

,8 ^

I

o

I

I

'Ct!

^»

fe- ll

^ tf> ^ rf

" ;g

eS O

•9 C C-

O

§^

►^ 1

1 1

•8 H

■UO niojj; ■ua aiTJ^;
©* ei»<N^'jii«i*9«iQ'ieqetCT^pHr-^«(N^M<N<NM'Me«(Ne«
ff^ C9«OC»3rt03OTWPaeO^?»SS|»-iff»^OSJTOOT«Cf3OOeO(?3CQ
	SQ C»3m«^?0'3ao>eO«*4r^CO^"*.-i5^«Sf3O3OT30COS0«S
P-4r^S<l'^Cf3-<l-!OT
■tio inti|i
^^Aq-Ai	«- w «■ ffl ®i (N-5^ ^ -. e<i c?i ^ p4 ©I'bs-* ffl eo'm ^^
MKi u|tr}f
J^	so eomme'3mc«3w»Qti*Mr-irH'^**rt^^coff5««co(ra«
Ub lO WS «3 »0 iOiO lO W3 ^ lO ^ 50 SIS -^ PS m ^ WS lO ^ iO to IQ
Ar^M •no iimjy	,p^ ,^^rH^^i^ffil^93'?3?4^04'?3O9^^i-i»^<-!^71^1
"AV'f3	W 3^9a WTO^^MOT^IN « ^ -* «^ «^ COP! TC ^ 1?5 50 ^
■no uii?)| AV Sf S
W rae9»»«OTS«3^eQC09^rN3S|tJi'NS^ffl^'N(N'N^«
■uo WjUIJ
A\ ^q S
uo npj]
■«f» UIWJJ T^l -^^M "S ■iioiiirr>[	^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^(j,^^^^^^^^
^
"2 1
,^P-iin-ii— lii^r^^^f^-*«-^r^ T— <
'A
no umj[
R A"q ■:7I
no inii^T
■:-i
un iimii ■un UfT?||
,^,^,^,_|.i^r^r^r^^^N,-^t^i-^ r^^^^H«^
■|[<^ TlitiJ] -ir Aq 'S: Mjo n(V}|
i-f »H 1— 1
^ ^^rt,^^,_t^^iPHi-iiy|"*S5jFH ©i5^r^r-#r-»,^#-H-(i-l

Meteorulot/ical Obset^^

Ab$traci of the Hesuifs of ike Hourly Melem'ologieal Olicrrafioni

taken at the Sune^or QeneraVi OJice, Calctttta,

m tie month of December 1871.

Latitude W 33' 1" North. Lon^ntude 88"* ^0' 34" East,

TefgLt of the Ciiitern of the Standard Barometer above tlie aca lerel, 18.11 feet.

Dai I J Meftnsi Slc* of ihe Observations and of tbe Hygrometrical ekmenti depeiidtvnt tbeivnn.

	3s	Tlange of tbo Barometer		R an go of tl j e IV n i p e ra^
		durixig tbe (]j	ly. .	ture during llie Jay.
Pate.
*	g «co	Max.	Min.	Biff.	Max.	Min.	Dir,
	IncLeSt	Inobes.	IncLes.	lucbea. '	0	o	o	o ^
1	29.932 .991	30.006	29.880	0.126	74.5	82.5	075	15.0
2	.071	.929	.142	74.1	82.3	67.0 16,31
3	30.021	,102	.973	.129	70.7	79,2	64.0 15.2^
4	.035	.116	;[I80	Am ,	67.9	76.4	60.5	15.9
fi	.050	.138	30.iX)4	.134	67.7	77.3	59.9	17.4
6	.023	.094	29.9tjO	.134	69.6	79.2	61.1	16.1
7	.028	.115	.968	.147	70.8	79,7	63.5	16.2
6	.025	.104	.972	.132	69.4	78,0	62,7	15.3,
9	.013	.088	.948	.14^)	69,2	78.5	61.9	16.61
10	29.984	.057	.92:1	.134	69.2	79.5	60,4	19.1
11	30,01)3	.076	,960	.126	70,5	80.5	63.2	17.3
12	.048	.123	.995	.128	69.8	79.5	62.2	17,3
18	.104	.174	90.054	.120	69.3	70.0	61.0	18.01
14	.128	,197	.062	.135	66.8	75.4	58.6	16.8
15	.114	,188	.065	.123	66.8	75.5	59.5	16.0
Id	.080	.157	.011	.146	68.1	78.0	60.5	17.5
17	.102	.180	.048	.132	68.3	76.5	6L2	15.8
. 18	.114	.179	.051	.128	68.4	77,2	61.4	15.8
|19	:114	.193	.058	.135	687	76.7	61.0	15.f<
Pso	.059	.128	.oon	.123	70.3	78.0	65.0	J 3.0^
21	.019	.093	29-9tJ8	.125	69.5	77,7	63.0	14.7
22	29,098	.071	.949	.122	69.9	77.5	63.2	14.3
23	.984	.045	.926	.119	69.8	78,2	62.0	16.2
24	30.tM)3	.077	.9<J0	.117	70.3	77.7	63.0	14,7
25	.009	.008	.949	.111)	70.9	77,2	66.0	11.2
26	.on?	.UH	.975	.113	68.5	75.6	63.0	12.6
27	.031-1	.110	.987	.123	67.4	76.0	60,0	15.0j
28	.084	.171	30.017	.154	64.9	74.0	58.8	15.i
29	Jl^>	.168	.012	.126	64.3	72.7	57.0	15.1
30	.05tt	.129	29,994	.135	65.7	76.4	67.8	I7.<^
31	.036	.114	.969	.146	68.6	78.5	60.2

The Mean Tliermo meter ■eyerai hours

Height of Means are during tbe

tbe Barooiclo derived I from day*

r, as likewise tbe Dry and Wet Bulb

tbe Lourly obserTatious, made at tli^

nfn

Wforohgicnl Ohstrratitmf.

AhtViict of the Jiemlh of Ihe Hourly M^teorohgical 0b9ewation9

iaken al Ike Sm^veyor General's OJlce, Calcutta,

in ihe month of Decemher 1871.

Diiilj Means, Ac. of tl»© Obserrah'ons and of the Hjgrometrical ©Ic^mentf d cpen dent ill ei-eon . — (Con tin ueJJ

PaU.

,				V-.	t«	c*^ t- _•
9^	^	hU	^	o	c h	o o fl
CJ	^		Pi	i	p. el	f t1 s
1 si	4) 1	is p i	1	o Is 1?
^	P	o	o	;^	s-	-^ 1

ES!^

-I

I!

69.1 67.2 63.3

60.7

61.8

63.6

65.3

63.1

628

62,6

63J

63.(3

62,1

59.9

61.2

63.»

C2.0

C2.3

63/2

65.1

6L5

61.5

64.4

65,5

6i>0

63,1

61.8

59J

68J

60.1

623

Inches.

0.623 M7 A7& .411 .475 •503 .53'J ,W0 .4.S5 .478 .4.01 A99 .4tJ2 .43 i

Am

.501 .473 .480 .5^3 .539 .632 *527 .625 .551

Mn

.503 .478 .4t5

An

.452

.4ua

T.gr.	T.gr.
C.81	2,37
.18	.89
5.22	,(10
4.87	.64
6.24	.22
.53	.37
.92	.28
•50	.36
.33	,48
.26	.65
.43	.70
.50	.45
.oa	.74
480	AQ
5.18	.08
.67	1.98
.23	2.38
,n	.33
.61	.15
.93	.15
.86	.02
.79	.19
.77	,18
6,08	.00
.50	1.73
5.51	2.11
.28	.11
4,05	1.90
.69	2.00
5.02	.00
.44	.23

0.74 .68 .04 .65 .70 .70 .72 .70 .68 .67 .67 .69 .65 .66 ,71 .74 .09 .69 .72

.7a

.74 .73 .73 .75 .79 .72 .71 .73 .70 .72 .71

H/groiaetrical elemenU sue c<jmTj>i\Aj^\>'5 ^q ^x^ftw vitw Q*Q\A\»ssi.^

Meteorological Observaiioni.

XCUl

Ahelract of He Jlesnlts of the Uourli/ Meteorological OlnervationM

taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calculla^

in the mouth of December 1871.

Hourly Me«m, ke, of the Obsorni lions nml of the Ilygromctrical elements depoiulent tliereon.

	•s«	Aange	of tlie 13flroinoter	jO	KnnjEfc of (lie Tompera-
-		for enrh Jioiir <	luring		ture for eot-li	hour
		1	the montl	.	0	during 1	the month.
Hoar.				p|	1 1
	Max.	Min.	Diff.	1-^	Max.	Min.	Diff.
	Si				S^
	Liclies.	Inches.	Inches.	Inches.	0	0	0	0
Mid-
Aight	80.015	30.150	29.914	0.236	65.4	71.0	61.0	10.0
1	.036	.141	.905	.236	64.7	70.5	60.5	10 0
2	.026	.125	.898	.227	64.1	70.0	59.3	10.7
8	.017	.118	.894	.224	63.6	69.4	69.1	10.3
4	.017	.129	.899	.230	63,1	69.0	58.8	10.2
5	.029	.137	.910	.227	62.6	6S.0 '	68.0	10.0
6	.043	.145	.920	.225	62.1	67.6 1	67.5	10.0
7	.064	.165	.940	.225	61.9	67.5 ,	67.0	10.6
8	.091	.178	.979	,199	64.8	71.4	69.7	11.7
9	.114	.196	30.006	.190	68.7	74.7	62.0	12.7
10	.117	.197	.003	.194	71.6	78.1	64.7	13.4
11	.099	.176	29.978	.197	73.9	81.0	66.S	14.2
KOOQ.	.068	.141	.915	.196	75.6	82.0	68.9	13.1
1	.032	.104	.911	.193	76.6	82.2	70.fi	11.6
%	.008	.077	.808	,179	77.6	82.5	72.4	10.1
d	29.993	.071	.888	.183	77.5	82.2	72.7	9.5
4	.989	.065	.880	.185	76.3	81.2	71.8	9.4
6	.997	.072	.899	.173	7t.9	79.6	71.0	8.6
6	30.007	.082	.912	.170	72.1	77.0	i\SA)	9.0
7	.023	.096	.930	.166	70.4	75.6	66.2	9.4
8	.041	.126	.919	.177	68.9	71.8	64.5	10.3
9	.055	.146	.9.59	.187	67.7	73.4	62.5	10.9
10	.061	.149	.971	.178	66.8	72.5	61.6	10.9
11	.057	.165	.970	.185	65.9	71.8	61.0	10.8

The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer Means are derircd from the obser rations made at the sererai tooTt dmriag the montlu

^^^p~	Meteorological Olstrtaiiom* '^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
Abitraci	of the RennlU of the Ho%tI^ Meteoralo^icMl Obaermtioui ^|
	iAken at ike Sttt^e^or General*^ Office, Cakntlu^ ^H
	in ike monik of Bect^m^/er 187 L ^^^H
	8o1ar Itadiation^ Wt^oilier, kc ^^^^|
i	li		Wind.	^^^^^^H
rrevailinff			Gener&l aspect of tbe Sky- J
m ^ ^	a1	S -n^ direction.	es so	■
■	o	Inciieft		lb	Miles	1
W 1	136.0	-'	wsw	...	93.4	\i to 6 F. If. B aRerwards* ^j Slif;htlj foggy at S p. sx. ^H
2	137.0	...	W^W&NNE	...	9LI	B to 2 A. u,, vi to 7 A. M. ^1 B rif'terwnrds. ^H
3	135.4		E N E AN N E	.,.	110,2	B SiigUtly foggy at 8 Jt d H
i	135.5	...	NNE&NW	«*i	77.2	B. Slightly foggy from 7 ta J
,						Up. u^ H
6	132,6	».*	N W	♦ ♦♦	66.5	Chiefly B. ^H
<j	135.0		N W& WSW	...	54.8	B. Slightly foggy from 5 to
7	133.0	f.	WS WAWbyN	...	60.fi	i A. M. Chiefly B.
tt	132.0	•..	W&N	»*■	134.8	B. Sli*i?htly foggy from 9 ta Up. M.'
9	135.0	.*i	N4tw:xw,	i.«	124.8	B. Slightly fogg^* at mid- Dight <& 1 A. M., i& from 9 to 11 P.M.
H	1340	...	WNW&W	,..	57.0	B. Slightly foggy at 6 A^^ 4, ^^^H
H 1^	136.0	...	W A W I?^ W	• «.	89.3	l^H
H ^^	132,8	.*.	W by ?* it W	...	7(*.ti	B. Slightly foggy from 8 ta 10 p. M.
H	135.5		W&WN W	...	90.7	B.
■ 14	132.8		wj>r w	-*•	84.7 1	Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at 9 k 10 p. M.
1 ^^	130.8	*.(	WNW	***	75.6	B to 1 p. M.,\i to 5 p, M. B afterwards. Slightly foggy H at tuidiii^ht ^H
1 ^^	127.5	*'•	WNW	•"*	71J	B to 6 A. M.. \i to 6 p, K. ^H B afterwHrda. SlighUy fog^y ^H from f> to 8 a.m.. ^ 7 to 9 p. m. ^B
I ^^	130.0	"*	WNW&KNE	«•*	81.8	Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at ^1 8 k i> P, M. ^B
H 18	135.2	1** ^	NNE&SS W	■ ••	109.9	B. to 5 A. M.. \i tn 5 P. ST. ] B afierwardg. Slightly fuggy ^J at 8 & 9 p. x. H
H	132.0	..■	SS W^S w	• >■	63.1	B to 9 A. M., \J afterwards. ^H Slightly foggy from 8 to 10 ^H 8 to 2 A. K., \i to 4 A. M. 3 ^1
H 20	132.5	...	sw	• ■>	46.6
						to 7 A. M., N i to 3 p. M. B af. ^1
						ter wards. Slightly foggy from ^1
						7 to 10 p. n . J
1 ^^	131,0		E by S & S E		63.4	B to 11 A. M.. ^i to 3 P. K. ^J B aftenrards. Slightly foggy ^H at 5 <k 6 A. M., & iroia 7 to 10 ^1 P.M. 1
H \i Cirri,-	-i Strati, '^i Cumuli, v^i Cirro-strati, '^iCanmlo*»trati, Vv^iNimlii, 1
^H Vi Cirro-	cumuli, B cleiur, S stzmtoaii 0 overcast, T Uiunder, h lightniog ^J
^■^ Eraio^	D drizzle, ^H

XCVl

MeUorological Observations.

Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observatioks taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^ in the month of December 1871. Solar Eadiation, Weather, &c.

	u ,	0, 0^
a	|i	F*^
(5	^^"^

WlKD*

Prevailing

direction.

&4J

j^ ^ General «^ect of tha Skj,

'3 o

0

22 1340

23 24 25 26

S7

28

29

m

SI

13a J

135.0

13S.4

133.0

T3L0 13hO

13L6

132.0

135.4

TncLes

3 E iS^ E S E

ESE^ S SE

SSE.&SW

SW&WN W

W K W & N W

N W

N N E A ir N W

J*^ by W dt N W N W

Mtlei B1A

6h2

37.0

m4

132.1

85.2

180.2

101.0

72.7

68.3

B to 11 A. M.. ^1 to 4 p. M-

B aftm^arda* SligLtly ^^g^Y at 6 «& 7 A. M.» i& from 7 to 10

B to 11 k. ir„ '"i to 4 p. If.,

Vi afteri^artli. B to 10a. M-,V.^i afteTwarda,

Sligkilj fopgy at 9 & 10 p. in. ^i to 3 A. ii,£ to 11 A. M., i to 6 p, M . B ftfterwardi- B to 1 1 ^. II., ^i to 3 p. V.

B after war da. B. B. Slightly foggy at7 & 8

p. h; B Fogjry from 9 to 1 1 p. h* B. Ff>pgy ot midnight ^ 1

L. w., <& In A !1 p. n.

B. Slightly fo g py a t m id*

night & from 8 to li p. H*

\i Cirri, — i Strati, '"i Cumuli, v-i Cirro-strati, ^\.i Cumulo- strati, v^i Nimbi, W C/rro-cumnli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning, -ft ruin. T) (Irizzlt^.

disiraei of the ReiulU of the Hourly Meteorological ObservaiionM taken at the Surveyor Generate Office, Calcutta, in the month of December 1871. Monthly Ebsults.

Incliea-

Mean lieip[lit of tlie Baromefer for tlie month... ... ... 30.043

liax. lieiglit of the Barometer occurred at 10 a. m. on the 14th. ... 30.11)7

Jlin. height of the Barometer occurred nt 4 p.m. ou the 1st. ... 29.880

jE>/i*tfmtf i'tfM^re of the Barometer (luring the mouth ... ... 0.317

Uean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 30,118

Ditto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.986

Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.132

o

Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ,., 69.0

Max. Temperature occurred at 2 p. m. oh the 1st. 82.5

Min. Temperature occurred at 7 a. m, on the 29th. ... 67.0

Extreme range of the Temperature during the month 25.5

Mean of tlie daily Max. Tem])erature ... ... 77.7

Ditto ditto Min. ditto, ... ... 61.8

Mean daily range ef the Temperature during the month... ... 15.9

Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... ... ... 63.1

Mean Drv Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 5.^

Computed Mean Dew-point for the mouth ... ... ... 68.4

Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... lO.d

Inches.

Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 0.496

Troy grain.

Mean Wei ght of Yapoiir f or th e m on th ... ... ... 6 . 46

Additional Weight ot Vai)Our required for complete saturation ... 2.30 Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.70

o

Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 133.6.

Inches.

Eained no days, — Max. fall of rain during 24 honrs ... ... Nil

Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... I^il

Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- meter during the month ... ... ... ... ... Nil

Prerailing direction of the Wind W. N. W. & N W.

* Height 70 feet 10 inches abore ground.

^m xcviiL	^^^" Mefeoraloifical OifserraflaHi*, ^^^^^H	1
le & S *^ S B U 1 n L IP ■ liT^ F ^SE.? 2 o e c i •si ^ to	no UIBJI uo ui«^		M
*P^*-^<^H^^i-^r^P^*-Hi^l^P^ »H (^
AL'K^M	FNii— lOififSf-Hi r-^f—lf-^t-Hi— li-<f^
*UO UIU}{
•uo n}t?j]	«0 «OCDiOiO^^^tO^«0OtlOC^4OOCP9qSCOeOfiOce«D
\\i\^Al	<Q ®«c^«>«QoaDaDccii>*»>*k^iO'^«^oo4oaoaoaDaDflDAao
•uo Uttljf
^ ^^^4,^^r^^«0<O?9>-^Qq3O>^^'7igqi-^^^^i^<-l
uio iiinji
Ai	« e6 <0 « « C3 CO W r-4 »-* 1-H pH 1-^ W ^ C9 «-^ ^ d CW ^ OQ d ««
•no ui^}]
«— • ^Ni
MtO UW}J 'A\'f!'A^ 'UO utTr|[
C3 0q9Q9<IG«i^e(|G99tMg«949l^eO9(t9(|91«M94'M'M9494
"AV'S	»» NOT<M»I««3<l«-«»-<i-<0«IW©JOT?5CQ«W«C»SCQCOSO«
■uo utu^i
AV S "S	^M,-(«-i^r-*.-«.-i,--»»-i ^^ rt^^^p^,-,rH»-^
uo Ullffl *A\ ^q *S -uo niifjj
-« H
■uo ull^||	fH
UOUIU^J uo U111}J uo uiuji
t3
^^-1 yiNi 4-^ i>^ ir^ 1-H v-4 i-IipH p^ i^ p^ ^-1 ^ CJ Oi rH "-^ ■-••-»•-• f* «-»
1 ^
^,^,p4^^p^«P^«-«fH^^Q494S4 r-«i-»f-<#Nr-4*Hr-»f-l
"?r s T^r	r^ ,^ ,-( ^-# ,-««-< p-^ ^^ »-| ^-t PNt ^ P^ ^^ l-f «-| r-l »-Hi .-^ i~l F-4
no umji
'8 ^q •?!	^^f-^<^4|-Nf-Nt-HI-^^-(iP^^^P^ <-^
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r:T A^q ' ?c	9)
•uo UIU^]
K
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^H

APPENDIX.

LIST OF MEMBEES

OF THB

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BEMAL,

ON THE 31sT December, 1870.

LIST OF OBDINABT MEMBERS.

The * difliiBgotslie* Non-SubsGiibing, and ihef Non-Beddent Memben.

N. B, — Gtotlemen wbo may bave obang^ed theur reeidenoe, siikoe this lisi was drawn np, are requested to give intimation of btuAi a cbange to the Seereiarietf in order that the necessary alterations may be made in the aabsequent edition.

Gentlemen who are proceeding to Europe, with the intention of not return- ing to India, are partioukrly requested to notify to the SeereUirieMf whether it be their ^ire to continue as members of the Sodety.

^kteofmeetton.		•
1847 June 2.	♦Abbot, Major-Gen. J., R. Artillery.	Europe
1860 Dec. 5.	Abdullatff Kh&n Bab&dur, Maula^i.	Calcutta
1868 Sept. 2.	fAdam, R. M., Esq.	Sambhar Lake vi& Jeypdr
1869 Jan. 20.	Adley, C. C. Esq., C. E., Nerbudda
	Cold & Iron Co.,	Gnnwarra Cen- tral India
1860 July 4.	tAhmad Khan, Saied, Bahadur.	Allighur
1860 April 4.	tAitchison, J. E. T., Esq. M. D.	Rawul Pindee
1859 Feb. 2.	♦Alabaster, C, Esq.	China
1866 Jan. 17.	Allan, Lieut.-Col. A. S.	Calcutta
1869 Oct. 6.	♦AUardyce, A., Esq.	Europe
1852 July 7.	♦Allan, C. Esq. B. C. S.	Europe
1867 Aug. 7.	fAmery, C. F., Esq.	Amritsar, Pan- jab. Calcutta
1860 Oct. 3.	Amir jQi Khan, Bahadur, Munshi,
1870 June 1.	tAmeer Hussun Khdn, Bahfidur, R6ja.	Mahmudabad, Oudh
1865 Jan. 11.	♦Anderson, Dr. J., F. L. S.	Europe
1843 Sept. 4.	•Anderson, Lieut.-Col. W., Bengal
	Artillery.	Europe
1864 Dec. 7.	♦Anderson, W., Esq.	Europe
1861 Sept. 4.	♦Asghur Ali Khdn, Bahddur, Nawab.	Europe
1869 Feb. 3.	♦Ashton, The Rev. J. P.,	Europe
1861 July 3.	♦Asphar, J. J. T. H., Esq.	Europe
1855 July 4.	Atkinson, W. 8., Esq., M.A., F. L. S.	Calcutta
1869 Feb. 3.	tAttara Singh, Bahddur, Sird6r,	Loodianah

^^M	1			m
^		1
^^^^^^^^^^^^55^^^
^T ldS5 Oct.	7.	•Baker, Col. W* E., Bengal Eiigiaoers.	Europe
^^_I85ll Aag.	3.	UtiUti'lianda Sinlia, Bibii,	CalcntU
^H|8G5 Nor.	1.	fBall, v., E^., Geal. Survey.	Geul. 8. Omoo
^^"l^r.O Nov.	7.	Banerjea, The Rev. K. M.,	Cttlt'Utta
lsr,i* Dec	1.	BarkiT, R. A„ Esq., M. D,,	Serampore
iMjl Mny	4,	•Bany, Dr. J. B.,	Euttipa
^ 1S02 Aog.	6,	tBaaevi, Capt. J. P., Kayal En- gineers,	Mnaatiria	« 1
B I860 Jnly	4.	tBatten, G- H. M., E=sq., B. C. 8.	Agra
■ iy3-S JaD.	3.	♦Biitten, J. U. E^i., B. C. 8.	Europa
1851.* Mny	4.	♦Bfljley, E, C, E:*q., B. C. 8., C. S. I.	Kuiojie
1861 Feb.	6.	tBayley, S. C, Esq., B, C, S.	Prttna
L mCS Miij	6.	♦Biiynea, J., Esq.	Europe
■ isr/.i FeU	a	t Baxter, J. B., K^q., M. R. a 8.	Port Oauning
■ l^rj June	6	•Beadon, The Hou'ble Sir Cecil, B. 1 C. S.	Guro})^
H 1864 Sept.	7.	tBeames, J., E.sq., B. 0. S.	Balii»cire
■ 1841 April	7.	Beaufort, F. L., Esq., B. C. 8.	OalcutU
~ 1847 Aa^.	4,	♦Beckwith, J., E^iq.	Europe
1867 Jaly	S.	fBelletty, N. A., E^., CivU AssiaUnt Surgeon.	MyuioiiHiug
H I860 Jun.	20.	tBeliew, Dr. P, F..	Miidrafl
^ 1H30 S.t^.t.	1.	*Bensou, Lieat.-Col. R.,	Europe
, I8t)2 Oru	8.	tBernai-d, C. E., l^^i^, B. 0. 8-	Nggptir,C«otrMl Proviricea.
H 1862 June,	4.	tBhau Baji, Dr.	Bouibay
■ 1864 Nov.	2.	Bhudeva Mukerjea, BAbn,	Cbiniiurali
■ 184U Jaly	15.	♦Biri'h, iMajor-General Sir R. J. 11., K. C. B.	Europe M	^
■ 1846 Mar.	4-	♦Blagrave, Major T. C, 26tli Regt., B. N. I.	Europe H	H
H 1859 Sept.	7.	♦BUne, CoL Sir S. J.,	Europe H	^^M
■ 1857 Mur.	4	Bhmford, H. F., Eiq., A. R. S. M. F. G. S.	Calcutta 1	H
1859 hng.	3.	jBlanford, W. T Esq., A. R. 8- M., F. G. S., Geol. Survey.	Qeol. 8^ Omm 1	H
1864 April	6.	Blocbmann, H., Em\., M. A.	Calcuttfi H	^^M
1857 Aug.	2.	♦Bogle, Lieut. Col. Sir A., Kt.	Eun)pe H	^^M
1869 J»ue	2.	Bounerjee, W. C, Esq.	Ctiloutta H	^^M
1859 Oct.	12.	fBowriug, L. B., Esq., 0. S. U B C. S.	^yaore H	H
1868 Jiiu.	15.	♦Boxwcll. J., E^q,, G S.	Europe ■	^^M
1854 Nov.	1.	•Boycott, Bn T., B. M, 8.	Kutope H	^^M
1H6U Miir,	2.	fBrandi^ Dr. D,,	India ■	^^M
186U Oct.	IL	^Braiidretb. The Hon^ble J. K. L,,	l^urope H	^^M
1870 Ang.	a.	Broadlev, A. M,, Eski-, C. 8.	I'titna ■	^^M
1866 April	4.	•Broderiek, U. C, K«q,, M. D.	Europo H	1
1^^	^^i,^.^-^^^^ t,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^	^^^ti^^^^	1

^^^^^^^P ^^^^B
^H 'batoofKl^^Uoti. 1		^M
^H 1847 *Tiine«	♦>	*Brodre, Capt. T., 5thllegt,B. N, L	Europe ^^H
^1 1866 Jan. 1	17!	tlirown, Col. D.,	Uangoon ^H
H 1866 Nov.	7.	fBrowne, Lieut. -Col. Horaee A.,	TbayetmOfBri' ^M tibh Burma ^|
^B 1866 June,	6.	fBrownfieia, C, Esq.	K^inriip ^H
^M 1868 June,	3.	tBiick, EC, Epsq., C. S.	Fumickabaii ^H
^H ISGG JanOj	6.	fBackle, Dr. H. B., C. B.	Dacca ^H
■ 1856 Sept.	a.	Bosbirnddiu, Sult^a Mobamniad|	Cbinsurali ^H
H 1869 Jan. !	20.	fCadell, A., Esq., B. A., C. 8.	Mo/.affernagar ^H
H 1859 Sept.	7,	•Cainpboll, Dr. A.,	Europe ^H
H 18<i3 June,	3.	*Ottinpbell, Tiie non^ble Or.,	Europe ^^|
^1 IBfiO Jan.	8.	tCarnftc, J. II. Rivett, Esq., B. C. S.	Nig pur ^^M
^1 1867 Dec.	4.	tCliaml>ers, F. J,, Esq.	Lucknow ^^M
H 1868 Aug.	5.	f Chandiiimobana Gro*iViimi, Pundita	GowUati ^^^^B
H 1863 Aug.	5.	f Cbandnmttba Riya, R^ja,	^^^H
H 1868 ¥iih.	5.	fCliirk, Majur E. G., Bengal Staff	^^^1
		Corps.	Baraitch.Oudb ^H
^m 1863 April,	1.	*Clegborn, Dr. H.,	Europe ^H
■ 1861 Sept.	4.	fCookburn, J. F., Esq., 0. E.	Karbarbdri ^^M Colliery ^^M
H 1868 Nor.	4.	fColo, Lieut. II. H., Royal Engr.	Sialkot ^H
^m 1862 April,	2.	*Colle8, J. A. P.. Esq., *M. D.	Europe ^^M
H 1851 Mar.	5.	♦Coivin, J. H. B., Esq., B. C. 8.	Europe ^H
^1 1868 Dec.	2.	tCooke, J. E-, Esq.	Hiddarlbad ^^M
H 1860 Dec.	6.	♦Cooper, F. IL, E^q., B. a 8.	Europe ^^M
^1 187(J Jiitie,	1.	♦Coucb, Tbc Hon'ble Sir R., Kt.	Europe ^^^^^
^1 1S57 Mar.	4,	*Cowell, E. B., E^q., M. A,	Europe ^^^^1
H 1806 May,	2.	♦Cox, W. H., Esq.	Europe ^^^^1
H 1861 Inly,	3"	♦Crockett, Oliver R., Esq.	^^H
■ 1868 Sept.	2.	Cittsem, E. Ch, Van, Esq.	Calcutta ^H
H 1862 April,	2.	*D.ilryraple, F. A. E., Et^q., C 8-	Europe ^^^H
^m 1847 JuQc,	2.	tDalton, CoL E. T., C. S. L, Staff	^^^H
		Corps.	CbLotdNagpiir ^H
H 1870 May,	4.	fDamaiit, 0. H., Esq., C. 8.	Diuagepr)re ^^|
H 1861 Mar.	6.	*Davey, N. T., Esi^, Revenue Sarv.,	Europe ^^t
H 180 L Na^.	6.	tD.^vie3, R, 11., Esq., C. 8. L, B. C. S.	Paujab ^^^^t
H 1869 April	7.	tDav» Dr. F., F. L. S., F. Z. S,	^^^^M
H 1870 Feb.	2.	tDeFubeek, F. W. A., Esq., Beugal	^^^H
		Medical Service,	Jeypore ^H
H 1869 Oct.	6.	fDehuerick, J. G., Esq.	Rdwul Pindi ^H
■ 1864 July,	6.	Devendra Mjillika, Baba,	Calcutta ^1
^H 1856 June,	4.	jBeBourbol, Major R., Bengal Engrs.	Oudh ^1
^H 1861 Jutie)	5.	♦Deiiison, His Excellency Sir W.»	^H
		K. C. B.	Etiroj)e ^H
^^^ 1861 Mftr.	C. ■	♦Devereux, Tbe Hon^ble H. B., B. 0. 8 1	Eutope ^^^H

Bute ofEledacnu

1862 M^y, 7.

1853 Sept. 7. 1870 April, 6. 1870 May, 4 1869 Sept. 7.

1869 Feb, 3. 1864 Dec. 7 1867 June, 5

1870 Mar, 8

1861 May, 1857 May, 1868 Oct. 1840 Oct. 1863 May 1865 Feb. 1846 Jan. 1859 Nov. 1856 Mar.

1854 Nov. 1. 1861 Jan. 9.

1856 Aug. 1863 Oct. 1862 Aug.

fDbanapati Singba Dngbar, R6ya

Bahadur. ♦Dickens, Lieut. -Col. C. H.,

Dickens, Col. A. D.

Dobson, G. E., Esq., M. B., fDouglas, Col. C, tDrew, F., Esq. ♦Dunlop, H. G., Esq.

Dutboit, W., Esq., C. S. ♦Duke of Edinburgh, The, His Koyal Highness,

1851 May, 7. 1863 Jan. 15 1869 April, 7.

1868 May, 6

1869 Sept. 1. 1860 Mar. 7. 1865 April, 5 1867 April, 3 1859 Oct. 12

1861 Feb. 6 1863 June, 3 1868 April, 1

1860 Mar. 7

♦Earie, Capt. E. L., Bengal Artillery ♦Eatwell, Dr. W. C. B., tEddowes, W. Esq., M. D. ♦Edgeworth, M. P., Esq., B. C. S. tEdgar, J. W., Esq., B. C. S. •P^gerton, Ph., Esq., B. C. S. ♦Elliot, Sir Walter, late M. C. S. fElliot, C. A., Esq., B. C. S. ♦Ellis, Lieut.-Col. R. B. W., 23rd

Regt., B. N. I. ♦Elphinstone, Capt. M. W., 3th Regt.,

B. N. I. ♦Erskine, The Hon'ble C. J., Bombay

C S ♦Erskine, Major W. C. B.,

Ewart, Dr. J., ♦Eyre, Col. Vincent, C. B.

Fayrer, Dr. J., C. S. I. fFedden, Francis, Esq., Geol. Survey. fFerrar, M. L., Esq., B. A., C. S. tField, C. D., Esq., M. A., C. S. JFisher, J. H., Esq., C, S. ♦Fitzwilliam, The Hon'ble W. S.,

Fleming, Dr. J. M. fFord, Lieut.-Col. B., fForlong, Lieut.-Col. J. G. R., Mad- ras Staff Corps.

fForest, R., Esq., Civil Engineer. tForsyth, T. D., Esq., C. B. ♦Frederic of Schleswig Holstein, H. R

H. Prince, ♦Frere, His Excellency Sir H. Bartle

K. C. B., B. C. S.

Azimganj

Europe

Calcutta

Calcutta

Mirut

Kashmir

Europe

Mirzapi'ir

Australia

Europe

Europe

Eriupur

Europe

Cachar

Europe

Europe

Allahabad

Europe

Europe

Europe Europe Calcutta Europe

Calcutta

Hinganhdt

Sitapiir

Chittagong

Allahabad

Europe

Nimar

Khundwa.

A 1)11, Rijpu ta- na Dchra JuUundar

Europe Europe

T«

r^nBKSsr

nAi>Mh)ni Kn«K«iA ItiKa.^^ts K«invA\

!lWWv. \\\ U. IU|., IV A.. l\ *.

♦Honrv. N\ A . K>o.

*HoiWWK \Y. J.. W. R 0. 5^

tUowoU. M.S. ltKr.l\8. fUuifluN^ T. It. Rx>v, A.IU$. M V\ i^ 8.. 0^h4. Swrx^y, 1867 Aug- I- tHl^Jlu>^ 0^|>i*iu \\\ U,»'

l$«6 l$61

ISM

1S6S

ISTO 18T0

Sot* 1. Oct. S.

Oct. li A«^. tS. Ai^iU 4. JwW. ^ M«^, I. Al^GT^ ^

July. 1. Jau. & Jiiu^« 1. Jmu l.V Aug* li«

18l>7

1860

Not. 4 VVk 7. May» L April, 1.: Sopt. Lj

fUolixnM. 0*pt. W. H> M.

18GG Mar- 7. tirviuo. W,, Kj^^» i\ S»

ISlU) Jan. 4 1870 April, (I 1802 iVt, 8. 1853 1)00. 7.

1864 Si>pt

1841 Mar.

1801 1Kh\ 1845 l)iH2. 1870 Sopt I8(m Fob. 1847 Juno, *2

1802 Mar. 5

1807 Deo. 4

185J) at»pt. 7 1805 Juiio, 7

1809 April, 7,

IHOIJ July. 1

1K50 April, n

1801 Doo. 15.

\^aU-wua

AK\aKW,Wwv n\a

iVloutU OaWulU

lumvi. Lioiit.-lVU J. J. MoIi<khIIU K.OaloulU

lauoa, R \\\ Ks.j., M, \K i\ M. ♦Ir\viii» ValoutiiUN Kjhk* 1\ 8» tlavaripraaaiU 8iugUii lU)vA\hiri lUjii

Jackson, Tht* Uon*Wt* K., MaokHou. W. U.. Kmj.. \l {\ », ♦.lauHH*, Major U» U,, 0. ll» Monlou» Dr. T. i\

John, U. 1\ St., K*i. •JohuKon, W. Il.» Kmp ^JohuMtono, J. I Kmj, tJoliUNtoui«, i'Mpt. »l, W. 11., AMtMani

(lon\niiM«iouor, tJolniHtonOi (lapt, J,

♦Jonoa. tt., Kan. tJnvakiHNon, liAan Dahildur,

0. H. I. Kal)iru(l<iin Alimadi Moulavli «Kano, II. H., Kmi., M. D. •Kay, Tho lUv. W., D. D. tKompMon, M.| KNq., M. A,

lUJa,

OalonU(%

Oalouttii K\\io|>o

Knropii AK\ah 8 1 al Koto Kui^tpo

Jholuni Koonjaa vii\ Uliatli-aok Kuro|w

AlllKlmr

('aloitKn

Kuro|iit

Kur«ipo

HnruAll

^^^^^^B ^^^^1
^H i»itiB or inootioD.
H 1867 Dec. 4.	tKlhj?, 0-, Esq., M. B.	DoUra Dhoon
H 1867 Man 6.	tKiug, Capt. H. W.	Oftico
H 1862 Jnn. 15.	tKing, W., Jr., Esq., GeoL Survey.	Madras ^m
^H lS<i7 Mar. 0.	tKuox, G. E., Esq., C. 8.	Bnland^hahnr ^|
H 18G9 May, 5.	Kuiz, S*, Esq,	Calcutta, Bota- ^1 nio Oarwleu J
H 1S89 Mar. 6.	*Laidky, J. W., Esq.	En rope ^^H
■ 1861 Mnr. 6,	♦Laing, The Hou^ble 8.,	Europe ^^M
^1 18G9 Se>pt 1.	Latham. G., Esq., C. E.	Calcutta ^H
^1 18(39 Mny. 5.	t Leeds, K. J., Esq., 0. 8. *Lees, Lieut.-CoL W. N., LL. D.	Mirzapiir ^^M
H 1852 April, 7.	Europe ^^M
H 1808 Feb 5,	fLees, L. n., Esq., M. D.	UiiLbula ^^1
H 1808 July, 1.	fLeilner, ]j. G. W.,	L^hor ^M
H 1859 Dec. 7.	♦Leonard, H., Esq., 0. E.	Eniope ^H
H 1870 July, 6.	♦Lethbridge, E., Esq., 3L A.	Ougti College, ^H Cfiinsurab ^H
H 1809 June, 2.	fLeupolt, J. C, E^^q., C. S.	Azimgarh ^H
^1 1865 Jnao, 7.	♦Lewiu, Capt. T. IL,	Europe ^H
■ 1856 Feb. G.	*Liohig, Br. G. vou	Europe ^^M
H I860 Jan. 4.	Lindsav^, E, J., Esq*	Calcutta ^H
■ 1802 Bee. 8.	*Lobb, S., Esq., M. A. i	Krinlinaggnr ^H
H 1864 Nov. 2.	Locke, U. H., Esq.	Cidcntta ^H
H 18G0 April, 7.	♦Lockwood, E. D., Esq., C, S.	Europe ^H
^1 i860 Uay, 2.	♦Lovett, Lieutenant B.	Lspaliiiu ^^M
^1 1866 Jan. 17.	fLow, James, E^^q., G.T. S.	Almora ^^^^|
H 1854 Nov. 1.	♦Lushington. F. A., Esq., B. C. S.	Europe ^^^^1
■ 1869 July, 7.	fLyall, 0. J., Esq., B. A.. C. S.	Allahabad ^^H
H 1870 April, 6.	fLyman, B. Smith, Esq.	Calcutta ^H
H 1868 Dec. 2.	fMacauliffo, M., Esq., B. A., 0. 8.	Mozurfurghur ^H
H 1806 Juno, 6.	M acdo n fthi , M aj o r J . , 8 taf f Corps.	Culcntta ^M
H 1848 April, 5.	fMaclngan, Col, R., F.B.S.E.	Labor ^H
H 1866 Jan. 17.	fMacgregor, Lieut.-Ool C. M,, Staff	^^^H
	Corps.	^^M
H 1853 April, 6.	♦Macrae, Br. A* C,	Europe ^^^H
■ 1867 July, B,	Mackeuzie, S. C, Esq., M. D.	Calcutta ^H
H 1867 July, 3.	Macnamara, Dr. C.	Calcutta ^H
H 1870 May, 4^	Macnaghten, C, E^q.	Daibhunga ^H
^1 1868 Jan. 15.	♦Maine, The Hon ble H. S.,	Europe ^^M
H 1807 AprU, 3.	1 Main waring, Lieut. *Gol, 0, B.,	Barjeeling ^^M
^1 1860 Jan. 4.	*Mair, B. K., Esq., M. A,	Europe ^H
^1 1862 Sept. 3.	jMallet, F. R„ Ei^q., GeoL Survey.	Geol. 8. Offieo^l
H 1852 Nuv. 3.	Mauickjee Rustonijoe, Esq.	Calcutta ^M
■ 1867 Mar. 6.	♦Markby, The Hou'ble W,,	Euro|>e ^^M
■ 1809 July, 7.	tMarkham, A. M., Esq., C. S.	Nyuce Tal ^M
^^L 1850 Jan. 2.	♦Marshmau, J. C, Eik^.	Europe ^^^H

^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^H	^^^H
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Km ' itmT &S^^^^^^M	^^^^^^^^^^^^B
^^K I^e of Electkm.		^H
^^K386B nTiy. 4.	♦McClellftntl Dr. J.,	Europe Jj^^l
^^Vl^37 Oct. 4.	♦Meli^XMl, Tho Hou'l.te Sir D, F,, 03.	^^^H
	K. C, S. I., B. C. S.	Europe '^^^H
H 1860 Mar. 7,	tMedlicott, H. B.. E=*q., F. Q. S,.	^^^H
	Geol. Survey.	Geol. 8. offici ^H
H 1861 Feb. r>.	♦Melville. Capt. A. B., Staff Corps.	Europe ^^^H
■ 1855 Nov. 7,	♦Middleton, J., E>4q,	Europe ^^^^H
■ 1870 July 6.	Miller, A. B., Esq.	Calcutta ^^^1
H 18U7 Jnne 5.	Milman, D. D., Tbe Rfght Rev.	^^^H
	Lurtl Bishop of Calcutta, R.,	CaloatU ^^^1
H 1850 Ai)nl 8.	•Mill8, A. J. M., Esq., B. C. S.	Europe ^^^H
■ 18G7 April 3.	Maheuilralftlft SftrftCiira, Dr.,	Calcutta ^^^1
■ 1S47 April 7.	*Muuey, D. J., Esq., B. 0. S.	Europe ^^^^|
■ 1^56 Fell. 6.	tMuriey, W. J,, E,^„ 0, S. L, B.C.S.	Mymuiifiiiig ^^^H
■ 1867 Mar. 6.	tMoDtgomerie, Major T. G., R. E.	Dera ^^H
■ 1854 Dec, 6.	*Morris, G. a, Esc£., B. 0. 8.	Europe ^^^H
■ 1837 July 5.	*Muirj J . E^q.	Europe ^^^H
■ 1854 Oct. 11.	fMuir, Tbe Hou'ble Sir W,, K. C. S,	^^^H
	L, B. C. S.	A114Mb4d ^^M
^^^862 July 2.	fNapior of Magflala, Lord R,, General,	^1
	G, C. S. L, G, 0. B- ,	^^^H
H 1809 Mat 5.	Nevill, G., Esq., C. M. Z. S.	^^^1
^^^1809 May 5.	jNewall, Lieut.-Col, D. J. F., R, A.	f^walior ^^^^|
^^p|870 Feb. 5.	fNewman, J. H,, E^q., M. D.	Ji 1 n d pur ^^^^1
H 1865 Feb. 1.	fNewul Kisbwar, Mnusbi,	Luckuow ^^M
■ 1852 Sept. 1.	*Nielioll3 Capt. W. T., 24th Regi-	^^^H
	uieut, M. N. L	Europe ^^^H
H 1863 Jm, 15.	Norman, Tbe Hon'ble Mr, Justioe P,,	Calcutta ^^H
■ 186'J July 7.	fNurf^iiig Rao, A. V., Esq.	Vizagapatam ^^^H
H 1851 Juue 4.	Oldbam, T., Esq,, LL D., F. R. S.,	^^H
	Superintemleut 0*?^^l. Survev.	^^^1
H 1869 April 5	fOldham, W., Enq., LL- D., CJ 8.	Ghazipur ^^^H
■ 1867 Aug, 7.	fObUmra, R. A., E.q., C. E,	Dehree^onSone ^^M
■ 1870 April 6.	Osbom, Capt, R, D.,	Calcutta ^^H
■ 1837 June 7.	*0'Shaugbne^y, Sir W. B.,	Europe ^^^H
■ 1847 Feb. 10.	*Ousely, Major W. R.,	Europe <^^^H
^m 1864 Mar, 2.	♦Palmer, Br. W. J.,	Europe ^H
H 1868 Nov. 4 1	fPearson, C, Esq.	Ra\vnl Ptndt ^H
H 1862 May 7,	Fartrbige, 8. B., Esq., M. D.	Calcutta ^H
H 1869 July 7	Pell, S., K^q.	CalcutU ^^^H
■ 1867 Feb. 6.	♦Paul, J. Eriq.	Europe ^^^H

^^^r ^^B^^^^l
^H pAte or tulection.	^H
^m I860 ieb. 1. tPearse, Major G. G.,	uannanoro ^^|
^M 1867 Mftr. 6. Petinmulmim Mukarji, M. A., Bibu,	Uttarpdrali ^H
■ 1864 Mm-. 2.	rellevv, F. H , Esq., 0. S.	Hoogbly ^ ^H
^1 1865 Sept. 6.	fPeppe, J. U., E>q.	Onya ^^H
H 1868 May 6.	tPoterson, F. W.. Esq.	Boiiilmj ^^^^H
H 1867 Nov. 0.	♦Pt'lit, Mmus. Eti^tMie,	Euiopa ^^^H
H 1835 July 1.	♦Pliayic, Cul, Sir A.R,K.C.SX,C.B Europe ^^H
H 1864 Nu>r* 2	Phcuir, Tbo Ooi/ble Mr. Justice, J. B. Culniltft ^^M
■ 1800 Feb. B	fPickford, J., Esq. |jVlmlra» ^H
^B 18G7 Sept. 4.	^ Place, Mrm.s. Y.^ Confitil-Oen., France' Etn ope ^^^^|
^1 1870 Feb. 2	tPowell BHden, H., Et?q , C. 8.	Lidiore ^^^^B
H 1^62 Oct. H.	tFiiliiiavrliiiri Sf'n, UAlnu	Berliuiripur ^^^H
■ 18';8 April 1.	f Pniinivlbnuatba liayn, Kunifir,	Di*<»ipiiti ^H
^1 1869 Feb. B.	PrMti^piichamlra Glio^bar B. A.	Calcutta ^H
H 183iJ Mar. 6.	tPuitl, The Veu'bk AichUeacon J.D.,	^H
	M.A. ICnlcuttft ^H
H 1825 Mar. 9.	♦Priu^ep, C, K,, Esq.	Europe ^H
H 1B56 Mar. 5	Rajendralfilfl Mitro, B^Ui,	Calcnttft ^M
^M 1868 Jan. 15.	|Eiikbubbis.H IIiiltLira, BoIjU,	ChotnNsgpdr ^1
H 1S37 Fob. 1.	liaiuiin^llin Tbiikura, Balm,	Calcutta ^M
H 1866 Jan. 17.	|RiittrMy» A,, Kbq., Asst. Coininr.^	■
	Hill Tracts.	CliittngoTtg ^H
H 1860 Mar. 7.	1Roid, 11 a, Esq., C. S.	Aildbabad ^1
^H 1857 June 7.	♦Kitiikll, Tbe Hori'blo H. B., B. C. S. Eniope ^H
■ 1868 April 1.	Bobb, G., Eh]. lOnleirttft ^M
H 1868 July 1	iBoberts, Tbc Kev. J.,	Punjab ^^H
^1 1863 April 1	<^Bobt^rt>oii, C, Ehq-, 0. 8*	Europe ^^^^1
^M 1865 Feb, 1	*RubinHOi^ S. H,, Egq.	Europe ^^^^1
H 1847 Dec. 1	^Rogers. Capt T. E.,	Europe ^^^H
^1 1870 Pec. 7.	Rogers, A., Esq.	Calcutta ^^H
H 1869 July 7.	*Bc^s. Lieut. J. C, R. E.	Europe ^^^^H
^1 1870 Jan. 5.	fRoss, Alexander G., Capt., Staff Corps.	^^H
H 1870 Mny 4.	Saty&itand Gbosbila, Rajft.	GalcnttA ^1
■ 1^61 Dec. 4	fSaandeiB, C. B., E«q,, C. B., B. C. S. ILnd.urAbJid H
■ 1864 jQoe 1.	SauiiderR, J. O^B., Esq. Calcutta ^H
■ 1854 Dec. 6.	jSaxton, Col. G. H.^ F. G. S., Madias H
	Staff Corps. Ootacntuund ^|
H 1854 May 2.	*Sduller, F , Esq.	Europe ^H
H 1870 May 4	tSchlich, Dr, W.,	Kuracitee ^H
H 1869 Feb. 3	Scbwondler, L,. E«q,	Calcutta ^^M
^1 1860 Feb. 1.	*Scott, Gol E. W. S*,	Europe ^^^^1
^1 1869 Aug. 4.	•Selbach, W., Esq,	Europe ^^^^H
■ 1860 July 4	tSbeiverton, G., Esq.	\Vn)tuir, neS^^H Vizagapataiu ^H

^^^^B Cat«of£tectioo.		^^^H
^^Vl867 April 3^	tSberifal Omrah, Nawab Sir, Bas-	^^H
	ilar, K. C. S. L	Madraa ^^^^|
H 1845 Jan. 14.	*Sher«ill, Lieut.^Col. W. S., 66tb R.gimenl. B. N. I., F. G. S.,	^H
	¥. R G. S.	^^^^H
V 1868 Oct. 7.	Shircore, Dr. S, M.,	^^^H
^L 1868 April 1.	tSbowtjrs, Lieut, -Col C. L.,	Pcshiiwtir ^^^^H
^1 1869 June 2.	Sulirooiler, J , E'-q.	^^^H
^H 1866 Juue 6.	fSime, J., Esq.. B. A,	^^^H
^1 1864 Sept. 7,	^Siudeii, Mjijor B. B.	Europo ^^^^^1
^^H 1856 June 6.	f Smait, 11, B., Esq., Eev, Survey.	Ryjpur, Cea- ^^^H tnil FmvincQ ^H
^^^1865 July 5	tSmith, T>. Boy*?s, Esq , M. D.	^H
H 1868 April 1.	tSuiith, MuLuix^ii W., Esq.	Beihampdr ^^t
H 1856 Feb. G.	*8miih, Col, J. F.,	Etu'ope ^H
^1 18M Sept. 6.	♦Sparikie, The Hou*bie R,, B. C. S.	N. W. P. ■ Allahnbad ^^M
H 1864 Mar. 2.	fSpearmati^ Capt. 11. R.^	Shtve^ryeri ^H
H 1867 May 1.	1Sted, Lieut. E. H , R A.	Dehn i^vimr ^H
^1 1843 8ept 4.	tStevcns W. H., Enq,, C. E.	Darbhanga ^^M
■ 1867 Dec. 4.	♦Stuph^u, iMajor J, G., 8tlx N. L	Europe ^^M
■ 1868 Sopt. 2	1 Stewart, R. D., E^q.	Serajgunga ^^M
■ 1864 April 6	*8tuwiirt, J. L., Esq., M. D.	KuiO[)e ^^1
H 1870 April 6.	Stewiirr, R. E^q.	Calcutta ^^^H
H 1861 Sept. 4.	Slokes, Wbillt^y, Esq,	Calcutta ^^^1
■ 1863 Nov. 4	StuliczkH, F., tsq,. Ph. B., F. G. 8.,	^^^H
	Gi^ol. Survey.	CalcQiU ^^H
H 1843 hUy 3.	Sirudiev, Col.^ The Houlile R., F. R.	^^^^^H
	S.,F L.S.,F G 8., 0, S. L, G. B.	^^^^1
^^H1869 Feb. 3	Strachey, The Hon'bk^ J.,	CulcutU ^^^1
^^■1^59 Mar.	fStubbs, 3lHJor F, W., Ben. ArtiU	'^^^H
	Icry.	^^^1
H 185S July 7.	fSutlierlAtia, H. C, Esq., B. C. 8.	'^^^M
■ 1864 Aug.U.	Swiiihoe, W., Esq, i	CuUutta ^^^^B
■ 1863 Sept. 3	Syiiuiachuraria Suracdra, BiAbUi	Calcutta ^^^H
H 1865 Sept. 6.	Tawney, C. H., Esq., M. A.	^^^1
■ 1865 April 5,	Taylor, R , E^q ,	^^^^1
■ 18 6U i^lay 2.	Teujple, The Uoii'hle Sir R., K. C.	^^^H
	S. L. B. C. S.	Calcutta ^^H
H 1859 Mar. 2.	frhi?oh.^ld, W., Jr., Esq., Geological	^^^H
	Survey,	B. Burma ^^^^H
H 1869 Feb. 3.	fTboTunft, T., Esq,	^^^^1
■ 1869 Got. 6.	tThomttoD, A., Esq.	FriiKibad ^^^^|
^1 1860 Juue 6.	♦Thouipsou, J. G., E^q.	Europe ^^^H
■^ 1863 Mttr. 4.	♦Thompson. Major G, H., Bengal	^^^H
	Staff Corp!*,	^^^H

^r^ Mco^fleettaL	■
H 1863 Jtme 4.	fThomtoa, T H , E^„ B. C. L.» 0. S. Uhore j^^H
■ 1847 JQQfl 2.	Thnilli^r Cul H. L., Koyal Ajullery»i ^^H
	F. R S.. C. 8. I. iCaIcqIU ^^H
H 1862 Jnlj 2.	♦Tliarlow, The Hon'blo T, J. H^	Bunipe Ji^^l
■ 1865 July 5.	tTolbort, T. W^ H., Esq., C. S.	Der« Igmai^^^l Khan ■ Calcutta ^1
^^B 1865 Jn\f 5.	Tonnerre, Dr. C. F.p
^^H 18G2 Feb. 5	♦Turrens, C4. H. D,, Eumpe ^^M
^^^H 1^61 Jitue 5	^Tremlelt. J. D., Esq., M. A., C. S. Europe ^^H
^^H 186a M;ir. 4,	♦Trevtjhttn, The Bight Hon'ble Sir	^^m
	c . k. C. B.	El) rope ^^^^H
H 1841 Feb. a	♦Trevor, The Hon'ble C B., B. C. 8.	Euiojte ^^^^H
^1 1861 Sqit. 4.	Tween, A., Esq., Geologicsd Survey.	^^^H
H 186a Muy 6.	fTyler. Dr, J.,	Mynpnri ^^^|
■ 18G9 June 2.	fUdavacbanda DiUta, Bibn,	NowacoU ^H
■ 1860 May 2.	tVan'renen, Col. A. D., Ben. SUS	^^^H
	Corps.	Landou ^^^^^|
H 1864 Feb. Z,	Yerchere, A. M., Esq., M. D.	Barackpora ^^^^|
H 1864 April 6.	fVijayar^raii Gajaputi Kaj Munnii	^^^H
	Saltan Bahadur, Miharajah iMirzii^	Vidian agamm^^^^H
^■^ 1870 June 1.	fVrindavauttcbandi'a Maudala, Bubu,	Balasore ^H
^^m 1869 Augt. 4.	Wahid All, Prince Jfthfin Qadr Mu-	H
	hamtnad) Bahildiir.	Garden Reock ^M
■ 1865 Nor. 1.	WaUHe, D., E«q.. F. C S.	CalcUtU ^^H
■ 1861 Miiy 1.	fWalker, CoL, J. T., Royal Engrs.	^^^^1
	Bombay,	^^H
H 1863 Deo. 2.	tWaiker, A. G., Esq,, C. S.	Ouao, Oudh ^^M
^^_ 1N63 May 6.	*W.ilU p. AV., E>q., C. 8.	Europe ^^^^|
^^m 1869 Dec. 1.	Wallace, Lieut. W. E. A., R. E.	^^^H
^^H 1863 Oct. 7.	Waller, W. K , E.q,, M. B.	Caleutta ^^^H
^^m 1862 Jan. 15,	fWard, G. E., Esq,, B. G. S.	^^^H
^^m 1852 July 7.	♦Ward, J. J , Em^., B. 0. S.	^^^H
^^m 1859 July 6	♦Warratid, R H. M., Esq., B. C. S.	^^^^1
^^" 1870 May 4.	tWarth, Dr. H.,	I'jtid Daduu ,^H KbaUjPaujab ^H
■ 1865 May 3.	Waterhouse, Capt. J., Royal Ar-	^H
	tillery,	Calcutta ^M
H 1854 July 5	♦Watson, J., Esq., B. 0. 8.	Ell rape ^^^^^
■ 1847 Nov. 3	♦Wangh, Mwjor-Geuerul Sir A. S.,	^^^^H
	C. B', F. R. S., F. R. G. 8.	Europe ^^^^|
H 1869 Sept. 1.	We.stlaud, J., Esq., C. 8.	^^^H
■ 1867 f^b. &	tWcstm&uott, E. V.,E.sq,,B. A., C. 8.	D i nu j par ^^^^|
■ 1862 Oct. 8.	t Wheeler, J. T., Enq,	British Bar- ^H
H 1867 Aug. 7'	tWUcox, F., Esq., Bengal Police.	Purulia, Mau< ^H bhiim ^^^H

xm

biteorCle«iia^	»
1864 Mar. 2. Wilkinson. C. J., E«q.	CalcntU
1861 Sept. 4. tWilliams, Dr. C. U. M.'s 68th Regt JiUngun
1867 Jan. 16. *Willianison, Lieut. W. J.,	Europe
1867 Mar. 6. WiUson, W. G., K^., B. A,	Krit^buagnr
1870 Aug. S. Wilson, R, H., K>q., C. S.	Calcutta
1859 Aug. 8. »Wa«iot, C. W., K>q.	Europe
1866 Mar. 7. *Wise, Dr. J. F. N„	Eurone Ranctii
1867 July S . tWood. Dr. J. J.,
1851 May 7.! Woo^lrow, H., Esq., M. A.	CalcutU
1859 Mar. 2.i ♦Wortley, Major A. H, P,,	Europe
1862 Aug. &	•Wylie, J. W., Esq., BomUy C- S,	Europe
1869 Sept. 1.	Yadnlila Malika, B4bn,	CalcutU
1868 June 3.	Tatindrauiohana Tblknra« Bibn,	CalcutU
1867 Mar. 6.	Yogendrauitha Malika. Bibu»	Andul
1858 April 4. *Youn<c, Lieut.-CoK C. B.,	Europe
1856 July 2.	♦Yule, Col. H., R, K.	Europe
LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS	•

Due or KICctH	to.
1825 Mar.	9.
182« „	1.
1829 July	1.
1831 „	7.
1834 Nov.	5.
1834 „	5.
1h35 May	6.
1842 Feb.	4.
1842 „	4.
1843 Mar.	30.
1847 Way	5.
1847 S«pt.	1.
1847 Nov.	3.
1848 Feb.	2.
1848 Mar.	8.
1853 April	6.
1854 Aug.	2.
1858 July	6.
1859 Mar.	2.

! M. Qarcin de Tassy, Membre de Ilnst. Paris Sir Jobn PbilHppart. London

Count De Noe. Paris

Prof. C. Lassen. Bonn

Sir J. F. W. Herscbel, F. R. S, London

; Col. W. H. Sykes, F. R. S. London

- Prof. Lea. Philadelphia

iDr. Ewald. Gottingen

i Right Hon'ble Sir Edward Rynn, Kt. London ; Prof. Jules Mold, Momb. «lo I' lustit. Paris His Highness Hekekyuu Bey. Col. W. Munro. His Highness the Navvab Na/.im ofi

Bengal. JDr. J. D. Hooker, R. N., F. R. S. jProf. Henry.

Major-Gen. Sir H. C Rawlinson, K.

C. B., F. R. S., D. C. L, Col. Sir Proby T. Cantley, K. 0. B

F, R. S. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. The Hon'ble Sir J. W. Colvile, Kt.

Egypt London

Murshidftb^d Kew

rrineoton^Uui- ted

London

London Europe Europe

xv

ELECTION IN 1870. Ordinary Members.

Allan O'Hnme, Esq., C. B., C. S. J. Wood-Mason, Esq., F. G. S., Queen's Col- lege, Oxford. Capt. Alexander G. Ross. Fred. Wm. Alexander de Fabeckj.Esq. J. FI. Newman, E-^q., M. D., Mount Aboo. Baden H. Powell, Esq., C. S. His Roval Highness the Duke of Edinburgh. Col. A.*D. Dickens.

F. W. Junes, Esq., M. D., C. B.

B. Smith Lyman, Esq. Capt. R. D. Osbom. R. Stewart, Esq.

G. H. Damant, Esq., C. S. G. E. Dobson, Esq , M. B.

C. Macnaughten, Esq. Raja Satyanand Ghoshala. Dr. W. Schlich.

Dr. H. Warth.

Rjija Ameer Hussun Khan Bahadur, Talukdar.

W. W. Hunter, Esq., B. A., LL. D.

The Hon'ble Sir R. Couch, Kt.

Babu Vrindavanachandia Mandala

E. Lethbridge, Esq., M. A.

A. B. Miller, Esq.

A. M. Broadley, Esq., C. S. R. H. Wilson, Esq., 0. S.

B. F. A. S. John, Esq. A. Rogers, Esq.

Calcutta

Simla

Jeypore

Rajpootana

Lahore

Europe

Calcutta

Calcutta

Philadelphia

Calcutta

Calcutta

Dinagepore

Chinsurah

Darbhanga

Calcutta

Sind

Pan jab

Mahmudabad

Calcutta

Calcutta

Balasore

HugU

Calcutta

Patna

Calcutta

Akyab

Calcutta

LOSS OF MEMBERS DURING 1870. Bt Retirement.

W, M. Bourke, Esq.

T. E. Coxhead, Esq., C. S.

Baron 0. Ernsthusen.

J. A. Crawford, Esq., C. S.

E. G. Man, Esq.

W. L. Granville, Esq.

Col. G. B. MallesoQ.

Calcutta

Sarun

Calcutta

Calcutta

Rangoon

Calcutta

Mysore

		xvu
	^A	f death.
J. Kavanagh, Esq,			Oudh
R. Jardine, Esq.				Agra
Lieut. E. C. Beavan.				Calcutta
Babn Rddhdndtha Sikd&ra				CalcQtta
M. H. Ormsby, Esq., LL. D.				CalcntU
Bdba Kdliprasanna Sinha.				CalcutU
J. Avdall, Esq.				Calcutta
Major J. J. Hovenden.				Europe
The Hon'ble Sir Raja Dconarain	Singh,	Ba.
hadur, K. C. S. I.			Benares
Dr. T. Anderson, F. L. S.				Europe

[appendix.]

ABSTRACT STATEMENT

OF

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

FOE

THE YEAR 1870

STATEMENT, Abstract of the Oa$h Account

jEUSOBIPTS*

ADVI88ION 7bV8.

BeoeiTed ftt>iii«Membeni, •••

SlTBSGBIFnOVS.

Aeoeived from MemberB, •••

Publications. Bale proceedfl of Jonmal and Proceed-

ings of the Asiatic fiooiety, Bubsoription to ditto, Befnnd of Postage Stamps, Ditto of Freight, ...

Ditto of lithographing 6hargeB»

LiBBABT.

Sale proceeds of Books, ... Befdnd of Freight, •••

Ditto of Postal Stamps,

Sbcbraki^s Omcm. .

Beftmd of the amount from the Tms- tees Indian Hnseom, the ezpendi- tore inonrred in transferring the Society's Publication to Kyd Street,

Ditto of Freight paid for sending PaU Type to Messrs. Trfibner and Co.,..

Ditto of packing charges.

Ditto of Postage Stamps,

Sundries,

Conservation of Sanscrit MSS.

Beceived amonnt of donation made by the Coondoo family of Dacca to Government for the conservation of Sanscrit MSS.,

Ditto from the Aoconntant Oeneral of Bengal on account of the annaal sum Bs. 8,100 sanctioned towards the conservation of Sanscrit MSS. for the first half 1870-71, ...

Ditto from the Government of Bengal, as per bill, dated 27 th June, 1870, by a Cheque on the Bank of Bengal,

Befund of advance paid to the travel- ling Pandita,

Ditto of ditto ditto to Poreshnath Chatterjee,

Sale proceeds of 4 copies of Notices of Sanscrit MSS.,

1870. 1869.

Bo. 864 0 0 1,632 0 0

../ 8,812 10 0 9,180 12 0

4.23 14	0
. 1,370 11	0
78 4	8
9 4	0
26 0	0
. 652 0	0
97 10	0
8 4	0

1,908 1 8 1,636 9 6

762 14 0 752 6 0

, 265 10	8
1. 14	0	0
5	3	6
2	•4	0
0	4	3
		„«	287	6	0

8 13 6

1,000 0 0

1,550 0 0

1,079 2 9

30 0 0

40 0 0

4 0 0

3,703 2 9

Carried over, Bs. 16,323 2 0

No. 1.

of the Asiatic Society for 1870.

DISBURSEMENTS. Publications. 1870. 1869.

839 3	0
3,972 3	3
229 10	8
61 9	9
8 15	0
61 6	0
16 0	0
5 15	8

Paid fi'Di^'-bt fur aetidbg Jonmal and

Froceedinga to MeBers, AVilliams and

Norgttt©, ..* ,„ ... 44 15 6

Ditto Litliograpliing and Engraving

charges^ Ditto, Printing cbarges, ... Ditto, Pisrchaae of Postage Stamps, ... DittOj Gmirni^wKin t>n ^ji^b of Books,... Ditto, Binding charges, ... Ditto, Paper for Plates, fta, Ditto, Purchase of Journal, Ditto, Petty charges.

Library.

Fiiid Mesfirs, Wliliums and Norgate for pui-cha£B of Library Books as per their order^ dated IGth July, 1870,

£80 at 1-lOi p«r Hupoo, ... 8152 14 8

DittOj SaUry of the Librarian, ... 840 0 0

Dittoj Eisttibiiahmentj .,. ... 120 0 0

Ditto, Commission on sale of Books,... 73 14 6

Ditto, Purchase of Books, ... 416 4 8

Ditto, Landing charges, ... ... 21 5 9

Ditto, Book-binding, ... ^ ... 79 0 0 Ditto, Subscription to the Calcutta Re- view, ... ... ... 16 0 0

Ditto, Freight, ... ... 2 13 0

Ditto, Bearing Postage, ... ... 3 4 8

Ditto, Postage Stamps, ... ... 8 10

Ditto, New Mat for the Librarian's

Room, ... ... ... 20 0 0

Ditto, Petty charges, ... ... 13 9 0

Secretary's Office.

Paid, CMrarrnl Establiibmont,

Ditto, Sttrytary^flOMco Eaiubliiihiiient, 1,524 9

Ditto, Purchase of Postage Stamps,*.-

Ditto, ditto of Stationery,

Ditto, Iiisiifficietit Postage^

Ditto, Deuring Postfigo, ... ,,,

Ditto, rriiitiiig charges, *,,

Ditto, Salary of a Puijkha mjui,

Ditto, Book-binding cbargt^^ „,

Ditto, Farchaao of Amiy LiBfc,

Ditto, Fee for Stamping 25 Cheques, ,

294	0	0
t, 1,524	9	0
116	4	0
26	4	0
2	0	8
1	6	4
43	0	0
35	0	0
24	0	0
34	0	0
1	9	0

5,239 13 5 0,87C

2,472 3 3 2,328 12 6

2,702 1 0 Carried over, Rs. 7,712 0 H

XXlll

DISBURSEMENTS. 1870. 1869.

Brought over, Es. 2,102 1 0 7,712 0 8 Paid, Foe for Auditing the Annual Acoonnt for 1869, ... ... 75 0 0

Ditto SlieetAlmanao for the year 1871, 10 0

Ditto Potty charges, ... ... 9 12 0

2,187 13 0 2,463 13 8

MiSCKLLANEOUS.
Paid Salary of a Malee, ... Ditto, Meeting charges, ... Ditto, Advertising charges. Ditto, Fee for Stamping Cheques, ... Ditto, Freight on a box copper imple- ment. Ditto, Bullock Train hire on 2 Boxes of Stone Idols, Ditto, Printing charges, ... Ditto, Petty charges.	57 0 191 10 49 8 1 9 12 5 30 7 16 0 88 13	0 6 0 0 6 0 0 3
Sundris, ••# ... •••	397 5 1,633 12	3 2
BuiLDIlfQ.
Paid House rate, Ditto Water rate, Ditto Police and Lighting rate. Ditto Repairing Society's Premises, ...	444 0 238 12 216 0 11 13	0 9 0 6
Coin Fund.
Paid Bearing Postage on a parcel of Coin, Ditto Purchase of Coins, .. •	0 8 12 14	0 4

2,031 15 416 5 3

910 10 3 697 12 0

13 6 4

Lt.-Col. E. T. Dalton, Ethnoloot op Brnoal. Paid to Dr. T. Oldham, ... ... .. 5,000 0 0

CONSEKVATION OF SANSCRIT MS.

Salary of the Travelling Pandita,

Copying MS.,

Repairing Catalogue,

Travell ing allowance.

Printing 150 Copies of Notices of

Sanscrit MS., Purchase of Postage Stamps, Freight,

Purchase of Sanscrit MSS, Ditto, of Stationery, Fee for getting Money Order, Advertising charges, Carriage hire, Petty charges.

347 0	0
132 9	3
380 0	0
230 0	0
215 12	0
9 13	6
19 9	0
89 0	0
72 12	0
1 8	0
8 8	6
12 0	0
8 lif	3

1,527 6 6 458 10 6

Carried over, Us. 19,382 0 2

XXV

DISBURSEMENTS. 1870. 1869.

Broaght over, Bs. 19,882 6 2

Balance. In tho Bank of Bengal, viz., acconnt-

cnrrent Dr. J. Muir, ... ... 898 10 0

Ditto Conservation of Sanscrit MS.,... 1,717 1 9

Ditto Asiatic Society, ... ... 2,661 6 0

^ 5,277 1 9

Cashinliand, ... ... ... 125 15 3

Rs. 24,785 7 2

H. Hyde, Lieut.-Col. R. E.

Financial Seof, and Treasurer.

£xamin<}(i and found correct,

li. SCUWENDLER, ) . , .,

XIHFl

STATEMENT, Abstract of the Cash Aecaunif

REGSIPTS.

Obibntal Pubuoation.

1870.

1869.

BeceiTed by Sale of BibUotheoa In- dioa, ... ... Mb. 1,804 0

Pitto by SiibBOription to dittos ... 80 10

JOitto Beftrnd of rosta^e and Packing

^ charge^ ... ... ... 76 11

1,911 6 6 8,076 U 6

GoTBamciiiT Allowakcb.

Beoeived from the Oenend Treasniy

at 600 Be. per month, ... ... 6,000 0 0

Ditto ditto additional Grant for the

Pnblioation of Sanacrit Worka at

250 Ba. per month, ... ... 8,000 0 0

9,000 0 0 8,000 0 0

400 0 0

ViSTBD Fund.

Beoeived Interest on the Government

Seoority by the Bank of Bengal, ... 176 0 0

LiBBABT.

Beftind of the amount from Bi\m BijendraULla Mitra, paid for Pnr- chase of Sanscrit MSS. on the 22nd July, 1869,...

Asiatic Society of Bengal,

Babn Mothooranath Mookeijea,

Kam Krishnajee Bhaaduker,

Pundit Ramgoo,

Damndara Jitta, Esq., ...

Messrs. Gnnnesh Persad & Co.,

Mr. Vamon Narain Othe,

K. Roghn Nath Row,

B. Govindo Row,

P. Kittel, Esq.,

Gopal Row Hnrry Dishmookh,

Balaji PrabhakerModok,... *

Bibn Okil Chunder Banerjea,

Baba Krishna Chandra, ...

Atmaram Patell, Esq., ...

G. Jyamiah, Esq.,

Damura Ballabh, Esq., ...

T. Nagaiya, Esq.,

Major M. W. Carr,

M. Gnnnesh Sing,

P. Swaminatheir, Esq., ...

931 10 0-

621 15	6
9 2	0
2 7	0
0 5	0
170 4	0
8 12	0
9 10	6
25 0	0
8 9	0
0 9	0
3 8	0
25 0	0
6 6	0
1 2	0
0 2	0
15 0	0
1 13	0
7 3	0
0 10	0
0 4	0
14 0	0

176 0 0 1,865 0 0

400 0 0

Carried over, Rs. 11,486 6 6

XXTU

No. 2.

Oriental Publication Fund^ for 1870.

DISBUBSEMENTS. Oriental Publication. 1870. 1869.

GommissioD on Sale of Books, ... Ba. 220 2 0

Paddng oharges, ... ... 63 12 0

Postage Stamps, ... ... 151 14 0

Advertising oharges, ... ... 400 0 0

Freight, ... ... ... 517 6 0

Petty charges, .. ... 11 6 0

Vested Fund.

Paid Commission to the Bank of Ben- gal for Drawing Interest on the Government Seoorities, ... 0 7 0

LiBBABT.

Parchase of Books, ... ... 520 6 0

860 0 588 0 48 11 59 12	0 0 0 0
17 8	6
2 13	0
76 0	0

GUSTODT OF ObISNTAL WoBKS.

Paid Salary of the Librarian,

Establishment, ...

Stationery, ... ...

Printing charges,

Bepairing Case of the Bibliotheoa In- dioa.

Fee to the Bank of Bengal for Stamp- ing charges.

Ditto for auditing the Annnal Account for 1869, ...

Subscription to the Hindu Commera-

tor for 1870 and 1871, .. ... 80 0 0

Petty charges, ... ... 48 9 6

Catalogue oi Sanscrit MS.

Paid Salary for Cataloguing Sanscrit MSS., ... ... ... 278 0 0

OOFTING ICSS. Paid for copying charges,... ... 71 3 6

Tandta Moha Bbahmana. Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 8,593 12 0

AiN I Akbari.

Paid Salary to Mnnahi, ... ... 330 0 0

Ditto 2 copies of Ain i Akbari, ... 65 1 0

Ditto Printing charges, ... ... 1,222 12 0

1,364 8 0 1,136 4 6

0 7 0 8 8 7 520 6 0 503 8 S

1,225 1 0 1,514 10 3

278 0 0

71 3 6 77 0 0

3,593 12 0 328 3 0

1,617 13 0 2,957 6 3

Carried over, Es. 8,671 2 6

xnTm BBCEIPTS.

1870.

1869.

Bronght over, Bs. V. B. Soobiah, Esq., Biyaba Bal%ji Nene, Kann Dnflbeiy, Dowhitram Doolie Ohaad, Bibn Bam Ghnnder Bose, J. Biseb, Esq.,

Carried over, Bs. 12,480 4 C

DISBURSEMENTS. 1870. 1869.

Brought forward, Es. 8,671 2 6 Tarikhi Badaont.

Paid for purchase of 2 copies of ditto, 5 0 0

BOO 791 0 0

MlHANSA DaRSANA.

Paid Editing and Printing charges,... 427 2 0

427 2 0 331 2 0

Sama Veda.

Purchase of Sama Veda MSS. ... 108 8 6

108 8 6

GoPATHA Brahman Atherbur Veda, Paid Editing charges, ... ... 96 0 0

96 0 0

Khafi Khan.

Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 1,836 0 0

1,836 0 0 2,588 10 0

Farhanoi Bashidi.

Paid for copying charges, ... 56 12 0

Ditto a Copy of ditto, ... ... 48 0 0

Ditto Editing and Printing charges, .. 364 0 0

468 12 0

Poems of Chand.

Paid Postage and Banghy Expense

for sending MSS. ... ... 7 9 0

7 9 0 6 2 3

Lattatana Srauta Sutra.

Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 2,393 5 0

2,393 6 0

Agni Purana.

Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 941 0 0 Ditto a Copy of ditto, ... ... 20 0 0

961 0 0

Ma'a Sir i Alahoiri.

Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 614 0 0

614 0 0

GOPALA TaPINI.

Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 283 0 0

283 0 0

Taittirita Brahuana. Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 348 0 0

Taittirita Aranyaka Upanishad. Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 380 12 0

Maitri Upanishad. Paid Stitching charges, ... ... 18 2 3

848 0 0 144 0 0 380 12 0 767 0 0 18 2 3

Carried over, Rs. 16,618 5 3

XXX

Balance op

In the Bank of Bengal, Cash in hand.

EECEIPTS. 1870.

Brought over, Kb. 12,480 4 6

1869.

5,569 8 1 73 13 3

5,633 5 4

Es. 18,113 9 10

II. Hyde, Lient-Col. R. E.

Financial Secy, and Treasurer,

Examined and fonnd correct,

L. ScinVENDtEB,^ . ,.. J.WoOD.MiSONj^'^**'^'-

Tatttteiya Sanhita. Paid Editing oharges,

SiKANDARNAMAH BaHABI.

Paid Frinting oharges, ...

GOBIL SUTKA«

Paid Postage for sending proof to Pandita Chandra Kant Turkalanker,

Mothoora Natb Mookeijea, Maharaja Pertap Sing, ... Pundit Bnmgoo, ...

Hessrs. Gnnnespersad and Go.| Damndara Jitta» Esq., ... Mr. VanK)n Narain Othe, B. Govinda Roe, Esq., Gopal Roe Hurry Dedc Mookha, Bajaba Balaji Kene, Balsji Prabhaker Modak, Babu Okil Chonder BanneijeSi Kann Dufteiy, Kobin Chander Roy, Ram Chunder Bose, Krishna Chander Bab a, .., Damaroo Ballabh, Esq., ... T. Nagaiya, Esq.,

Balance, In the Bank of Bengal, ,„

XZXl

DISBURSEMENTS. 1870.

Brought over, Rs. 16,618 6 8

1869.

96 0 0

226 8 0

0 10

1 9	0
65 0	0
6 13	0
2 6	6
156 15	0
9 10	6
8 9	0
3 8	0
40 0	0
25 0	0
6 6	0
4 0	0
1 0	0
1 6	0
1 2	0
12 14	0
0 4	0

96 0 0 2^ 12 0

8 0 75 0 0

0 10

336 7 0

836 4 7

Rs. 18,113 9 10

H. Hyde, Lient.-Col. R. B.

Fincmcickl Secy, and Treasnrer,

Examined and foond oorrect,

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