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THE
ABERDEEN
UNIVERSITY
REVIEW
VOLUME V
1917-18
-c
li^i^i^\
W-/^^
Printed at
The Aberdeen University Press
1918
THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY REVIEW."
COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT.
Convener : The Very Rev. Principal Sir George Adam Smith
{Convener of Editorial Sub-Committee).
Vice-Convener: Mr. P. J. Anderson.
Secretary {and Assistant Editor) : Mr. Robert Anderson.
Hon. Treasurer {Interim) : Mr. David M. M. Millioan.
Mr. Henry Alexander.
Professor J. B. Baillie.
Miss Maud Storr Best.
Dr. James E. Crombie.
Professor William L. Davidson.
Lieut-Colonel James W. Garden, D.S.O.
{Hon. Treasurer).
Rev. Professor James Gilrov.
Mr. William Grant.
Professor Matthew Hay.
Professor J. M. Irvine.
Professor A. A. Jack.
Mr. J. F. Kellas Johnstone.
Mr. W. Keith Leask.
Professor Ashley W. Mackintosh.
Rev. Dr. Gordon J. Murray.
Miss Williamina A. Rait.
Professor R. W. Reid.
Colonel J. Scott Riddbll, C.B.E., M.V.O.
Rev. Professor John A. Sblbie.
Mr. Donaldson R. Thom.
Professor J. Arthur Thomson.
Rev. W. Stewart Thomson.
Dr. Robert Walker.
Mr. Theodore Watt (Convener of Busi-
ness Sub-Committee).
The President of the S.R.C.
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The
Aberdeen University Review
Vol. V. No. i November, 191 7
Literature and Character/
jHE subject of this paper, the effects of Literature on
Character — a subject at once vast, complicated, and
minute — cannot be handled shortly; and it is
therefore the more necessary not to touch on re-
lated subjects even the most simple, and to make -
clear at the outset that I do not propose to say
a word either of Literature distinctively moral, or
of Literature distinctively immoral.
There is such a thing as distinctively immoral literature, literature
merely sensational, merely sensual, or merely licentious ; and by this
last I mean literature written by one who has no conception of law,
who admires unthinkingly every display of the unbridled ego, who sees
nothing in the Universe but the conflict of greedy or self-centred
interests. There is also such a thing as distinctively moral literature,
literature solely sober, solely ascetic, solely legal ; and by this last I
mean literature written by one who has no conception of the private
will, who attaches no meaning to air or fire, who admires unthinkingly
every exercise of restraint, who sees nothing in the Universe but a
collection of people denying themselves for each other. Nay, I am
even willing to admit that, owing to human nature — and by this 1
mean what every one means when he uses that term, the tendency of
the self to gratify itself — immoral literature has often an immoral
effect. I admit also, of course, that owing, I suppose, to the contrary
tendency — or, to express myself more explicitly, to the anxiety of
^ A paper read before the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, 15 February, 1917.
I
2 Aberdeen University Review
selfish man often to be divinely unselfish — moral literature has some-
times a moral effect.^
But I am to speak of neither of those things. What I have to
speak of, and what I have to speak of alone, is the effect upon the char-
acter of the quickening of imagination produced by the constant study
of poetry or the constant contemplation of beauty, the disturbing
element in the conduct of life introduced by what we call art.
I figure to myself a man entirely good — let us say some scientific
professor, or doctor busy in his practice, one whose business in his
laboratory is to discover some new anodyne, or in his daily rounds to
relieve suffering, chiefly by his skill, but in part by the kindliness radi-
ating from his presence. Such a man when his day's work is done —
if the work of a doctor in these times is ever done — may solace him-
self with Shakespeare's sonnets or amuse an hour with the fancy of
Dickens. These books are his playthings, his pastimes, and they do
him no more harm, though doubtless a little more good, than a game
of Patience or golf. They take him out of his own world of care and
responsibility for a moment, and are literally his diversions, the re-
laxing of the string ; and next day, strung up once more, he is about
his good works as usual, never troubling himself further about Shake-
speare's luxury of thought, or as to what comment is really supplied
upon the world we move in, and upon us who move in it, by our
readiness to be pleased with Dickens's grotesques. Such a use of
literature, and it is the use made of literature by 99-iooths of the
human species, of Ossian by Napoleon, of Gaboriau by Bismarck, of
Homer by Gladstone, is entirely harmless. It is related to hygiene
rather than life and is no more than recreation.
But let me paint for myself the opposite picture — that of the young
man whose thoughts are really given to the books he is constantly
reading. I speak of the young, for most, though not all, of these good
readers are young, and surrender themselves to the new author the
more readily that they have not reached the stage when they imagine,
though falsely, that there are no new books and no new authors. I
repeat, let me paint for myself the opposite picture — that of the man
whose thoughts are really given to the books he is constantly reading,
who lives their life, and imagines with their imaginings, who is a
terrified murderer with Macbeth, or with Keats a beauty lover, who
^ For a full treatment of this subject see " The Uses of Poetry," by A. C. Bradley.
English Association Leaflets.
^ 4
Literature and Character 3
partakes of Pope's acerbity of soul, or of Shenstone's delicious tedium,
who is in the forest with Tristran, or with Spenser enjoying woe, " with
Achilles shouting in the trenches," or with Troilus sighing " his soul
toward the Grecian tents ". As I paint, my hand begins to tremble and
I ask myself the question that haunted Lamb — whether these studies
may not provoke " that disgust at common life, that tcBdium quotidi-
anarum formarum, which an unrestricted passion for ideal forms and
beauties is in danger of producing ? "
BACON AND THE "ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING".
I am not the first to speculate on this topic or to discuss the specu-
lations of others. The whole matter has been handled suggestively in
our own day, if from too exclusively moral a standpoint, by Tolstoy.
Long ago it had been written of by one who always thought wisely
and by another whose feeling was always wise, by Bacon and by
Rousseau. When Bacon wrote his " Advancement of Learning " he
had to meet the objections to letters commonly entertained by the two
most powerful of then existing castes, the military and the sacerdotal.
The Mediaeval Church was just at the end of its absolute authority,
but its long and justified fear is evidenced by its traditional objection
that learning opens the door to heresies. From this Church ground,
in his day dangerous. Bacon skates lightly off, and his answer is not
deep. A little learning, he would admit, is an aid to scepticism, but
further learning acts in quite an opposite fashion. Both in his state-
ment of the objection and in his answer, Bacon, for the time was not
ripe, neglects the point of interest. If anything on this topic is indis-
putable it is this — that the reading of many books and the consequent
exercise of the imaginative faculty increases speculative grasp. What-
ever else may be said against literature, this at least can be said in its
honour — that it makes impossible a merely popular acceptance, and
releases the mind from a bondage to notions it has never troubled to
make its own.
Bacon's real engagement is with the other objections — that learn-
ing relaxes or distracts military hardihood and resolution, and produces
an inaptness for business. Bacon was a discursive thinker. His
thought flows like an English river, now courteously making way for
a hillock, now embracing a fruitful meadow, confident that for all its
deviations it will "wind somewhere safe to sea," not the least like
our mountain torrents that precipitately and perpendicularly shoot
4 Aberdeen University Review
from the top to the bottom of a cliff; nevertheless before he has
finished the first Book of his " Advancement " he has managed to set
out easily the current objections: "that learning doth soften men's
minds and makes them more unapt for the honour and exercise of
arms ; that it doth mar and pervert men's dispositions for matter of
government and policy, in making them too curious and irresolute — or
too incompatible and differing from the times," and he has managed
to familiarize us with the main lines of his answering argument
It is true that some of his answers are mere avoidances of the
question. For example, admitting that literary men are often too gentle
and too fond of privateness for adequate efficiency in the rough theatre
of the world, he asks whether it is to be concluded that this is the fault
or result of literature. May it not be that men of such dispositions
gravitate naturally to learning? It would not be books then that
would make them gentle, but they would take to books because they
were gentle already. But this is a very partial reply, for, though it
may often be so, we can all see that to say this is not to discuss the
effects of literature. If we could prove that all mild people were fond
of books, we should have gone no way at all towards proving that
literature did not make them milder. Equally loose in argument is
his statement " that both in persons and in times ^ there hath been a
meeting and concurrence in learning and arms, flourishing and excel-
ling in the same men and the same ages ". As to persons, Bacon knew
as well as we do that he is here dealing with manifest exceptions ;
and as to times, or ages in the world's history, while it is obvious that
States at the height of their military and political power do often pro-
duce great literature, the effects of literature are to be observed not in
the stimulus that produces it but, as Rousseau pointed out even
to weariness, in the manners of the succeeding age. Leaving those
sophistications Bacon winds to his true answer, perhaps the ulti-
mate answer — that if it be true that, sometimes, for some people and
in degree, literature debilitates, it is equally and concurrently true that
literature meliorates. The noble words in which Bacon speaks of the
good effects of literature are indeed a striking instance of how to apply
Emerson's law of Compensation, for if, as our own Beattie has it,
" Fancy enervates while it soothes the heart," let us not merely think
that it may be enervating — let us dwell with Bacon on its power to
soothe and to calm.
^ The italics here and throughout are mine.
Literature and Character 5
ROUSSEAU ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE ARTS.
The curious treatise of Rousseau written in answer to a question
propounded by the Academy of Dijon as to the effects of the Arts and
Sciences presents many points of interest. What strikes every reader
of Rousseau's social writings is the insistence with which throughout
them he dwells on the military argument. At first sight this may not
seem unnatural, for it was the one obvious buttress of his contention
that the effects of civilization had been, on the whole, prejudicial.
But Rousseau was not a Militarist, and I have often asked myself
whether he was dreaming of the coming Revolution and wished to in-
fect the popular mind with a love of the hardier virtues, or whether —
since his insistence is equally to be remarked in this his first treatise —
it is to be traced, in its origin, to the reading of Bacon. Certainly it
is possible that Rousseau had few ready objections to the cultivation of
the arts of civilization, and that he may merely have discovered in his
search for ideas and while reading the " Advancement of Learning "
one secure opening for controversy. Anyhow it is noteworthy that
while Bacon, writing in his age and in defence of Letters, had to meet
the military objection, Rousseau adopts it in support of his attack
upon the Arts in a different age and when no one was thinking of it.
We should notice, also, that while Bacon, in his anxiety to commend
learning to Sovereign Princes, hazards the remark that Letters render
men " maniable and pliant to government," Rousseau, while character-
istically turning its partial truth to the discredit both of Letters and
despotism, whole-heartedly adopts the suggestion. It was from Bacon
too, possibly, that he got the hint for the direction of his argument.
The fallacy in Bacon's reliance on the concurrence of high military and
artistic development as bearing upon the results of artistic development
would be easily perceived by Rousseau ; and it may have been merely
corrective logic on his part that suggested to him to concentrate atten-
tion rather on the ages of decline.
Rousseau had observed, and was easily entitled to observe, that
before States begin to decline and fall they have been above that de-
cline and fall, and that their decline and fall may be fairly dated from
their zenith ; yet his bold statement that their decline from their zenith
is solely or even chiefly due to their cultivation of the Arts is based on
reasoning looser than any he corrects. Before we could with propriety
draw any such deduction we should have to have examined and elimu
6 Aberdeen University Review
nated as causes all the concomitant circumstances characteristic of their
zenith. But I offer these remarks rather as elucidatory of the genesis
of Rousseau's famous discourse than as having present-day interest.
Fiddlers and dancers, Rousseau goes on to tell us, have always fallen
easy victims to butchers and Goths, and States had generally made
some progress in Arts and Letters before they fell a lamented prey to
barbarians. He remarks, and is amply entitled to remark, that the
highest civilizations are not the natural breeding-ground for the sterner
virtues, yet the application of this even to a strictly military argument
is by no means so immediate as it was. War is now a complicated
matter of science and intelligence, and we have proud reason to know
that a high and even luxurious civilization has at least no special in-
aptitude either for its moral or for its mechanical necessities.
The real value of Rousseau's treatise lies in another direction.
He paints for us a world " composed of husbandmen, soldiers, hunters,
and herdsmen," and he tells us that in such a world of plain living
there would be no need for Art. Let us not dispute with his
" heightened way of putting things ". He is here solacing himself
with that dream of a Golden Age which has caught the fancy of sages
throughout history, with that vision of a life equal to itself and in its
warmth of moral interest sufficing, that was the ideal at once of the
early communities of Christians and of our own Tolstoy. In other
words, he is recalling our attention to the fact that the first duty of
man is to live virtuously and happily, not artistically, and that the
offices of love come still before the offices of light.
ROUSSEAU'S LETTER TO D'ALEMBERT.
In SO far as his speaking is to our present purpose, we shall find
matter more to our hand in the letter to D'Alembert. This is a
treatise which deals rather with Literature than with Life, if the
two can be separably considered, and was provoked by an article of
D'Alembert's in the "Encyclopaedia," eulogistic of Geneva, in which
he advocated the setting up of a model theatre in that republican
city of 24,000 inhabitants. Against this proposal Rousseau argues.
A theatre would rather corrupt than benefit the Genevans, and in the
course of his discussion he makes many acute aesthetical remarks.
Perhaps the acutest and the most upsetting is where he speaks
parenthetically of " the taste for the comic scene being founded on a
vicious turn of the human heart ". One stops at the outset at this.
Literature and Character 7
To laugh at the shortcomings of others — or, thinking of comedy in a
higher sense, to view the human life (in which, in fact, we participate)
as a spectacle, or, even if we are thinking of the theatre as a school of
instruction — "to be speculative into another man, to the end to know
how to work him or wind him or govern him " ; "it proceedeth," says
Bacon, " from a heart that is double or cloven, and not entire and
ingenuous ". One turns the pages of " The Advancement of Learning "
to be reminded of a further saying of Bacon's concerning a " compari-
son which Pythagoras made for the gracing and magnifying of philo-
sophy and contemplation ; who being asked what he was, answered :
* That if Hiero was ever at the Olympian games, he knew the manner,
that some came to try their fortune for the prizes, and some came
as merchants to utter their commodities, and some came to make
good cheer and meet their friends, and some came to look on ; and
that he was one of them that came to look on '. But men must
know, that in this theatre of man's life it is reserved only for God
and angels to be lookers on."
There is an apparent divorce here between literature and life, but
it may be permissible to withhold the answer while we glance for a
moment at Rousseau's condemnation of dramatic representations in
general, and particularly at what he says of the pleasure we derive
from them, that it is selfish, barren, or disturbing. It is selfish and
anti-social, for "mimic representations tend to withdraw interest from
practical concerns". It is barren, for the lessons we learn at the
theatre we do not apply in the market-place. The contemplation of
the ideal scene is satisfaction in itself " In shedding tears at fictitious
misfortunes we discharge all the duties humanity requires of us on
such occasions." It is disturbing, because, in the first place, the
heroic spectacle has no close relation to life either in circumstances
or morals, and because, in the second place, the passions are too much
exalted. " Reason is the only thing that is useless on the stage. "
"The drama debilitates the mind by continual emotions."
To begin then with Comedy; it is true that there is generally
something unamiable in the spirit of Comedy. This is disguised from
us in English literature by the fact that Shakespeare's Comedies,
which we chiefly have in mind, are unique in this — that they are
generally sympathetic and seldom derisive. Yet, even here, if we
think of such sketches as Parolles, Thersites, Malvolio, we can see
that it is not always so. It is true there is generally something
8 Aberdeen University Review
unamiable in the spirit of Comedy — but what then ? Does this mean
we are no longer to read Moliere, Ben Jonson, or Mr. Shaw ? It is
not good for man to dwell always with amiability. We do not wish
a world of bitter aloes, but iieither one of sugar-candy. It is too
superior always to view the world, in which we have our part, as a
mere spectacle, a panorama ? Without question. It is too superior,
and moreover, since the spectacle is so various, it is likely that the
spectacular interest may so increase as to diminish the more social
ethical one, and we come in time to be contented with saying — " It is
interesting ", All these things are true, and yet on occasion to view
the world as a spectacle is even morally salutary. We are detached
for a time from participation in the struggle and liberated from the
insistence of egoism. The eyes of Chaucer may see too much for
complete gentility, but at least his face is not that of a pushing man.
We do not sympathize with others the less for knowing their limita-
tions. Idealists are too prone to imagine that we can have fire that
will warm but not burn, and potent medicines of which it is impossible
to take an over-dose. There is nothing capable of doing good that is
not also capable of doing harm except a primrose or a penny.
What Rousseau says of the drama in general opens the door to
greater variety in reply. The drama is disturbing because, in the
first place, the heroic spectacle has no close relation to life either in
circumstances or morals. It is grateful to me that Rousseau should
dwell so long on this head and with such obvious earnestness, for I
take it as an anticipatory compliment to my profession. The business
of great poetry is not to furnish copiable events or models to be
imitated in actuality, though, of course, it may turn to its service
both realism and direct ethical appeal, but rather to furnish in a
rememberable shape illustrations of emotion. Strictly speaking, it is
not life but the illumination of life with which poetry is concerned.
It is not great poetry if it merely shows us life, it must tell us some-
thing new about life, and this it can do best and most characteristic-
ally by new combinations of imagination. This is now the first
lesson that is taught in every school of literature, and properly,
because it is directed to the difficulty that universally arises at first
contact with imaginative literature. I say the difficulty that uni-
versally arises, but I am far from thinking that it is a difficulty that
universally misleads. The hold on actuality which the British reader
has — certainly the North British reader — is much firmer than his hold
Literature and Character 9
on imagination. If he is not by instinct a policeman himself, he is
generally related to the Force, and his author's deviations from actu-
ality and excursions into romance lead much more commonly to the
condemnation of the author than to imitation by the citizen. Besides,
it is a feature of great works of imagination that they are really
imaginative and convey to their readers, however merely common
sensible and untrained, their own atmosphere, which is not the atmo-
sphere of reality and is seldom mistaken for it. It would be wise to
be sceptical about the moral misunderstanding of great drama. To
get into perspective, for the present day, this crude criticism of
Rousseau's, adapted perhaps to a crude and largely uneducated public,
we should think not so much of literature as of the cinema houses,
where the most violent exertions of fancy are often displayed, and this
by the fault of the parents, before the youngest fancies. So that even
this crude danger is largely adventitious, and connected, just as the
most obvious artistic difficulties, with the variousness of the audience.
What is good for one may be bad for another, and what is safely good
for all may be so from its lacking sufficient poignancy of appeal to
anyone in particular. One reason, indeed, why even definite preach-
ing is not always fruitful in effect is because, as Rousseau tells us,
** sermons are delivered indiscriminately before all sorts of people
without discretion or choice".^
His other objection — that the pleasure we derive from dramatic
representations is anti-social in withdrawing interest from practical
concerns, and at least morally barren since the lessons we learn in the
theatre we do not apply in the market-place — merits a more careful
consideration. A withdrawal of interest from practical concerns is the
first and direct effect of dramatic interest, as it is the first and direct
effect of all study of imaginative literature. It is perfectly true, also,
that the contemplation of the ideal scene is satisfaction in itself, and
that we seldom apply in actual life such direct lessons as imaginative
literature contains, and this is the more true the more imaginative the
literature and the more complete the aesthetic satisfaction.
LITERATURE AND THE CONDUCT OF LIFE.
But to approach the matter from another side. If we had to
entrust the whole conduct of a life to any one person, should we not
rather entrust it to a man who had some literature than to one who
1 " Emile."
lo Aberdeen University Review
had none? There is such a thing as a "dangerous ignorance of liter-
ature" ; there are minds which have never been widened, and which
bring to practical affairs nothing but the knowledge of practice. We
deceive ourselves by talking of " literary men ". There are at this
present day in Scotland few men who have not some literature and
the works of one great poet almost by heart. Does anyone suppose
that this has not had its indirect, though ultimate, effect upon the
national character, and that Scotsmen are not the better gentlemen for
having read in youth the Waverley Novels ? I do not believe you
can date the expression "kindly Scot" — I mean as a national
adjective — behind the nineteenth century and its substitution of a
literate people — a partially literate people, I mean — for one that was
illiterate. When men estimate lightly the social results of literature,
they are thinking of too much literature, and of the literary class who
are necessarily the victims of literary pre-occupation ; but have those
people who discount the moral effects of literature ever contemplated
a world Jn which there was literally no literature? I confess I have
no such belief in the natural virtue of mankind — though, of course, I
believe in it — I have no such belief as to feel comfortable about this
vision. The child is innocent, truthful, and frank, but impulsive,
greedy, and inconsiderate. Men grow nicer as they grow older, yet
how slow a process is experience, and how much is its teaching
quickened and heightened by contact with imaginative ideals ! We
are not noble, but we are the less ignoble for having read the
" Winter's Tale," and the less immoral for having read Wordsworth,
In literature we meet men better than ourselves, and, what is
equally true, so far as the authors are concerned and when they are
speaking personally, men better than themselves. " There is no man,"
says Bacon, "but speaketh more honestly than he can do or think."
"Hypocrisy," I can imagine some one objecting, "Hypocrisy, too,
then, has its uses ! " Why, certainly — when it is unconscious. It is
not merely that one is to be heard by others. In the world of
imagination freed from the pressure of self-interest, absorbed in con-
templating others' deeds, and thus not following those liberties of
thought which the private mind for itself often takes, the spirit of man
finds a level above itself, or, let us rather say, the level that would be
its own if it were not so much the prey of egoistic considerations.
With no bias to prefer convenience, it sings of the heroic and of the
fit, and our hearing of this song, which, speaking mundanely, is not
Literature and Character ii
ours, does enable us to walk more lightly on our actual earth. I think
nobly of man's possibilities, but I do not at all think that, without the
light of imagination to unfold them above himself, he would be at all
equal to life's difficulties, either sufficient in sympathy, or sufficient
in uplift. Consider how stagnant are the souls of those labourers
who sleep without dreaming, and envisage nothing but their fields.
Imagination is a part of man and to be accounted to his credit? I am
not saying the contrary, but I am saying that if we take imagination
out of man's life and the influences of imagination, he would be no
longer equal to conducting it humanly. What is the nation in Europe
to-day the least active in imagination ? What nation, for the last
fifty years, has stifled its working under a load of merely intellectual
commentary and the hard pride of scholarship ?
Rousseau tells us that imaginative literature — he says actually
dramatic literature — withdraws interest from practical concerns, and
that such direct lessons as we might learn from imaginative literature
we do not apply in actual life. My answer is not that this is untrue,
but that from contact with literature we are taught unconsciously to
deal humanly with life. We meet those considerations by the way of
counter-considerations, for this we must do where the objections
concern the nature of the thing.
Objections constituting another kind are those which concern the
excess — objections, the nature of which Rousseau's particular state-
ment that the drama debilitates the mind by continual emotions does
little more than indicate. For what concerns us now is not that the
Genevans might have gone too often to the play had there been intro-
duced to that small and unlettered population the glittering romanti-
cism of the French Classic stage. What concerns us is the general
difficulty connected not only with the study of the poetical drama but
with that of all imaginative literature, of a special cultivation of selected
faculty ; and this necessarily, for the ends of poetry not being achieved
by the use of reason or judgment but solely, or at least characteristic-
ally, by the excitation of emotion and imagination, we are relying
upon sides of our being which in life itself have only their occasional
place. There may come a disarrangement of balance. No doubt
with increased study, the field of view being of such enormous width,
there come, among the crowding thoughts, an increasing number of
thoughts not emotional or imaginative at all, and yet, I suppose, the
more continuous the devotion to imagination, the more the chances of
12 Aberdeen University Review
an imaginative absorption are themselves increased. One may come
in the end, and unconsciously, to dwell with interests rather than with
judgments, and with fancies rather than with things.
Nor need we look further than the lives of the poets themselves to
know that men often pay a price in over-cultivated feeling for their
possession of the literary temperament. To give an instance that
always comes home to me — for there is nothing obviously excessive,
but on the contrary a sweet misery by which we are the gainers —
how wanting in fibre was the life of Cowper, and, if we are to consider
it as a life to be imitated by others and then normally useful, how
much over-surrendered to contemplation. And yet, if we come to
think of it, it is hardly fair to bring, as an objection to an art itself,
the over-attainment of the object of that art. Not that such considera-
tions are not useful. What they knew of the possible effects of wine
taught the Greeks to mingle water with it, and what we know of the
possible effects of poetry may teach us to mingle it with prose. Or
to speak more literally, what we are now considering is not so much
an argument against literature, as an argument against the exclusive
use even of literature as the means of average education. The com-
plete citizen will not be produced solely by a study of the works of
the imagination.
THE MORAL SERVICES OF LITERATURE.
But let us leave the comparatively simple ground of general educa-
tion, for, after all, correctives are easily supplied, a balance is easily
struck ; and let us leave the comparatively uninteresting ground of the
complete citizen, for every one knows that in actual business a very
little romance goes a long way, and that most of us cannot afford to
have other minds than well-balanced ones ; and let us consider for a
moment a much larger topic — the topic of life.
Our world, the world we live in, was not built by complete citizens.
Indeed, the ideal of the complete citizen as a universal ideal is a com-
plete will-o'-the-wisp and had there never been others than complete
citizens no citizens would be complete. This world of wonder, as it
finally exists, is not merely a bundle of average men. The ordinary
good man did not make it, he did not even make himself; he is but
the residuum, the fortunately numerous residuum, left by the clash of
elements. Storm and tempest, the earthquake and the Ice Age have
made the pleasant meadows he walks in. The sun is ardent that he
Literature and Character 13
may be warm, and the North Sea troubled that he may be invigorated.
Stars burn " and waters roll " that he may enjoy their quiet radiance,
or soothe himself, at his own chosen distance, with their murmur.
Let no one think that the elemental works of imagination are due
solely to complete citizens, or that we can be constantly supplied with
them without there arising to anyone the dangers of a one-sided
development. That is not the way these things are made. Pre-
eminence in any art is generally paid for ; by absorption in that art,
or with a surrender of at least some other beneficial activities. " The
mighty poets in their misery dead" are not thus buried by accident,
and cannot be said to have missed the ordinary level life of the ordin-
ary good man in the same sense in which one is said to have missed a
first. Some then will suffer sometimes for literature, the makers of it
on occasion, and some be over-developed that we be developed enough.
We need not trouble to regret it. There is no more idle occupation
than that of weeping for the way of the world.
The true answer to all these objections when urged as essential
objections — as considerations they are well worth attention and remind
us against what it is reasonable to guard — the true answer to all these
objections when urged as essential objections is that they all spring
from the chimaera of the universal modicum, the belief that every one
can have just enough of everything without anyone ever having of
anything even the least too much. It is a very careful belief, but if
we are to take it as providing an account of our actual world, incom-
plete. In the world there is not only the law of the modicum, there
is also the law of the over-plus. It was Swift who observed that he
had never seen in the world any good weather at all, that it was
always too wet or too cold, too hot or too dry. In a world of this char-
acter it may be desirable to strike an average — what is obvious is that
it is not run on the principle of keeping the average. The true answer
to all these objections is not that literature in its effects cannot but be
always wholly innocuous, but that literature is necessary, for without
literature the lives of most men would be "standing pools".
But it is not merely that literature is necessary to fight the eternal
sluggard who is three-quarters of three-quarters of mankind. To a
world as distracted as ours, literature has another moral service to
render besides this, its first. Speaking ironically, and with an eye to
the desire of Princes that their subjects should not meddle with
politics, even Rousseau admits of the drama that " it may serve to
14 Aberdeen University Review
divert the poorer sort from their misery ". The drama and the poorer
sort ! Let us substitute Literature and Man. Very possibly if, ac-
cording to Rousseau's cherished ideal of the simple life, we were all
completely good and consequently completely happy, there would be
no need for literature. I have already touched on this fascinating
topic. It is sufficient to say now that we are not all completely good,
and that an art which can assuage sorrow and dispel care has still its
opportunity in a suffering world.
Would it be disingenuous to stop here ? I am afraid so, and that
I should not close without the admission that we who cultivate litera-
ture do so, if for moral reasons, not solely for moral reasons, not solely
even for tangible ones. We who worship literature, worship literature
not because it can distract the mind from other sensations, but because
it yields to us sensations peculiarly its own. Literary enjoyment at its
highest is not like other enjoyments, a thing largely sensible or even
a thing that can be assessed. It is one of those supreme gifts of life
that makes those who have once experienced it consider life without
it something less than life. I repeat to myself the words of Othello
as he contemplates his self-determined death : —
Here is my journey's end, here is my butt,
And very sea-mark of my utmost sail,
and often as I repeat them, I am no nearer forming any sentences that
can convey to others the precise sensation I feel, that we all feel as we
hear. Why is it that this particular arrangement of vocables should
bring to us a unique feeling akin to a night with stars ? Here is the
very hue of resolution, the music at once of farewell and of funeral, or,
should I say? of disillusion and victory; but to say this does not
convey the touch of the words : —
Here is my journey's end, here is my butt,
And very sea-mark of my utmost sail.
The sentiment in the words is not specifically moral, not even specific-
ally religious, and yet the mind, hearing, rests upon them, and is
satisfied.
A. A. JACK.
9m
Notes Concerning the Burns Family in
Kincardineshire.
iT is just because anything bearing upon the history
of the Burns family must be of interest to all lovers
of the Bard, that I venture to submit the following
meagre list of names, dates, and other particulars
concerning them which I gleaned in the course of
a fairly extensive research into M earns family
history during the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. Records referring to the shire prior to 1 600 are exceedingly
few.
The surname Burns is, I believe, of Celtic origin, although greatly
changed from its original form in the process of anglicizing. In his
" Origin and History of Irish Names of Places," Dr. P. W. Joyce has a
chapter on Irish Personal and Family Names in which that great
master states : —
Bran is a raven, and it was formerly a favourite name for men. Few
personal names can show a longer history than this. It was common in
Ireland from the earliest times ; and it was also used amongst the Gauls, for I
look upon it as quite certain that it is identical with Brennus, the name of
the great Celtic leader who sacked Rome in the fourth century before Christ.
From Bran, son of Maelmordha (King of Leinster, slain in the Battle of
Clontarf) are descended the family of O'Brain, who now generally call them-
selves O'Bryne, or more generally Byrne, sometimes more correctly O'Brin,
and occasionally Burn, Byrnes, Bums, Brin, and sometimes even Byron.
In confirmation of this derivation I may state that the surname of
Bran, Brain, which latterly developed into Brand, flourished in Glen-
bervie just at the same periods as that of Burness, a circumstance
pointing to the common origin of the two surnames that were so long
prevalent within the same parochial area.
Surnames that were common in a parish in one century may dis-
appear in the next, and in the current valuation roll of the parish of
Glenbervie there is but one entry of a householder bearing the name
of Burness.
w ^^
1 6 Aberdeen University Review
Although William Burnes, the poet's father, kept up correspond-
ence with his kinsfolk in the North, it cannot be claimed that family
history appealed very much to Burns himself.
I certainly shall see any of my father's relations that are anywhere near
my road, but I do not even know their names, or where any of them lives
is an extract from an advance note which he wrote to James Burnes
of Montrose in the course of his Highland tour in the autumn of
1787.
In the following notes I refrain from repeating the genealogical
details that are usually set forth in all good editions of the poet's works,
my aim being to supplement in a slight degree what is already
known. ^ ^ •
List of Burnesses in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.
1. Alexander Burnes, Seaman and Whitefisher, Johnshaven, 1725.
His name, with those of Robert and William Burnes, appears
in a tack of the fishings belonging to the lands of Ballandro
and Johnshaven, dated 22 July, 1725.
2. Alexander Burnes, Shoemaker in Johnshaven, 1749.
3. Alexander Burnes, Wheelwright in Davo, Garvock, 1756.
4. Alexander Burnes, Wheelwright near Mill of Luther, Marykirk,
1765. Elizabeth Stewart, his spouse. He was Keeper of an
Alehouse.
5. David Burnes in Knockbank, Fordoun, 1708, tenant of Sir
David Carnegie of Pittarrow in 1708, when an Inventory of
his Biggings was made by David Jolly in Balfeich and James
Lawrence in Blairs (22 January, 1708).
6. David Burnes, Tailor in Pitcarry, Arbuthnott, was admitted a
burgess of Inverbervie on 2 October, 1727.
7. David Burness, in Kinghornie, Kinneff, was a seatholder in
Kinneff Church in 1737.
8. David Burness in Brawliemuir, Glenbervie, son of James Bur-
ness in Hawkhill, and latterly in Brawliemuir. On 25 Nov-
ember, 1772, the Kirk Session of Glenbervie unanimously
elected David Burness, one of their members, to be a ruling
elder at the April Synod and intervening Presbyteries. He
was appointed a Constable for Glenbervie parish by the Justices
of the Peace in 1773. Elected Kirk Treasurer of Glenbervie
Burns Family in Kincardineshire 17
on 18 December, 1780, he demitted that office on 12 November,
1783. He purchased a number of books at the sale of the
Hbrary of Mr. Robert Allardice, late minister of Glenbervie, on
14 October, 1779, including Orr's "Sermons," Stillingfleet's
"Origines Sacrae," Boyle's Works, and Manton on the 119th
Psalm.
At a Meeting of Kirk Session on 26 January, 1783, the
Clerk reported that at the desire of David Burness, Treasurer,
he had got a quantity of barley belonging to Messrs. Robertson
and Co., Aberdeen, detained by order of the Sheriff in the
hands of George Gavin in Drumlithie for the relief of the
necessitous on account of the great scarcity of grain in the
parish.
. George Burness in Fetteresso, 1716. He gave in a petition to
the Presbytery of the bounds on 4 July, 1 71 6, alleging that Mr.
David Burn, minister of Fetteresso, had refused to marry him
with a woman with whom he had been proclaimed, and de-
siring that Mr. Burn might be ordered to marry them, to
which Mr. Burn replied that he could not marry George Burness
" because he had no testificate of his being an unmarried man ".
He was refused marriage until he produced a sufficient testi-
monial to that effect.
10. George Burness in Elfhill, Fetteresso, fourth son of James
Burness in Brawliemuir, and a cousin of the poet's father.
Tenant of Elfhill from 1729 until his death in 1752 under suc-
cessive tacksmen of the York Buildings Coniipany — Elfhill being
a farm on the forfeited estate of the Earl Marischal, His rent-
book, now in the possession of Mr. James B. Connon, Solicitor,
Stonehaven, shows that the successive tacksmen of the Fetter-
esso estate during his tenancy of Elfhill were Ex-Provost
Robert Stewart of Aberdeen, Mr. William Bartlett, and Mr.
Alex, Livingston of Countesswells.
George Burness was an elder in Fetteresso parish, and on
4 November, 1734, he was appointed Treasurer of the Kirk
Session, an office which he held until his death. At a Meet-
ing of the Session on 14 August, 1752, his son James craved
that as his father was now dead the Session would inspect his
accounts.
On the eve of Culloden he and several other tenants in
2
1 8 Aberdeen University Review
Fetteresso and Dunnottar were called upon to transport baggage
of the Duke of Cumberland's Army when on its march north-
ward. For the following account which was duly vouched be-
fore the Sheriff he gave a discharge to " the Commissarys of
His Majesty's Forage" on ii August, 1747.
To George Burness in Elfhill.
£ s. d.
To a Cart sent with his Majesties' Baggage from Aber-
deen to Inverness and never returned worth . 013 4
To 2 horses for carrying Baggage from Stonehaven to
Bervie . . . . . . . .020
It was stated in the evidence led before the Sheriff that
" Captain Darling took the said George Burness' Cart and sent
her to Lochaber with an officer's baggage ".
His wife, Elspet Mason, survived him, and beside his son
James he had the following daughters, Christian, wife of James
Mason in Snob, Fetteresso ; Margaret, wife of William Greig
in Stonehouse of Mergie ; Ann, Jean, and Helen.
The two younger daughters, Jean and Helen, being minors
at their father's death, nominated James Burness in Brawlie-
muir, their uncle on the father's side, to be their sole curator,
an office which he accepted.
11. George Burness in Bogjorgan, 1766.
12. Henry Burness, Tenant in Kinghornie, Kinneff. His name
appears, along with those of the other tenants, in the contract
for rebuilding the Parish Church of Kinneff in 1739.
13. Henry Burness, Tailor in Bervie, 1765-
14. James Burness, first of that name in Brawliemuir, son of Walter
Burness in Bogjorgan. He died on 23 January, 1743, aged
87 years, and Margaret Falconer, his spouse, died on 28 De-
cember, 1749, aged 90 years. These were the poet's great
grandparents.
James Burnace in Bralandmure was a Juror at the Fiars
Court in 171 2. Probably he became the tenant of that holding
in 1697, when the lease was surrendered by a former occupier.
Mr. Henry Hamilton, the first Presbyterian Minister of
Glenbervie after the Revolution, was settled there in April,
Burns Family in Kincardineshire 19
1 71 2. The circumstances of that parish did not permit of a
settled eldership for some years, but on 28 July, 1720, Mr.
Hamilton represented to the Presbytery that he had pitched
upon some of his parishioners, whom he judged might be ad-
mitted as elders, and of a leet of five names then submitted for
approval no fewer than three were members of the Burns
family, viz., James Burness in Brawliemuir, William Burness
in Bogjorgan, and Burness in Kinmonth. After due ex-
amination of their knowledge and fitness for that office he ex-
pressed himself as satisfied with them.
15. James Burness in Benholm, 171 4. An Episcopalian. He, with
twenty other householders in the parish of Benholm, adhered to
a protestation given in to the Presbytery of Fordoun on 28
April, 1 714, anent the admission of Mr. William Trail, the first
Presbyterian Minister of that parish after the Revolution.
16. James Burness, Wright in Bervie. He was admitted a burgess
of Inverbervie on 9 October, 1732. He entered into a con-
tract with the heritors of Bervie on 16 March, 1737, for build-
ing a manse for the minister of that parish.
17. James Burness in Hawkhill, Glenbervie, was the third son of
James Burness, first of that name in Brawliemuir. He was an
elder in Glenbervie parish in 1720, and Treasurer of the Kirk
Session from 1726 until 29 July, 1765, when he resigned and
begged that the Session would not insist on his bearing the
oflfice any longer, as he found it was inconsistent with his age
to endure the fatigue thereof. He was still tenant of Hawk-
hill in 1756, but in 1759 (the year of the poet's birth) he had
removed to Brawliemuir, where he succeeded his brother
William.
He had the following family, viz. James, William, Thomas,
George, David, and a daughter Katherine. He signed on
25 February, 1763, a disposition and assignation to George
and David his sons of " all and haill my goods, gear, corns,
cattle, etc., with the burden of the payment of my just and
lawful debts and funeral expenses, and also with the burden of
the payment of ;^20O Scots which I hereby leave and bequeath
to Thomas Burness, my son, and ordain the said sum to be
paid to him six months after my decease, and I hereby exclude
James, William, and Katherine Burnesses my other children
20 Aberdeen University Review
from any share of my movables as they have already received
from me more than their equal shares of what they could claim
of my movables". This deed was witnessed by William
Greig, tenant in Stonehouse of Mergie, and James Burness,
tenant in Elfhill.
There is a note written on the back of the disposition to
this effect, " I, James Burness, having appointed in my latter
Will and Testament ;^200 Scots to be given to my son Thomas
after my death but he falling scarce of money about a year
after this said testament was made I provided the said ;^200,
and being ordered in a letter from him I sent the aforesaid
money to him by the hands of his brother William, and I hav-
ing got a discharge written on stamped paper ".
His tombstone in Glenbervie churchyard shows that James
Burness died on 3 April, 1778, aged 88 years, and that his son
George died on 16 October, 1769, aged 28 years.
18. James Burnes, servant at Polbare, Fetteresso. A witness in an
assault case heard before the Baron Court of Urie on 4 June,
1726.
19. James Burness in Cheyne, Fetteresso, 1737.
20. James Burness in Elfhill, Fetteresso, son of George Burness
there. He was elected an elder in Fetteresso parish on
14 August, 1754. Deposed from the eldership on 8 January,
1766, and reponed on 22 June, 1777. He was elected Treasurer
of the Kirk Session on 14 December, 1777, and he resigned
that post in 1780. He tenanted Elfhill from 1753 to 1783,
and then removed to Midtown of Barras, Kinneff.
21. James Burness in Inches, Glenbervie, 175 1. He was a son of
William Burness in Bogjorgan, A son James, mentioned in
the Session Records of Glenbervie on 8 July, 1764, probably
married Helen, daughter of George Burness in Elfhill.
22. James Burness in Achtochter, Fordoun, 1755.
23. James Burness, third of that name in Brawliemuir. Son of
James Burness in Hawkhill. His wife Jean Burnett and him-
self are mentioned in the Session Records of Glenbervie on
18 January, 1756.
24. John Burness in Blairs, Fordoun, 1687.
25. John Burness, tenant in Balmakewan, Marykirk, in 1698.
Burns Family in Kincardineshire 21
26. John Burness in Jacksbank, Glenbervie, Juror at Fiars Court,
1707.
27. John Burness, Weaver in Bervie. He was admitted a Burgess
of Inverbervie on 29 October, 171 5.
28. John Burness in Bogjorgan, 1779, was a purchaser at the sale
of the effects of Mr. Robert Allardice, late minister of Glen-
bervie, on 14 October, 1779. He married Jean, daughter of
Robert Burness in Clochnahill.
2^ Robert Burnes in Achtochter, Fordoun, 1698.
30. Robert Burnes in Clochnahill, Dunnottar, the poet's grandsire.
Eldest son of James Burnes, the first of that name in Brawlie-
muir. Tenant first of Upper Kinmonth, Glenbervie. Nomi-
nated for eldership in parish of Glenbervie on 28 July, 1720.
All the poet's biographers are agreed that Robert Burnes re-
moved to Clochnahill in 1721. On the other hand the Kirk
Session Records of Glenbervie definitely show that Robert
Burness in Upper Kinmonth had two rooms or sittings, in that
church at 1 1 January, 1723. In any case he was tenant of
Clochnahill from 1725 to 1745 under the unkindly sway of
the successive tacksmen of the York Buildings Company.
Robert Burnes of Clochnahill married Isabella Keith,
daughter of Alexander Keith in Upper Criggie, Dunnottar, a
farm which immediately adjoins Clochnahill. A glance at the
pedigree of Isabella Keith is not without interest She is often
stated erroneously to have been of the family of Keith of Craig.
Her father, Alexander Keith, married the widow of James
Lawrence who was his predecessor in the tenancy of Upper
Criggie. Mrs. Lawrence's maiden name was Margaret Mowat,
daughter of William Mowat in Rothnick. By her first marriage
with James Lawrence she had two sons, James and William —
the latter of whom became a Captain in the Scots Greys and a
generous friend to every one of his mother's family — and two
daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, the last being the wife of
Alexander Murray who tenanted Clochnahill prior to the entry
of Robert Burnes into that holding. By her second marriage
with Alexander Keith, she had Alexander Keith, second of that
name in Upper Criggie, Catherine, Jean, and Isabella, the last
of whom was the wife of Robert Burnes.
It is stated that Robert Burnes, in conjunction with the
Z2 Aberdeen University Review
neighbouring farmers, built a school at Clochnahill and aided
in supporting a teacher. In confirmation of this tradition it
may be noted that a Mr. John Ross was certainly residing at
Clochnahill in 1733, and I think he may be safely identified
with that Mr. John Ross who was deposed by the Presbytery
on 14 July, 171 5, from being schoolmaster in the parish of
Glenbervie by reason of his failure to subscribe the Confession
of Faith and his irregular and unwarrantable practices.
In the ledger of an old Stonehaven merchant, I came across
entries of various purchases made by Robert Burnes at Clochna-
hill at dates between 14 June, 1735, and 25 November, 1738.
His purchases included two pairs of cards (carding being
then done by hand), pipes, tobacco, coals, candles, sugar, and
brandy, and it is significant that payment was made for these
articles in kind — in the shape of hose.
It is usually stated that the family at Clochnahill was in
fair circumstances, but that the disastrous winter of 1740 seems
to have reduced them to pecuniary straits. The allusion to
Clochnahill in the following letter written by Captain William
Lawrence to his step-brother, Alexander Keith, in Upper
Criggie, shows that the family fortunes were at a low ebb for
some time before that year : —
•• Edinr, Novr 6th, 1739.
♦' Brother,
" By your last to me of ye 3rd Sepf I find you in a bad
state, ye say your last cropt did not maintain your family without
paying the Master any rent, and if this is the case that in many
tolerable good years your farm can't afford provision for your family
without buying bread, and paying no rent in a bad year. Such a
farm must soon ruin you, since the debt contracted in a bad year can
never be made up or payed by the good years, so in the end, the
Master seizes Cropt and Cattle and turns you and family abegging.
Such a farm had best be parted with in time and a better looked out
for. It can't be supposed my time in the world can be long to support
your Farm if it cannot support itself Example Clochnahill. Please
send me account what will put you on a clear footing for this time.
And if ye can gett anybody to pay you ten pounds sterling and draw
on me or payable to any in this place, I shall pay that sum on sight
of presenting the bill for the more ye gett now the less will fall to
your share afterwards. I believe I told you in my last I had left you
and each of your two sisters j£$o ster. in my Testament. It is true,
and I have left the residue and remainder of all my effects to my
sister Margaret, and after her in equal proportions to her children,
Burns Family in Kincardineshire 23
which will amount to fully as much to each of them suppose there
be six, the number I know not. I have left you, Robert Wyllie in
Powbare, and William Gibbon in Stonhyve, Exors, with some officers
in the Regiment with power to any two or three to act as most con-
veniently can, so conclude.
"Yours affectionate Brother,
"Will Lawrence."
On 15 January, 1745, Robert Burness entered into an
agreement with George Kinloch of Kair for a tack of the town
and lands of Fallside and Breaks in the parish of Kinneff;
" and that for the space of seven compleit cropts and years
after the term of Whitsunday 1745 ". The conditions of that
lease as to payment of rent not being complied with, letters of
horning were issued on 7 March, 1747, charging him to "im-
plement and perform the haill prestations contained in his
tack". By a deed dated 9 September, 1747, Robert Burns,
tenant in Fallside, for certain onerous causes and considera-
tions, renounced all right title, tacks, property, and possession
which he had in the town and lands of Fallside and Breaks in
favour of Mr. John Young of Stank who had bought the lands
from Mr. Kinloch. In terms of this deed Robert Burns was
"to flit, redd, and remove myself, wife, bairns, etc., furth and
from the said town and lands within 48 hours after the date of
signature ".
During his tenancy of Fallside (or Fawsyde, as it is now
spelt to distinguish it from another property of similar name
in Glenbervie) Robert Burnes was summoned to appear at the
Sheriff Court in the Tolbooth of Stonehy ve upon 1 8 December,
1746, at the instance of George Stephen, the previous tenant
in Fallside and now at Pitcarry, to pay to the said pursuer
compensation for damage done to his corn crop, some of which
was eaten and destroyed by a foal and calf belonging to the
defender. The case was postponed until 8 January, 1747,
when Robert Burnes, the defender, compeared and solemnly
deponed that " his bestiall did not skaith the pursuer's corns
as lybelled," and he was assoilzied.
There is no record of the date of his death, which is said to
have occurred at the house of his son-in-law, John Caird, at
Denside of Glaslaw, in the parish of Dunnottar.
24 Aberdeen University Review
31. Robert Burnes, Seaman and Whitefisher, Johnshaven, 1725.
32. Robert Burnes, in Westerton of Balfour; afterwards in Craig-
moston, Fordoun, 1745.
33. Robert Burnes, Weaver in Elfhill, Fetteresso. 1739.
34. Robert Burnes, Wright and Glazier, Stonehaven. He was
descended from the Bogjorgan line, but his father's name is
still matter for conjecture. He was for many years an active
tradesman and a well-known citizen of Stonehaven. He was
summoned by the Presbytery on 17 February, 171 7, to assist
with other tradesmen, at the visitation of the kirks of Fetter-
esso and Dunnottar which had fallen into disrepair, and he
gave in an estimate of the costs of the necessary improve-
ments. He had two sons, William and Robert — the latter a
writer in Stonehaven, He is buried in Dunnottar Churchyard,
where the inscription on his tombstone records that he died on
10 June, 1759, aged 73 ; and that Isobel Meldrum, his spouse,
died on 17 September, 1784, aged 97 years.
35. Robert Burns, Writer in Stonehaven. Son of the preceding.
He was trained for the legal profession in the office of Mr.
John Young, Sheriff Clerk, to whom he was apprenticed in
1746. He was appointed Sheriff Clerk Depute in 1753, and
on 5 July of that year he took the oath of allegiance to King
George II as Sheriff Clerk Depute and as Baron Bailie of the
Lands and Barony of Leys. He became Procurator Fiscal for
the shire in 1761 and Justice of Peace Clerk in 1765. He
had a long connection with municipal affairs in Stonehaven
as Clerk of the Managers of the Town, a post he held with
much efficiency from 1757 until 1792.
On 23 July, 1 79 1, the Sheriff of Kincardineshire, Alex.
Burnett, Esq., of Strachan — afterwards Sir Alex. Burnett
Ramsay of Balmiain, and the father of Dean Ramsay — ap-
pointed him as his Substitute with a salary of fifty pounds
yearly payable in Exchequer. He was, like his cousin the
poet, a freemason. He married in 1778 Anne Cushnie, only
daughter of Patrick Cushnie, merchant in Stonehaven, and of
Anne Straton his spouse, but they had no family.
Through her mother Anne Cushnie inherited an interest
in a plantation in Jamaica, named the Windsor Castle Estate.
On the occasion of the poet's only visit to Stonehaven on
Burns Family in Kincardineshire 25
10 and II September, 1787, he made the following entry in
his journal : —
Meet my relations, Robert Bumes, writer in Stonehive, one of
those who love fun, a gill, a punning joke, and have not a bad heart
— his wife a sweet hospitable body, without any affectation of what is
called town breeding.
The inscription on Sheriff Burnes's tombstone in Dunnottar
Churchyard records that he died on 4 June, 1796, aged 68
years, and that Anne Cushnie died on 26 April, 181 7, aged
68 years.
36. Thomas Burness, possessor of the pendicle tack in Easter
Barras, Kinneff, called Hoghillock. Had a tack of the same
from Sir William Ogilvy of Barras in July, 1688.
37. Thomas Burness in Glenbervie. Mentioned in the Kirk Session
Records on 28 April, 1728.
38. Walter Burness in Arbuthnott, 1639. In editing a selection
from the Arbuthnott Kirk Session Records, Mr. Archibald
Mason, lately Session Clerk, directed attention to the fact that
the first name mentioned in the oldest volume extant of the
Session Records is that of a Burness — under date 19 May,
1637.
39. Walter Burness in Bogjorgan. The poet's great great paternal
grandsire. He died in November, 1670. His will was signed
at Bogjorgan on 7 November of that year in presence of Robert
Taylor in Quithel and John Greig in Hawkhill. It was written
by Mr. John Irving, parson of Glenbervie. His stock at the
time of his decease consisted of two old oxen, three stots, two
kine, three quoys, two hogs, eight wedders, a chalder of beer
and infield corn, and one of outfield corn. The inventory
extended in all to ;^209 Scots.
He nominated Isobel Greig, his wife, as executrix, and
after payment of his debts he left fifty merks to each of his
two younger children David and Jean — John Greig in Hawk-
hill to be their tutor and overseer. Beside the children men-
tioned in his will he had William who succeeded him in
Bogjorgan ; James who founded the Brawliemuir family ;
Robert, John, and a daughter Margaret who married (i)
John Collie in Cammie, Strachan ; and (2) Greorge Knowles
in Gellan.
26 Aberdeen University Review
40. William Burnes, Seaman and Whitefisher, Johnshaven, 1725.
41. William Burness in Bogincaber, Glenbervie. He was ordained
an elder in Glenbervie on 10 April, 1726.
42. William Burness in Brawliemuir, 1747. Son of James Burness,,
and his successor in the tenancy of Brawliemuir. His name
appears in the Session Records of Glenbervie upon 4 Aprils
1747, as cautioner for John Gavin when giving in his name
to be proclaimed in order to marriage.
43. William Burnes, tenant in Shorehead of Johnshaven, 1751.
44. William Burnes, servant to Mr. Fullerton of Thornton, 1765.
45. William Burnes, Merchant, Johnshaven, 1791.
W. A. MACNAUGHTON.
" Qui procul hinc," the legend's writ, —
The frontier grave is far away —
"Qui ante diem periit,
Sed miles, sed pro patria."
NEWBOLT.
Xyjixa jxev icm Kevov rdS', cTrel fxdk' anoTrpodi Kelrai
oare' iw' ccr^artat?, ypdfifia 8* enea-TL roSe.
TijXovpov Kara yrjv oS' avrfp jxkv airojikeT d(opo<s,
KarOave 8' at^/xi^rr)? TrarpiZa pvo^ievo^i.
J. HARROWER.
Aberdeen Influence on American Universities.
ftHE notice in the February Review of the Academic booklets
by Mr. Kellas Johnstone and Mr. J. M. Bulloch has led
to the receipt of interesting letters from Mr. W. C. Lane,
the Librarian of Harvard, and Dr. Edgar F. Smith, the
Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, which, I
venture to think, Aberdeen graduates may like to read.
They refer to the far-reaching influence which Aber-
deen University has had on the American University
system, through the remarkable work done by her distinguished alumnus. Dr.
William Smith of Philadelphia ; and one cannot but be proud, in these days,
of anything connecting us with that great nation, whose President has shown
the sane and lofty spirit which is the finest product of academic training at its
best.
Writing to me on lo February, Mr. Lane says : —
" Mr. Bulloch's paper on Class Records and your own Bibliography
of such Records connected with Aberdeen interest me very much. . . .
At Harvard in the eighteenth century and in the early part of the nine-
teenth century all students followed precisely the same course, the same
studies being prescribed for every member of the Class. Before 1760
the principal instruction in College was given by four Tutors, each Tutor
teaching all subjects to one of the four classes, and the same Tutor con-
tinuing to teach the same class throughout the four years in College. . . .
It was in 1766 that this extraordinary and stupid system was changed,
and that the four Tutors, instead of dividing the four classes among
themselves, divided the subjects of instruction, and began a process of
specialization which has increased from that day to this. I wonder if it
is possible to establish any connection between this change and Provost
William Smith's work in the University of Pennsylvania. . . .
" It is interesting to read what Mr. Bulloch says in regard to Class
organization in America. The Class loyalty of the Graduates has been a
most important factor in the financial and moral support of the College.
As an example of this at Harvard, take the gift which the Class that
celebrates its twenty-fifth anniversary of graduation makes to the College.
For fifteen years or more each Class, as its twenty- fifth anniversary comes
round, has raised a subscription amounting to $100,000 or more, and has
presented it to the University on Commencement Day, the income
being applicable to the expenses of the University and not restricted to
any special purpose. Most Classes have some kind of annual dinner or
celebration at Commencement time, and several meet oftener in the
year. It so happened that I attended last night in Boston a dinner of
my own Class [1877-81]. Such gatherings are greatly enjoyed, and a
special bond of union exists and is felt stronger and stronger from
year to year among the members of the Class."
When acknowledging Mr. Lane's letter, I wrote also to Dr. Edgar Smith,
the present day representative, in office as in name, of the first Provost of
Pennsylvania. To each I pointed out the evidence connecting Aberdeen with
the change in the American University system — thus : —
28 Aberdeen University Review
i. Prior to 1753, the system followed in the Aberdeen Colleges was
essentially identical with that described by Mr. Lane as prevailing at
Harvard, the same Tutor (Scottice Regent) continuing to teach the same
class throughout the curriculum.
ii. On II January, 1753, the Faculty of the Marischal College and
University, being persuaded " that it will be of great advantage both to
the Masters and the Students that each professor should be fixed to a
particular branch of philosophy," resolve that Regents Francis Skene,
William Duncan, and Alexander Gerard, and their successors in office,
be assigned the subjects of Natural and Civil History, Natural Philosophy,
and Moral Philosophy. The reasons for the change were set forth by
Gerard in his " Plan of Education in the Marischal College and University
of Aberdeen" printed at Aberdeen in 1755. This booklet seems to
have attracted much attention, and a German translation was printed at
Riga in 1770.^
iii. William Smith, bom in the parish of Slains, 7 December, 1727,
son of Thomas Smith and Elizabeth Duncan, sister of the hero of Camper-
down, matriculated at University and King's College as a Bajan in
1743, winning the fifth bursary.^ After completing the usual curriculum
in 1747, he entered on educational work in London, and in 1750 we find
him publishing "A Memorial for the Established or Parochial School-
masters in Scotland". In 1751 Smith accompanied two pupils to New
York, and in 1752 he there printed "Some Thoughts on Education
with Reasops for erecting a College in this Province ". In 1753, the year
of the Marischal College resolutions, Smith returned to London where
he took Anglican orders, and revisited Aberdeenshire, preaching, as he
notes in his Diary, " in the kirk in which I was baptized " . In the same
year he published in New York " A General Idea of the College of Mir-
ania with a Sketch of the Method of teaching Science and Religion in the
several Classes and some Account of its Rise, Establishment and Build-
ings," wherein, under the guise of an allegory, he elaborated a scheme of
University Education. This remarkable booklet attracted the attention
of Benjamin Franklin, who writes, " For my part I know not when I have
read a piece that has so affected me — so noble and just are the senti-
ments, so warm and animated the language". Through Franklin's
influence Smith was appointed to a post in the Academy of Philadelphia,
which, mainly through his exertions, was transformed in 1755 into a
College empowered to grant degrees — Smith's name as Provost appear-
ing in the Charter. In the following year, transferring the site of Mirania
from New York to Philadelphia, he submitted to the Board of Trustees
^ Sllerattber @erart)3 ©ebanfen »cn ber Drbnung ber )j:^iCofoj5^tfc^cn SBiffenfd^aften nebfl
tern ^lan beg Unterric^t^ in bem SDJarfd^an^^coflegto imb auf ber Uniferfitat ?lbcrbeeti, ani
bent @m3ttf(^fn ubevfe^t, mit etntgen bte *pi}i(ofop{)te betreffenben Sctrad^liingen. Oliga : be^j
3o:^ann griebric^ .^artnc(!^. 1770.
2 It is interesting to learn from the College minutes that the fact of his being a Slains
boy obtained for young Smith a Founder's bursary to which his place on the Competition
list would not otherwise have entitled him. In 1498 King James IV granted to the newly
founded University " Ecclesiam parochialem de Slanys diocesis Aberdonensis tarn rectoriam
quam vicariam et jus patronatus ejusdem cum omnibus decimis ejusdem " (Reg. Mag. Sig.,
ii. 519) ; and Elphinstone, in his Charter of 1505, founding the College of St. Mary, pro-
vided for the endowment of twelve " scolares seu clerici pauperes ad scientias tamen specu-
lativas ingeniosi et abiles," one of whom should be chosen from the parish of Slains
{Fasti Aberd., pp. 55, 57),
^
Aberdeen Influence on American Universities 29
and printed in the " Pennsylvania Gazette," a Plan of Education for the
new College which at once recalls Gerard's Plan of 1755.
Though his name has not been perpetuated like those of the Londoner
John Harvard and the Bostonian Elihu Yale, the direct influence upon the
American University system of the Aberdeenshire William Smith was im-
measurably greater than that exercised by either of the earlier founders. All
recent American educational historians agree in recognizing the profound
significance and far-reaching effects of his " Plan ".
"It may be safely affirmed," writes Provost C. J. Still6 of Pennsylvania
in 1869,
"that in 1755 no such comprehensive scheme of education existed in
any College in the American Colonies. ... Its best eulogy is that it
has formed the basis of our present American College system."
So Mr. T. H. Montgomery, the historian of Pennsylvania University, in
roo:—
*' While there may be amendments to it, induced by local circum-
stances and drawn from his own rare ingenuity, it [Smith's Plan] may be
said to be substantially framed on that [Aberdeen] course, to which he
had an attachment, and of which he had doubtless proved its great
merits. But whence ever its origin or conception, it is the first complete
curriculum for a college training which the American colonies had yet
witnessed or recognized, and will stand for all time as the forerunner in
all advanced education on these shores."
And Professor L. F. Snow, of Columbia University, in 1907, in his "The
College Curriculum in the United States " : —
"Well was it that in 1756 the clear individual thinking of William
Smith, or the accident of his earlier association with Scottish educational
reform, had provided the American College with a programme adequate
for its immediate needs. . . , Previous to the publication of the pro-
gramme prepared by the first Provost of the University of Pennsylvania,
there was nothing in the United States that in any way resembled a
modern course of study. ^ Columbia and Princeton were hardly organ-
ized. William and Mary in Virginia was closely following the example
of Oxford. Yale in Connecticut and Harvard in Massachusetts were
practising the principles enunciated by Henry Dunster, the first President
of the latter institution in 1642, and had sworn allegiance to our earliest
collegiate standing order and to a curriculum that had Divinity for its
comer stone."
I add Provost Edgar Smith's reply to my letter. The accompanying
volume was Professor Snow's work above quoted.
" I was indeed very much interested in your letter of March nine-
teenth in regard to the College curriculum which was introduced into this
country by William Smith, first Provost of this University.
" I think it was in 1 9 1 1 that I was at St. Andrews. I there met
Dr. George Adam Smith, and I was telling him that I was quite sure
that what we call the American college curriculum had had its birth in
the University of Pennsylvania, that we owed it to our first Provost, and
^ The six American degree-granting institutions in existence in 1756 were, in order
of foundation : Harvard, Massachusetts, 163S ; William and Mary, Virginia, 1693 ; Yale,
Connecticut, 1701 ; Princeton, New Jersey, 1746 ; Columbia (originally King's College),
New York, 1754 ; and Pennsylvania, 1755.
30 Aberdeen University Review
the curriculum followed by us in 1756 was consciously or unconsciously
adopted by Harvard and Yale and other of the Colonial institutions, and
naturally passed down to those who came later. While I was speaking
to Dr. Smith, President Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia University,
approached us and I said to him, ' Am I not right in the statement
which I have just made ? ' I then repeated it, and he said, ' Yes, per-
fectly right '. Dr. George Adam Smith was very much interested and
asked me whether I wouldn't come over to Aberdeen, but I could not
go at that time, as I was obliged to make my way home.
"For years I have been saying in my public addresses that one of
the greatest educational contributions made by the University of Penn-
sylvania was that found in every American college curriculum.
"I am sending you under separate cover a book bearing the utle
' The College Curriculum '. I have pencil-marked many paragraphs
and sentences in the book. I am sure after you have read the book, you
will feel quite confident that the Scotch University gave us what we call
our American college curriculum. It is true that Cambridge probably
influenced Harvard and Yale, but we here at the University of Pennsyl-
vania bear the Scotch imprint, and as these two Universities afterwards
adopted the Plan introduced by Dr. William Smith, and Columbia and
Princeton subsequently adopted the same Plan, and all other colleges of
our land fell in line, I think we may say that our whole collegiate system
in America bears the Scotch imprint.
" I sincerely hope that the volume which is now on its way to you
will arrive safely. I am confident that you will be deeply interested in
its contents."
In a subsequent letter Provost Smith reiterates his belief in the influence
of Aberdeen : —
"To my own mind, there is not the slightest doubt but the Scotch
imprint upon the American collegiate training is the only imprint worth
talking about. If Cambridge or Oxford had influenced Harvard very
profoundly, it is not likely that Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Prince-
ton and Columbia would have accepted the Plan that William Smith put
into operation here.
" I have talked to the Presidents of the various Universities through-
out the country, and they do not hesitate to admit the prevailing Scotch
influence. In ali my speeches I emphasize the fact that what we call the
American college system is a contribution of the University of Pennsyl-
vania to Education, and that the author of our Plan was a graduate of
the University of Aberdeen. We feel profoundly grateful to Dr. William
Smith. He did a great work in this country. One of our Trustees,
the late Governor Samuel W. Penny packer, insisted that the real founder
of this University was Dr. Smith and not Benjamin Franklin.
"You know Dr. Smith also founded Washington College at
Chestertown, Maryland, in the year 1 780. He presided over it for about
ten years. It is still in existence and doing a splendid work, although
small.
"I often wish that in 1914, when at Groningen, I had accepted the
invitation of Sir George Adam Smith to go to Aberdeen. If my life is
spared, I may make a visit some day, because I would love to see the
University which trained the man who really gave his life to our Uni-
Aberdeen Influence on American Universities 3 1
versity of Pennsylvania. This last year we had an enrolment of nine
thousand students. Little did Dr. William Smith dream that his efforts
would lead to such a splendid result."
Dr. William Smith (he received honorary degrees from Abei^deen, Oxford,
•and Dublin) did not finally sever his connection with the Philadelphia College
till 1 791? when it was reconstituted under its present title of the University
of Pennsylvania. He was one of the founders in 1769 of the American
Philosophical Society, the oldest American Academy, served as its first
Secretary, and contributed many papers to its " Transactions ". He was an
acknowledged leader in the Protestant Episcopal Church of America, and the
Preface still found in the Prayer-book of that Church is the shortened and
slightly altered form of one prepared by him. In 1783 he was chosen as
their bishop by the clergy of Maryland, but seems to have been refused con-
secration in England ; which may have prompted his oppositiori to Seabury's
consecration at Aberdeen in the following year (Walker's "Life of Bishop
John Skinner," p. 36). He died in 1803, aged seventy-six. In the same
year appeared two volumes of a collected edition of his numerous writings.
A portrait by Gilbert Stuart is reproduced in this number of the Review.
A rather ponderous Life, " with [perhaps too] copious extracts from his
writings," was compiled by his great-grandson, Horace Wemyss Smith, and
published in Philadelphia in 1880. The details of the early Aberdeen con-
nection are curiously inaccurate. Some " Personal Recollections " written in
1851 by a grandson, General William Rudolph Smith (1787-1868), were first
printed in the American Historical Register for July, 1896.
Smith remembered his Alma Mater. The " Transactions " of the Ameri-
can Philosophical Society were duly presented, and there lies before me a
handsomely bound copy of his " Discourses on public occasions in America,"
1762, bearing the holograph inscription
To King's College
University of Aberdeen
In grateful Remembrance of
The Author's Obligations
To that Seat of Learning, the Place
of his Education,
This Volume is Presented
For the Use of
The Library.
Will. Smith.
October i^^th, 1762.
Even in those early days our University sent many of her sons far afield,
carrying the truttis t!iey had received from her as seed to be sown in distant
lands. Few sowed more wisely, or reaped more plenteously, than this Slains
laddie, William Smith. As we have seen, he, in his upward career, looked
back with gratefu' affection to his Alma Miter; and it seems fitting that at
times we in turn should call to remembrance his wisdom and loyalty, recog-
nizing that to him we owe the unique and honourable link which binds us for
all time to the great Universities of America.
P. J. ANDERSON.
Mr. Keith Leask's "Interamna Borealis".'
" D. has been engaged, he tells me, through a course of laborious years, in an investi-
gation into all curious matter connected with the two Universities." — Elia.
VOLUME, noteworthy among our University publica-
tions and already heralded in these pages, is at length
in our hands, having passed safely through the press
despite the vicissitudes of war. It has known delays,
consequent upon the general shortage of labour and
material, but these, saving the strain upon our patience,
have been perhaps no loss. They have at least given
the Author opportunity to nurse his text and elaborate
his notes until the whole work has become the rounded
expression of a mental attitude, a personality unique and distinctive, which
called for record, lest our Academic Annals should miss somewhat of com-
pleteness. For five and twenty years readers of " Alma Mater " have set especial
value upon the occasional essays of Mr. W. Keith Leask, and not a few desired
that, as the number of those fugitive pieces increased, they should one day
be given a more permanent form. They seemed to be predestined for a book.
Diverse in character, the essays were all informed by one spirit, a passionate
loyalty to our University, its works and days, its men and matters, and in
particular to King's College and the Aulton. Their very dust to Mr. Leask
is dear. And to him has been granted a peculiar understanding of his theme,
an unrivalled erudition, an entire unconventionality of view; above all, a
memory of minute incidents and of individual character in the swiftly passing
generations of students, which fitted this Nestor to preserve, as no other man
could, the picture of a period. He had often been urged to collect his papers,
but still he delayed. At last, some eighteen months ago, he took the urgent
petition of a friend into serious consideration. Mr. P. J. Anderson, who had
also long desired the volume, heard of the proposal, struck while the iron was
hot, and took practical measures. The scheme was feasible. It should be done.
Some one who detected in the essays an intimate kinship with Mr. Leask's
Quatercentenary edition of Neil Maclean's " Life at a Northern University,"
proposed that the present book should be uniform with the other, on which
it would be virtually a commentary. The Author saw reason in this, yielded,
and set about making his selection, for which he found the happy title of
" Interamna," "the town between the rivers," adding " Borealis," to hold it
distinct from its Umbrian name-mother. Mr. Theodore Watt of the Rose-
mount Press has spared no pains in the printer's and publisher's department.
^ " Interamna Borealis : being Memories and Portraits from an old University Town
between the Don and the Dee ". By W. Keith Leask, M. A. Aberdeen : The Rosemount
Press, 1917.
Mr. Keith Leask's "Interamna Borealis" 33
Such, then, is the genesis of this book, its birth and christening. For giving
these more intimate details we make no apology : to Aberdeen students it
is, as it were, a family affair, and the facts should be known. " There are
reagions in families," said Mrs. Gamp, " for keeping things a secret, Mr.
Westlock, and for having only them about you as you know you can repoge
in." Here, having about us only those whom we can "repoge" in, reasons
for secrecy there are none, albeit this exordium may lie somewhat out of a
reviewer's beaten track.
These " Memories and Portraits from an old University Town between
the Don and the Dee " are the outcome of a feeling towards the genius loci,
which does not extend very far back into the deeps of time. With full con-
sciousness of this limitation and of its historical importance (for it may be
said to mark an epoch) Mr. Leask has struck the keynote of his book in an
introductory essay, hitherto unpublished, on " The Academic Revival ". By
this he means the growth of a filial spirit, reverent and affectionate, towards
the University as an institution, as a home of venerable tradition, as the meet-
ing place of choice comrades, as the apotheosis of the best days of life. In
the earlier part of the last century such an emotion, although not wholly ab-
sent, was not common. We have met, and have marvelled at, aged alumni,
otherwise estimable persons, who seemed to hold not one happy recollection
of their student days, and who in round terms abused their Alma Mater for a
stony-hearted stepmother. Such a renegade may still exist here and there,
but his rarity is proved by the pained reprehension with which a Class of more
recent times viewed the epistle of a member, who, on receiving the Secretary's
general invitation to keep touch and contribute to the Record, refused point-
blank, saying that since the day he left college he had taken just as much
interest in the Class as it had taken in him, and that was precisely nil. His
amiable communication was conspicuous by its entire singularity. He alone
rejected the brotherly tie of the four years' sojourn together. "Ephraim,"
said the Class, " is joined to idols : let him alone," and, with a tear, the
Secretary filed the letter — " alms for oblivion ". Aristides (something less
than Just) had signed his own banishment. Such apostacy is foreign to the
motive and cue of " Interamna," which is the best testimony to the reality of
the Academic Revival it prefigures. By a curious irony, duly noted by that
perfervid son of King's, the ingenious Author, it was a Marischal man who
gave the first impulse to the new and better sentiment. David Masson,
rugged and leal-hearted, saw right through to the kernel of the matter. In
him the flame burned pure. He understood what a University should stand
for to her sons, and he awoke the dormant fires of patriotism by that article in
" Macmillan's Magazine " of February, 1864, which Mr. Leask takes as the
fons et origo of the movement. Masson, while pleading for the human and
personal side of Academic association, was not insensible to the local and inir
animate. Old Marischal College, as he knew it, had none of the architectural
graces of King's, but to that gaunt pile he made his confession of loving-allegi-
ance, and would not depart from it even when Simpson's finer lines had
usurped the site. For him there was but one Marischal College, the college
of Dugald Dalgetty, a house rude and plain of feature, but ever memorable
and dear, a thing to lift his imagination to the frosty stars " seeming to roll,
soliciting astrological watch " above the grey towers on winter nights. But
Masson's sentimental vision had a practical side, a practical issue. His
34 Aberdeen University Review
" Macmillan " paper pleaded for an awakening of the historical sense, he hoped
for some Anthony a Wood to prepare an AthencB et Fasti, or at least a society
to do the work. He saw both his wishes fulfilled. His words inspired Mr.
P. J. Anderson, while yet a student, to his invaluable researches into our
Academic history : they led also to the resuscitation of the Spalding Club.
Their works need no particular mention here. How the revival grew and
was carried on in various directions by George MacDonald, Dr. Walter
Smith, Colonel Johnston, Mr. J. M. Bulloch, Professor R. S. Rait, and
others is the theme of Mr. Leask's opening chapter. An offshoot of the move-
ment was the founding in 1883 of " Alma Mater " as the result of a speech
by Dr. Beveridge to the Debating Society. From the mention of that event
the chronicler passes by an inevitable next step to the names of W. C.
M 'Donald and Adam Mackay.
Do our successors on the benches know these things ? What to them are
the names of M 'Donald and Mackay? To former generations they meant
much. It has always been one of the regrets of my life that I never had the
good fortune to meet M'Donald, that rare and too early passing spirit, but
Mackay (alas that he too is now only a memory !) is in one respect the pole
of my college days, for he was my Mentor in University journalism, ft is
impossible to speak of him in an impersonal way. My first glimpse of him
I caught at a concert in the Music Hall shortly before I entered King's. The
hall was crowded, there was " standing room only " in the gangway to the
south of the east gallery, and there close by the wall stood an Olympian figure.
It was a place of draughts, shrewd and compelling. Suddenly, at a pause
in the music, the place resounded to an Olympian sneeze. I turned and saw
that it proceeded from this remarkable man. " Who is that? " I asked an
ex-Bajan who was with me. He looked at me, as who should say, " What 1
not to know him argues yourself unknown ". Then he added with crushing
emphasis, "That is Adam Mackay". Somehow the phrase seemed to convey
everything. It was not long before one knew that this was the Princeps
Juventutis of the time. Before many Sundays had passed one had recog-
nized him again in his unfailing place at the extreme right-hand corner of
the front pew in the south gallery of Queen's Cross Church. One had seen
him marshal a rectorial procession in Bon-Accord Square with the air and skill
of a Field-officer. In those days we were sadly to seek in drill. To-day men
would form fours in the orthodox way in two minutes under any leader who
could give the word of command. Not so then. But Adam, gold-spectacled
and calm, was equal to the occasion. He took his stand close to the West
Craibstone Street entrance to the Square and set his disorderly forces in motion,
anyhow, circulating round the garden railings. When he had got them well
going, he drew near the left flank and cried as the straggling vanguard came
on, " Fall into fours there, fall into fours ". He was obeyed. He carried some
sort of a baton and regulated the advancing files. The stream of men came
on to him a mob : it left him an ordered host m very presentable array.
Most unmilitary, but most effective. Then he led them out into Bon- Accord
Street and so down Union Street triumphantly, with "John Brown's Body"
setting a good swinging pace. Then did we first clearly understand what
Homer means by " marshaller of the people ".
It was in my Semi year that I at length made Adam's acquaintance. Some
trifling foolish offerings of a Bajan pen to "Alma Mater" had found favour
in the great man's eyes and saw the light in print. Early in the session of
Mr. Keith Leask's "Interamna Borealis" 35
1889-90 came a request in Mackay's firm stylographic character that I would
join the Editorial Committee and attend next Saturday in Mr. Bisset's top
room. Duffus's I never knew, worse luck. Mr. Leask hints at the reason for that
removal. But the Broad Street meetings were great to those who never saw
the earlier symposia. There we learned business. Adam's entrance was like
the solemn eu^jy/tctre of the herald in the Theatre of Dionysus. He gave the
law, heard reports, and settled the fate of shy contributors. The great moment
came when he called on Bulloch to report on the poetry received on approval.
Ever memorable is the Ballad of " False Louise ". The curious will find one
stanza in "King's Notes " where it was quoted as a hint to Bajan bards how
not to do it. The rest is silence. But not silent was the laughter of that
top room. These were, however, the lighter interludes. The business of
the University Magazine was seriously undertaken. Adam saw to that.
"Interamna" records his work with perfect truth and fairness. His achieve-
ment was the placing of " Alma Mater " on a sound financial basis. He knew
that advertisements must be had, and he got them. The paper became a
"recognized medium," and so it has remained. It is well that succeeding
generations should know something of the man who did so much for the cor-
porate life of the undergraduate, and Mr. Leask has given him a worthy
memorial. Equally sympathetic is the paper on M'Donald. His work was
different from Mackay's. Adam, like Delane, considered it no part of an
editor's business to write for his paper, although he insisted on a high literary
standard. M'Donald was a literary man, first of all, a scholar, a fine critic,
a minute annotator of his own marvellously wide reading. He was perhaps
the most gifted of Minto's most brilliant class, his first Bajans. In him the
Academic Revival was personified. To him King's and former King's days
were everything. The old associations were a stay and solace as he lay
dying." It seemed fitting that the paper he nursed in its early days should
have been the last he looked upon." The mantle of Mackay and M'Donald
descended upon Allan Johnson, another whom the gods loved. Of M'Donald
Johnson wrote : " He came of a stock which has been loved and rever-
enced in Kildrummy for generations and which has long guided the parish
from pulpit to schoolhouse ". "Their best testimonial and product," adds
Mr. Leask, "would be found in W. C. M'Donald. 'The Class of 1880-84,'
as Professor Minto said, ' has had no equal.' And of that Class he was by
unanimous consent ' the universal favourite ' — brief but fitting memorial.
What Arts man could have or desire more ? "
We have been tempted to linger over these biographical portions of Mr.
Leask's book, and to add a note here and there, because they illustrate with
especial force the author's contention that " the true university is a corporation
that can never die, rooted in the Past and fronting confidently the Future ".
Universities he sees " founded on and rooted in Religion and the Moral Law :
the Teacher Theory, so far from being their Proprium is not even an Accident
of their Being ". Mr. Leask looks for the growth and strengthening of this
idea by which three of the former editors of " Alma Mater " were deeply in-
spired. " To their memory this reprint of papers in the magazine founded
and fostered by them is dedicated." The names in the dedicatory inscription
are needless to say those of William Christie M'Donald, Adam Mackay, and
Allan Johnson.
Some may sm.ile, perhaps, at Mr. Leask's hero-worship and ask what, after
all, these young men did. M'Donald alone of the three has an "academic
36 Aberdeen University Review
record '' in the narrow sense. Johnson was content with a pass degree,
Mackay never graduated. " This inequality of the reputation," as Emerson re-
marks, "to the works or the anecdotes is not accounted for by saying that
the reverberation is longer than the thunderclap; but somewhat resided in
these men which begot an expectation that outran all their performances.
The largest part of their power was latent. This is what we call Character — a
reserved force which acts directly by presence, and without means. . . .
' Half his strength he put not forth.' His victories are by demonstration of
superiority and not by crossing of bayonets. He conquers, because his arrival
alters the face of affairs." They begot an expectation. Fate intervened, else
had they nobly fulfilled it even further than they were permitted. As a
vindication of character the life of all the three was an asset of our University
history. Johnson, dead on the field in South Africa, has his memorial tablet
in the Union. But their best monument is this book.
From the individual we come to the Class, to which Mr. Leask devotes at
least five of his essays—" The First Class Supper," " The Class Roll," " The
Oldest Class Record," " Meminisse Juvat," " Records of the Arts Class, 1884-
88," and incidentally several others. As the best expression of corporate life,
as the indissoluble and distinctive bond of union between student and student,
the old Class System was sui generis. We do not know what has taken its
place to-day, when students follow their own choice in studies. Perhaps the
University itself stands to them as the subsidiary unit did to us, and therein,
on a broad view, there may be great gain. But it will be hard to persuade
Mr. Leask that this is so. Of the thing that was, he has given us the
quintessence and the history. The present generation will decide whether it
has found any worthy substitute. To us of a former dispensation "Our
Class " has a weighty significance. The members are not as other men.
While life lasts they remain in a category by themselves. A chance meeting
is an Occasion, opening up vistas of memory that lead back to the Crown, the
Aulton, to familiar names and incidents, to the fighting of old battles over
again. And it is more. For the Class is an Entity. There is in it some-
what of the Divine. It is " Intelligent, Free, and Righteous," as Professor Fyfe
used to reiterate with such emphasis in another connection. It has a Col-
lective Mind that issues moral judgments to which we owe allegiance. Here
let Mr. Leask supply proof in one of his choicest anecdotes.
One night George Morrison had succeeded in the lark (turning off the gas in the
Humanity Manse) when Professor Ferguson had a Senatus dinner party. Suspicion fell
on George, but he evaded the charge by an alibi. His landlady was before the Senatus
and I believe I have read the minute of proceedings in their official records. I now feel
like Sterne's Recording Angel, when he flew up to Heaven's Chancery, and dropt the ob-
literating tear on the record as he handed it in. " She swore black and white," said my
informant, a minister of the Church of Scotland. " She was a Papist, and maybe she saw
her wye. Let us not too hastily prejudge. ' It coudna be Mr. Morrison, because at the
time his boots, his only pair, wis afore the kitchen fire, and the door wis locki .' Weel,
weel ; it lies atween her and her Maker this nicht. She obscured the fact that George gaed
oot on his stockin'-soles." Then he brightened up. " But she'll hae the support 0' oor
Class, onywye." To my mind the idea of that Arts Class, on the Day of Judgment, con-
stituting itself into an Advisory Committee or Exemption Tribunal (under Lord Derby's
recruiting scheme) has something in it positively of the Sublime.
Mr. Leask's whimsical point enshrines a deep truth. " The support o'
oor Class, onywye," is a thing not to be lightly esteemed, a touchstone of
honour to which any classfellow would gladly submit himself. " I speak for
the Class," said an old King's man, as he enclosed a handsome testimonial
Mr. Keith Leask's " Interamna Borealis" 37
to a comrade seeking some appointment. It is possible that the august
external Powers whom the document was intended to move did not entirely
realize the full weight of that advocacy, for they knew not Joseph and the
traditions of the place whence he sprung ; but the candidate himself, success-
ful or unsuccessful, felt that he had not lived in vain. The Class, in its
most distinguished representative, had thought him worthy and had desired to
see him succeed one whose memory it held dear. It was enough. After that,
Electoral Authority might please itself. There could be no bitterness in
failure.
The Class declares itself in its Official Record, another product of the
Academic Revival. Mr. Leask would note that in the Record it also betrays
itself, for if power be lacking, the fact will out in that document. The su-
preme manifestation of power he finds, justly, in Mr. Shewan's " Meminisse
Juvat," which will never be beaten. It stands to mark the calibre of the men
of 1866-70. Others may have done well, none so excellently. They were
happy in their editor, who combined all the necessary qualities and qualifica-
tions. What these are Mr. Leask lays down categorically. " The selection of
an Editor is a matter equal to the task of a Cabinet in war time. Chairs can
be filled up any day and are of no importance, but the Editor holds by divine
right." Although Class Records are of later growth, they were at least worthily
foreshadowed long before the Academic Revival took being. The ground was
ready for Masson's good seed. Of this we have documentary proof in the
essay, "The Oldest Class Record : 1787-91 ". Again it is Marischal College
that leads the way. In 1803 the Marischal Arts Class of the years in ques-
tion founded a Dining Club which met annually until 1834. Their Minutes
which exist in MS., were kept with particular care and fulness, and although
not intended to be more than notes of the yearly reunion, throw much in-
teresting light on the members and their careers. The Class believed in
matrimony. On 13 November, 1813, "Rob, sometimes called Bob, Morice
was singled out as the only bachelor. He was admonished, and promised
entire submission." Here we have the germ of the Class Paramount, Parental
and Dictatorial. There was no evading the fiat. On 9 November, 181 6,
"Boo Morice's submission to the will of the Class" (note the phrase) was
practically announced, and Mrs. Morice's child, the parent of a long line of
academic Morices, was enthusiastically toasted.
The pages of " Interamna " are so rich in allusion, suggestion, and memory
that the task of representing the book adequately in a review is a task almost
of despair. The undergraduate chapters alone would consume all our space ;
they touch every side of byegone student life with affectionate remembrance
and quiet irony. Nothing is forgotten. The Homeric combats of Bajan
and Semi, the toil of the Tertian, the loftiness of the Magistrand, Bursary
Night, walks and talks amid familiar scenes, the spell of well-known places,
the Crown, the Cathedral, the High Street, the Br g o' Balgownie, the Links,
Girdleness at midnight, visits to the theatre and vain shows in Weighhouse
Square and the Aulton Market, all live again and will come home with grate-
ful power to the men who find these inseparable from the history of their
college days.
Mr. Leask is letter-perfect in the songs that have from time to time caught
the popular fancy. He revives them, often with illuminating notes on date
and authorship. We " hear old songs turn up again," and the author sings
some of his own, as an interlude to his prose pieces. This from " October " ; —
38 Aberdeen University Review
There are bells in my ear that are ringing,
First bells that I ever heard ring,
Never tune of the minhfullest singing
Can now such a melody bring.
The first winds of winter are shaking
The last hectic leaf on the tree,
Down the Spital the red gowns are taking
Their jocund way careless and free ;
Is it fancy deceives,
Or I hear in the leaves,
Their pattering feet in their glee ?
It is good to be merry, you know.
Ere the windows are dark in the street,
Ere the sound of the grinding is low.
And evil days chance you to meet.
When the almond tree blossoms in flower,
When clouds come apace after rain.
When sun, moon, and stars seem to lour —
O, believe me, you'll often be fain
To find your best cheer
For the days that are near
In the dream you're a Bajan again !
But the undergraduate scenes are only a part of the volume. The pastors
and masters are not forgotten. The section entitled "Olim Gives " presents
the portraits of men we knew and of some who stood further off in time.
There we meet once more with Principal Sir William Geddes who accom
plished for the North "such a work as no other but Melvin has surpassed
. . . When one reflects how far above his colleagues he stood in actual at
tainments, I think we can be at no loss in assigning the advance in Aberdeen
and all along the line, during his tenure of office, chiefly, if not rather entirely
to his eff"orts, inspiration, and method." Each venerable and picturesque
Principal Geddes and King's College were one and indivisible. He told Mr
Leask that he believed the Crown would be found in his heart as Calais was
in Mary's. He hoped it would be the last object he should see. "For
nearly half a century he was our best and most representative scholar. Per-
sonally," says Mr. Leask, " I owe much to his method, more to his enthusiasm,
most to his spirit."
While Sir William Geddes was devoted heart and soul to the genius loci,
it was not easy to "draw him " for reminiscences of the older personalities of
King's College. Mr. Leask, at any rate, never succeeded in Boswellizing him
on those earlier worthies. He would speak, however, of his first meeting in
the quadrangle with George MacDonald. It is not easy to discover from Mr.
Leask's text whether the Principal or another gave him an account of the
future novelist's startling costume — "a broad bonnet, red waistcoat with brass
buttons, tartan trousers, and a short tweed coat ". Was this general, or was
MacDonald individually flamboyant? Did the novelist impress his own
colour-scheme on his bizarre descriptions of Aberdeen students' dress in
*' Alec Forbes " ? These have always been to the present reviewer a stum-
bling-block. I think I have heard Mr. Leask confess to a similar misgiving.
But this note of his hints at a grain, perhaps, of verisimilitude. Yet somehow
"Alec Forbes" never seems to ring quite true, whereas the student episodes
in "Robert Falconer " carry a more convincing air. " Interamna," by the
way, gives an illustration of George MacDonald's window in the Spital. The
illustrations, from Mr. W. F. Webster's admirable and unhackneyed photo-
Mr. Keith Leask's "Interamna Borealis" 39
graphs, include also a new view of the Crown, and peculiarly charming
glimpses of Powis Gateway and the Chanonry. The Frontispiece is W. K. L.
himself, here revealed not with his will, but at the insistence of his friends.
There is also the " Quasi Cursores " sketch of Professor Masson.
Enter now, as we survey the gallery of Olim Gives, another well-known
figure indispensable to the collection. He is celebrated both in verse and in
prose. Let the Epigoni look well on him and learn to know him. To him,
too, they owe much, for without him they could not find their way so easily
about the Library shelves. Does any tradition of our quaint Moralist and
erstwhile Librarian, whose labour gave us the great Catalogue, linger on at
King's ? Does his shy and kindly spirit haunt the groves of Academe ? Is
there any legend of his hat, his socks, his jokes, his marvellous diagrams, his
"Primo, Secundo, Tertio," his "Springs" and "Guides" of Action, his
analysis of Pleasures and Pains, his gnomic utterances on Whewell and
Fleming, his devotion to Butler, his fine contempt of " Herbert Spencer
and the small fry of metaphysicians " ? If not, there is help at hand. For
here is a picture, round and full, of Professor John Fyfe, " Johnny," who
lived in and only for " my Magistrands ". His was the only lecture of the
Fourth Year, if men had already got their Natural History and Geology out
of the way and did not frequent optional Christian Evidences ; hence the Pro-
fessor considered the Magistrands his own peculiar property. The feeling
was reciprocal. I cannot imagine what a Magistrand year would be without
Professor Fyfe. Gradually, during the previous three sessions, all his best japes
and illustrations, "Binnie the B aver with his dam dyke" and so forth, had
filtered down to us, but they lost nothing in effect when at last we heard them
viva voce. Of his philosophical teaching I am not competent to speak, but
who among us who was not the better for having " sat under " this excellent
old master ? He was himself a Moral Philosophy : perhaps his was the real
chair of Humanity. Let Mr. Leask speak : —
Who can follow him into the long months of inaction and seclusion till the faces of
•* my Magistrands " once again brought life and joy to the old Academic wit and humorist ?
Long ere Andrew Carnegie had been invested with his millions, " Johnny " with his little
had been discovering cases of hardship in the Class — so we learned in confidence from a
friend of a recipient — and inditing cheery little billets (with enclosure) in some modified
dislocation or distortion of writing that doubtless led him to hug the delusion that he had
quite succeeded in disguising his impossible penmanship. For years he had been at it,
no one had known it, and he died believing it unknown. He had no other friends but his
Magistrands.
He remembered them all : he asked only their remembrance.
Remember me ! Not yet that hour
Wi' ilka class the warl' a' ower,
When we forget your hamely power
An' witty war,
That sklented in our gude hame-ower
Braid tongue o' Mar.
When the last portal's passed by men, ,
And deeds are rankit tapmost, then
On this ye may gey safe depen' —
I wad my life —
That unco few get far'er ben
Than Johnny Fyfe.
To these lines every magistrand, from 1876 to 1894, will breathe " Amen ".
They will thank Mr. Leask for this renewed glimpse of our Moralist out
40 Aberdeen University Review
for his constitutional on the Nigg Road or above Balgownie plucking a
spray of lilac and " humming his artless little roundelay ".
Every page in this section of the book tempts the reviewer to quotation,
but " Interamna " must be read to get the full flavour of these sketches. Here
we meet again Dr. David Rennet, prince of extra-muralists, who abjured the
" fetish-worship of the degree ". " I believe it was the earthly mission of
David Rennet to explode this in the gentlest and most effectual way." He
stood for knowledge, progressive and infinite. While he taught mathematics
with equal care to don and dunce, he looked far beyond theorems and text-
books. Even five minutes' conversation with Davie left a man richer on what-
ever topic he touched, and his interests were world-wide. Were it the news
of the day home and foreign, he left you with a conviction that you had not
read carefully enough, that you had not gone the right way about getting the
" hang of things ". Yet he never left a sting. He was healthy intellectual
stimulus personified.
To complete the picture of King's in Mr. Leask's day, John Colvin, Sacrist
of Sacrists, last of an old order, " oxters " the Mace and dons his faded purple
gown once more before our eyes. Minto is here, "the Bien-aimd of his
dynasty," and that makes up the sum for the reviewer of the " weel kent
faces". But many will recognize Fuller, David Thomson, and Sir James
Donaldson, while literary history claims the papers on John Barbour, Ossian
Macpherson, and Rabbi Duncan. Masson I saw and heard on his last visit
to Aberdeen, and glad I am thereof, for I know that W. K. L.'s witness of him
is true, every word.
These notes can give but a partial account of a rich and many-sided book.
It has been possible only to glance at salient features and to indicate types of
the men and scenes that are for the Author and his readers "Interamna
Borealis". Over that section entitled "The Library" we would gladly linger
with "J. F." and Dr. Robert Walker and hear Leask discourse on "What
Graduates Read — Then and Now ". Of the purely humorous and whimsical
passages too little has been said, but our time is out ; and they must be read,
imperatively, at first hand.
As I write, it is again October, the month that, above all others, draws
the thoughts of King's men back to the Aulton and the Crown. Here in
Hertfordshire the leaves are falling red and sere ; by this time they will be
lying deep drifted along the walls in College Bounds and the Chanonry.
This year fewer feet of students will rustle them when the bell goes at nine.
The too-familiar simile of the leaves and the generations of men
oTjj itfp ^JWcDP ytyffi, rolt] Se koI wSpuv
takes a new and deeper significance for us in this fourth year of war when we
think of our University's long Roll of Service and Sacrifice. But however
rudely her ordered life has been interrupted, she maintains her continuity, in
which, we take it, this book is an enduring link. For it is an outcome of that
quickening of filial piety which taught her sons that she had a great history,
by the light of which she must direct her course, in no spirit of narrow
reaction, but ever seeking, amid progress, to be worthy of her heritage.
" Interamna Borealis," discursive and informal though it be, embodies, with a
vitality denied to more formal treatises, the Idea of a University, — " a seat of
Learning, seat of the highest Learning of the day, the advanced trenches of the
nation in a never-ending war ".
J. D. SVMON.
Reviews.
The Idea of God in the Light of Recent Philosophy. The Gifford
Lectures delivered in the University of Aberdeen in the years 1912 and
1913. By A. Seth Pringle-Pattison, LL.D., D.C.L., Professor of Logic
and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. Oxford : Clarendon
Press, 1917.
The University has every reason to be gratified by this valuable addition to
its Gifford Series ; and the public will be grateful for this volume which em-
bodies the mature reflections of a lifetime on the most difficult and important
of problems. In two respects these lectures occupy a place by themselves in
the Aberdeen Series. Most, if not all, the courses given in the University,
have taken the form of introductory, defensive, or historical discussions of the
main subjects for which the Lectureship was founded : Professor Pattison deals
with some aspect of the theological problem at every turn of his argument.
And whereas most previous courses have treated religious experience as de-
pendent for its value on the findings of philosophical and scientific investiga-
tion, these lectures constantly appeal to the distinctive deliverances of ripe
religious experience to correct the results as well as to guide the direction of
philosophical analysis. Religion is recognized to have an independent place
in the plan of human experience ; its demands and implications have to be
explained and cannot be explained away by intellectual criticism. One must
admit the wisdom and the sanity of such a position. It is, moreover, a view
shared alike by a relentless intellectual scepticism (e.g. that of Hume or
Pascal), and by the higher common-sense of mankind. The supposition that
man must prove the existence of God before he builds a temple is indeed a
curious inversion of human thought, hardly intelligible outside the circle of
those who have succeeded in divorcing intellectual activity from the substance
of human experience. It is no doubt important to handle with caution the
claims of the religious attitude to have an independent sphere and even a
special language of its own (Cp. p. 252). But to the discerning mind this
should present no greater difficulty than is offered in the parallel case of the
interpretation of artistic experience. Those best qualified to judge will readily
admit that Professor Pattison has skilfully steered his course between those
who take every word of religion to be the revelation of religious truth, and
those who find no language but that of theology or philosophy adequate to
its expression.
The author takes his stand upon the "instincts and beliefs which con-
stitute man's higher nature. These are indeed imperishable, the supreme
example of that power of self- maintenance and of adaptation to changing
circumstance which, science teaches us, is the characteristic of all that lives "
(p. 81). These instincts and beliefs along with "our common-sense attitude
42 Aberdeen University Review
towards natural things" (p. 183) form the background of the reflections upon
the successive problems with which the lectures deal. The author's aim,
consistently and steadily pursued from first to last, is to examine recent re-
presentative philosophical theories concerning man's relation to the world,
with a view to discovering how far they do justice to the fundamental claims
which are thus rooted in the constitution of man's spirit. It is a unity of
purpose rather than the unity of a system, which binds the chapters together.
This is a gain to the reader, since the discussion is kept fresh and untram-
melled at each stage. And it enables the author to present and confirm his
main thesis from many different points of view. The positive philosophical
doctrine which the author persuasively off'ers for acceptance may be summed
up in the propositions : that there is no break anywhere in the structure of
Reality ; that nature and spirit are inseparable from each other and form but
different planes of Reality ; that man's spirit is thus " organic to the world " ;
and that in the supreme values of man's life, truth and goodness and beauty,
Reality is on the one hand affirming its inmost nature, and man on the other
hand is appropriating Reality.
This doctrine will be seen to be in line with what is most important and
probably most enduring in current idealistic thought. In a series of lectures
which are on the whole critical of recent philosophical theories, the establish-
ment of the position put forward is mainly indirect. But it gains in cogency
by being placed in relief against explanations which are shown to break down
at crucial points. And it is certainly in consonance with the assumption of
the primary value of our elementary beliefs, from which the author starts.
Professor Pattison is well aware that the doctrine rests in the long run on a
conviction which is not reached by, and in a sense is beyond the reach of
antecedent argument. " Every form of philosophical idealism," he says
(p. 236), "appears to involve this conviction of the profound significance of
human life, as capable of appropriating and realizing these [ultimate human]
values. And without such a conviction, argument about God or the universe
would seem to be mere waste of time ; for the man to whom his own life is
a triviality is not likely to find a meaning in anything else."
The philosophical theories discussed do not follow any definite sequence
in time or in logical relation : they are selected for their importance or re-
presentative interest. But on the whole we may say the first series of lectures
deals with theories which emerged into prominence in the earlier part of the
nineteenth century, the second series with those which have claimed attention
in the later period of the nineteenth century. In the criticism of the former
perhaps most readers will agree that the most illuminating lectures are those
entitled " The Lower and the Higher Naturalism " (Lect. V), and " Man as
Organic to the World" (Lect. VI). Of the second series Lectures XIV and
XV on the metaphysical positions of Bradley and Bosanquet deserve special
attention. In these the author differentiates his views from a form of idealism
with which he has much in common, but which on certain vital issues runs
counter to that which he maintains. The main point of disagreement turns
on the value attached to individuality, especially human individuality. The
theories of Bradley and Bosanquet are criticised on the ground that the indi-
vidual is exclusively or primarily treated as a representative of a universal.
Whether it be a law or an end or a spirit does not seriously aiTect the ultimate
issue ; the individual is conceived to be an instance of a principle, a variable
Reviews 43
element in the income of the Real not a component part of its capital. Against
this view the author urges that the full meaning of the individual is not found
at all unless we take his distinguishing and peculiar qualities as essential factors
in his composition ; in a word the particularity of the individual, what he is to
himself, is of vital moment in estimating his significance. It is difficult to
deny the fundamental importance of this contention : and when emphasized
it seems strange that it should ever have been ignored. Professor Pattison
seems to consider that the admission of its importance is on the whole con-
sistent with the general position advocated by the theories which he thus
criticizes ; and he agrees with these authors in taking " intellectual coherence
as an absolute criterion " (p. 239) of reality. No doubt intellectual coherence
may mean many things, but as understood and accepted by Bradley and
Bosanquet, I doubt if it is in the long run consistent with the interpretation
of human individuality which Professor Pattison gives, and which seems so
important and just. The discussion of this point would, however, be beyond
the requirements of this review.
On two important subjects the reader may be expected to look for the
formal judgment of the author — our knowledge of God and the permanence
of the individual. It is evident from the author's main line of thought that
man is capable of realizing the nature of an Ultimate Reality, and that this
Reality is in some sense spiritual. But the question remains. What kind of
knowledge has man of God or the Absolute ? Our author says " we have pro-
ceeded in these lectures throughout on the principle of analogy, and it has
been my contention that no other procedure is reasonable" (p. 324). Our
knowledge of the Absolute has always the limitations of a human perspective.
Such a declaration is consistent with an important statement which Professor
Pattison makes on page 175, that we may suppose "larger intelligences exist-
ing in worlds beyond our ken ". But it must be taken along with the doctrine
that "the world of finite individuals may well constitute the End of the
Absolute " (p. 294) ; and again with the view already mentioned that in those
ultimate values which are supreme for us we are realizing and finding the
very nature of the Absolute. Putting these statements together we are entitled
to conclude that, however imperfect our knowledge of God may be, yet our
knowledge, such as it is, has a measure of truth accurate within our sphere of
being and adequate to our ends. The goodness and the beauty of which we
are conscious may be a most imperfect approximation to the goodness and the
beauty which are present to an absolute Spirit. But they must be unmistak-
ably real expressions of ultimate goodness and ultimate beauty, if they are
what we take them to be, and if they are what our author's doctrine claims
them to be.
The problem of the permanence of the individual, or "Immortality," is
handled most directly in Lecture XVIII on "Time and Eternity". The
general argument here will be found both illuminating and suggestive to
those who seek a solution of this problem. It puts the reader at a point of
view from which he can conceive an immortal life, a life which maintains the
unity of its being throughout the whole stream of actual and possible change.
Taken along with the author's contention that the infinite reality " reflects it-
self in finite nature" (p. 295) and fulfils itself in finite individuals, there can
be no doubt regarding the conclusion to be drawn from the lectures. The
individual is as valuable to the Eternal Spirit as the purpose of the Absolute
44 Aberdeen University Review
demands : and endurance for any longer or any shorter time than this no
human being can demand. The author has abandoned the formulation of a
more popular doctrine of immortality to which he once gave his adherence,
and admits that " there is certainly possible a disinterested devotion to ideals
whose triumph, as we quite simply say, we shall not be there to see " (p. 45).
" Personal immortality, as the history of the race abundantly shows, is not an
absolute necessity, in the sense that without it the world becomes a sheer
irrationality " {ibid.). This sobriety of judgment will surely meet with general
acceptance.
On many other points one would like to comment ; but this would carry
us beyond the limits of this review. One expression of the true meaning of
the principle of teleology deserves, however, a brief remark. Naturally the
discussion of this conception occupies considerable space throughout the
lectures. But one seldom sees its significance condensed into a pithy phrase.
Teleology, our author points out, just means "await the issue," "see what it
all comes to " (p. 331). In politics " wait and see " has done good service to
a certain party. As a philosophical interpretation of the abstract and much-
used concept of teleology, the phrase is at once wisdom and witticism.
J. B. Baillie.
Q. Septimi Florentis Tertulliani Apologeticus. The text of Oehler
annotated, with an introduction. By John E. B. Mayor, M.A., Professor
of Latin in the University of Cambridge. With a translation by Alex-
ander Souter, B.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of Aber-
deen. Cambridge : at the University Press. 191 7. Pp. xx + 496.
This volume is a most welcome contribution to the English study of Tertul-
lian. Professor Mayor maintained the Cambridge tradition of attention to
this Latin father which threw up, nearly a century ago. Bishop Kaye's mono-
graph on TertuUian's theology. As we might expect from a professor of Latin,
the present series of notes is mainly concerned with the Latinity of TertuUian's
masterpiece ; it does not attempt to furnish the reader with the help afforded,
for example, by Heinze or by the great Louvain editor, Waltzing. Professor
Mayor indeed is modest enough to say that his notes " are not exhaustive, but
are intended chiefly as a supplement to earlier commentaries " ; if they are not
" by far the best commentary ever published," as Professor Souter enthusias-
tically claims, they certainly contain rich materials for any student who has
patience and scholarship enough to pick out what he wants from the com-
pressed references and parallels. These were for the most part written in an
interleaved copy of Oehler. The task of editing them must have been often
arduous, and we owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Souter and his coad-
jutors who have succeeded in adding this posthumous book to the credit of
patristic learning in our country.
The editor's translation was a happy thought. It is based, of course,
upon a first-rate knowledge of the language ; it is honest and accurate. The
sense of Tertullian is frequently difficult to grasp, and much more difficult to
reproduce in anything like idiomatic English. Sometimes one has the feeling
that to translate him one ought to steep oneself in a writer like Carlyle ; there
is the same undercurrent of sarcasm and defiant irony, the same allusiveness^
the same independence in the use of language. This is particularly true of a
Reviews 45
treatise like the *' De Pallio," with its clothes- philosophy, but it applies even
to the Apology in part. Sometimes the translator does not follow Pro-
fessor Mayor's text, and at one of these points he adopts a reading which robs
TertuUian of an ironical touch. This is in chapter xxii., where the ordinary
text grimly describes the demons of the air as " benefici plane et circa curas
ualetudinum," and where " plane " is plainly sarcastic. Professor Souter's
emendation of " venefici " is ingenious, but in the light of the context and of
the author's characteristic attitude it seems hardly so apt. In chapter v., " tali
dedicatore" means "in such an originator" rather than "(we glory in) being
first dedicated to destruction by such a monster ". Similarly " bestiae super-
iiciem" in chapter xvi. means "the upper end of a beast " — another sub-acid
touch. In chapter xvii., "quibus continemur" surely means "by which we
are preserved," rather than "restrained," and probably "uectigalis libertas "
in chapter xviii. should be rendered "this permission brings in a tax".
"Laesae augustioris maiestatis" in chapter xxviii. carries a play on words;
it would be better to say, " injury done to a more august majesty," in order
to suggest Augustus, than to render "more sacred majesty". The general
sense of the famous passage in chapter xxxix. is well brought out, though one
or two details invite comment. Professor J. B. Mayor's conjecture, "ipsa"
for " ipse," in the opening sentence is plausible, and " corporation " is exactly
the word for " corpus " as an equivalent for the Greek <rS>fia. I am not so
sure of " clinch the teaching " as a rendering of " disciplinam . . . densamus,"
for " disciplina " has a wide range in TertuUian, which includes order as well
as teaching, and which here might be taken in a larger sense. " We con-
solidate our religious order " would bring out the sense perhaps. " De
honoraria " (from a sense of obligation) may be an adjective, " dehonoraria,"
meaning " discreditable," instead of alluding to the monthly contributions of
guild-members, just as "ingratiis," immediately below, has been interpreted
as " disgusting." rather than as " unwillingly " — which sounds tasteless. Then,
in chapter xlviii., "sed de nostra magis defensione, qui proponimus, etc.,"
means " but we do more in our defence by laying it down," not " but we are
more concerned with our defence ; we lay it down ". I notice that while
Professor Souter accepts Schrors' certain emendation of " caetra " in chapter
vii., he does not acknowledge the same critic's verdict against " patris " in
chapter ix. After the just and severe remarks in the introduction upon some
German critics of TertuUian's text, it would have been a service to students to
get the considered opinion of competent scholars like Professor Mayor and
Professor Souter upon the Bonn professor's treatment of some cruces in the
text of the Apology. As it is, however, the translation is a distinct advance
upon any previous version in English, and it helps the reader to work more
easily upon the following notes.
These notes Are written with such telegraphic brevity and crowded with
such a wealth of references that the task of criticism becomes next to impos-
sible, where it is not superfluous. All I can venture to do, in the space at
my disposal, is to set down one or two things, almost at random, which oc-
curred to me in reading the Apology over again with Professor Mayor's
materials. On p. 420, in connection with TertuUian's absurd objection to
wreaths of flowers, reference should be made to Professor Ramsay's para-
graph on roses in religion, in his "Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia" (vol. ii.,
pp. 563-4). The description of the Jews in chapter xxi. as "dispersi, pala-
46 Aberdeen University Review
bundi, etc.," recalls Byron's lines about the "tribes of the wandering foot and
weary breast," though I am afraid Tertullian had not a tinge of the English
poet's sympathy and sense of pathos. On p. 297, the reference to Seneca
(" De Benef." VII, 11, i) is inaccurate, as Professor Souter points out. Should
it not be " I, i, i " ? On p. 39 (Mauritaniae) add M. Basset's remarks in the
" Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics," II, 5 1 2a. On p. 304, with regard
to the very difficult sentence about the Caesars and Christianity, reference
should have been made to M. Guignebert's large monograph on Tertullian's
political ideas ; but this work has been omitted by some oversight from the
bibliography. To the references quoted in the first note on p. 382 add
Musonius Rufus (ed. Hense) 42. The gymnosophists (p. 417) are mentioned
more fully by another Carthaginian writer of the period, Apuleius, in his
"Florida" (6), and the same author in the same book happens to note the
connection between ^sculapius and Carthage — which might be added to the
references on pp. 328-9.
Professor Mayor hopes that his notes may "prove that there is much in
Tertullian of interest to any student, though no more of a technical theologian
than Jakob Bernays". If that needs proving at this time of day, his hope
should be fulfilled. Even if the dialogue of Minucius Felix were shown to be
prior to Tertullian, the latter's masterpiece would remain the first great piece
of Christian Latin literature — -facit indignatio prosam — notable not only for
its linguistic interest but for the light which it casts upon the inner life of the
Empire towards the close of the second century. It is regrettable that Pro-
fessor Mayor did not live to show more vividly than these notes do the signi-
ficance of the Apology for the Latin student, who is apt to dismiss the Latin
fathers of the Church as dry, illiterate theologians. Tertullian is never dry.
He is often perverse, but, like Ruskin and Carlyle, he is fascinating in his
very perversities, and he carries off everything with the vigour and brilliance
of his style. Even if we take Voltaire's principle, " j'ai dit que tous les genres
sont bons, hors le genre ennuyeux," Tertullian would not fall under the same
ban as many other patristic writers ; he never wrote a wearisome sentence,
and the Apology is alive from start to finish. Even those of us who are
primarily interested in its theology and who do not need to be enticed to the
study of Tertullian must also rank ourselves, however, in Professor Mayor's
debt. His work is a fresh proof of the service which classical scholarship can
render to theological as well as to patristic knowledge.
James Moffatt.
Bach's Chorals. By Charles Sanford Terry. Part II. The Hymns and
Hymn Melodies of the Cantatas and Motetts. Cambridge : at the
University Press. 191 7.
Part I of Professor Terry's work on Bach's Chorals, treating of the Hymns
and Hymn Melodies of the Passions and Oratorios, was noticed in the
number of the University Review for November, 191 6. Part II — a goodly
volume of 615 pages — deals with those contained in the Cantatas and Motetts.
The Church Cantata of Bach's time may be defined as a short oratorio,
and consisted of choruses, chorals, recitatives and arias for solo voices, with
orchestral accompaniment ; no one of these elements, however, being essential
to the completeness of the work. The Motett seems to have differed little
Reviews 47
from ths Cantata, except that in the former orchestral accompaniment was
not indispensable. The ability to compose these pieces appears to have been
one of the necessary qualifications of a Lutheran organist in those days.
Handel said of Telemann that he could write a Motett in eight parts "as
fast as another man could write a letter '' ; and we cannot suppose Bach to
have been inferior in facility. As a matter of fact, he composed, mostly
during his Leipzig period, no fewer than 295 Cantatas for church use, of
which more than 200 are still extant. The Motetts number only six. Not-
withstanding the small scale on which these works are constructed, they
contain some of his finest music; which makes it all the more regrettable
that we in this country have so few opportunities of hearing them. This is
to be accounted for, partly by the fact that the great majority of them are to
be had only with German words, and in a less degree by Bach's having used
in his orchestration several instruments, such as the oboe da caccia, the oboe
d'amore, and the taille (a tenor bassoon), which are now obsolete.
The old German chorals which appear in nearly all the Cantatas and
Motetts form one of their most prominent characteristics. That Bach set a
high value on them is clear, not only from his having used them with such
profusion in his sacred works, but also from his having made a collection of
about 240 of them, which were harmonized by himself. So treated — needless
to say, with inexhaustible resource — they are fitted to produce a profound
impression. The best of them are marked by dignity sometimes rising into
grandeur, and a certain virile strength which makes them more suitable to be
sung by men than by women. But they are so distinctively German, and
breathe so much of the somewhat narrow and austere spirit of the German
Reformation, that but for their incorporation into the works of a great
musician, they would hardly be known beyond the borders of the country
which gave them birth. A few of the Cantata chorals are known among us,
such as Melchior Teschner's St. Theodulph, " Nun danket alle Gott," and the
noble " Ein' feste Burg " (almost certainly by Luther). Attempts have been
made of late — notably in the "Mission" Hymn-book of the Church of
Scotland — to add to the number of German tunes used in our congregational
singing. It is not probable, however, that these attempts will be attended
with much success ; nor indeed is it desirable that they should. Such tunes
as Tallis, old 124th, Farrant, Dunfermline, St. Ann, and a host of others, are,
to our insular thinking at least, as good as any to be found in Teutonic
hymnody. It should not be too much to expect, even of an unmusical
nation, that it should be above the necessity of importing its psalm tunes.
Professor Terry's work begins with a lengthy introduction, which contains
lists of the Cantatas grouped according to the seasons of the church year, of
the various species of chorals, of the writers of the words of the hymns, and
an excursus dealing with the chorals composed by Bach himself, a matter
which, although of engrossing interest, is here for the first time made the sub-
ject of adequate investigation. Professor Terry finds that there is sufficient
warrant for attributing thirty chorals to Bach's authorship. The melodies of
these are given, together with those of a few others of doubtful authenticity.
The main body of the work is occupied with an exhaustive account of
the Cantatas. The date of production of each is indicated, also the instru-
ments employed in the orchestration, and biographical details are furnished
regarding the authors of the hymns and the composers of the melodies. The
48 Aberdeen University Review
latter are printed in their earliest accessible form, a circumstance which, while
no doubt interesting from an antiquarian point of view, may prove embarrassing
to readers who are accustomed only to present-day notation. It is not every
one, for instance, who will understand that by E sharp, in Cantata 187, is
meant E natural ; a survival from old times when there were no naturals — only
sharps and flats.
Appendix II contains translations into English of the German hymns to
which the chorals were set. Appendix III deals with the original texts of the
Oratorios, Passions, Masses, Cantatas, and Motetts.
As to the manner in which Professor Terry has done his work there can
hardly be any difference of opinion. Keeping in view the fact that his stand-
point is historical rather than aesthetic, it is not too much to say that he has
done it about as well as it could be done. Every page bears witness to the
enormous amount of study and research which he has lavished on the exe-
cution of his self-imposed task. Everything worth recording on the subject is
here recorded, with a fulness which must satisfy the most exacting of Bach-
students. The eulogium pronounced by an English critic on Dr. Spitta for
his monumental work on Bach is equally applicable to Professor Terry —
" Nothing can be more scientific and workman-like than the method with
which he has exhumed and collected every detail from every source that
might possibly bear upon his subject, and nothing more admirable than the
warm enthusiasm which lights up his work ".
In one respect the appearance of this volume is inopportune. One
would have liked to see what the musical critics of Germany had to say on a
work carried out with a painstaking thoroughness such as has sometimes been
claimed exclusively for their own countrymen. For that, however, as for
so many other things, we must wait till the war is over.
H. W. Wright.
Les Doctrines Medi^vales chez Donne, le Pg^te M6taphysicien de
l'Angleterre. Par Mary Paton Ramsay. Oxford : University Press.
1917.
No by-product of the institution of Carnegie Scholarships and Fellowships has
been more pleasing than the renewal of the tie of scholarship which in old
days bound Scotland to France. Some of our scholars have followed the
beaten track which led to Germany before the War, and have added to the
accumulation of Ph.D. dissertations on minute and often ill-chosen themes
which are produced under the direction of German professors. But the two
best pieces of linguistic and literary research carried out by Carnegie Fellows
from Aberdeen are on subjects which they took up as a result ol their work
here, and executed in Paris under the free and far from dictatorial direction
of the great teachers of the Sorbonne. Dr. Ritchie's thesis was "crowned"
by the French Academy. Miss Ramsay's was received last year with the
warmest approval and congratulation.
The subject which the present writer suggested to Miss Ramsay on her
leaving Oxford and proceeding to Paris was to carry further, what I had just
touched upon in my edition 01 Donne's poems, the study of the metaphysical
doctrines underlying Donne's poems and prose works with a view to tracing
their origin. A great deal had been talked about the influence of classical
literature and ancient philosophy at the Renaissance. But to understand
and appreciate this influence it is necessary in the first place to be quite sure
Reviews 49
of what is new and what is mediaeval, to apprehend how much of classical
literature and of Greek thought there was already in mediaeval literature and
mediaeval thought. Comparetti and others have done much to show how
classical literature shaped mediaeval, but what strange transformations Virgil
and Ovid underwent. The influence of Plato, and still more of Aristotle on
the Schoolmen, was an accepted dogma. Recent work, like that of M. Priavet,
has shown how much Plato and Aristotle were viewed by the Schoolmen
through the medium of Plotinus and the Neo-Platonists. The outcome was a
complex scheme of dogma defined and formulated with the utmost fulness of
detail by St. Thomas Aquinas, which dominated thought till nearly the end of
the seventeenth century despite the disintegrating influences of the Reforma-
tion, and still more of the revival of science and rise of a new philosophy fore-
shadowed by Bacon and elaborated by Descartes.
Through the circumstances of his early education, as a Roman Catholic
and probably intended for the priesthood, Donne was steeped in this theo-
logical philosophy at an early age, and his " hydroptic, immoderate thirst of
human learning " made him a student throughout his life of the theological
controversies of the scholastic period of his own day, while introducing him
also to the beginnings of the new thought in the work of Copernicus, Galileo,
and (if he deserves a place) Paracelsus : —
New Philosophy calls all in doubt.
The use which Donne made of all the~.e scholastic dogmas in his early
poems was " conceited " and flippant. He will call the lady whom he loves
divine by attributing to her an identity of being and essence and the power
of reading thoughts directly. He plays with Aquinas' theory of the substance
of angelic bodies or the definition of the Divine nature by negatives. In his
polemical religious writings, his thesis on suicide " Biathanatos," his " Ignatius
his Conclave" an attack on the Jesuits, and in his Sermons he deploys it in
a more serious spirit, and with a great parade of learning and references. Miss
Ramsay's work has been to disentangle and define the dogmas which he
formulates or merely alludes to and to trace their history. She has read
Donne's voluminous works, her pen ever in her hand (as Gibbon de-
scribes his method), noting every reference and collecting them. Then, guided
by Donne's side-notes, she has traced each to its source in the work of the
Fathers, the Schoolmen, and the Neo-Platonists, illustrating Donne's use by
quotations from the sources as well as from contemporary writers like Lord
Herbert of Cherbury and others.
After sketching Donne's life Miss Ramsay takes up his doctrines under
the heads of the Universe and Existence (the creation of the world, the nature
of evil which is a privation not anything existent, miracles), God (known to us.
by reason, faith, and grace, negative and positive theology, the Trinity), Angels:
(their immateriality, hierarchy, creation, etc.), Man (his double nature, the
correlation of soul and body, a favourite topic with Donne, immortality),
Ecstasy in the mystical union of the soul with God, the Sciences (alchemy,
medicine, etc.). Under each of these heads she has gathered together a mass
of information useful for the student not only of Donne's poems and prose,
but of every learned poet and writer to the end of the seventeenth century,
for in all of them will be found allusions and difficulties which are readily-
comprehensible if one has some familiarity with a body of dogma of which
4
50 Aberdeen University Review
few know anything to-day, but with which every one was in some degree
acquainted throughout the Middle Ages.
One of the not least valuable parts of the work of Miss Ramsay is the
Appendixes in which she has prepared lists, full if not exhaustive, of the books
used and referred to by Donne. Some idea of an author's library is invaluable
for the student of his work. The importance of this has been too often over-
looked. What a help it would be to know the books which Shakespeare actu-
ally possessed, the library that Milton brought home from Italy.
Miss Ramsay's work is a model of the kind of preliminary work which
will have to be done for other authors before we are in a position to estimate
their originality and worth aright, or indeed to understand their full signi-
ficance.
H. J. C. Grierson.
An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language. By A. Macbain.
2nd Ed. Pp. xiv + xxxvii + 412. Stirling, 19 11.
It is the fate of all etymological dictionaries to age rapidly. Even in the
case of the classical languages of Europe and India, with which grammarians
have busied themselves for thousands of years, the number of etymologies that
can count on safety from revision is comparatively small ; and in the Celtic
field, which has seen the introduction of scientific methods of investigation
only recently, progress, or at any rate change, has been more rapid during the
last quarter of a century than elsewhere. No one, therefore, will be surprised
to learn that Dr. Macbain's Dictionary, the first edition of which appeared in
1896, required thorough revision.
The production of such a work twenty years ago must be considered a
remarkable achievement, particularly if one takes into considerations the diffi-
culties which the compiler had to face. But judged even by contemporary
standards the Dictionary had some serious defects. It would be easy now to
point to hundreds of erroneous etymologies ; but that is a matter of secondary
importance. Undoubtedly the chief fault in the book is the almost complete
absence of references to the sources, for in an etymological dictionary, as
Prellwitz, whom Dr. Macbain took for his model, seems to have realized be-
fore publishing the second edition of his Etym. griech. wtb. the references are
more important than the etymologies. Of less consequence, though more
irritating, is the confusion of cognates and derivatives illustrated in such
articles as, laghach : Lat. lectus, Eng. election ?. ifrinn : Lat. infernum, adj.
in/emus, Eng. infernal. sioR : Lat. serus, Fr. soir, Eng. soiree. There are
probably readers who might find such equations instructive but they do not
read etymological dictionaries.
A difficult question is raised by Dr. Macbain's attempt to exclude from
his Dictionary all Gaelic words which, though used in Ireland, are unknown
in Scotland. It is true that it would be very desirable to be able to say in a
given case : This word does not appear in Macbain's Dictionary ; it is there-
fore peculiar to Ireland. But it seems very doubtful if Dr. Macbain himself
realized what is implied in the statement that a particular Gaelic word is ex-
clusively Irish, The study of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland has scarcely
begun and till it is completed the "redding of the marches," to use Dr.
Macbain's phrase, between Scottish and Irish Gaelic will be impossible. And
apart from this difficulty, it may be suggested that Dr. Macbain's plan in-
Reviews 5 1
volves a confusion of the rdle of the grammarian with that of the literary
critic.
The editor of the "Etymological Dictionary " had an enviable opportunity
of utilizing the progress made in the study of the Celtic languages during the
last twenty years ; but he has not taken advantage of it. The second edition
of the book is, to all intents and purpose?, a reprint of the first. Additions
and corrections published or left in MS. by Dr. Macbain have been incor-
porated ; one or two changes were introduced by Dr. Hend rson who, un-
fortunately, was able to revise only a few of the sheets ; otherwise there is no
alteration whatever. So far, indeed, has the editor pushed his conservatism
that in the list of works used or referred to, p. xiii f., " Bezzenbergers
Beitrage " is described as "still proceeding". This was true in 1896 but
was not true in 191 1. The "Revue Celtique " is still at the same volume
as in 1896; and two journals founded since 1896, but before 191 1, are not
mentioned. The curious reader will also search in vain for the " Supplement
to Outlines of Gaelic Etymology " referred to in the preface as forming a new
feature of the book.
Celtic scholars will be glad that Dr. Macbain's Dictionary is still obtain-
able, but their satisfaction in this respect will scarcely prevent a regret that
the editor has not made some concession to the progressive character of
knowledge.
John Eraser.
A Concise Bibliography of the Printed and MS. Material on the
History, Topography, and Institutions of the Burgh, Parish,
AND Shire of Inverness. By P. J. Anderson. Aberdeen : at the Uni-
versity Press, 19 1 7. Pp. 264. (Aberdeen University Studies, No. 73.)
Concise bibliography is one of the most important time-savers in the world
of literature. Thus the bibliography of a locality is the key to all topo-
graphical and historical knowledge derivable from literature of the geological
testimony of its rocks, its natural productions, the ethnologv, public and
domestic annals of its people, their habits, customs, language, education,
religion, industry and commerce from the earliest records down to the cur-
rent issue of its newspapers. This Inverness bibliography fulfils every re-
quirement with simplicity of arrangement, an extensive range of contents
tersely described and instructively annotated, and ample facility of re'erence
supplemented by a comprehensive general index. The fruit of an unex-
ampled knowledge of every phase of the subject, widely expanded research,
laborious analytical industry, ingeniously advanced method embodying con-
siderable improvements upon all precedents, it is the most perfect and com-
plete book of its class yet published in this country.
The appropriate frontispiece, reproducing the title-page of a Gaelic
Psalter of 1774, believed to be the first book printed in Inverness, evidences
the literary state of the county at the time. Authorship was rare, and for the
next half century gave little support to the local press, the early issues of
which are extremely scarce : it may be that some have completely disap-
peared. The annual issue of an " Almanac " for the Northern Counties
began in 1802; the "Inverness Journal," born in 1807, expired in 1848;
the "Inverness Courier " will celebrate its centenary on 4 December, 191 7 ;
52 Aberdeen University Review
the "Celtic Magazine," an excellent monthly, ran from 1875 to 1888; the
"Highlander," which usually contained several columns in Gaelic, appeared
weekly from 1873 to 1882. But the prevalence of Gaelic speech in the
county could not be inferred from the bibliography, for it bulks in English,
and most books in the ancient tongue have been printed in Edinburgh and
Glasgow. If I had done this bibliography I should have devoted an entire
section to the language of Eden.
The student can trace in the pages of the bibliography the modern pro-
gress of scientific research into Inverness history, and the remarkable advance
in the knowledge and culture of Celtic philology which Northern scholars
have achieved during the past half century. William Forbes Skene is still
our best authority on early Celtic annals, but the first historian to devote his
attention to Inverness was the late Charles Eraser Mackintosh, LL.D., 1897,
whose volumes of "Antiquarian Notes " Mr. Anderson has carefully analysed.
Alexander Ross, LL.D., 1895, the veteran archaeologist, published invaluable
studies of "Old Inverness," "Castle Urquhart," "Rowdill Church," and
many other ecclesiastical antiquities and of numerous prehistoric relics.
William Mackay, LL.D., 1914, is author of "Urquhart and Glenmoriston,"
one of the best local histories we possess, of " The Records of Inverness "
(New Spalding Club), and other historical works. The University of Aber-
deen, pre-eminently the University of the Scottish Gael, generously bestowed
her honours upon those Highland worthies. In the eighteenth century two
notable Celtic scholars were educated here : James Macpherson (Ossian),
poet and historian ; and Ewen MacLachlan, poet and translator, the philo-
logist responsible for the Highland Society's Gaelic Dictionary, and for an
excellent version of Homer in Gaelic which is still an unpublished manu-
script. In the nineteenth century the scientific study and culture of Scots
Gaelic numbered among their most learned advocates and promoters : Alex-
ander Cameron, LL.D., Edinburgh, 1888, author of " Reliquiae Celticae,"
1892-94, 2 vols., an authoritative work: Donald Tolmie Masson, M.A.,
King's College, 1849, author of " Vestigiae Celticae," 1882, whose extensive
Celtic library was added a few years ago to the already large collections be-
longing to the University: Alexander Mackenzie of the "Celtic Magazine,'
the voluminous genealogist of the Northern clans : and Alexander MacBain,
LL.D., 1901, author of "An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Lan-
guage," 1896, "Place Names of Inverness-shire," a "Gaelic Grammar," and
many other works, the most erudite Celtic scholar of his time. Their re-
seaiches discovered much error and destroyed many fallacies, and thanks to
them, no literary charlatan is now more easily detected and exposed than the
pretended authority upon local Celtic nomenclature.
In his preface Mr. Anderson desiderates similar bibliographies for Moray
and Nairn and all the counties north of Inverness to complete the series for
the district assigned by statute to the University of Aberdeen, the southern
boundary of which is Argyle, Perth, and Forfar. Interest in the science is
well maintained by the Bibliographical Societies of Edinburgh and Glasgow,
and no better model can be recommended for future work than Mr. Ander-
son's book.
J. F. Kellas Johnstone.
Reviews 5 3
Founders' Day in War Time. By Sir Adolphus William Ward, Litt.D.,
F.B. A. Manchester : University Press ; and London : Longmans, Green
& Co., 1917.
This is an address delivered on 23 March at a Memorial Service for members
of the University of Manchester who have fallen in the War, by the Master
of Peterhouse, who was formerly Principal of Owens College and Vice-Chan-
cellor of Manchester University.
We have much pleasure in directing the attention of our readers to one
of the most elevated and inspiring discourses on its subject which the War
has produced. A large part of it consists in a review of the history of edu-
cation and especially of University education in Manchester. But the ad-
dress opens and closes with noble enforcements of the moral and intellectual
functions of a University ; the fruits of which are illustrated by the service and
sacrifices of her sons fallen wounded or still serving.
. . . The functions of learning to work and learning to live are not separate ; rather
the one comprehends the other : we serve our generation, our country, and the better future
of a better world, by what our lives and this training have made us — of which our know-
ledge, our skill, our very aspirations are only part. And when, as in the present days of
direct and personal appeal, the supreme test is both applied and satisfied within our own
academic body, those members of it whose duty is but to witness and record, may bow
their heads in thankfulness.
. . . For the student of all ages and stages, those trials [which alone can bring his
qualities to perfection] are quotidian and diverse, and Heaven forbid that we should think
them, even in days of peace and quiet, restricted to the spheres of the examination-hall,
the scientific arena, or the literary market. And, as we have seen now and are seeing daily,
they may take the tragic shape of demands not to be met, by either the bravest or the
brightest of learners and teachers in our University . . . except in the full and unstinted
spirit of absolute and entire self-sacrifice. . . . There is a word of "good counsel " with
which I would fain end . . . the simple but solemn adjuration of the kindliest of our great
poets: " Loke up on bye, and thanks God of alle". . . . Over us and in us are those
moral laws which are eternal. May our University continue to aspire, and may it also
continue to trust 1 Look up on high, not only in anxious quest of the power which springs
from knowledge and makes for freedom, but also in perfect assurance of the Wisdom and
the Love which are Divine !
The Layman's Book of the General Assembly [Church of Scotland]
OF 1 91 7. Edited by the Rev. Harry Smith, M.A., Old Kilpatrick.
Edinburgh: J. Gardner Hitt. Pp. vi 4- 150.
This useful summary of the Assembly proceedings is as judiciously compiled
as ever, and the editorial sketches prefaced to each day's report are written
with all the vivacity we now expect from Mr. Smith's pen. The 191 7 As-
sembly was in no way conspicuous, and to many its chief interest lay in the
Moderatorship of Professor Cooper. As the editor remarks, the honour of
the Moderatorship was long overdue in Professor Cooper's case, though few
have more worthily earned it. " As pastor, as preacher, as professor, as
ecclesiologist, as author, and, not least, as genial, courteous, and ever-helpful
friend. Dr. Cooper is known and esteemed far beyond the confines of the
National Church of Scotland, and he is held in the highest regard and affec-
tion even by those who do not share all his views and sympathies." An
admirable portrait of Dr. Cooper in his robes is prefixed to the volume.
54 Aberdeen University Review
ABERDEEN ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND SCOTTISH ETHNOLOGY.
A paper of unusual appeal to Northern readers appeared in " Nature " for
4 October from the pen of Professor Arthur Keith of the Royal College of
Surgeons. It deals with that most vexed of questions, the Ethnology of
Scotland, and sets before us the latest advances in the research and parti-
cularly the contributions which our own University and those of Edinburgh
and Glasgow have supplied.
The position which Huxley took up in 1866 as to the existence of a tall^
long-headed, fair element in the populations of Scotland and Ireland which
formed a large part of our primitive stock still holds good. These came pre-
vious to the Norse and Danish invasions and before the long-barrow people
of Mediterranean origin had reached Arran in Ireland. A study of the place-
names by Dr. W. C. Mackenzie reaches like conclusions but places their ar-
rival in the post-Neolithic period. The part which the anthropologists of
Aberdeen University — Professor Reid, Dr. A. Low, Dr. Tocher, Dr. W. R.
Macdonell, and Mr. John Gray — play in this interesting work refers mainly
to the short-cist folks who were a wonderfully uniform group showing a
peculiar type of brachycephaly, the nearest approach to which is to be found
on the upper waters of the Elbe and the Rhine, where also the Hon. John
Abercromby found prototypes of the Aberdeenshire grave beakers. All over
the county of Aberdeen are found burials in short-cists, which certainly go
back to an early stage of the Bronze Age and are approximately dated about
1500 B.C. There could be no sharper contrast between two human types
than there is between those squat, bullet-headed people and the Nordic.
Mr. Gray and Dr. Tocher have shown us how far the stock introduced
by the short-cist people has been perpetuated. They examined 402 men and
found only 5 per cent true to the type, whilst 9 per cent were technically of
the round-headed type with a cephalic index of 80 or more. The prevailing
forms varied between the upper limits of long-headedness and the lower of
round-headedness. These modern Buchan people were on an average about
4 inches taller than the short-cist men, and had the fair colouring in hair
and eyes of the present Bavarian. How and when the Nordic type reached
Aberdeenshire we have no precise evidence. But certainly it is at present
the prevailing type. Sir William Turner's share in this investigation includes
a monograph describing 176 skulls of modem Scots and another on pre-
historic crania with his conclusions regarding the races that have become
fused in the Scottish nation. Of 49 skulls from short-cists, 34 were brachy-
cephalic. He agrees that they were Alpine or Central European in origin.
Of the more ancient Scots who were buried in the chambered cairns
in the later Neolithic times, Turner believed that they were traceable to a
Mediterranean stock. " One cannot help being impressed," says Dr. Keith,
" by the length and relative narrowness of face of the more ancient Scottish
skulls ; we seem to see in them already the peculiar traits so common in the
faces of modern Scots." Of the people who lived in Scotland in the early
Iron Age, Sir William Turner owns that we know almost nothing. They
apparently burnt their dead. He accepts on faith that with the introduction
of iron a Celtic people came, a long-headed race, which gave the modern
impress to the Scottish type. There must be a Welsh, a Danish, a Scandi-
navian, and a Saxon element in the modern Scottish, but the origin of the
real bulk of the people — the descendants of Gaelic-speaking ancestors — re-
mains still an enigma.
Reviews 5 5
The Anthropological School at Glasgow University worked at the ex-
ploration of the chambered cairns of Arran, disclosing a Neolithic folk of the
Mediterranean stock whose culture is of the South. The most remarkable
result is that of Dr. Matthew Young, Professor Bryce's assistant, who dis-
covered a close similarity between the skulls of a comparatively modern
burial ground in Glasgow and the collection from Whitechapel, described
by the late Dr. W. R. Macdonell. This is not so wonderful when we recall
the fact that since the close of the Bronze period invaders and immigrants
have invariably been members of the Nordic stock. We do not know when
that stock first settled in Britain, but it is difficult to account for all the facts
now at our disposal, unless we accept Huxley's hypothesis, that it reached
Britain very early — probably, as Professor Bryce supposes, at an early Neo-
lithic or more ancient date. A. M.
EUGENIC RESULTS OF THE WAR.
Dr. Ronald Campbell Macfie(M. A., 1887; M.B.,C.M.,and LL.D.,Aberd.)
contributes to "Science Progress" for July, 191 7, a paper on "Some of the
Evolutionary Consequences of War ". After showing the erroneousness of some
of the current generalisations on the dysgenics of war, and among them the state-
ment of Dr. Starr Jordan, that war was the cause of the degeneracy of the
Romans and that the Napoleonic Wars lopped inches off the stature of the
Frenchmen, Dr. Macfie advances certain unconsidered or little considered
facts on the subject, partly derived from his own experience as a medical
examiner of recruits. In answer to the statement that the fittest breeders are
selected for the fighting forces of a nation, and the less competent left to
father the next generation, he reminds us that the great majority of men
rejected have been so for defects and diseases not likely to affect their offspring ;
while those passed for service are not always the flower of the land, but men
of all sorts of physique and powers of vision. Upon these the conditions of
modern war work indiscriminately ; it is neither always the weakest nor always
the strongest whom war slays. " And even if — as we question — modern war-
fare do chiefly kill off the bigger and the stronger men, so also do many industrial
occupations." Indeed " war is eugenic in so far as it takes men from the
dysgenic industries of peace". Its advantages, however, in the good food
and physical training that soldiers enjoy, with the higher wages at home, will
probably be nullified by a greater prevalence of drunkenness, nerve and vice
diseases and the greater poverty that will follow the war. On the whole,
keeping in mind these conflicting factors and also that only a part of the male
population is subject to the direct selection of war, that many of them leave
children, that skilled workmen are sheltered in factories, that all females are
unselected by war, that variations in physique even if selected are often only
nurtural and that in any case all stocks remain well represented in the survivors,
Dr. Macfie thinks " we might be justified in concluding that the present war
is unlikely to have any important eugenic or dysgenic effects on the nations we
have under view ". But are " all females unselected by war " in its modern con-
ditions ? And while it may be granted that modern warfare is more indis-
criminate than war used to be, what of the undoubtedly greater mortality it
produces among those who combine greater skill with greater robustness — as
in the case of the Flying Corps, and in the huge proportion of subalterns killed
— subalterns no longer drawn from one class of society but from the best of
all classes ?
56 Aberdeen University Review
Dr. Macfie concludes by emphasizing one important eugenic action of
war, which, he says, has strangely escaped scientific notice, " It will lead to a
much more stringent selection of women by men. ... It is not men the
bullets select but women. War slays indiscriminately . . . the real racial
selection is the selection of women made by the eyes and hearts of the men
who survive the war. Every war will result in a selection that will do some-
thing to set up evolutionary tendencies opposite to its own brutal, truculent,
anti-social spirit. Verily it is a fool proof world ! "
Of war publications we have received the following: "The German
Terror in Belgium," by Arnold S. Toynbee (Hodder & Stoughton) — an
ordered and carefully authenticated record of the treatment of the civil popu-
lation in the countries overrun by the German armies during the first three
months of the war ; it is arranged so as to follow separately the tracks of the
different German armies which traversed different sectors of French and Bel-
gian territory and describes the invasion of Belgium up to the sack of Louvain ;
there is a good map. " Poland for the Poles " (George Allen & Unwin) —
contains the resolution of "The French League for the Defence of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen," for the Independence of Poland, and
articles on Poland by Maurice Maeterlinck, Professor Charles Richet and Pro-
fessor Gabriel Sedilles.
From America come the following : " Why we are at War : Messages
to the Congress, January to April, 191 7, by Woodrow Wilson, President of
the United States," with the President's Proclamation of War on 6 April, and
his Message to the American People, 15 April (Harper & Brothers). "Col-
umbia War Papers," Series i, Numbers 1-16 (Division of Intelligence and
Publicity of Columbia University, New York), are short tracts of from 6 to 1 2
small pages, dealing with such subjects as " Enlistment for the Farm," "Food
Preparedness," " How to Finance the War," " Bread Bullets," " Why should
we have Universal Military Service?" "Rural Education in War" ; while one
of 118 pages is "A Directory of Service, how and where each member of the
community may find work for the nation," by a number of contributors. The
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace sends its publication. No. 12,
" Russia, the Revolution and the War," an account of a visit to Petrograd,
Helsingfors, etc., in March last, by Christian L. Lange.
UNIVERSITY PERIODICALS.
We have received No. 2 of Vol. XIX (November, 1916) of "The
Alumni Register, University of Pennsylvania," some eighty octavo pages, with
articles on interesting old alumni and their portraits; on "The Plattsburg
Movement, the University of Pennsylvania and the new Department of Military
Science and Tactics," and "The United States Naval Volunteers' Summer
Cruise " ; Editorial comments, a record of University activities and lists of
graduates. We greet the flourishing University whose first Provost was a
graduate of King's College, Aberdeen (see p. 27 of this volume of the
Review).
The " Sydney University Medical Journal " for June, 1 9 1 7 (New Series, Vol.
XII, Part i), has reached us. It contains two editorials on " Hospital Policy "
and "The University Colleges," and other articles both general, "The
Reviews 5 7
Romance of Coins" (illustrated), by G. H. Abbott, B.A., M.B., Ch.M., "The
History of Medicine in Greece," Prize Essay by H. J. Brown; particular,
"Some Aspects of Abdominal Pain," by A. S. Vallack, M.B., Ch.M.; and
personal, on Dr. Cecil Purser, the new Vice-Chancellor, with sketch, " The
Pioneers of our School," by A. E. Mills, M.B., Ch.M., Professor Haswell,
with portrait, and other officials ; some verse, lighter sketches of a humorous
tone, correspondence and notes. Both letterpress and illustrations are ad-
mirably done — mingling instruction and amusement deftly as only doctors
seem able to do.
We have also received the Theology and Philosophy Class List of " The
Athenaeum Subject Index to Periodicals, 191 6," 48 pp. (The Athenaeum,
Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C. 4). The List contains
entries of 1587 articles, distributed under 855 subject headings. The authors
of signed articles number 102 1, and 187 periodicals are cited; among the
periodicals cited is the Aberdsen University Review. In this List " Re-
ligion " comprises not only the Christian and non- Christian, but also primitive
religion, and thus draws in witchcraft, magic, and the occult. In the same
way, philosophy, including ethics and psychology, carries with it some head-
ings verging on social, medical, and pathological psychology.
"Bibby's Annual, 191 7" (J. Bibby & Sons, Ltd., King Edward Street,
Liverpool) is specially noticeable for a large number of reproductions of
famous paintings by Leighton, Watts, Burne-Jones, and other artists. Many
of them are coloured, and their excellence warrants the editorial expectation
that " the great business of colour production, which originated in England,
and was afterwards developed in Germany, is not unlikely to find its way
back to its original home ". One of the illustrations is Sir Edward Burne-
Jones's unfinished picture of "King Arthur in Avalon" — a splendid example
of the great painter's characteristic style. Sir Philip Burne-Jones contributes
two interesting articles on his father, one treating of him as "The Man," the
other as " The Artist ". Several articles deal with the educational and other
problems of the moment, particularly as affected by the war ; a few are de-
voted to theosophical subjects — reincarnation, etc.
Received : " Lectures on the Church and Sacraments," by P. T. Forsyth,
M.A., D.D. (Longmans, Green & Co.); "Classical Association of Scotland
Proceedings, 1914-16" (H. J. Pillans & Wilson); "Margaret of Scotland
and the Dauphin Louis," by Louis A. Barbe (Blackie &Son); "Wonder
Tales from Scottish Myth and Legend," by Donald A. Mackenzie (Blackie &
S m) ; "At the Serbian Front in Macedonia," by E. P. Stebbing (John Lane) ;
"Illinois," by Allan Nevins (Humphrey Milford) ; "The Principles of Ra-
tional Education " and "The King's Fishing Done into Verse," by Charles
A Mercier, M.D. (London: The Mental Culture Enterprise, 329 High
Holborn, W.C. i) — the first a depreciatory criticism of existing methods of
education, particularly of the classical system ; " Temporary Heroes " (John
Lane) ; " The Roll of Pupils of Upper Canada College " ; etc.
[Several reviews are unavoidably held over.]
\
Correspondence.
PROPOSED ELPHINSTONE HALL.
The Editor, "Aberdeen University Review".
82 Union Grove, Aberdeen,
ID September, 1917.
Sir,
A letter recently written to me by Mr. P. J. Anderson strikes me
as peculiarly applicable to the condition of the University after the War, when
the North will be poorer and the decay of numbers in the Arts Faculty be a
certainty for a time. The residential system I had proposed had long ago
been advocated by Cosmo Innes ; at the Fusion in i860 it was much in the
thoughts of the leaders ; from 1869 it often appears in the Minutes of the
General Council ; and alone it remains unfulfilled of the recommendations
of the Extension and Endowment scheme of 1 896. It has been again urged
by Dr. A. Shewan in his able and beautiful " Record " of the 1866-70 Arts
class. The letter I regard as admirable and practical in every way, and as
consequently meriting a place in the Review.
At the request of the Editorial Committee, I have agreed to elaborate
Mr. Anderson's propositions in an article to appear in the February Review.
Meantime I send you his letter for insertion in the November number.
I am,
Faithfully yours,
WM. KEITH LEASK.
(Copy letter — Mr. P. J. Anderson to Mr. Wm. Keith Leask.)
Universitv Library,
I September, 1917.
My dear Leask,
I note from advanced sheets of " Interamna Borealis " which have
passed through my hands that you advocate the revival of a modified
residential system for our students. I should like to see in the Aberdeen
University Review a thoroughly comprehensive article on the project of
an Elphinstone Hall at King's. But, to be effective, it must exhaust the
subject, (i) historically, and (ii) practically. I think I could post you up
Correspondence 5 9
pretty fully on both sides, as the scheme has been an ideal of mine, ever
since I saw the " Class " system begin to disappear. Meantime, I send you
some memoranda for your consideration.
I. Retrospective.
(a) There can be no doubt that the original Elphinstonic idea under-
lying the foundation of the College of St. Mary within the papal University^
was to set up a social life for students under the direct supervision of " re-
gents " or " tutors ". There is abundant evidence of such a system in the
Records, and indeed a phantasm of it lingered on till early in last century.
(d) What really gave the residential system its death-blow was the sub-
stitution for the old regents — each directly interested in a particular group
of students — of specialized professors each interested only in a particular
subject. Marischal College took the lead in this change about 1750 ; King's
delayed till about 1 800.
(c) Of course advancing knowledge called for specialists, and no Univers-
ity could afford to ignore the demand. But the mistake that the Scottish
Universities made was to sweep aside the old regent altogether, and to put
the specialist professor in his place. Oxford and Cambridge were wiser in
their generation, and retained the two side by side — each with his proper
functions. The greater American Universities, also, have their professors
and their tutors, combined with a residential system, which, even more than
that of England, supplies a model which the Scottish Universities would do
well to keep in view.
(d) The disappearance, under the changes introduced by the Act of 1889,
of the "Class" system (which had exerted an es/>ri/ de corps influence the
same in kind as that exerted by residence), has led to a renewed demand for
a social life combined with a tutorial direction of studies, to replace the
taking of notes from stereotyped lectures delivered to classes of unwieldy
size, such as you and I remember. This demand was first given expression to
by the General Council.
II. Prospective.
((?) Any system of residence must be begun for the Faculty of Arts, and
must be of such a nature as to bring into contact, not students of a special
social grade or those having in view a special professional life (church, teach-
ing, etc.), but students of all grades, and of all ambitions, having in fact
nothing in common but intellectual ability to profit by a University training.
(/) For some time to come residence could not be made compulsory on
all students. Indeed, it could only be by degrees that sufficient accommoda-
tion could be provided to give house-room to all our students.
{g) The total cost of residence and board must not exceed the minimum
cost of lodgings life in Aberdeen. This would involve not merely the initial
provision of buildings in which the student could have accommodation rent
free, but the addition of an endowment sufficient to ensure the furnishing of
satisfactory board at a price very little, if at all, exceeding the cost of the raw
materials.
{h) It is understood that the Carnegie Trustees are beginning to lose
6o Aberdeen University Review
taste for their present system of indiscriminate fee-paying. The diversion of
at least a portion of the amount hitherto spent in this way at Aberdeen would
remove any difificulties in the way of supplying the initial buildings, which
should be linked with the name of Elphinstone, as a monument more en-
during even than the reconstructed Tomb. Private generosity might be
trusted to supplement this — possibly to establish other Halls associated with
the names of certain years (such as " 1868-72" or "1873-77"), as is fre-
quently found in American Universities. [See Mr. W. C. Lane's interesting
letter which I am sending to the next Review.] The term " Hostel " should
be avoided.
(/) No stigma of inferiority must be allowed to attach to those students
living in residence. Rather must admission be regarded as an honour to be
sought.
{J) This end might be attained, so far as Arts students are concerned,
by utilizing the Bursary system, well-nigh moribund for its original purpose.
Let the Competition, as at present, be open to all possessed of proved capacity
to claim entrance to the University ; but let the acceptance of a bursary in-
volve residence within the Hall, the amount of the bursary sufficing to defray
all charges. Thus the residents would at once constitute the intellectual
elite of the undergraduates.
{k) Of course a certain amount of academic supervision would be necessary,
but the democratic Scottish student would not tolerate the restrictions of
Oxford and Cambridge college life : and — ^as in America — a large part of the
administration might be vested in a Committee of Management elected by
the residents themselves.
Sincerely yours,
P. J. ANDERSON.
Wm* Keith Lbask, Esq.
Correspondence 6 1
"I REMEMBER."
There is a tide in the affairs of men, when the flood-gates of memory are
opened. Yes, the sluice-gates got quite a jar the other day.
I had handed me by Don. MacMillan the February number of the Uni-
versity Review, There are in it three articles which got me so dipping away
into the past that I am prompted to adduce the effect from the cause. I re-
fer to those on " Billy " Dey by Mackenzie and Bulloch and that one by Watt
Smith.
"Billy " Dey was one of the few schoolmasters I had, and though I was
with him for little over a year I al.s'ays had that reverence for him which the
personality of the man demanded. In after years I became associated with
Dr. George Ogilvie ; and these two men impress me as having in their own
peculiar way stamped themselves ineffaceably on those whose good fortune
it was to be brought under them.
In far-off Western Canada, which has been my home for nearly ten years,
we are hardly au fait with things Academic, and I acknowledge that I have
been outwith the Province of Universities, unless I can class myself as closely
attached to the world of Commerce — a big University. I can hardly state
here just which was my year, as the date would not synchronize with that
on my attestation papers. Can I add here that I have just returned from
"Somewhere in France," where I have been for a year with the Canadian
2nd Division ? I have, therefore, good reasons for not being up to date with
the Old University.
Even now, with the khaki all round me, I can see that spare, bent figure
of the schoolmaster coming in, mounting the rostrum and hanging his hat on
the peg. The pen pictures of Bulloch and Mackenzie could not be improved
on — perhaps neither of the two will remember the writer.
I wonder if Catto, Beddie and Mitchell — all Medicos — ever recall the
shabby trick we played on " Billy" in sending down our fees — 25 shillings —
in coppers. That has always struck me as a poor piece of business — hardly
in accordance with the tenets of " Robertson of Brighton ".
G. Watt Smith also strikes the core of the distant past. Right now in 191 7,
I can easily recall the time, the place, and by whom the astounding proposition
of running Goschen as Lord Rector was made. It was at Dufftown, August
1887, by W. C. S. That election was a real scrap — the torchlight proces-
sion and the stoning at Street are green in my memory.
My Class Photo I carried with me in my wanderings, but a few years ago
it went hither in the Regina cyclone, so I have merely a hazy recollection of
my class-mates, and as for names — well, that is "napoo". In Regina here
we have a small coterie of alumni — Dr. Rose, D. MacMillan, George Miln'e,
A, B. -MacCartney, and myself.
With only too vivid memories of Ypres, the Somme and Vimy Ridge, I
feel that the foregoing is rather rambling. Nevertheless, as I have already
said, it is a slight tribute to the memory of the only "Billy ".
J. R. RENTON,
Sergt., C.E.F.
{Formerly of Macduff ; M.A., 1896.)
Regina, Sask., Canada.
University Topics.
INSTALLATION OF THE CHANCELLOR.
iHE installation of the Duke of Richmond and Gordon,
K.G., as Chancellor of the University, in succession to
the late Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, K.G., took place
in the Mitchell Hall on 6 July, the ceremony preced-
ing the summer graduation. Mr. D. M. M. Milligan,
advocate. Chairman of the Business Committee of the
General Council, introduced the Chancellor, and, in the
course of a brief speech, said : " Never probably in the long and famous
history of the University was the necessity of a wise adaptation of its
mediaeval constitution to the requirements of the modern world greater than
it is to-day. What we look for, therefore, in our Chancellor, are position,
high character, independence — a man of affairs, able to deal in a liberal and
comprehensive way with the new phenomena produced by the operation of
the new forces created by the changed and changing circumstances of the
day. In His Grace the Duke of Richmond and Gordon the General
Council saw all the gifts which go to make a great Chancellor." The
Principal then administered the oath defideli to His Grace, and welcomed
him to the headship of the University. The Chancellor thereupon took
the chair, and proceeded with the graduation, conferring seventy-six degrees
— fifty-four in Arts, five in Science, and seventeen in Medicine. At the
conclusion of this ceremony, the Principal called for three cheers for the new
Chancellor, which were given with much enthusiasm.
The Chancellor then briefly addressed the gathering. After thanking
them for the heartiness of the welcome just accorded him, he said he had
dismissed from his mind the idea of addressing them at length on University
education. There was one subject which dominated all their thoughts at
the present time, and that was the position of the war ; and His Grace there-
upon proceeded to speak on various phases of this subject — the necessity of
prosecuting the war until a righteous and abiding peace could be concluded,
the collapse of Russia, the advent of America in the struggle, the valour
of the Gordon Highlanders, and the numerous distinctions won by Univer-
sity men.
The proceedings concluded with the singing of the National Anthem.
On the previous afternoon, the Chancellor inspected the University
Officers Training Corps, which paraded for the purpose in the Quadrangle of
Marischal College under Captain J. P. Kinloch, the officer commanding, and
University Topics 63
Second Lieutenant Anderson. There were fifty-eight non-commissioned
officers and men present. After the inspection, His Grace briefly addressed
the corps.
EXTENSION OF MR. CHURCHILL'S RECTORSHIP.
A mass meeting of the students was held recently to consider whether
the tenure of office of the present Rector, Mr. Winston Churchill, which has
now expired, should be continued for another year or whether a fresh election
should be held. It was decided by a majority that Mr. Churchill should re-
main in office for another year, and the minority thereupon acquiesced.
The necessary Order from the Secretary of Scotland continuing Mr.
Churchill's term for another year has since been received.
Sir John Fleming, M.P., LL.D., has been reappointed the Rector's Assessor.
UNIVERSITY GENERAL COUNCIL.
At the half-yearly meeting of the Council on 13 October, it was agreed to
request the Secretary for Scotland to make an Order continuing the retiring
Assessors to the Court — Mr. Patrick Cooper, Colonel J. Scott Riddell, M.V.O.,
Dr. George Smith, and Colonel the Rev. James Smith — in office for a 1 other
year, and empowering the University Court to deal with any casual vacancy dur-
ing that period. — Dr. John Rennie moved that the report of a sub-committee
dealing with the relation of Lecturers to the administration of the University
be transmitted to the Busines Committee for consideration and adjustment,
and this was agreed to. — Principal Stewart submitted the report of the sub-
committee recommending that a Faculty of Commerce be instituted in the
University with as little delay as possible ; and, on his motion, the report was
remitted to the Business Committee — Principal Sir George Adam Smith (who
presided) recounted the steps which had been taken by the Court and the
Senatus with regard to the proposed degree in Commerce, and said in con-
nection therewith that the establishment of new Lectureships would be neces-
sary, particularly a Lectureship in Geography, and that one in Fisheries was
also desirable. He should like to point out to Aberdeen, which made so
much of its living from the fisheries, that nothing could be more appropriate
than that a lectureship on the subject should be established by those who
had profited by it.
The Secretary for Scotland has since issued an Order regarding the Asses-
sors to the Court in the terms desiderated.
GIFTS TO THE LIBRARY.
At a recent meeting of the University Library Committee, it was intimated
that Professor Trail had gifted to the Library ;^2oo, to be invested in the War
Loan and the interest to be applied " in supplement of" such provision as the
University can reasonably afford to make of books, pamphlets, or periodicals
dealing with the natural history of Scotland, especially of that part of which
Aberdeen is the University centre. Preference (where necessary) is to be given
first to books, etc., dealing with botany, then to zoology, and finally to geology ;
and if any annual balance remains, it is to be devoted to extending the
facilities for the study of galls on plants and their makers.
Intimation was also made of the receipt of the following interesting letter
from Rev. Robert Connell (M.A., 1875 ; B.D., 1882), Rector of Danby-
Wiske, Northallerton, Yorkshire : —
64 Aberdeen University Review
I am an old boy of King's College, and I owe more to it than I can express. I have
also the honour of being the first clergyman of the Church of England to take the Aberdeen
B.D. degree. I should like to contribute (as a slight acknowledgment of my debt) my mite
to the funds of King's College Library in the shape of a cheque for five pounds, which I
beg to enclose herewith.
DEARTH OF DIVINITY STUDENTS.
The Divinity Faculty of the University and the Divinity Faculty of the
United Free Church College are holding joint classes this session, as was
done last session. The opening lecture of the session was delivered in the
United Free Church College Hall on 10 October, by Professor Gilroy, who
took for his subject "The Opportunity and Influence of the Ministry ". Re-
ferring, in some preliminary remarks, to the loss sustained by the College owing
to the war, Professor Gilroy said of the fifteen students who were there, whose
eyes were on the ministry when war broke out, seven had lost their lives on
the battlefield. They might have rendered as much service to Church and
nation as if they had worked out a ministerial jubilee and laid them down to
rest in some quiet churchyard amidst the sorrows and regrets of their people.
At a recent meeting of the Presbytery of Aberdeen, Dr. Gordon J. Murray
stated that there were no entrants from the Presbytery to the Divinity Hall,
such was the state of matters resulting from the war. He added that they
could go back lo the end of last century before finding a similar situation.
Dr. Murray has been convener of the Examining Committee of the Pres-
bytery since 1893, and during the twenty-four years that have elapsed the
Presbytery of Aberdeen has had one or more entrants each year except for
session 1902-3, when there was no entrant. Entrant students from other
Presbyteries were similarly lacking this session, and in consequence the en-
trance examination fixed by the General Assembly to be held on 3rd and 4th
October did not take place. The same thing happened in St. Andrews and
in Edinburgh, but in Glasgow four entrants sat the examination. There were
also no entrants to the United Free Church Divinity Hall in Aberdeen.
EXAMINERS.
Rev. Donald Mackenzie, United Free Church, Tain (M.A., 1905), has
been appointed Examiner in the subjects of Moral Philosophy and Psychology
for degrees in Arts, Honours and Ordinary.
GRADUATES AND STUDENTS AS FORESTRY WORKERS.
Thirty members of the University Officers Training Corps were engaged
during the long vacation in Forestry work in woods at Fochabers, Daviot,
and Cawdor. Several of our women graduates and students were also en-
gaged in Forestry during the summer — one with a company of young women
from Edinburgh on the Duke of AthoU's estates at Inver, near Dunkeld ;
while a number have been enrolled by Miss Bruce, agiicultural co-operating
officer, for various forms of agricultural work.
THE CARNEGIE TRUST AND SUPERANNUATION SCHEMES.
The Carnegie Trustees have intimated their willingness to provide, under
such conditions as may hereafter be laid down by them, to each of the Uni-
versities which may decide to join in the "federated superannuation system,"
University Topics 65
a capital sum that would yield approximately the annual income required by
such University on behalf of all existing whole-time members of the staff with
salaries of ;^i6o or over, exclusive of those whose superannuation is otherwise
provided for, and exclusive also of those who do not come within the terms of
the trust deed. The University Court has decided to join the system.
THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR.
The List of Orders and Decorations given in the Second Supplement to
the Provisional Roll of Service issued with the June number of the Review,
being compiled up to a later date, contained the following names which did
not appear in this section : —
Among recipients of the Military Cross —
Captain George Robertson Lipp, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914).
Captain William Fraser Munro, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1903).
Temporary Captain James Williamson Tocher, R.A.M.C. (M.B.,
Awarded a bar to the Military Cross previously received —
Second Lieutenant (acting Captain) James Macdonald Henderson,
Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 191 2).
Brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War for valuable
services rendered in connection with the war —
Lieutenant- Colonel Harry Herbert Brown, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1883).
Temporary Major Francis Grant Ogilvie, C.B., War Office (M.A.,
1879; B.Sc. ; LL.D. [Edin.]).
Captain (temporary Major) Clement Lee Cobban, Indian Army
(M.A., 1900).
Captain Patrick Ashley Cooper, R.F.A., T.F. (B.A. [Cantab.];
LL.B , 1912).
Among announcements of distinctions awarded for war services since the
issue of the June number of the Review the names of the following Univer-
sity men occur. Probably, however, some names may have been overlooked,
and the subjoined lists do not pretend to be complete : —
The Distinguished Service Order has been awarded to —
Lieutenant-Colonel John Smith Purdy, Australian Army Medical
Corps (M.B., 1898; M.D., 1904; D.P.H. ^Camb.], 1903).
Temporary Captain John Boyd Orr, R.A.M.C. (attached to the
Sherwood Foresters) (M.A. ; M.D. [Glasg.]) — head of the Animal
Nutrition Research department of the University — (previously
awarded the Military Cross).
Lieutenant (acting Captain) James Alexander Symon, 7 th Cameron
Highlanders (B.Sc. Agr., 191 1 ; M.A.) — wounded last August.
Temporary Lieutenant Godfrey Power Geddes, Gordon Highlanders
(M.A., 1915).
The Military Cross has been awarded to —
Captain Cuthbert Delaval Shaft© Agassiz, R.A.M.C. (M.B.,
1908; M.D.).
5
66 Aberdeen University Review
Captain Adam Gordon Howitt, East Surrey Regiment (B.Sc,
Agr., 1910).
[In addition to being awarded the M.C., he was promoted direct from Second Lieu-
tenant to Captain. He was subsequently killed in action. (See Obituary.)]
Captain William George Hunt, Essex Regiment (M.A., 191 2) —
subsequently killed in action. (See Obituary.)
Captain James Stewart McConnachie, R.A,M.C. (M.B., 1906).
Captain Clement Rickard Macleod, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909; D.P.H.
[Camb.]).
Captain James Melvin, R.A.M.C. (attached to the Royal Field
Artillery) (M.B., 1915).
Captain Adam Annand Turner,, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1913).
Temporary Captain John Kirton, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1911; M.B.,
1914).
Temporary Captain William Leslie, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1910; M.B.).
Temporary Captain Anthony John McCreadie, R.A.M.C. (M.B.,
1913)-
Lieutenant Herbert William Esson, Gordon Highlanders (ist Arts,
1914-15) — wounded last August.
Second Lieutenant Arthur Morison Barron, 7th Gordon Highlanders
(ist Arts, 1913-14).
Captain Bernard Gordon Beveridge, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 191 2).
Second Lieutenant Spencer Stephen Fowlie, Seaforth Highlanders
(M.A., 1912).
Second Lieutenant William Taylor Barron Joss, Northumberland
Fusiliers (about to matriculate).
Second Lieutenant Robert James Grant Lipp, Australian Force
(M.A., 1910; B.Sc. Agr.).
Second Lieutenant Andrew John Murray, Gordon Highlanders (ist
year's Medicine).
Second Lieutenant John Alexander Stewart, Indian Army (M.A.,
1903)-
[For distinguished service in the field in Mesopotamia].
Second Lieutenant Richard Robertson Trail, R.G.A. (S.R.) (4th Arts,
191S-16).
Awarded a bar to the Military Cross previously received —
Captain Harold A. Sinclair, Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1902 ; B.L.).
Captain David James Shirres Stephen, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1910 ;
M.D., 191 2) — died of wounds, 24 October. (See Obituary.)
Lieutenant David MacKenzie, 6th Gordon Highlanders (M.A.,
1905)-
The Distinguished Service Cross has been awarded to —
Surgeon Probationer Alexander Coutts Fowler, R.N.V.R. (Medical
student).
The Albert Medal for Valour has been awarded to —
Temporary Captain Joseph Lockhart Downes Yule, R.A.M.C. (M.B.,
1 9 13) — for services on the Tigris.
The Croix de Guerre (French) has been conferred on Second Lieutenant
(temporary Lieutenant) David MacKenzie, M.C., 6th Gordon Highlanders
(M.A., 1905).
University Topics 67
Lieutenant- General George Francis Milne, C.B., D.S.O-, Commanding
the British Salonika Army (Arts student, 1881-83), ^^^ been appointed by
the King of Italy Grand Officer of the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus.
The King of Serbia has conferred the Order of St. Sava on Dr. James
Alexander Davidson (M.B., 1907 ; M.D.), for distinguished services rendered
by him in Serbia. Dr. Davidson acted for some time as Medical Officer in
the Auxiliary Hospital at Belgrade under Admiral Trowbridge.
Among those mentioned in a dispatch from General Sir Archibald
Murray, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, relating
to the operations from i October, 19 16 to 28 February, 191 7 were the
following —
Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Hosie, C.M.G., late R.A.M.C. (ret. pay)
(M.B., 1883; M.D., 1885).
Lieutenant-Colonel William R. Matthews, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1895).
Lieutenant-Colonel George Scott, C.M.G., late R.A.M.C. (ret. pay)
(M.B., 1885).
Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) George A. Troup, R.A.M.C.
(M.B., 1894; M.D.).
Temporary Captain Herbert P. Sheppard, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1900).
Temporary Lieutenant Francis W. Davidson, R.A.M.C. (M.B,, 1904).
Among others mentioned in other dispatches were —
Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Dawson Milne, C.M.G.,
R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1892).
Captain William Minty Badenoch, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908).
Temporary Captain James Milroy M'Queen, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1903 ;
B.Sc, M.B.) — Mesopotamia.
Private David Cooper Rees, R.A.M.C. (of the Salonika force) (M. A.,
191 1), then a cadet in the R.F.A. Training Camp at Wisdon,
Notts ; now Second Lieut., R.F.A., S.R.O.
[Mr. Rees, who was a divinity student when he enlisted, was licensed by the Aberdeen
U.F. Presbytery in July, 1915.]
Among the officers whose names have been brought to the notice of the
Secretary of State for War for valuable services rendered in connection with
the war are the following —
Colonel Douglas Wardrop, C.B., C.V.O., Army Medical Service
(ret. pay) (M.B., 1875).
Temporary Colonel James Galloway, C.B., Army Medical Service
(M.A., 1883; M.B., 1886; M.D., 1892; F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S.).
Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Thomson, I.M.S., Chairman of the Aber-
deen Medical Board (M.B. , 1879).
Major William R. Pirie, a member of the Aberdeen Medical Board
(MA., 1888; M.B., 1892).
A communique issued by the Press Bureau on 18 September contained a
further list of names brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War
for valuable medical services rendered in connection with the war. It in-
cluded the following, among others —
Colonel Octavius Todd, Dep. Asst. Director, Med. Sen, R.A.M.C.
(M.B., 1878).
68 Aberdeen University Review
Colonel (temporary) Francis Kelly, R.A,M.C. (M.B., 1889; M.D.,
1898).
Hon. Surgeon Colonel Walter Culver James, H.A.C. (M.B., 1876 ;
M.D., 1878).
Lieutenant-Colonel MacKintosh A. T. Collie, I. M.S. (M.B., 1881).
Lieutenant-Colonel Ashley W. MacKintosh, R.A.M.C, (M.A., 1888;
M.B., 1893; M.D., 1896; Professor of Medicine).
Lieutenant-Colonel John Munro Moir, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1876;
M.D., 1878).
Major Thomas Wardrop Griffith, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1882 ; M.D.,
1888).
Major Andrew Mowat, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1895).
Major William Scatterty, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1881 ; M.B., 1886;
M.D., 1896).
Captain Eber Chambers, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1873; M.D., 1891).
Captain William Wilson Jameson, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1905 ; M.B.,
1909; M.D.)
A supplement to the " London Gazette " published on 8 August an-
nounced the following (among other) rewards for valuable services rendered
in connection with the war —
To be Brevet-Colonel —
Brigadier-Surgeon Lieutenant- Colonel James Forbes Beattie, Army
Medical Service (ret), R.A.M.C. (M.A., King's College, i860;
M.D., 1863).
Lieutenant-Colonel John Marnoch, C.V.O. (Professor of Surgery),
R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1888; M.B., 1891).
To be Brevet- Lieutenant-Colonel —
Major (Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) James Smart, R.A.M.C.
(M.A., 1894; M.B., 1899).
Major David Rennet, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1889; M.D., 1893).
The Minister of Pensions has appointed Sir John Collie, R.A.M.C. (M.B.,
1882 ; M.D., 1885) to be Director of Neurasthenic Institutions.
Colonel John Scott Riddell, M.V.O. (M.A., 1884; M.B., 1888), is a
member of the Joint Institutional Committee appointed by the Pensions
Minister for the purpose of providing institutions for discharged disabled
sailors and soldiers.
Colonel James Galloway, CB. (M.B., 1883, etc.), is inspector of the
medical boards engaged in examinations for the army, and in a recent speech
in Parliament Mr. Bonar Law said he had seen Dr. Galloway and had been
told by him that he had himself examined and visited almost every one of
these boards. Colonel Galloway has also been appointed Commissioner for
Medical Services (head of the Medical department) in connection with the
newly-formed Ministry of National Service.
Professor Irvine has been acting as arbitrator or conciliator under the
Conciliation Act and Munitions of War Acts, 1915 and 19 16.
Professor Baillie has been acting in a similar capacity under the Ministry
of Labour in the Department of the Chief Commissioner. The department
has applied to the University for a continuation of his services, and leave of
University Topics 69
absence for that purpose has been granted to him. His classes will be in
the charge of Mr. Henry Sturt, M.A. [Oxon.].
Professor Macdonald has also been granted leave of absence, a continua-
tion of his services having been applied for by the Ministry of Munitions.
His place will be taken by Mr. John H. Grace, F.R.S., Fellow of Peter-
house, Cambridge.
Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Bruce, D.S.O. (M.A., 1893 ; M.B., 1897 ;
M.D., 1899), Officer Commanding the 7th Gordon Highlanders, has been
transferred to the R.A.M.C. (T.F.) with the rank, pay, and allowances of
Lieutenant- Colonel, and has assumed medical duty, being taken on the
strength of the command.
Dr. George Alexander Williamson (M.A., 1889 ; M.B., 1893 ; M.D., 1899),
who was District Medical Officer at Larnaca, Cyprus, from 1895 onwards, is
now the senior medical officer on the island and so is Officer Commanding
the R.A M.C., Cyprus. In a recent message officially published by the High
Commissioner, His Excellency said — "At the Prisoners of War Hospital,
where very complete provision is made for the care and comfort of the sick,
an interesting feature was the row of nine revolving huts designed by Cap-
tain Williamson, R.A.M.C., the Senior Medical Officer, for the open-air
treatment of consumptive patients ". In a private letter recently received
Captain Williamson wrote — " I have on my staff at present Captain Stephen
Smith, Army Dental Surgeon, attached R.A.M.C, who was an alumnus of
Aberdeen University, 1896-99. He is a dentist in practice at Banflf, and is a
son of the late rector of Milne's Institution, Fochabers."
Second Lieutenant Donald MacKenzie, M.M., R.E. (M.A., Hons.
Classics, 1 913), is at present stationed at one of the Signal Service depdts in
England. At the outbreak of the war he was mobilized with the original U
Company, 4th Gordon Highlanders (T.F.), but four months later was trans-
ferred to the Highland Division of the Royal Engineers. He went through
the Somme fighting in August, 1916, and was awarded the Military Medal.
After two years' active service in France as Sergeant with the 51st Division
Signal Company (of Aberdeen), he returned to England for a Cadet course
and obtained a commission in the Royal Engineers in August last.
Mr. George Christian Rose (M.A., 1891), journalist, Kelowna, British
Columbia, is a Captain in the 102nd Regiment of the R.M.R. (Rocky Moun-
tain Rangers), and has been on service with the regiment for the past two
years.
Rev. George Henderson (M.A., 1876 ; B.D.), minister of the United
Free Church, Monzie, Crieff, recently returned home after four months*
Y.M.C.A. service in France in the Second Army area. He was for a month
in Bailleul lecturing at various points in the area, including such outposts as
Kemmel, when he was within 300 yards of the German Front. For two
months and a half he was in charge of the Y.M.C.A. Hut at Sailly-sur-Lys,
about three miles from the front. The Y.M.C.A. Secretary in charge of the
Second Army area wrote a letter to the Session Clerk of Monzie United Free
Church "just to say how much we appreciated the service of your pastor, Rev.
George Henderson, out here in France. Although well on in years, he
rendered splendid service, and we appreciate the sacrifice yourchurch made in
allowing him to come."
Several other graduates are similarly engaged in Y.M.C.A. work in France
70 Aberdeen University Review
— among them, Rev. William Beveridge (M.A., 1884), minister of the United
Free Church, New Deer, Aberdeenshire. In the " hut " to which he is at-
tached, Mr. Beveridge delivered a series of short addresses on " Great Books,
Their Writers and Messages ". These addresses dealt with such types as
" The Pilgrim's Progress," " In Memoriam," " The Divine Comedy," etc.
Rev. Kenneth MacLennan (M.A., 1896 ; B.D.), of Fortrose United Free
Church (for some years minister of Insch United Free Church, Aberdeen-
shire) has left for France on four months' service as chaplain to the Seaforth
Highlanders.
Rev. Herbert William Hall (M.A., 191 1) has served for four months in
Flanders as a Church Army Hut Superintendent.
Rev. William Henderson Harrowes (M.A., 1896), minister of St. Enoch's
United Free Church, Glasgow, has been appointed honorary officiating clergy-
man to the Presbyterian patients in Yorkhill War Hospital, Glasgow.
Miss Elizabeth Mary Edwards (M.B., 1912), who was one of the first
women doctors in the country to be attached to the R.A.M.C., has been on
military service for some time, first in a base hospital at Malta, and now in a
general hospital at Salonika.
An instance of three brothers all graduates and all serving in the war is
somewhat exceptional, but is to be noted in the case of a family belonging to
Portsoy — John Badenoch (M.A., 1900), William Minty Badenoch (M.B.,
1908), and David Sutherland Badenoch (M.B., 191 2). John — who was
studying divinity — enlisted as a private in the R.A.M.C., and died of heat-
stroke in Mesopotamia on II July. (See Obituary.) Dr. William volunteered
for service in May, 1915, and is a Captain in the R.A.M.C. He served with
the Gallipoli force, but was drafted to Mesopotamia at the evacuation. He
was wounded on 9 February, just one day before the capture of Kut, his
shoulder being shattered by shrapnel. He is now better and is serving in
France. He was mentioned in dispatches. Dr. David, who is also a Cap-
tain in the R.A.M.C. (S.R.O.), joined up in September, 19 14. He, too,
served with the Dardanelles expeditionary force and was at the Suvla Bay
landing ; he is now on the Bulgarian front. Three other members of the
family are also graduates — George Badenoch (M.A., 1897), Jessie Badenoch
(M.A., 1904), and Isabella Badenoch (M.A., 1910). A family embracing
six graduates must be rather unique.
A little volume of poems, " The Passing Days and other Verses," by the
Rev. Thomas McWilliam, M.A., minister of Foveran, Aberdeenshire, is de-
dicated to the memory of the author's younger son. Lieutenant Charles
Thomas McWilliam, 5th Gordon Highlanders, a graduate in Arts and a
student of Law at the University, who was killed in action near Arras, 18
March, 19 16, and was buried in the Cimeti^re Militaire, Louez, France. i(See
Obituary, vol. iii., p. 287.) To it is prefixed the following "In Memoriam "
by his brother, George Porteous McWilliam (M.A., 1915) : —
The heavy guns were throbbing as they lowered him to rest,
The dufct of one, a soldier and a friend ;
And the hearts of men were sobbing with the grief that's not expressed,
And they murmured to themselves : Is this the end ?
For they seemed to see a dear face that they often saw before,
The face of one, a comrade that they knew ;
And they seemed to hear a clear voice that they often heard of yore,
A voice that rang so kindly and so true.
University Topics 71
Through the valley of the shadow where they breathe their latest breath
March the spirit -armies of the living dead ;
All for God and King and Empire were they faithful unto death,
When they followed where the path of duty led.
A brass tablet to the memory of Lieutenant MacWilliam, mounted on a
polished black marble slab, has been built into the wall above the manse pew
in Foveran Parish Church. The coat of arms of Aberdeen University and
the regimental crest of the Gordon Highlanders occupy the upper corners.
SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE ROLL OF SERVICE.
Addenda et Corrigenda.
P. 6. Lieut. Charles Thomas McWilliam . . . killed in action in France,
19 March, should read i8 March, add^ attd. 51st Divisional Cyclist Co. and
/or age 26 read 2^.
P. 8. 2nd Lieut. John Mortimer McBain . . . aged 22, should read
aged 20.
P. 10. Capt. (tempy. Major) James Brown Gillies . . . died of wounds
. . . 14 November," j/^« A/ r^a:^ 13 November.
P. II. Private Robert Mackie Simpson. For 4th Gordons, read "Yxoo^tx
$/2nd Scottish Horse attd. 6th Black Watch.
P. 14. Members of the Teaching Staff. Add, Professor John Theodore
Cash, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., private. City of Aberdeen Volunteers.
P. 39. 2nd Lieut. Duncan Tait Hutchison McLellan . . . I^ead M.A.,
'i6, and remove the entry to page 24.
P. 46. Private John Badenoch . . . Jiead M.A., '00, and remove the
entry to page 30.
P. 49. For Maj. (acting Lieut. -Col.) William Rae, 39th Canad. Inf. . . .
read Lieut.-Col. WiUiam Rae, 4th Canadian Inf. Battn.
P. 53. The following were brought . . .with the War. — 9. Yox^^read \o.
OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS.
The University Contingent of the O.T.C. (Medical Unit) went into
camp for their annual training on Friday, July 6. Captain J. P. Kinloch
was in command and with him was 2nd Lieut. Jas. S. Anderson (M.A,,
1915). There were ten N.C.O.'s and eighty-six rank and file. The Con-
tingent, as in previous years, was encamped with the Medical Unit of Edin-
burgh University O.T.C. of about the same number of cadets under Major
Littlejohn, O.C., and Lieuts. Kirk, Dykes, and Ferguson. There were also
about eighty-five medical students from the Infantry Unit of Glasgow Univer-
sity O.T.C, under Lieut. Peddie, the Adjutant of that Contingent, some six
medical students from St. Andrews, and ten from Durham. The whole
Field Ambulance was commanded by Major Littlejohn. Major Gray of the
War Office supervised the operations. Principal Sir George Adam Smith,
Hon. Chaplain to the Aberdeen Contingent, joined the camp on Saturday, July
14, and remained till the close. Except for one day, the 18th, when it rained
heavily all day, the weather was ideal. The camping ground, on the links of
Gailes, Ayrshire, is just behind the huts occupied by the 9th and loth Officer
Cadet Battalions, to the officers of which and those of the A.S.C the University
72 Aberdeen University Review
Contingents are indebted for much kind assistance during the fortnight. The
links are sandy, and very suitable for tents. The sea is not far off, and across
it Arran, with her high range of mountains, was visible most of the time.
Behind there is a stretch of cultivated land, and beyond this the long, wooded
ridge above Dundonald, with the old castle of that name at its north-eastern
end. The proprietor and the tenant farmers generously gave facilities for
the operations of the ambulance on their grounds. Under such favourable
conditions the camp life was thoroughly enjoyed by the whole force ; and the
full plans of training were carried out by all ranks with great zest.
On Sunday, July 8, the Field Ambulance attended the service of the Officer
Cadet Battalions, conducted in the Y.M.C.A. hut by Rev. Mr. Duffield,
T.C.D., Chaplain to the Battalions. Monday 9th to Saturday 14th were
fully occupied with drills, field exercises, and lectures. On Sunday, July 15,
the corps had an open-air service of their own, conducted by the Principal.
Monday the i6th was a field day in full force, a main dressing station being
erected about two miles from camp, with an advanced dressing station in a
narrow dell beneath the Dundonald ridge. The operating tent, shelters for
the wounded, waggons, kitchen and other structures were disguised beneath
a clever "camouflage" of branches of trees, bracken, etc. The "wounded"
were brought in by stretcher-bearers and waggons from the supposed fighting-
front beyond Dundonald. It was a very hot day, but men and officers worked
with a will and all the operations were most instructive. On Tuesday the
17th the Ambulance paraded for inspection by Surg.-Gen. Culling, of
the Scottish Command. After a careful review of the unit in line and the
oral examination of several privates and N.C.O.'s on their work, Surg.-Gen.
Culling saw the unit march past in column of sections and in fours. The
officers were paraded for an examination of their riding, and the waggons
were exercised. There was stretcher drill by sections, and company drill of
the whole force by 2nd Lieut. Anderson. The result may be given in the
Inspecting Officer's own words at the close — " Perfectly delighted, more than
pleased ; an immense improvement on last year ".
So far as Aberdeen is concerned, this very happy result is due, under Captain
Kinloch and 2nd Lieut. Anderson, to the fact that the efficiency of the
N.C.O.'s has been increased by the addition to them of a number who have
been on active service abroad with combatant units and have been invalided
home and permitted to resume their medical studies. But, indeed, all ranks
are to be congratulated on the heart they put into their duties, both in camp
and on the field. The association of students from all the Scottish Uni-
versities and from Durham, whose contingent though small in number was
excellent in quality, had a fine effect on the morale and efficiency of the camp.
Aberdeen University is very grateful to Major Gray, Major Littlejohn, and
the officers of the other units for their guidance and comradeship.
The Camp Sports were held after the inspection. At the close, Aberdeen
led by 2 points, Edinburgh being second. Among the Aberdeen gains were
first in throwing the cricket ball (Sergt. Coutts) in hop, step, and leap (Sergt.
Anderson) ; first and second in driving golf ball (Sergt. Cooper and Cadet
Yule) ; and second in putting the weight (Cadet Third) and in the half-mile
race (Cadet Rhind).
The camp broke up on Friday the 20th, after a most useful and enjoy-
able fortnight.
University Topics 73
Since leaving camp Cadet Staff-Sergeant D. I. Walker (late Sergt. 4th
Gordon Hrs.) (M.A., 1916, 2nd Med.), has been gazetted 2nd Lieut. Terri-
torial Force, Unattached List, for service with Aberdeen University O.TX).
EMPLOYMENT OF INVALIDED AND DISCHARGED OFFICERS.
An important step has been taken by the Professional and Business Re-
gister of the Employment Department, Ministry of Labour, with regard to the
employment of officers and persons of like standing, invalided or discharged
from his Majesty's Forces. I he Register acts as a Clearing House for (i)
Vacancies, which are obtained from various sources and (2) Candidates, parti-
culars of whom are forwarded to it from the War Office through the Statutory
Committee. In order that vacancies suitable for University men who have
left the Army may secure a wider publicity, the collaboration of the Appoint-
ments Boards of the Universities has been invited and a scheme for mutual
convenience is being adjusted. The Register proposes to circulate every week
a list of suitable openings of a general nature, and names of candidates re-
ceived from the Appointments Boards will be submitted to employers. The
Ministry of Labour charges no fee of any kind either to the employer or to
the candidate.
Although some details in the scheme await settlement, it has been de-
cided to begin operations at once. It is expected that the Appointments
Committee of this University will soon be in a position to organize the re-
gistration of candidates and the publication of vacancies. In the meantime
University men who have been invalided or discharged from the Army are in-
vited to send their names to Professor Harrower, Chairman of the Appoint-
ments Committee, with a statement of their Record and some indication of
the kind of employment they desire.
Notices of vacancies will be published in the Cages of King's College
and Marischal College.
BEQUEST TO THE UNIVERSITY.
Intimation has just been made of a very handsome bequest to the Uni-
versity by the late Dr. Archibald Carmichael (M.A., 1868; M.B., 187 1 ;
M.D., 1873), formerly of Barrow-in-Furness, and latterly resident in Perth,
who died on 22 February, 1916. By his will, he bequeathed the residue of
his estate, subject to certain life-rents, to the University, in order that the
income thereof may be applied " for the advancement of the work of the
medical side of the University, in such manner and subject to such regula-
tions as the Senatus Academicus may from time to time determine and think
fit ". The value of the residue is understood to amount to about ;^x 2,000.
\
Personalia.
Sir Henry Craik, K.C.B,, M.P. for the Universities of Glasgow and
Aberdeen, has been appointed Chairman of a Committee selected by the
Secretary for Scotland to advise the Scotch Education Department on the
remuneration of school teachers in Scotland ; and among the members of the
Committee is Dr. John Alexander Third (M.A., 1885 ; D.Sc), head master
of Speir's School, Beith.
Sir John Fleming, M.P. (LL.D., 1902), the Rector's Assessor, has been
appointed a member of a Select Committee of the House of Commons to in-
quire into the desirability of raising money for the War by the issue of pre-
mium bonds.
Dr. William Angus (M.B., 1907; M.D., 1909; D.P.H. [Cantab.], 1910),
was recently appointed Medical Officer of Health for the city of Leeds and
Professor of Public Health in Leeds University. He is at present serving
with the Army as temporary Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps.
Mr. John Hall Barron (M.A., 1892; M.A. [Oxon.], 1899; B.C.L.
[Oxon.], 1899), barrister, London, who was for some years identified with
the Property Protection Society, has become secretary of the National Trade
Defence Association.
Captain John Black, the second son of the late Professor John Black, of
the University, died on 26 September of illness contracted while on military
service. He was a Captain in the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment,
but his services were retained by the War Office Staff, and latterly he was
appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of the Royal
Artillery in one of the theatres of operations abroad.
Mr. Ian Alistair Kendall Burnett (MA., 1907), Second Lieutenant, 3rd
East Lancashire Regiment, was reported missing after an action in France
in June last, and his commanding officer has since intimated that there is
almost no chance of his being alive. He was a son of the late Mr. William
Kendall Burnett, advocate, Aberdeen. He was at one time editor of " Alma
Mater," and was a very well-known man, both at King's and Marischal, in his
college days. He was employed in the Library of the British Museum.
Rev. James Cheyne (M.A., 1883), minister of St. Andrew's United Free
Church, Kirkwall, has been elected minister of Rayne United Free Church,
Aberdeenshire.
Canon William Leslie Christie (M.A., 1878), Rector of the Episcopal
Church at Stonehaven since 1890, has been appointed by the Primus Dean
of the diocese of Brechin.
Dr. Frank Lang Collie (M.B., i886; M.D., 1889), who has been for
nearly twenty years in practice at Balham, London, has just retired from
private practice, having been appointed a member of the Special Medical
Board for Functional Nerve Disease, with the rank of Major. On leaving
^ Personalia 7 5
Balham to take up the duties of his new appointment, he was presented with
a canteen of cutlery and silver and an album containing photographs and
other interesting mementoes of friendship, contributed by patients and per-
sonal friends. Major Collie began his medical career in South Africa, being
successively Surgeon Superintendent at the Colonial Hospital, Natal, and
Medical Officer of Health at Queenstown, Cape Colony. He did pioneer
work in hospital organization in the two colonies. He is a younger brother
of Sir John Collie.
Rev. John Cook (M.A., 191 2) has been ordained and inducted as minister
of the Congregational Church, Elgin.
The Right Rev. Professor Cooper, D.D., Glasgow (M.A., 1867), this year's
Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, has been pre-
sented with the freedom of Elgin, in recognition of his having attained to the
high office of Moderator of the General Assembly, and the great services
rendered by him to Church and State. Dr. Cooper is a native of Elgin.
Rev. Ernest Denny Logie Danson (M.A., 1902) was consecrated as Bishop
of Labuan and Sarawak at Lambeth Palace Chapel on 2 1 September. The
Archbishop of Canterbury conducted the service, and the sermon was preached
by the Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church. At a meeting afterwards
held in the Library of the Palace, the new Bishop was presented with an
Episcopal ring from the congregation of his old parish of Seremban, in the
Malay States ; a pectoral cross in the form of the lona cross by the clergy of
Singapore ; and the pastoral staff of his diocese, this last being handed to him
by his predecessor. Bishop Mounsey. (See vol. iv., 265.)
Rev. Robert Davidson (M.A., 1907), minister of the quoad sacra parish
of Fisherton, Ayr, has been appointed minister of Portobello.
Rev. Hugh Eraser (alumnus. King's College, 1851-56), who was ordained
in 1862 and has been minister of the parish of Alvah, Banffshire, for many
years, has retired, on the appointment of an assistant and successor.
Dr. John Gordon (M.B., 1884; M.D., 1888), has been appointed by the
Minister of National Service a member of the Advisory Medical Board for
Scotland. ,
Mr. William Gordon (alumnus, Marischal College, 1854-57 ; LL.D.,
Aberdeen, 1903), Town Clerk of Aberdeen, has had conferred upon him the
distinction of Officer of the newly-created Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.).
Mr. James Cooper Johnston (M.A., 1911) has been appointed head master
of the Public School, Enzie, Banffshire.
Dr. Joseph Knox (B.Sc, 1900; D.Sc), has resigned the Lectureship in
Chemistry, having received an important appointment in a factory under
Crovernment control.
Mr. Charles Eaton Lippe (M.A., 1888; LL.B. [Edin.]), advocate, has
been appointed an Advocate-Depute.
Rev. Dr. Charles Cadell Macdonald (D.D,, 1900), minister of St.
Clement's Parish Church, Aberdeen, has resigned the post of Chaplain to the
Aberdeen Prison, which he has held for over twenty-eight years.
Dr. Eneas Kenneth Mackenzie, Tain (M.B., 1906 ; M.D.), has been ap-
pointed one of the examiners at the Aberdeen Centre of the Central Mid-
wives Board.
Mr. Lachlan Mackinnon (M.A., 1875) has been appointed an honorary
Sheriff-Substitute for Aberdeen.
J 6 Aberdeen University Review
Sir Alexander M'Robert of Douneside, Tarland (LL.D., 1912), has pro-
vided a sum of nearly ;^6ooo (estimated to produce a yearly return of ;^2 8o)
as a permanent endowment of the Newhills Convalescent Home, Aberdeen-
shire.
Mr. William Law Marr (M.A., 1890; B.Sc, 1895), Mathematical and
Science Master, High School for Girls, Aberdeen ; Mr. Alexander Sievewright
(M.A., 1892), Boroughmuir Higher Grade School, Edinburgh ; and Mr. John
Alexander Third (M.A., 1885 ; D.Sc, 1899) have been elected Fellows of the
Educational Institute of Scotland.
The term of office of Sir James Scorgie Meston, K.C.S.I. (LL.D., 1913)
as Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which
in the ordinary case would have expired in September (see vol. iv., p. 268),
has been extended to 15 January next.
Rev. James Home Morrison (M.A., 1892), who has been minister of the
United Free Church, Falkland, Fifeshire, since 1901, has been appointed
minister of the United Free Church, Newhills, Aberdeen.
Rev. Robert George Philip (M.A., 1888), minister of the United Free
Church at Glencairn, Dumfries-shire, has been appointed minister of Wester
Pardovan Church, Philipstoun, Linlithgowshiie.
Mr. Alexander Bannerman Robb (M.A., 1896 ; B.L., 1900) has been ap-
pointed Town Clerk of Portsoy, Banffshire.
The semi-jubilee of Rev. William Guthrie Robertson (M.A., 1885) as
minister of the United Free Church at Watten, Caithness, was celebrated re-
cently, Mr. Robertson being presented with a pulpit gown and a purse of
money.
Dr. J. Hambley Rowe (M.B., 1894) has been appointed senior medical
officer to the Venereal Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Bradford.
Vladimir Scheviakoff, Professor of Zoology, Petrograd, who received the
honorary degree of LL.D. at the quatercentenary celebration in 1906, was
among the many Ministers and officials arrested during the recent revolution
in Russia. He was Under Minister of Education.
Rev. Dr. John Skinner (M.A., 1876; D.D., 1895), Principal of Westmin-
ster College, Cambridge, has been appointed Cunningham Lecturer for the
ensuing year.
Mr. Alexander Mackenzie Stuart (M.A., 1896; LL.B. [Edin.]), advocate,
acted as interim Sheriff-Substitute at Peebles during the absence on sick leave
of Sheriff T. H. Orphoot.
Alderman Thomas William Thursfield, the first graduate of the University,
his diploma being dated 25 September, i860, entered his seventy-ninth year
on 16 September last. (See vol. iv., 79.)
Mr. James Walker, CLE. (alumnus, 1878-81), Commissioner, Nerbudda
Division, Nagpur, Central Provinces, India, has been created a K.C.I.Ec
Sir James entered the Indian Civil Service in 1 886, and after being assistant
collector and magistrate at Madras for four years, was appointed to the Central
Provinces in 1890. He was Assistant Commissioner there until 1895, when
he became Deputy Commissioner. In 1906 he was made Commissioner.
Three years ago he was appointed an additional member of the Governor-
General's Council. He was created a CLE. in 1904. Sir James Walker is
a son of the late Mr. Alexander Walker, LL.D., for long Dean of Guild of
the city of Aberdeen, and a nephew of Dr. Robert Walker and Rev. Dr.
George Walker.
Personalia 7 7
Miss Mary J. S. Cook (M.A., 1908) has received an appointment in Elgin
Academy. Miss Ethel S. Grant (M.A., 191 7), Miss Helen D. Maitland
(M.A., 191 7), Miss Isabella Robertson (M.A., 1906), Miss Evelyn Mary
Stewart (M.A., 1915), and Miss M. A. Stewart (M.A., 1914), have also re-
ceived appointments as school teachers.
Miss Lizzie M. Corbett (M.A,, 19 14) and Miss Margaret C. Ross (M.A.,
1907) have received appointments on the staff of the Aberdeen High School
for Girls.
Miss Griselda A. Dow (M.A., 19 14), who has been assistant to Professor
J. Arthur Thomson for the last two years, has now taken charge of the Science
Department of Elgin Academy, in place of Mr. Minto R. Gillanders (M.A.,
1900), who is on war service.
Miss Mary Esslemont (B.Sc, 1914; M.A., 1916), recently an assistant at
Marischal College, has been appointed Lecturer in Science in Stockwell
Training College, London.
Miss Ruth C. Jamieson (M.A., 191 7) has been appointed assistant to Dr.
Lees, the University Lecturer in German.
Miss Winifred Mackilligan (M.A., 191 5) has been appointed Science
Mistress in the Methlick Higher Grade School.
Miss Elizabeth Asher Mackintosh (M.A., 1914), has been appointed
junior language mistress at Madras College, St. Andrews.
Miss Grace Mackintosh (M.A., 19 14), has been appointed English mis-
tress at the Central School, Aberdeen.
Miss Laura Stewart McLeod (M.A., 1914), who was prevented by illness
from completing her examination in the Final Honours School of English
Literature and Language at Oxford in June, has been awarded an Aegrotat
by the examiners. Miss McLeod, who graduated at Aberdeen with First
Class Honours in English, has recently been appointed English Lecturer at
St. Hilda's Training College, Durham.
Miss Mary Henry Murdoch (M.A., 1909) has been appointed Head-
mistress of the Secondary School for Girls, Blyth, Northumberland, where she
has taught for several years.
Miss Margaret Smith (M.A., 1916 ; B.Sc, with special distinction in Zoo-
logy and Geology, 191 7) has been appointed assistant to the Professor of
Natural History.
Miss Alice Thompson (M.A., 1907; B.Sc.) has been appointed Mistress
of Mathematics in the Municipal High School for Girls, West Hartlepool.
Mr. Andrew Wilson Thomson (M. A., Hons., 191 6), Oriel College, Oxford,
has been awarded the Ferguson Scholarship in Classics. The scholarship is
open to students and graduates of the four Scottish Universities, and is of
the annual value of ;^8o for two years. Mr. Thomson is a son of Mr.
Peter Thomson, Rosemount Cottage, Stoneywood. At the outbreak of the
war in 1914, he was a private in "C " section, ist Highland Field Ambul-
ance, T.F. Then he served in the Transport Section, but was invalided out
in December, 1914. Resuming his studies, he graduated in 1916 with first-
class Honours in Classics. He was also awarded a scholarship of ;^8o per
annum at Oriel College, and in the autumn of 19 16 carried off the Fullerton
scholarship in Classics. (See vol. iv., 82.)
Since 1902, when the regulations regarding the age limitation of candid-
ates were, for the first time, made water-tight, Aberdeen has won 22 Ferguson
^^
\
78 Aberdeen University Review
Scholarships, Glasgow 16, Edinburgh 7, and St. Andrews 4. The statistics
from 1861 up to and including the present year are as follows: —
Classics. Mathematics. Philosophy.
St. Andrews loj ij 4
Aberdeen 24J 20 loj
Glasgow 8 16 17
Edinburgh 16 17 24
It should be explained that -^ has been allowed for each subject in the case
of the conjoint arrangement for the first three years of the competition.
The FuUerton Scholarship in Classics has been divided between Mr.
Kenneth Bruce (M.A., 1916) and Miss Katherine B. M. Wattie (M.A., 1917).
The Town Council gold medals for the past year have been conferred as
follows: Department of Languages and Literature — Miss Katherine B. M.
Wattie ; proxime accessit. Miss Ruth C. Jamieson. Department of Science —
Mr. George H. Mackenzie.
The Hunter gold medal in Roman Law was awarded to Mr. Donald B.
Gunn (M.A., 19 15) for an essay on " Emancipatio, its Modes and Effects in
Roman Law ". Mr. Gunn is at present serving as a sergeant on the admin-
istrative staff of the ist Scottish General Hospital, R.A.M.C.
Rev, James Smith, D.D., of Newhills, whose death is mentioned in the
Obituary, was a graduate of King's College, having taken his degree in 1856.
The only surviving member of his class seems to be Rev. James Eraser, St.
Andrews, Dornoch.
Mr. A. H. Benton, whose death is also recorded in the Obituary, was
another graduate of King's (i860). He contributed a very interesting " Re-
trospect" of forty-eight pages to the "Records of the Arts Class, 1856-60,"
printed for the Class in the Quatercentenary year, 1906. Among his surviving
class-fellows are Brigade-Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel J. F. Beattie, Insch ;
Rev. Adam A. Laing, New Luce ; Rev. John Smith, Ardnamurchan ; and
Mr. James Troup, Aberdeen.
In our last issue it was stated (p. 246) in connection with a communication
from Rev. Alexander Thomson Grant, Wemyss Castle, Fife, that he was in
his eighty-third year, and was therefore " probably the oldest subscriber to the
Review ". We have been reminded since, however, that we have a still older
subscriber in the person of the Rev. William Mair, D.D., Edinburgh (formerly
minister of Earlston), who is now in his eighty-eighth year, having been born
on I April, 1830. Dr. Mair, moreover, preceded Rev. Mr. Grant at the Uni-
versity, having graduated M.A. at Marischal College in 1849.
A wedding was solemnised in the University Chapel on 18 September, the
contracting parties being Private Frank Emslie, Gordon Highlanders (M.A.,
1906), and Miss Elizabeth Pollock Smith (M.A., 191 2). Principal Sir George
Adam Smith officiated. Both the bride and bridegroom were employed in
the teaching profession at Bonnybridge, Stirling. Private Emslie, who has
been twice wounded, has been awarded the Military Medal. A few days after
his wedding he was presented in Bonnybridge Public Hall with a handsome
timepiece, with side ornaments, in recognition of his gaining the Military
Medal.
What was described as " a war wedding having a romantic interest " took
place at Bolton in June last when Corporal Robert Gentles, 28th Canadian
Infantry Battalion, was married to Miss Lisette Anne Macdonald Wilson
(M.B., 1905 ; D.P.H. [Cantab.]), to whose skill and devotion, it was said, he
Personalia 79
largely owed his recovery from wounds received in action. Corporal Gentles
is an American of Scottish descent, member of a grain firm in New York.
The lady was formerly assistant medical officer to the Edinburgh School Board.
A University connection going back for 175 years was terminated by the
death at Cambridge, on 7 October, of Lucy Jane, widow of Lieutenant-
General J. J. McLeod Innes, V.C, C.B., R.E., in her eighty-seventh year.
She was a grand-daughter of Dr. Roderick MacLeod, who entered King's
College in 1 742, three years before the second Jacobite rebellion. Graduating
in 1746, he was a Regent of the College 1748-64, Sub-Principal 1764-1800,
and Principal 1800-15. This period of academic service, sixty-seven years, is,
it is believed, a record in any of our Universities. Her father was Dr. Hugh
Macpherson, who married (as his second wife) Christina, daughter of Dr.
Macleod. Graduating at King's College in 1788, Dr. Macpherson was suc-
cessively Professor of Hebrew 1793-97, of Greek 1797-1854 (and Sub-Prin-
cipal 1817-54), sixty-one years — a good second to his father-in-law. The
deceased lady was the youngest of a family of thirteen, and presumably was
the last survivor of the family. An elder brother. Dr. Norman Macpherson
(M.A., King's College, 1842 ; LL.D,, 1865), died three years ago, aged eighty-
nine. (See vol. ii., 92.)
Among books recently published is vol. ix. (Mundas-Phrygians) of the
" Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics," edited by Rev. Dr. James Hastings. —
"The Fourth Gospel: Its Significance and Environment," by Rev. R. H.
Strachan, Cambridge (M.A., 1893). — Professor Cooper has published, under
the title "General Assembly Prayers, 1917," his lists of service prepared for
his Moderatorship. — Among the new theological works announced by Messrs.
Hodder & Stoughton for publication in the autumn is one on " The Prophets
of the Old Testament," by Professor A. R. Gordon. This will be a companion
volume to Dr. Gordon's important work on " The Poets of the Old Testament ".
— ^The Scottish History Society will issue shortly to its members " Papers re-
lating to the Army of the Solemn League and Covenant," edited by Professor
Terry. A feature of the two volumes is a complete catalogue of the artillery
and arms equipment of a seventeenth century army. — Professor J. du Plessis
and Professor Marais, of the Theological Seminary, Stellenbosch, South Africa,
are engaged on a biography of the late Rev. Dr. Andrew Murray. — "The
Statesmanship of Wordsworth," by A. V. Dicey, K.C., is dedicated to Pro-
fessor Jack.
At the Bursar)' competition this year the first place was gained by Alex-
ander R*. Davidson, son of a baker's vanman at Hatton of Cruden. He was
educated at Hatton public school, a rural elementary school, and subsequently
at the Central Higher Grade public school, Aberdeen. The second bursar
was Henry S. M. Burns, son of Mr. John S. Burns, M.A., teacher, Inverurie ;
he was educated at Inverurie Academy and Gordon's College. Herbert
MacKintosh, son of a bank agent in Banff, was third bursar ; he was the dux
of Banff Academy last year. The fourth bursar was Alexander J. B. Milne,
from Peterhead, who distinguished himself at the Peterhead Academy, having
been the " runner up " for the dux medal for the past two years.
" Biometrika," Vol. XI. No. 4 (May, 1917), contains two appreciations
of the late William Robert Macdonell (M.A., 1872 ; LL.D., 1895), Univer-
sity Lecturer on Statistics, who died in 1916 at the comparatively early age of
sixty-three. They are by the Editor, Professor Karl Pearson and Professor
8o Aberdeen University Review
W. p. Ker. None knew him better, and between them they give in full out-
line a picture both of the man and of his high scientific work. On his re-
tirement from business in Bombay Dr. Macdonell joined the Biometric
Laboratory, and (says Professor Pearson) " his patient labour, his wise counsel,
and lovable disposition soon made him an essential part of the place. It
was not only in material and apparatus, it was not only in resourceful sugges-
tion to his fellow- workers, but it was especially in the general sense of courage
and in the spirit of readiness to undertake the tedious, because it meant profit
to science in the future, which he diffused around him, that his help was so
invaluable." " The sympathy and foresight of his genius are illustrated by his
greeting — the earliest and in face of unfavourable receptions by anthropolo-
gist and anatomist — of Fawcett's now 'classical memoir' on the Nagada
crania. It takes a long while to reform any branch of science, but when the
history of craniometry comes to be written those early workers in the Bio-
metric Laboratory will be remembered, and not the least Macdonell, who
gave heart to them all." " From the first issue until this very year, Macdonell
acted as assistant editor of ' Biometrika '. Scotland has preserved its
knowledge and appreciation of grammar long after grammar has been dis-
carded in England, and few abler proof-readers can be found than a Scots-
man trained in Oxford, especially if he has graduated in science and tempered
his science with modern European literature as a hobby. The width of
Macdonell's studies and of his interests was effectively demonstrated by his
memoir ' On the Expectation of Life in Ancient Rome and in the Provinces
of Hispania and Lusitania and Africa'. Few men could have been found
to combine the necessary biometric with the still more needful literary train-
ing requisite for a study of this character, and fewer still would have con-
cluded it with such words of modesty as Macdonell did." The appreciation
concludes with a tribute to his sturdiness, trustiness, straightness, and courage.
Greater praise no man could have from an expert colleague ! Professor Ker
records his friendship with Dr. Macdonell from their days together at Balliol
College, describes how he kept up his classical studies while in business in
Bombay — where he became Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce and
additional Member of Council (1893-95) — and in London till his retirement
from business in 1899. "Probably few men are to be trusted with leisure at
the age of forty-seven, but Macdonell made the most of his life." " He never
lost interest in any study that once had engaged his attention. . . . He never
forgot a friend " and "made new friends as he went on." " He inherited his
love of books ; one of his early recollections was the farm-house in the High-
lands where it was the custom to read aloud in the evenings, usually fi om some
of the English classics, but sometimes ' Don Quixote,' to the farm servants ;
light being provided for the reader from a stock of pine splinters, lighted in
succession one from another. Macdonell's people were Catholics, and his
study of the humanities may have owed something to the traditions of the
Church."
Mr. John Fortescue, the historian of the British Army, had an article on
the beginnings of the R.A.M.C. in "The Times " in July last, and in the course
of it he paid the following tribute to Sir James M'Grigor : —
"James M'Grigor had served in all parts of the world with different
regiments, both horse and foot, knew the British officer and the British soldier,
and loved them both. Keenly alive to the abuses which flourished unchecked
in the base hospitals, M'Grigor persuaded Wellington in great measure to
Personalia 8 1.
supersede them by the establishment of regimental hospitals much nearer to
the front. No system could at first sight seem less economical and more
wasteful ; but M'Grigor had already tested it in Egypt in 1801, and now made
it a very great success. The secret was that the regimental doctors, fond of
their men, proud of their corps, and anxious to keep its ranks as full as
possible, laboured with ardour not only to restore the health of their patients,
but to send them back to the front as disciplined soldiers. They knew the
constitution and disposition of every man, and possessed a very keen eye for
a malingerer. In the base hospitals, and most notably in the largest of them,
at Belem, on the contrary, all was perfunctory and orderless. The ' Belem
Rangers,' as the convalescents were called, were a proverb for disgraceful
conduct, and it was they who were principally responsible for the outrages
which brought reproach upon Wellington's Army. When the operations
reached the thinly-populated districts in the North of Spain it seemed as if
M'Grigor's system must break down for want of suitable buildings ; but he
was a man of resource, and, backed by Wellington, procured from England
portable wooden structures which could be fitted together in a couple of days.
He continued his good work during the years of peace which followed after
Waterloo ; and James M'Grigor, who had begun his service as surgeon to the
Connaught Rangers in 1793, finally ended it as Director-General and Sir
James M'Grigor, Bart., in 1851. He was the father of British military hy-
giene, the spiritual parent of that noble band of medical men whose skill,
devotion, and self-sacrifice at the front are a source of pnde and thankfulness
to every true subject of the King. Let us honour the gallant Irishman upon
whom in these days his mantle has descended ; but let us not forget the honest
Aberdonian who let the mantle fall, for though his body has lain buried in
peace for nearly sixty years, most assuredly his works do follow him."
The Annual Report for 19 16 of the Scottish Churches College, Calcutta, of
which one of our graduates, Rev. J. Watt, M.A., D.D., is Principal and another,
Rev. W. S. Urquhart, M.A., D.Phil., is officiating Principal (during Dr. Watt's
furlough) has been sent to us. In the undergraduate classes the numbers
" by means of constant struggle against increase " have been kept at the same
level as last year, about iioo. In the postgraduate classes the number has
increased from 10 to 27.
We have also received the Report for 191 6 of the Council of Madras
Christian College, of which our own revered Dr. William Miller, CLE.
(M.A., Mar. Coll., 1856 ; LL.D.), is still the Honorary Principal, and other
graduates of Aberdeen form a part of the Senatus, Principal William Skinner
(M.A., 1880 ; D.D.), the Hon. and Rev. G. Pittendrigh (M.A., 1880), Rev.
William Meston (M.A., 1890), and Mr. W. R. Sherriffs M.A., 1903 ; B.Sc).
An important event during the year was the appointment, as Professor of
Mental and Moral Science, of Mr. J. B. Raju (M.A., Madr. ; B.Sc, Oxon) —
the first Indian professor in the College. During the short term of 1915-16
the number of students was 849, of whom 114 were in the Honours Classes
and 886 in the Long Term, 191 6- 17, of whom 133 were in the Honours
Classes.
Obituary.
Among prominent graduates who have recently passed away was Rev.
James Smith, M.A., B.D., LL.D., minister of the parish of Newhills, Aber-
deenshire, and for fifteen years (1888- 1903) a member of the University
Court. He died at the Manse of Newhills on 15 August, after an illness of
considerable duration. An appreciation of Dr. Smith will appear in the next
issue of the Review.
A University man of considerable eminence whose death has also to be
chronicled was Colonel Sir Alexander Bltrness M 'Hardy, K.C.B., late
R.E., of Cranford, Aberdeen, and 3 Ravelston Park, Edinburgh (alumnus,
Marischal College, 1857-60). He died at a nursing home in Aberdeen on
10 August, of heart failure following upon an operation. He was a son of
the late Mr. David M'Hardy, ironmonger in Aberdeen and a magistrate of
the city, and was born in 1875. A member of the Marischal College class of
1857-61 (see vol. iii., 271) he passed on to the Royal Engineers' Military
Academy, which he entered by competition in i860. He joined the Royal
Engineers two years later; in 1867 he was detached for service under the
Science and Art Department at the Paris Exhibition, in connection with the
machinery departments; and in 1870 he was ordered out to China, becoming
Assistant Surveyor-General of Hong-Kong and ultimately Surveyor-General
in charge of the colonial works. Returning to England in 1873, he served
at the Horse Guards until 1877, when he was selected for duty at the Home
Office in connection with the introduction of a Prisons Bill, aiding in re-
arranging and adapting English prisons for the new system. He served suc-
cessively as member of a Committee appointed to report on the state of the
metropolitan police stations ; as secretary of a Committee on the employment
of convicts ; as secretary of a sub-committee charged with investigations as
to the best site for a harbour of refuge on the east coast of Scotland, and
as secretary to a Royal Commission on Irish prisons. He was appointed
Surveyor of Prisons in 1882 ; one of the Scottish Prisons Commissioners in
1885 ; and Chairman of the Scottish Prisons Board in 1896. He retired from
the active army list as Lieutenant-Colonel in 1887. He was created C.B. in
1900 and K.C.B. in 1911. Since the outbreak of war Sir Alexander
M 'Hardy's experience and ability had been utilized in several directions, and
in particular he was a member of the Home Office Committee entrusted with
the oversight and supervision of the conscientious objectors to military ser-
vice. In addition to his official duties. Sir Alexander associated himself with
many movements of a literary, social, religious, and philanthropic character ;
he was a very active member of the Franco-Scottish Society and was its
Obituary 8 3
President in 1914. He was married to a daughter of the late Sir John
Anderson, Superintendent of Machinery to the War Department, and donor
of the Free Library to Woodside.
Mr. Alexander Hay Benton (M.A., King's College, i860) died at 16
Lancaster Road, Wimbledon, London, on 1 2 September, aged seventy-five.
He became first bursar at King's at the early age of fourteen, and, after gradu-
ating, studied for the Indian Civil Service, which he duly entered. He passed
through the various grades of the service, being ultimately appointed Judge of
the Chief Court of the Punjab in November, 1889. He retired in July, 1894,
being compelled thereto by indifferent health. Mr. Benton was studious and
scholarly, and spent a considerable portion of his retirement in literary pur-
suits. He recently published a work on "Indian Moral Instruction and
Caste Problems " which was reviewed in our last number ; and he had re-
ceived from more than one high officer in the Government of India, with
special experience in educational administration, letters which set great value
on his proposals for moral and religious instruction to the pupils of Govern-
ment and Grant-in-Aid Primary Schools. (See p. 248 of vol. iv. of the
Review.)
Mr. Benton was a son of the late Mr. John Benton, farmer, sometime in
Boharm, Banffshire, and afterwards at SherifThaugh, Rothes, Morayshire
(formerly of Airlie, Keig) ; and was a member of a family which has many
associations with the Univer>ity. One of his brothers, William Benton (M.A.,
1863), a rancher, died at El Paso, Texas, 16 March, 1916. (See vol. iiL, 279.)
Another brother. Sir John Benton, K.C.I.E. (alumnus, 1867-69), was Chief
Engineer to the Government of the Punjab and from 1905 till 1912 In-
spector-General of Irrigation in India. A third brother, James Thompson
Benton (alumnus, 1868-69), ^'^^ ^^so went out to Texas, was murdered there
in 1875. A cousin, William S. Benton, was murdered in the course of a
Mexican revolt — by the hand of General Villa, it is generally supposed — in
February, 1914. (See vol. i., 299.) Five years ago, Mr. A. H. Benton, along
with his brothers and sisters, founded a bursary in Aberdeen University.
Mr. George Clark (M.A., King's College, 1859), died at his residence,
Ythanbank, West Newport, Fife, on 1 1 November, aged 86. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from St. Andrews University at the recent summer
graduation. He was for forty years head master of the West End Academy,
Dundee. "Under Mr. Clark's direction," said an article in the "Aberdeen
Free Press " of 6 July, headed " A Scholar's Story," " the West End Academy
soon became favourably known. His headship was felt throughout the entire
being of the school. His personality was infused everywhere, even refining
the customs of the playground. To sound scholarship he added a rare and
alluring art of instruction, and a wisdom in selecting teachers which seldom,
if ever, failed." Among his pupils were Sir James A. Ewing, the Principal
of Edinburgh University, and Professor William Craigie of Oxford. Mr.
Clark compiled an extensive account of the phonology of the Buchan dialect,
which Professor Joseph Wright incorporated in his " English Dialect Grammar,"
and his research had also served the purposes of the Oxford English Diction-
ary. He had further completed an extensive work on the subject of spelling
reform.
Sir William Mortimer Clark, K.C., K.C.M.G. (alumnus, Marischal
College, 1851-52), a former Lieutenant-Governor of the province of Ontario,
84 Aberdeen University Review
died at Prout's Neck, Maine, on 10 August, aged eighty-one. A son of Mr.
John Clark, manager of the Aberdeen Insurance Company (an institution
which about half a century ago was re-named the Scottish Provincial Insur-
ance Company), he was educated at the Grammar School and Marischal
College, completing his studies at Edinburgh University. He became a
Writer to the Signet, but settled in Toronto in 1859, was called to the bar
there and became a Q.C. in 1887, and in 1903 was appointed Lieutenant-
Governor of Ontario in succession to Sir Oliver Mowat, holding the post
till 1908. He was knighted in 1907. For thirty-seven years he was Chair-
man of the Board of Knox College, Toronto, and he was also a member of
the Senate of the University of that city.
Dr. John William Collie (M B., 1882), died at 10 1 A Knight's Hill,
West Norwood, London, on 19 October, aged sixty-one. After graduating,
he went to London as an assistant medical practitioner, and subsequently
started practice on his own account. For the last few years, he had acted as
medical lecturer in connection with the London County Council. Dr. Collie
was a son of the late Mr. James H. Collie, hairdresser, Aberdeen.
Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel James Davidson (M.A., i86i ;
M.B., 1864) died at his residence, Burnside House, Turriff, on 26 July, aged
seventy- seven. He was a native of New Deer, Aberdeenshire, and joined
the Indian Medical Service (Bombay) in 1867, retiring in 1892 after twenty-
five years' service, with the rank of Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel.
While in India he took part in the Afghan campaign, and held many civil
and military appointments.
Rev. James Denny, Principal of the United Free Church College, Glas-
gow, who died on 12 June, aged sixty-one, was an honorary D.D. of Aberdeen
University, having received the degree at the quater-centenary celebrations.
Rev. James Bruce Duncan (VI .A., 1869) died at the United Free
Church Manse, Lynturk, Aberdeenshire, on 30 September, aged sixty-nine.
He was a native of New Deer and was educated at Whitehills school and the
Aberdeen Grammar School. Entering the University as fourteenth bursar,
he graduated in Arts in 1869 with second-class honours in Philosophy. For
three years he was class assistant to the late Professor Bain and collaborated
with him in the historical part of his " Mind and Body," and in his " Com-
panion to the Higher English Grammar," and also in other works of Professor
Bain, notably the enlarged edition of the " Rhetoric ". Mr. Duncan, who
studied at the United Presbyterian Divinity Hall in Edinburgh and also at
Leipzig University, was in 1876 ordained minister of the United Presbyterian
Church at Lynturk, and had continued its minister for the forty-one years
that have sinced passed. He was clerk of the Aberdeen U.P. Presbytery for
twelve years, and since the union of the Free and U.P. Churches he had
been clerk of the Donside Presbytery of the United Church ; and he became
clerk of the Aberdeen United Free Church Synod in 1908. For the past ten
years Mr. Duncan had been engaged, along with the late Mr. Gavin Greig,
M.A., in collecting from the lips of the people of the north-east the existing
remains of Folk Song (ballad and lyrical), including both words and airs, for
the New Spalding Club. This work was of great historical interest, and Mr.
Duncan had accumulated a mass of very valuable material which when pub-
lished will form an important addition to the literature of Scotland. Mean-
time the MSS. have been placed in the hands of the Secretary of the Club.
Obituary 8 5
Dr. Charles Theodore Ewart (M.B., 1878; M.D,, 1892) died on 21
June, aged sixty-three. He was for sixteen years the senior assistant medical
officer at the London County Lunatic Asylum, Claybury, Woodford Bridge,
Essex, and in September of last year was appointed medical superintendent.
William Gordon Glennie (alumnus, Marischal College, 1859-61) died
at his residence, Fetteresso, Sydenham Rise, Forest Hill, London, on 31
August, aged seventy. He was educated at Gordon's Hospital, and was one
of the pupils sent to the Mathematical and Natural Philosophy classes at
Marischal College. After serving an apprenticeship to Messrs. Stronach &
Duguid, advocates in Aberdeen, he went to London in 1866. He entered
the Service of the Scottish Union and National Insurance Company, eventually
becoming Secretary of the Company. He retired in 1909.
Miss Annabella Hay (M.A., 1910), one of the teachers in the Banff
Academy, died on 24 May. She was the second daughter of Mr. James Hay
Brackenhills, Cornhill, Banffshire; and in December, 1914, was appointed
from Buckie Higher Grade School to a position in the staff at Banff Academy.
Dr. John Gordon Smith Macpherson (M.B., 1898) died suddenly of
pneumonia, at Grange Shotton, near Durham, on 14 June, aged forty. He
was a son of the late Dr. Robert Macpherson (M.B., 1868; M.D., 1880) and
of Mrs. Macpherson, The Hut, Nairn.
Dr. George Mair (M.A., Marischal College, 1856; M.B., CM., i86o)
died at his residence, 37 Queen's Road, Aberdeen, on 7 September, aged
eighty. He was a son of the late Mr. John Mair, shipowner, Macduff, and
his grandfather was a sailing master in the days of Nelson and took part in
some of the naval engagements of that time. Born and brought up at Turriff
(his father was drowned at sea when he was two years old), young Mair
was educated at Turriff Parish School, the Aberdeen Grammar School, and
Marischal College, at which last he graduated in Arts and Medicine, being one
of the only two who ever received the degree of Master of Surgery from that
College. After taking his medical degree he went as surgeon on a whaler
sailing between Peterhead and Greenland, and in i860 he joined the medical
service of the Royal Navy. Going out to China, he joined H.M.S. "Vulcan,"
and landed with the Naval Brigade at the Tonkin Forts, for which engage-
ment he held the Chinese Medal. While stationed in China he became very
intimately acquainted with the late General Gordon, who at that period held
the rank of captain. Subsequently Dr. Mair served in the Pacific, Australian,
and South American stations, and on the outbreak of the Zulu War saw con-
siderable active service. From the termination of the Zulu War till 1882 he
held various medical appointments in dockyards in home waters, but on the
commencement of the Egyptian campaign he was transferred to H.M.S.
"Sultan," and took part in the bombardment of Alexandria, for which engage-
ment he held the Egyptian Medal and clasp and the Khedive Star. Later
he came home and served in various ships until his retirement from the Navy
in 1887 with the rank of Fleet Surgeon. Since then he had lived in Aber-
deen. One of his sons is Mr. George Herbert Mair (M.A., 1905), formerly
on the staff of the " Manchester Guardian," at present on Government Ser-
vice, author of a volume on " English Literature : Modern ".
Mr. William Murray (M.A., 1861) died at i Coleridge Villas, Ashford,
Middlesex, on 17 September, aged seventy-seven. He was a native of
Rathen, Aberdeenshire. He was schoolmaster at Ballater from 1861-73 ;
86 Aberdeen University Review
and at Dunnichen, Forfarshire, from 1873-76. He was then for two years
classical master at the Holbrook House School, Richmond, Surrey, and for two
years was at Bradmore College, Chiswick ; and in 1881 he was appointed
head master of Lord Knyvett's School, Stanwell, Middlesex.
Rev. Alexander Ogilvy (M.A., 1862), senior minister of the Middle
United Free Church, Coatbridge, was found dead in bed in the manse of his
son, Rev. J. N. Ogilvy, Shirley, Bothwell Road, Hamilton, on 20 August. He
had conducted both services on the previous day in Saffronhall United Free
Church, Hamilton, of which his son is the pastor. Mr. Ogilvy, senior, who
was eighty- three years of age, was ordained minister of the Free Church at
Eyemouth, Berwickshire, in 1868, and in 1877 was translated to the Middle
Free (now United Free) Church at Coatbridge. He retired in 1 906 when a
colleague and successor was appointed, and had latterly resided at Rutherglen.
Dr. Francis (Frank) Ogston (M.B., 1873; M.D., 1875) died suddenly
at Dunedin, New Zealand, on 6 September, aged seveniy-one. He was the
younger son of the late Dr. Francis Ogston, M.D., LL.D,, the first Professor
of Medical Logic and Medical Jurisprudence in Marischal College and after-
wards in the University (1857-83), and a brother of Emeritus Professor Sir
Alexander Ogston, K.C.V.O. After graduating, he was in practice for some
time in Aberdeen, and also acted as assistant to his father as Professor. He
eventually settled in Dunedin, where he came to be recognized as a medical
man of outstanding ability ; and for a number of years he acted as Assistant
Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Public Health in the University of
Otago. In 1 901 he was appointed District Medical Officer of Health for
the southern half of the South Island of New Zealand.
Dr. Arthur Edward Patterson (M.B., 1885; M.D., 1896) died at
Stone House, near Dartford, Kent, on 26 August, aged fifty- three. He was
a son of the late Major David A. P. Patterson, and was born at Gondah,
Bengal, but received the whole of his education in Aberdeen. After a short
period of general practice, he became assistant medical officer to the Derby
Borough Asylum, and was later appointed to the City of London Mental
Hospital, Dartford, Kent, being the senior assistant medical officer to that
institution at the time of his death.
Dr. John Polson (M.D., Marischal College, 1859) died at Fernwood,
Newlands, Cape Town, on 27 August, aged eighty. He was the son of Dr.
James Poison, Monquhitter, and, after graduating, practised in New Deer and
Friockheim. In"i879 he bought a practice at Reddersburg, in the Orange
Free State, and secured an extensive clientele among the Boers, becoming well
known among them far and wide. He subsequently bought a farm of about
33,000 acres in the Brandfort district, called Ganspan, and in time acquired
a large stock of cattle, sheep, and horses ; on the outbreak of the Boer War,
all the stock was driven to the Vet River for safety, such animals as were un-
able to travel being shot to prevent their falling into Boer hands. Dr. Poison
ultimately sold the farm to good advantage, and about ten years ago he retired
and lived for some years in England. Five years ago, however, he returned
to South Africa for the sake of the delightful climate, and bought a villa at
Newlands, where he died. He is said to have been a man of remarkable
character, becoming a noted figure wherever he sojourned.
Dr. FiNLAY George Macleod Ross (M.B., 1909) died at Klerksdorp,
South Africa, on 4 June, aged thirty. After graduating, he was in India for
Obituary 8 7
a short time, but went to Africa about six years ago. He engaged in private
practice, and also held several important medical appointments. He served
as Lieutenant, R.A.M.C. in the East African campaign, and was afterwards
appointed medical superintendent at Klerksdorp. He was the younger son
of Mr. F. M. Ross, retired commercial traveller, Ferryhill Place, Aberdeen.
Mr. Joseph Scott (M.A., 1901 ; B.Sc.) died at Main Street, Gardens-
town, Banffshire, on 24 September. He had a distinguished career at the
University, taking his B.Sc. degree with first-class honours and being Neil
Arnott prizeman. He was appointed junior assistant to Professor Niven, but
failing health compelled him to relinquish this post. He then went to Inver-
gorden, where he taught for a short time, and then to Kingussie, and finally
— in the search for health — to Cape Colony, where he was for three years, re-
turning in June last. He was a native of Gardenstown.
Rev. George Simmers (M.A., King's College, 1852) died suddenly at
his residence, Aberdeen House, Ramsgate, on 8 August, aged eighty-two.
He went to Ramsgate fifty years ago, and for many years he was prominently
identified with the scholastic profession in that town. He was a licensed
preacher for the district, and formerly assisted at the services in St. Clement's
and St. Mary's, Sandwich. In 1881 he established Aberdeen House School,
and carried it on successfully until the time of his death. During his later
years Mr. Simmers was attached to the staff of Christ Church, Ramsgate, as
honorary curate and was a frequent preacher at St. Luke's.
Thomas Henry Moir Smith (M.A., 1904) died at the Schoolhouse,
Kilspindie, Perthshire, on 26 August, aged thirty-six. After graduating, Mr.
Smith was for over four years third master in a school in Elgin. He was
afterwards in a school in Stonehaven for a short time ; and over two years ago
he was appointed head master of Kilspindie school. He was a son of the
late Mr. Robert Smith, builder, Belvidere Street, Aberdeen.
Dr. James Harvey Stewart (alumnus, 1890-91 ; 1896-97 ; L.R.C.P. and
S. [Edin.]) died at his residence, Woodville, Hatton of Cruden, Aberdeenshire,
on 26 June, aged forty-four. He was a native of Alford, and completed his
medical education at Edinburgh. After gaining experience with the late
Dr. Patrick Mitchell, Old Rayne, he acquired the practice at Cruden.
Rev. Archibald Sutherland (M.A., King's College, i860) died at his
residence, Roseisle, Glasgow Road, Perth, on 19 June, aged seventy-eight.
He was senior minister of the York Place United Free Church, Perth, and
was within a month of attaining his jubilee in that capacity. He retired from
the active ministry about eight years ago. He was a native of Lossiemouth.
William Traill (M.A., 1892) died at his residence, Hillcrest Ranch,
Nicola Valley, British Columbia, in August, aged forty-six. After gradu-
ating, he became a teacher in Milne's Institution, Fochabers, and then teacher
of English and Classics at Dingwall Academy. He emigrated to British
Columbia several years ago. He belonged to Fishrie, King-Edward, and was
married to a daughter of Ex-Provost Frew, Dingwall.
Dr. Alexander Reid Urquhart (M.B., 1873; M.D., 1877; F.R.C.P.
[Edin.], 1894; LL.D., 1914) of Milnfield, Elgin, died at Tannachie Meads,
Eastbourne, on 31 July, aged sixty-five. After graduating, he acted for four
years as assistant resident physician at the District Asylum, Murthly, Perth-
shire, and the experience in brain troubles he gained there was added to by
several appointments in England and by extensive studies abroad. In 1879
X
88 Aberdeen University Review
he was appointed Physician Superintendent at James Murray's Royal Asylum,
Perth, and successfully filled this responsible position for thirty-four years,,
retiring in 1913. He was for many years editor of the "Journal of Medical
Science" and a frequent contributor to it and to other publications. On
leaving Perth, he was presented with his portrait, painted by Mr. G. Fiddes
Watt, A.R.S.A.
Rev. Alexander Wilson (M.A., 1882) died in a nursing home in Aber-
deen on 3 July, aged fifty-seven. He was a son of Rev. James Wilson, minister
of the parish of Enzie, Banffshire ; and, after graduating and taking the divinity
course at the University, he became minister of the quoad sacra parish of
Ythan Wells, Aberdeenshire, in 1890, remaining minister till his death.
" From the very start of his ministerial career " (said an obituary notice)^
" Mr. Wilson identified himself in the fullest possible way with the public life
of the district, and, while zealous in the interests of his own church, was very
active in the support of every movement for the welfare of the community."
Mr. George Skelton Yuill (alumnus, 1864-66) died at Sydney, New
South Wales, on i o October, aged sixty-nine. He was a son of the late Rev.
James Yuill, minister of the parish of Peterhead from 1835 till 1843, and
subsequently mmister of the Free Church at Peterhead ; and his mother was
a sister of the late Dr. Anderson, of the Gymnasium, Old Aberdeen. He
entered the University in 1864, but did not complete his course. After
serving for a time in a bank at Peterhead and then for two years in the office
of Messrs. Anderson, Anderson, & Co., of the Orient Mail Line of steamships,
he proceeded to a business appointment in China. He next went to Australia
as general manager in the Colonies for the Orient Line ; and finally embarked
on a business career of his own, founding the firm of Messrs. G. S. Yuill &
Co., Ltd., Fenchurch Street, London, with branches in Brisbane, Sydney,
Melbourne, and Adelaide. He met with conspicuous success, and acquired
a large fortune.
Mr. Yuill always retained a warm interest in the University, particularly
in the 1864-68 class, and he defrayed the cost of the sumptuous class record,
edited by Rev. Dr. Bruce of Banff, which was published in 191 2. Two years
later, in memory of that class, he gifted to the University ;^4ooo towards a
fund for a scholar. hip to be named ''The Yuill Scholarship in Chemistry,"
for the encouragement of " the practical application of the theory and science
of Chemistry to the arts, manufactures, and industries of Great Britain".
(See vol. ii., 169.)
Obituary 89
WAR OBITUARY.
The sheet containing the War Obituary in our last issue was printed off
before the sad news arrived that the Principal had sustained an additional
bereavement in the loss of his second son, Robert Dunlop Smith (Arts
Student, 1911-12), Captain, 33rd Punjabis, Indian Army, Brigade Machine
Gun Officer, Indian Expeditionary Force E, who was killed in action in East
Africa on 12 June. Captain Dunlop Smith passed into Sandhurst 120th in
the list of successful candidates, but reached the sixteenth place in the exit
examination and received a commission in the Indian Army. For the year
of his probation with a British regiment he was attached to the 4th Battalion,
Rifle Brigade, then at Dagshai, near Simla. Early in 19 14 he was appointed
to the Punjabis, then at Bannu, N.W. Frontier Province. When his regiment
proceeded to France soon after the outbreak of war, he was, as its junior
subaltern, left in charge of its recruits at its new depot at Bareilly. After
attending a school of instruction for machine-gun officers in India, he passed
out of the school, the only student of his group with distinction. In January,
19 16, he rejoined his regiment in Egypt on its return from France, and was
appointed to the command of its Machine Gun Section. On its removal to
Aden, he was placed in command of the Brigade of Machine Guns, and
directed the disposition of the guns on that front. He was several times in
action there, and received the thanks in Orders of the General Officer Com-
manding.
Lt^tters were received from him on the voyage from Aden — by the Sey-
chelles Islands, where the officers were hospitably entertained — to a port in
what was once German East Africa, where the regiment landed on 7 May.
For three weeks Captain Smith commanded a force of 300 men at a distant
outpost, where every man suffered from fever. They returned to head-quarters
on 10 June, the date of his last letter home. In this he said he was ex-
pecting to see Lieutenant G. S. Lawrence (M.B., 191 6), who was to join the
regiment as medical officer. On the nth the whole regiment marched to
Beaumont's Post in the interior, just north of the Ngaura River, on the Kilwa-
Lindi road. Next morning a patrol, with Captain Smith in command, was
sent out into the jungle. They soon came into action with the enemy, and
the Captain was shot and killed instantaneously while attending to a wounded
sergeant.
Captain Smith was twenty-four years of age. His elder brother, Second
Lieutenant George Buchanan Smith (LL.B., 1914), attached to the 2nd Batt.,
Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in Flanders on 25 September, 191 5
(see vol. iii., 96) ; and when he received news of this Captain Dunlop Smith
cabled home from India Newbolt's lines : —
A great fight and a good death ;
Trust him, he would not fail.
A fellow-student, in the course of a memorial notice which appeared in
the " Aberdeen Free Press " on 2 July, said : —
He was one of those who seem to have a call to man the outposts of our Empire, and
who exile themselves in far-off countries and lonely stations, where, dreaming ever of those
^o Aberdeen University Review
at home, they watch and work quietly and patiently to maintain law and order, and pave
the way for the spread of our civilization. Dunlop answered this call eagerly, and seemed
likely to have a brilliant future before him in the Indian Army.
When war broke out no one longed more for active service than he, and it was a bitter
disappointment, patiently borne, when he was kept on depot duty in India for some time.
Later he did excellent work as senior M.G.O. at Aden. Those who remember his soldierly
keenness will be able to picture his enthusiasm on starting to take part in the East African
campaign, where, soon after his arrival, he was killed in action, joining his brother and
many of his friends in the ranks of those who have given their lives for their country and
for us all.
Thomas Anderson (M.A., 191 2), Lance-Corporal, Gordon Highlanders,
died on 23 September of wounds received in action on the previous day. He
was twenty-seven years of age, and was the son of Mr. Thomas Anderson, 1 6
Whitehall Place, Aberdeen. He was a teacher at Newmachar when the war
broke out. For a short time he worked in a munitions factory, but joined
the colours in May of last year.
John Badenoch (M.A., 1900), Private, R.A.M.C., died of heat-stroke in
Mesopotamia on 1 1 July. He was a native of Portsoy, Banffshire, and was
forty years of age, and was engaged in teaching, but was latterly attending the
Divinity classes in the University. He joined up voluntarily under the Derby
Scheme in May, 1916 — a very plucky act at his age (thirty- nine). (See p. 70.)
George Brown (2nd Medicine, 1915-16), Surgeon-Probationer, R.N.,
was killed in action at sea on 21 October, while on board one of H.M.
Ships acting as convoy in the North Sea. He enlisted in the Royal Navy
in 1 91 6 as an auxiliary sick-berth reserve attendant, and was recently pro-
moted to the rank of surgeon-probationer. He was a nephew of the late
Baillie John Brown, CuUen, Banffshire, and was twenty-one years of age.
Andrew Mitchell Bruce (M.A., 1908), Private, 5th Gordon High-
landers, reported missing after 23 April, has since been reported killed in
action in France on that date. Prior to the war, he was assistant master in
the Central Public School, Inverness. He was the third son of Mr. Bruce,
Mill of Allathan, New Deer, and was thirty-nine years of age. His friend
and colleague, Mr. G. A. Cameron (M.A., 191 2), rector. Central School, Inver-
ness, writes : " His was one of the characters that wear well — an Aberdeen-
shire man of the best type ; unassuming, sincere, and conscientiously thorough.
No boy or girl came under his teaching but will bear the impression of his
teaching and personality through life. Please convey to his father and mother
my own deep sympathy and that of the whole staff in their grief."
Rev. David Stewart Dawson (M.A., 19 10), Lieutenant, Gordon High-
landers, died at 187 Westburn Road, Aberdeen, on 20 October, aged twenty-
seven. Prior to the war, he was assistant to Rev. Dr. Jamieson, Portobello.
He volunteered for service shortly after the war began, and was commissioned,
30 July, 1915, in the Special Reserve of Officers (Infantry), and attached to
the 3rd (Reserve) Battalion of the Gordons. He bad the reputation of being
a brave and efficient officer, but he was wounded in September, 191 6, and
had been an invalid almost continuously since, having never recovered from
the effects of his war experience at the front. Lieutenant Dawson was a
grandson of the late Rev. James Allen, D.D., minister of Mamoch, Banff-
shire, and was married last year. He was a conscientious and popular
minister, and by his death a life of great promise has been untimely cut off.
John Mitchell Duthie (i st Medicine, 1 9 1 5 - 1 6), Lance-Corporal, Gordon
Highlanders, was killed in action in France in August. He was a son of Mr.
James R. Duthie, merchant. College Bounds, Fraserburgh ; aged nineteen.
Obituary 9 1
Robert William Ferguson (M.A., 1909; B.Sc, 1 910), Second Lieu-
tenant, 5th Gordon Highlanders, reported last year as wounded and missing,
has now been officially reported as killed in action at Beaumont Hamel, 1 3
November, 191 6. He enlisted as a private in the spring of 1915, and re-
ceived his commission a month or two later, being drafted to the front in
August, 1 916. He held scholastic appointments at Aberlour and Nairn, and
on the outbreak of the war he was mathematical master at Sharpe's Institute,
Perth. He was the youngest son of Mr. Alexander Ferguson, 62 Queen
Street, Peterhead, and was twenty-nine years of age,
James Findlay (ist year Medicine, 1915-16), Second Lieutenant, 12th
Northumbeiland Fusiliers (formerly a private in the Royal Fusiliers), was killed
in action in France in June. He was the younger son of the late Mr. John
Findlay, Mains of Loirston, Nigg, and was twenty-one years of age.
Alexander Guthrie (2nd year Arts, 1914-15), Lieutenant, ist High-
land Brigade, R.F.A., was killed in action in France on 13 July, while at-
tempting to save a comrade. He was the second son of Rev. W. G. Guthrie
(M.A., 1887 ; B.D.), minister of the parish of Glass, Aberdeenshire (formerly
of Logie-Buchan), and intended entering the ministry. A memorial service
was conducted in the parish church of Logie-Buchan on 22 July, and the
minister of the parish. Rev. James Coutts, paid a touching tribute to this, the
third gallant son of the manse of Logie-Buchan who had given up his life in
the cause of justice and liberty. [The allusion was to Lieutenant Albert J.
Guthrie, another son of the Rev. W. G. Guthrie, who was killed in the Somme
fighting last year, and to Corporal Tom Scott, son of the late Rev. W. F.
Scott, a former minister of Logie-Buchan, also killed in action.]
Alexander Simpson Harper (M.A., Hons. Math., 1911), Lieutenant,
Royal Highlanders, was killed in action on 12 October. A time-expired
Territorial, he rejoined on the outbreak of the war as a private in the 7th
Gordon Highlanders, and had served at the front since the spring of 191 6.
He was promoted Lance-Corporal, and on 14 August, 191 6, received a
commission as Temporary Second Lieutenant in the 8th Battalion, Royal
Highlanders (Black Watch), and was very recently promoted to be Lieutenant.
He was the second son of the late Mr. William Harper, The Gardens,
Tulliebelton, Perthshire, and was aged twenty-seven ; he had adopted teach-
ing as his profession. He is the fourth of the Honours graduates of 1911 to
fall in the present war.
Adam Gordon Howitt, M.C. (B.Sc. Agr., 1910), Captain, 12th East
Surrey Regiment, was killed in action in France on 5 August, while driving
off a counter-attack under dreadful weather conditions. Captain Howitt was
a distinguished student at the Agricultural College, and after taking his degree
he entered the service of the (German Potash Syndicate in Berlin, and was
sent out to South Africa as their representative there. On the outbreak of
the war he joined the Cape Town Highlanders and fought in the campaign
in South-West Africa, reaching the rank of Lieutenant. On the conclusion
of that campaign, he came home to this country and obtained a commission
in the East Surrey Regiment. Only ten days before he was killed, announce-
ment was made that he had been awarded the Military Cross for conspicuous
gallantry and devotion to duty in leading a raid upon enemy trenches, the
success of the raid being due to his good leadership and cool judgment. The
announcement added that he personally reconnoitred "No Man's Land"
92 Aberdeen University Review
afterwards to make sure that every one had returned to the British lines. He
had been previously promoted direct from Second Lieutenant to Captain for
his services in the field, the Major-General commanding the Division placing
on record on that occasion " my appreciation of your dash and judgment
when leading your platoon into action. . . . Regardless of shell fire you did
very good work in organizing the consolidation after the objective had been
captured."
Captain Howitt's commanding officer, in a letter to the Captain's sister,
wrote : —
Your brother's line was suddenly attacked in the fog on the morning of 5 August, and
he was emerging from a captured German dug-out at the time, when three Germans at-
tacked him. He fought the three and we found him (after the Germans had been beaten
back) with the three dead Germans. The last one of the three Germans alive must have
thrown a bomb that killed your brother. Death must have been instantaneous. He tell at
and is buried there. He took this village with his company first of all and then held
it until his death.
I may mention that the capture of the village, the holding of it till 5 August, our
counter-attack on that day, and the subsequent holding and counter-attacks up to 13 August,
are now the talk of the Army Corps. The battalion is justly proud of its achievement.
Your brother's share in the above was great, and had he survived, he would have secured
(no doubt) another well-earned decoration.
In a previous letter announcing Captain Howitt's death the same officer
had written : —
In him I do not hesitate to say I have lost my best officer. Although outnumbered
and under climatic conditions impossible to describe adequately. Captain Howitt and his
men beat the enemy back, and in the fierce hand to hand fighting "Jock" Howitt died
fighting to the last — one of the bravest of the brave.
William George Philip Hunt, M.C. (M.A., 1912), Captain, loth Batt,
Essex Regiment, died in the Duchess of Westminster's Hospital, Le Touquet,
France, on 15 August, of wounds received on 31 July as he was leading his
men into action at the battle of Ypres. He was the younger son of the Jate
Mr. Philip Hunt, of Scredington, Lincolnshire, and of Weston, Notts, and of
Mrs. Hunt, of Coates, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, who to his great comfort
was with him when he died ; and he was a grandson of the late Mr. George
Lowson, farmer, Standingstones, Dyce, Aberdeenshire. He was educated at
Cirencester Grammar School, where he distinguished himself both in scholar-
ship and athletics, and at Aberdeen University. After graduating, he became
assistant master at Newport Grammar School. When war broke out he en-
listed in the 4th Gordons, in which he rose to be Lance-Sergeant, and after-
wards received a commission in the loth Essex. He served with much
distinction, beloved and trusted by his men and fellow-officers, and gained
the Military Cross. From a tribute to him in the " Wilts and Gloucestershire
Standard," of 25 August, we take these sentences : As a boy "he had brains
above the average, worked with a will and was keen both in school work and
in games, but above all he was generous, brave, and true " ; he " grew into one
of the finest specimens of British manhood, well knit, of splendid physique,
and with those same qualities of mind and soul which he possessed as a boy,
broadened and developed. He was a man with a host of fiiends but never
an enemy . . . because his qualities of manliness and uprightness could not
help appealing to all with whom he came into contact." Captain Hunt
was twenty-five years of age. He was buried in the military cemetery four
Obituary 93
miles from Le Touquet, and was borne to his grave by Gordon Highlanders,
his first regiment, the pipers playing "The Flowers of the Forest ".
James Temple Jenkins (M.A., 1904), Second Lieutenant, Seaforth High-
landers, was killed in action on 20 September. He was the youngest son of
ex-Provost Jenkins, Burghead, Morayshire, and was a partner in the herring
curing firm of Thomas Jenkins. He was thirty-three years of age.
Alexander William Joss, once a student of law in the University, en-
listed in the Highland Light Infantry and went to the front in France as
private in one of the battalions of that Regiment. Reported as missing after
the action of 15 July, 191 6, he is now officially presumed to have been kil ed
on that date. Private Joss was twenty-eight years of age.
Harold Bruce Lendrum (ist year Arts, 1913-14), Second Lieutenant,
6th Seaforth Highlanders, died on i August of wounds received in action in
France. He was the eldest son of Rev. John Lendrum (M.A., 1888), minister
of the South United Free Church, Elgin. After leaving Elgin Academy, he
proceeded to Aberdeen University, and had only finished his first year there
when he enlisted in the Seaforths in September, 19 14. He went to France
in May, 191 5, and two months later was awarded a commission. He was
twenty-one years of age.
Kenneth Norman Macdonald (2nd year Arts and Medicine, 1915-16),
deck hand, Royal Naval Reserve, was lost at sea in August on one of H.M.
Ships on war service. He was nineteen years of age. His parents reside at
Plockton.
Charles Spence Marr (M.A., 19 10), by profession a teacher, went to
Canada some time ago. After the outbreak of war he enlisted, and came to
this country as a private in the 50th Canadian Infantry Battalion. He died
on 3 March, 1916, in a training camp at Bramshott, Hants.
Alexander James Bolton Milne (Divinity, 19 14- 15), Second Lieutenant,
Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 2 2 August. He took
his Arts course at Glasgow University, and attended the Divinity Hall at
Aberdeen for three sessions. While in Aberdeen, he was assistant to Rev.
A. M. Snadden, John Knox Parish Church, and was also a student missionary
in the East Parish under Rev. George Walker. He joined up when he had
completed his divinity course in the spring of 1915. Lieutenant Milne was
the only son of Rev. A. A. Milne, Crofthope, Old Cumnock, Ayrshire, and
late of Cambuslang Parish Church, and was thirty years of age.
Allan Smith Milne (M.A., 1902 ; B.L.), Second Lieutenant (acting
Captain), Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 26 June.
He was a solicitor in Aberdeen, and was principal assistant to Messrs. Reid
& Davidson, advocates. He received a commission in the Gordons in June,
19 15, and with one of the district battalions he went to France a year past in
April. He saw a good deal of the fighting, and his promotion was practically
assured, for he wis acting as temporary captain in command of a company
at the time he met his death. In athletic circles, Lieutenant Milne was well
known as an enthusiastic football and hockey player, and he was a familiar
figure at the University Recreation Ground, King's College. He was a son
of the late Mr. George Milne, solicitor, and was thirty- six years of age.
George Smith Mitchell Milne (M.A., 19 14), Lieutenant, Gordon
Highlanders, was killed in action on 14 October. He was the only son of
Mr. Charles Milne, 16 Rubislaw Den North, and was twenty-three years of
age. He had just graduated when the war broke out. At that time he was
94 Aberdeen University Review
a private in D Company, 4th Gordon Highlanders, and when the regiment
was mobilised he went with it into training. On 17 October, 191 4, he was
gazetted Second Lieutenant (temporary) in the loth (Service) Battalion,
Gordon Highlanders. He saw a great deal of active service during his three
years with the battalion. Lieutenant Milne intended studying law.
William Charles Milne (M.A , 1908), Lieutenant, Pioneers, Indian
Army, Reserve of Ofificers, died at the Officers' Hospital, Baghdad, of enteric
fever, on 29 October. After graduating, he entered the Indian forest service,
and at the outbreak of the war was transferred to the Indian Army Reserve.
He was the elder son of the late Mr. John Milne, formerly merchant, Fetter-
angus, Old Deer, and latterly of 73 Forest Road, Aberdeen, and was thirty-one
years of age.
Thomas Boulton Myles (Agriculture, 1913-14), Captain, Highland
Light Infantry, was killed in action in France in August. He was a son of
the late Mr. C. Y. Myles, Wellbank, Arbroath ; was a keen sportsman ; and
was well known in Arbroath and Aberdeen for his prowess on the cricket and
football fields. Captain Myles was twenty-four years of age.
Alastair Gordon Peter, M.C. (M.A., 1898; M.B., 1903; M.R.C.S.
[Eng.]; L.R.C.P. [Lond.] ; and D.P.H. [Camb.]), Captain, R.A.M.C, died
in July from wounds received in action. He relinquished a lucrative prac-
tice in West Africa in 191 5 and joined the Seaforth Highlanders with the
rank of Captain. He was awarded the Military Cross in November, 191 6, for
conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty. Captain Peter was the youngest
son of the late Mr. John Peter, factor, Beauly, and a nephew of the late Rev.
George Peter, Kemnay, and of the late Rev. James Peter, Old Deer. He was
about forty years of age.
James Robertson (Arts), Signaller, Royal Field Artillery, was killed in
action in France in August. He was a son of Mr. John Robertson, carpenter,
Aberlour, and was twenty years old.
George Douglas Rose (M.A., 191 5), Second Lieutenant, Gordon High-
landers, was killed in action on 20 September. He was the second son of
Dr. George Rose, medical officer under the Aberdeen School Board, and was
twenty-two years of age.
Rev. Cecil Barclay Simpson (M.A., Hons., 1907), Second Lieutenant,
4th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders, was killed in action in October. He had
a distinguished career at Aberdeen University, graduating with second class
honours in Classics and first-class honours in Mathematics ; and also at the
New College, Edinburgh, where he studied divinity. He was inducted and
ordained minister of the Moss Street United Free Church, Elgin, in August,
1 9 14. He had a strong feeling, however, that he ought to take part as a
combatant in the great struggle for freedom, and about the beginning of 1916
he joined the Inns of Court Officers Training Corps. He was gazetted Second
Lieutenant in the Seaforths on i March, 191 7, being next in seniority to
J. T. Jenkins (M.A., 1904), who was killed in action on 20 September. He
went to the front shortly after, and had been engaged in much heavy fighting.
Lieutenant Simpson was a son of the late Rev. James Simpson, minister of
the United Free Church, Monquhitter.
Archibald Charles Spark (Arts, 1 915-16), Second Lieutenant, Gordon
Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 31 July. He was the eldest
son of Rev. W. A. Spark, minister of the parish of Glenbuchat, Aberdeen-
shire, and was twenty-one years of age.
Obituary 95
Robert Haig Spittal (M.B., 1905), Captain, R.A.M.C., was killed in
action on 4 October. He got his Captaincy on 10 October, 1915. Shortly
after the outbreak of the war he was attached to the British Military Hospital,
Serbian Array, and received the Serbian Decoration, the Order of St. Sava.
After leaving Serbia, he was engaged at Malta and in Egypt, and in July, 19 16,
he was transferred to the French front. Captain Spittal was the elder son of
the late Mr. James Spittal, schoolmaster, Ellon (M.A,, 1874). Before the
war, he was in practice at Middlesbrough.
Dr. David James Shirres Stephen, M.C. (with bar), (M.B., 1910 ; M.D.,
1912), Captain, R.A.M.C., died on 24 October of wounds caused by a gas
shell. After graduating, he was engaged for a time in hospital work at Oldham,
but subsequently took up private practice in Lincoln in partnership with a well-
known local practitioner. He joined the military service in the first year of
the war, and, going to the front, he early distinguished himself, receiving the
Military Cross over two years ago, "for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to
duty in attending to the wounded under heavy shell fire ". Only a few weeks
before his death, Captain Stephen received a bar to the Military Cross for
further gallantry in the field in carrying out his professional duties. He was
the youngest son of the late Mr. Alexander Stephen, Ashgrove, Fyvie.
Arthur Frederick Verb Stephenson, A.M. Inst. C.E. (alumnus).
Lieutenant, 4th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (T.F.), reported missing after
an action in France on 23 July, 1916, later officially presumed by the War
Office to have died on or since that date, has now been reported to have died
of wounds in a German trench on the above date. He was the youngest son
of Emeritus Professor William Stephenson. After receiving his education at
the Aberdeen Grammar School, he was trained as a civil engineer in the
office of Messrs. Walker & Duncan. Later, while studying for the examina-
tion for the diploma of the Institute of Civil Engineers, London, he attended
the Geology classes at Marischal College in 1 909, Gaining the diploma in
19 10, he received an appointment in the Department of Public Works of the
Federated Malay States. When war broke out, he immediately volunteered
for active service, and soon after his arrival in England in the spring of 191 5
he was gazetted Lieutenant in the 4th Gordons, and after six months' training
he went to France in October, 191 5. Vere Stephenson had always been an
enthusiastic volunteer. He was a member of the ist V.B. Gordon High-
landers, and in the Federated Malay States he held the rank of Corporal in
the Malay States Volunteer Rifles. Music was one of his chief interests. He
played the bagpipes, the flute, and the piccolo. At one time he played the
flute in the orchestra of the University Choral Society, and for several years
he sang in the Choir at King's College Chapel. He died at the age of thirty-
three.
Peter Melvin Strachan (ist Science, 1914-15), Lance-Corporal,
Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action on 20 September. He enlisted in
the Gordons during the first year of the war, and, after training in a home
camp, joined his regiment at the front. He had seen a deal of active service,
and was once wounded. He was the only son of Mr. John Strachan,
Inspector of Poor, Inverurie, and was twenty-one years of age.
William John Taylor (M.A., 19 10), Captain, lothSeaforth Highlanders,
died suddenly of pneumonia at Dunfermline on i August. He was severely
wounded by shrapnel at Vimy Ridge and lay in hospital for some time, but
96 Aberdeen University Review
apparently made a good recovery, and visited his friends in Huntly and else-
where. A sudden attack of pneumonia, however, proved speedily fatal.
Captain Taylor, piior to joining up, was on the teaching staff of the Gordon
Schools, Huntly. He was the eldest son of Mr. George Taylor, Halkirk,
Caithness, and was married only a year ago, being buried on the anniversary
of his wedding day. He was twenty-nine years of age.
James Will (ist year Arts), Lance-Corporal, Gordon Highlanders, died
in September of wounds received in France. He was a young man of twenty-
three, son of Mr. John Will, station master, Craigo, and was educated at the
Mackie Academy, Stonehaven. On entering the University he gained a ;^2o
bursary. He was a member of U Company and volunteered for service at
the beginning of the war.
UNIVERSITY WAR STATISTICS.
Aberdeen University — 15 November : Graduates Commissioned, 1347 j
in the Ranks, 315 — Total, 1662. Alumni Commissioned, 88; in the Ranks,
83 — Total, 171. Students Commissioned, 185; in the Ranks, 385 ; Officers'
Training Corps, 100 — Total, 670. Members of the Staff not Graduates of the
University, 26. Total of Members of the University on Naval or Military
Service, 2529. Sacrist (Commissioned) and University Servants, 18 ; Grad-
uates in charge of Red Cross or Military Hospitals or acting as Civilian Sur-
geons to the Troops, 57; Red Cross Orderlies, 6; on Y.M.C.A. service to
Troops, 10 ; on Munitions and other War Work (so far as reported), 20. Sum
total, 2 640. Two hundred and six have fallen in action or died of wounds or
disease contracted on service ; and six others are missing; 14 are prisoners of
war. Honours: K.C.M.G.— i ; C.B.— 4; C.M.G.— 8; C.V.O.— i ; D.S.O.
—27; M.C.— 61; D.S.C.— i; D.C.M.— i; M.M.— 3; Albert Medal for
Valour — i; Foreign Orders — 12; Mentioned in Dispatches — 93; Brought
to the Notice of the Secretary of State for War for Valuable Services — 25 ;
while several others have been promoted or received Brevet- Rank for service
on the field.
Glasgow University, Report to General Council, 3 1 October : Total of
graduates, students, and alumni directly on Naval or Military Service — 3172,
of whom 2493 hold or have held commissions. Killed or Died of Wounds —
313; Missing or Prisoners of War — 33. Honours: K.C.M.G. — i; C.B. — 2;
C.M.G. — 2; Brevet-Colonelcies — 2; V.C. — 2; D.S.O. — 24; M.C. — 120;
Croix de Guerre — 8 ; Chevaliers, Legion of Honour — 3 ; Mentioned in Dis-
patches— 200.
Edinburgh University, Report to General Council, 26 October: "Over
5000 of its members are now serving in the Forces of the Crown; and 368
are known to have given their lives 'Pro Patria'". Honours: C.B. — 5;
C.M.G.— 15; D.S.O.— 30; M.C— 74; D.S.C.— 3; D.C.M.— 2 ; Advances
in Rank — 4 Officers, also several N.C.O.'s and men commissioned on the
field; Foreign Orders — 8 ; Mentioned in Dispatches over 130 graduates, etc.
"M
The
Aberdeen University Review
Vol. V. No. 14 February, 191 8
Science for Life/
UR age is marked by two very strong tendencies —
the democratic and the scientific. Some key-
words of the democratic t&ndiency are " liberation,"
"solidarity," "participation," "equal opportuni-
ties ". Some key-words of the scientific tendency
are " accuracy," " verification," " systematization,"
" control ". It is certain that secure progress in
the years ahead of us will in part depend on increased interaction
between these two powerful tendencies — that democratic movements
become better informed and more thoroughly imbued with the scientific
spirit, and that scientific interests be increasingly socialized and
directed towards the relief of man's estate.
I.
Ever since man began to find himself, he has been applying know-
ledge to the securing of wealth and health ; the foundations of agriculture
and medicine, for instance, are prehistoric ; and there is no clear line
to be drawn between the empirical and the scientific stage. But what
is distinctively modern is the all-round utilization of Science as a basis
for action, the determined attempt to substitute the rational for the
empirical, the growing habit of focussing scientific inquiry on practical
puzzles, the recognition of scientific investigation as an agency likely
to produce well-being as well as enlightenment. Our thesis is that
Science can do far more for human life than it has hitherto been al-
lowed or asked to do.
^ Address to Aberdeen University Scientific Association, October, 1917.
7
98 Aberdeen University Review
In illustrating this thesis we refuse to take any narrow view of
Science. For we mean by Science — all systematized, verifiable, and
communicable knowledge, reached by reflection on the impersonal
data of observation and experiment. One of the best definitions is
given by Dr. Trotter in his " Instincts of the Herd " (1916) — " a body
of knowledge derived from experience of its material, and co-ordinated
so that it shall be useful in forecasting and, if possible, directing the
future behaviour of that material ". But only omniscience could draw
a circle including all scientific knowledge and excluding all else.
Different orders of facts are unequally amenable to measurement, ex-
periment, and other scientific methods. For this reason, and for
historical reasons, the sciences differ greatly in their degree of develop-
ment, in the exactness of formulation which they have received, and in
the possibilities that they afford for prediction. Contrast gravitational
astronomy — well-nigh perfect — and the young science of animal be-
haviour ; you can predict with almost perfect precision the return of
a comet, but not how the cat will jump. Yet the student of animal
behaviour may be as " scientific " as his fellows in the astronomical
observatory or in the chemical laboratory.
II.
What can Science do for Life ? The answer is partly to be found
at every turn in our modern day, and partly in the history of those
applications of Science which have changed, or are changing, the oc-
cupations and environment of mankind. But when we reflect on what
has been achieved and how it has been brought about, and when we
consider some hints of incipient new controls, we see that the question
is unanswerable. We cannot tell what Science may do for Life.
Before 1896 it would not have seemed rash to say : "This is certain,
that no one will ever discern the contents of a closed wooden box ".
But now they find the pearl in the unopened oyster and locate the
bullet buried in the bone.
It was a fine epitaph that they put on the tomb of Fraunhofer, the
discoverer of spectroscopy, " Approximavit Sidera " ; but in how many
other ways has modern science enabled man to annihilate distance.
He has made the ether carry his messages ; he can hear from afar the
cry of the ship in distress upon the sea ; he can make Niagara drive
mills and illumine cities hundreds of miles from the Falls. Science
has harnessed electricity to man's chariot, and added the depths of the
Science for Life 99
sea and the heights of the air to his navigable kingdom. Already
Science is making bread out of the thin air, working miracles in the
conquest of plague and pestilence, and controlling the inheritance of
generations unborn.
The late Sir William Ramsay said : " Real gain, real progress con-
sists in learning how better to employ energy — how better to effect its
transformation ". It is an often told story how Science has enabled
man to tap one reservoir of energy after another, and to do so with
increasing economy. The less wasteful utilization of our coal supplies
is certain to be one of the great changes of the next quarter of a cen-
tury. We are almost sure to discover new and better ways of har-
nessing wind and tides. Experts speak of the possibility of unlocking
the imprisoned sub-atomic energies of which radio-active substances
have given us so impressive a vision, and hint that it is not an ab-
surdity to think of drawing from the supply of energy represented by
the stresses of the ether. In any case this is certain, that in the do-
main of things, science is giving man an increasing control of power.
It is progress, we suppose, to make in considerable quantity and
economically, what was previously procurable in small quantity and
wastefully, and the Tyrian purple of the sea-snail is replaced by a
similar product of coal-tar ; but far more important is getting nitric
acid and ammonia by tapping the free nitrogen of the atmosphere.
How life-saving has been the abstract science which has led to the
new metallurgy, to the understanding, for instance, of what happens
when parts of a machine suffer from " fatigue-stress," and to a dis-
covery of how this may be prevented. Many illuminating instances
will be found in the essays entitled " Science and the Nation " (Cam-
bridge University Press, 191 7).
In the realm of organisms, as in the domain of things. Science is
giving man more control. The reward of the man who makes two
blades of grass grow where one grew before is within the reach of the
modern botanist. Mr. Biffen and others have shown the practicability
of creating new races of wheat, combining virtues, such as heavy crop-
ping and immunity to rust, previously disjoined. Some new races,
such as Burgoyne's Fife, have already been tested on a commercial
scale. There may be limits to the combinations into which Mendelian
characters can be worked up, but they do not seem to be narrow. As
Professor Bateson says : " If we want to raise mangels that will not run
to seed, or to breed a cow that will give more milk in less time, or
lOO Aberdeen University Review
milk with more butter and less water, we can turn to Grenetics with
every hope that something can be done in these laudable directions ".
The average yield of wheat in Britain is about thirty-two bushels to
the acre, the Mendel ians tell us that it could be raised to forty or even
fifty. Professor James Wilson writes graphically : '* For every day by
which the life of a variety of wheat is shortened between seed-time and
harvest, the wheat-growing area in Canada reaches fifty or sixty miles
farther northwards ". Without exaggerating the aim of increased
productivity, we must surely admit that it is fundamental to our pros-
perity in days to come ; and the progress of the science of heredity
has supplied levers which look as if they could be used with great
practical effect in regard to cereals, roots, and fruits, cattle, sheep, and
poultry. To the interesting problems of forestry, which are of so
great importance from the occupational as well as from the economic
side, the methods of genetics and bionomics have only begun to be
applied. And there are many other /foz'nis d^appui. Thus it is quite
on the cards that progress in bio-chemistry may change the whole
economic problem of food-supply.
Pasteur must always stand as the foremost of the great pioneers in
the modern art of controlling life, discovering as he did the microbic
cause of certain types of disease, and likewise various methods whereby
they can be mastered. What he did in regard to silkworm sickness,
splenic fever, hydrophobia, and so on — conquering by understanding
— has been extended and intensified in relation to a long series of
diseases, of which diphtheria, enteric fever, and malaria are three very
diverse instances. One of the great life-savers during these tragically
destructive years has been Dr. Leiper, who discovered in Egypt the
life-history of the worm-parasite which causes the serious and very
prevalent disease of Bilharziosis, and showed also how relatively simple
precautions will obviate the risk of infection. It does not seem too
much to say that when Man cares enough he can sweep most microbic
or parasitic diseases ofif the board.
Of incalculable human importance is the control which has been
put into- man's hands by the development of " serum therapeutics ".
The poison formed by the microbes of diphtheria and tetanus, if
injected in gradually increasing doses into susceptible animals, will
enormously increase the resistance which the serum of their blood offers
to the microbes in question. If the serum of an animal thus rendered
hyper-immune be injected into a child infected with diphtheria, or into
Science for Life loi
a soldier infected with tetanus, it may save the life. The anti-toxin
neutralizes the toxin. It may even be used to forestall the evil effects
of probable infection. The miracle of conferring immunity has often
been performed.
Not less subtle is the kind of control which has come about through
the discovery of the function of the internal secretions of the ductless
glands. Cretin children, whose deplorable condition is due to imper-
fect development of the thyroid gland, can be rescued by giving them
as part of their food the thyroid glands of sheep, or by injecting
thyroid extract. Sir William Osier writes of the results, that they
are " as a rule most astounding — unparalleled by anything in the whole
range of curative measures. Within six weeks a poor, feeble-minded,
toad-like caricature of humanity may be restored to mental and bodily
health". The pituitary body seems to have to do with the regulation
of growth ; the continuance of our life is dependent on the internal
secretion of the pancreas which has to do with the utilization of sugar ;
and each discovery of function has implied a new control.
Subtler still is the kind of service which some look for from the
still infantile science — perhaps a Hercules in the cradle — of Psycho-
Biology, which has for its central idea the unity of the organism as
a mind-body and body-mind. Let us give a simple instance of psycho-
biological counsel. The great Russian physiologist, Ivan Petrovitch
Pavlov, demonstrated at the beginning of the century the influence of
the emotions upon the health of the body. As it was said of old time,
" a merry heart is the life of the flesh ". Pleasant emotions favour the
secretion of the digestive juices, the rhythmic movements of the food-
canal, and the absorption of the aliment. Contrariwise, unpleasant
emotional disturbances — hate, malice, envy, anxiety — have a retarda-
tive influence. " He that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast ; "
worry is a factor in dyspepsia. No " faked " emotions have any
influence, but the man who finds in the sunshine and the stars, in
flowers and birds, in works of art and the faces of his friends, good
reasons for good cheer, will have his joy-reward or euphoria added
unto him — unless he is fool enough to pursue it. Especially for those
less fortunately situated than ourselves, we should realize the scientific
fact that it is of high importance, even for physical health, that natural
well-springs of joy should be within reach.
I02 Aberdeen University Review
III.
To apply the results of scientific inquiry to the amelioration of
human life is certainly the trend of evolution, and to focus scientific
intelligence on practical puzzles is obviously common sense. Yet there
are many who shake their heads over making a definite policy of
"Science for Life". Their objections are (i) that the advances that
count in the long run are made by Pure Science, pursued for its own
sake, and (2) that pre-occupation with and glorification of practically
useful results suggests, especially to the careless, an entirely wrong
view of the aim of Science.
There is no doubt that the chief end of Science is Understanding.
Its aim is intellectual, to describe things and occurrences, co-existences
and sequences, as completely as possible, as simply as possible, as
consistently as possible. This endeavour leads to the discovery of
order, uniformity, inter-relations, and chains of sequence, which are
systematized in formulae and laws. " If this, then that," is what
Science is always saying. It aims at thought-models, common
denominators, unifications ; it seeks to reduce the obscure, the dis-
crepant, the anomalous. Now, if the end of Science be Understand-
ing, Science for light rather than for life, is there not danger in
bringing the criterion of practical value into prominence? Will not
the democratization of Science tend to stop the unfolding of its finest
flowers ? A picture painted to tell a story is apt to be bad art ; a
novel written as a piece of propagandism is likely to be bad literature ;
and so, they say, scientific investigation pursued with a directly
utilitarian end in view will probably defeat itself
Now, a reference to the history of Science makes it quite plain
that the kind of questioning which is rewarded by illumination is the
surest and sometimes the shortest road to increased practical mastery.
The quiet thinkers in the scientific cloisters are often, like the poets,
the makers and shakers of the world. Professor A. N. Whitehead re-
marks : " It is no paradox to say that in our most theoretical moods -
we may be nearest to our most practical applications." It is admirably
shown in Professor R. A. Gregory's " Discovery" (1916), that wireless
telegraphy, the telephone, aeroplanes, radium, anti-septics, anti-toxins,
spectrum analysis, and X-rays were all discovered in the course of
purely scientific and very theoretical investigation. Lord Kelvin,
pre-eminent alike in theoretical insight and in practical applications,
once said : " No great law in Natural Philosophy has ever been dis-
Science for Life 103
covered for its practical applications, but the instances are innumer-
able of investigations apparently quite useless^ in this narrow sense of
the word, which have led to the most valuable results ".
For eighteen centuries many great minds gave their lives to
studying conic sections. Had this devotion any reward beyond the
thrill of enlightenment ? Not to speak of projectiles, the answer is
given by our great bridges, by the curves of our ships, by the rules of
navigation, and by much more besides. It was not for practical
purposes that William Smith tramped over England exploring the
strata, yet how much of the exploitation of our country's mineral
resources has had its origin in Smith's maps and their successors.
Over and over again, both in peace and war, the stratigraphical
geologist has saved a difficult situation. Far-reaching recent im-
provements in metallurgy originated, though no one saw the seed
sown, in 1861, when H. C. Sorby in Sheffield began out of sheer
inquisitiveness to cut microscopic sections of rocks and meteorites.
When Professor William Thomson published, in 1853, in the "Philo-
sophical Magazine," a stiff bit of mathematical analysis, which laid
the foundation of the theory of electric oscillations, there can have been
few who saw in it one of the steps towards wireless telegraphy. But
we should go further back still to Lagrange, who led on to Thomson
and Clerk Maxwell, as these to Hertz. As Professor E. W. Hobson
writes (" Science and the Nation," p. 92), Lagrange's work in purely
abstract mathematics " was an essential link in a chain of investigation
which led, on the practical side, to the invention of wireless telegraphy ".
Pasteur's researches form an intellectual chain of which the first link
was a study of molecular dissymmetry and the crystalline forms of tar-
trates. What would the Democratic Council's Committee on Biological
Research have said of Pasteur's first link ? Or of Darwin's earliest dis-
covery on the larvae of the sea-mat ? At the French Revolution they
executed Lavoisier, the founder of modern chemistry, saying, "The
Republic has no need of Savants ".
The modern treatment of cretinism and the like was founded on
a very technical inquiry into the function of the ductless glands, and
the modem treatment of diphtheria and plague on a very theoretical
inquiry into the meaning of immunity. A few years ago zoologists
were laughed at, who solemnly counted the hairs on the backs of flies
and quarrelled over the specific distinctions between one gnat and
another. And could there be for able-minded men a waste of time
I04 Aberdeen University Review
more scandalous than cutting sections of the entrails of ticks ? Yet it
has been this sort of knowledge of flies and gnats and ticks that has
made it possible to open up Tropical Africa and complete the Panama
Canal.
The historical facts should be carefully weighed, for there is a real
danger ahead. With a hastily educated democracy, naturally eager
for immediate results, with a conventionally educated parliament,
knowing little of what Science means, and not humble enough to learn,
there will be a tendency to starve "Pure Science," while so-called
"Applied Science" is subsidized. But as Huxley always insisted,
"What people call Applied Science is nothing but the application of
Pure Science to particular classes of problems ". And it must be
remembered that the advance of Pure Science depends on the con-
tinued activity of a kind of mind which has never been common,
which seeks after knowledge with more than a passing love, which has
vision as well as patience. The lesson of history is clear : if any really
big change is to come about along any line, it is likely to be through
discoveries in Pure Science, and the priceless workers are those who
have brains enough to be discoverers in Pure Science. It is encourag-
ing to read in the Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research for 191 5-16, of which Sir William
McCormick was Chairman, a repeated insistence on the fundamental
necessity of prosecuting Pure Science as distinguished from tackling
particular practical problems. There is, of course, nothing but good
in applying the results and methods of Science to immediate difficulties
and limitations ; the danger is of a false valuation, of ignoring the
lesson of history that, even for practical ends, it is theory that pays,
and of diverting the real discoverer from the quest of understanding.
No question arises as to the role of the inventor, who devises some
useful application of new knowledge which the discoverers have estab-
lished, but the danger is of letting the inventor overshadow the dis-
coverers. A thousand people know of Marconi, for one who knows on
whose shoulders the Italian inventor nimbly and with perfect fairness
perched himself. Ten thousand people know of Edison, for one who
has heard of Willard Gibbs — one of the greatest physicists of the
nineteenth century.
What then shall we say? (i) The first-class makers of first-class
new knowledge are such rarcR aves, that nothing too much can be done
for them. It is a tragedy that a man with a first-class mind should
Science for Life 105
€ver be hampered as regards his scientific pursuits by having only a
third-class purse. On the master-minds the question of utility should
never be allowed to intrude. (2) As to the second-class and third-class
makers of second-class and third-class new knowledge, some demo-
cratization or socialization of their activities might be useful, especially
if it came about voluntarily, not coercively. There is no proof that
€very investment of scientific time and ingenuity must yield interest
affecting man's estate. Some is only quantitatively, not qualitatively
new. It would be no tyranny to ask that an investigator, faced by
equally attractive theoretical problems, should give the preference to
those holding out some promise of benefit to mankind. The demo-
cratic check on luxurious specialism would not be unjust which pressed
a consideration of Spencer's epigram — " Science is for life, not life for
Science". (3) It is possible to make a bogey of the danger of social-
izing scientific inquiry. One may be too jealous for the safety of the
ark, it is not so capsizable. Bacon was right : " This is that which
will indeed dignify and exalt knowledge if contemplation and action
be more nearly and strictly conjoined and united together than they
have been ". No small part of Science, even of geometry and astron-
omy, sprang from tackling practical problems, and this may be ex-
pected to continue. In his "Janus and Vesta" (1916), Mr. Benchara
Branford writes shrewdly : " Science ultimately sprang, and is con-
tinually springing from the desires and efforts of men to increase their
skill in their occupations by understanding the eternal principles that
underlie all dealings of man with Nature and of man with his fellow-
men ". There is an unceasing reciprocal relationship : occupations pro-
duce and stimulate science ; science improves and creates occupations.
Even the great discoverer is not likely to impair his genius by being
something, of a citizen ; and to those of humbler rank it gives a spice
to work to know that it may perhaps be of practical use to mankind.
Some people speak as if it was almost a taint in a piece of work to
have obvious utility ; but sounder sense is talked by some of the dis-
coverers themselves ; thus Professor W. H. Bragg writes : " Pure
Science may be developed by itself, but it is the gainer if its workers
are alive to the inspiration which is to be found in watching its ap-
plication ".
Perhaps the matter may be put in another way by distinguishing
between end and motive, for several great discoverers have admitted
that in the background of their minds there was ever the conviction
io6 Aberdeen University Review
that Science is for the relief of man's estate as well as for the glory of
God. Thus one of the prominent physicists of the Kelvin period,
Professor Henry A. Rowland, in an address on " the highest aim of
the physicist," writes that while the investigator " strives to under-
stand the Universe on account of the intellectual pleasure derived
from the pursuit," he is upheld in his work by the conviction that
" the study of Nature's secrets is the ordained method by which the
greatest good and happiness shall finally come to the human race".
Bacon said the same in speaking of the aim of Salomon's House in
the " New Atlantis " : " The end of our foundation is the knowledge of
causes and the secret motions of things ; and the enlarging of the
bounds of human empire, to the effecting of all things possible".
Perhaps, however, there is more to be feared from the second
risk involved in the thesis that Science is for Life — the risk of sug-
gesting to the careless and unlearned a falsely partial criterion.
Speaking of the educational value of Science, Professor Bateson has
recently written (" Cambridge Essays in Education ") : " There is
something horrible and terrifying in the doctrine so often preached
. . . that Science is to be preferred because of its utility ". Perhaps
there is a bit of a bogey here too, for " science " and " utility " are
both great words, no narrow meaning of which can be tolerated ; and
it is never for very long that man can forget that he does not live
by bread alone. But the risk is undeniable, and the remedy is a
continual re-appreciation of values. It was in recognition of the risk
we are discussing that Bacon drew a distinction between those results
of Science which are light-giving {luciferd) and those which are of
direct practical utility {fructiferd), and said so finely : " Just as the
vision of light itself is something more excellent and beautiful than
its manifold use, so without doubt the contemplation of things as they
are, without superstition or imposture, without error or confusion, is
in itself a nobler thing than a whole harvest of inventions ".
IV.
We have given many illustrations of what Science can do for Life,^
but the thesis is wider than we have yet indicated, (i) There is the
possibility, some would say desirability, of more definite scientific
instruction in the art of life. Education is in part intended to shorten
the individual's recapitulation of racial history, by enabling him, for
instance, to utilize the enregistered wisdom of the ages ; yet for lack
Science for Life 107
of knowledge we often muddle along making all sorts of anachronistic
and gratuitous mistakes. It is idle to pretend that there is discipline
in ignorantly forging shackles for ourselves. There is very inadequate
instruction in the laws of bodily and mental health.
In urging the consideration of this we need not fail to appreciate
the clear note of William James's " Energies of Man," that ideas are
" dynamogenic," that an ideal or a resolve may lift a tired man for
weeks on to a higher level of energy. But, granting this, we submit
that Science has often a good work to do in showing how to remove
gratuitous hindrances which often thwart the splendid adventures of
the spirit. Carlyle would have been greater than he was if his eyes
had been rightly looked after in his youth.
To emphasize the value of Science in the conduct of life, is not to
be thought of as implying any depreciation of the supreme value of
good-will in the widest and highest sense, or of the other than scientific
springs whence good-will flows. But while Science cannot create good-
will, it may help to guide it, especially in difficult situations and in new
departures where people, both old and young, often perish for lack of
knowledge. Truly, knowledge is not virtue, but a little more of it
might sometimes help a man or a community away from vice. Science
will not teach a man to love his neighbour as himself, but it sometimes
gives him the means of achieving this.
(2) We must not be drawn from our thesis by the red herring of
the rival claims of Science and the Humanities. This is too like
making an antithesis between fresh air and meals. We need in our
education both Science and the Humanities, and niore of both, time
for enjoying which would be readily procurable with better methods
of teaching and learning, based in part on the physiology of these.
The antithesis is a false one, for the Humanities have their scientific
side, and every Science has a Humanity as its halo. In his descrip-
tions and formulations, the scientific investigator must, indeed, hold
feeling at a spear's length ; but if he has any bodily and spiritual
leisure at all, he is bound to attempt a more synoptic view, trying, as
Plato said, to take "a survey of the universe of things". The study
of the magnalia Natures is a brain-stretching discipline, but it also
enriches the life of feeling.
(3) Beyond the additional control which the new chemistry, the
new physics, the new biology, and so on, are giving into man's hands,
there is, we have said, the enrichment of the inner life of thought and
io8 Aberdeen University Review
feeling. But beyond this again, in the social kingdom of man, there is
the slowly-growing system atization of truth, to which the contributions
of science are fundamental, though one may not call them supreme.
There is likewise the diffusion of a scientific mood which will insist
on basing all sorts of action — personal and communal, national and
international — on securely established facts. Our hope is in Science
as well as in the sciences, as a way out from our traditional muddling
through.
In years to come, we believe, the State will habitually and as a
matter of course summon the scientific expert to her aid, an expedient
which has already begun to be tried. In face of every difficult pro-
blem, the first demand will be for the facts and an understanding of
them. In many cases, at present urgent, the needed counsel cannot
be given, for the requisite knowledge does not exist. We need more
Science. On the other hand, the extent to which already available
knowledge is left unused is deplorable, and the results have been very
costly. When we think of the more effective and less wasteful ex-
ploitation of the earth, or of gathering the harvest of the sea, or of
making occupations more wholesome, or of beautifying human sur-
roundings, or of exterminating infectious diseases, or of raising the
health-rate, or of improving the physique of the race, or of recogniz-
ing the physiological side of education, we are amazed at the non-
utilization of valuable — though confessedly incomplete — scientific
knowledge. Much has been done, but it must be confessed that man
is slow to follow Science into the possession of his kingdom. Part of
the reason is that we have not become accustomed, except in some
directions, e.g. medical treatment, to believe in science ; but a great
part of the reason is a deficiency of character, that we do not care
enough, that we lack resolution.
Some critical minds may have been thinking that all this beating
of the scientific drum implies the naive assumption that more and
more science and application of science must immediately make for
the salvation of mankind.
" Is it so certain, for instance, that Science leads us to the truth? "
One remembers how Ruskin in " Fors Clavigera " poured out the vials of
his wrath on a Botany which showed that there is no such thing as a
flower, and a Psychology which proclaimed the uselessness of the soul.
Science for Life 109
The wisest answer is probably to go back to where we began, that the
chief end of Science is to describe things and occurrences as completely,
simply, and consistently as possible, and that this is only on the way
to Truth — a noble term which is best reserved for the reward of a
synoptic vision. It is contrary to philosophy and to ordinary experi-
ence to believe that man can come near exhausting the reality of any
order of facts by scientific methods only. In many cases in everyday
life we are helped by feeling to an understanding that is beyond
Science. But while Science is not Truth, it contributes certain com-
ponent rays to its sunlight ; and Truth apart from Science has an in-
convenient way of turning into moonshine.
These applauded advances of Science that have given man so much
mastery of natural wealth and natural power, are they really for his
good ? Have they not been used of late to bring about the most
terrifying abomination of desolation the world has yet seen ? This
raises a large question, but the general answer is clear. Firstly, the
soundness of operations in any given field has to be judged by certain
criteria relevant to that field. Thus any exploitation of physical energy
that is notoriously wasteful is self-condemned. But, secondly, the
soundness of operations in any given field has always to be judged in
terms of values in any higher field that is affected. What is quite
sound physically may be illegitimate biologically ; what is admirable
biologically may be ruinous socially. Ultimately, all operations have
to be judged before the tribunal of the highest values — the true, the
beautiful, and the good.
IN CONCLUSION.
Hear then the conclusion of the whole matter. Many of the
shadows that blot out the sun and many of the stumbling-blocks that
trip us up are quite gratuitous, and may be got rid of when man
pleases, leaving him more free for higher adventure. " Many evils,'^
said Maarten Maartens, " are not of God's appointing, but of man's
approving." Science can bring about great amelioration in the domain
of things, in the realm of organisms, and even in the kingdom of man.
Our hope is that action will be increasingly based on scientific facts,
and that the habit of mind which insists on this will spread. For
knowledge is foresight, and foresight is power.
It has been said that there are two main views of this world of
ours, that which regards it as a swamp to be crossed as quickly as
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possible, and that which regards it as a marsh-land to be reclaimed.
There is no doubt which is the scientific view. Man must continue
the long drawn-out struggle against inhibitions and limitations —
the campaign which living creatures have been engaged in for mil-
lions of years ; he must press on in the endeavour to bring the in-
organic into the service of the organic, to bring the body-mind into
subordination to the mind-body, to liberate individuality in the bonds
of neighbourliness ; he must seek to eliminate the disorderly, the ugly,
the inharmonious, the involutionary, at each and every level ; he must
try, not despairing of his weaknesses, to lean his weight on the side of
the integrative or evolutionary.
The American philosopher and educationist, John Dewey, said the
other day : ** The future of our civilization depends upon the widen-
ing spread and deepening hold of the scientific habit of mind ". We
should qualify the dictum just a little, but — in hoc signo lahoremus.
In the diffusion of the scientific mood and habit of mind there is
great hope. Without it we shall go on as before, pathetically like
the coloured gentleman who averred that he did not know where he
was going, but that he was on his way.
A modern philosopher, Professor L. T. Hobhouse, has declared
that the mundane goal of the evolutionary movement is "the mastery
by the human mind of the conditions, internal as well as external, of
its life and growth ". And so it appears to us, though for " mind " we
should read "organism". In other words, it is Man's part to con-
tinue building up a scientific systematization of knowledge which will
increasingly share in forming the theoretical and practical basis for the
control of life. For Life is not for Science, but Science for Life.
J. ARTHUR THOMSON.
Experiences in a Munitions Factory and Some
Reflections Thereon.
[ROM the middle of August until almost the middle
of December, 191 5, a period of seventeen weeks,
I was one of about 800 workmen employed in a
certain munitions factory on the Clyde.
With no previous knowledge of factories, I was
disconcerted on entering the building by the noise,
the throbbing din of so many machines, the strident
screeching of the belts, and the peculiar shades of groaning from uneasy
movements of different parts of the machinery. All this resulted in
headache, which lasted for some days, till one's aural sensibility was
sufficiently blunted to be ready to accept the final crack of doom as
part of the day's work. But at a considerable distance from the main
building there was a large hydraulic press, connected with the bottling
of the shells, that gave forth a sound to which I never became recon-
ciled. It suggested the agony of some huge creature wounded to the
death while still in the full vigour of life.
On entering the factory, I happened to be interviewed by the man
who superintended the various weighing operations. The interview
was brief. "Are you skilled or unskilled?" he asked. "Unskilled."
*'When will you be ready to begin work?" "Now." "What are
you willing to do?" " Anything you think I can." Forthwith I was
taken to the first floor of the four-floored building and in less than five
minutes I was trying to hammer letters and numbers on 6-inch shells.
By a 6-inch shell is meant a shell 6 inches in diameter, about 2 feet
long and weighing over 6 stones. With the exception of one blessed
day when I was sent to the second floor to cut to length some 4-inch
shells, I worked all the time in the 6-inch shell flat.
This flat contained forty-four machines (in four rows of eleven
each) and about 100 men. Ventilation was a difficult problem.
Just opposite where I worked at first was an open window-space
through which material was lifted to supply the various machines.
112 Aberdeen University Review
This gap ensured to my end of the " shop " a plentiful supply of fresh
air and also a refreshing view of the river, alive with the continual
passage of all kinds of ships. The men used to leave their machines
and crowd round this open space in the wall when the word passed
that a ship was on the river. This little diversion was subsequently
stopped by the building up of the opening and the erection of a window
with opaque glass. One missed the view but even more the air. Every
second window had a pane that opened, but, as usual, it seemed to
be nobody's business to attend to ventilation, and if one's machine
happened to be opposite a window that did not open, one was depen-
dent on the goodwill of a neighbour for a breath of fresh air. The men
of the night-shift never opened the windows and so left a close atmo-
sphere when they went home at 6 in the morning. We of the day-
shift started work at 6.30. That intervening half-hour might have
been wisely used if anyone in authority had seen to systematic ventila-
tion even for that short time, but the human element was a secondary
consideration so long as the output of shells was satisfactory. The
only disagreeable incident I had with a fellow-worker was over this
question of an open window. His wife told him, he said, that he
would get chronic bronchitis if he worked with the window open. I
replied : " Tell your wife, with my compliments, that if you don't open
the window, you'll get consumption ". For anyone to leave this stuffy
atmosphere while perspiring freely for an outside temperature some-
times below freezing-point might seem sufficiently dangerous to induce
both illnesses, but really the only result was a good appetite for break-
fast or dinner.
Inexperienced newcomers were often started with typing work or
" teepin' " to give the local pronunciation. The shell arrived at that
particular corner with a number such as "AY. 23.7.19" already
stamped on the base, and as these letters and figures would be removed
in reducing the shell to a standard weight, they had to be stamped
on the side of the shell and on the brass nose-bush to preserve the
identity of the shell for future operations. Steel is a hard material to
impress, and as the types were considerably worn (there was so great
a demand then for sets of type all over the country that the makers
could not keep pace with the orders), it needed as heavy a blow as
could be given. Brass being so much softer was a welcome change
from the steel.
I may here trace the progress of the shell to this stage. At the
Experiences in a Munitions Factory 113
steel works the steel is rolled into solid bars which are punched or
forged and then sent to the factory in cylindrical tubes of different
calibres according to the size of the shells to be produced. Each of the
various operations involves a different machine — a turning lathe, the
operators for the most part being known as "turners". (l) The first
operation is "rough-turning," by which the outside of the shell is
made smooth and bright. (2) It is next placed in a Giesholt machine
(American) to be bored. The jaws of the universal chuck close and
hold it firm while all surplus metal is removed from the inside, leaving
a smooth polished surface. (3) The next machine cuts the cylinder —
now bright inside and outside — to a particular length; "cutting-to-
length" is the name of this operation. A gauge is used at every
operation to secure correct lengths. (4) " Bottling" or " nosing " next
takes place. The open end of the shell is put into a red-hot furnace
and kept there till the steel is also red-hot and soft. (I never passed
through the ground floor without a feeling of thankfulness that my
work lay elsewhere. The men used to toast bread and cook bacon
above the flaming hot shells.) The soft shell tis then put into a
hydraulic press and squeezed into the shape desired for the top of the
shell — the nose or bottle. (5) The nose is now bored and " tapped"
— i.e., threads are formed on the inside of the nose for the reception of
the nose-bush. (6) The shell is now " blended " or hollowed out to a
certain capacity. (7) The body-turning is finished. (8) The nose-
turning is finished. Thereupon the brass bushes are screwed into and
turned flush with the nose, and are known as nose-bushes. When the
letters and numbers have been successfully transferred from the base
of the shell to the side and to the nose-bush, weighing takes place,
with the shell, first, empty, and second, full of water, to test its cap-
acity in view of the subsequent filling with explosives. If the weight
of the shell is below a certain standard, it is rejected as light weight,
and if the capacity is insufficient, more steel is taken from the inside
till the minimum standard is reached. If, as usually happens, the
weight of the shell is in excess of the standard, the extra weight
from ^ oz. up to 40 oz. has to be taken off" the base, provided
always that a certain minimum thickness of base remains. If all the
extra weight cannot be taken off" the base, it has to be taken off" the
inside, usually at the shoulder curve of the shell.
After two or three weeks of typing, I had the misfortune to hit my
thumb instead of the type, splitting it open for about an inch and up-
8
114 Aberdeen University Review
rooting the nail. An ambulance man, who is part of the equipment of
all these munition works, dressed the wound and tended it for weeks
with great skill. I can never forget how that man, an Irishman,
on the morning following the death of one of his children, came as
usual to attend to his ambulance cases. Serious accidents occasion-
ally occurred. One day a piece of iron weighing about 2 lb. became
slack and flew out of a tool-making machine with considerable velocity.
Fortunately it hit an upright pillar before it collided with a man's head,
but even so, that head was badly cut and the man was off work for
some weeks. Another day — probably through some flaw in the steel
— the cutting tool that a man was working suddenly snapped and the
half of the tool — about 4 inches long — flew up and hit him on the
eyeball, which was burst by the blow and irretrievably destroyed.
The injury to my thumb relieved me of the typing, and I was glad
to be freed from the irksomeness of bending for 9I hours a day over
the shells. For some weeks thereafter my work was to correlate the
weight to the capacity of the shell and discover the number of ounces
that had to be taken off each shell to reduce it to the standard. This
occupation was not so difficult as it sounds as one had simply to follow
certain carefully-compiled tables. Four machines had to be supplied
with those shells and with the notes of the weights that had to be cut
off. (9) This operation is known as " facing-to- weight ". Clerking
work was paid at the rate of yd. per hour while machine work was
paid 9|d. per hour. I was invited to learn to work this facing-
to-weight machine and agreed, though somewhat diffidently, as the
machine appeared to my ignorant gaze very complicated. I was put
in the charge of an excellent fellow, who was so patient and pains-
taking a teacher that I was able to work the machine within a week.
This illustrates the method by which the vast Industrial Army de-
manded by the war has been built up. When a man gained sufficient
skill in any particular operation he became the teacher of the inexperi-
enced recruit and, subsequently, to my own amusement and satisfac-
tion, I found myself acting the part of instructor on " facing-to-weight "
to a trained engineer ! Important as the clerking work was, one felt
an entirely new and stimulating interest in having charge of a machine
— this was the heart of the mystery, the real thing! Every shell
brought its own problem and so monotony was avoided. Very fine
cutting was necessary to take half an ounce of steel evenly from a
circular surface of 6-inch diameter, and the sharpening of the tool for
Experiences in a Munitions Factory 115
the purpose demanded endless patience. To stimulate the operator
to accurate work, an inspector would come and say that an ounce of
error might mean that a shell would land 2 feet from a German
trench instead of going right into the trench, and one did not like to
think of the unprofitable waste of so much sweat. For our sweat we
looked for blood ! The drawback to this particular operation was the
weight of the shells. The 6-inch shells were the worst in this respect,
as those of the next size — 7^ inches — were lifted by small cranes, while
the 4-inch were easily within a man's strength. But after struggling
with 30 or 40 of those 6-inch shells daily and sometimes for three
Sundays in succession, one felt completely played out — or, rather,
worked out — unless trained previously and gradually to the lifting of
such weights. I should mention that double pay was allowed for
Sundays and a bonus of three farthings for every two shells put
through that operation. The workmen looked on bonus as blood-
money, urging men on to work beyond their strength. If, they argued,
a firm could afford to pay bonus, it could afford to pay higher wages.
In confirmation of this assumption, a shareholder in the firm told me
that never in its history had such dividends been paid.
After the shell had been faced-to-weight, it was taken to another
machine to be "waved" (10). "Waving" consists in raising three or
four ridges round the shell about 3 or 4 inches from the base — the
purpose of those ridges being to give a grip to the copper band on
which the shell revolves in its outward passage along the bore of the
gun. After being "waved," the shell is "recessed," and two more
machines are requisitioned here — (11) and (12) — one for the " rough-
recessing " and another for recessing proper and preparation of the
screw for the reception of the base plate. In this process a " recess "
or depression is made in the base except for a short distance from the
circumference. The operator, in preparing for the reception of the.,
base plate, roughs out the recess to the required depth with an ordinary
facing tool. He then cuts it to the required diameter, measured with
a gauge. The screw is then cut in the wall of the recess and the base
plate filled in. If the diameter were made j^g^th of an inch too wide,
the shell would be scrapped. The base-plate is made air-tight with a
patent cement. It is then hammered and caulked and faced off until
the whole base appears as one piece. Steel plates of a much harder
quality are substituted for the pieces that have been cut out. In that
1 1 6 Aberdeen University Review
way the base of the shell is strengthened so that when the gun is fired,
there may be no danger of the charge acting backward.
The next (13) is the dreariest of all the operations — the cleaning
and polishing of the inside of the shell. The shell is made to revolve
at a very fast pace while the turner keeps a stick firm in the shell with
an oiled mass of woollen " waste," fastened at the end, till the inside
is polished bright and shows no spot or blemish when an electric lamp
is introduced for its inspection. The fixing of the copper band (14)
is a very important operation, demanding special skill and intelligence
from the workman. It is pressed hot on to those waves or ridges
waiting for it near the base of the shell. As it cools it grips those
ridges like a vice. Six separate surfaces are made on this band, and
it must conform to the test of eight high and low horse-shoe gauges.
A penny per shell of bonus was allowed for the copper bandsman and
a good workman could do as many as thirty a day, thus earning half
a crown a day extra wage. One man — ^one of the worst scamps 1 ever
met — when he was in the mood, could do sixty a day, and so add
five shillings to his daily wage. The pity of it was that he would go
off for a two or three days' orgy of drunkenness after two or three
days of almost superhuman work. In appearance an Apollo, this
young man of about twenty-five or twenty-six years of age had the
propensities of a Silenus. He had earned his living on the music hall
stage as an exponent of Chopin either with his fingers or his toes !
He had worked in New York and at the Panama Canal, and his talk
was copious and never insipid, though he had no great reputation for
veracity. He had been an entertainer at the Aberdeen Beach when
he lodged in Torry. So clever was he at the shaping of the copper
bands that he imagined he was indispensable, but one day he found his
books presented to him along with his weekly wage. Some time after
this he was treated to sixty days' hard labour for assaulting an old man
with the intention of robbery. After that experience he returned to
the factory unashamed, told the men he had had a good time, and
asked the manager to take him back — but in vain. I shall always
associate that fellow with the preparation of the copper bands ; a per-
fect specimen of physical manhood but rotten at the core.
Varnishing is the last operation through which the shell passes
before it is sent to the Government Ward-room. Previous to being var-
nished, the shells are washed out with a strong solution of carbide
of calcium and boiling water to remove all oil and dirt that may be
Experiences in a Munitions Factory 117
adhering to the walls of the shell. They are then dried out with
specially-prepared sticks or canes covered with drying cloths. Then
the varnish is poured into them and they are rolled about till the inside
has been thoroughly covered over by the flow of varnish. Next, they
are put in " drippers " to allow the surplus varnish to run out. Then
they are placed in " buggies " which are pushed into large stoves heated
by gas to about 350° F. They remain there for eight hours when they
are taken out and allowed to cool. Steel-nosed bushes are substituted
for the brass ones during this process. A thorough final examination
takes place before the shells are bound in tarry ropes prior to being
sent to be filled with explosives.
Near the factory was an old hotel, whose proprietor provided
breakfast and dinner for some 60 or 70 of our workers. He did the
cooking himself, and his menu and charges deserve to be recorded as
a remarkable example of war-time catering. For breakfast (8-8.30) he
provided porridge-and-milk and ham-and-egg, or mince-and-egg or two
eggs, and tea and bread and margarine without stint. For that he
charged 6d. ! For dinner (1-1.45) we had three courses every day,
consisting of soup (potato, lentil, pea, tomato, broth, etc.) ; beef or
mutton, with potatoes and bread and cabbage ; and pudding (milk-
pudding), with some prunes or half a pear or half a peach, and all that
cost 8d. ! Moreover, a cup of tea and a biscuit could be had for an
additional -^d. Latterly, breakfast cost yd. and dinner gd., but with
the extra charge, greater variety and quantity were provided. The
proprietor of the hotel had been a chef at one time to a large firm
whose " heads " dined at the works, and the cooking was excellent
The human interest of the munitions factory was endless. We
were Scots, English, Irish, Welsh, and Belgian, by nationality, and
by trade or profession ex-soldiers, butchers, bakers, farmers, teachers,
engineers, turners, mill-wrights, musicians, miners, borers, lawyers,
cartoonists, mechanics, riveters, and many different kinds of labourers.
Politically, socialists, republicans, monarchists were all represented. A
Dublin butcher who was so prosperous before the war as to keep a
motor-car, lost his customers when the price of meat rose, and he and
his wife had been reduced to forming part of a theatre stage-crowd to
swell the shout when victorious Pompey or Caesar returned to Rome.
His idea of happiness seemed to be Punchestown races when he could
see the dust produced by his car blending with that raised by the cars
of those he designated as the " top nobs ". He bore his adversity with
1 1 8 Aberdeen University Review
equanimity and cheerfulness. My left-hand neighbour was a chorus-
master (son of a Welshman and an Englishwoman), who entertained us
at times to airs from Handel or Verdi. He was disgusted one day
when the under-manager suggested he was not putting out a sufficient
number of shells. He had never been spoken to in that way in his
life before! "But what can you expect," he confided to me, "when
you have to deal with common people ? " This man — about forty-
seven years of age — was learned in the history of music and musicians
and certainly possessed the artistic temperament, in spite of which,
however, he thought the best cure for the Kaiser's sore throat would
be a halter !
One day a slim and thoughtful-looking youth handed me the
following lines : —
Tt Set vaXaivL^ ^iXias
^iXovs afivrjtwveiv ',
' Tt Ta9 TToXaias ij/xcpas
arro <^povTi8os fiaXiiv ',
Sos fwi (TV X^^P^ Sc^iav,
irpOTTiVdifiev fJidX* ^cu)s •
He was a graduate with classical honours of Edinburgh University ;
the lines, I believe, came from the Greek Chair there. e, too, col-
lapsed under the strain of the 6-inch shells, but is now well and busy
in another sphere of war-work in France.
A lad of eighteen, in peace-time an apprentice riveter, was a singu-
larly selfless soul. His work had developed his arms and shoulders
out of proportion to the rest of his body so that he suggested a tree
type before Adam. In the munition works he acted as a labourer, and
it seemed no effort for him to lift the heavy shells. I offered him a
shilling a day if he would lift my shells on to the machine and he
readily agreed, protesting, however, that a shilling was too much.
He was always cheery and always hard at work. As my right-hand
neighbour and instructor said, the sweat was never off Dick's brow the
whole day. I discovered that his mother, a widow, was laid up with
pneumonia in an hospital, that he had an elder brother in the trenches,
and a younger brother and two sisters at home, as well as a married
sister and her child and delicate husband, who was able to work only
now and then. Dick, at eighteen, was the mainstay of the whole lot
Experiences in a Munitions Factory 119
His clothes (under and over) were mostly in tatters, and his boots were
burst in many places. He had left his riveting work because the
journeymen on whom his employment depended were drunk three or
four days of the week, when he was perforce idle and unpaid. He
was transferred to the 13-inch shell shop and I sorely missed his help.
Subsequently he donned khaki.
I experienced invariable kindness from the men. The man who
taught me how to work the cutting-to-weight machine and who worked
a similar machine on my right was always ready to assist me when I
was in a difficulty. He took a pride in helping his pupil to become
efficient Subsequently he became the leading copper bandsman.
In peace-time he was a clerk and a student of law, and was well known
as a professional footballer. On Saturday afternoons he continued to
play for his team, and his achievements were discussed in the factory
with admiring enthusiasm. He is now in the greater game, having
passed the gunnery examinations second in his division in which the
first place was secured by a teacher of mathematics in Glasgow Uni-
versity. One of our number expressed the general pride in him in
the following verses, which were sung to the once well-known tune of
" Rosalie, the Prairie Flower " : —
Pure as the lily,
Firm as the oak,
Deft with his fingers,
Sure of his stroke.
His comrades all at Clydelin
Love the gentle way
Of Adam Scott, the Rovers' stay.
Swift as the reindeer.
Fleet as the roe,
See how the leather
Bounds from his toe !
All the crowd are watching.
Strained is every eye
To see the Rovers' hope rush by.
Versed in legality.
Nimble in mind,
Modest and manly.
Courteous and kind,
Where is there a player
With head and heart and toes
Like Adam Scott, the Rovers' rose ?
For some weeks I had to work with a cracked nut. That does
not mean that the universal cranial cleavage became aggressively ob-
vious in my particular case just then. It means that the large steel
nut which held the shell in position in the machine was cracked and,
in consequence, very heavy hammering had to be done before it would
grip the shell. I protested against this state of affairs, but for long
I20 Aberdeen University Review
neither foreman nor manager would lift a finger to remedy it. I
appealed to a clever artificer, a borer of the 3 -inch shells, whose ac-
quaintance I made at meal-times, and he constructed a new hold for
ray machine, working during his meal hours to provide what converted
my labour from pain to pleasure. One learned there to respect talent
and skill acquired outside schools or colleges. This man left school
before he reached the fourth standard to help a widowed mother and
a sister, got employment in a railway office, had been fireman and then
driver of a night train, became a mechanic in a famous sewing-machine
factory, whence as a skilled borer he was transferred to munition work.
When I heard of him last he had gone as a mechanic to an aeroplane
factory on the Humber, where, having difficulty in finding lodgings,
he purchased a French yacht that was for sale and used its boat to take
him to and from the factory.
One was struck with the vigorous intelligence of the regular ma-
chine men and with their interest in political and social problems.
Among so many there were, of course, a number of undesirables,
those, for instance, who, thinking that we of the day-shift were hand-
ling too many shells daily, upset the machines and hid the tools so
that sometimes we had to lose as much as an hour and a half before
getting started to work in the morning. And even in the day-shift
there were a few adepts at various ways of slacking. But all these
were exceptional, and the great body of the men worked hard all the
time.
It would make for the health of the body politic if all coll^e-bred
and office-bred citizens had a few months' experience of the life of the
so-called ordinary working-man. Many social and industrial problems
would be easier of solution by a clearer realization of just how it feels
to be in the other fellow's shoes. In spite of the jibes that are flung
at munition workers and their pay (my own, including Sunday labour,
rose from £2 4s. 4^d. to ;^3 4s. 6d. per week), the conditions for
many brought them near the limits of human endurance. Hundreds
of men there who came from a distance had to rise at half-past four ;
all had to be up by half-past five. Work began at 6.30 and consumed
9I hours of the day. That did not include the half-hour allowed for
breakfast or the three-quarters of an hour for dinner. The great
majority had a tea-tin and made tea at the workshop and ate the
sandwiches they brought from home at both meals. Work stopped at
5.30. By the time they reached home, washed (a necessarily prolonged
Experiences in a Munitions Factory 121
and tedious operation), and had supper, it was 7 o'clock. Thereafter,
as likely as not, they would fall asleep over the evening paper : perhaps
they might go to a picture-house or a public-house ; or family men
would spend an hour with their children in play or at lessons ; though
for the most part they would be too tired for anything but resting,
and for a regular 5 o'clock or half-past 5 o'clock morning, 9 or 9.30
must be bed-time if health is to be maintained. Saturday afternoon
came as an infinite relief. It was difficult to see how some of the men
contrived to do the reading they did. I can recall discussions started
by artisans on Kingsley and Thackeray, and on so modern a subject
as the Montessori system of Education ; various volumes were brought
all the way from Paisley to dispel my ignorance of the Swedish
mystic, Swedenborg. Then for holidays, the working man gets about
a week in July and about four days at the New Year, and for the rest
of the year the relentless toiling and moiling. Some people, with
the scales still on their eyes, maintain that too much is done for the
working man : much more remains to be done than has yet been done
for him. Humane and considerate treatment by employers, managers,
foremen, and others set in authority — putting it merely on commercial
grounds — will pay : one noticed an immediate response by the work-
men to a foreman — an Englishman — who was both capable and
sympathetic. On the battlefields the care of our officers for their men
has forged an indissoluble bond between them — the antithesis of the
relationship in Hunland — and when the war is over, this mutual esteem
can hardly fail to be a hopeful leaven in civilian life, as it is now a
pattern for our imitation. Until this happy personal relationship has
been attained, until the working man's working day has been reduced
to eight hours, until he can have at least three weeks' holiday in
summer and a week at Christmas with full wages paid from the
business to which he is contributing his life-blood, Britain or any other
land has little claim to represent Christian civilization.
JAMES TAYLOR.
Translations into Russian.
CYETA
Pdaa, Te6i BtndKX lujiro, wai. uBtTdei.,
Cbohmh na'jibuaMU, cnjieTeHHuK mhoK :
Bi> HeiTB B'^TpeiiHiia, pdsa, jujuh,
OiaJiKa cAnaa, Hapmiccb cupdit.
HaA*BT> erd, ckhbl cnecb tboA ct. cefia:
D^BtTerb H fijieKHerb Bce, BtHdirb ct> To6dfi.
A Russian rendering of the Greek of Rufinus, from the " Anthology ".
See Aberdeen University Review, June 191 7, vol. iv., p. 235.
B-BHUHfl noKo'fl
UojiTy iie6ec^MH sb^sauhmu
Pofi Morifjiy, vieni cnycrrf;
TKujUi, Kaifb yMpf, a bt> pa^iocTH,
H aAty no Bdjt CBoefi.
HiAO MHoii 3T0 BuptsaTB:
"3Atcb Jiem^Tb , rji* xoiijch .leataib;
"jI,6Ma HOpHITb-TO Cb MOp^fi OB^Tb,
"H oxoTHHKTi AdMa CTi nojefl."
A Russian echo of R. L. Stevenson's " Requiem " : —
Under the wide and starry sky
Dig the grave and let me lie ;
Glad did I live, and gladly die.
And I laid me down with a will.
This be the verse you grave for me :
" Here he lies where he fain would be ;
" Home is the sailor, home from sea,
"And the hunter home from the hill.
DONALD MACALISTER.
Elphinstone Hall.
|IBBON in a famous autobiographical passage has
told how, when he was hearing the barefooted
friars singing in the Temple of Jupiter, and musing
amid the ruins of the Capitol, the idea of writing
the Decline and Fall of the City first started into
his mind. This he could assign to an actual date,
5 October, 1764. I cannot exactly imitate him
in saying when this particular idea of the Residential Scheme in
Aberdeen first occurred to me. I fancy that I have had it for the
greater part of my life, and that it grew to a concrete shape through
experience and the communications of others. It has been fixed in
a more practical way through investigation into the history of the
University and its working through the centuries, and of later years
by the gradual fading, and finally the disappearance, of the Class
System, that system so peculiar to Aberdeen, which has played so
determining a part that only experts can feel and justify.
It would serve no practical end here, were I to gather the mass of
archaeological facts dealing with the Residence system at King's
College. To the uninitiated the details would not be interesting, and
it will be enough merely to mention that the system was integral
from the foundation. It had dwindled during the first half of the
eighteenth century from causes that, after the Union of 1 707, destroyed
the prosperity of the burgh towns like Cromarty and other places, and
from the troubles following on the two Jacobite Risings of 171 5
and 1745- Residence had been compulsorily revived by the Senatus
in 1753, and Thomas Reid, writing on 4 September, 1 7 5 5 , to Archibald
Dunbar, of Newton, at Dufifus, says : —
'* While the students were scattered over the town in private quarters, and might
dispose of themselves as they pleased, we found it impossible to keep them from low or
bad company, if they were so disposed. But they are on a very different footing since they
lived within the College ; we need not but look out at our windows to see when they rise
and when they go to bed. They are seen nine or ten times statedly throughout the day by
one or other of the masters — at public prayers, school hours, meals, and in their rooms,
besides occasional visits which we can make with little trouble to ourselves. Thev are
124 Aberdeen University Review
shut up within walls at nine at night. We charge those that are known to be trusty and
diligent with the oversight of such as we suspect to be otherwise. . . . Some one of the
masters always dines at the second table as well as the first. The rent of a room is from
s^en to twenty shillings in the session. There is no furniture in their rooms, but bed-
steads, tables, chimney-grate, and fender — the rest, viz., feather-bed, bed-clothes, chairs,
tongs, and bedhangings if they chuse any, they must buy or hire, for the session, and indeed
the people that let those things are very apt to exact upon them, so that it is much better,
if one is to be some sessions at the College, to have them of their own, and dispose of them
when they leave the College. Whatever they leave in their rooms is taken care of till next
session. They provide fire and candles and washing to themselves. The Professor of
Medicine orders the diet and regimen of those that are valetudinary, and attends the
bursars and poorer sort in case of sickness, gratis."
In 1826 the Senatus made the statement of Return to an Order
of the Scottish Universities Commission in the following terms : —
*' From the very foundation of the College, part of the buildings were appropriated for
the residence of students ; the Funds destined for the repairs of the rooms so employed were
not separated, either by the Founder from those destined for the support of the fabric in
general, or by the College in the course of subsequent management. It is now more than
fifty years ago since it ceased to be imperative on students to reside within the College,
though a very few have always chosen to do so, till the time when the present repairs were
begun, about eighteen months ago. During this period, the buildings set apart for the
students, as far as the funds would permit, have always received the attention of the
College, as well as the other parts of the fabric. And when, about seven years ago,
Dr. Simpson of Worcester gave the College ;;f 500 for repairs, the sum was laid out on that
part of the fabric employed for public purposes ; ;^ioo of it being expended in procuring
new windows for rooms formerly devoted to the residence of students. It is therefore
evident that the Funds destined for the Repair or Maintenance of the Buildings formerly
occupied by students, have not been diverted to purposes foreign to the intention of the
Founder."
The words show that a few students were in residence in session
1824-5, and none thereafter.^ One single exception there was for
long, picturesque and striking. This was Andrew Scott, *' Hebrew "
Scott as he was called, the Professor of Hebrew, elected to the Chair
in 1 846. Sir William Geddes contributed an admirable sketch of this
worthy to "Aurora Borealis" (1899), and has told how the veteran
clung to the old Fraser Buildings demolished at the Fusion to make
the present south side of the Quadrangle, The reader, who may here
have heard of Scott for the first time, would do well to turn to that
excellent paper, especially where the Stockholm Conference, long
before this war, in the person of the Scottish Consul and Chaplain
gathered round Andrew's bed in preparation for his supposed obsequies.
"The income was then little over ;£"20o, enough for a bachelor of his Spartan habits,
and so he gathered his chattels and books around him in an upper storey of the Fraser
Buildings, then forming the south side of the old King's College Quadrangle, and there in
a suite of rooms formed out of the old and disused dormitories of students where they lived
in the ancient days, he made for himself a modern snuggery and eke gave dinners, always
with good wine an 1 equally good jests, entertaining among others the Laird of Powis.
In that wing of the College buildings he remained till the demolition and rebuilding in iSCo."
But the system had not been forgotten. It had been advocated
^ See " Scottish Notes and Queries," August, 1902, p. 30; Cosmo Innes' " Fasti," Pre-
face, p. lii ; Kennedy's " Annals," 11. 390-1.
Elphinstone Hall 125
by Cosmo Innes in the "Fasti," and indeed had been more or less
consciously present to the generation that passed away at the Fusion.
Accordingly in October, 1 869, at the meeting of the General Council,
the Rev. Robert Stephen, M.A., '52, gave notice of a motion : —
" That this Council, duly persuaded of the great benefit that students attending the
University would derive if provided with Rooms within the College, for board, lodging, and
common study, do now resolve to, petition Parliament, praying them to vote the funds re-
quisite for supplying such accommodation for at least sixty students. That ... be appointed
a Committee to prepare such a Petition ; that the Chairman be authorized to sign that
Petition for and in the name of the Council ; and that the said Committee be empowered
to take the necessary steps to have the Petition duly presented to Parliament." (Minutes,
«. 55)-
In April, 1 870, he moved to appoint the Committee and to report
This was accordingly done, and in October, 1870, the Committee
reported : —
" The one chief thing the Committee have had to keep before them is the limited
means of most of the students attending the University and that, therefore, whatever is
done in the way of providing residence for them, shall be done in such a way as may be
within the reach of them all. If it were merely a residence without consideration of
expense, a Hall might be erected by a Joint Stock Company as a commercial speculation.
But in that case the shareholders would naturally expect some fair return for the outlay
incurred ; and board and lodging would not be supplied at less than £50 for the five
months of the College se ssion. This sum would be far beyond what many could afford,
and would practically place the institution beyond the reach of the great majority. There
would thus be introduced a separation — a distinction between the richer and poorer
students — which would be anything but benericial.
" The Committee, therefore, are anxious to obtain private subscriptions to such an
extent as woald defray the cost of the building, and probably of the furnishings. If the
sum necessary for this purpose were subscribed, so that the bu Iding could be erected and
furnished free, board and lodging could then be offered, and not much above what is
ordinarily paid by them for private lodging. It would be easy to provide cheap accommo-
dation, with mean rooms and poor food. But if such a Hall is to produce all the benefits
desired from it, it must be done well, else it had better not be done at all. . . . The Com-
mittee contemplate in the meantime the erection of a building such as would accommodate
fifty students, and it would be designed in such a way as to be capable of being easily
enlarged. Several architects have been consulted as to the probable cost of such a Hall as
would comfortably accommodate this number — with bedrooms sufficiently commodious, large
dining-room, library for common study, a few parlours for those who might wish for them,
kitchen accommodation, etc. And an experienced architect has estimated the expense at
about ;^6ooo. It would give, in short, a fresh start to University life in Aberdeen, and to
higher education in the north of Scotland." [Minutes, i, 61-63).
In April, 1892, the Committee was reappointed, and this was re-
affirmed in October. After that, I find no further notice of the scheme
till April, 1896, when the Committee for Extension and Endowment
enumerated the plan of Residence as " among its more pressing wants ".
Perhaps the time was hardly ripe at the first date. There was
still a depressing air of parochial feeling hanging about. ,. Old and
stereotyped traditions prevailed, and the growth of a really corporate
sense of life and history was sorely checked by the lack of suitable
lodgings, when the demand was suddenly doubled and the supply for
long years practically remained the same. The sense of historical
126 Aberdeen University Review
continuity was lost and diluted, and this still operates disastrously in
the North. About 1884 an opportunity was afforded when the Earl
of Kimberley had to regulate the conditions for selected candidates
in the Indian Civil Service. He had a long correspondence with Pro-
fessor Geddes on the subject. The Govern ment maintained its position,
that without adequate control and residential supervision Aberdeen,
and all Scottish Universities, must remain outside the scheme. Pro-
fessor Geddes had a plan to buy the old High Street Brewery, which
he told me had been offered to him for ;^2000, and to begin on a
humble scale, with the Indian Probationers, widening details as time
went on. I am sorry to say that he found no support, and I fancy
it requires no great force of memory or imagination over the com-
position of the then existing Court and Senatus to determine and
allocate the opposition to the proposal. There was some talk of ap-
pealing to the North for funds, but the matter did not proceed far in
view of the want of internal support, and from the belief that the
necessity of concentration on the Recreation Ground Scheme was at
the time of paramount importance.
So again parochial feeling and personal hostility prevailed. It is
indeed a disastrous thing for University graduates to have lived
through a Reign of Terror, as the Abbe Siey^s would have said, when
there was no open Vision in the land. The Oracles were dumb,
Ideals were dead, and a provincial system of Philosophy, long discarded
at all other seats, and relegated, as Professor Mahaffy said at the time,
to the dust on the top shelves of Mechanics' Institutes, still held
Aberdeen in its icy mortmain. Not only was this so, but the Senatus
was literally and truly a body of old men, most of them past their
day of usefulness, if to some it had ever come. They remained at
ease in Zion, absolutely devoted to outgrown methods and conceptions,
while they were lacking in everything that made for stimulus to the
students. The retrospect to many is accordingly a painful one.
The question, however, now before us deals with the Present and
not with the Past. I have said Classes and Class Records are peculiar
in this country to Aberdeen. At the other three centres they are quite
unknown. This is the best proof of the peculiar influence of the
Class, by which for four years the members of one year remained
practically unbroken. In some measure it supplied the want of the
Residence System, and afforded the means of intercourse now declared
to be wanting. The influence of the Class on the individual was very
Elphinstone Hall 127
striking. It brougiit a man into personal touch with over a hundred
others of his own age and standing, who remained to him as friends
during the rest of his life. " He was in our Class " was the final reply
to any depreciation of even the humblest member. The record of
individuals reflected lustre on all as a legitimate source of pride.
Every one had, like the ambitious Roman magistrates in Cicero's day,
the desire to hold his place suo anno, " in his own year ". The verdicts
passed by the Class were final and exercised a strong moral influence,
respected, dreaded, but accepted. A man aimed at the approbation
of his fellows, and shrank from their condemnation, and it has been
found how, even where members have been divided by seas and by
continents, the decisions and Categorical Imperatives ratified by the
Class have been regarded as true and just. The Class Roll was the
Charter. The man who could weather that verdict had really no other
earthly tribunal to dread. He was standing at the only judgment
seat he respected, and he appealed unto Caesar. Even when he passed
away he was not forgotten : —
Our thoughts are with the Dead : with them
We live in long-past years,
Their virtues love, their faults condemn,
Partake their hopes and fears.
And from their lesson seek and find
Instruction with a humble mind.
The University Act that destroyed the Class has been now long
enough in operation for us to determine its effects. They have been
absolutely disastrous in Aberdeen. A relaxed feeling of moral effort
and earnestness has grown up. A man in a particular or isolated
class subject has no Class to respect, and simply selects for his options
the lines of least resistance. A man may pass four years without
making real progress or true associations with his equals. For years
*' Alma Mater," the University Magazine, has found a striking lack of
writers able or willing to co-operate in its production, and this im-
portant bond of corporate existence, the result of long and assiduous
labour on the part of former editors, is now seriously threatened. Its
disappearance would be felt by those best fitted to decide as a loss
of grave consequence. At present a sort of Bolshevik chaos prevails,
causing deep anxiety for the future. Individualism, naked, open, and
unabashed, is the result, and the University, in the true etymological
and historical sense of the word, has ceased to exist.
128 Aberdeen University Review
I notice in the letters printed under Correspondence the ex-
pression of opinion by Sir W. R. NicoU. I am not sure if I fully
appreciate the frankness of his reminiscence. I allude in the most
distant way to what has come to be associated with the name of
Shon Campbell. Reticence is best, and at such a time and on such
a topic Scots are of all men least given to exuberance. But what I
have been told, and have sifted either personally or with the co-
operation of others, has been of such a nature that any disclosure
even in general terms would make the hair of Dr. Nicoll stand on
end. I cannot speak out what I learned in confidence ; this I may
say, that it would be deemed by the North as too painful to record.
As I have said. Class Records are peculiar to Aberdeen, and only
Class Secretaries are qualified and entitled to express an opinion on
that painful question of the moral consequences created by the lack of
control and supervision at the proper time of life. With the facts
before me, I must decline to be told that people are old enough to
know what they need, and how to take care of themselves. I do not
think that we, about the age of sixteen, were so qualified, and I
cannot discuss the question with those — the very worst product of
the Universities — who complacently shrug their shoulders in Pharisaic
indifference, mutter lightly some platitude about the necessary average
of weeds and wasters, and thank their stars that they are as they are,
and not as other men. To those who have given years of study to
the " Fasti " and to Class Records the knowledge acquired is sad. The
general public, when it sees in the papers some notice of a reunion,
fondly imagines that with song and anecdote a pleasant evening was
spent. This is one of the academic fictions and illusions decorously
maintained. Class Secretaries know that the facts are quite otherwise.
The greater part of the Class has been silent : there has been no reply.
For them, "the memory of the past" is precisely "the flower that
bloometh " not. Their feelings and their memories are too sad ; it is
the period in their life over which they would draw the veil. They
feel, and express the feeling strongly, that for them nothing was done,
and they resent in silence any attempt at reviving memories that too
often lie too deep for tears. And across the years I see their faces
and hear their voices — " Strangers Yet " — and I cannot find it in my
heart to blame them.
The writers of these letters lament the want of social intercourse.
" In my time," says Dr. Nicoll himself, " students visited each
Elphinstone Hall 129
other in their lodgings, and I think there were about half a dozen
students who came to see me, and whom 1 went to see. But still
there was often a feeling of solitude." That a man, with about 500
human beings daily round him, could yet be intimate with only half
a dozen, seems to me a most deplorable state of affairs in every
sense. Some classes were more or less social, more " unclubable "
as Dr. Johnson said of Hawkins, yet I cannot but think that this
limit of half a dozen friends in four years constitutes a record, out-
classing even Goschen's famous policy of Splendid Isolation.
The students have been calling for the advent of "The Man"
who is to come and lead, finding none in existing means. One might
have thought that some one in the Court or Senatus would long ere
now have taken up the challenge, and pondered how far they were,
or are yet, justified in alluring lads from their homes to the flinty
streets of the city. I did mention this in past years to them, only
to be met with the fat smile of official indifference. I was told, what
was news to me, that the Residence system was English, and would
never be endured in the freer air of the North, that tradition was
all against the idea, and then — the Expense ! But I never failed to
notice that, when the Senatus and Court issued fresh appeals for their
purposes, they said " the interests and honour of the University are
concerned, partly in the benefit of the students, partly in the preser-
vation of what is in many respects, in regard to its natural surround-
ings, the finest University seat in Scotland," and trusted that "the
statement will not fail to meet with due response ", But even ;^2000
to buy the Brewery and abolish an eyesore seemed a preposterous idea !
Impassioned orators in our midst are declaiming on what must be
done " when our boys come home," and they vow to cease not till
they have built a new Jerusalem. Blake's words are getting over-
quoted. But the hour has come to say that the Residence Scheme is
at once practical, and pressing. Its aim is Moral, Educative, Social.
The very conception of a University has been lost with us. " In the
old days," says the Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, "at
Aberdeen perhaps we were a little given to confusing instruction with
education." " We now see," says Mr. Bulloch, " that University educa-
tion consists not merely in accumulating so much matter, but in acquir-
ing a certain manner, and that manner has been very far to seek in
many cases in the past, where the home influence did not supply it"
"We now see." Surely it has been sun-clear for fifty years, yet
9
130 Aberdeen University Review
the cry that meets with most acclaim is that concerning degrees in
Education and Commerce. Are we not in the greatest danger of
adding to our existing troubles by multiplying the scramble for pass
degrees? And the institution that is perpetually calling for more
education does but betray its uneasy conviction that in itself it has
none to supply.
The Residence Idea kills these cries. The fact is, despite of this
Bolshevik fury of Educationists, all engaged in the ladder-trick of
"bringing home education to the doors of the humblest, linking the
school to the University," we are at the parting of the ways, and the
war has brought about a convulsion that many do not yet see. The
old Life has gone for ever, and let us decently bury it without a tear or
regret. The Passman and the Pass System will have to go. "The
schoolmaster," said Lord Brougham, " is abroad." Public Opinion
unquestionably is, and has completely outclassed, outstripped, and
outgunned him. What sort of Higher Life do we after all offer to our
students ? What do they hear and see ? Surroundings count for vital
things in the surroundings of a real University. I remember how,
when in 1873 our Class came from the handsome interiors and ap-
pliances of the Grammar School to the dismal whitey-black knifeboard
benches of King's College, our hearts sank at the thought we had en-
tered a charity school. It may be that many of our students come from
poor homes, but is that any reason why the Alma Mater should offer
them a tone equally poor? We only stunt lives by so doing. "Not
only does he love," says the historian Green finely of Spenser, "all that
is noble, pure, and of good report, but he is fired with a sense of moral
beauty, for outer beauty springs from the beauty of the soul within,"
I had hoped in this paper to add the financial and practical details
of the scheme of Elphinstone Hall. But the American promised
material has not come, and can wait. After all, details are but
secondary when recognition of the main issue is the goal to keep in
view. The type we have bred and canonized in the past is to pass
away, and of that there can be no doubt.
What Elphinstone Hall means is something integral, and not a
commercial and outside speculation like the Edinburgh University
Hall founded in 1 887. I have studied its issues, but they do not in
any way throw light or help for our Aberdeen needs. Then the idea
must be worked as part of the Bursary System, and the buildings
be erected on the "rigg" of land along the north side of Regent
I
Elphinstone Hall 131
Walk, with a southward outlook over the Recreation Ground. It
belongs to the University, and the site is fixed by nature. The details
will be infinite and intricate. They are but details and yield to the
necessity of the plan. Meanwhile the main lines have been clearly
laid down by Mr. Anderson in his letter to the November issue of the
Review. It must begin with the Faculty of Arts ; it cannot, and
need not, be compulsory for all. The cost must not exceed the
minimum cost of Aberdeen lodgings. Endowment is essential to
supply everything at a cost little, if at all, exceeding the cost of raw
materials. The fee fund of the Carnegie Trust, squandered at present
indiscriminately, could be utilized to provide the initial expenditure.
The residents should be the Bursars and Uite of the students. There
must be no distinction of classes socially, no patronage, no cheap and
vulgar methods, no short cuts to the moral ideal. It will need Time,
Money, and the hearty co-operation of all the best and wisest heads in
the North. It is the aim not of Visionaries, but of Practical Men, with
a lifetime of experience behind them.
" I am much interested in the idea," writes Sir David Prain, of
Kew Gardens, " in the idea of revived Residence. I should have liked
to see linked with that, now • The Class ' as an institution is a thing
of the past, something that would give not only the incorporative
feeling but that feeling with a germ of healthy rivalry and ambition,
with that particular regard which an Oxford man may occasionally
develop with reference to his particular College. You could get it, I
believe, by giving life, as the Swedes do, to that institution of * the
Nation,' at which we were wont to sneer, if we thought of it at all.
I should like to see separate habitations for Mar, Moray, Angus, and
Buchan, each corporation endeavouring to bring all up to the level of
the best. It may come when we are both gone ; but that need not
deprive you and me of a dream. For it will come true, in time."
Thus far my old classfellow. He lived for four years at Arts in
College Bounds. I passed his door some six months ago, and stood,
like Tennyson's Sir Bedivere "revolving many memories". More
than thirty-five years ago he told me he went out for the last thing at
night to look at the Crown — "hoping to see a pillar of fire by night,
where there was only a cloud by day ".
So, Elphinstone Hall is before the North. It will decide. The
shore may be dim and distant, but the compass is true.
WM. KEITH LEASK.
Aye Waukin O!
Spring's a pleasant time,
Flowers o' every colour,
The birdie builds its nest,
Aye I think on my lover.
Aye waukin' O,
Waukin' aye and weary,
Sleep I canna get,
For thinkin' o' my dearie.
When I sleep I dream.
When I wake I'm eerie,
Rest I canna get.
For thinkin' o' my dearie.
Lanely nicht comes on,
A' the lave are sleepin',
I think on my bonny lad,
And blear my een wi' greetin'.
OLD SCOTCH SONG
i
Noctis Imagines.
ai/dcfJL 0(T 7) l,adi'q iroLKiKa yaia ^vei •
vvv S' ivX Tol<i hpvfioLCTL veo(r(Tev€i ireTerjvai,
avrap 6 rov fiekLXpov 'Bdvdov aypel jxe 7r66o<;.
tracrav iyo) rrjv vvkt 6hvvai<; kottlq) <f>L\aypvTrvoL^,
ovSe yap ovv fi vnvos (fipovrCh* €)(ovaav eSv.
7jp he TToO^ virv(o(ro) xa^' iin(TTp(x)<f)(iii(TLv oveipoi
ati/fa 8' iycipofJLeuTjv olcrTpojSokel ftc Sebs.
ou8' a/a' iKOLfiC(rOr)v avdiravXav ej^ovcra fxeptfivwv,
aXka fji vnrjXOe (f>Ckov HdvOov i7n<f>poa"vv7j .
cure Se ixovvokexel fioL iwqKvde vv^ dXeyeti^,
Ktofxa 8e Tovs d\\ov5 to yXvKepov Kare^eL,
rpv^ovcriv ykuKvuLKpai ifxrjv KpaSCrjv fieXehcovat,
OfJifJM T €<f)vpcr oiKxpov haKpycTL [JLvhaXeoL^.
J. HARROWER.
1
The Rev. James Smith, Minister of Newhills.
BORN 1835; DIED 1917.
|OMING as a stranger to Aberdeen in 1883, I was un-
familiar, except by hearsay, with the somewhat rancorous
party feeling that had for some time existed in the
Senatus and had eventually been echoed in the General
Council. The two opposing protagonists were Geddes
and Bain — both great scholars and teachers, but repre-
senting opposite schools of thought, the one classical
and the other modern, with differences that were ap-
parently accentuated by personal feeling. It would serve no useful purpose
to recall, even if I understood them better than I do, the now almost forgotten
disharmonies of that period, but it is not without interest that Dr. Smith, of
Newhills, who joined the University Court in almost the last year of its ex-
istence under the old regime of the Act of 1858, when both Council and
Senatus were each represented by only one member or assessor, was elected
to the Court as the nominee of the Bain party in the Council after a keenly
fought contest in which he displaced John F. White, brother-in-law of Geddes,
and by far the most cultured business man of his time in Aberdeen. It added
piquancy to the situation that Smith had in his early academic life been dis-
tinguished by his classical attainments and had acted for a time as assistant to
Geddes. Smith's victory marked the close of a fight between the parties in
the Council which had begun in 1 880, when White, by a large majority, had
defeated Bain for the assessorship, although the defeat had been more than
compensated for in the following year by the students, after another great
battle, electing Bain to the high office of Rector which carried with it the
presidentship of the Court. Bain held office for two periods, which ended in
the year preceding Dr. Smith's election as assessor ; but as Geddes had mean-
while become Principal and a permanent member of the Court, I presume it
was thought by the followers of Bain that it was more necessary than ever to
capture the Council's assessorship.
These were stirring times in both Court and Senate. Scarcely a meeting
of the Senate passed without heated discussions, interspersed with much of
personal jibe and sarcasm — by no means confined to the members of the
parties indicated. There were other factions, and other causes for strife.
Within a very short period there were at least three appeals to the Court over
disputed decisions of the Senatus, although it is only fair to state that no one
of these appeals arose out of the Geddes-Bain feeling ; but tempers generally
were high. We have -not had, I think, one such appeal in all the twenty-five
to thirty years since.
Dr. Smith, although entering the Court with some scarcely avoidable bias,
which led him to be more critical than usual of proposals emanating firom the
Geddes side, and from the Senatus generally, was far from being a mere
partisan. He was a man of quite independent judgment, as I knew from my
o**
0^
f^lc^^
^vj^^riz^
Rev. James Smith, Minister of Newhills 135
experience of the Court, which I had the privilege to enter only a year later ;
and I continued with him as a colleague until his retirement from the Court
in 1903. He was an unquestionably able, strong-minded, clear-headed man,
who seemed to be little swayed by the mere solicitations of others, and took
his own course. I was not personally intimate with him. Our homes and
work lay considerably apart ; and my knowledge of him was mainly gathered
from the work in the Court and its Committees. I should think he had few
intimates in the Court. If he was to be reckoned as a member of any party,
it was of a small but active party constituted mainly by certain of the General
Council's assessors — they had been increased to four by the Act of 1889 —
who were disposed to act on the view that every proposal from the Senatus
was not necessarily the wisest and best. This feeling became, however, con-
siderably less apparent as time passed.
Dr. Smith was essentially a man of affairs, with, in addition, a distinct ap-
preciation of the value of science. I cannot recollect his raising any question
concerning his own profession or the Church. He joined the Court with
evidently much previous experience of public business, and with a facility in
stating his views and in shaping resolutions, that came of considerable practice,
and an obvious natural aptitude. Although accustomed to think out adminis-
trative problems for himself, and inclined to definite views, he was always
reasonable and open to conviction, and ready to give way when convinced ;
and he was ever courteous and fair in debate. His opinions and advice
were sound and carried much weight in matters within his knowledge, but
he naturally and necessarily suffered, as certain members of the Court must
always do, from a lack of sufficiently intimate acquaintance with the actual
teaching work of the University generally.
There were two spheres of work in which he quickly took a very keen in-
terest, and in which after some time he became the chief guide of the Court,
and the Convener of the Committees charged with their control. I refer to
the management of the lands and properties belonging to the University, and
more especially to the organization and extension of education in agriculture.
For many years the teaching of agriculture in the University had been
represented by a single lectureship — the Fordyce lectureship founded in 1790
— its occupant when Dr. Smith joined the Court being Mr. Thomas Jamieson,
who still continues his researches in agriculture at Glasterberry, The scientific
side of agriculture had for some time in many parts of the country been re-
ceiving much attention. There was a growing feeling among those interested
directly and indirectly in agriculture in the North-Eastern Counties, that the
time had come whei-!, in a district in which agriculture was the chief industry
and was in many respects as highly developed as it could be by men of excep-
tional intelligence and practical capacity, a much fuller training in the science
should be made available. Mr. Jamieson had, in 1 890, made a representa-
tion on the matter ; and in the Court both Principal Geddes and Dr. Smith
took a warm interest in the movement. A small committee was appointed
in 1892 by the Court to deal primarily with the position of the Fordyce
Lectureship which had hitherto been controlled mainly by a special body of
Trustees, with virtually independent powers. Of this committee the Principal
was at first Convener ; but after a year or two he relinquished the Convener-
ship in favour of Dr. Smith. From this time until his retirement from the
Court in 1903, Dr. Smith was the one member who bore practically the
136 Aberdeen University Review
whole responsibility in the Court for the development of agricultural teaching,
and whose guidance was followed, almost without question. An early un-
dertaking in his Convenership was the procuring of an ordinance for degrees
in agriculture. This ordinance came into operation in 1895, ^^^ necessi-
tated an immediate extension of the provision for education in agriculture
in the University. With the help at first of the Board of Agriculture and, a
year later, of the Scotch Education Department, which promised a contri-
bution of ;;^3oo a year, Dr. Smith arranged for the University joining hands
with the Aberdeen Town Council and with the County Councils of the
neighbouring Counties in securing sufficient funds to enable the required
extension to be made, although on a somewhat meagre basis as contrasted
with present developments. The wonder was that he contrived to do so
much upon so slender financial help. A joint Committee, representing the
chief contributing bodies, was appointed, with Dr. Smiih as Chairman, and
the Committee, although understood to be largely subject to the Court, was
virtually given a free hand ; and so far as I could judge — I was never a mem-
ber of it — the Committee for all practical purposes was Dr. Smith. But
he was too astute a man to ignore the Court, and on suitable occasions we
received from him full and clear and interesting accounts of the work of
the Joint Committee. He was keen on agricultural research as well as
teaching, and constantly endeavoured, with the very limited funds at the
command of his Committee, to stimulate research ; and he never failed to in-
form the Court from time to time of the progress of such research work as his
Committee had been able to organize or aid. The arrangements made by Dr.
Smith's Committee and the University were justified by the steady growth of
the Agricultural School and the rapidly increasing appreciation by agricul-
turists of the practical value of the teaching. The chief hindrance to still
greater success was the inadequacy of the available funds. It was known
that the Scotch Education Department was giving large grants towards the
support of agricultural education in Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Dr. Smith
had approached the Department with a view to more liberal help for Aberdeen.
It was, I believe, his strong wish that, if such help were granted, the intimate
relation of the Joint Committee to the University should not be seriously
altered. The accounts of the Committee had been submitted annually to the
University Court, and were published as part of the University Accounts ; and
in all appointments to lectureships, although a nomination was always invited
from the Committee, the actual appointment rested with the Court.
In 1903 the Scotch Education Department responded to the request for
larger Government assistance, but stipulated as a necessary condition of such
assistance that the Agricultural Education Centre at Aberdeen should be
treated as a special institution in the meaning of the Continuation Class Code,
under which the grants to the other Scottish Centres were being given.
Accordingly the Department required that the Aberdeen Centre should
be reconstituted and organized as an institution separate from the University,
although the Department had no objection to the new Centre or College
continuing to be housed within the University buildings, or to the Lecturers of
the College receiving from the Court the" status of University Lecturers. But
the management of the Centre both educationally and financially was to be
exclusively in the hands of the Governors of the new College, except for the
power necessarily retained by the Court in regard to the conditions under
1
Rev. James Smith, Minister of Newhills 137
which it was to admit the students of the College to the degrees and diploma
in agriculture granted by the University.
Although under the constitution of the new College the Court was to have
the privilege of electing a small proportion of the Governors, Dr. Smith
was disappointed in the virtual severance of the Collie from the University,
and resigned his Convenership of the Joint Committee. About the same
time, in 1903, when his fourth period of service in the Court as one of the
Council's assessors terminated, he refused re-nomination. His very able and
whole-hearted and unremitting services to the cause of agricultural education
in the University and the North of Scotland in the first larger step towards
its adequate development, will stand as his greatest and worthiest contribution
to the government of his Alma Mater. It was not by accident or chance that
this important work fell to Dr. Smith. Agricultural science had been the
passion of his life. He had studied it from his youth, and it is said that long
before he entered the Court, he had more than once given a course of lectures
in agriculture in the Vestry of his Church at Newhills to the farmers of his
district — surely a unique occurrence in the history of Scottish Churches. It
had also been mainly at his instance, and after much pressure, that the
Science and Art Department added agriculture to the subjects in which it
conducted examinations and granted certificates.
With his keen interest in agriculture, it was natural that Dr. Smith should
have succeeded the late Professor George Pirie as Convener of the Lands
Committee of the University Court. He came originally of a farming stock,
and as Minister of Newhills he entered early in life into one of the most
lucrative benefices in the Church of Scotland, which owed its value to the
possession of an exceptional amount of land. Those who were his colleagues
in the Court during his Convenership of the Lands Committee will not, I
think, soon forget the vivid and masterful way in which he submitted to the
Court the various recommendations and reports of the Committee regarding
the University estates, or his intimate knowledge of the lives and worth of
the tenants and their families.
These recollections of the work of Dr. Smith in the Court deal only with
a part, and a somewhat late part, of a busy life, full to the brim with public
service of the highest quality, in the city as well as in his own rural parish,
and in the affairs of everyday work as well as of the Church. He was a man
of great and many-sided capacity. He began, in 1852, his academic career in
King's College, as the first bursar of his year, and, when he graduated in Arts
in 1856, he had won the Simpson Prize in Greek, and enjoyed the reputa-
tion of being as good a mathematician as he was a classicist. He went from
Aberdeen to Edinburgh to study Divinity, and took the Bachelorship after
a brilliant course. He was a successful pastor, took a high place in the
Church Councils, had exceptional business aptitude, would have made a
successful lawyer, could have attained eminence in a career in science, and
had a burning zeal for education. The University in recognition of his many-
sided ability and accomplishment conferred on him in 1892 the Degree
of LL.D. His stately, yet lithe figure, his fresh well-chiselled face, bearing
small trace of his advancing years, with his keen but kindly eyes, his unvary-
ing courtesy, his modesty, his candour, his single-minded devotion to duty,
will long remain a pleasing and inspiring memory for those who knew him.
M. HAY.
%
Huns.
ANCIENT AND MODERN.
IIpciiTOi /x€v 'SiKvOai curlv, oo-oi Kpov»;v 0X09 ay;^t
vapaXxrjv valova-iv dm OTo/xa KatnriSo? aX/xrjs "
O v V v o I 8' i^eirjs ' ^"tI 8' aurois KaoTrioi avSpes.
ncpti7yi;<ri9 y^s, 730-32'
|OWARDS the end of the third century after Christ, in the
reign of the Emperor Diocletian, there flourished at
Alexandria a Greek writer whose industry and research
should merit him a niche almost as high as that of
Herodotus himself. This was the "globe-trotter,"
Dionysius, a native of the city of Charax at the head of
the Persian Gulf, and aptly surnamed Periegetes in
accordance with the title of his most important work.
Upon the interest of this unique geographical poem,
"A Tour of the World," much could be written ; suffice it here, however, to
say that it deserves our remembrance if only for the fact that in it the name
of " Huns " makes its first appearance in Western literature. It will be
noticed from the extract quoted above that in Dionysius the pronunciation is
*'Hoons," — a pronunciation which, if it could be re-established now, would,
we think, add considerably to the evil connotation of the name. About a
century later than Dionysius we find the able but servile poet, Claudian,
referring to the Huns in several of his works ; the Latin writer evidently
found the name as inharmonious as its bearers were repugnant, (or the name
at times he turns with a guttural into "Chuni," while to the people he applies
the epithet " turpis," thereby imputing to them all that a Roman deemed
low and disgusting.
For eleven centuries prior to 100 B.C. — so Chinese records relate — the
pastoral warriors known as the Huns carried on a ceaseless conflict with the
inhabitants of China and of central Asia ; then in their history there comes
a dark interval of nearly five hundred years during which their westward
wanderings are unrecorded; but finally, about a.d. 375, the Huns reappear
in countless hordes crossing the Volga and advancing to subjugate the Goths
and other tribes on the borders of the Roman Empire. They are described
as being an ugly and even deformed race, with broad shoulders, faces almost
beardless, flat noses, and small black eyes deeply sunk in the head ; and
rumour had it that they were the offspring of the union of foul Scythian
witches with demons of the desert. Such was the race that quickly
established itself astride the Danube, and by threatening both Constantinople
and Rome hastened the disintegration of the Empire.
Huns 139
Their shortage of women, due of course to the hardships of savage life,
the Huns made up by appropriating each year a select band of the fairest
daughters of their conquered foes. The plight of these wretched maidens,
is vividly recalled to-day by such aa extract as the following from a French
official report : " In evacuating Noyon the Germans have carried away by
force young girls of from fifteen to twenty-five years ".
The empire of the ancient Huns reached its zenith under the rule of Attila,
who along with his brother Bleda came to the throne in a.d. 423. The
brother was quickly disposed of by assassination, for Attila, like the wilful master
of modern Germany, could brook no rival. "There is only one master in
this country and I am he. I shall suffer no other beside me." So raved the
Kaiser when in 1890 he dropped his pilot, Bismarck, but that his mind
was running on lines similar to that of his prototype may be gathered from
the threat which he added: "those who oppose me I ?,hz\\ dash in pieces".
Once securely seated on the throne Attila directed his energies first to con-
solidating the barbarians of Central Europe under his own sway, and there-
after to the conquest of the civilized world. In his ambitious schemes he was
encouraged in no small degree by the apostate Priscus, the Houston Stewart
Chamberlain of his time. To his new master this renegade depicted in lively
colours the vices of the declining empire of the South, the decay of warlike
spirit among its peoples, and their inability to maintain a prolonged resistance
to a ruthless foe because they were no longer equipped with arms or trained
in their use. But Attila was wily as well as wilful, and although he and his
followers delighted in the unchecked vice of war and especially in the spoils
and luxury of victory, he endeavoured all through his reign to secure his ends
by diplomacy, if possible, closely backed by the rattling of the sword. In his
use of the diplomatic art the Hun, in true barbarian fashion, held himself
bound by neither pledge nor scruple. While outwardly professing friendship
for the Roman Empire he secretly made preparations for an invasion of its
Belgian provinces. From the royal village in the heart of Hungary his as-
sembled myriads marched to the West, giving prosperous cities to the flames
and butchering indiscriminately the infant in the cradle and the priest at the
altar. They crossed the Rhine by a bridge of boats and after a long and
laborious march proceeded to lay siege to Orleans. Here the ancient Huns
found their Verdun, for the city resisted their most desperate efforts, and re-
mained uncaptured when the Romans and their allies advanced from the
South and forced Attila to withdraw. Recrossing the Seine the Huns
awaited their foes on the plain of Chalons, and there in a.d. 45 1 was fought
one of the bloodiest battles of antiquity. Although unbeaten Attila lost so
many men that he was compelled to draw his scattered forces together and to
retreat across the Rhine. Never again did he set foot in the West.
Personally the Arch-Hun bore the stamp of his race. His body was short
and square and was endowed with extraordinary strength ; his demeanour was
haughty, and he had a custom of fiercely rolling his eyes, — a custom not un-
known among the Huns of to-day. He had all the superstitious beliefs of
the barbarian, and worshipped as his tutelary deity a sword of iron which in
its origin rivals King Arthur's Excalibur. In virtue of his possession of this
heaven-sent weapon Attila asserted his divine and indefeasible claim to the
mastery of the world. Herein, however, the present Kaiser surpasses his
chosen exemplar ; he actually identifies himself with the sword of his God
140 Aberdeen University Review
1
while at the same time professing his own divinity. " Remember," he says,
"that the German people are the chosen of God. On me as German Em-
peror the Spirit of God has descended. I am His weapon, His sword, and
His vice-regent."
In his relations with women Attila knew no morality; his death in a.d. 453
was the result of a fit brought on by the indulgence of his ferocious passion.
Luckily for the civilized world he left behind him so many sons by different
mothers that his empire was disputed over and divided among them like a
private inheritance. As an incarnation of cunning, lust, and lawless strength,
Attila lives and will live in the memory of mankind. What amazes one most
is the fact that, despite the verdict of history, Kaiser William II had the
effrontery deliberately to claim Attila and the Huns as models for himself and
his people. Here are the words in which that outrageous claim was
expressed : " When you meet the foe you will defeat him. No quarter will
be given, no prisoners will be taken. Just as the Huns, a thousand years
ago, under the leadership of Attila, gained a reputation in virtue of which they
still live in historic tradition, so may the name of Germany become known."
Although the Emperor's wish was only partially granted at the time the fore-
going words were used, for the foe to whom he referred were the Chinese
rebels of 1900, his desire has been amply and literally fulfilled since he finally
let loose upon the world the plague he had so long nurtured. And we may
with confidence predict that generations of Germans yet unborn will curse
the name of him who brought upon them, with manifold other evils, the
sinister appellation of " Huns ".
J. B. CHAPMAN.
The Poetry of the " Rowley Poems ".
I HE pseudo-archaic language of the "Rowley Poems" is
not of the essential nature of Chatterton's poetry. It is
an accident which follows closely upon the bent of his
genius. As the boy-poet lay on the grass, gazing up at
the church of St. Mary Redcliffe, and as the past un-
folded itself for him, he became the good priest Rowley
in more than in name. Time slipped back three cen-
turies as he wandered with the monks and friars and
burghers of Bristol, seeing what they saw, speaking as he believed they spoke.
It was natural that Chatterton should try to get back to an older language ;
it made his dream more real, and he could identify himself more nearly with
the people whom he met. Yet the mediaeval words and phrases did not come
so freely as did the impulse to create. He had to consult Kersey and Bailey,
and the very fact that the language in which he gave form to his thought was
alien to that in which it was conceived, shows that the words in themselves
are not essential to his merit as a poet.
Of course one cannot separate form from the rest of the qualities which
go to make up poetry. We accept " .^Ua " and " The Storie of William
Canynge " as they stand, knowing that only thus can they be Chatterton's
work. We could not have them otherwise, nor do we wish them otherwise,
even though their beauty has been dimmed for us through ignorance of a
word. For too often the archaic language, which brings with it atmosphere,
and lends a mediaeval colour to a mediaeval theme, which also is indirectly
the cause of Chatterton's achievement, becomes a poetic diction, and as such
detracts from the fulness of the imaginative experience with which the reading
of the poems should leave us. And yet, when, in Mr. Bradley's phrase, " we
are reading as poetically as we can," and entering as closely as possible
behind Chatterton into the world which he has made his own, the old words
and phrases prove less and less a drawback, until in time they work themselves
naturally into the general effect. We get the feeling of
Shields as brede
As the y-brochdd moon, when white she dights
The woodland ground, and water-mantled mead,
and the picture — which foretells the touch of Keats in the lines : —
In Virgine the sultry sun 'gan sheene,
And hot upon the meads did cast his ray ;
The apple ruddied from its paly green,
And the soft pear did bend the leafy spray ;
The pied chelindry sang the livelong day ;
'Twas now the pride, the manhood of the year,
And eke the ground was dight in its most deft auraere —
and we do not pause over "y-broched," and "chelandry," and "aumere,"
because we have been caught up to a height where worck cease to have an
individual meaning, where sound and image and rhythm together give one
eflfect. When Chatterton's imagination is at its greatest, his poetry does this
for us.
142 Aberdeen University Review
It is then through his imagination that Chatterton makes his poetic
appeal. The appeal is many-sided ; coming to us in an original and pleasing
metrical form, in the pseudo-archaisms which often bring so much to the
music of the line, though more especially through this new quality which is
now in poetry. Without it, English literature would have lost something,
which, even in the fulness of its splendour, it would have missed. It is
among the smallest of essential contributions, but it is essential. What then
is the nature of this imagination ?
Pre-eminently it takes us to new scenes, beyond life as we know it, out of
a world which we see, and for which we work, into one where we are content
to listen. The pageant pleases because it is unusual — unusual in no bizarre
or supernatural sense, but simply because different from that to which we are
accustomed; it sets in rich colouring tournament and knightly encounter,
silver-point spear and asenglave, or it passes to scenes where the light is
more subdued — a dead-still air, then the swelling of the tempest, in the
distance a convent, under a holm-tree a pilgrim, passing by — an abbot, and
a grey-clad limitour. Or once again, it becomes historical in the action and
bloodshed of " The Battle of Hastings ".
And through it all there is the feeling of interested curiosity, as the young
poet looks on life freshly and with eyes of wonder. For the world is a bigger
thing to Chatterton than it is to the Augustans, and he allows himself to feel
its strangeness. With an imagination free and unlimited, he wanders among
men, as they work and fight and love, in surroundings not standardized by
convention, enjoying the movement, delighting in the passing show. " In
him," says Mr. Watts-Dunton, " the Renascence of Wonder is incarnate," and
it is often through a background of convent and battle-field and distant stream
that one gets most easily into the romantic atmosphere.
Everything contributes to this. The metre with its running music, the
phrasing with its old-world suggestion, the similes of Spenserian beauty, are
all of a spirit which is in essence unclassical. One does not claim for
Chatterton that his poetry is full of this spirit, nor does one need to go to
the eighteenth century pastoral to see what he has escaped. For much of
his own work is disfigured and deadened by the false poetic diction which
custom had made inseparable from good writing. The old tradition still
clings to him, and he cannot altogether shake himself free. He is attracted
by " the speckled folk," " the muddy nation," and when he yields, his poetry
is the poorer.
But it is not upon this aspect of his poetry that we would dwell, for it
does not give us the Chatterton who is remembered in literature. We shall
get nearer to this figure if we approach it through the minstrel-song of
"^lla":—
Hark ! the raven flaps his wing
In the briar'd dell below :
Hark 1 the death-owl loud doth sing
To the nightmares as they go.
My love is dead,
Gone to his death-bed,
All under the willow-tree.
And as the echo of these words passes into the loftier note of " Goddwyn,"
or drops to the colour-painting of the second " Eclogue," the shapes of things
before us are no longer the clearest to our eyes.
M. A. SUTHERLAND.
1
King's College in 1818.
[An interesting sketch ot the Bursary Competition in 1818 was put on record by the late Mr.
George Abercromby Young Leslie (1803-1885), thirteenth Laird of Kininvie. Mr. Leslie
was a keen observer of life, and he left a series of anecdotes representing the Banff-
shire of his youth, besides picturing the highly idiosyncratic contemporaries of his
father, Archibald Young, who succeeded to the estate of Kininvie, and took the name
of Leslie.]
Four sessions of Four months at King's College, Auld Aberdeen. Recalling
to memory many happy days spent there, what follows may turn out interest-
ing to those into whose hands these imperfect sketches may come.
In the month of October, 181 8, Davie Williamson (a near relative of Dr.
Smith's) Willie McKilligin (a son of the Major's) [James McKilligin, 1764-
1837]. Jamie Sim (a son of James Sim before mentioned), Johnie Robertson
(a son of Duncan Robertson, Supervisor of Excise), and I, then George Aber-
cromby Young — each of us about 1 6 years of age — were deemed fit by good old
Johnie Cruickshank, Rector of Banff Academy, to take our places as students
at that ancient seat of learning. The Rector told our respective parents that
we ought to compete for bursaries, and they being agreeable, off we started all
together, by the mail coach, getting the good wishes of all our friends and the
blessing of the Rector, who added " May be twa or three o' ye will carry off
some o' the bursaries before ye enter on yer studies ". A true prophet he
proved to be, as the sequel will show.
We got to Aberdeen all right, and entered ourselves as Competitors for
the coveted prizes, producing the required certificates. Behold then, us five,
seated in the large College Hall, along with ninety others, Latin Dictionary
(Ainsworth's), pens, ink and paper — a professor presiding who was now and
then relieved by another, for we were never left to our own devices. We were
so separated that no Communications could possibly take place, and we were
not permitted to leave the Hall. We worked on steadily and had the pre-
scribed work finished in the evening, and each Competitor placed his version
in the hands of the presiding professor. By an arrangement among ourselves,
we Banflites made a copy of our respective tasks. At the door of the Hall
there was a great crowd, and a venerable gentleman who said that he was
Mr. [Ewen] McLachlan, Chief Master of the [Old Aberdeen] Grammar School,
requested to see the copies we had in our hands. We complied. He looked
them over, and said he thought three of the five were fairly good, but he did
not indicate who the supposed winners were.
A few days afterwards, all the Competitors were ordered to attend at the
College Hall [Chapel ?], and we did so with beating hearts. The Professors all
met —
" A terrible show "
and the competitors and a vast number of ladies and gentlemen were as-
144 Aberdeen University Review
sembled. The scene altogether was impressive. The gravestone of Bishop
Elphinstone, the founder of the College, had a conspicuous place in the centre
of the Hall [Chapel], and on Principal Jack calling out the name of each
successful competitor, he had to proceed and stand uncovered on the " Blud-
stone " [? Blackstone] and to be solemnly asked if he agreed to accept or de-
cline the bursary gained by him. ^20 yearly for four years was the highest
bursary ; the others were for lesser sums, varying from ^18 to j^^, and it
might be about thirty in number. The gainers of the ;^io to ^^5 paid half
fees only. A few of the gainers declined, as they might succeed better at the
next competition. Our five " hearts with fear were beating," when after a few
had got their deserts the principal pronounced the name of David Williamson ^
(who deserved the title of the Bashful Youth), and he advanced to the much
desired bludstone, and accepted in trembling accents the ^£15 bursary [fifth]
awarded to him. Willie McKilligin ^ after a short time was called up and
accepted the one of ;^i2 [ninth] gained by him. A longer (painful to me)
interval when I had to mount the stone and say that I accepted the one of
;^io [thirteenth] awarded to me. It was strange that wee Johnie Robertson *
didn't succeed, for he was superior to both Willie McKilligin and me in point
of scholarship, and Jamie Sim was very good too, but the nature of the com-
petition had made them nervous and unhinged their wonted composure.
One Competitor aged 42 ! ! didn't succeed. He made use of the word
" realie" and that condemned in a great degree his version. He tried next
year and got a high one. He had been a ditcher and labourer from Rossshire
and was a good Greek scholar, and Latin too, but he was the best of the ma-
thematicians of the College, and such a fine old fellow. I don't know what
became of him. Our respective parents were greatly pleased with the results
and Johnie Cruickshank delighted that he had turned out to be a true prophet.
I got a silver watch and a gold chain from my Auntie Don (Donaldson), my
mother's sister, which she had promised me in the event of my success.
^ M.A. 1822. * M.A. 1822 ; minister of Kildonan. •' M.D. Edinb., 1825.
The Anvil — A Prayer.
The nations He upon Thine anvil, Lord,
The dread sledge hammers fall,
Fashioning each according to Thy word
And Thy design for all.
And each endures the sevenfold furnace heat,
Thy bellows blow the flame ;
Then on the glowing steel Thy hammers beat
With fierce unerring aim.
We do not ask Thee, Lord, that Thou wouldst spare.
We would not lie aside
With the cold fragments rusting here and there.
Not worthy to be tried.
We ask not when the mighty implement
Is to be forged, or how,
Only fulfil with us Thine own intent —
Let us not fail Thee now.
F. D. SIMPSON (M.A., 1890).
10
The Dead.
In the rich silence where our dead lie deep,
Almost we hear them breathing in their sleep ;
Their gracious presence real and more near
Than spirits masked that daily meet us here.
While over us Time s river seethes and rolls
They sleep " in that still garden of the souls "
Where the loud tread of the advancing Hours
Dies into rest on amaranthine flowers.
The din of battle thunders in our ears
And throbbing echoes wake of hopes and fears,
Better it is where all earth's discords blend
To sleep nor dream but steadfast wait the end.
When the proud nations muster into view
Vainly, for forth He rides, Faithful and True,
And martial pride and bloody pomp are lost
In the white radiance of His stainless host.
Tho^e who leapt up at the first trumpet call
Shall not the last trump waken first of all
With Him in deathless glory to arise
Knowing the meaning of their sacrifice.
Till which arising He our dead doth keep
In the rich silence where they lie asleep. >m
F. D. SIMPSON (M.A., 1890).
Reviews.
Lectures on the Church and Sacraments. By P. T. Forsyth, M.A., D.D.
London : Longmans, Green & Co. Pp. viii + 289.
The Lectures here published were in substance delivered to students, pre-
sumably at Hackney College. In one respect, perhaps, they must have been
disappointing. They offer no punctuated, proportionate, and logically pro-
gressive discussion, such as even the notebook of the dull student might be
entrusted to reproduce ! None the less, indeed all the more, they must have
served well the end of instruction. One could hardly look for a more vigorous
and stimulating series of Lectures. Undoubtedly Principal Forsyth's style
provokes impatience. It is confessedly neither lucid nor Itgato, and some-
times it is positively obscure ; but in time we become less impatient of it,
and yield ourselves to its vivid, arresting quality. What strikes one most is
the writer's predilection for and grim delight in verbal distinctions and con-
trasts, in the use of which he shows an almost scholastic subtlety. He would
have us observe, for example, that he stands for liberal theology but not for
theological liberalism, for a sacramental but not a sacramentarian ministry,
for a supernatural but not a preternatural doctrine of divine grace. The dif-
ferences implied are not always clear.
The general standpoint of the Lectures is that of a modern positive Pro-
testant theology, in which Christian doctrine is presented in full view of recent
textual, literary, and historical criticism, yet at the same time as uniquely based
upon the definitive revelation of God in the historical Christ. Dr. Forsyth
owes much to Kahler, Seeberg, and other German theologians of the modem
conservative type (who have not been kept so much before English readers as
the Ritschlians and the Radicals), but all his work bears the impress of his
strong individuality. He is particularly insistent on the idea that Christian
Theology is the Theology of the Cross. The " holy, judging, saving Cross "
he regards as the very site and substance of the Christian revelation. In
Ritschl's view the system of Christian belief was an ellipse, with the two foci
of the Cross and the Kingdom ; but in these Lectures the absolute centrality
of the Cross is passionately affirmed, and its "cruciality" and regenerative
power. The supreme act of the moral world (and therefore of its Sovereign
God and Father) was in the Cross of our redemption, and it was in that Cross
that the Kingdom was set up. And this positive New Testament Gospel
of the redeeming Cross remains, it is added, the one true secret of the
Church's life.
In the pages before us this positive evangelical principle is applied suc-
cessively to the doctrines of the Church, Ministry, and Sacraments.
The oecumenical note pervades the treatment of the doctrine of the Church.
Though Dr. Forsyth writes as a Free Churchman to Free Churchmen, and
14-8 Aberdeen University Review
more particularly as a Congregationalist to Congregationalists, his main effort
and purpose is to inspire his readers with a deep sense of the One, Holy, Ca-
tholic, and Apostolic Church (which venerable words are a great line of
poetry to him), and not to sound once more the note of Freedom. He thinks
the age is by when liberty had to be claimed, and in fact he recoils from the
subjectivist tendencies in modern Protestantism. He would remind us that
Christian liberty is not natural or even spiritual liberty but the evangelical
liberty whose prius is authority. Never hesitant to coin a phrase, he rallies
the theological liberals as spiritual vagrants afflicted with a mental " claustro-
phobia " which keeps them from resting within four walls of belief or sleeping
under a historic roof ! In sounding the oecumenical note and recalling the
Free Churches to a deeper recognition of the "Great Church" (we fear this
phrase is of German parentage !), he is expectant of the day when there shall
be a real federation of the Free Churches based on the dogmatic disendow-
ment and disarmament of sectarianism, in which a positive Gospel shall take
the place of a correct creed, and liberty worth the name be better and more
effectively secured. Apparently the idea of reunion with the Anglican and
Roman Churches is not so hopefully cherished. Yet other P'ree Church
leaders of thought are dreaming in hope of a Church " Catholic as the heart
of Christ," and even within the Anglican and Roman Churches there are
definite movements towards a new and freer Catholicism.
On the doctrine of the Ministry also Dr. Forsyth takes high ground. The
evangelical ministry as the trustee of the positive Church- creating Gospel,
itself exercises a creative and regenerative function. It is sacramental to the
Church as the Church is sacramental to the world. But the historical suc-
cession or continuity involved is evangelical rather than apostolic. It is a
continuity in the message, not in the men. It is a solidary continuity spread-
ing through a mass, not a vertical continuity descending in a line. It is a
nervous system pervading and continually creating the Church, not a chain
on which the Church is hung.
The doctrine of the Sacraments, especially of Baptism and Holy Com-
munion, is also interpreted in the light of the creative Word or Gospel of the
Cross. The Sacraments (as indeed St. Augustine said long ago, and Luther
after him) are the visible Word or Gospel just as in preaching the Word is
audible. As such they are effective and productive, being holy and saving
Acts of Christ Himself in His Church. Dr. Forsyth upholds the sacramental
quality of Infant Baptism, and deprecates the thorough-going individualism of
the Baptists, urging that the Church should provide Infant or Adult Baptism
at choice, as in the mission field. As for the Lord's Supper, he repudiates
the so-called Zwinglian or merely memorialist view, but while sympathizing
deeply with the dogmatic effort represented by the Roman transubstantiation
and the Lutheran consubstantiation, he recognizes the Real Presence of the
living Redeemer in the Church's Act, and not in the sacramental symbols,
which we take to be essentially the Calvinistic position. For the rest, he
seeks from his positive evangelical standpoint to find a secure place for the
Sacraments between the extremes of Sacramentarianism and Quakerism.
We do not venture any criticism of the theological positions here main-
tained with so much zeal of conviction and such massive breadth of scholar-
ship. It is not a book to invite a critical estimate. The main positions are
assumed but not defended ; presented thetically, as Dr. Forsyth himself would
Reviews 149
say, and not dialectically. It should therefore be sufficient to add that we
regard these Lectures as one of the writer's most important, as they are among
his most characteristic, contributions to Christian Theology.
William Fulton.
Bibliography, its Scope and Methods. By David Murray, LL.D.,
F.S.A. Glasgow: James Maclehose & Sons, 191 7. 4to. Pp.
xii + 125, with 4 facsimiles.
There is generally pleasure to be found in reading a book which has given
its author real pleasure in the making ; and this volume of Dr. Murray's starts
off with that advantage. It is quite patently written by one who loves as well
as understands his subject ; and anyone with a smouldering spark of biblio-
graphical fire in him, must surely find it burst into flame under the encourag-
ing stimulus of this work — certainly if he happen to be a member of the
Glasgow Bibliographical Society, to whom Dr. Murray specially addresses his
appeal for more workers. The book originated in a presidential address to
that Society but the wealth of knowledge and research refused to be confined
to such narrow limits, and has overflowed the banks in copious notes. Indeed,
in this modest sized volume is material enough to fill one three times its bulk,
had full justice been done to the packed contents. General Bibliography is
discussed under many aspects, with special reference to the British Museum
methods and those of Continental and American libraries. This is followed
by a section on Particular Bibliography, with interesting suggestions as to'
what might still be undertaken in that line ; all leading up to consideration
of the history and future of the Bibliography of Glasgow.
The various systems of library classification are discussed and their merits
compared, but not quite so judicially as one might wish. Mr. Melvil Dewey
seems to have got somewhat on to Dr. Murray's nerves, and one can sym-
pathize with the natural prejudice excited by the appalling phonetic spelling
affected in the Dewey manual of classification. At the same time it seems a
pity to let this blind one to the undoubted merits of the scheme. Speaking
of the British Museum reading room, with its rough arrangement under
Theology, Law, History, etc., Dr. Murray remarks that it would only lead to
confusion were the classes broken up according to the Dewey method. But
most people find it an advantage to have, say History, subdivided into
British, French, German, etc., and yet again into periods of time ; and "con-
fusion " seems scarcely a fair description of this method. It is a little difficult
to understand the point of view which so heartily approves of carefully classi-
fied catalogues, and so strongly condemns carefully classified shelves. The
assertion that the scheme is useful rather to the library staff than to the student,
is a serious reflection on any who adopt the method, for the main object of a
librarian should be to make the books of as much use to the student as is pos-
sible. But a little consideration should convince anyone, that minute subject
classification entails a good deal more work on the library staff, than does
simply slumping a number of books together under one or two big divisions.
Dr. Murray places high value on local bibliographies, and in his sugges-
tions of work for the Glasgow Bibliographical Society he gives first place to
the preparation of a bibliography of Glasgow city. At the time his address
was delivered there had not yet appeared the "Concise Bibliography of
150 Aberdeen University Review
Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine" (1914), or the "Concise Bibliography of
Inverness " (1917), both of which have been issued in the Aberdeen Univer-
sity Library Bulletin ; but he mentions with commendation the late Mr. A.
W. Robertson's " Handlist " (1893). Another of his suggestions is a re-issue
of Reid's valuable " Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica " (1832) ; and this also has been
accomplished since he wrote, the late Rev. Donald Maclean having based his
" Typographia Scoto-Gadelica " (1915) on Reid's work.
The flowery path he offers to those who would tackle Glasgow in fiction
should prove attractive ; and no one will grudge them their harvest in Smollett
and Scott, Gait or William Black ; but when it comes to claiming George
MacDonald and seizing on his Alec Forbes as a Glasgow University student,
we must kindly but firmly remonstrate. Alec Forbes was pure Aberdeenshire,
and the ghost of Cupples, the eccentric librarian, still haunts the ante-chapel of
King's College, where he kept watch over his little-used books. A poor thing,
Sir, but our own, and we cannot give him up to Glasgow.
Dr. Murray very rightly deprecates the view that books are valuable
simply and solely for their literary merit. Pamphlets, chapbooks, and such
like " rubbish " often throw truer sidelights on the human life of a certain
period than any which can be found in official records or learned historical
treatises. Should you desire a consecutive account of Scotland in Jacobite
times, read any of the recognized standard histories on the subject ; but if
you want to be back on the scene itself, you must get hold of the 1746 pam-
phlets,- or the contemporary verse — however poor they may be from a literary
point of view. To the bibliographer nothing printed is worthless, and to ad-
vise him to omit inferior literature is like suggesting to an archaeologist that
he might destroy all old pottery which does not conform to our present
standards of beauty.
The Glasgow Bibliographical Society must have been put on its mettle by
the suggestive list Dr. Murray gives, of works it might undertake, for the good
of bibliography and the glory of Glasgow ; and this volume of his own gives
an example of just how such things should be done. Who writes on biblio-
graphy should himself know how to use bibliographical detail to effect, and
of this Dr. Murray is well aware. Fine paper, well set type, clear arrangement
of material, an excellent index — ^all bear witness to his appreciation of points
on which greatly depend the pleasure and usefulness of any book ; points which
have enhanced the value of this scholarly treatise and make it attractive even
to a lay reader.
M. S. Best.
On the Relationship Between the Pursuits of our Society and
THE Business of Life. Being the Presidential Address to the
Linnean Society of London, at the Anniversary Meeting on 24 May,
191 7. By Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., A.M., M.D.
(Aberdeen).
Sir David Prain, in fulfilment of his duty as President of the Linnean
Society, has made an appeal which, though bearing very directly on the aims
which should inspire the work of the Society, deserves to be read and weighed
carefully by all who are interested in the welfare of education, and more es-
pecially in the relations of scientific investigations to the progress of mankind.
A distinguished graduate of the University of Aberdeen in the faculties of
Reviews 151
Arts and Medicine, he was Assistant in the subjects of Botany and Anatomy,
both of which he afterwards taught in Calcutta, Entering the medical ser-
vice of the Indian Army, as the path to an appointment in the Botanic
Gardens in Calcutta, he served for a time in the Army, in which he ranks as
Lieut.-Colonel. Appointed at the request of the late Sir George King to be
his Assistant in charge of the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta, he succeeded Sir
George in the full charge, and held that position for several years until his ap-
pointment as Director of the renowned Botanic Gardens of Kew. Thus few
have had as wide and varied an experience, embracing the varied outlooks of
student in the different fields of literature, philosophy and science, teacher,
skilled investigator in pure biological science, and administrator in the appli-
cations of Botany to the business of life in numerous aspects, as well as in the
not less valuable experience of having to deal with colleagues and with large
staffs of subordinates, with marked success.
The Address bears evidence of the wide and sane outlook to be expected
from such experience when used to the best advantage. It is an appeal to
realize the high aims set forth in the statement of the objects sought to be ac-
complished by the founders of the Royal Society, adhering to the spirit that
inspired that statement, instead of allowing it to be obscured by the narrower
outlook of undue specialization.
Information is accumulated in every field of science at a steadily advancing
rate as the number of skilled and enthusiastic investigators increases ; new
methods of investigation are devised and must be learned ; and the student is
apt to be driven into a narrower and ever narrower track in the attempt to
know what is expected in even a single science. The tendency is evident to
all who have to do with higher education, and, while it is natural, it threatens
grave danger to the true progress of even the specialist in the narrowest sense.
Minute knowledge in a narrow field cannot compensate for the lack of ability
to sympathise with other sides of human progress, or to recognize their worth.
The counsels of Sir David Prain in this Address will help to lessen the
dangers from undue specialization.
James W. H. Trail.
The School and Other Educators. By John Clarke. London : Long-
mans, Green & Co., 1918. Pp. x + 228.
Readers of the copious writing on education poured in these times upon the
public may well be perplexed by the variety and frequent ambiguity of the
meanings attached to the subject and its many phases. Mr. Clarke traces
the confusion to the different standpoints and interests of the writers and es-
says the praiseworthy task of promoting a " mutual comprehension and some
degree of uniformity in the use of terms ". In pursuit of this aim he has to
cover ground already well trodden, but as he does so with a firm step, a dis-
criminating eye and a sound judgment, he succeeds in producing a most
useful amount not only of definition and classification of the facts of his sub-
ject but of criticism and adjustment of the manifold and often contradictory
opinion that has been expressed upon it. He " rides the marches " effect-
ively ; the study of his book is distinctly helpful to clear thinking upon edu-
cation and its overlapping, but not irreconcilable, interests, and to the correct
expression of the results of that thinking. His own reflection has been long
and careful, its results are mature and are clearly expressed. Whether readers
152 Aberdeen University Review
agree with him or not they will allow that there is not a hasty opinion nor a
confused sentence in the book. But his observation is so wide, his criticism
so fair, and his common sense so sustained that those who disagree must be
extremely few.
His University, which is intending to introduce the Principles of Biology
along with those of Psychology as the foundation of the curriculum for her
new degree in education, will note with gratification that her Lecturer in
Education insists first of all on the acceptance and accurate knowledge by
the teacher of the physical and mental material on which he has to work.
"The two poles by which ... his activities are guided are similarity in the
general scheme and type of life and an infinite variety of individual character-
istic." This leads Mr. Clarke to discuss in his second chapter "The
Individual and the 'Average ' " ; the class is "a compromise not without in-
herent merits " but the basal problem of education is the individual. Chapter
iii. is a study of "Nature and Nurture," discriminating and adjusting. Chap-
ter iv., " Ends," discusses the question what are the main objects and purposes
of life, again with the individual as the principal focus ; the ethical and the
intellectual are not coincident, the former is the more essential ; but was it
necessary to put character and religion under separate heads as Mr. Clarke
does ? Chapter v. on the " Co-ordination of Ends " opens up the teacher's
difficulties in relating the physical, mental, and moral requirements of his
material and in struggling with the short-sightedness for far ends on the part
both of his pupils and of their parents. Chapter vi. deals with "Educational
Agents and Agencies " ; the family, companions, society at large, and the
Church. Chapter vii. on " Cause in the Light of Effect " is largely a counsel of
caution against the fallacies of memory and the risks in tracing back one's own
experience. Chapters viii. and ix. are on the Curriculum ; an exposition of
its various parts and the requirements of different classes of pupils, with
sagacious counsels thereon. Among these is a warning against the pre-
mature study of the Classics, to a full consideration of the place of which Mr.
Clarke proceeds in Chapter x., distinguishing between Latin and Greek, and
between the service required of both when the curricula of our schools were
first formed and the service they are fitted to render now when they have so
many competitors in the offices of mental discipline. The argument in their
defence must stand not on their having a monopoly of that disciplinary
value, but on other grounds such as the Latin foundations of our civilization
and sources of our language. Chapter xi. treats of " Moral and Religious
Elements," and chapter xii. sums up the "Defects and Remedies ".
This brief review will show how much old truth has been re-stated by Mr.
Clarke, but this always after careful sifting of its elements and with many
original judgments on the facts and needs of our present system. When all
is said and done — after all one's own experience of education, passive and
active, and the innumerable recent discussions — the conclusion surely stands
that in education the fulcrum is the effect on the child of home influence (in
alliance with that of the Church), and the lever is the character and ability of
the teacher. This conclusion is confirmed by Mr. Clarke's comprehensive sur-
vey, and he has added to it rightly " the power of appeal in the curriculum " ;
"the remainder of the machinery is matter of comparative indifference," and
" the teacher's first requirement is liberty ". Another noteworthy emphasis
is that on the indispensableness of the Church but only if in co-operation with
m
Reviews 1 5 3
the home, without the loyal alliance of which the Church can do little. The
practical sum of the whole matter is succinctly stated in the last chapter, to
which we commend the close attention of the student.
Classical Association OF Scotland. Proceedings, 1914-16. Edinburgh:
H. J. Pillans & Wilson. Pp. vi + 77.
This small volume of 77 pages contains much valuable matter. There is
an Address, as President, by the Rev. Dr. Heard, on "Classics as a Prepara-
tion for Practical Life," which maintains " that looking to the practical needs
of a nation a Classical education is specially efficient in developing the
qualities at which we should aim in producing the good citizen," that " it
strengthens and develops certain qualities of mind that are indispensable for
a community : — qualities of mind, I say, yet such that they bear on character
and life and not merely on intellect ". This is supported by testimony from
the speaker's long experience, that the study of the inflectional structure of
the Classical languages, which requires the exercise of principles rather than
memory (as in the case of Modern languages), is an invaluable instrument
in curing the prevailing infirmity of mental confusion ; that the Classics pro-
mote the trained use of the imagination, of untold importance in practical
life; and that by the combined stimulus of "contact with the quick minded-
ness of the Greek and the serious purposefulness of the Roman " they train
the mature student in " mental inquisitiveness checked by logical test ".
" Here you have the makings, not of an old-world scholar, but of the com-
petent citizen of the day " and " clearness in thinking, imaginative sympathy
and many-sided intelligence ".
Mr. William Rennie, Lecturer on Greek in the University of Glasgow,
contributes a paper on "Some Fallacies". After claiming for Classics at
least a parity with other subjects, he goes on to assert three superiorities for
the ancient over modern languages.
The first is that the ancient language is superior to the modern as a means of mental
discipline because of its contrast with our native cast of thought. The halting intelligence
has an admirable crutch in the natural order of the words. In an inflected language the
crutch is torn from its grasp ; the mind must learn to walk alone. " Secondly, the supreme
excellence of the Classical languages is largely due to the fact that they cannot be
taught by the colloquial method.'' "Thirdly, it is only by the study of the Classics that
we enter into possession of our own literary heritage." " Latin should be the first language
after the vernacular, and this in the interest of Modern language study." " It would also
give us a fair field for the teaching of Greek."
These theses are supported by evidence drawn from the reports of the
Scotch Education Department. Professor Baldwin Brown fully answers the
question, " What do we owe to the Romans in Art ? " And the new President,
Professor Burnet, gives an address in which he emphasizes the following
points : Those who attack the study of the Humanities are not thinking
of Science but of the application of Science to Industry. But the neglect
of the latter is the fault not of our schools or universities, but of the leaders
of commerce and industry, for before the war, the universities were pro-
ducing more trained scientific ability than anyone would employ. The
best scientific experts can be produced only on the terms of a liberal and
humanistic training ; and evidence in support of this is quoted from Germany,
where "no one who aspires to any position of authority and responsibility is
allowed to make Science his principal object of study till he is close on twenty
years old ".
154 Aberdeen University Review
The advocates of Science forget that " it was just the revival of ancient letters that
made modern civilization and modern science possible," and '* after all the greatest need
of Europe now is the revival of humanitas, or better still of <pi\avdpo>irla. I do not believe
that our lost European civilization can be restored in any other way than by a return to
what is unquestionably its source. The future of Science itself depends on this ; for there
would be no place for Science in a society organized on other than humane Hnes. The
humanities hold the first trench of civilization, and if that is carried, the rest can hardly be
held for long."
The Book of the Opening of the Rice Institute, Houston, Texas,
U.S.A. 3 vols. Pp. xxvi + iioo.
These large and sumptuous volumes, generously illustrated, are the record of
the academic festival in celebration of the opening in October, 191 2, of " the
Rice Institute, a University of Liberal and Technical Learning, Founded in
the City of Houston, Texas, by William Marsh Rice and Dedicated by Him
to the Advancement of Letters, Science, and Art ". For this noble purpose
Mr. Rice, a New Englander from Massachusetts, who made a fortune at
Houston, and died about 1900, left ten million dollars. His trustees have
risen to their duty and opportunity. They secured, on the extension of the
main thoroughfare of Houston about three miles from the heart of the city, a
site of 300 acres. They appointed an able President, Edgar Odell Lovett, sent
him for a year to Europe to explore the experience of its Universities and
learned societies, designed the lines of the Institute, planned its buildings,
and erected the first of these on a noble scale and in a style suited to the
southern latitude of Texas.
These new Universities and Institutes of America are very enviable. They
start with colossal endowments and unlimited space, and have behind them
at once an eager local ambition and the experience of all the Universities of
the world, which, in the wise American fashion, they carefully sift before they
lay one stone on another. Their initial results are well worth study by
ourselves. In this case the opportunities of such study are set before us
with fulness and with an earnest modesty. The aims of the Rice Institute
are worthy of its lavish means. One expression of them may be quoted :
" While developing students in character, culture, and citizenship the Rice
Institute will reserve for scholarship its highest rewards and in particular for
evidence of creative capacity in productive scholarship ". It is in respect to
these highest ends of a University that the Universities of this land have
most reason to envy the new American creations both their vision and their
wealth of means to fulfil it.
The opening exercises of the Institute which lasted for three days were
entirely worthy of the spirit of its founder and organizers. A large number
of distinguished scholars and scientists were either present to give addresses
and lectures or sent their lectures — William Ramsay (the chemist), Henry
Jones, and John W. Mackail from this country, Emile Borel from Paris,
Vito Volterra and Benedetto Croce from Italy, Rafail Altamira from Spain,
Hugo de Vries from Holland, Ostwald from Germany, Baron Kikuchi from
Japan with Henry Van Dyke and many other distinguished scholars from
America itself. The second and third vols, of this " Book of the Opening "
are filled with not only single but series of " inaugural lectures " from the
above-named specialists — original and detailed monographs in the subjects
of their writers, in letters, science, and art. Vol. i. is an account of the various
Reviews 155
opening exercises and the speeches made at them. In these the speakers
gave less formal, and for the most part inspiring, expression to the essence of
their special studies. Everything was on a high level, and we have been
particularly struck by the frequent speeches of the President, who also con-
tributed a long address on " The Meaning of the New Institution ". The
illustrations are very good. Our readers will be interested to know that
among the replies and addresses of other Universities selected for reproduc-
tion, the only Scottish one is that of the University of Aberdeen immediately
after those of Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, and Rome. The volumes have been
deposited in our Library.
The Roll of Pupils of Upper Canada College, Toronto, 1830 to 1916.
Edited by A. H. Young, Kingston, Ontario, 191 7. Pp. 693.
The Old Boys' Association of Upper Canada College possesses that sense of
corporate fellowship and corporate pride which is the great strength of schools
and universities of any note ; and the Roll before us is a testimony of loyalty
and devotion from these " Old Boys ". We in Aberdeen have always recog-
nized the value and interest of Rolls of students. Our University is fortunate
in the possession of published lists of her officers, graduates, and alumni, and
the large number of class records provided by the piety of her sons is con-
stantly increasing. Moreover we have a special interest in school records of
this kind, for the Former Pupils' Club of Aberdeen Grammar School is even
now looking forward to the time when its energetic Editor shall have over-
come the inherent difficulties of the task, and compiled a similar Roll for their
more ancient foundation. When this is accomplished it will be found that
the two lists contain many names in common — Gordon, Strachan, Johnston,
Watt, etc. — for the Grammar School boys are adventurous and a great number
went to seek their fortunes in Canada. Their descendants, in many cases,
were educated at Upper Canada College and were well satisfied with the ex-
cellent training provided there ; though we find that later on, some of them,
in the important matter of finding a bride, thought it wisest to turn again to
Aberdeen I
Amongst those who studied at Aberdeen Grammar School, graduated at
Aberdeen University, and afterwards found their way to Canada, perhaps the
most distinguished was John Strachan, first Bishop of Toronto and Founder
of Toronto University. He, as head of the Governing Body of Upper Canada
College, had much to do with its early success, and "the immense influence
which he wielded in the Canadas" — to quote from the Preface — no doubt is
partly explained by the gratitude and aff"ection of pupils of the College scat-
tered throughout the country. The Roll contains the names of many other
distinguished men of whom the College is justly proud, but perhaps we may
be pardoned the egotism of specially noting our own fellow-townsman, in
consideration of the brotherliness engendered towards all who hail from this
celebrated school.
It is refreshing to note that the paper shortage has apparently not yet
reached Canada ; otherwise, in spite of proverbial Colonial generosity, the
distribution of this book — copies of which have been sent to the Principal,
the Secretary, the Registrar, and the Librarian — could hardly have been on
so lavish a scale. To us it seems almost wild and wicked extravagance, but
156 Aberdeen University Review
it is pleasant to assume we are given this Benjamin's portion in virtue of the
ties that unite us to the great Dominion and in recognition of our near re-
lationship to the "Old Boys ".
Illinois. By Allan Nevins. New York : Oxford University Press (American
Branch); London: Humphrey Milford. Pp. x + 378.
The University of Illinois, as a State institution, dates only from 1890, and
even the Industrial and Agricultural College, on which it is based, is not older
than 1867. Illinois, in fact, was the last State of the north-west territory,
and one of the last in the middle west, to have a university. (Chicago Uni-
versity is quite a separate institution, practically founded by Mr. Rockefeller
some five-and-twenty years ago.) Illinois became a State in 1818, but while,
according to the author of this volume, " a progressive and public-minded
legislature " might early have founded a university, the Legislature, instead of
so doing, "was consistently perverse and at times dishonest,'' sacrificing the
two townships given by the Federal Government for the purpose and then
systematically making away with the proceeds. Ultimately, however, an
"Industrial University," with an agricultural department, was located at
Urbana-Champaign — not an over-wise selection of a site apparently — and
was started with a faculty of 4 teachers and 77 students. The University of
Illinois is now a fully-equipped establishment with 64 separate buildings, a
faculty of 840, 6800 students, and a biennial income of over 6,000,000
dollars. The history of its early struggles and modern development forms an
interesting addition to the American College and University Series.
At the Serbian Front in Macedonia. By E. P. Stebbing. London :
John Lane. 191 7. Pp. xi + 245. 6s. net.
Mr. Stebbing, who is Lecturer in Forestry at Edinburgh University, served
during a vacation as transport officer to a unit of the Scottish Women's Hos-
pital going out to Salonika. The worries of a transport officer, particularly
in the confusion which reigned in Salonika, are detailed with a great deal of
liveliness and humour, but these worries were a trifle compared with the diffi-
culties that had to be surmounted in carrying on transport work over the
roads — or what served as roads — in Macedonia. With patience and persever-
ance and no little pluck, however, Mr. Stebbing got his hospital camp duly
established in a mountainous region near Ostrovo, eighty-five miles from
Salonika. Of the camp and of the hospital work subsequently carried on at
it Mr. Stebbing has a great deal to say, and this section of his book gives
an interesting and instructive account of the very valuable aid to Serbia con-
tributed by the skill and service of Scottish women. He is loud in his praises
of the diverse and unwearied labours of the component parts of the unit (com-
prising between sixty and seventy persons) with which he was associated.
Some of the women had furnished valuable assistance in the sorting-out of
supplies at Salonika ; others later became most efficient chauffeurs, skilfully
" tooling " the ambulance cars over the vile roads ; and the services of the
doctors and nurses to wounded Serbians were unstinted. Among others
singled out by name is a Miss Fowler, who "hailed from Aberdeen" — "a
delightful person, who acted as bugler to the unit," though a doubt is insinu-
Reviews 157
ated as to whether her proficiency with this difficult instrument of music
would have passed the Band Sergeant- Major ! In a special chapter on " The
Work of the Hospital," Mr. Stebbing expresses the opinion that the work the
hospital had to undertake before it was thoroughly organized contributed
greatly to the extraordinary efficiency it so rapidly acquired ; and he concludes
with this emphatic declaration : —
I have seen many a far smaller party of men go to pieces when a stress came. The
Scottish women did not crack, and each pulled her weight. And they had their reward,
for it is beyond dispute that they saved many Serbian soldiers' lives after Gornicevo and
Kajmaktc^lan, men who must have died but for the work of the Scottish women in the
Ostrovo Hospital.
Mr. Stebbing witnessed the two battles here mentioned and also the
French assault on the Kenali lines, and of these engagements he gives ex-
ceedingly vivid narratives. His book is of considerable value as a contribu-
tion to the history of the unfortunate Serbian campaign, but its main interest
lies in the warm tribute he pays to the work of the Scottish Women's Hos-
pital.
Margaret of Scotland and the Dauphin Louis. By Louis A. Barbe.
London and Glasgow : Blackie & Son, Limited. Pp. xii + 192.
M. Barbe is well known as an investigator of the by-paths of Scottish his-
tory, and in this work he presents us with a study of the loveless union of
the Princess Margaret of Scotland, daughter of King James I, with the Dauphin
Louis, son of King Charles VII of France (afterwards Louis XI), a union
which was contracted for mere reasons of State policy. The monograph is
based mainly on original documents preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale
of France, and it forms " a consecutive narrative containing a detailed account
of the embassies to Scotland and to France, together with as much of the
personal story of the unfortunate Princess as can be recovered after the lapse
of five centuries ". The narrative is thus probably as complete as can now
be compiled, and in M. Barbe's skilful hands it is effectively told. The story
is a wretched and pitiful one. The marriage was arranged simply to aid
Charles's scheme for reviving the " old alliance " between the French and
the Scots, in order to expel the English from France, and it was totally de-
void of affection on the side of the Dauphin. In four years' time he
" showed so much indifference towards the Princess that she seems practi-
cally to have ceased to play any part in his life ". She became the victim of
cruel slander, and died virtually of a broken heart when she had scarcely at-
tained her twenty-first year. The Dauphin, says M. Barbe, made the
Princess's young life a martyrdom, and her early death " was hastened by the
persecution to which she was subjected with his connivance, if not, indeed,
at his instigation ". A similar verdict has long since passed into history, but
M. Barbe's work is of value for the fresh and original evidence on which his
conclusion is based, and particularly for the demonstration of the falsity of
the charges brought against the Princess. Many of the details — especially
those of the Princess's arrival in France, and her wedding — are highly inter-
esting, as is also the account of the negotiations between the two monarchs.
It is not flattering to the national vanity, however, to find the Scots troopers
158 Aberdeen University Review
in France characterized as a body of men " whose predatory propensities and
intemperate habits earned for them an unenviable reputation as sheep- stealers
and wine-sacks ".
The Romance of Commerce. By H. Gordon Selfridge. With Illustrations.
London: John Lane, 1918. los. 6d.
Our readers must be already acquainted, through the daily and weekly press,
with the contents and the spirit of this honest, extremely interesting, but
confessedly partial work. It has been liberally conceived and is lavishly illus-
trated often from rare sources. It is written with clearness and force, and
carried through with zest by an enthusiast who is also an expert in the
modem developments of its subject. Many will find it inspiring to their
ambition ; and its inspiration is well founded both in the facts it records and
in the principles of industry, honesty, cultivated imagination, and thoughtful-
ness for others which it urges. Contents and title are sincerely consistent ;
the author achieves his aim, and his aim is good. But as one reads one re-
members how much of another side there is to it all. The broad statement
that "commerce cuts the way and all professions and all arts follow" is not
universally true. Again, state restrictions upon trade — if we include factory
laws and the like — have not always been unnecessary nor to the disadvantage
of trade ; and while Mr. Selfridge rightly exalts the example and assistance
rendered by merchants to their rulers, he does less than justice to royal fore-
sight and initiative. In ancient times as in the Middle Ages trade was fre-
quently the enterprise of kings. The chapter on "The Commerce of Ancient
Civilizations " reproduces the atmospheres as well as the more important lines
of its subjects ; but there might have been added the influence of trade in
effecting, as it did in Babylonia and elsewhere, the transference of political
power from one site to another. And in leaping from the ancient world to
Venice Mr. Selfridge has passed over the abundant illustrations of his theme
afforded by the story of Syrian commerce in the early Mohammedan era —
Aleppo, Tripoli, Damascus, and Acre. Again while all he says of the Phoeni-
cians is true (except that 3000 B.C. is too early a date for their appearance on
the coast of the Levant), he is silent as to their cruelty, their political bad
faith, and their slave-traffic ; they hovered round the battles of braver peoples
chaffering with the victor for the captives and the spoil. In all this book
slave-dealing is mentioned only four times, while other debasing forms and
emasculating influences are ignored. The Fuggers of Augsburg are praised
for the admirable housing they provided for their workers ; but how frequently
have merchants, manufacturers, mine-owners, and ship-owners acted in a spirit
quite the reverse 1 Commerce has had its reproaches as well as its romance,
and Mr. Selfridge's picture of the latter would have been not less impressive
had he dealt more fully with the former. That he would have done this well,
is apparent from his remarks upon the futility of dishonest advertisement and
upon a merchant's duty and profit in encouraging their best from his em-
ployees. We are glad to discuss the book in this Review at a time when the
University is instituting a department of Commerce, leading to a degree.
Reviews 159
Wonder Tales From Scottish Myth and Legend, By Donald A. Mac-
kenzie. London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Limited. Pp. 224.
Celtic mythology has its own fascinating tales — of Beira, the Queen of
Winter, who built the mountains of Scotland with a magic hammer ; of Angus
and Bride, the King and Queen of Summer and Plenty ; of the never-ending
combat between the white fairy and the black fairy for possession of Face-of-
Light, symbolic of the succession of day and night ; and so on. Mr. Mac-
kenzie, who has already dealt with the myths and legends of India, Egypt,
and Babylonia, has now made a collection of the " wonder tales " associated
with Scotland, setting them forth in an attractive literary style and supplement-
ing them occasionally by reproducing poems and songs into which some of
them have been cast. In an introductory chapter Mr. Mackenzie shows how
many of the stories have a local setting and reflect the ordi.iary conception of
the occurrence of the seasons in days when no calendar existed. The primi-
tive myths survived into Christian times because of their connection with
place-names, and also because certain of them were recorded centuries ago
by early writers — the Dean of Lismore's Book is a notable instance. The
greater number of collected legends, however, have been taken down from
reciters in recent times, and Mr. Mackenzie says he knew an old woman whose
stories would have filled a volume quite as large as the one he has written.
Stealthy Terror. By John Ferguson. London : John Lane. Pp.
304. 6s.
The " German menace " is greatly in vogue in current novels of adventure as
the underlying factor in the play of events, and in "Stealthy Terror" it is
presented in the form of a scheme for the invasion of England from Calais
(the time of the novel is prior to the war). A plan in connection with the
project is passed to an Aberdeen medical graduate in the course of a scuffle
late at night in a Berlin street. His possession of it leads to his being per-
tinaciously dogged and subjected to a series of menacing incidents, from all
of which — all of them of an exciting character — he escapes in most ingenious
fashion, of course. He finds his way to Scotland, but the pursuit continues ;
he is shot at in a glen, his home is attacked, and he makes a cross-country
flight with his enemies — German agents bent on recovering the plan — in full
chase. The scene changes to London, Dover, and Folkestone. More and
more incidents occur, there are plots and counter-plots, and the contest for
the plan ultimately ends in a highly sensational denoilment. The story is
written with great vivacity, the thrills are numerous, the writer's ingenuity is
never at a loss, and he grips the reader's attention to the very last. The sole
female character introduced is not quite convincing, and the hero-narrator
rather overdoes his simplicity. North-country readers, however, will be at-
tracted by the personality ascribed to the hero. He is, as has been indicated,
an Aberdeen medico, who incidentally gained a piece of useful information
about doors and locks from "a notorious burglar" whom he attended in
Aberdeen Infirmary. The chief Scottish incidents, moreover, are located ob-
viously in Kincardineshire. The glen in which the medico was shot at has a
remarkable likeness to the Glen of Drumtochty ; and in the course of his
escape from his own house — in that neighbourhood — he professes to be mak-
ing for " Stonehive " while he really sets off for " Kilaber Junction," by which
and from the descriptive context Kinnaber Junction is very clearly meant.
i6o Aberdeen University Review
Robert Burns : How to Know Him. By William Allan Neilson, Professor
of English, Harvard University. Indianapolis : The Bobbs-Merrill
Company. Pp. viii + 332.
To a series of expository handbooks dealing with prominent authors, Professor
Neilson has contributed the volume on Burns, and he has discharged the
rather onerous task of combining biography, selection of poems, and critical
commentary with commendable skill and discretion, especially in view of the
handy size of the work. The biography is sensibly compressed, and the
poetry is properly dealt with in three sections — the songs, the satires and
epistles, and the descriptive and narrative pieces. Professor Neilson has also
introduced a very useful chapter treating of the language and literature of
which Burns was the inheritor, with the object of disposing of the old myth
of the "rustic phenomenon," and showing that Burns was not "the isolated
poetical miracle appearing in defiance of the ordinary laws of literary depend-
ence and tradition ". A brief concluding chapter furnishes a critical estimate
of Burns's character and of the value of his works. This estimate and Pro-
fessor Neilson's running commentaries throughout are all extremely judicious
and marked by knowledge and insight. The Professor is not blind to the
moods and limitations of Burns, but he is none the less appreciative of the
individual and striking qualities of his poetry.
We have also received "The Sydney University Medical Journal" for
October, 191 7 (New Series, vol. xii., part 2). It contains, besides notes and
addresses on surgery and medicine, editorials on the medical curriculum, and
a Lecture by Professor MacCallum on Professionalism and Humanism, the
usual number of good verses and of clever sketches mostly of a facetious turn.
We note also "Humour in Horror," and some interesting "Narratives of
Active Service ". An " Honour List," Obituary and Correspondence com-
plete an admirable number. We con zratulate the Medical Faculty of the
University on an organ at once so professionally useful, so lightened by
humour, and so adorned by portraits.
" Hermes " is also a magazine of the University of Sydney " published once
a term for the Undergraduates' Association ". Its new series has actually
achieved vol. xxiii., of which the third number for November, 1917, has
reached us. We congratulate the University on its varied and substantial
contents, among which the descriptions of several departments of the Univer-
sity and the " War Records III " in particular interest us. The illustrations
are numerous and admirably executed.
The "Otago University Review" for October, 191 7 (vol. xxxi. No. 2)
has also reached us — with its instructive accounts of academic activity, its
loyal and inspiring notes on the war, and its tributes to the Fallen. Four
hundred members of the University have left New Zealand on active service ;
" there is attending the University at the present time no one fit and eligible
for service abroad ". Bravo !
Correspondence .
PROPOSED ELPHINSTONE HALL.
The Editor, "Aberdeen University Review".
University Library,
7 yanuary, 1918.
Sir,
My letter which Mr. Keith Leask communicated to the last number
of the Review has brought me so much correspondence on the subject of an
Elphinstone Hall, that I am encouraged to infer that the suggestion commends
itself to graduates, and that readers will welcome further expressions of opinion
by writers whose views must naturally carry weight.
Accordingly I send some extracts from letters— arranged in the order of
their receipt by me.
I am, etc.,
P. J. ANDERSON.
Sir W. Robertson Nicoll writes : —
" In connection with the proposed Elphinstone Hall at Aberdeen
University, I wish to say that I sympathize very strongly with the object in
view, and I am in general concurrence with the letters written by Mr. Keith
Leask and yourself. What appeals to me most strongly is Clause G in your
prospective memorandum. . . . Things have changed so completely since
my day at the University as to disqualify me from putting down figures.
Students, I understand, now enter at the time we left as graduates. I
graduated at eighteen, and my bosom friend, R. A. Neil, at seventeen. We
lived on about 6s. 6d. a week, rising occasionally to 8s. For this we had a
bedroom which served as a sitting-room, and our very plain fare was
supplemented to some extent by boxes from home. Also we had bursaries
of ;^ii to jCi2. In my father's time, in the thirties, he paid a shilling
weekly for the use of an attic in the Spital, and cooked and did everything
for himself, so that his expenses cannot have exceeded 3s. 6d. a week. Now,
I understand, the students are quite on a different plane. ... As I look
back I see that we were underfed, but we thought little of our hardships.
" The idea of students living together appeals to me very much. In my
time students visited each other in their lodgings, and I think there were
about half a dozen students who came to see me and whom I went to see.
But still there was often a feeling of solitude, and I believe the efficiency of
the University would be much increased, and the happiness of the students
appreciably greater, if they spent more time in one another's company."
II
1 62 Aberdeen University Review
The Right Hon. Sir Henry Craik : —
•* I am entirely in favour of a fair opportunity being given to those
who desire it, and to whom I think it will be of great advantage, of the close
association of a common life in the University. ... I am of opinion that
under wise regulations this opportunity might be given without any inter-
ference with the freedom which has always been a distinctive mark of our
Scottish Universities."
The Master of Emmanuel : —
" I have read about the projected Elphinstone Hall. Subject to
the wise provisos which you add that the cost of living there should not be
greater than that of the cheapest lodgings, and that it should be a distinction
to live in the Hall, I think it is a very good plan. In the old days at
Aberdeen perhaps we were a little given to confusing instruction with
education. With the Class system, as it existed in our time, everybody,
however shy or strange he might be, got some education by rubbing up
against his class fellows. Now that that system has come to an end, I can
understand that there is not so much education by associating with one's
fellows as there was, and we know that the man who has no ties of ' law or
folk or hearth ' must be either above humanity or below it. We need not
worry about the being above, but it is good policy to see that he shan't fall
below it.
"The Americans have found the necessity for Common Rooms imperative,
and when the President of Harvard was here five years ago, he told me that
they had just built six hundred and forty sets of rooms. Even if you began
with housing only your bursars who do not live at home, you would want
I suppose some eighty sets of rooms. Even if you have Common Rooms
for meals, the cost will be heavy, and you will want a good business committee
to set about finding the money and providing the right kind of building, for
on that will depend, next to finding the right Superintendent, the success of
your scheme."
Mr. J. M. Bulloch : —
" I read with interest your letter about the proposed Elphinstone
Hall. Your idea is a great one, and it has become of great importance, in
view of the fact that we now see that University education consists not merely
in accumulating so much matter, but in acquiring a certain manner, and that
manner has been very far to seek in many cases in the past, where the home
influence did not supply it. I think there is probably a very great improve-
ment since my time, but I remember being struck and partly infected myself,
by a great gaucherie ; besides which I often felt the loss of not being able to
come into contact with other men. There was at that time a dominant feel-
ing for the main chance, which main chance consisted in an individualistic
absorption of so much knowledge in order to pass so many tests ; and yet, on
looking back, the knowledge that I acquired for other purposes and from
contact with men of large views, men like yourself, like the late W. C. Spence,
Correspondence 163
like Frank Hay, and several others I could mention, has been of infinitely
greater value to me than all the official education pumped into me.
" The scheme that you propose is also much more possible than it was in
my time, for the whole social status of students, and indeed of the public
generally, has improved. Without such a social environment, Aberdeen men
have had to make up a great deal of leeway in after years, making their suc-
cesses in spite of their initial disadvantages. There could be no better way
of linking up the present with the past than by erecting the Elphinstone Hall,
b ecause, as you say, the community idea was, by the very nature of his pro-
fession, at the back of Elphinstone's head."
Professor R. S. Rait : —
" A residential College, with the name of Elphinstone to hallow it,
has been a dream of mine ever since I went to Oxford. Of course I agree
with you that we do not want the Oxford system in its details but we do want
its two main principles — the companionship which a collegiate residence gives
to students themselves, and (if one who lived in College for nine years as a
tutor may be allowed to say so) the scarcely less valuable companionship of
students with very slightly older men who are still students as well as teachers.
" Elphinstone Hall, as I envisage it, will have (as you suggest) a
membership based upon eminence of some sort : the right of entrance
dependent upon an intellectual standard, and upon such evidence of fitness as
is shown by a man's election to certain offices by his fellow-students. I
should keep places vacant for the President or Secretary of the S.R.C., the
Union, and other Societies, if they are students in Arts. I should offer places
to a certain number of Bursars, and to men who, not having distinguished
themselves in the Bursary List, have taken distinguished places in Classes or
have won University Prizes or Essays. I should also have as residents a number
of young University Assistants or Lecturers, some or all of whom should
have definite tutorial duties. Such duties should, I think, at all events to
begin with, consist in being accessible to members of the College at certain
hours for discussion and informal help in their studies. . . . All meals should
be taken in the Common Hall. There should be two Common Rooms or
Recreation Rooms, one for the students, and a smaller one for the seniors.
" The government might well be vested in representatives elected by the
members, as far as internal rules and regulations are concerned ; but there
must be some outside authority for finance. ... I am sure that the immense
value of College residence would soon come to be realized at Aberdeen, if the
idea is strictly dissociated from any suggestion of College discipline."
Mr. J. D. Symon : —
"The scheme is one that appeals to me very strongly, as it must
appeal to all Aberdeen men. It is a debt we owe to our pious founder, as a
resumption of part of his original scheme, from the lapse of which we have
undeniably suffered. You have touched I think on all the most cogent
reasons for the restoration of residence and the tutorial system, with due
modifications to suit present conditions. The crux, as you imply, will be the
164 Aberdeen University Review
re-engrafting of residence on a University long inured to non-residence. But
everything points to success.
" It may seem disproportionate to hint that our venerable foundation
should draw encouragement from so youthful a foundation as University Col-
lege, Reading, but I recently had an opportunity of seeing how successfully
that society had introduced the residential system, alone almost among the
newer academic bodies. Since 1908, Reading has established four residential
Halls, beautifully situated amid gardens and elm trees already ancient, an
amenity one would not suspect from the glimpse of Biscuitopolis one catches
from the train. Of these Wantage Hall (for 77 students) is the most magni-
ficent, a building worthy of the birthplace of the benefactor who gave
St. John's, Oxford, its Garden Front. I was assured the residential system
has been most welcome and beneficial to students whose pursuits are largely
technical and modern, and that the real academic spirit has grown up among
them. Under a certain age, all students must reside in College, except those
who live with parents or guardians. I note these facts merely to emphasize
the point that a practice in its origin medieval has still its uses for the twentieth
century, and as an answer to anyone who might object that residence may
be all very well in places where it has never been given up, but that its re-
introduction to-day at Aberdeen would be a mere sentimental throw-back.
On the contrary, it is eminently practical and progressive. . . .
" Your idea that Bursars should reside makes one hope to see the Bursars'
Table revived in Hall, a centre of choice wit like the Scholars' Table in Oxford.
And over that Table must hang the ideal portrait of Dugald Dalgetty. He
will not mind going over to the Old Town, so the provant be good, and his
presence will be the symbol of an old feud for ever composed. Of course,
Leask, who is in communication with the Divine Manes of Dugald, would
need to get the Major's sense on this migration. He may smell heresy in
the proposal, but he loves Dugald so well that I believe he would favour the
opportunity of admitting the knight a king's man at long last. A man from
a sister society may lawfully take a fellowship at another."
ON CHANGE OF NAME.
Uhiversity or Aberdbbn,
7 Dec, 1917.
Dear Mr. Editor,
In the course of the many years that have elapsed since I entered
on my office as Registrar of the University in April, 1877, I have had sub-
mitted to me upwards of thirty applications by graduates requesting that I
should record in the official Register some change of name, and of these the
most interesting and instructive as regards the law of this matter is recalled
to my mind by the intimation in the War Obituary of last issue of the Review
of the death from wounds received in action of Alastair Gordon Peter, M.A.,
M.B., Captain, R.A.M.C. The ordinary case — that of change of surname —
has never presented any difficulty, the law in England requiring the execu-
tion of what is known as a Deed Poll, while, in Scotland, public proclamation,
Correspondence 165
through a notice in the "Edinburgh Gazette," is sufficient. But Dr. Peter
submitted to me a request to alter his Christian name from Alastair to
Alexander, because he had discovered that it was so entered in the Register
of Kilmorack, in Ross-shire, the parish of his birth. I emphatically declined,
holding that such change was incompetent and illegal, and, as he persisted in
his request, I induced him to consult counsel, which led to the disclosure of
the following facts.
His father was Factor on the Lovat Estates, and, having two brothers,
parish ministers in Aberdeenshire, he had invited one of them to visit him for
the baptism of the baby, on which occasion the father brought a note with
" Alexander Gordon " in writing as the intended name, but he dropped the
remark, " Better make it Alastair ". By that name the boy was baptized and
was so known for long years. But, after he had become established as a
medical practitioner in England, and had, somehow, come to know that in
the parish register the entry, copied from the written slip, stood " Alexander
Gordon," he considered that such was his true name and accordingly re-
quested me to make the necessary alteration.
I persisted in my declinature to grant his request and, at last, Dr. Peter,
being satisfied that I was in the right, wrote a courteous letter withdrawing
his request.
It seems clear that the law and practice must have been established,
long before the institution of Parish Registers, and that the name given in the
rite of Christian baptism is the name, if followed by continuous use there-
after.
Faithfully yours,
ROBERT WALKER,
Registrar.
1 66 Aberdeen University Review
PROFESSOR FYFE.
With reference to what is said of Professor Fyfe on p. 39 of our November
issue, a correspondent (M.A., 1886) writes: —
"All you say of Professor Fyfe is of the deepest interest. His generosity
was unbounded as I know, but it was not always anonymous. Towards Xmas,
every morning there were batches of letters for his students. There was one
for me undisguised and signed ; but he knew myself and my brother in
Braemar and that may have made a difference. Secrecy was enjoined.
Perhaps I had better enclose the letter, which I have unearthed.
'* Professor Fyfe, as you say, did not read. As he told me, he got his
news from the newspaper bills. He came to Braemar without one book.
He bought no paper. His landladies with horror whispered that he had not
even a Bible. He seemed to do nothing but eat, sleep, and walk daily to
Loch Candor, some miles beyond Loch Callater. He never seemed to vary
his walk.
" I was amused at the gown being converted into a ' Under '. That was
not exactly the fate of mine. When my oldest boy became a vigorous
toddler, his mother laid violent hands on it and converted it into an over-
coat, and a bonnie boy he was in his red coat with velvet collar. Now he
lies unburied in Gallipoli."
Professor Pyfe^s Letter.
"22 Dec, 1885.
" Dear Sir,
" I was, once upon a time, young. You will think that must have
been 'in days of old Amphion'. Never mind. I remember very well that
though Holidays were exquisite, still they were somewhat improved if there
fell in a Christmas coin, for Christmas Cards to send to one's Ladyloves.
"Please then to oblige me by accepting the enclosed guinea, and by
handing the other to your Brother, as a mark of my Regards for you both.
N.B. — I specially request that you will oblige me by not making the most
distant allusion to this Christmas frolic when we meet.
" Wishing you both a ' Merry Christmas ' and all else that is good,
" I am,
" Yours very truly,
"JOHN FYFE
" Mr. **♦•* *•♦•«♦, Magistrand."
University Topics.
THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR.
MONG announcements of distinctions awarded for war
services since the issue of the November number of the
Review the names of the following University men
occur. Probably, however, some names may have
been overlooked, and the subjoined lists do not pre-
tend to be complete. (The " New Year Honours " are
given separately at the beginning of the Personalia,
f. V.) :—
The Distinguished Service Order has been awarded to —
Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Fleming, R.F.A. (T.F.) (former student
in Arts).
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Fraser, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1894; M.B.,
1898).
Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel William R. Matthews, R.A.M.C.
(M.B., 1895).
Major David Morice Tomory, South African Army Medical Corps
(M.B., 1890).
Captain (temporary Major) Arthur Wellesley Falconer, R.A.M.C.
(M.B., 1901 ; M.D.).
Captain Andrew May Duthie, 4th (City of London Battalion) Lon-
don Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) (ist Arts, 1913-14).
Captain (temporary) Archibald S. K. Anderson, M.C. (with bar),
R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1909 ; M.B., 1914).
Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Hamilton McCombie, M.C,
Worcestershire Regiment (M.A., 1900 ; B.Sc. [Lond.] ; Ph.D.
[Strassburg]).
[The D.S.O. with which he is credited in the Second Supplement to Provisional Roll
of Service should be the M.C. (see vol. iii., 177).]
The Military Cross has been awarded to —
Major (temporary) John Douglas Fiddes, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1905 ;
B.Sc; M.B.).
Captain Robert Adam, 7th Gordon Highlanders (M.A. 1900;
B.L.).
Captain Neil Cantlie, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914).
Captain Reginald Douglas Gawn, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1896).
Captam Henry Watt Johnston, Tank Corps (M.A., 19x1).
1 68 Aberdeen University Review
Captain Kenneth Maclennan, R.A.M.C. (2nd Sanitary Corps, 2nd
London Company) (B.Sc. Agr., 191 2).
Captain Edmund Lewis Reid, South African Army Medical Corps
(M.B., 1910).
Captain Percy Walton, Gordon Highlanders (formerly Lecturer in
the Agricultural College).
Captain William Joseph Webster, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915).
Captain (temporary) Edward Gordon, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1911 ;
M.B.).
Captain (temporary) Alexander Campbell White Knox, R.A.M.C.
(M.B., 1913).
Captain (temporary) John Louis Menzies, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).
Captain (temporary) Thomas Booth Myles, H.L.I. (Agriculture,
1913-14).
[Posthumous award, Captain Myles was killed in action in August. (See p. 94.)]
Captain (temporary) Robert Tindall, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).
Captain (temporary) E. C Wallace, R.A.M.C. (Medicine, 1901).
Lieutenant (Acting Captain) Ian M'Bain, ist Coy., North Scottish
R.G.A., (i6th Arts Bursar, 1914).
Lieutenant Douglas Meldrum Watson Leith, 4th Gordon High-
landers (M.A., 1913; B.Sc. Agr., 1914).
Second Lieutenant John Grant, isth Divisional Salvage Coy., R.E.
(M.A., 1915).
Second Lieutenant Douglas John Kynoch, 4th Gordon Highlanders
(ist Med., 1914-15).
Second Lieutenant William Henry Sutherland, 4th Gordon High-
landers (attached as Signalling Officer to 12th Black Watch)
(M.A., 1914).
Awarded a bar to the Military Cross previously received : —
Captain Cuthbert Delaval Shafto Agassiz, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908;
M.D.).
The Military Medal has been awarded to —
Sergeant Robert Davidson, 4th Gordon Highlanders (ist Arts,
1914-15).
Sergeant Donald Mackenzie, Signalling Coy., 51st Division, R.E.
(now commissioned) (M.A., 191 3).
Corporal William Minto Mirrlees, 4th Gordon Signallers (ist Arts,
1913-14).
The French Croix de Guerre has been awarded to —
Captain (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Alexander Donald Eraser,
D.S.O., M.C. (M.B., 1906).
The following were among those " mentioned " for services in a dispatch
by Sir Douglas Haig, dated 1 1 November —
Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) George A. Smith, D.S.O.,
Gordon Highlanders (Law student, 1887-88).
Major Charles Duncan Peterkin, Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1908;
LL.B.).
Captain (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Charles Reid (M.A., 1909).
University Topics 169
Captain Eric W. H. Brander, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1910 ;
LL.B.) — second mention.
Lieutenant (temporary) Godfrey Power Geddes, D.S.O., Gordon
Highlanders (M.A., 1915).
Second Lieutenant John Grant, 15th Division, Salvage Coy., R.E.
(M.A., 1915).
The following, among others, were mentioned by Sir Douglas Haig in an
appendix to his dispatch published in the "London Gazette" on 24 Decem-
ber : —
Colonel Stuart Macdonald, C.M.G., Army Medical Service (M.B.,
1884) — fourth mention.
Colonel (temporary) Thomas F. Dewar, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1887;
M.D., 1890) — second mention.
Colonel (temporary) Henry M. W. Gray, C.B., Army Medical
Service (M.B., 1895 ; F.R.C.S.E.)— third mention.
Colonel (temporary) Charles W. Profeit, D.S.O., Army Medical
Service (M.B., 1893) — fourth mention.
Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence L Ellis, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1896;
M.D., 1901).
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Fraser, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1894; M.B.,
1898) — second mention.
Lieutenant-Colonel (temporary) Archer Irvine Fortescue, R.A.M.C.
(M.B., 1904).
Major (temporary) John Douglas Fiddes, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1905 ;
B.Sc, M.B.).
Captain Donald Buchanan, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908).
Captain (temporary) Hector Mortimer, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914).
Captain (temporary) John Boyd Orr, D.S.O., M.C., R.A.M.C.
(Researcher in Animal Nutrition at the University).
Captain (temporary) Alexander Wilson, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909;
M.D.).
Second Lieutenant John Grant, 15th Divisional Salvage Coy., R.E.
(M.A., 1915).
A dispatch, dated 25 October, from Lieutenant-General G. F. Milne,
C.B., D.S.O., Commander-in-Chief, British Salonika Force, published in the
"London Gazette" of 28 November, brought to notice a long list of names
of officers and men for gallant conduct and distinguished services rendered
during the preceding six months. Among the names were —
Captain (temporary Major) Arthur Wellesley Falconer, R.A.M.C.
(M.B., 1901; M.D.).
Captain William Hugh Brodie, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 19 13).
Captain George Herbert Colt, R.A.M.C. (University Assistant in
Surgery).
Captain David Fettes, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914).
Captain Bernard Langridge Davis, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915).
[Captain Davis was awarded the Order of St. Sava for his work with the Serbians.]
Captain Alistair C. Macdonald, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1913; M.B.,
1916).
[Has had charge of a hospital at Salonika for over a year, and has brought it to a
high state of efficiency.]
Captain Maurice J. Williamson, M.C., R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908).
lyo Aberdeen University Review
Among those "mentioned" in a recently published dispatch of Sir
Archibald Murray, K.C.B., late Commander-in-Chief, Egyptian Expeditionary
Force, was —
Captain Douglas Wales Berry, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915).
Among those whose names were brought to the notice of the Secretary
for War by General Sir Edmund AUenby, Commander-in-Chief, Egyptian
Expeditionary Force, for distinguished service in connection with the opera-
tions in Palestine, was —
Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) James M. G. Bremner,
R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1894).
The following are among the officers who have been brought to the notice
of the Secretary of State for War for very valuable services rendered in con-
nection with the war up to 31 December, 191 7 : —
Temporary Hon. Colonel Sir John Collie, Army Medical Service
(M.B., 1882; M.D., 1885).
Temporary Lieut.-Colonel John C. G. Ledingham, C.M.G.,
R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1895 ; B.Sc, 1900; M.B., 1902).
Dr. Elizabeth Mary Edwards (M.B., 191 2), who is attached to the
R.A.M.C. in Salonika, is one of the five lady doctors who are mentioned in
Lieutenant-General Milne's dispatch.
In the Meteorological Section of the Royal Engineers five Aberdeen
graduates and students hold commissions, viz. : —
Captain A. E. McL. Geddes (M.A., 1906; D.Sc, 1915).
Captain John G. Lamb (M.A., 1913 ; B.Sc, 1914).
Second Lieutenant Thomas Cranston (M.A., 191 2).
Second Lieutenant James Durward (Arts, 191 1 -14).
Second Lieutenant George R. Haig (Arts, 191 1 -14).
Of these, three have been mentioned in dispatches, viz. : —
Captain (then Lieutenant) A. E. McL. Geddes (April, 191 6).
Second Lieutenant (then Sergeant) James Durward (November,
1916).
Captain (then Lieutenant) John G. Lamb (April, 191 7).
In the Commander-in-Chiefs latest dispatch the section has again been
mentioned as doing useful work. No other University in the Kingdom has
contributed like numbers to the commissioned rank in the section.
A very welcome letter has been received from Lieutenant James S. B.
Forbes, R.A.M.C., S.R.O. (M.A., 1913; M.B., 1917; President of the
S.R.C., and Sergt. O.T.C.), from the hospital in which he is at work — a
General Hospital for Indian troops at the medical base of the Mesopotamian
Expeditionary Force. He gives particulars of the following very recent
graduates of the University, all of whom hold commissions in the R.A.M.C,
and who are on duty either in hospitals or on hospital boats in the same
campaign: R. R. Garden (M.A., 1914 ; M.B., 1917 ; Sergt. O.T.C.), who is
working in the same section and living in the same room with himself;
T. D. Watt (M.B., 191 7), in a neighbouring British Hospital; Robert Thom
and W. W. Nicol (both M.B., 191 7), in another Indian General Hospital;
Thomas Menzies (M.B., 1915), who is on a large Hospital Ship; W. R.
Watt (M.B., 1914), J. L. D. Yule (M.B., 1913), and Charles Tighe (M.B.,
1916), W. C. Mackinnon (M.A., 1913 ; M.B., 191 7 ; Lieut. O.T.C.), C. W.
University Topics 171
Macpherson (M.A., 1913; M.B., 1916), all of whom are on river-steamers
for transport of troops and wounded ; W. J. Moir, Alexander Johnstone,
J. A. Nicholson, R. J. Smith, Alexander Keith Robb (all M.B., 1916) ; J. T.
Scrogie (M.B., 1915), Andrew Topping (M.A., 191 1 ; M.B.) ; G. R. Mc-
Robert (M.B., 191 7), and James M. Morrison (M.B., 1917 ; Sergt. 4th Gor-
dons), all in hospitals up the river, some at Baghdad or beyond. Thus at
least twenty of our recent medical graduates are serving in Mesopotamia.
We also hear of the following M.B.'s of 191 7 in East Africa: A. G.
Lumsden, A. C. Irvine (M.A., 19 13), and V. T. B. Yule; G. S. Lawrence
(M.A., 1910 ; M.B., 1916) is also there.
The following women graduates are on war service : —
Ewan, Matilda Annie (M.A., 19 12) — Secret Service Department,
War Office.
Hardie, Annie (M.A., 1910) — War Office.
Hardie, Margaret (Mrs. Hasluck) (M.A,, 1907) — War Office.
Rose, Beatrice Mary (M.A., 1912) — Admiralty Department, War
Office.
Stewart, Mary A. F. (M.A., 1908) — Censor's Office, London.
Gray, Winnifred M. (M.A., 1910 ; M.B., 1913; D.P.H., 1914) —
Attached R.A.M.C., Northamptonshire War Hospital.
Gray, Elizabeth (M.B., 1915) — Attached R.A.M.C, Woolwich.
Hector, Mabel (M.B., 1911) — Attached R.A.M.C., Oswestry, North
Wales.
Lillie, Helen (M.A., 1910; M.B.) — Scottish Women's Hospital,
Macedonia.
Yule, Jean (M.B., 191 7) — Civil Surgeon, Military Hospital, Col-
chester.
On munitions work, etc. : —
Berry, Harriet A. F. (M.A., 1908)— In the Health Welfare Depart-
ment, Ministry of Munitions.
Dallas, Marjorie Gordon (M.A., 1908) — Welfare Supervisor in one
of H.M. factories.
Ellis, Ethel (M.A., 191 6) — V.A.D. in a Glasgow hospital.
Hastings, Ann Wilson (M.A., 1915) — Doing voluntary work at the
Y.M.C.A. huts, Marseilles.
Hitchins, Ada F. (Science research student) — Steel analysis in
Admiralty Laboratory, Glasgow.
Kelly, Mary C. (M.A., 191 6) — Working in the Electricity Depart-
ment, Bangour Military Hospital, Edinburgh.
Knowles, Mary (B.Sc, 19 14) — With an Explosives Company.
Mackenzie, Janie (M.A., 1909) — In the War Office, Cairo, Egypt
(now on a special mission to Khartum).
Maclennan, Janet (Science student) — In the Admiralty Laboratory,
Sheffield.
McRobie, Dorothy (M.A., 19x6) — Steel testing in Admiralty
Laboratory, Middlesbrough.
Morrison, Elspet E. (M.A., 1911) — In the Censor's Office.
Freddy, Adeline J. (M.A., 1915) — Steel testing in Admiralty
Laboratory, Middlesbrough.
172 Aberdeen University Review
Rae, Beatrice (Student) — Analyst in Sheffield.
Ramsay, Mary Paton (M.A., 1908) — Was working in Leith all
summer, but has now received an appointment in connection
with the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps.
Ritchie, Maggie (Science student) — Steel testing in Middlesbrough.
Robertson, Alice [Mrs. Crawford] (M.A., 1910) — Under the
Ministry of Munitions.
Simpson, Jessie (M.A., 191 1) — In the Censor's Office.
Simpson, Lilias I. A. (M.A., 191 6) — ^In the Admiralty Laboratory,
Glasgow.
Smith, Isabel C. [Mrs. Johnson] (M.B., 1903) — Medical Officer,
London General Omnibus Company, and Assistant Medical
Officer for schools for London County Council.
Stewart, Jessie (M.A., 191 2) — Munitions Factory, Coventry.
Trail, Mary (M.A., 191 2) — Forewoman, Munitions Factory,
Coventry.
Wattie, Mary F. C. (M.A., 1914) — ^Welfare Supervisor, Gretna Ex-
plosive Factories.
[Lindsay, Johan — Worked for a year at Middlesbrough, but had
to resign for health reasons, and is now finishing her Science
course at the University.]
Replacing men on active service : —
Brown, Emily (M.A., 1914) — ^Teaching French and German in
Uddingston Grammar School for a teacher who joined the
army in 19 14.
Brown, Louise (M.A., 1914) — Teaching French and History in
Montrose Academy for a teacher who is a prisoner of war.
Crockart, Jane M. [Mrs. James M. Milne] (M.A,, 1906) — Taking a
classical master's post in a boys' school.
Jaffray, Ada (M.A., 1908) — Appointed substitute for Modern Lan-
guages Master in Ayr Academy, but given the post perman-
ently on his being killed in action.
Mackenzie, Myra (M.B., 1900) — Acting as Tuberculosis Officer for
Staffordshire Joint Committee.
Murdoch, Jessie E. [Mrs. A. S. Alderson] (M.A., 1904) — Assistant
in Logic, Aberdeen University.
Watt, Margaret (M.A., 1910) — Working as a cashier in order to
keep situation open for a man on military duty.
Wilson, Claudine I (M.A., 191 6) — Assistant in French, Aberdeen
University.
Wright, Effie (M.A., 191 2) — Appointed to teach English in Mon-
trose Academy while the permanent master is on active service.
On Forestry Service : —
Smith, L. Mary Buchanan (M.A., 191 6) — On the Atholl estates,
Inver, Dunkeld, summer of 191 7.
Thomson, Maribel (M.A., 19 16) — Timber-measuring, summer of
1918.
Sir John Collie (M.B., 1882; M.D., 1885) has been appointed Director
of Medical Services for the Ministry of Pensions.
University Topics 173
Professor Ashley W. Mackintosh, Professor John Marnoch, C.V.O., and
Colonel Scott Riddell, M.V.O., are among the medical assessors (for the Aber-
deen Centre) appointed by the Secretary for Scotland to carry out the re-
examination and grading of men of military age who, having been examined
by a National Service Medical Board, have subsequently been granted leave
by the appropriate Appeal Tribunal to be re-examined by the medical
assessors.
Dr. William Leslie Mackenzie, of the Local Government Board for
Scotland (M.A., 1883; M.B., 1888; LL.D., 1912), has been appointed a
member of the Scottish section of a Committee appointed by the Ministry of
Pensions to consider the adequacy of hospital accommodation and facilities
for treatment both for discharged men and the civil population at large
throughout Great Britain.
Colonel John Scott Riddell, M.V.O. (M.A., 1884; M.B., 1888) has been
promoted from Honorary Associate to be a Knight of the Grace of the Order
of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England.
Lieutenant- Colonel William R. Matthews, D.S.O., R.A.M.C. (T.F.),
(M.B., 1895), has been promoted Colonel and appointed Director of Medical
Services to a Division of the British Expeditionary Force in France.
Major (Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) David Rorie, D.S.O. (Medical
student, 1882-83; M.D. [Edin.]; D.P.H. [Aberd.]), Army Medical Service
(Field Ambulance), has been gazetted Assistant Director of Medical Service.
Mr. Francis E. A. Campbell (M.A., Trinity College, Dublin), Lecturer
on the English Language at the University, has been promoted Staff-Captain
(graded), and is second in command of the Prisoners of War section at the
General Headquarters, France.
M. Jules Desseignet, University Assistant in French, after long and severe
service as a Reservist in a French infantry regiment, is acting as interpreter
on the staff of the Armee d'Orient.
Dr. Alexander Theodore Brand (M.B., 1881 ; M.D., 1884), Driffield,
East Yorkshire, late Surgeon-Major, 2nd Volunteer Battalion, East Yorkshire
Regiment, V.D., has been gazetted Temporary Major, R.A.M.C, and given
command of the 3rd Field Ambulance, East Yorkshire Medical Volunteer
Corps. He has also been appointed Military Member of the East Riding
Territorial Force Association.
Captain (temporary Major) William Cowie (M.A., 1892 ; M.B., 1895),
4th London Field Ambulance, mentioned in dispatches by Sir Douglas Haig,
April, 191 7, has relinquished his commission on account of ill-health con-
tracted on active service, and has been granted the honorary rank of Major.
Dr. Alexander Cruickshank, Stonehaven (M.B., 1896), has been appointed
medical referee for the county of Kincardine in connection with the treatment
to be provided for discharged soldiers.
Dr. John Emslie Skinner, Skene (M.B., 1895), has been appointed medical
examiner of recruits for the 2/ist Battalion of the County of Aberdeen
Volunteer Regiment.
Dr. Elizabeth Jane Innes (M.B., 1908), has been appointed medical
examiner of recruits in connection with the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps.
Dr. John Russell (M.A., 1883 ; M.B,, 1886), Vice-President of the
Burslem and Tunstall Division and County Director for North Staffordshire,
has received the decoration of the British Red Cross and the Order of St. John
of Jerusalem.
174 Aberdeen University Review
Among R.A.M.C. officers who have received the Territorial Decoration
from the King is Major Andrew Fowler, Ellon (M.B., 1878; M.D., 1881),
medical officer to the 5th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders. He has been on
duty at Castlehill Barracks, Aberdeen, since the outbreak of war.
Mr. Gwilym A. T. Davies, M.A. (Oxon.), Lecturer in Roman History at
Aberdeen University, writing on 18 November to a friend at his home at
Newport, Monmouthshire, from Lower Austria, where for over three years he
has been a civilian prisoner, says — " I am going to Vienna to-morrow, having
obtained a week's leave, during which time (by dint of much ' ante-chamber-
ing,' as they expressly call it in Austria) I hope to obtain a further and, if
possible, an indefinite extension. How queer it will be, after three years in
this forest region, to ride again in tram and train, and walk — actually on
pavements. I don't suppose Englishmen in Vienna are allowed to write
home as often as we are (since we are in a more formal sense prisoners, and
entitled to prisoners' 'rights,') and therefore I send you this card, which,
since our Christmas cards, long ordered, have not arrived, please accept in
common with all my friends as equivalent of same ".
Rev. Ernest Drewitt Bowman (M.A., 1903; B.D., 1910), missionary for
the last two years in charge of the new Church of Scotland Mission, Portuguese
East Africa, has been attached to the Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve, and has
been acting as Portuguese Liaison Officer in East Africa. Writing on 7
November he says : —
We are all hoping that the East African campaign may be over in a couple of months
or so. It has been a long-drawn-out affair, but they are fighting in very difficult country
with an enemy well prepared beforehand. However, the result, be it sooner or later, is a
foregone conclusion.
Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Mitchell, M.D., is editor of a recently-published
volume, " Memoranda on Army General Hospital Administration ". Besides
furnishing an Introduction, he writes on The Officers, Co-ordination of the
Civil and Military Medical Demands during a Long War, Nursing Service,
and Kitchens and Cooks. Major A. W. Falconer, M.D., writes on The
Medical Division, Major G. H. Colt, F.R.C.S., on The Surgical Division, Cap-
tain R. Richards, M.D., on Camp Sanitation, and Lieutenant S. Taylor on
Clerical Duties, The Field Medical Card, and a Ward Diet. In the chapter
on the Co-ordination of the Civil and Military Medical Demands Lieutenant-
Colonel Mitchell pays a high tribute to the patriotism of the doctors of the
north-east of Scotland, remarking that " In Aberdeen and the north-east of
Scotland the enlistments of medical men under forty- five years of age in 191 6
approached 100 per cent, whereas in other areas the percentage was relatively
very low ".
University Topics 175
THE PROVISIONAL ROLL OF SERVICE.
The Third Supplement to the Provisional Roll of Service, covering the
additions to the Roll between June, 191 7, and June, 1918, will be published
with the next issue of the Review. The numbers on the Roll up to 15 Feb-
ruary are as follows : —
I. Members of the Teaching and Research Staffs, not Graduates of the
University *5
II. Graduates Commissioned (including 20 Volunteer OfiBcers) . . . 1366
„ Enlisted (including lo Volunteers) 306
„ In charge of Red Cross or Military Hospitals (without Com-
missions) 57
,, On Red Cross Service or as Dressers 4
„ On Y.M.C.A. Service to the troops 10
Total Graduates on Service I743
III. Alumni (Non-Graduates) Commissioned 89
„ „ Enlisted 82
„ „ On Red Cross Service i
Total Alumni on Service 17a
IV. Students Commissioned (including 25 Surgeon Probationers) . . 204
„ Enlisted 401
,, On Service as Dressers, etc 5
„ Officers Training Corps (Aberdeen University Contingent) . 95
Total Students on Service 705
Total of Members of University and Alumni on Service 2645
Add those who but for service v/ould have mauiculated (so far as reported) * 32
„ Sacrist and University Servants on Service 18
Total 2695
The Roll of the fallen numbers over two hundred and twenty. There are five others reported
missing, and fourteen prisoners of war.
The Honours awarded have been: G.C.V.O.— i ; K.C.B.— i ; K.C.M.G.— i; K.B.E.— 2;
C.B.— 7; C.M.G.— 12; C.V.O.— I ; D.S.O.— 3S ; M.C.— 84 ; D.C.M.— i ; D.S.C.— i ; Military
Medal — 5 ; Albert Medal — i ; Foreign Orders and Decorations — 14 ; while at least 117 have been
mentioned in dispatches, several more than once, and 25 were brought to the notice of the Secretary
of State for War for Valuable Services rendered in connection with the War.
THE DEGREE IN EDUCATION.
The proposed Ordinance instituting a degree in Education in the University
was discussed at a meeting of the General Council of the University held
on 26 January. The degree proposed is Master of Education (M.Ed.), not
Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.).
The Business Committee submitted a report approving unanimously of this
proposal, as being in accordance with the status of the degree as a post-
graduate degree and as keeping in view the certainty that a time will come
when a primary degree in Education will be called for not involving a prior
degree in Arts or Science. This primary degree would properly be a bac-
calaureate, corresponding to the M.B. in Medicine, and forming like it the
normal means of professional registration, while the M.Ed, would connote
a somewhat higher standard of liberal culture. The Business Committee
further, by a majority, approved a proposal restricting the privilege of proceed-
ing to higher degrees in Arts (D.Phil, and D.Litt.), or in Science (D.Sc.)
to those who shall be placed in the first class at the final examination for
M.Ed. — the minority desiring to adhere to a former resolution of the Com-
176 Aberdeen University Review
mittee (2 October, 19 13) that such higher degrees in Arts or Science should
be open to all holders of M.A. or B.Sc.
Dr. George Smith moved the adoption of the report. He pointed out
that the University Court had, along with the proposal to make the degree
M.Ed, instead of B.Ed., made the degree a more valuable curriculum than
that proposed by Glasgow and St. Andrews and now adopted by Edinburgh,
in respect that they had added a subject not taken by other Universities
namely, an extra course in Biology, with laboratory practice. As to the
proposal with regard to proceeding to higher degrees, he said it was
desirable that nothing should be done to cheapen the degree in Education,
and the Committee considered that it would strengthen the value of the degree
to provide that only those who were in the first class should be allowed to go
forward to the doctorate.
Dr. Charles McLeod seconded.
Rev. Dr. Gordon J. Murray moved that the Council adhere to the previous
resolution that the higher degrees in Arts and Science be open to all holders of
M.A. or B.Sc. He said that if the proposal of the Business Committee were
adopted Aberdeen would stand in a solitary position in this matter. Oxford,
Cambridge, Manchester, Dublin, and all modern Universities took up the same
position as the Aberdeen Council took in 1913, and none of the Scottish Uni-
versities imposed such a condition as was embodied in the Aberdeen Ordin-
ance.
Mr. Henry Alexander seconded.
The Committee's report was adopted by a majority of one.
The Court, having received the observations of the Senatus and Council
on the Ordinance, is now adjusting it before sending it to the other Uni-
versities and the Privy Council.
ADMISSION TO THE UNIVERSITIES.
At the same meeting of the General Council, the Business Committee
submitted a report recommending the Council to express approval of the draft
Ordinance on admission to Universities. The Business Committee (the report
said incidentally) is glad to recognise that the principles for whicli the Council
has contended are embodied in the new draft. In particular the hope formerly
expressed — that there would be gradually evolved such an adjustment between
the examinations to which young persons may be submitted on leaving
secondary schools and the entrance examinations of the Universities as to do
away with any unnecessary duplicating of examinations — has now been fulfilled.
Pupils will be deemed eligible for admission to a University on production of
evidence of satisfactory completion of a school course. The Entrance Board,
in conference with the Scotch Education Department, will determine its length
and nature. The Board will also be empowered to grant certain exemptions
to applicants for admission of not less than twenty-one years of age.
The report was approved.
The Court has approved the Ordinance with some verbal amendments ;
and it is being considered by the Courts of the other Universities.
The General Council has appointed three new Sub-Committees : On the
Education (Scotland) Bill — Rev. Dr. Gordon J. Murray, convener; on
Systems of Residence for Students — Mr. Henry Alexander, convener ; and on
Post-War Development — Mr. D. M. M. Milligan, convener.
University Topics 177
LECTURES ON ART.
It has been decided to institute short courses of lectures on painting,
architecture, and classical sculpture ; and the University Court has appointed
Mr. Harry Townend, curator of the Art Gallery, the lecturer on painting,
Mr. William Kelly, A.R,S.A., the lecturer on architecture, and Professor
narrower, the lecturer on classical sculpture. The lectures are to be open
to students without charge, and to the general public on payment of a small
fee. It will depend entirely on the amount of public support manifested
whether the experiment of establishing these lectures will be continued be-
yond their initial year.
EXCHANGE WITH OTHER UNIVERSITIES.
It may be of interest to mention that copies of the successive issues of the
Review are sent to the Libraries of the following U»iversities in exchange for
the publications of these Universities : —
Belfast. McGill (Montreal).
Birmingham. Queen's (Kingston, Canada).
Bristol. Toronto.
Durham.
Edinburgh. California (Berkeley).
Glasgow. Columbia (New York).
Leeds. . Harvard (Cambridge).
Liverpool. Illinois (Urbana).
London. Johns Hopkins (Baltimore).
Manchester. Michigan (Ann Arbor),
St. Andrews. Pennsylvania (Philadelphia).
Sheffield. Princeton.
Yale (Newhaven).
Christiania.
Groningen, Melbourne.
Montpellier. Sydney.
Rennes. Otago.
Upsala. Tokyo.
Also to the following national libraries having copyright privileges : —
British Museum. National Library of Wales, Aberystwith.
Bodleian Library, Oxford. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.
University Library, Cambridge. ~ Trinity College Library, Dublin.
And to the
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Smithsoirian Institution, Washington.
Library of Congress, Washington.
12
Personalia.
Among the recipients of New Year honours were the following ; —
Privy Councillor — Sir Henry Craik, K.C.B., M.P. for the University.
Knights — ^James Campbell (LL.D., 1903).
Hon. John Carnegie Dove Wilson, K.C., LL.B. [Edin.] (M.A., 1885).
K.C.B. — Lieutenant-General George Francis Milne, C.B., D.S.O. (Arts
student, 1881-83).
G.C.V.O— Sir Charles Edward Troup, K.C.B. (M.A., 1876; LL.D.,
1912).
C.B. — Lieutenant- Colonel (Temporary Colonel) Thomas F. Dewar,
R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1887 ; M.D., 1890).
Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence L Ellis, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1896; M.D.,
1901).
Surgeon-General James Lawrence Smith, M.V.O., R.N. (M.B., 1883).
C.M.G. — Temporary Hon. Colonel Sir John Collie, Army Medical
Service (M.B., 1882; M.D., 1885).
Major Thomas Wardrop Griffith, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1882; M.D., 1888).
Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel John Charles Grant Ledingham, R. A.M.C.
(M.A., 1895 ; B.Sc, 1900; M.B., 1902).
Colonel Charles William Profeit, D.S.O., Army Medical Service (M.B.,
1893)-
CLE.— James Donald, LC.S. (M.A., 1893).
A supplementary list of appointments to the Order of the British Empire
contained the names of the following University men : —
Knight Commander (K.B.E., with the prefix "Sir") — James Cantlie
(M.A., 1871 ; M.B., 1873 ; F.R.C.S.), a member of the Council and of the
Executive Committee of the British Red Cross Society.
James Galloway, C.B. (M.A., 1883; M.B., 1886; M.D., 1892; F.R.C.S.),
Chief Commissioner for Medical Service to the Ministry of National Service.
Commander(C.B.E.)— Colonel John Scott Riddell, M.V.O., T.D. (M.A.,
1884; M.B., 1888), Red Cross Commissioner for the North-Eastern District
of Scotland).
Officer (O.B.E.) — David Petrie, CLE. (M.A., 1900), Assistant District
Superintendent of the Punjab Police, India,
George Reid (M.B., 1875; M.D., 1881), Medical Officer to the County
Council of Staffordshire.
Member (M.B.E.) — George Gall Esslemont (B.Sc, 1900), Executive
Officer for Food Production, County of Aberdeen ; organiser of egg collection
in the North-Eastern District, Scottish Branch, British Red Cross Society.
Personalia - 179
The Principal has received, through the American Ambassador in London,
an invitation from the United States National Committee on the Moral Aims
of the War, working in conjunction with the United States Department of
Public Information, to deliver a number of addresses in the States during the
spring and early summer. With the sanction of the Department of Informa-
tion of the British Foreign Office, the Principal has accepted the invitation,
after receiving from the University Court and the Senatus a cordial expression
of their desire that he should do so. Similar invitations, we understand, have
been sent to and accepted by the Archbishop of York, Rev. Lauchlan Maclean
Watt, and Gipsy Smith. The Principal will be absent about three months.
Professor A. C. M'Laughlin, head of the Department of History in the
University of Chicago, has been selected, in pursuance of arrangements made
by the principal Universities of the United States, to speak in the English and
Scottish Universities on the entry of the United States into the war and the
historical causes that have led up to it. He has been invited to address a
meeting in Aberdeen University on Friday, 7 June.
Professor Terry has left for France to take part in the education work
organized by the Y.M.C.A. at the request of General Headquarters; and, as
the main field of educational activity this spring is not the base camps but
the fighting lines, the Professor hopes to visit the greater part of the British
front, and particularly to come into touch with the Scottish divisions. There
being a keen desire for lectures on the relation between the war and its ante-
cedents, Professor Terry proposes to deal with such subjects as " The Making
and Policy of the German Empire," "The Evolution of Italian Unity," and
" The Small State and the National Principle ". He hopes to be back in
time for the opening of the summer term.
Professor Hendrick has been released from his duties for six months in
order to act as expert adviser to the Chief Live Stock Commissioner for
Scotland on the question of utilizing waste products for live stock feeding.
Mr. Clement Charles Julian Webb, M.A., Oxford, the Gifford Lecturer
for 1 91 7- 19, is to deliver his first course of lectures in May. The title of the
lectures is " God and Personality ".
Professor Reid's term of office as one of the Assessors for the Senatus in
the University Court having expired, Professor MacWilliam has been elected
by the Senatus in his place for the usual term of office — four years.
Professor Harrower has been appointed an Assessor in room of Professor
Macdonald, who is absent in London on Government work.
Professor MacWilliam has been appointed one of the University's repre-
sentatives on the Art Committee of the Macdonald Trust.
The Right Rev. Professor James Cooper, D.D., is to be succeeded as
Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland by another
graduate of the University — Rev. Dr. James NicoU Ogilvie (M.A., 1881 ;
D.D., 191 1 ), minister of New Greyfriars Parish, Edinburgh. He is the fourth
Aberdeen graduate nominated to the Moderatorship within the last five years.
Dr. Ogilvie is a member of a family particularly renowned in our Aca-
demic annals. (See vol. ii., 87). He is a son of the late Dr. Alexander
Ogilvie, Headmaster of Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen (M.A., King's
College, 1852 ; LL.D., 1883), and a younger brother of Major Francis Grant
Ogilvie, C.B., Director of the National Science Museums, South Kensington
(M.A., 1879; B.Sc. [Edin.] ; LL.D. [Edin.]). He was born at Monymusk,
Aberdeenshire, in i860. He graduated with honours in natural science ;
i8o Aberdeen University Review
began his theological course at Aberdeen but took the greater part of his
divinity curriculum at Edinburgh University; and in 1883 he won the
Gunning Fellowship in Science and Theology, then open to Church of
Scotland and Free Church students in any of the Scottish divinity halls.
After a year's study in Germany he returned to Aberdeen in 1884 as assistant
to the late Rev. Dr. Mitford Mitchell in the West Parish. In 1885 he was
appointed to a chaplaincy on the Indian Ecclesiastical Establishment, and he
served for twenty years at Madras and Bangalore, for the last five of these
as Presidency senior chaplain; and in 1902, on the occasion of the great
decennial conference of missionaries from all parts of India and all branches
of the Church he was chosen to preside at the united Communion service.
For many years he acted as an examiner in history in the University of
Madras, which recognized his services by making him a Fellow ; and he was
also a member of the governing council of the Madras Christian College.
Dr. Ogilvie returned to Scotland at the close of 1904, and in 1905 was
appointed minister of New Greyfriars, Edinburgh. One special feature of his
ministry there has been the institution of an annual commemoration of the
signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Churchyard in 1638. It is,
however, as Convener of the Foreign Mission Committee that Dr. Ogilvie is
best known throughout the Church of Scotland. He was appointed to the
post in 1909, on the retirement of the late Dr. M'Murtrie, and since then he
has amply justified the choice ; and it has been said that when he presents his
annual report to the General Assembly, " it is to a crowded audience, whom
he moves by his lucid statement and his forceful and winning eloquence ".
While still in India, Dr. Ogilvie published "The Presbyterian Churches "
in the Guild Library series — a. clear and masterly statement of the place of
Presbyterianism in the world. Other writings from his pen are "Castle
Memories," twenty tales of Edinburgh Castle — a favourite book in many
Edinburgh schools; "The Greyfriars Churches," an interesting sketch of the
two Churches, old and new; and a pamphlet, "The Tragedy of Dunnottar".
In 1 91 5 he delivered the Baird Lecture, his subject being "The Apostles of
India," a study of the evolution of Indian missions.
The University is furnishing another Moderator this year in the person of
Rev. Donald Munro, who has been nominated for the Moderatorship of the
General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland. Mr. Munro was a mem-
ber of the Arts Class of 1884-88, and so was a class-fellow of Professors
Ashley W. Mackintosh and Marnoch, Mr. J. M. Bulloch, Mr. George Duncan,
Mr. Howard A. Gray, Mr. Charles Lippe, Mr. R. T. Skinner, and others;
but he did not graduate. He studied divinity at the New College, Edinburgh ;
and shortly after being licensed in 1894 he received calls from Lochgilphead
and from Ferintosh, Ross-shire. He accepted the latter. Ferintosh is
the church made famous by association with the ministry of Dr. Macdonald,
who was known as the "Apostle of the North" ; and there Mr. Munro has
since remained. In 1900 he was one of the twenty-five Free Church
ministers who opposed the union with the United Presbyterian Church. Mr.
Munro, who is a native of Sutherlandshire, is an enthusiastic Celt, and has a
knowledge of the Celtic language and literature possessed by few. He has
made a special study of the religious history of his native county, and has a
work on the subject in preparation.
Rev. Alexander Anderson (M.A., 1899; B.D. [St. And.]), minister of
Personalia 1 8 1
St. James's Church, Kirkcaldy, has been elected minister of the parish of
Mains and Strathmartine, Forfarshire.
Dr. Robert Sinclair Black (M.A. [Edin.] ; M.B. [1889] ; M.D. ; D.P.H.),
Physician Superintendent of the Maritzburg Mental Hospital, has been
nominated by the Governor-General in Council as a member of the Natal
Medical Council.
Rev. William Ironside Crichton (M.A., 1907; B.D., 1916), rector, St.
Ninian's Church, Glasgow, has been appointed priest-in-charge at St. Michael's
Episcopal Church, Dufftown.
Professor Arthur R. Cushny (M.A., 1886; LL.D., 1911) has been
elected a member of the Council of the Royal Societys
Mr. Alexander DuflFus (alumnus, 1876-78), advocate in Aberdeen, has
been appointed Chairman of the Local Advisory Committee for Aberdeen —
one of the Local Advisory Committees set up by the Minister of Labour in
connection with the Employment Exchanges throughout the country, partic-
ularly with ref rence to the work of arranging for the return of soldiers and
sailors to civil life after the war.
Sir David Ferrier (M.A., 1863; LL.D., 1881) has renounced all his
German honours.
Rev. Adam Fyfe Findlay (M.A., 1889), minister of Bristo United Free
Church, Edinburgh, has been selected as the next Kerr Lecturer (U.F.
Church).
Rev. Francis Garden (M.A., 1891), minister of the parish of Premnay,
Aberdeenshire, has been appointed minister of St. Thomas, Georgetown,
Demerara.
Rev. Alexander Grant Gibb (M.A., 1882), minister of the Gilcomston
Park Baptist Church, Aberdeen, has just completed twenty-five years in the
ministry, and the event was celebrated by the congregation by a presentation
to the pastor.
Rev. Alexander Hetherwick (M.A., 1880; D.D., 1902), head of the
Church of Scotland's Missions in Blantyre, Central Africa, was the preacher
in the University Chapel on 16 December. He devoted himself, even when
he was a student, to the cause of foreign missions ; never sought for any
home appointment ; and has laboured in Africa, with much zeal and success,
for more than thirty years. When a Legislative Council was granted to the
Central African Protectorate about nine years ago, Dr. Hetherwick was
selected as one of its members, and so became entitled to the prefix "The
Hon." His valuable services to geographical research in Africa led to his
election as a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
Dr. Arthur Keith (M.B., i888; M.D., 1894; LL.D., 1911; F.R.S.),
Conservator of the Museum and Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of
Surgeons of England, has been appointed Fullerian Professor of Physiology at
the Royal Institution, London.
Rev. Dr. Martin Lewis (D.D., 1901), minister of Queen's Cross United
Free Church, Aberdeen, is about to apply for the appointment of a colleague
and successor.
Mr. A. Marshall Mackenzie, A.R.S.A., the architect of the extension of
Marischal College buildings (LL.D., 1906), has been elected an Academician
of the Royal Scottish Academy (R.S.A.).
Mr. Alan Mackinnon (B.Sc, 191 1) is the author of a novel, "Love by
1 82 Aberdeen University Review
Halves," just published by Mr. FisherUnwin. He is a son of Mr. Lachlan
Mackinnon, advocate, Aberdeen (M.A., 1875), and a younger brother of Mr.
Lachlan Mackinnon, Junior, advocate, Aberdeen (M.A., 1906; B.L., with
honours, 1908; LL.B., 1910). Miss Doris Livingston Mackinnon (B.Sc,
1906; D.Sc, 1914), protozoologist at the First Western General Hospital,
Liverpool, is a sister.
A bust of the late Mr. John Ferguson McLennan (M.A., King's College,
1849; LL.D., 1874), the distinguished author of "Primitive Marriage" and
other related works, has been presented to the University by his daughter.
It is to be placed in the Anthropological Museum.
Rev. George M'William (M.A., 1906; B.D., 1909), minister of the East
Parish, Peterhead, has been elected minister of Clepington Parish, Dundee.
Mr. M'William was for some time assistant in the Parish of Marnoch ; for
two years he was missionary professor in the Scottish Churches College at
Calcutta ; and for two years thereafter he was assistant to the late Rev. Dr.
James Stewart, of the Parish Church, Peterhead. He was elected minister of
the East Parish, Peterhead, in 1 915, in succession to Rev. J. B. Davidson,
D.D., retired.
Sir James Scorgie Meston, K.C.S.I. (LL.D., 1913), has been appointed
Financial Member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General of India,
in succession to Sir William Meyer. He delivered the Convocation address
as Chancellor of Allahabad University last November. He made excellent
use of the occasion (said " The Times ") by outlining, with characteristic
breadth, sympathy, and sincerity, the new standpoints from which the educa-
tional field has to be regarded in relation to the steps to be taken on the long
road to self-government.
Mr. Andrew Munro, Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, has been
appointed Examiner in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen Uni-
versity.
Emeritus -Professor Sir William M. Ramsay has been elected President
of the Royal Geographical Society, in succession to Colonel Sir Thomas
Holdich.
Mr. Alexander Wood Reid (M.A., 191 1) has been appointed head master
of Clenterty School, Gamrie, Banffshire.
Dr. James Ritchie (M.A., 1904; D Sc, F.R.S.E.) is the Thomson
Lecturer at the Aberdeen Free Church College this session, his subject being
"Man's Influence on Animal Life in Scotland".
Rev. Dr. Alexander Whyte (M.A., 1862 ; D.D. [Edin.], "i88i ; LL.D.,
191 1), on account of advancing years — he is now eighty-one — has resigned
the Principalship of the New College, Edinburgh, to which he was appointed
in 1900. (See vol. iii., 183, and vol. iv., 180-1.)
Rev. John Will (M.A., 1903; B.D.), Giffnock, has been elected minister
of the parish of Rothiemurchus, Aviemore.
Rev. John Wood (M.A., 1907), minister of the United Free Church,
Forgue, Aberdeenshire, has been elected colleague and successor to Rev.
John Yellowlees, Carron United Free Church, Larbert, Stirlingshire.
Rev. George Tod Wright (M.A., 1913; B.D., 1915), lately assistant at
St. Michael's, Dumfries, has been ordained by the Presbytery of Aberdeen on
his appointment as a temporary Chaplain to the Forces.
Miss Annie I. B. Mennie (M.A., 191 7) has been appointed assistant
teacher of English in the Royal Academy, Inverness.
Personalia 183
Miss Alice Mary Philip (M.A., 191 6) has been appointed principal
English mistress in the Cullen Higher Grade School.
Miss Beatrice Weir Simpson (M.A., 1913; B.Sc, 1917) has been
appointed temporary assistant in the Chemistry depaitment.
Among other women graduates who have recently obtained appointments
as school teachers are — Miss Mary J. G. Blackie (M.A., 1915 ; Miss Jeannie
Geddes (M.A., 1908) ; Miss Helen Hendry (M.A., 1909); and Miss Elsie J.
Raffan (M.A., 191 6).
The Knox (Medical) bursary of ;^i6, tenable for three years has been
gai ed by Miss Helen M. Jardine, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire, a fifth year
medical student; and the Gillanders bursary of ;^i5, for one year, by Miss
Elizabeth M. Dow, a fourth year medical student.
The Fullerton Scholarship in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy has
been awarded to Mr. George H. Mackenzie (M.A., 1917). The Murray
Scholarship in English Literature has been awarded equally to Miss Isabella
J. Smith (M.A., 1917) and Miss Charlotte R. D. Young (M.A., 1916).
Mr. Donald Thomson (M.A., 1915), United Free Church College, Aber-
deen, has gained the first of three Brown-Downie Scholarships (value jQ2o)
open to competition to theological students in any of the three United Free
Church Colleges who are in the last year of their curriculum, and designed
specially to encourage the study of Church History.
At a recent meeting of the Synod of the diocese of Brechin, Rev. Joseph
Jobberns, Rector of Carnoustie (M.A., 1890), was unanimously elected Synod
Clerk and a Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, Dundee. It may be of interest to
mention that four out of the six members of the Chapter of St. Paul's
Cathedral are Aberdeen graduates, viz. : The Very Rev. Dean Christie,
Rector of Stonehaven (M.A., 1878); Rev. Canon J. H. Shepherd, Rector of
St. Mary Magdalene's, Dundee (M.A., 1886); Rev. Canon G. M. Duncan,
Rector of All Souls, Invergowrie (M.A., 1886); and Rev. Canon Jobberns.
This number of graduates of a single University in one Chapter forms, we
believe, a unique record in any Cathedral in Great Britain or Ireland.
Among recently-published books are the following : "Action Sermons,"
by the Very Rev. William Mair, D.D. ; "The Spiritual Pilgrimage of Jesus "
(the Bruce Lecturts, 1917), by Rev. J. A. Robertson (M.A., 1902); "The
Prophets of the Old Testament," by Alex. R. Gordon, D.Litt., D.D. ; "The
Book of the Prophet Isaiah, chapters 40-66," edited by Dr. John Skinner
(Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) ; "The Value and History of the
Scottish Communion Office," by Rev. Canon Perry ; " The Romance of the
Human Body " and " The Art of Keeping Well," by R. C. Macfie, M.B.,
LL.D. ; "A Library for Five Pounds," by Claudius Clear (Sir W. Robertson
NicoU) ; " Some of the Hindrances to the Coming of the Kingdom : A Plea
for a Revival of Religion " — a paper read before the Aberdeen Clerical
Union by Rev. James Stark, D.D. Mr. T. B. Rudmose-Brown, Professor
of Romance Literature in Dublin University, has contributed a volume on
"French Literary Studies," to a new library of works, entitled "The Talbot
Literary Series."
Dr. W. Leslie Mackenzie is the author of a report on "The Physical
Welfare of Scottish Mothers and Children '' which has been published by the
Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees. It deals with the provision — or, rather,
lack of adequate provision — for pre-maternity and maternity, and with the
serious problem of the unmarried mother and her child.
184 Aberdeen University Review
Dr. Charles Chree, of the Kew Observatory (M.A., 1879; LL.D., 1898 ;
F.R.S.), in an illustrated review in "Nature," 20 December, detailed the work
that two vessels — the " Galilee " (1905-8) and the " Carnegie " (1909-16) — have
carried on in electrical and magnetic observation, chiefly at sea but also along
some coast-lines. The conclusions — which are of much interest to meteoro-
logists— show some variations from results obtained at Kew. Quite a number
of new instruments has been invented for use on these vessels, all of which
are described and some of them figured in the article.
A correspondent calls attention to the singular fact that when a member
of an Aberdeen Arts Class obtains a Chair in Aberdeen University, he is
joined sooner or later by a class-fellow ; and cites the following instances : —
Arts Class 1860-63-
-Professor Niven.
ft
Ogston.
„ „ 1864-68
»>
Davidson.
>>
Nicol.
„ 1866-70
>>
Trail.
>>
Reid.
,, ,, 1884-88
>>
Mamoch.
Mackintosh
Emeritus Professor James Robertson, Glasgow, writes : " In the last issue
of the Review there is a paragraph (p. 78) referring to ' a war wedding having
a romantic interest,' in which the bridegroom, Robert Gentles, is described as,
*an American of Scottish descent'. It would have added to the appro-
priateness of the paragraph in the Review had it been stated that he is a son
of the late Rev. Thomas Gentles, D.D., of the first charge of the Abbey,
Paisley, who was a distinguished graduate of King's College, and carried off
the Simpson Prize for Greek a Session or two before the fusion." [Dr. Gentles
graduated M.A., at King's College 1857.]
Obituary.
Prominent among our graduates who have died recently was Lord Ken-
nedy (Neil John Downie Kennedy), K.C., Chairman of the Scottish Land
Court (M.A., 1876; LL.D. [Edin.], 1903), characterised by the "Scotsman"
as ** one of the most brilliant and most learned of the men of his generation
at the bar"; he died in a nursing home at Edinburgh on 12 February.
Born sixty-three years ago, Neil Kennedy was the son of Rev. John Downie
Kennedy (M.A., King's College, 1826), minister of the Free Church at
Rosehall, Sutherland, and a cousin of the celebrated preacher. Rev. Dr.
John Kennedy of Dingwall. It was intended that he, too, should become a
minister, and, after leaving Aberdeen University, where he finished his Arts
course in 1872, at the age of seventeen, he took divinity classes at the New
College, Edinburgh, having won a bursary. He decided, however, to follow a
legal career, and studied law at Edinburgh University, becoming first prizeman
in the classes of public and international law, civil law, and constitutional law
and history, besides carrying off the Grierson scholarship in law on two oc-
casions. He was called to the Scottish bar in 1877, and soon acquired a
considerable practice. An advanced Liberal in politics, he contested Inver-
ness-shire in 1895 as a Home Rule candidate, being only 100 votes behind
his Unionist opponent, Mr. Baillie of Dochfour, the sitting member. He
was lecturer on private international law at Edinburgh University from 1898
till 1 90 1, when he was appointed Professor of Scots Law in Aberdeen Uni-
versity in succession to the late Professor Dove Wilson. He held the post
for six years, until he became Sheriff of Renfrew and Bute in 1907. In the
following year he was appointed Chairman of the Crofters Commission on
the death of Sheriff Brand, becoming also a member of the Congested Dis-
tricts Board. In 1912 he was appointed the first Chairman of the Scottish
Land Court, established by the Small Landholders Act of that year, with the
status of a Lord of Session : he took the title of Lord Kennedy. His ad-
ministration as head of the Land Court exposed him to much criticism, his
sympathies being with the tenants ; but his great abilities as a lawyer were
widely recognized, as was also the brilliance of his intellectual gifts. He was
the author of many articles on legal and literary subjects in the " Juridical
Review " and other legal publications, and he contributed the article on "The
Faculty of Law " to the volume of " Studies in the History of Aberdeen Uni-
versity," published on the occasion of the Quatercentenary.
An appreciation, by two old friends, of Lord Kennedy's work in Aberdeen
and in Edinburgh will appear in the next number of the Review.
1 86 Aberdeen University Review
Dr. Joseph Anderson (M.B., 1884) died at his residence, Lime Hurst,
Moor Park, Preston, in November, aged fifty-six. A native of Preston,
his life was passed in the practice of his profession there. He was for many
years honorary physician to the Harris Orphanage and Homes for the Blind,
and honorary surgeon to the Preston Royal Infirmary. In his early days he
was a keen footballer, and while a student at Aberdeen played as a half-back
in the North v. South matches, being chosen to represent Scotland in the
International. An injury in the International trial matches prevented him
from gaining his " cap ".
Dr.* James Watt Black (M.A., King's College, 1859 ; M.D. [Edin.]) died
at Crockham Hill Place, Edenbridge, Kent, on 22 February, aged 77. He
was the second son of the late Mr, James Black of Knock, Banffshire. He
completed his medical education by studying at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin.
From 1862 to 1867 he was private assistant to the late Sir James Y. Simpson,
Edinburgh ; he edited the selected obstetrical and gynaecological works of Sir
James. Latterly, he was consulting obstetric physician to Charing Cross Hos-
pital, London, and examiner in obstetrics and gynaecology to Oxford Uni-
versity and to the Royal College of Physicians, London. In 1891 he was
elected President of the Obstetrical Society of London.
Dr. William Wilfred Campbell, the Canadian poet and novelist,
whose death was recently announced, was the delegate from the Royal
Society of Canada at the Quatercentenary Celebrations in 1906, and received
the honorary degree of LL.D.
The Right Rev. ^neas Chisholm, D.D., LL.D., Aberdeen, Roman
Catholic Bishop of Aberdeen, died suddenly at St. Patrick's Rectory,
Edinburgh, on 13 January, aged eighty-one. He received the honorary
degree of LL.D. from the University on the occasion of the Mitchell Hall
celebration in 1895, he being then Rector of St. Mary's College, Blairs.
Mr. Charles Diack (law student, 1891-92) died at a nursing home in
Aberdeen, on 9 December, aged forty-six. He was a son of Mr. Peter
Diack, secretary of the Aberdeen Association for Improving the Condition of
the Poor. Qualifying as a solicitor, he began business on his own account,
and eventually entered into partnership with Mr. Charles McCombie,
advocate, joint secretary and law agent of the Aberdeen Chamber of Com-
merce. About eight years ago he became, assistant to Mr. William Murison,
the County Clerk of Aberdeenshire ; and in that capacity had a great deal to
do with the work of the Secondary Education Committee and other depart-
ments of the public service of the County Council, and more recently had
been responsible for the work of the Naval and Military War Pensions Com-
mittee. He was admitted a member of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen
in 1913.
Dr. William Cardiff Hossack (M.B., 1894; M.D., 1898), Port Health
Officer, Calcutta, died at Calcutta on 5 January, aged forty-seven. He was the
eldest son of the late Mr. Garden Milne Hossack, Sheriff Clerk of Banffshire.
Mr. Alexander Johnston (M.A., King's College, 1854) died at his
residence, 51 St. Swithin Street, Aberdeen, on 11 December, aged eighty-
two. He was for many years schoolmaster at Glenmuick, and, on retiring,
came to Aberdeen. He was subsequently employed as stationery stores clerk
to the Great North of Scotland Railway Company for over forty years.
Dr. William Kelty (M.B., 1883; F.R.C.S. [Edin.]) died suddenly of
Obituary 187
heart failure at Vancouver in January. He had been in practice at Carcoar
and at Orange, in New South Wales, and latterly at Sydney. On the out-
break of the war he came to England and engaged in hospital work in
London. He was on his way back to Sydney, via Canada, when he died. He
was a son of the late Dr. George Kelty, Inverurie, and was fifty-five years of
age.
James Forbes Lumsden (alumnus, Marischal College, 1854-56) died at
his residence, Johnston House, Rubislaw, Aberdeen, on 2 December, aged
eighty. He became a member of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in
1862, and was a partner of Robertson & Lumsden, 1862-93, ^^^^ ^^
Lumsden & Davidson from 1893. He was Treasurer of the Society of
Advocates, 1900-02, and President 1902-04. He was Clerk of Supply and
County Road Clerk of Aberdeenshire from May, 1879, and first County
Clerk of Aberdeenshire on the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act,
1889, resigning in May, 1903. He was one of the founders (in 1857) of the
Aberdeenshire Cricket Club, was an excellent player, and all his life was an
ardent follower of the game. Mr. Lumsden was a son of Mr. Clements
Lumsden, advocate in Aberdeen and W.S. (alumnus, Marischal College,
1813-15) and a grandson of Mr. Harry Lumsden, advocate in Aberdeen
(alumnus, Marischal College, 1770-74).
Mr. Ranald Roderick Macdonald (alumnus, 1882-86) died at his resi-
dence, 74 Queen's Road, Aberdeen, on i February, aged fifty-two. He had
been factor on the Cluny estates since 1903 (succeeding his father, the late
Mr. Ranald Macdonald) ; and was Chairman of the Deeside District Com-
mittee, a Governor of Robert Gordon's Technical College (being Convener of
the Arts and Craft Committee), a Governor of the North of Scotland Agri-
cultural College, and a member of the Secondary Education Committee.
Miss Catherine Jessie (Catriona) Macleod (M.A., 1911) died at
Port of Ness, near Stornoway, on 19 October. While at the University she
took an active interest in many of the societies, bemg President both of the
Women's Debating and of the Modern Languages Societies, and acting on
the Committees of the Christian Union, the Celtic Society, and the Women's
Suffrage Association. Since graduating, she had taught in the Juniper Green
Higher Grade School, Colinton, Edinburgh. She was a sister of Lance-
Corporal W. P. Macleod, Seaforth Highlanders, killed in Mesopotamia.
(See p. 191.)
Lieutenant-Colonel John Robb, LM.S. (ret.) (M.B., 1868; M.D., 1876),
died at his residence, 19 King's Gate, Aberdeen, on 20 December, aged
seventy.four. He joined the Indian Medical Service (Bombay) in 1868, and,
after a distinguished career, retired in 1889. His eldest son, Major A. K.
Robb, of the Durham Light Infantry, was the second alumnus of the Univer-
sity who fell in the War, September 20, 914.
Mr. Alexander Robertson (M.A., 1886), modem language master at
the Municipal Technical College, West Hartlepool, died in February, aged
fifty-four. As a teacher he held various appointments in England and Wales,
proceeding later to Switzerland and Germany. From the Berlitz School in
Cassel he received the appointment at West Hartlepool.
Mr. William Smith (alumnus, 1865-67) died at his residence, i Queen's
Terrace, Aberdeen, on 22 November, aged seventy. He became a member
of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in 1873, and seven years later entered
into partnership with the late Mr. Lessel Stephen under the firm name of
Stephen & Smith. He was treasurer of the Society of Advocates, i9o8-ii»
1 88 Aberdeen University Review
Mr. Smith was particularly identified with the North of Scotland Canadian
Mortgage Company, Limited, having been its secretary from 1882 to 1907 and
its managing director from the latter date. He was also connected with other
Aberdeen financial and commercial undertakings. In 1889 he was appointed
Clerk of Lieutenancy of Aberdeenshire. He was also hon. secretary and
treasurer of the County of Aberdeen branch of the British Red Cross Society,
and in that capacity had been actively engaged in organizing and administra-
tive work since the emergence of the war.
Sir Thomas Gordon Walker, K.C.I. E., C.S.I, (alumnus, 1865-68 ;
LL.D., 1 910) died on 26 November, aged sixty-eight. He was a son of the
late Rev. Henry Walker, minister of Urquhart, Morayshire. Entering the
Indian Civil Service in 1869, he was posted to the Punjab in 1872 and sub-
sequently held, among other appointments, the positions of Acting Judge of
the Chief Court and Commissioner of Delhi — the latter during the period of
Lord Curzon's Durbar and the visit of the then Prince and Princess of Wales
(their present Majesties) in 1905-06. He was appointed Financial Commis-
sioner of the Punjab in April, 1907 ; and when the newly-appointed Lieutenant-
Governor of the Punjab broke down in health. Sir Thomas Walker was
appointed Acting Lieutenant-Governor. He filled the post during a year of
serious difficulty, arising from the unrest which had suddenly developed at
the beginning of 1907 and had led to the deportation of two agitators. He
retired from the service in May, 1908.
Colonel George Will, late of the Royal Artillery (alumnus, Marischal
College, 1856-60), died at his residence, Montmartre, Boarshill, near Oxford,
on 7 February, aged seventy-six. He was a son of the late Dr. James Will,
Aberdeen (M.D., King's College, 1840), and the elder brother of Dr. J. C.
Ogilvie Will, Aberdeen (M.B., 1866; M.D., 1868). He received a commis-
sion in the Royal Artillery, in 1863, and became brevet Colonel in September,
1895. In the course of his military career he held several staff appointments,
including the adjutancy of the Cardiganshire Militia. He was also adjutant
at Edinburgh for a period, and Inspector of Warlike Stores at Halifax, Nova
Scotia. In January, 1894, he succeeded to the command of the 2nd Artillery
Sub-District, Scottish District, with headquarters at Aberdeen, on the death of
Colonel W. P. Georges, R.A., and during his occupancy of that post his efforts
in developing the efficiency of the senior branch of the volunteer service in
the north-east of Scotland were recognised and valued by all conversant with
military affairs. He was, moreover, an exceedingly popular officer, and as
commandant of the Artillery training camp at Buddon he was held in the
highest respect and esteem by all ranks. In collaboration with brother-
officers Colonel Will published "The Artillerists' Handbook," which was a
popular standard work of reference in the service.
WAR OBITUARY.
Alexander Thomson Adam (M.A., 1903; B.Sc), Pioneer-Chemist, 8/C
Section, No. i Special Company, R.E., died in an hospital in France on
2 December, from the effects of gas poisoning. He joined a special section
of the Royal Engineers in 191 6, went to the front in the autumn of that year,
and was attached to a trench mortar battery, with the rank of Pioneer, For
a. time he taught science and mathematics in Glenurquhart Higher Grade
Obituary 189
School, and was then appointed science master in the Nairn Academy. He
went to the United States for a short time, and on his return four years ago
he was appointed science master in the Royal Academy and High Public
School, Inverness. He was the only son of Mr. James Adam, 21 North
Street, Inverurie, and was thirty-six years of age.
Dr. Charles Adam (M.A., 1864; M.B., 1868; M.D., 1881) died at his
residence, St. Giles, Elgin, on 3 February, aged seventy-four. He was a son
of the late Mr. William Adam, farmer Kineddar, Lossiemouth. He was in
practice for some time at Grantown, but had carried on an extensive practice
in Elgin for over forty years with much success. Dr. Adam was for a time
house surgeon at Dr. Gray's Hospital, Elgin ; he was also physician at
General Anderson's Institution, and was medical officer for the parish of
Bimie. He was a Justice of the Peace for Morayshire.
Rev. Charles Buchan (M.A., 1912), probationer of the United Free
Church, Second Lieutenant, Lancashire Fusiliers, died on 2 December of
wounds received in action in the fighting round Cambrai. He enlisted as a
private in the Gordon Highlanders in February, 191 6, and served nine months
in the trenches, and in August last he was gazetted to the Lancashire
Fusiliers. Lieutenant Buchan studied divinity at Glasgow ; and when home
on furlough in September last, before proceeding again over-seas he was
licensed by the Aberdeen United Free Church Presbytery. He was a son of
Mrs. Buchan (a widow), 37 Commerce Street, Fraserburgh, and was twenty-
six years of age. A brother, John, was killed in action in June, 19 16, and
another brother, William, wounded several months ago, is again on active
service.
The Chaplain of the battalion to which Lieutenant Buchan was attached,
in a letter to his mother, said : —
Your son was slightly wounded in an attack on Sunday morning, 2 December, but
remained at his post for twelve hours until the position captured had been secured, refusing
to have his wound attended to till then. After having his wound dressed, he left the
dressing-station to go to an ambulance, and must have been struck by a shell on the way,
for I found him, two hours later, in hospital, badly wounded. He fell asleep while his
wounds were being dressed, and did not awaken again.
Lieutenant Buchan's Captain wrote to much the same effect, adding —
" He was one of my most trusted officers, and his men would have followed
him anywhere ".
Ian Alistair Kendall Burnett (M.A., 1907), Captain, East Lanca-
shire Regiment, who was reported missing on 31 May, after an action in
France and was believed to be killed (see p. 74), was officially reported killed
in a casualty list issued on 1 1 December. He was the only son of the late
Mr. William Kendall Burnett, advocate, Aberdeen, one of the Magistrates of
the city and eventually City Treasurer, and a grandson of the late Mr. A. G.
Burnett of Kemnay ; and was about thirty-three years of age. He was edu-
cated at the Aberdeen Grammar School, where he had a brilliant career,
being first in every class, usually in every subject ; he was editor of the school
magazine and president of the debating society, and he became Dux of the
School in 1903. He entered the University that year as one of the highest
bursars, and had a similarly notable career, being first or second in most of
his classes. He was editor of "Alma Mater" in his final year. Since 19 10
he had been an assistant in the Department of Printed Books at the British
Museum.
190 Aberdeen University Review
■ George Alexander Cameron (M.A., 191 2), private, ist Cameron
Highlanders, died on 12 November from wounds received in action in
Flanders. He was a son of Mr. George A. Cameron, Central School, Inver-
ness, and was twenty-eight years of age. After graduating, he occupied tem-
porary teaching posts in Cromarty and Pitlochry before receiving a permanent
appointment under the Govan School Board. At the end of 191 5 he joined
his home regiment, the Cameron Highlanders, and was drafted to France
in August, 1 91 6. He passed unscathed through several severe engagements,
but was finally mortally wounded by a shell while going forward to attack the
enemy. While at the University he had many friends, who now mourn the
loss of one who assuredly would have made a name for himself in the profes-
sion he had chosen.
Dr. Austin Basil Clarke, M.C. (M.B., 1915), Captain, R.A.M.C,
S.R.O., was instantaneously killed by shell-fire on 23 November, while acting
as medical officer to a regiment in France. He had a distinguished career
in Medicine at the University and was also prominent in athletics, parti-
cularly as a first-class cricketer, having played in the first 'Varsity XI and
obtained his "full blue". He was also a keen player at Rugby football.
On finishing his medical course, he at once entered the army ; was awarded
the Military Cross in 191 6 for gallantry under fire, and a few months ago
was given a bar for further bravery. Captain Clarke was a Devonshire man,
and his father, who died a few years ago, was a medical practitioner at She-
bear, North Devon.
In a letter to Captain Clarke's mother his Commanding Officer wrote : —
Although I was his CO., we were more like brothers and were inseparable. At
present I can hardly realize that he has gone, and I feel incapable of entering with keen-
ness into my work again. You know how perfect he was better than I do, except perhaps
his bravery. He deserved a decoration every time he went into action. Only the day be-
fore he was killed he went out into " No Man's Land" and carried back a wounded air-
man into our lines — but I could fill pages with his bravery. . . . He was beloved by the
whole battalion and his place can never be filled.
The Divisional Colonel wrote : —
We and all your boy's beloved battalion are feeling heart-broken. You know how
your son loved his men and how he would dare all for them, and they just worshipped
him. No doctor was like their doctor; and how they cheered when, only a few short
weeks ago, he beat all comers on his fine charger and got the first prize I Professionally,
he was the beau ideal of a brave regimental medical officer.
William Duffus (about to matriculate). Second Lieutenant, 6th Gordon
Highlanders, died on i December of wounds received in action. At the
outbreak of the war he was a Private in E Company, 4th Gordon High-
landers, and proceeded with that regiment to France, in February, 1915. He
was promoted Lance-Corporal ; and on 8 October, 1915, he received his
commission as Second Lieutenant in the 6th Gordons. He had thus been
on service throughout the war. Lieutenant Duffus was the second son of
Mr. William Duffus, 13 Argyll Place, Aberdeen, and was twenty-one years of
age.
James Ogilvie Kemp (M.A., 1886), Captain, Royal Scots (Queen's Edin-
burgh Rifles), died on 12 December from illness contracted while on active
service. He had been a volunteer, and two months after the outbreak of war
he rejoined the Royal Scots, and was with the colours from then up till the
date of his death. Captain Kemp was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates
Obituary 191
in 1889 and had acquired a good practice at the bar : under Lord Advocate
Murray, he held the posts of Sheriff Court Advocate-Depute and extra
Advocate-Depute. For a number of years he was one of the representatives
of St. Stephen's ward on the Edinburgh Parish Council and District Lunacy
Board. He was a native of Keith — a son of Mr. John Kemp, wine merchant,
Leith ; and he was married to a daughter of the late Mr. Alexander
Middleton, Belmont, Aberdeen.
William Patrick Macleod (M.A., igio), Lance-Corporal, Seaforth
Highlanders, was killed in action in Mesopotamia on 5 November. Before
the outbreak of war, he was English master at Jedburgh, but he enlisted at
once and served in France with his regiment. In July, 191 5, he was wounded.
On one occasion his battalion was so badly cut up that the few men who re-
mained were transferred to other battalions, and it was then that he was sent
East. Lance- Corporal Macleod was a brother of Miss C. J. Macleod, whose
early death on 19 October is noted elsewhere. (See p. 187.) Great sympathy
is extended to their widowed mother in her double loss.
George Minty (M.A., 1908), Lieutenant, 6th Gordon Highlanders, was
killed in action in France on 23 November. He received a commission in
November, 19 14, and had been at the front for a considerable time; his full
Lieutenancy was dated i June, 1916. Of a genial disposition he was be-
loved by all his fellow-officers and men, and he rendered valuable service as
an instructor in musketry. Lieutenant Minty, who was a native of Old Deer,
was appointed head master of Kirkton School, Inverkeithny, Banffshire, in
July, 1909, and was closely identified with the educational and social interests
of the district. A man of exceptionally fine physique ; he was a noted
athlete in his student days, and was a representative at the Inter-University
athletic gatherings in Edinburgh on several occasions. He was a hammer-
thrower of the first rank and a splendid all-round sportsman.
Some reminiscences of his athletic prowess when a student and a member
of U Company, Gordon Highlanders, were given in "A Memory and an
Appreciation," by "J. M. R.," in the "Free Press" of 11 December.
The Colonel Commanding paid a striking tribute to Lieutenant Minty in
a letter to his widow, in which he said : —
He was leading his company in the attack when he was wounded in the shoulder by a
machine gun bullet. Regardless of his wound he continued to command the company, but
shortly afterwards was hit on the side. Death was instantaneous. In his death not only
the battalion, but the whole Highland Division has sustained a loss which cannot be re-
placed. He was beloved alike by officers and men, and was absolutely fearless in the fer-
formance of his duty, thinking never of himself but always of his men. His memory will
live and will always be an inspiration to all ranks of the battalion. ... I never hope to
meet a better or a braver man.
William J. Reid (3rd year Arts, 1913-14), Second Lieutenant, Gordon
Highlanders, died on 26 November of wounds received in action in France
two days previously. He was a noted 'Varsity athlete. He enlisted as a
private in the R.A.M.C. in 19 14, and served in France until January of last
year, when he returned home to qualify for a commission. He was gazetted
last May, and subsequently proceeded to France, having returned to the
front only four weeks before receiving the wounds which proved fatal. Lieu-
tenant Reid was a son of Mr. John Reid, Glen Gyle House, Lamond Place,
Aberdeen, formerly of 8 Harlaw Road, Inverurie.
George James Ross (former Agricultural Student), Second Lieutenant,
192 Aberdeen University Review
Royal Scots Fusiliers, was killed on 30 January, as the result of a bombing
accident while he was on active service. After being educated at Robert
Gordon's College and attending the classes at the Agricultural College, he
received an appointment — first, on a rubber plantation in Ceylon, and, later,
on a plantation in the Malay States. He returned to this country two years ago
and enlisted in the Gordon Highlanders. After six months' active service
abroad, he was recommended for a commission, and in June last he was
gazetted to the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He had been on service abroad since
August. Lieutenant Ross was the youngest son of Mr. Robert R. Ross, 34
Gray Street,. Aberdeen, of Barclay, Ross, and Tough, agricultural implement
makers ; and was twenty-five years of age.
Rev. Hugh Philip Skakle (M.A., 1911; B.D., 1914), Captain, 4th
Gordon Highlanders, fell in action at the capture of Cantaing, near Cambrai,
on 2 1 November. While attending the University he took a prominent part
in athletics ; he was also a valued member of King's College Chapel Choir for
many years, and became well-known in musical circles. On completing his
divinity course, he was appointed assistant minister at St. Michael's Church,
Dumfries. He enlisted in the 4th Gordon Highlanders in January, 1915, and
was gazetted Second Lieutenant in the February following, Lieutenant in June
1 91 6, and Captain in May, 191 7. He was severely wounded in July, 19 16,
and after recovering returned to the front in the spring of last year. Captain
Skakle was a son of the late Mr. George Skakle, jeweller, Aberdeen, and was
twenty-nine years of age.
James David Sutherland (Student of Agriculture, 1911-14), Pioneer,
Royal Engineers, died from gas poisoning while in action in December. He
was born at Lybster, Latheron, Caithness, his home address having been
latterly The Schoolhouse, Kinbrace, Sutherland, and he was twenty-three
years of age.
A slight error crept into our obituary notice of Rev. Cecil Barclay
Simpson (M.A., Hons., 1907) in our last issue (p. 94). He graduated with
second-class honours in Classics and first-class honours in Mental Philosophy
(not Mathematics, as was stated). The correction is forwarded from France
by a graduate, a class-fellow of Mr. Simpson, who writes : —
I met Simpson just a few weeks before he was killed. He was then intensely inter-
ested in his work as a soldier, eager to do what was in his power to combat the systeni of
force against which the civilized world is meantime fighting. In his work as a soldier,
just as in his work as a student in the old days, the same enthusiasm was manifest. By
his death the class 1902-06 has lost a brilliant member.
.«•»
The
Aberdeen University Review
Vol. V. No. 15 June, 191 8
Modern Art and the Future/
jHEORY of Art as expounded by artists is for some
reason always more or less suspect : possibly be-
cause being themselves engaged in art production,
artists are suspected of bias in favour of the school
with which they are identified ; or they may even be
suspected of having evolved their theory to account
for and justify their own limitations as artists.
But, while the views I wish to put before you may, or must, be coloured
by personal preferences and prejudices, they do not represent the
doctrine of any particular group or cult. This is not a time for airing
pet theories about detail, but a time for trying to get at the truth of
the matter, even if, in the light of the conclusions arrived at, one's
own practice and work should stand condemned. For good or evil,
change of some sort in our national life is imminent. Reconstruction
is the note of to-day : and if art is to play a worthy part in the work
of to-morrow it is imperative that artists and public should arrive at a
common understanding on the meaning of Art, instead of continuing
to drift apart as they have been doing steadily for many years, the
ultra-artistic turning in disgust from life and forming themselves into
cults which the public very rightly regard with impatience. It is this
consideration alone which justifies art talk at a time when such talk
is apt to stir recollections of Nero's fiddling.
There 'is a feeling prevalent among cultured people of to-day that
something is amiss with the Art of our time. Compared with the
history of former Art periods, the multiplicity of " schools" and theories
of Art to-day, of aims and methods mutually exclusive, appears to
^ An Address to the Aberdeen University Classical Society, February 22, 1918.
13
194 Aberdeen University Review
justify (especially with those whose affections are already fixed in
an earlier period) the charge that as there is no recognizable unity of
purpose in our efforts there can be no vital significance in our Art ;
though opinion differs as to the cause of the present unrest. There
are people who hold that for some generations Art has been slowly
dying ; and who profess to see in the warring ideals at work within
it to-day the final death-throes of Art in the dawn of the Age of
Science (Science and Art being apparently supposed, for some un-
known reason, to be antagonistic one to the other) ; and they hint
that when Peace again returns, it may be found that the world will
no longer have need or use for Art. Others again tell us that great
artistic periods like the thirteenth century were the outcome of Faith :
they write books about the debt Art owes to " the Church," which
tend to make one speculate on the debt the Church owes to Art : they
declare the modern world to be without Faith, and its Art decadent
in consequence. But that view began with the writing of the Garden
of Eden story, and it has ever been the cry of the censorious idealist
who in all ages has chosen to believe that he has just missed the
Golden Age by a century or two, thus exerting on his own time an
influence which is surely among the most effective in producing the
very state he professes to deplore. And his phrase, like many another,
is. not without attractiveness to those of the imitative sort : it saves
them the trouble of thought, of search for the eternal amid the tem-
poral and corrupt in the present ; and it conveys an impression pleasing
to the sentimentalist that he is an unwilling dweller in the tents of
Kedar. That he should fail to apprehend the Faith of his own time
may merely argue a lack of vision strange in one who undoubtedly
desires the highest good ; but it is difficult to listen with patience to
his account of the transcendant merit of the thirteenth century in this
particular when one knows that the most rudimentary knowledge of
the facts about that period demolishes the whole argument. His
thirteenth century never existed save in the imaginations of the poet,
the romancer, and the ecclesiastic, who by their very profession are
more or less apologists. It is based on the lives of a few great men,
and on medieval theories of Church and State. " There never was an
age in which theory was more hopelessly divorced from practice than
in the thirteenth century." ^
Further, this idealist who fixes his ideal in the past instead of the
1 Coulton, " St. Francis to Dante " .
Modern Art and the Future 195
future has, in condemning the present, a habit of using the word Re-
ligion as if it had no application outside the Church and its activities —
a habit which is as misleading as the phrase which makes of archi-
tecture " the mother of all the arts " . Architecture is the sum of
all the arts — of which Building is one. The great churches of the
Middle Ages were largely the work of the people ; and thus we find
that armorial bearings upon old glass or pedestals of statues are mostly
those of the different trade guilds — bakers, butchers, woollen drapers,
furriers, shoemakers, and the like : and as anyone who has studied the
great medieval churches must know, much of the subject-matter and
its treatment is very unecclesiastical. " Being enriched by divers gifts,
the churches became receptacles for all kinds of treasures. Guillaume
Durand, in his * Rational des Divins Offices,' speaks of rare things,
such as stuffed crocodiles, ostrich eggs, and skeletons of whales, be-
sides gold and silver vessels, intagli, and camei, as attractions for the
people, on the principle that he who comes to see may stay to pray.
Churches were, in fact, museums, and places in which to transact
business : the naves constantly being thus used." ^ Judged as works
of Art they were therefore artistic expressions of all that was vital in
the life of the community : creations fashioned by their artists for the
community: for the extension of its self-realization. Faith? Why,
yes : the faith of a race in itself, its aspirations. There must always be
that ere there can be great Art : and the ideal Great Period is one
wherein all the various sections of the community are informed by one
racial ideal, yet each obeying its own impulse and functions un-
swervingly, the Time-Spirit alone dominating. One feels that the
Temple, whatever its nature or form may be, must always call forth a
people's noblest artistic effort ; but to condemn an age artistically be-
cause it does not rear vast cathedrals, or to demand that the expres-
sion of its faith shall follow a prescribed form, is sheer nonsense.
Misconception of the true function of Art is at the root of the matter :
and the persistence of this misconception in what we may term official
quarters is accountable for the present unrest in Art aims and bodies.
For the artist is now in revolt. He has been lectured for genera-
tions : badgered and cajoled into polishing the surface of things in-
stead of digging right down into the heart of them as his instinct bade
him. Death-throes? Rather the wriggling, kicking, and raucous
squalling of lusty infants. The problem, however, is much more com-
1 Beale, " Churches of Paris " .
196 Aberdeen University Review
plex than that would seem to imply. I have not a single doubt about
the future of Art : it will end only when the world ends. To the pes-
simist who sees in the near future a world that has neither need nor
use for Art, I say that, if by "Art" he understands (as many still do)
mere pomp and display, then I sincerely hope that his prophecy will
be fulfilled — though it seems almost too good to be true; but, if he
really means Art in its true sense, then I say our need for it, on the
contrary, will be more imperative than ever if our national life is to be
saved from degenerating into a mere struggle for existence, bleak and
meaningless. Further, I believe that the elements of a Great Artistic
Period already exist in our own time ; but I do not underestimate the
dangers and difficulties ahead. Revolt, however worthy in its origin,
tends to attract to its ranks numbers who bring discredit on the move-
ment— nonentities in search of notoriety, decadents who use it as an
excuse for the bestial thoughts in which they delight. Again, revolt,
however righteous, may be crushed ; and until the public realize that
Art is as much their affair as it is the artist's, that danger will remain.
Art is the outcome of the expressional need of a people, and the
power of the craftsman to fashion a symbol which shall satisfy that
need ; whereas the public are apt to regard it as something that has no
essential connection with their life — as a sort of ornamental flourish
on the written record. We all know the poseur who apparently feels
that he is achieving something when, by a parrot-like repetition of a few
art phrases, he leads his auditors to pronounce him a man of taste and
art knowledge ; and we also know the unassuming man who with a
shrug makes open confession that he knows nothing about it. Both
attitudes arise from the same mistake — the belief that Art is a cult.
Art is not a cult — at least, great Art is not ; and an extensive
knowledge of " schools " and " periods " is not an essential condition
for the appreciation of all that is most vital in Art. Indeed, the mass
of literature that has grown up round the questions of styles and
periods, with their contradictory theories and methods, has become a
hindrance to the natural acceptance of Art ; and one doubts whether
it is right to add even one's few sentences to the pile. Yet if one's
aim is to simplify, it may be worth trying ; since amid this babel of
tongues there is a truth that is of vital importance to all of us — one
which offers a richer perception of true happiness. It is not so much
a question of this or that theory of Art as of an attitude of mind. If one
were to state that the full significance and joy of life can never become
Modern Art and the Future 197
manifest until the life of a community is informed by one Art-ideal,
and until everything we think and do and make is unconsciously
governed by that ideal, the Man-in-the-street would probably mutter
ominously. He knows " Art-things " and the weedy people who affect
them. He would have a horrible vision of his business run on artistic
lines — of having to consider literary style in his correspondence.
Asked to state his views on a possible Art-informed community, he
would probably declare the idea to be the fantastic and ill-balanced
notion of a crank, or of an artist belonging to the same category as the
cobbler who maintains that there is nothing like leather. He would
pronounce the prospect of life under such conditions an appalling one ;
a thing of strain, affectation, and useless costliness imposed upon a
scheme of things with which it has no real connection. To me and
many others, the facts are all the other way : it is the present state of
things that is appallingly affected and costly. Our towns and houses
are restless conglomerations of things of every style from B.C. on-
wards— that, and factory-made caricatures of the various styles that
happen to be in favour at the moment. Ornament (which ought to
form an integral part of the object ornamented, giving emphasized
expression to the structural function of the part ornamented) spreads
over and smothers all surfaces, like some horrid fungus growth ; a
fatuous craze obtains for deception — the imitative skill that produces,
say, a mosaic which deludes the spectator into the belief that it is an
oil painting, still evoking a degree of admiration which the work, were
it really an oil painting, would not call forth ; and even with works
which offer no excuse for such treatment people still delight to de-
lude themselves. A lady expressing to me her enthusiastic admiration
for a granite tower in this city put what she believed to be the final
touch to her praise by saying " It just looks like lace'' — than which,
were it true, no more damning criticism could be framed.
The Man-in-the-street might agree with me in this. He already
suffers from too much Art-in-the-home ; and my belief is that in reality
we both desire the same thing and hate the same thing, and that he
endures the conglomeration of meaningless form, colour, and orna-
mentation with which he finds himself surrounded only because he
supposes it to represent Art and does not wish to appear indifferent to
Art. The point of difference between us is in reality very simple : it
lies in the meaning one reads into the term " Art-informed community " .
To him, such a community is one where an intensified form of the
198 Aberdeen University Review
present would obtain, with a more and more conscious concern about
what is artistically right and wrong ; whereas to me it is one where
we should cease altogether to think consciously of ART ; and turn
our thoughts on Fitness — of things for their purpose — as the standard
of worth. This must, of course, begin in our individual homes :
from whence its influence will soon spread to our more public and
exalted forms of city life. But not until we each realize that we
already possess the faculties necessary for the appreciation of true
Art and the right to exercise them ; not until our domestic setting
becomes a harmonious and natural expression of our lives and tastes ;
not until we select, say, our chairs because they fulfil in comfort,
stability, proportion, colour, and material our idea of what a chair
ought to be ; not till we purchase and value our more purely decora-
tive possessions — statuettes, pictures, stained glass, and other wall
decorations — because in some strange way they do express moods and
desires which have haunted and hitherto troubled us by their vague-
ness, and not because this picture or that was on the line in last year's
Academy, and was ardently desired by a celebrated collector who
came an hour too late — not till then can Art become again a vital
force. Think of the scores of houses one has been in that are all
absolutely alike though their various owners bear no resemblance to
each other in character. The number on the front door is almost the
sole mark of differentiation. They represent the taste of some firm of
"artistic furnishers," or conform to advice derived from books on
Taste in furnishing. The book-shelf is about the only thing that gives
one an inkling of the owner's tastes and preferences, though even there
one is not always sure that it does not consist of somebody's Hundred
Best Books. It is the same old mistake : the view of Art as a con-
vention imposed on life, and not, as it is,»a natural expression of one's
own personality reborn in every generation.
Yet, as far as I can see, there is only one real difficulty in the way
of the Art-informed community — our self-consciousness as a race — fear
of letting ourselves go ; our thinly- veiled contempt for those who do.
Our dread of being deemed excitable, neurotic, drives us to the other
extreme, and we profess adoration of Horse-sense lest we should be
thought sentimental. From this proceeds a lack of the true sense of
Joy — with the underlying feeling that joy may be but the most cun-
ning of all the devil's baits. One has to go back only a generation or
two to come upon a fixed belief that a state of unwonted joy was the
Modern Art and the Future 199
herald of some evil event ; and suspicion that the thing which gives joy
must have some element of evil in it still persists. We feel that to be
emotional is absurd if not contemptible. I well remember the raging
shame I felt as a youth on finding tears trickling down my cheeks
when hearing for the first time a Beethoven symphony performed by
an orchestra. I fancy I should experience the same sense of shame
to-day, for when I hear or read of a man shedding tears I cannot
suppress an inward squirm ; and that feeling is common to the race.
Why we should feel thus I do not know ; I fancy we are about the
only people in Europe who do. Tears, however, have no artistic value.
Emotional perception has ; and one can have emotional perception
without tears. And the man (women have more sense) who from silly
self-consciousness suppresses his emotional tendency stands in his own
light, for by emotion comes perception of most of the things that really
matter.
Up to this point I have been dealing chiefly with the public. Let
us now turn to the artist. As I have already said, something is goading
him into revolt, maddening him into ever fiercer expression in his work,
so that each year witnesses the birth of a new School, which, when it
has found a name for itself, laughs to scorn all other schoxDls. It is all
very well to say (as, indeed, I myself have said) that this is the an-
archy which inevitably precedes the commencement of a new tradition :
to point to a resolute figure here and there which holds on its way,
seeing, estimating, and learning from the movements that take place
around, but following its own light ; and to say that those men or
their work will one day bring order out of chaos. But meantime
superb energy and ability are running to waste (or appear to us to be
doing so) : anarchy may become a habit and all this volcanic fury end
in exhausting our fires and reducing us artistically to a moon-like
cinder.
One naturally asks why this should be so, when our day teems with
the elements and aspirations which give rise to art expression. Why
should our art fail to give adequate expression to those aspirations?
One writer says it is because " this man-made world of ours has lost
the power of expression and become entirely meaningless ". Machinery
and Industrialism are blamed. It is true that Machinery's tremendous
productive power gives a long start to a bad type, and that the methods
of Industrialism tend to establish that type and to reduce almost to
nil the opportunities which would otherwise have arisen for the con-
2 00 Aberdeen University Review
tinual exercise of the craftsman's skill and fancy. But one has seen
beautiful machine-made things, so that the fault does not lie with
machinery but with the types given to it to produce — in other words,
with the artist concerned. Another favourite wail is " Unrest " . We
certainly seem to have fallen on a gap between the end of one age and
the beginning of another — a situation not conducive, one would think,
to the Art mood ; yet art history teems with instances where great
art was produced by men who worked with trowel, chisel, or brush in
one hand and sword in the other.
The learned student of art history says impatiently (he has been
shouting it for a century) — •' What you want is Tradition " ; but when
he proceeds to amplify his statement it becomes manifest that he
does not know what Tradition is. In his brain it apparently figures
as a continuous cable which in some inexplicable way snapped some
centuries ago, and must be joined up at the point of severance before
Art can again become vital. No figure could be more misleading or
untrue.
One thing is certain and the rest is lies,
The flower that once has blown for ever dies.
The history of any art tradition is just the history of any life —
infancy, youth, manhood, decline, and death ; and a galvanized corpse
as nurse holds scant promise of life for a new tradition in its infancy.
We know very well that what we need is Tradition : some spiritual
centre or conviction which will make our effort cumulative : the
question is how to get it — or rather how to get rid of the influences
which meantime frustrate crystallization of the elements we already
possess. The past holds invaluable lessons for us ; but the history
of past Traditions throws no light on the problem of to-day, for the
influences to which I refer did not exist in former art periods, since it
is those former art periods, or misuse of our knowledge of them, that
constitute the handicap to creative expression from which the whole
art world of to-day suffers ; that retard the emergence of a traditional
form symbolic of our own age.
At this point I find myself in a quandary ; for to track down the
growth of this influence with the thoroughness demanded by the case,
it would be necessary to survey the work and theories of the entire
nineteenth century ; while to leap at one bound straight to what I be-
lieve to be the trouble and name it, would explain little and prove less.
It is a curious thing that, whereas one would expect those interested
Modern Art and the Future 201
in the problem to fix their suspicious inquiry on education first, it
seems as if they had an insuperable objection to doing so. Yet I hold
that our Art education is chiefly, if not solely, responsible for our
deadened perception of the meaning of Art. Perhaps I ought to point
out that in criticizing our Art education I do not necessarily criticize
Art Schools as they are at this moment. I am dealing with our
actual art production, since from it we derive our impressions of
modern art ; and its producers necessarily completed their training
some years ago.
We are heirs of all the ages : a privilege which has its drawbacks ;
for througli a confusion of ideas between Archaeology and Art, and a
century of collecting, cataloguing, and tabulating works of ancient and
medieval art in their supposed order of merit, that which might have
remained a source of delight and profit has become in many ways an
intolerable hindrance. All this was done with the highest intentions :
it was to educate the taste of the public, and encourage the growth of
an art tradition — although how a heterogeneous collection of objects
gathered from every age and clime could ever have been expected to
effect that is difficult to understand. Into this temple, however, the
raw student is turned to find his soul, in an exhaustive study of the
historic styles. Imagine having to find your religion from an ex-
haustive study of all the religious systems the world has evolved, and
it will not then seem surprising that what the student finds is a sort
of anaemic art-Pragmatism. Please do not understand this as an at-
tack on Museums : I am at the moment dealing solely with their
effect on the immature student. We cannot know too much of the past ;
and, personally, I cannot imagine a more fascinating pursuit than the
History of Art affords. But I would withhold that subject from the
student's curriculum until he had given proof of a clearly-defined
aesthetic outlook. A work of ancient art, however beautiful, is after
all a sort of wondrous mummy. In its day it was a symbol of the
aspirations of an age, and as such then fulfilled its highest function
as a work of art ; but aspirations have changed with the age, and its
symbolism has now become largely meaningless to us. To stand in
the presence of the very body that was Rameses the Great is an amaz-
ing experience ; but men do not go to a mummy to learn how the
Spirit of Life manifests itself
The student of strongly-marked character probably rejects the
whole thing instinctively — studies the people in the museum and
202 Aberdeen University Review
ignores the exhibits, only discovering the value of museums later ; but
with the average student it is different. In him the scholar and the
artist get mixed. It is a bad mixture : results in paralysis of the
faculty of self-expression, giving instead but an imitative technique in
paint, and a certain skill in what is known as " designing in periods "
— that is, cooking up old styles into designs for factories which use
such things : a little tragedy, since it means that his spiritual experi-
ence is closed down before it has well begun. The students, having
passed out of the schools, have to take their places among the pro-
ducers ; and there they find war — the war of Art Democracy against
Art Autocracy. I might define it somewhat more clearly, as War be-
tween Expressional Need and Enthroned Professionalism ; and refer you
to the scarifying comments of a great artist (Blake) on the doctrine of
one who, though very able, was the quintessence of Professionalism
(Reynolds). If you ask what I understand by Professionalism, my
reply is, an archaeological mentality expressing itself in an art form.
There has been Professionalism in all ages — its stamp mere rhetoric,,
high-sounding phrases copied from earlier masters who created them^
which, when strung together by the plagiarist, mean nothing, but make
a brave noise which too often succeeds with the public. Few artists
entirely escape it. Even the true creative artist has lapses in vision ;
and despondency, exhaustion, or mere fear of failure drive him back
on the professional rhetoric he had pumped into him in the course
of his training — ways and means whereby the gap may be made to
look quite sound, the texture of the work all of one piece. It is the
most cursed of all the temptations that beset the artist — and we have
our education to thank for it. Hence the " rebel " : and it may help us
to understand him if we try to see wherein he differs from the Archae-
ologist and the representative of Professionalism.
The aim of archaeology is to supply the material which neither
history nor present observation can furnish. It is an intellectual pro-
cess applied to yesterday. Professionalism I have already defined.
Art is the clearest, simplest, most direct expression of a purely
emotional experience of to-day, A vast amount of nonsense, I am
persuaded, is talked about Inspiration ; but there may be a sense in
which it is correct to speak of a man as " a born artist " — when he is
endowed with an exceptional degree of emotional perception. Most
people possess it in some degree ; but it almost seems as if not even
the greatest could develop or increase the measure of emotional per-
Modern Art and the Future 203
caption with which he was endowed at birth. I am ignorant of the
scientific view ; but from internal evidence one arrives at a conviction
that environment, material conditions, and experience have little or
no effect upon it. With the development of the poet's intellect the
structure of his work may become more reasoned and secure ; but the
spirit within the structure remains the same — save when he becomes
over-engrossed in the skill displayed in the structure, and the spirit
escapes. With an insatiable interest in the movement of life — the
never-ending wonder and significance of the rhythmic line, and the evo-
cative magic of colour — he is incessantly observing, experiencing, and
noting ; but he has another life in addition to the one of observation —
the visional life which to him is in some ways more actual, and cer-
tainly more complete, than his material existence ; and he soon learns
that one of the chief functions of his intellect is to act as a guard — a
sort of shield-bearer — to the source of all his strength and inspiration
— that visional faculty.
There is one type that is rather puzzling — the medievalist. The
** medievalizer " of commerce one understands. In his student days
he may have been one of the many potential craftsmen who in the
process of striving to become artists get crushed in the museum- mill.
Anyhow, he has nothing particular to say, has a certain skill in imi-
tating medieval archaisms — and a public ready and eager for his wares..
But among medievalists there are men of very great ability. If they
have rejected their own time and, as it were, taken out papers of
naturalization in an earlier age, they must have some good reason for
having done so. It is a curious fact that although the medievalist and
the rebel are poles apart (with the representatives of professionalism
in between), superficially there is occasionally a startling resemblance
between the work of the able medievalist and that of some of the
" rebels " ; but while medievalist and rebel agree that the rhetoric of pro-
fessionalism is a spiritual blight, there the resemblance between them
ends, for the one is consciously archaistic in his work and the other
unconsciously archaic,^ *
1 Berenson, the art critic, says — " No art can hope to become classic that has not been
archaic first. The distinction between archaistic imitation and archaic reconstruction,
simple as it is, must be clearly borne in mind. An art that is merely adopting the ready-
made models handed down from an earlier time is archaistic, while an art that is going
through the process of learning to reconstruct the figures and discover the attitudes re-
quired for the presentation of tactile values and movement is archaic. An art that has
completed this process is classic."
204 Aberdeen University Review
And so it comes about that artists and art lovers may be said to
group themselves into two distinct communities, each with its
characteristic environment. One group dwells in the lovely old
monastery garden, while another is of the Highway — casts in its lot
with the roadmakers.
First, then, our two groups differ absolutely on the meaning of the
word Beauty. To the men of the Highway the only beauty is Fitness
— that which expresses. Concern with the question of whether the
objects they find it necessary to depict in their works are, as objects,
beautiful in themselves appears to them to betoken an entire misap-
prehension of the function of Art ; and a sensuous, skilfully-balanced
colour scheme may be to them utter banality. With them it is not
*' What does this work of Art represent ? " but " What does it make us
feel ? " All men hunger for some definitely-realized symbol of the
vague spiritual impulses they feel within themselves and their age — be
it merely a way of looking at and seeing things — its joy, gaiety, long-
ing. To fashion such a symbol is for our men of the Highway — men
possessed by the spirit of their own time as distinct from all other
times — the sole function of art.
To the other group Art is the " garden enclosed " — a refuge from
the sordid turmoil of life ; the function of its present-day representa-
tives, to conserve and perpetuate all that is gentle, graciously beautiful,
rare and precious in the thoughts and things that man has evolved from
the beginning. They claim to carry on Tradition, and to be the
guardians of Beauty, which they hold to be the same yesterday, to-day,
and for ever. The energy of the men of the Highway appears to them
brutal in its violence. To the Roadmakers the Garden-dwellers for
the most part appear but dilettanti dawdling in a rose garden — men
who lack courage to dive into the heart of their own time in search for
its spiritual significance, who profess to have a charge which renders
them superior to the life buzzing around them outside, but who in
reality fear life, and, being too stupid to apprehend its wondrous
splendour, become mere archaeologues piecing together phrases culled
from the past. They admit that the archaeologue's work makes a
strong appeal to many by its resemblance to some old work already
loved ; but point out that, despite the beauty it may have inherited
from its ancestor, it is still-born. Its ancestor sprang from the heart
and brain of one aflame with desire to fashion an image that should
symbolize the aspirations of his age : not one consciously concerned
Modern Art and the Future 205
about Beauty. Beauty, they say, is but an emanation from expres-
sional power.
I do not profess to know what determines men in their choice be-
tween the two : it may be settled at their birth. As children we all
run about over highway, fields, woods, and garden indiscriminately,
hunting for adventure ; and this goes on until life deals us its first
blow. Probably that blow decides the matter. One it shocks, another
it angers, a third it excites. The shocked one turns aside into the
fields and so through the deep silent wood to the garden gate, where
he pulls the bell-rope and obtains admittance. The angered one,
blinded by his sense of injustice, loses vision and comes to fisticuffs
with life, and continues thus until chance recollection of the monastery
garden he happened on one summer afternoon in childhood crosses his
mind. The contrast of its dewy silence with the blistering heat and
turmoil of the Highway fills him with an overpowering nostalgia — and
the gate opens yet again.
Let us also enter the garden ; admittedly a place of enchanting
loveliness. It is romantically situated in softly undulating land, and it-
self embraces little wooded hills and valleys, a river and a pool — in
fact, all the things one longs for when weary. Possibly it is a trifle too
consciously ornamented : hedges all curiously trimmed, the sward per-
fect, the trees in perpetual blossom — the whole reminiscent of a Van
Eyck landscape. It is getting towards late afternoon before we sight
the monastery group, a bronze silhouette rising from among trees
against the western sky. Romantic, certainly, but curiously conglo-
merate, recalling that other monastery where (according to the French
chronicler) Merlin visited Prester John — a mixture of Cathedral, Mosque,
Synagogue, Greek temple, Byzantine and Gothic chapels with domes,
spires, turrets, pagodas, minarets, and towers innumerable ; and I doubt
not that it contains the Vedas and the Koran, in addition to the Bible.
Its inhabitants are for the most part highly educated and cultured ;
though to the non-resident they appear to be, like their garden, " too
consciously ornamented". Fervour is permitted; fervour carefully
regulated by fixed rules and dates ; but passion and impulse are ap-
parently held to be non-existent — though pepperiness is not un-
known. Not all the garden dwellers are art producers. One meets
here, for instance, the cultured person who has attended courses of art
lectures for the purpose of completing his study of some other subject
— Ecclesiology, for instance. Now, the acquisition of knowledge is
2o6 Aberdeen University Review
entirely praiseworthy ; but art history is one thing and art is another ;
and when this student of the former claims, as he constantly does,
that his acquired information qualifies him not merely to judge, but
to influence and determine the spirit of modern art ; when, on the
strength of his text-book information, he dares to interfere with and
warp Art in its creative moment, he becomes a positive nuisance.
One meets him on committees, and has difficulty in deciding whether
he ought to be regarded as a joke or as a calamity. He knows all
about Ecclesiastical Art — in every century but his own. Naturally,
he knows nothing about the latter because it is in the making ; and of
the creative function of form and colour he has no more perception
than an owl ; but he can discourse learnedly on periods and styles, has
memorized all the phrases, and can, in fact, teach you the whole theory
and practice of Ecclesiastical Art in an afternoon. In one sentence, it
is " When in doubt, medievalize ". You can't go wrong : the correct
thing is always medieval. There is, in fact, no necessity to think at
all : medieval clerics worked it out once for all centuries ago : and the
twentieth century has no right to aspirations which cannot be expressed
in thirteenth century form. With great unction he quotes to you
Cennino Cennini's beautiful exhortation — "Ye of gentle spirit, who
are lovers of this art and devoted to its pursuit, adorn yourselves with
the garments of love, of modesty, of obedience, and of perseverance,"
but he is not a little exasperated when a non-resident informs him that
he also subscribes to that doctrine.
It is said that work progresses at a very leisurely pace in the
monastery — that things do not move on. And one hardly wonders
that it should be so, for as one stands at evening on the bank of the
placid pool as the last level bars of amber light lie behind the
monastery ; as one hears the occasional plop of little fishes in the pond,
the croak of a frog at its edge, and the gentle plaintive note of the
evening bell as it echoes amid the innumerable planes of masonry up
there — all in the thick muffled sound that denotes trees and little hills
in kindly proximity — one wonders what human activity is all about,
and retires to rest, I should fancy, in restful mood. Yet I can
imagine that if, in a wakeful moment of the night, one lying there were
to hear the boom of a distant explosion which he realized to be the
work of his fellow-men blasting a passage for the Highway through
the rocks, he might feel as some of us feel when, warm in bed, we hear
in imagination the thunder of the guns in Flanders.
Modern Art and the Future 207
In conclusion, I would like to say that, if I have appeared to under-
value the past or to argue that it has no legitimate claim over us, I
have conveyed a wrong impression, for which I can only plead the
limited nature of the time at my disposal, and the fact that my subject
is the Present. I have the most profound reverence and love for the
past and its great works, but there are limits to the control which they
ought to exercise on the present. One can feel that even in
Renaissance times the Past was already beginning to claim undue
dominion over the then Present ; but since then it has steadily in-
creased until in our day it has become monstrous, so that we are not
unlike that character of D'Annunzio's who, believing himself to be a
reincarnation of a brilliant ancestor who had been cut off at an early
age, and determining that no action of his should be unworthy of that
ancestor's record, arrived at absolute stagnation, his faculties paralysed
by his supposed responsibility to the past.
DOUGLAS STRACHAN.
Translations from the Greek Anthology.
''HBt] \evKoiop OdXkei, OdWeL 8e <f>L\oix^po<s
vdpKiorcro^, OdWeL 8' ovpe(rL(f>OLTa KpCva •
"H^ S' rj <f)LXepa(rTO<s, iv dvOecnv ^pufiov dvdos,
Zr)vo<f>i,\a Ilei^oOs rjBv redrjXe pohov.
Aeifxcoves, tl p^draia KOfxacs inl ^atS/oa yekare ;
d yap Trats Kpecraov dZvirvootv (rTe<f>dvo)v.
MELEAGER.
Now bloom the dewy daffodils,
The lilies wander o'er the hills :
The violets white their eyes unclose,
And sweet Zenophile, a Rose
Of Love, a flower to lovers dear,
Buds in the spring-tide of the year.
Oh laughing fields, why thus display
The brightness of your spring array ?
For lo ! my love is sweeter far
Than scented meadow blossoms are.
F. G. M.
Translations from the Greek Anthology 209
Ov nXoKafJiov Ayjfiov^, ov (rdvBaKov 'HXioScupas,
ov TO fJLvpoppavTov Tifxapiov irpodvpov,
Ov Tpv<f)epov p,eihr)iia ^SowttiSo? 'A^'TlKXetas,
ov Tovf; apTidakei.^ Aojpo^ea? (rre^dvov^
OvKCTL crol (jiapeTpr) Trt/c/aov? TrrepoevTas oto'TOvs
KpvTTTei, ''Epojs' eV e/^ol irdvTa yap i(TTL ^eXrj.
MELEAGER.
Nay, by Demo's lovely curls,
Nay, by Heliodora's shoe,
Nay, by sweet Timarion's porch,
Dripping down with scented dew :
Nay, by Anticleia's eyes,
And the love her laughter breathes,
Nay, by Dorothea's flowers,
Twined of freshly blossomed wreaths —
By these I vow, thy quiver, Love,
Holds not now a single dart ;
Every bitter winged shaft
Hast thou lodged in my heart.
E.G. M.
14
Lord Kennedy.
(Aberdeen, 1868-72, 1901-07.)
|N February 12 there passed to his rest Neil John
Downie Kennedy, Lord Kennedy, formerly pro-
fessor in Aberdeen University, and one of her
most brilliant sons. The newspapers of all shades
of political opinion paid admiring tribute to his
memory ; the outstanding facts of his life were
duly noted, recording his rise from newly-called
advocate to Chairman of the Land Court ; and his public work at
the bar and on the bench is appraised in this number of the REVIEW
by one far more fitted than I to do justice to his breadth of knowledge
and keenness of intellect. Here I would recall him simply as a son
of the University, and ask graduates to pause a few moments in the
busy stir of life to think kindly of their former comrade, who shared
with them so deep an affection for his Alma Mater.
It was in October, 1 868 — fifty long years ago, but. Heavens ! how
quickly passed ! — that Kennedy came up to King's. I can see him
now — a delicate boy of fourteen and a half, looking a mere child
among the other Bajans, whose average age was seventeen. He and
I fraternized that day, for we were both strangers from the North,
and both somewhat forlorn and lonely among the joyous crowd of
riotous students. But under the old Class system acquaintances were
easier made and friendships more readily developed than is possible
at the present time ; and before many weeks had passed the '68-'72
Class had already begun to weave the strands of that strong band of
brotherliness which still holds firm after the vicissitudes of half a
century.
From the first Kennedy was recognized as having outstanding
gifts. Only a month after his first appearance at College he undertook
in the University Debating Society to defend the then existing system
of Bursary Competition, in opposition to a fully-fledged Magistrand,
f
(^
^\0
THE HON. LORD KENNEDY
Lord Kennedy 2 1 1
Peter Taylor Forsyth (now Principal of Hackney College). In the
Debating Society he was constantly in evidence, and as almost all the
Arts students were members of it, he became well known far beyond
the circle of his own Class. Many of these men will still recall him
as perhaps the most striking personality of their College days. His
manner — a curious mixture of confidence and shyness — his unusual
range of information, his wit and humour, marked him as noteworthy,
and while some called him eccentric, more guessed him to be a genius.
He carried off prizes in the philosophical classes and appeared in the
merit list in Classics ; but even so we were conscious that his powers
were greater than his performances, and prophesied a big development
later on.
In 1872 the Class graduated and scattered to different parts of the
world, the thought in each mind — Who will go under in the coming
struggle? Who will rise to the top? Kennedy's chances did not
look bright just then, for his health had broken down, and he was
forbidden all mental exertion for at least a year — a serious handicap
at the outset of his career. The years passed on, and as at Class re-
unions men discussed the doings of their comrades, Kennedy's name
was always amongst those that evoked keenest interest. Kennedy
had decided not to enter the Church ; Kennedy had gone in for Law ;
had become a distinguished advocate ; had contested Inverness-shire ;
had (still more interesting) been made professor in his own University.
The Class gave him a dinner — a unique distinction — in honour of this
promotion.
As Dean of the Law Faculty he set himself to approximate to
Elphinstone's ideal of making Aberdeen a fully-equipped School of
Law — not merely a training-place for local practitioners. This ideal
he expounded in his remarkable Quatercentenary article " The Faculty
of Law " ; and reading it over one cannot but regret profoundly that
his active life left him few opportunities for writing on these subjects,
where his breadth and lucidity are so conspicuous. All the time he
held office in Aberdeen he kept this end clearly in view, working
steadily for it ; but it was not till after he had demitted his Chair that
he had the satisfaction of seeing his ideal attained and the degree of
LL.B. established.
In his public academic appearances, the professor had much the
same effect on his wider audience as the brilliant young student had
on his more restricted one. Every one wanted to attend a function if
212 Aberdeen University Review
Professor Kennedy were to speak ; for he had the gift of infusing in-
terest and humour even into such tasks as eulogizing honorary gradu-
ands. This was shown most conspicuously at the time of the Quater-
centenary, when it fell to him to introduce the long procession of
Doctors of Laws. In the University Court his influence was great ;
he was a power in the Senatus ; his students admired and loved him.
To many of us it seemed that the academic air should have been more
congenial to his wide scholarship and his literary tastes than the stormy
atmosphere in which he elected to fight his way later on ; and we
grudged his departure from us.
But a true instinct led him forward. First came the Sheriffdom
of Renfrew and Bute, and later the Chairmanship of the Crofters Com-
mission— both bringing him into closer contact with his beloved
Highlands. He had a passionate sympathy with suffering or priva-
tion in any form, and was a fierce antagonist to all that he held to be
oppressive or unjust ; and when the Scottish Land Court was consti-
tuted in 191 2, he accepted the position of President, seeing here a
great opportunity for righting wrongs against which he had long
protested.
Few alumni of the Aberdeen Universities have sat on the Scottish
bench ; but of these few Kennedy's two nearest predecessors — Lord
President Forbes and Lord Monboddo — were the most famous, and
with these he had much in common. Duncan Forbes, non-Jacobite
though he was, had always shown a deep admiration and affection for
the Highlanders, doing his utmost to procure them justice and to soften
the rigour of the laws directed against them ; and following in his
footsteps Kennedy lost no opportunity of breaking a lance in their
defence. With James Burnett too — that genius born before his time,
in an age that could not understand his scientific bent and scoffed at
his far-reaching theories — Kennedy had great marks of affinity. A
wide range of knowledge, quite alien to their law studies, distinguished
them both ; to the two there came natural, an unconventional, unac-
customed point of view which somewhat staggered their contemporaries.
This latter characteristic, indeed, sometimes brought Kennedy into
conflict with his brethren on the Bench ; and he had, in addition, to
face the usual loud-voiced public opposition which springs up at any
hint of innovation or novelty.
To the last his heart was in this Land Court work. Even when
symptoms of fatal illness had developed alarmingly, he still was able
Lord Kennedy 213
to concentrate on the difficult problems before him, and to rejoice in
their solution. If mental energy and great coura:ge could have kept
him here, he would be with us still ; for pain and weariness were no
new enemies, and all his life he had carried on a gallant struggle
against them. But, at this crisis, neither courage nor gallantry could
avail anything, and the vital disease fastened itself irrevocably upon
him. He worked to the last ounce of his strength, and then the end
came swiftly.
So the Class has lost its brightest star, and Neil Kennedy's wit and
gay humour will come no more to lighten our ever-saddening reunions.
He lies now in a quiet kirkyard of his native Sutherland. The little
delicate lad who left there in 1 868 has returned after fifty years, " his
task accomplished and the long day done ". Who of us all will dare
to grudge his eager spirit its wider freedom, or his mortal remains their
quiet rest by the green hills of home ?
P. J. ANDERSON.
(Edinburgh, 1873- 1900, 1908-18.)
* From the foregoing appreciation it will be readily believed that
Neil Kennedy in 1877 came to the Scottish Bar with a unique apparatus
of scholarship and the highest reputation among his fellows for wide
erudition. This reputation was based not only on his Aberdeen
career, but also on his course through Edinburgh University, where
he was first in Public Law, in Civil Law, and in Constitutional Law
and History, and obtained the valuable Grierson Bursary, conferred
on the law student of the day who was most distinguished in Latin,
Moral Philosophy, and Logic. I suppose that in recent years he was
the only intrant who could have undertaken a real disputation in
Latin on a Latin thesis concerning a passage in the "Pandects,"
instead of the sham ceremony in which the old custom ignomini-
ously survives. In spite of this handicap of various learning he
had a few sincere admirers among solicitors — those lion's providers
— and he speedily won the respect of the Bench, though he some-
times perplexed it sorely with far-flung arguments that recalled the
philosophic style of Lord Stair rather than the severely practical modes
of George Joseph Bell. But his practice, owing largely to weak health,
never was very extensive. Of notable cases in which he was counsel,
he used to refer with special gusto to the case of the pet lamb, in
which a republican engrosser of deer foi-ests attempted to check the
214 Aberdeen University Review
so-called trespass of a cottar's favourite for a few yards into a Highland
preserve. There was temper on both sides ; the evidence was amus-
ing ; and Mr. Murray (now Lord Dunedin) and Kennedy brought off
the cottar with flying colours.
It was plain, however, both to his friends and himself, that his state
of health and the bias of his mind pointed towards the less contentious
career of a teacher of Law. It was scarcely a disappointment to him
that in 1889 of the two aspirants for the Chair of Civil Law in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh sent up by the Faculty of Advocates to the
Curators of Patronage, his senior, Mr. Goudy, now the distinguished
Regius Professor of Roman Law in the University of Oxford, was
preferred. His consolation on a similar occasion four years later was
that his competitor could vouch an excellent treatise on part of the
subject of the Chair, while his own claims rested on less tangible evid-
ence. Then, in 1895, came the episode — for it was destined to be
nothing more — of his candidature for the representation of Inverness-
shire in Parliament. By name and kith and fame he was a power in
the Highlands. He had addressed one or two meetings before the
campaign began ; but his election address had to be dictated from a
sick-bed, and he was not afoot again till after the poll. It is as certain
as anything can be in politics that, if he had been to the fore, he would
have succeeded. As it was, " his name nigh won the field". His
appointment to the Lectureship in Edinburgh University on that most
fascinating department in modern law. Private International Law, was
a fitting prelude to the Aberdeen professorship, of which Mr. Anderson
has written above.
On Kennedy's return to Edinburgh, he for about five years worked
hard and successfully as Sheriff of Renfrewshire and Bute, and as the
successor of Sir David Brand in the Chair of the Crofters Commission.
Then came the extension of crofterism to the whole of Scotland
in 191 1. Kennedy was amused, when it was pointed out how the
ancient Gallowegian jurisdiction of his family had been extended, as
thus : —
'Twixt Maidenkirk and John o' Groats,
'Twixt Rattray Head and Mingalee,
Nae man need think for to bide there,
Except he court wi' Kennedie.
The statute was badly drawn and in Parliament further bungled ;
there should have been a consolidating and amending Act repealing
Lord Kennedy 215
the earlier statutes. The task of the new Land Court, and especially
of its Chairman — now Lord Kennedy, with the same rank and tenure
of office as a judge of the Court of Session — was of great delicacy
and difficulty. It was and is not a Court in the narrower sense.
It is really a statutory roving Commission, whose chief duty is to
value and re-value small agricultural holdings, and it has to report
annually its doings — and its animadversions — in a Blue-Book. Its
own view of its genesis and task was avowed in the following
words : —
The Landholders Acts — indeed, the great body of statutes dealing with
the relation of landlord and tenant from 1449 to 1911 — have been expressly
framed for the purpose of making material changes in the powers and rights
of landlords, for the benefit of tenants and particularly the class of small
tenants. Those statutes, and particularly the Landholders Acts, are, in the
view of the Legislature, remedial statutes, and therefore, in cases of doubt,
should be interpreted so as to carry out their spirit and intention.
The maxim Est boni judicis ampliare jurisdictionem arose at a time
when a judge's living depended on the fees and fines he could exact,
but it survives in these latter days ; and no better example could be
found than in the practice of a Court holding, with something more
than plausibility, the above views of its task. Assuming these views
to be sound, no one fitted to give an opinion will gainsay that Lord
Kennedy's treatment of many difficult problems in his elaborate judg-
ments betray the hand of a master, of one who brings great reasoning
power to bear on a profound knowledge of the land laws and customs
of Scotland. That the work of the Land Court and the Board of
Agriculture for Scotland should come in for criticism in the Court of
Session and in the press was inevitable ; that the ability shown by
both of these bodies, in administering a system of enforced interference
with contract has been conspicuous, is also true.
In this hour of separation one forgets these controversies and re-
calls the delightful and genial companion, the brilliant talker on a
very wide range of subjects, the orator of after-dinner speech delivered
more celtico et rustico, the devoted husband and brother whose devotion
was amply returned, and, above all, the constant friend.
JOHN RANKINE.
Rewards.
You, who wait on the Lord,
You, who pray for a prize.
You who claim a reward,
Have you nor ears nor eyes ?
Have you nor hands nor feet ?
Have you nor wife nor son?
If greater reward be meet,
What have you said or done
To merit a greater grace?
O, you have kept from sin, —
Kept from the tight embrace
Of the devil's snare and gin.
Your deeds had a righteous shape
Yet they were not done well ;
You did them but to escape
From the pangs and pains of Hell.
And were ready to leave a wife
Or a son or a friend behind.
And take the eternal life
To your own dear soul assigned.
Not Love, not Love, was the root
And the source of your noble deeds ;
Love has its own sweet fruit,
Never reward it needs.
Love could never agree
To the creed you hold as true —
A hell for such as me,
A heaven for such as you.
Rewards 217
The only hell I wot
Is such a creed to hold ;
And such hell is not hot,
But narrow, and mean, and cold.
Reward 1 You have life and limb,
You have heart, and brain, and breath.
And soon when your eyes grow dim
You will have the repose of death.
Best let rewards alone.
Sir Benjamin Pharisee,
And pray that mercy be shown
To sinners like you and me !
RONALD CAMPBELL MACFIE.
Lectures at the Front.
iN the winter of 191 6-17 the War Office gave its
sanction to a scheme of lectures for the troops in
France. G.H.Q. undertook to provide short-
period passes and laid upon the willing shoulders
of the Y.M.C.A. the task of enlisting suitable
lecturers. The experiment reaped a large harvest
of success, though the field of action was restricted
to the bases. It was resolved to put the scheme into operation again
in the winter and spring months of 191 7- 18, and, after negotiations
between the Y.M.C.A. and G.H.Q., the latter agreed to extend the area
to the actual fighting front. In December I received an invitation
from headquarters to visit France as a lecturer. My colleagues gave
the proposal their blessing and sanction ; Bedford Square and its many
authorities, military and consular, provided me with passport, a pass
to G.H.Q. , a brassard, and Y.M.C.A. brooch; and on Monday, 4
March, the officers' leave train whirled me comfortably to Folkestone,
an infrequent civilian in a body militant en route to France, Salonika,.
Italy, and distant Mesopotamia, blas6 Staff-Officers to whom the whole
experience was patently familiar, young subalterns fired with the im-
minence of a great adventure, nurses, and the higher ranks of other
feminine units of the British armies.
At Folkestone the Navy took us under its protection, escorted us
to Boulogne, and returned to continue its never-ceasing vigil of the
narrow seas. My White Paper and its magic words "G.H.Q." freed
me from the indelicate curiosity of the Customs. Mr. Thomas Atkins
was already in control and helpful, and after a brief inquisition of pass-
ports, I and my colleagues, Sir George Paish, Sir Harry Reichel, and
Mr. McGegan, of the Ministry of Labour, were welcomed at the Hotel
du Bras d'Or, the rest-house or headquarters of the Y.M.C.A. in
Boulogne. I counted it of good augury to find there a friendly and
familiar face whose owner was a vigorous member of the old " Choral "
in the distant days when we met in the Botany Classroom.
Lectures at the Front 219
So far, our particular destination had not been revealed to us. On
the morning after our arrival, however, we were summoned, first, to
meet Major from G.H.Q., who came down for the purpose, and,
secondly, to receive instructions from Mr. John Baillie, familiar to
Edinburgh students, and at present in control of the lecture scheme at
Y.M.C.A. Headquarters at Abbeville. Major , a young man pro-
bably half the age of the youngest among his audience, managed, with
great tact, to convey the fact, without stating it, that we must mind
our p's]and q's, that G.H.Q. had its eye upon us unblinkingly, and
would'pack us homeward with no compunction if we infringed the
rules of conduct imparted to us by our mentor. Then the Y.M.C.A.
advised^us from another, and sometimes challenging, angle, but also
conveyed the impression that we were to work under the observation
of a never-slumbering eye. The two interviews raised a picture of im-
minent unknown and unimagined experiences. However, I received
my marching orders, at length. First to proceed to Etaples till the
1 1 th ; thence to the front of the IVth Army ; and thereafter to visit
the Americans. Sir Harry Reichel was whisked off forthwith to the
Ypres region ; Sir George Paish and Mr. McGegan proceeded to
Abbeville; and at 3.30 that afternoon a very deliberate and crowded
train, which appeared to carry British and Americans only, dropped
me at I Etaples.
THE Y.M.C.A. ORGANIZATION.
Etaples (Eat-apples, or Etaps, Mr. Thomas Atkins calls it) is
familiar as the railway terminus for Paris-Plage, to which it passes on
the passenger by a tramway that winds through the famous Forest
of Le Touquet and its golf-course. But the war has created a new
Etaples of wider dimensions than the old fishing village on the
Canche. It spreads itself eastward of the railway to the height of the
silvery sand-dunes which rise from the river. It expands northward
along the main road to Boulogne, a city of hospitals in that direction,
with its pathetic suburb, the Military Cemetery ; a huge encampment,
this city of huts, tents, canteens, barbed-wire compounds, dumping
grounds of incredible mountains of tin cans, Y.M.C.A. Huts, Church
Army Huts, Chinese coolie compounds, motor traction yards. Red Cross
details, and, high above them all, on the hill-top as you breast the
Tipperary Road, that thronging thoroughfare, the hospitals and conval-
escent camps. To pass through new Etaples at nightfall, under a
2 20 Aberdeen University Review
brilliant star-lit sky, amid a medley of noises, the thump — thump —
thump of feet at a dance in the W.AA.C. Hut, rollicking choruses
from every canteen, the deep notes of an organ and swelling voices,
male and female, in a hymn from the Church Army Hut, the laughter
from dimly-lit tents, the busy traffic up and down the Tipperary
Road of men of every race and every clime in Britain's far-flung
dominion, and from every quarter, now close at hand, now distant, the
challenge of the "Last Post" ringing out — the scene and the experi-
ence were vastly impressive to a civilian suddenly transported to the
threshold of war.
To the welfare, moral and physical, of this city of thousands, not
to speak of many outlying camps within a ten-mile radius, the
Y.M.C.A. and its organization are devoted. " If God did not exist,"
said the first Napoleon — in whose lodgings of 1803, by the way, I was
housed — "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to create Him."
One has the same impression of the Y.M.C.A. after viewing, and to
some extent participating in, its activities in France. There is an im-
pression on this side that it merely provides hot cocoa and writing-
paper for the casual caller, and improves the opportunity with the
casual tract. I saw the organization at work at the base, at several
places between the base and the front, and at the front itself, and I
am convinced that the Y.M.C.A. is among the vital forces which are
strengthening our men to win the war. I have no doubt that the
Church Army is doing equally fine work. But I did not happen to
come into contact with more than a few of its huts, and, to the best of
my knowledge, certain most useful functions the Y.M.C.A. fulfils
exclusively.
I wish I could print the "Programme of the Staples Y.M.C.A.
Administrative District for the week ending Saturday, 9 March " . It
schedules, one under the other, twenty-one huts, many of them some
miles distant, "Gordon," "Murray," "Tynemouth," and so forth.
Each hut has its own calendar for the week. None of them is neg-
lected, and most of them have a full programme for each night.
Let us take the " Murray " Hut, close by the hospitals at the top of the
Tipperary Road. On Sunday, as in all the huts, a service is conducted
by the Hut Leader or a Y.M.C.A. Chaplain. On Monday Mr. Berry
lectures at 6.30 — the favourite hour — on "Men and Women," a talk
on sex relationship very helpful and impressive, as I was informed on
all hands. On Tuesday an acting party descends on the hut — quite
Lectures at the Front 22 1
a chapter could be written on the hut stages and scenery ! — and pro-
vides an hour-and-a-half's jollity to a house where all are welcome
and seats are free. On Wednesday Mile. Goblet d'Alviella, whose
father was one of our honoured guests at the Quatercentenary, gives
a simple but intensely moving account of German rule in Belgium,
whence she had recently escaped. On Thursday there is a Cinema
entertainment — the Cinema is ubiquitous and at the front the Army's
one and unfailing entertainer. On Friday an orchestra is provided, a
few fiddles, a cornet, flute, clarionet, and piano — a band of quite pro-
fessional excellence. And on Saturday Mr. Perkins, a Congregation-
alist minister, attached permanently to the Staples Y.M.C.A., is
announced to lecture on one of the hundred topics at his command.
HUTS AND WORKERS.
That is the record of a single hut for a single week. Multiply it
twenty-fold. Bear in mind that the direction, maintenance, and trans-
port of this service rests exclusively upon the local Y.M.C.A., and the
measure of its activities within a single one of its administrative areas
becomes apparent.
But the full tale is not told. In Etaples itself are many establish-
ments maintained for the comfort of officers and men and of Y.M.C.A.
workers. There is the Headquarters building in the Rue de Rivage,
into which you may go and get help on any matter, however trivial,
however vital. There is the Garage, where the large transport in use
is housed and doctored, where you shall find the jolliest and most ex-
pert of lady drivers, who know every road in France within a fifty-
mile radius and drive you with a skill and assurance unsurpassable.
And round the corner you may drop into an enticing lending library
and find something to suit your taste and nothing to offend it. Or
you may look into a sort of Amen Corner establishment, feeder of the
canteen or hut libraries throughout the area. Again, within the little
Square, hard by the Mairie, stands a comfortable building open to all,
where Mr. Atkins can read his paper, write his letters, quench his
(non-alcoholic) thirst, and pile up an incredible score of cannons on
tiny pocketless French billiard tables. Hard by is similar accommo-
dation for officers. Close at hand, too, is an establishment whose
popularity grows daily. From its bakery not only issue buns and
confectionery of most tempting quality, oozing with liberal jam, but
it parades, in an outer room, appetizing tables daintily appointed,
222 Aberdeen University Review
whereon Mr. Atkins can be served with tea, chocolate, and their solid
companions, a second room where the W.A.A.C. find similar hospi-
tality, and yet a third where Mr. Atkins may treat his W.A.AC. or
Miss W.A.A.C. may entertain her Thomas Atkins — all as jolly, frank,
and natural as you please. Lastly, among these Etaples institutions
is the Workers' Mess, or Maison Dacquet, a hut built within the court-
yard of what once was a doctor's house. Here the permanent workers
in these many institutions, as well as fugitive visitors, like myself, men
and women, meet at a bountiful table for breakfast, mid-day dinner,
tea, and a late supper at nine when the day's varied tasks are over.
I should like those whom I met there to have written a bare
sketch of their own contribution to the day's record. I think none of
them was ever idle. All of them were in daily and helpful contact
with the men. Most of the ladies were running classes in French and
other subjects. And I cannot omit to mention one little band of
splendid enthusiasts who had formed classes in the camps to teach
the old Morris Dances of Elizabethan England. I shall never forget
an evening spent in a Canadian hut where a dozen clean-limbed
youths and as many English girls danced the old dances to an ad-
miring roomful of Colonials. The war, in God's good time, will be
over. But I think that round those eager dancers and their happy
relationship was an atmosphere which will not be dispelled.
And there are the " Relatives " . For the Y.M.C.A. undertakes
to receive, house, and transport the anxious ones whom the Army
summons from home to visit their dear ones stricken in the fight.
It provides for them a luxurious villa, " Les Iris," in Le Touquet
Forest, and yet another hostel in Etaples itself, over which Lady
Cooper presides. A wonderful organization, truly, keenly alive, with its
whole heart in its work, free from the rather namby-pamby sentimen-
talism which not infrequently obtrudes itself in the work on this side,
and controlled by a prince of Leaders, Mr. Adam Scott, the Father of a
Happy Family, than which I never expect to find a pleasanter and
more united.
PERSONAL EXPERIENCES.
I say little of my own experiences in this active organization.
Every afternoon or evening " Archie " — a rather refractory auto, of
uncertain and " cranky " temper — or some other car whisked me off
to my " pitch " for the evening. Sometimes I was not expected.
Lectures at the Front 223
Once I intervened between an expectant audience and a much-an-
ticipated boxing-match. Once the announcement faced me, as I drove
up to my hut, " To-night at 6.30 the Electric Spark ! Come early and
keep smiling." Colonels wrestled heavily with an unfamiliar name
and introduced " Mr. Stamford Trigg," " Professor Samuel Sherry,"
and other fictitious gentlemen, who sprang to their feet at the sum-
mons. One's lecturing " effects " — in my case an acetylene lantern —
also created complications. Its arrival not infrequently had not been
foreseen, and the lecturer and his audience got on friendly terms
before the lecture began in mutual endeavours to nail up the lantern-
sheet, darken the windows with blankets rifled from the nearest sleep-
ing-bunks, and coax the gas container to perform its preliminary and
essential bubblings. Sometimes these preliminaries were unduly pro-
longed, and a patient audience sat expectant in darkness, consoling it-
self with songs of lugubrious and pessimistic import — " Take me home
to Blighty " was a favourite. But there was never any doubt that
the men welcomed the lectures. There was no compulsion upon them
to come in, and once in there was no compulsion upon them to stay.
Yet they did both, and did them heartily. Every man smoked like a
furnace ; the windows necessarily were closed ; the heat and atmos-
phere were Stygian — 1 borrowed a habit from the old orchestral re-
hearsals in the Examination Hall and tore an oppressive coat from
my shoulders — and the audience coughed loud and heartily. Not
the cough of inattention, mind you, but the demonstration of men
rejoicing in a local infirmity and extracting every ounce of satisfac-
tion from it. To pause during the explosions was useless ; the
audience merely welcomed the calm to assert itself more vigorously.
At first I made a sort of pulpit of biscuit tins and boxes and de-
claimed from it. Occasionally, concealed behind a curtain on a real
stage, I was suddenly revealed to the audience in a blaze of footlights,
and, on one memorable evening, emerged to the strains of " A Life on
the Ocean Wave " from the orchestra, for my topic was nautical. But
these accessories were infrequent, and at the front I abandoned all
attempts at formality, walked up and down the gangway, if there was
one, and expounded my charts and diagrams with such derelict pieces
of furniture as the surroundings afforded. At the front, where in-
frequent lectures are almost the only relief from the nightly Cinema,
the lecturer was particularly welcome, the audiences contained a large
number of officers, and not infrequently divisional G.O.C.'s and their
224 Aberdeen University Review
staffs. I kept a careful record of each lecture, and find that during
my visit I addressed nearly 10,000 people, lecturing invariably once,
often twice, and on one occasion three times a day at huts widely
apart.
JOURNEY TO THE FRONT.
On 12 March, nine days before the Germans launched their
offensive, I said good-bye very regretfully to Etaples, reported myself
to Headquarters at Abbeville a few hours later, and by midday was
en route for the front in a powerful motor-car and with a welcome com-
panion, Professor Hugh Mackintosh, sometime minister of Beech-
grove U.F. Church, and now Professor of Systematic Theology in
Edinburgh U.F. College. Our road took us through picturesque
St. Riquier, Fr6vent, St. Pol, and, leaving B6thune on our right,
touched Aire, where Professor Mackintosh left me to attend a chap-
lains' meeting. Crossing the Lys, a name soon to become poig-
nantly familiar, we passed through Hazebrouck, whose shell-battered
houses told us that at length we were in range of the guns, and so
through Steenfoorde and across the frontier into stricken Belgium. By
four o'clock I was in Poperinghe, beside its battered churches and
shell-desecrated graveyard, and billeted in one of its windowless
houses.
For five hours I had been following one of the innumerable lines of
communication between the British armies at the front and their bases
on the sea. Never for a moment was khaki out of one's sight. Miles
of transport, motor-lorries, caterpillars, converted London buses
sombrely painted, pontoons, all inactive and orderly at the roadside,
stood quiescent for the moment as if drawn up for review. Every
town and village housed its thousands or its hundreds of the same
pervading uniform. Camps, tents, and huts were pitched in the fields
close to the roadways. Signboards directing to this or that unit faced
one on every hand, and at every point where roads intersected, or
traffic needed direction, Mr. Thomas Atkins controlled the current
with the efficient nonchalance of a London policeman, rapping out
distances in kilometres as if he had never heard the word "mile".
Somehow or other I had never pictured such an organization, such a
wholesale occupation of the soil of France, from sea to fighting-front,
as my journey revealed. Nor could I have believed, had I not seen
it, the perfect cordiality and mutual confidence between ourselves and
Lectures at the Front 225
our allies which permits it. By nature the French are courtly, and
in daily contact with them our men reveal themselves gentlemen in the
truest sense of the word.
Poperinghe lay — one fears it has been sucked into the vortex of
desolation — on the fringe of the war-scarred area. Eastward of it lies
the country over which a " contemptible " army fought an epic fight
against odds in 1914 and pinned down the German eastward and out
of Ypres. From it a straight road, poplar-fringed, runs through
Vlamertinghe to Ypres, whose ruined Cloth Hall Tower still domi-
nates the flat horizon. The brown fields are full of camps. The
ruin of war is on every hand. What once were populous villages
exist no longer, their churches, like themselves, are in ruins ; their
name, in large black letters upon a white ground on a tottering wall,
alone identifies habitations from which all traces of man's occupation
long since have been withdrawn. The once prosperous Flemish
farms are seen no longer ; the picturesque chateaux are in ruins — I saw
but one whose walls were standing, and it was burnt out. The
familiar landmarks of the map are obliterated. New names of our
own creation arrest one, on notice boards, and have official recognition,
by the Ordnance Department, on the map — Dead Man Farm,
Malakofif Farm, Ulm Farm, Arrival Farm, White Hope Corner,
Salvation Comer, Hell Corner, and so forth.
SCENES AT AND AROUND YPRES.
Ypres, as you enter it across the moat, must surely be a city of Tro-
glodytes. Dug-outs pierce its banks, from which springs no herbage
to relieve a picture of almost loathsome ruin. The city itself, which
lately throbbed with the life of 20,000 people, is to-day a ruined shell
of bricks and rubble. Not one house stands intact, and most are shot
down to their very foundations, so that you may stand before what
was once a four-storeyed house and see nought of it but a yawning
cellar. The shells of the Cloth Hall and Cathedral stare at you as
irretrievably in ruins as Elgin Cathedral or Arbroath Abbey, looking
out upon what once was the busy and prosperous Grande Place and is
now an outline in rubble. General , who acted as my guide, found
it impossible to point out even the site of a well-known restaurant on
the Place much frequented by English officers in 1914-15.
Beyond Ypres the prospect is even more terrible. As far as the
eye can see to the east, north, and south, nothing is visible but mon-
15
2 26 Aberdeen University Review
otonous desolation. Not a habitable, not even the wreck of a habitable,
dwelling is to be seen over the whole landscape. Certain spots are
still notice-marked as the locality of a farm, but of buildings not a
stone stands, save here and there the ruins of a "pill-box" . Forbid-
ding mud-huts and dug-outs, rubbish dumps, white ghosts of shell-
torn, gas-poisoned trees, a patch of graves here, a single grave there,
derelict tanks, shell-cases, duds, battery wires carried on rude poles or
half-buried in oozing mud, abandoned gun emplacements, trenches
fiercely assailed and held in the early days of the war, and, for the
rest, an unrelieved expanse of tortured brown mud, so thickly and so
deeply seamed with shell-pits, foul with oozing green slime and con-
cealing who knows what horrors beneath, that it is possible to traverse
this No Man's Land only along tortuous and narrow duck-boards
which skirt their treacherous edges.
It was my good fortune to enter this section of the front on
the eve of the German offensive, and on the night of the 2ist March,
when the offensive began, the gunfire, even on our (then) quiet sector,
was terrific, a ceaseless and dull roar from hundreds of metal throats,
tearing a sky shot brilliantly with gun flashes as though lit up by the
aurora borealis. The German artillery busily searched the roads,
camps, and sidings behind our line, and Poperinghe and the whole area
of my peregrinations were under shell-fire. My programme, therefore,
was liable to sudden alterations. At Vlamertinghe my lecture " pitch "
was blown to bits. At Dranoutre my hut met the same fate, while
the recall of troops from another advanced camp deprived me of a third
audience. Invariably the evening hours found the Bosche artillery or
his planes in lively mood. But provided his shells were not " dead
on " the hut, no one regarded them. On two occasions, I confess,
they were too near to be pleasant, and the utter imperturbability of
my audience alone convinced me that it was fitting to "carry on".
In point of fact, if one is even a small space from the enemy's target
one soon becomes indifferent, from a conviction of, at least relative,
safety. At Bailleul, I remember, we sat out on a beautiful spring day
in the Asylum grounds under the roar of " whizz-bangs " overhead
watching buildings crashing to the ground a couple of hundred yards
distant. But at night the sensation is rather eerie ; the H.V. shells
scream over-head and a heavy fall of masonry seems to precede the
horrid scrunch of their impact. I was told that even a small planta-
tion of stunted and limbless trees emits murmurs and tremblings under
f
Lectures at the Front 227
the same cause. Certainly " Rubber-heeled Robert " is not a pleasant
nocturnal visitor, and dislike to him is not mitigated by the fact that
if you hear his whistle overhead you may count yourself secure.
THE " HANDY MAN " IN THE ARMY.
I have said already that at the front the officers showed themselves
sympathetic to the lectures in the most practical way — by attending them.
My own lectures were given in darkness and forbade note-taking.
But on two occasions, when I was free to attend the addresses of other
lecturers, I was struck by the number of officers, often of high rank,
who had come provided with notebooks in order that they might be
in a position to repeat the purport of the lecture elsewhere. Every-
where I found a welcome in the various messes, and visits to the H.Q.
of the Division and the Corps Commander of the Corps
linger particularly pleasantly in my memory. The latter invited me
to address his Staff after dinner and I did so in some trepidation.
Otherwise one's usual "pitches" were the Y.M.C.A. Huts filled with
men as they came off duty, tin-hatted, muddy, pressing round the
busy canteen, or seated at tables reading the home papers or writing
to wives and sweethearts. At Elverdinghe I found a perfectly
delicious " Theatre " awaiting me — the ruin of the old mill. Some
architectural genius had salved the roof of what may have been a
malting chamber. Sacks and canvas fashioned exits and entrances ;
rude benches had been nailed down to a rickety floor, and very wobbly
steps mounted to a dangerous and darksome " gallery," a portion of
which, distinguished by a diminutive Union Jack, was marked " Royal
Box" in rather uncertain letters. The stage was an object of pride to
its constructors, but a trap to the unwary, who were in danger of
diving from it into the pit of the shell that had wrecked the building.
Indeed, one could dilate upon the *' handy man," who seemed to
be ubiquitous in the Army. I saw chimney pieces built-up in messes
and other huts which one longed to transport to one's own hearth, par-
ticularly one near Bailleul with an ingle-nook, round which, I fear, if
it still stands, the Bosche now gathers. And why buy costly chairs
when the most comfortable can be knocked together out of wooden
boxes and sacking? What an excellent substitute for a bedroom jug
is a petrol tin perforated along the line of the handle ! And who needs
a chest of drawers who can reproduce the ingenious contrivances by
which the Army does without them ? or need buy picture-frames when
228 Aberdeen University Review
you can pin your picture to the wall and paint your frame round it,
shadows and all ? And the pictures ! Beauty smiles from the walls
of every hut, and I observed that the chaplains seemed to find inspira-
tion from feminine types of patent respectability but unconventional
attire.
Amid these unaccustomed conditions it was delightful to come into
contact with familiar names and persons. The son-in-law of one of
my neighbours in Pitfodels bore me off to his unit and a lecture
farther afield, much enlivened by the attentions of " Perishing Percy,"
an enemy visitor. One Sunday evening I spent near Ypres with Mr.
Rose, U.F. minister of Drumlithie, and took part in an impressive
service conducted by him, in which my lecture seemed to be substituted
for the sermon. On another occasion Mr. Robert V. Soutter, who
acted as interim Secretary to the University some years ago, made him-
self known to me after my lecture. And I have elsewhere recorded a
delightful evening spent with the Highland Field Ambulance
at Brandhoek, a body of (mainly) Aberdeen heroes who have been in
the thick of the fight, in Gallipoli, Egypt, on the Somme, and elsewhere.
Nor must I omit to record an interesting day spent at the Musketry
School of one of the Armies. Here I witnessed a competition between
rival platoons in the expeditious dispatch of the Bosche by rifle and
bayonet. Never have I heard such blood-curdling yells as those with
which each platoon flung itself upon straw-filled sacks and eviscerated
dummy Germans. Nor did I fail to remark the almost paternal
interest which an officer wearing the Gordon tartan took in these
terrifying demonstrations. He had calculated to a decimal, he as-
sured the inspecting Colonels, the effective value of those yells and
the amount of energy which it was permissible to divert to them from
bayonet work. His face beamed with enthusiasm and his whole
appearance bespoke a professional soldier who had devoted his mili-
tary career to this absorbing problem. Colonels hung breathless
upon his wisdom, and it was my chance intrusion alone that re-
vealed him as a Strichen schoolmaster four years ago. Major Holmes !
Here and now I take off" my hat to him.
A NIGHT AT BAILLEUL.
/
Had one foreseen the imminent future, with how much closer at-
tention would one have scanned the country that lies in the quadri-
lateral Poperinghe — Ypres — Messines — Bailleul. I passed daily over
i
Lectures at the Front 229
its already war-scarred roads and through its villages, ruined Dicke-
busch, Kemmel, and its wooded slopes, Reninghelst, La Clytte, and
Locre, whose picturesque Calvary fronts you from the west end of a
church already shell-stricken. How familiar too were the heights
westward towards Cassel, with their busy windmills atop of them, and
the Trappist Monastery upon Mont des Cats. And Bailleul, that
picturesque town, and its plucky women, children, and old men, "carry-
ing on " in the intervals of Fritz's bombardments, and its streets other-
wise busy with the traffic of our army. I spent my last night at the
front there and am not likely to forget it. Quelle nuit triste ! said
the plucky woman who called me. A Bosche plane overhead had
given his guns down Armenti^res way the range to a fraction. Shells
were dropping with precise regularity into the square, starting fires
visible from our billet as we sat at breakfast. The mess-waiter
levered into the room a mass of twisted metal, still almost red-hot,
which fell at the door of our house. Things were getting lively, and
the authorities ordered the civilian population to evacuate. In a pause
in the shelling we made our way through the town, following the black-
shawled women as they hurried along the deserted streets to join the
sad procession westwards towards Meteren and Cassel. A few hours
later I reached Boulogne, snatched a hasty lunch at the Bras d'Or, and
by three o'clock was on my way to Paris and what my directions
spoke of encouragingly as the American "armies". My experiences
with them make another story.
C. SANFORD TERRY.
Brenda's Way.
" Eheu ! fugacesy Posthume ! Posthume !
Labuntur anni."
And this is Brenda's path again ;
I'll foot it through the trees
And climb, as I did long ago,
Up to the open leas,
And lie upon the scented grass,
Swept by the summer breeze.
I'll lie upon the flowjry turf,
While memory backward throws
Its glance o'er twenty summers' heats
And twenty winters' snows
To her who had the lily's heart,
The beauty of the rose.
The brown roofs and the steepled kirks
Lie spread beneath my feet,
The gardens and the theatre.
And many a quaint old street —
All whispering of a long lost joy,
The sweetest of the sweet.
How often through the waving fields.
Green with the springing corn,
We wandered with our hearts aglow
With passion newly born.
And life spread out before us two
Resplendent like the morn.
Brenda's Way 231
And when the summer mcxjn rode high,
And there was ne'er a cloud,
And silence steeped the dusky woods,
Enwrapp'd as with a shroud,
How often did we listen to
The night bird singing loud.
His liquid notes of melody
While on some spray he swung,
No nightingale has since those days
So rapturously sung,
As did the bird upon whose lay
In sympathy we hung.
The moon may shine on Brenda's vale,
The twin hills gild with light,
Lovers still wander through the corn
Their mutual troth to plight.
But we by sundering fate's decree
Shall never re-unite.
Yet, if there be enshrined within
My sacrament of pain
Some unsuspected good concealed.
Some compensating gain,
I'll hope sometime, somewhere, somehow.
For sunshine after rain.
The waning day is failing fast.
The birds are very still,
The quiet stars are peeping out,
The evening wind is chill :
'Tis time to go, and swiftly trace
The pathway down the hill.
R. [M.A., Aberd.]
The Principars Itinerary in the United States.
Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., 27th May, igiS.
Dear Mr. Anderson,
As I am completing the principal part of my work in this country,
it is a good occasion to fulfil my promise to you of some lines for the Review.
Our voyage to America was through the finest weather I have ever found
on the Atlantic in spring. We had but one rough day out of the eight that
we were at sea. Nor after our escort left us was there any exciting incident
beyond that of our being stopped for an hour or two very early one morning
by a friendly cruiser, which had failed to identify our ship, because she
happened on this voyage to carry one mast less than her usual number.
This was a fine proof of how thoroughly the ocean is policed. We got in
some thirty-six hours earlier thin we were expected, and that spared us the
official reception planned for me and gave us two quiet days before I began
work. Then the reporters descended upon us in a flock, but the battery of
their cameras and questions was less formidable than I had feared.
In New York I gave five addresses in three days — one at Union Theo-
logical Seminary to about 400 persons ; one in the Yale Club to a gathering
of representative citizens who had gathered to meet me at dinner ; one to
600 or 700 business men and ministers at luncheon, after which I had the
pleasure of hearing an address from Mr. Morgenthau, formerly U.S. Am-
bassador at Constantinople; and two at public meetings of about 500 and
1250. I found the strain of these adventures in New York the hardest of
my tour, for I had to discover the atmosphere prevailing in the country
under War and the angle at which I should address an American audience.
On 5 th April we went to Philadelphia, and I had a week-end of six
addresses — a luncheon party of business men and ministers ; a large public
meeting of 2500 or 2700, at which the chairman was Dr. Edgar Fahs Smith,
Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, who reminded the audience that
their University was organized by its first Provost, Dr. William Smith, of
King's College, Aberdeen ; another luncheon of business men, presided over
by Mr. Gribbell, who restored the Burns MSS. to Scotland, at which I was
asked to tell what the Scottish cities had contributed to our last Government
Loan ; and three sermons on the Sunday to congregations in St. Stephen's
Episcopal Church of 1200, in the Calvary Presbyterian Church of some 1400,
and at Bryn Mawr College (Quaker) of about 1000.
On Monday 8th we had two large meetings at Washington ; on the 9th
two at Pittsburg (including one of 3500 in the evening) ; on the loth three
at Columbus ; and on the nth three at Cincinnati. After a week-end in the
The Principal's Itinerary in the United States 233
East in order to take part in the funeral service of an old friend, we resumed
our tour at St. Louis on the 17th with three meetings, and next day two at
Kansas City, and then five at Denver, Colorado, on the 19th and 20th.
All these were of much the same character — meetings of from 200 to 400 of
ministers or business men, and public meetings from 1000 to 2000 in size.
For the most part we travelled by night.
From Denver we came back in forty-five hours to Detroit, where we had
two meetings ; Buffalo, where we had three ; and Cleveland, with a week-end
of five meetings, one of nearly 3000. Then to Boston, to a gathering of
some 600, and — in the evening — one of our largest public meetings in the
Symphony Hall of nearly 3000, numbers, as we were told, being turned away
after the hall was full. While I was at the afternoon meeting here, a message
came from the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Massachusetts
Legislature that the House desired to hear me, and I had the great honour
of addressing it, from beside the Speaker's Chair, and of being received
afterwards by the Governor of the State. Next day we had the usual two
meetings in Portland, Maine, and the day after three ,at Providence, Rhode
Island.
The 5th and 6th of May I spent at Cornell University and gave three
addresses, and then had some rest till the next week-end at Mount Holyoke
and Smith Colleges for Women ; with two meetings at Newhaven — one in
the Woolsey Hall of Yale University. The next day I had an address at
the inauguration of President MacGiffart at Union and the next one at
Columbia University.
On the 1 7th I lectured at Rutgers College, New Jersey, and went on to
Philadelphia in the afternoon, to the close of a great Convention there at-
tended by thousands of delegates from all parts of the country. This was
gathered by the League to Enforce Peace, which is using all its strength to
inform public opinion in America on the Moral Aims common to the Allies
and to support the policy of the President. Ex-President Taft is Chairman
of the League and presided over the sessions of the Convention, which lasted
for two days. Addresses were delivered by a number of the most prominent
men in the United States, and but one note was struck throughout all the
proceedings — the duty of America to assist the Allies in winning the war as
the only way to Freedom and Peace for the world. Simultaneously and with
the same purpose, there was a meeting of the Governors of all the States or
their representatives, over which also Mr. Taft presided. The British and
French Ambassadors were invited to speak at the closing banquet on the
Friday evening, but as Lord Reading was unable to attend, I was suddenly
summoned to speak for Great Britain. So numerous were the applications
for seats that two banquets were held in different halls ; and, after speaking
at one, Mr. Taft, M. Jusserand, and I went to the other and spoke again
there. It was after midnight before these large and enthusiastic gatherings,
representative of every part of the Union, came to a close.
On Saturday, i8th May, I travelled to Rochester, New York State, where
I preached on the Sunday and addressed a meeting of men, and then by
night went on to Columbus, to the meeting of the General Assembly of the
U.S.A., to which I delivered the letter entrusted to me by the March Com-
mission of the United Free Church of Scotland, and gave an address. I had
also the great pleasure of speaking to 550 cadets of the U.S. Aviation Corps
on their evening parade in the campus of the State University of Ohio, the
234 Aberdeen University Review
guest of whose President I was for the day; and in the evening I gave a third
address at the General Assembly's meeting in connection with their missions
to negroes. At this I heard three fine, patriotic speeches from negro pastors
of the Presbyterian Church.
That night I went on to Oberlin, Ohio, and delivered three addresses
there — two in the beautiful chapel of Oberlin College. I had to return to
New York for two days on the business of the National Committee, and came
here to preach yesterday before Harvard University and in the Old South
Church, Boston. I conclude this part of my work by an address in Boston
to-night, one at WcUesley College, and one at Dorchester to-morrow, and one
in New York on Thursday the 30th.
Such is a hurried account of my mission these two months. I have
seldom spoken alone, but have generally had one colleague and sometimes
two. These have differed from place to place. My most frequent comrades
have been President Henry Churchhill King, of Oberlin College ; the Hon.
Theodore Marburg, formerly U.S. Minister to Belgium ; and Dr. Nehemiah
Boynton, of Brooklyn, Chaplain in the U.S. Navy. But I also have had the
great privilege of speaking with Ex-President Taft at Cleveland and in Phila-
delphia, President Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, the Hon. Mr. Morgenthau,
formerly U.S. Minister to Turkey ; Dr. Frederick Lynch, Colonel Azan of
the French Army, now military instructor at Harvard; Mr. Houston,
Treasurer of the League to Enforce Peace; Mr. Foulke of Indiana, Rev.
Dr. Merrill of New York, and Dean Brown of Yale University.
Our reception has everywhere been most cordial, not less so in centres of
German population like Cincinnati and St. Louis than elsewhere; and as
cordial in the Middle West as in the New England States. I have seen
nothing but enthusiasm for the cause of the Allies and a determination that
America shall use all her resources of men and money in its support. I take
my proofs for this not only from the conferences and mass meetings at which
I have spoken and heard representative Americans speak in the many large
cities which I have already named, but from the newspapers of every district
visited and from the multitude of conversations I have had with business and
professional men on the railway-cars and in hotels and Universities and
private houses. I have listened to scores of conversations in the smoking-
compartments of the trains, without the speakers knowing who I was or what
country I represented. Never once have I heard anything but what proved
that the American people are as practically unanimous as ourselves in their
convictions of the justice of our cause, and of the fatal effects to civilization
if German arms and German ideas were allowed to prevail. Everything I
have seen testifies that these enthusiastic convictions are inspiring the Govern-
ment and the people to a whole-hearted application of the immense resources
of the country to the creation and equipment of a great army. The colossal
freight-trains, travelling eastward, laden with coal, timber, food, and munitions,
and taking precedence of other traffic ; the enlistment of the leading business
men of the nation in the direction of departments of the Government con-
cerned with the making of munitions and the supply of food to the Allies ;
the sight of the shipbuilding yards, munition-factories, of huge camps and of
the hosts of University students in khaki ; the menus in hotels which are all
" wheatless " all demonstrate the same thing, as do also the results of the
Third Liberty Loan and the Second (?) Red Cross Drive that have exceeded
The PrincipaPs Itinerary in the United States 235
all forecasts. (I have no doubt the figures have been already telegraphed to
Great Britain.)
Perhaps the most interesting spectacle I have witnessed has been that of
" Italian Day " in New York — the anniversary of Italy's entrance into the War.
Fifth Avenue was lined for most of its great length by a crowd four or five
deep of Italian citizens of the United States, waving the Italian colours, their
children seated at their feet on the kerb of the pavement. I shall never for-
get the sight of these olive Latin and Tuscan faces crowding these Western
pavements. Above them the windows were gay with the flags of all the other
Allies. I have never walked up Fifth Avenue without counting at least two
or three specimens of the Union Jack and the French Tricolor to every blocks
I cannot do justice to the wonderful change of feeling towards Great Britain,
which forms for me the greatest contrast between my previous visits to the
States and this visit. They are enthusiastically with us, and fully appreciative
of the sacrifices of Great Britain and France to the cause which is as much
theirs as ours. I heard Mr. Taft express the debt of America to Great
Britain, and say he felt that America could never repay it. His is the greatest
personality I have encountered on this side, and all his strength is being
devoted to stirring his people to help to win the war.
My own duty has been twofold — to tell what Great Britain has done and
suffered since the war was forced on us, and to enforce the moral aims of our
warfare from the British point of view. The American public have always
been well-informed of what the British and French Arms have achieved in
France, but there was need to remind them that that has been only one of the
six or seven fronts of our war, and to tell them what the British people have
done at home in raising men, munitions, and money, and what the war has
cost us in men and money. It will interest my fellow-citizens in Aberdeen
that, when I have told — as I have done frequently — that, with a population
of little over 160,000, Aberdeen, with the help of the country districts, raised
in five days twelve-and-a-half- million of dollars, that fact has never failed to
astonish and gratify my audiences.
I have already written too long a letter and must leave many interesting
matters over till my return. In spite of our strenuous days, and the fact that
we have spent as many nights in trains as in hotels and private houses, my
daughter and I have stood the strain far better than I feared when I first saw
the programme drawn up for me by the Committee.
In visiting so many of the Universities, I have been able to learn much
that I hope will be of use to our own.
I had the pleasure of meeting Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Carnegie in their
New York house on two occasions. His health is wonderful after his recent
illness, and they both sent very cordial greetings to their friends in Aberdeen
University and City. At the close of nearly every meeting I have had ta
shake hands with numbers of men and women from Aberdeen and other
parts of Scotland. They are everywhere, and nearly always to the front.
Yours sincerely,
GEORGE ADAM SMITH.
P. J. Anderson, Esq.
Professor Trail's Address at the Graduation.
(22 March, 1918.)
■jT the Spring Graduation, Professor James W. H. Trail,
the senior member of the University Professoriate, pre-
sided in the absence of the Chancellor and Vice-
Chancellor, the latter of whom (Principal Sir George
Adam Smith) had left Aberdeen for the United States
to address a series of meetings on the war aims of the
Allies. On the conclusion of the capping ceremony,
Professor Trail said : The mission of the Principal to
North America, on national service, is a well- merited
honour ; and he carries with him our heartfelt wishes for good fortune in that
mission, and for his return safe and in good health, to be with us, we hope, at
the Graduation next summer.
His absence at this time has laid on me the duty, as his substitute, of
conferring the degrees gained at this period. In the name of those who have
been your teachers in this University, I offer to you. Graduates, congratula-
tions on your success, and our sincere wishes that life may be such for each
one of you that you may have much to look back on with pleasure and
thankfulness, and little to regret. The honour of the University will be dear
to you, and you will share the wish of its loyal sons and daughters that it will
grow in every way that can fit it to do good service to the State, and to in-
crease its power to offer to all desirous of it the best aid that education can
afford. To some of you the opportunity may come of helping future students
as you have been helped by the self-denial of those who preceded you. Only
in some such way can the debt be paid that all who have been students in a
University owe to those who founded and built it up.
PERSONAL ASSOCIATION WITH THE UNIVERSITY.
In November, 1866, I entered the Bajan class in King's College, so that
tny personal association with tiie University extends to over half a century. But
my traditional knowledge goes back far beyond that, as a brother of my
mother was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy in King's College in
1821, and held office until, in i860, the union of King's and Marischal Col-
leges formed the University of Aberdeen. His official house was one of two
that occupied the south side of the quadrangle of King's College. Both were
pulled down, and their site is now covered by the classrooms of Greek and
Latin, built after i860. From my mother, who lived for some years in his
house, I learned a good deal about the University life from 182 1 onwards.
Prof. Trail's Address at the Graduation 237
NATURAL HISTORY PROFESSORS.
While King's and Marischal Colleges were rivals they were necessarily both
weak, duplicating the few Chairs they possessed in the Arts and Theological
faculties, and very poorly equipped in the instruction required in Medicine and
Law. King's College had a Professor of Medicine, who taught CliCmistry to
Arts as well as to medical students ; and Marischal College had a Professor of
Natural History, who also taught in the Arts curriculum. Among those who
held the Natural History Chair were Professor James Beattie, an excellent
botanist, who died in 1810, and Dr. William Macgillivray, one of the most
accomplished zoologists that Scotland has produced, and who also possessed
a wide knowledge of the kindred natural sciences. He died in 1852, and was
succeeded by Professor James Nicol, who held the Chair in the University of
Aberdeen until 1879. Professor Nicol's reputation as a geologist rests on a
sure foundation ; and the respect and affection he gained from those who had
the privilege of knowing him intimately will remain a treasured memory. Of
others who held the same Chair one can say little beyond what can be
gathered from the evidence recorded in reports of University Commissions.
A statement of the course of instruction given by the Professor in 1826
showed that he took fragments from many sides, but little of anything, and
that he also taught Latin, taking Virgil's " Georgics," "as illustrating the in-
formation that prevailed among the Romans regarding natural history ". The
Chair included various widely-different subjects, and it may be taken as repre-
sented at the present time by the departments of History, Geology, Botany,
and Zoology, without taking account of the Professor also giving a help in
teaching Latin. When the rival Universities were united, it was possible to
put an end to the wasteful duplication in certain subjects, and to add several
of the more pressingly-required Chairs; and it thus became possible to
establish a medical curriculum of a useful kind, though not complete in some
respects.
CHANGES IN THE CURRICULUM.
Even since the union of the two Universities in i860, very great changes
have taken place within the period of my personal experience. The curriculum
of an Arts student covered four winter sessions. As Bajans, we attended
classes in Greek, Latin, and English ; as Semis, in Greek, Latin, and Mathe-
matics ; as Tertians, in Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Logic ; and as
Magistrands, in Moral Philosophy (including a little Political Economy) and
Natural History (Zoology, Mineralogy, and Geology), if this class had not been
already attended in the Semi year. A candidate for " Honours" in any line
was not relieved from any part of the ordinary curriculum or examinations,
and had to accomplish considerable additional work in the subjects chosen
by him, so that there was more justification for the term " Honours " than
under the present regulations, which reduce the number of subjects while re-
quiring more in the few. Those of us who sought " Honours in Natural
Science " with the Arts degree had to add Botany and Chemistry to the sub-
jects already enumerated.
We came to the University as boys, a good many of us fifteen, and some
even younger, while the average was probably not above seventeen, apart from
a few grown-up men. Our previous training, at least measured in years at
238 Aberdeen University Review
school, was much less than it must now be in these days of " Leaving Certi-
ficates " and " Preliminary Examinations ". Needless to say, with so many
subjects included in the curriculum for M.A., the standard attained in those
subjects begun by students only in the University was not more than an in-
troduction, sufficient to awaken interest, to indicate the relation of each
subject to other fields of knowledge, and to open the way to further advance
to those who chose to follow it. The aim was rather that those who had gone
through the course in Arts should be aware of the worth of knowledge, able
and eager to acquire it throughout life, than to send them out as adepts in a
few, or even in only one subject, but blind to all else.
It is not yet thirty years since degrees in Science were instituted in this
University. As the nearest approach to a degree in Science that was within
my reach I took the M.A. with " Honours in Natural Science," followed by
the medical curriculum, as giving the training in practical work in at least
Chemistry and Anatomy.
INADEQUATE PROVISION FOR CLASSES.
In 1873 I held the Assistantship in Chemistry, which was then taught in
the rooms now assigned to the Gymnasium, in the lowest floor of this College.
The ventilation in the laboratories was very defective, and we had occasion at
times to know what it meant to suffer from the effects of chlorine and other
gases, while giving instruction in practical classes. When I was appointed
Professor of Botany, I shared a classroom with two colleagues, which allowed
of the morning lecture being held at 8 a.m. ; but there was no provision of
any kind for practical instruction within the University, there being neither
room nor equipment for such. During several years the only form in which
such instruction could be given was in the systematic study of plants supplied
to be examined during the morning hour's lecture, and in the excursions.
Thus, after an explanation of the meaning of the terms employed in the
descriptions of the plants, it was necessary to restrict the course very much
to classification, with very brief references to microscopic structure and func-
tions. The same held true of the kindred sciences of Zoology and Geology,
in which those of us who wished to gain a working knowledge had to seek it
out of doors. Fortunately for us, the City's expansion had not yet closed
several favourite resorts within easy reach ; and some of us learned as students
the very valuable lesson of how much can be done if there is the will to use
even very scanty means. For that experience I was often thankful during
the years of striving to expand the painfully inadequate means afforded by the
University for botanical instruction. Among the most helpful aids to a
teacher in such a struggle are proofs afforded that some have made admirable
use even of the little he could bring within their reach, and that aid I grate-
fully acknowledge.
MODERN EXPANSION.
The introduction of practical instruction in the natural sciences and in
medical classes, such as Physiology, and the foundation of new Chairs and
Lectureships, made the question of expansion very urgent. In i860 it had
been thought that the buildings of King's and Marischal Colleges would
suffice for all requirements for a considerable time, as the rearrangements set
Prof. Trail's Address at the Graduation 239
rooms free for the new subjects added. Marischal College until 1880 con-
sisted only of the building included in the narrow part of the quadrangle, the
wings being only one room wide, and the Hall (now Picture-gallery) with the
part below it, and, behind the central block, the greater part of the Anatom-
ical department, in lower rooms built since i860. The first addition was
obtained by widening the south wing, but this did little to meet the urgent
need of accommodation. Several of us had no definite rooms, and were
dependent on what colleagues could allow, so far as it did not seriously inter-
fere with the work of their own departments, and I experienced that hospitality
for some years gratefully. We realized that unless expansion could be
secured the University must fall below its true rank, and that the struggle to
secure extension must be faced. Those who went through that struggle are
not likely to forget what it meant. At times failure appeared inevitable.
Difficulties seemed to block the way, while new demands pressed for solution.
We stated the absolutely necessary sum, after very careful investigation of
urgent necessities, as ;^8o,ooo. Time and again there came unlooked-for
aid, sometimes to be spent on objects not originally contemplated, such as
the Mitchell Hall and Tower ; and when at last the new buildings were opened
in 1906 I think the sum subscribed and spent exceeded ^^2 20,000. But the
need for further extension was even then felt. Though in part met by the
new buildings erected in Old Aberdeen, there is still urgent need ; and further
progress wo aid have been made had it not been for the hindrances due to the
war.
But while we recognize thankfully the advance that has been made
in equipping the University to fulfil its office worthily in the service of the
country and of human progress, it is well to recall the honourable records
of many who went out from the two Universities in their long period of
rivalry, and from the University of Aberdeen during the time of penury. The
reputation of a University depends far less on its material resources than
upon the spirit of its teachers and students ; and I think that few of those
Avho went through the days of privation and blackness would wish not to have
had that experience, for it left a readiness to face what lies ahead with con-
fidence that to some may appear foolish optimism. We need such optimism
at the present time ; but I think that from the University of Aberdeen the
steadfast aim will be to do all that can be done to preserve for those who
come after us the one true liberty — the right of each one to give the best
service freely for the progress of all that is true and right in human nature.
A Canadian Provincial University.
has no name to do honour to a patron saint or to per-
petuate in gratitude the memory of a generous bene-
factor. It is called Manitoba University — ^a prosaic
matter-of-fact title, sufficient for geographical purposes,
and descriptive enough of the business it is expected to
do in and for the province in whose capital it is situated
and whose name it bears. At the present time it has a
total of 490 students; many who would otherwise be
frequenting its academic halls are doing sterner duty in
defence of King and Country on the various battle-fronts of the Empire.
Those students are divided generally into Faculties, although there are some
cases of overlapping, by which students registered in one Faculty are attending
classes in certain departments of another Faculty, as the Art students of
Aberdeen take their Natural History at Marischal. '1 hese Faculties are five
in number : (i) Arts and Science have 259 students. (2) The Medical
votaries of Aesculapius number 102. (3) There are seventy-seven men and
women studying how to keep even the balances of Justice in Law. (4) In
Engineering and Architecture twenty men are learning how best to build the
bridges for men to cross and the houses in which they are to live and work.
(5) There are in Pharmacy twelve knights of the pestle and mortar. Manitoba
has an Agricultural College — the most palatial building devoted to the higher
pursuits of learning within the province ; this College has a complementary
connection with the University, by which it is regarded as one of the household
when the census is taken.
Arts and Science are ranked together as one Faculty, whereas a better and
more scientific terminology would make them two instead of one ; they have
different degrees — B.A. and M.A. in the one, and B.Sc. in the other. For
some reason the number of students who turn to the exact and frigid studies
is small, and they are for convenience taken under the care of the Arts
Faculty.
The beginning of days for university education in Canada dates back to
1827, when McGill College was incorporated in Montreal. Toronto got its
University in 1841, the year in which Queen's College of Kingston was begun.
In a land where the past is measured rather by decades than by centuries,
Manitoba University is of yesterday.
Like all other modern Universities, Manitoba is closely connected with
the course of education in the primary and secondary schools. The ideal of
Scotland, making a clear path from the entrance of the school to the exit of
the University, was before the educationists who first considered the opening
of this University, and the attempt was successful, as far as the construction
of the path was concerned. The public schools of the province were origin-
A Canadian Provincial University 241
ally under the management and direction of the Churches — Roman Catholic,
Anglican, and Presbyterian — and were therefore sectarian or separate schools.
In 1 87 1 an Act was passed by the Legislature establishing education as a
department of the State. The religious question, which has been the fruitful
cause of so much trouble elsewhere, was, in the very nature of the case,
present by the very inception of the schools of Manitoba. Separate schools
continued to be and sprang up alongside the purely public schools, with the
addition of State recognition and aid. The question, left in abeyance at the
start, came before long to be a casus belli ; the history of the controversy,
which occupied the attention of the province for a period of ten years, is
probably without a parallel within the British Empire. The author of a new
Bill, which was introduced in 1890, was Joseph Martin, the Attorney-General
of the day ; he has been familiar to those who have frequented the British
House of Commons in recent years as a man of strong and independent
opinions. The Bill abolished separate schools, and at the same time all
recognition of religion in the public schools. The latter provision was
modified so far as to make it permissive to have religious instruction in the
last half-hour of the teaching day. When the Act was passed and the system
began, exception was taken to the measure as ultra vires of the Provincial
authorities, and its validity was contested through all the Law Courts until
the Privy Council declared that it was quite competent. The law's delays
consumed ten years in the settlement of the dispute. This did not provide
a very congenial atmosphere for the creation of a University, whose main
object would be to advance the higher interests of education.
The first meeting at which the subject of a University was discussed was
held in 1875, just fifteen years before the controversy about the schools
began. The same persons were interested in both matters, but in the case
of the higher learning there was scarce a ripple on the water on which the new
institution was launched. This was in large part due to the character of the
men who were the leaders in the project, and in part also was due to the
circumstance that very few ever anticipated that the University would take an
imposing place in the life of the province. Among those who had an altruistic
interest in education were three representative men of the Churches. Arch-
bishop Machray was the head of the Church of England in the West : he was
an alumnus of Aberdeen University and in his early manhood a Presbyterian ;
he went to Sidney College, Cambridge, and took orders in the Anglican Church
but retained a respect for the faith of his fathers. The Roman Catholic
representative was a devoted Churchman with the grace of common sense
sweetened with the helpful incense of human humour. The Presbyterian had
the Candida anima of a gentleman, along with the pertinacity of a Scottish
ancestry fortified and clarified on Canadian soil.
The year 1877 was the annus mirabilis in which the new University came
into existence. The population of the province at the time touched the high-
water mark of 20,000. A very few enthusiastic dreamers, beyond the religious
leaders, saw in the overgrown village of Winnipeg a great city, a rival to the
cities of the mother-land or of the southern States ; in the haunts of the bear,
the wolf and the coyote, a land flowing with wealth and teeming with an ag-
gressive population; in the trails of the Indians and scattered traders, the
highways of commerce for enterprising merchants. In those days, too,
Manitoba had a Governor of somewhat unique personality and laudable
ambition. Alexander Morris was a graduate of Queen's College, Kingston :
16
242 Aberdeen University Review
he desired to signalize the tenure of his office as representative of the Queeit
in the Western Province, and resolved to become sponsor to the plan of
establishing a University.
Under such auspices the University came into being. The Ministers of
the Crown who actually set their hands to its seal did not show much interest
— to say nothing of enthusiasm — in the plan. "The Government think the
Bill premature, but have been so repeatedly urged that they have brought it
down," they declared. They had no confidence either in its utility or in its
ability to survive the perils of incipient life. The measure of their respect for
the new institution was a grant of 250 dollars (;^5o sterling) per annum for
its maintenance.
The University, when constituted, was federal in character. It had no
buildings and no staff of its own ; in it were incorporated the Roman Catholic
College of St. Boniface, the Anglican College of St. John, and the Presby-
terian Manitoba College. Its sole functions were to set a curriculum, examine
students, and give them a standing, confer degrees, bestow scholarships and
medals, and administer its own funds. The government was largely on the
basis of denominational representation. The most of the duties belonging
solely to the University were very light ; the hardest of them was to adminster
250 dollars so as to provide the modest necessary expenses, to say nothing of
scholarships and medals. The three Colleges respectively managed their own
affairs, and had the right to confer theological degrees upon students holding
a specified academic standing, who, ipso facto, became graduates of the Uni-
versity.
At first, the Arts course consisted of three years' training, but was later
extended to four. Examinations were conducted in both English and French,
the latter for the accommodation of the students of St. Boniface, many of
whom spoke the French language. The curriculum derived elements from
several sources. Machray had in his mind Aberdeen University, but he had
proceeded from there to Cambridge, and he introduced some of the elements
of the English system. The French Roman Catholic had the French Uni-
versities as his ideal, which was also recognized to some extent. The Presby-
terian, trained in Canada, succeeded in getting modifications of the ancient
schedules to meet the requirements of the local and modern conditions.
The terminology eventually adopted for the Arts examinations indicates some-
thing of the scope of the compromises effected — Preliminary, Previous (cor-
responding to the Little Go of England), Junior B.A., and Senior B.A. The
spirit of a mutual forbearance permitted some latitude for the teaching of
Mental and Moral Philosophy to meet the religious susceptibilities of the
Roman Catholics. The staffs of the federated Colleges were the staff of the
University — men severely taxed to meet the multifarious demands of their
own academic work in addition to the duties of missionary service in a new
country. To them is due the credit that the University survived in that day
of very small things.
Such was the beginning. The faith of the founders has been abundantly
justified. They nursed the infant institution with tender care ; to-day it gives
good promise of lifting its head among all the kindred places of learning
throughout the Empire, and of holding its position with credit. The first
Registrar was an officer of the army and a graduate of Cambridge University.
Six men who were anticipating the examiners of Manitoba University, pre-
A Canadian Provincial University 243
sented themselves at his residence to register themselves on a certain evening
when the official was likely to be at home. They found him, but he had no
cumbrous tome in which their names could be inscribed and preserved, so
they wrote them down on a furtive sheet of note-paper.
The present outward visibility of the University has little affinity with the
opulent and hoary halls of the European seats of learning, over which the trailing
mantles of the bygone centuries have ca•^t the witching glamour of antiquity.
When the institution rose to such importance that it required a home, the
Dominion Government gave a site, and a building was erected at a cost of
60,000 dollars and opened for the use of the students in 1900. It has now
outgrown the accommodation then provided, and is at present domiciled in
several buildings more or less convenient for their purpose, but so remotely
situated from one another as to make effective administration a problem. In-
deed, the provision of an adequate home has suffered much from the political
manipulations of speculators, who have seen that the presence of a University
would be a valuable asset to property which would otherwise be of doubtful
market value. The location of an adequate home is therefore still undeter-
mined, and the settlement of its place is still further hindered by this fearsome
and disturbing war, which is not only draining the supplies of students but is
making capital investments as fickle for Governments as for the private
person. Still the streams of progress continue to flow, more still but not less
deep, and the springs of knowledge have not been choked but rise even
clearer than before to slake the thirst of those who long for the nectar of the
gods.
Several additions to the funds of the University have been made since the
modest annual vote of 250 dollars, and these have lifted the University out of
its pristine position of penury. The Government has shown a growing ap-
preciation of its claim upon the treasury of the State. In 1883 a bequest of
;^ 1 4,000 was left to it to provide scholarships for meritorious students. The
benefactor was Dr. Isbister, Headmaster of the Stationers' School in London,
and editor of " The Educational Times ". He was a native of Rupert's Land,
the original name of the Canadian North-West, of which Manitoba was a part.
Two of those interested in the University saw him in his adopted home and
told him about the growth which was attending it, and represented to him how
much the future increase of the University would be accelerated by a gener-
ous provision of funds. The seed fell upon good ground. The bonds of
birth had attached their tentacles of affection to the romantic land of the
setting sun ; and Mr. Isbister perpetuated his name in association with it by
placing this substantial benefaction in his will, thus securing that children
whose parental fortunes were small should still have the privilege of sitting at the
feasts of knowledge. In the process of events the sum was increased by some
50,000 dollars (;^io,ooo). The original sum was largely put out in mortgage
in those wild days when a mad greed of gain drove reason from her throne in
an uncanny rush to be rich. Many of the mortgages came back — to the
material loss, if the moral gain, of those who held them — ^and added to the
riches of the University. Another source of revenue was provided by the gift
of 150,000 acres of land by the Dominion Government to the Provincial
University. The disposal of public lands is one of the perennial subjects of
debate, if not of dispute, between the two Governments concerned — the Federal
Government and the Provincial. Whether this particular grant of land was
made out of an unalloyed interest in higher education is matter of specula-
244 Aberdeen University Review
tion, but the gift is a fact at anyrate, and has provided resources which have
greatly aided the development of the University.
There are at present 44 members on the teaching staff of the University
Faculty. Ten years after the University began, it was necessary to provide
Professors, chiefly to meet the growing needs of scientific subjects that could
not well be taught adequately in Colleges which were primarily intended as
schools for the prophets. The appointment of men for that purpose was
made possible by a munificient gift made by the late Lord Strathcona, the
clarum nomen of many an educational enterprise in Canada and elsewhere.
The classes obtained a habitation in a building in the city of Winnipeg, in
which they got together a good laboratory and a library ; but, unfortunately,
an outbreak of fire in the building deprived the University of both.
The federation has grown since the early days. In 1888 the Methodists
instituted the Wesley College, and it was admitted inter pares ; the Medical
College entered the federation in 1 883, and the College of Physicians and
Surgeons in 1893. The latter is a body of professional men, whose function
was to examine men who proposed to practise within the bounds of the pro-
vince ; they asked the University to take over the duty of conducting these
examinations, and along with the Medical College they form one unit in the
federation. The Law and other schools came in after their establishment.
The question of the admission of women to the privileges of the University
was discussed at length, and the p^oposa^ met with considerable opposition.
One woman settled it so far by presenting herself in the approved way for
examination. She was not turned away ; in the process of time she qualified
for her degree, and, although the opposition again appeared, there was no one
strong enough to prevent her from receiving the honour. To-day there is a
large number of women pursuing their studies in the University.
As the University has grown in importance and in wealth, some dissatis-
faction has come to be expressed with its method of government, founded as
that was on denominational representation. The Colleges of the Churches
have assumed different attitudes towards the University as a teaching institu-
tion, some giving over their Arts teaching to it entirely and others expressing
a distrust of Professors who held their positions without any test as to the
quality of their Christian faith. In 191 6, however, an attempt was made to
harmonize its government with the progressive ideas of a democratic age, and
this is now being successfully carried out under the direction of a Minister of
Education who has the hall-stamp of Edinburgh on his tongue, and the
welfare of all education engraven upon his heart. There is still much to be
done to reach perfection, toils enough for the men as yet unborn, but there
is a good foundation for them on which to build. They will not have the
thankless task of making bricks without straw ; they will have the inspiration
of the history of the experiment of faith and the demonstrated evidence of
empirical utility. The present gloomy experiences are bringing forth the lure
of a dawning day. The things that are seen appear to be very trivial com-
pared to the things that are unseen. Men have come to know that the most
precious possessions and transcendent splendours of the future are not among
the common and perishable things of time, and that among the treasures that
are won in the alchemy of trained and consecrated minds who lift the masses
to appreciate and desire, are Truth and Righteousness, which are the greatest
riches of a people.
A Canadian Provincial University 245
In an institution so young there are but few of the personal attachments
which link names to buildings ; still the associated Colleges are not quite
destitute of their penafes. St. John's College has, of course, its Archbishop
Machray, alumnus of Aberdeen, in figure and affection a true Scot, with an
acquired admiration for the Church of his choice and his Sassenach Univer-
sity, but also with an abiding reverence for the faith in which he had been
cradled. Manitoba College, the Presbyterian unit in the University, has
naturally more intimate relations with Scotland. Two of its Principals, King
and Patrick, were pure Scots.
John Mark King, a native of Vetholm, was a graduate of Edinburgh ; he
took a theological course in Germany in the days when such an addition to a
minister's training was unusual ; eventually he came to Canada. After a
peripatetic life for a year or so, he took a country pastorate but after a few
years was invited to take charge of St. James's Church in Toronto, since be-
come a down-town problem, but at that lime one of the most important
chu! ches in the country. After twenty effective years of labour there he re-
ceived the greatest honour within the power of his brethren to bestow by
election to the office of Moderator of the General Assembly ; a further dis-
tinction was given him during the tenure of his position by the offer of the
Principalship of the rising College of Manitoba. A man of clear mind, he
was a lucid teache •, who had imbibed the spirit of Jesus when he said that it
was his meat and drink to do the will of God. He made conscience of all
his work, and had no patience with the man who inclined to turn aside from
the path of stern duty. He undertook his duties in 1883 and entered into
his rest in 1899 ; his dust mingles with that of the early settlers of the Red
River Valley under the shadow of the old Kildonan Church.
Dr. William Patrick, of St. Paul's Church, Dundee, crossed the Atlantic
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. King. He had been a brilliant
student at Glasgow University. He was an omnivorous reader, and his brain
had the tenacity of a catalogue for retaining facts. He made a place for him-
self very quickly in the Church politics of his adopted home, taking a keen
interest especially in its Home Mission affairs ; he soon perceived the advisa-
bility of securing a closer union among the Churches which had already some
affinities so as to be able to undertake the work of evangelizing the fast-
spreading populations of the West, and he became a trenchant leader of the
movement for Church Union. In the midst of a strenuous life he was over-
taken by sickness and returned to his native land to die. He ended his days
in Kirkintilloch in 191 1.
In the days of smaller things the sessions of the College were held in the
summer months ; this made it possible for some of the leading scholars of
Scotland to augment the regular staff as lecturers during their own vacation.
In this capacity Principal Sir George Adam Smith and Profe-sors Iverach and
James Orr taught students of Manitoba College. The memory of these lec-
turers is fragrant in many minds ; their visits made connecting links between
the old land and the new of a valuable and permanent characi er. The profit
has not been one-sided ; by actual contact with this growing land men have
got to know about it as they never could in the pages of the journals which
tell about its attractions or troubles. It is on record that the Principal of
Aberdeen University made his first acquaintance with the virgin prairie in
the vicinity of Winnipeg in a brief breathing-space when he laid aside his
246 Aberdeen University Review
arduous duties at the desk. One of the staff of the College showed his guest
the hospitality due to a distinguished stranger by taking him out to view the
land which as yet had not seen a plough. When the Principal reached it, he
looked over the vast expanse of untenanted territory, and got down from his
carriage to actually feel the spring of the unbroken sod under his feet, thus
adding an experience to his stock as rich in its way as some he gained in the
lands where the history of an ancient civilization lies buried deep beneath the
present surface of the earth.
Such stories of the men who have been laying foundations in the Uni-
versity life are but few as yet; they are coming with the trailing years.
Happy are the men whose portraits will dwell in the minds of those who have
sat at their feet in these new halls of learning, and whose names will be
treasured in the hearts of those who will bear the burden of adding to the
weight and worth of a home of academic education in the West.
G. WATT SMITH (M.A., 1891).
February^ 1918.
In Memoriam.
G. M.
FALLEN IN ACTION.
Qui ante diem periit —
Sed miles, sed pro patria.
"Not to the strong the battle ! "—So within
Our ears there soundeth in this heavy hour
A dirge-like voice from out the battle-din
That tells of manhood withered in the flower.
The stalwart frame that, Saul-like, erst did tower
Above thy fellows, might of massy limb
Cast in Titanic mould, a Hercules' power,
Might not avail thee 'gainst that tempest grim !
So pass : yet though not on our sight again
May loom thy manly form, oft shall uprise
In fancy thy sad honourable goal —
A humble cross on some shell-pitted plain ;
And through the mist of tears we'll read — " Here lies
A genial, simple-hearted, kindly soul ".
A P.
Correspondence.
THE UNIVERSITY GOWN.
The Editor, "Aberdeen University Review".
14 Hampstead Hill Gardens,
London, 25 March, 1918.
Sir,
There is a parallel to the well-known saying that no one has ever
seen a dead donkey — in the fact that no one ever sees a discarded University
gown. I was meditating on this the other evening when, by a curious
coincidence, the postman delivered my copy of the February Review. By
a further coincidence, I opened it at the page whereon a correspondent refers
most entertainingly to the conversion of gowns into "linders" and similar
juvenile garments. We are thus led to the interesting problem — What be-
comes of all the geneiations of cast-off gowns ?
I wonder if any others have shared the fate of my own. I well rernember
how, on packing up my belongings for my final departure from Aberdeen, I
stood gazing helplessly at my old toga, much as a Zulu lady might regard the
gift of an opera-cloak, and how for two years it remained a piece of flotsam
and jetsam amongst my possessions. When, however, I came South on the
outbreak of war, it somehow found its way into a corner of my trunk, and
now it frequently sees light — the light of a flickering candle in the cellar of a
London "semi-detached," \\ith shells screeching eerily overhead, the patter-
ing of shrapnel fragments through the trees outside, and the occasional never-
to-be forgotten thud that sets doors and windows rattling. Patches of
whitewash and cobweb tendrils adorn it now, side by side with the ink-splashes
of old days and the bald places whose original "nap " probably still adorns
the back of the fifth bench in the old History classroom at King's.
There is something more than the mere solace of warmth in the familiar
touch of its scarlet folds, though what I cannot say, any more than I can ex-
plain the motives that prompted its choice in the scramble for wraps that
followed the first notes of the overture to the air-raid symphony one midnight
many moons ago.
Strange sights and sounds have been the lot of the toga on these occasions.
It has been a guest at weird midnight feastings, whereof the elements were
hurriedly conveyed from the larder by foraging parties ; it has been a witness
of a solemn conclave of four engaged in planning the details of a war wedding,
to the appropriate accompaniment of music from the guns ; it has played in
its time many parts, from tea-cosy to draught-screen.
I had from time to time (before the war) vague ideas of utilizing the dis-
carded scarlet in some way, but now I think that by the time the citizens of
London cease to be talpidae, and when the voice of the maroon is no longer
heard in the land, it will have more than earned rest to its aged folds.
I am, etc.,
JANET B. BINNS
(nee RANKINE— M.A., 191 2.;
Reviews.
The Romance of the Human Body. By Ronald Campbell Macfie, M.A.,
M.B., CM., LL.D. London : Wells Gardner, Darton & Co., Ltd.,
191 7. Pp. vii + 275. 5s. net.
The Art of Keeping Well. By Ronald Campbell Macfie, M.A., M.B.,
CM., LL.D. London: Cassell & Co. 1918. Pp. viii + 244, with 4
plates. 6s. 8d. net.
It need hardly be said that the author of "New Poems," "Science, Matter,
and Immortality," etc., brings to his task a literary equipment very unusual
amongst those who deal in the exposition of facts in " popular " scientific and
medical works. And his experience of life and work has been a varied one —
poetry, Klondyke, sanatorium work, and medical literature have claimed him
from time to time. Even in his student days the wonder and beauty of the
machinery of life in action made a strong appeal to Dr. Macfie ; he saw
poetry where most others saw only complex mechanism and processes difficult
of comprehension. His clear and interesting exposition is illuminated by
many apt and striking comparisons with familiar facts and phenomena.
Breadth of view and vividness of presentation are very notable ; the facts are
made to stand out in high relief.
In " The Romance of the Human Body," the author starts at the beginning
— with the original nebula. "Atoms and Cells" and "The Assembling
of the Elements of a Man " are the first two chapters. Bones, Muscles, the
Nervous System, Circulation, Respiration, Digestion, Liver and Kidneys are
then dealt with, followed by a brief but clear statement of the marvellous and
relatively recent unfolding of knowledge of the so-called " ductless glands,"
structures like the thyroid, pituitary, suprarenal, etc., once little thought of, but
now known to be absolutely essential for normal development and life — ensur-
ing that the infant will not on the one hand become what the author designates
an " idiotic, hideous, pot-bellied and stunted child," or on the other hand grow
into a preposterous giant.
As regards sport and athletics Dr. Macfie writes trenchantly. He re-
gards the worship of sport and of muscular performances as on the whole
carried to a ridiculous extreme in England ; especially in women he believes
the cult of athleticism to be harmful, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually,
and conducive to diminished capacity for maternity.
Heredity, Mendelism, and the Evolutionary Position of Man are dealt
with in succeeding chapters, and the volume closes with " Disease, Old Age,
and Death " . A historical slip is to be noted on p. 147, where the German
pathologist Cohnheim is credited with the discovery of the emigration of
white blood corpuscles through the walls of the capillaries, "as ghosts are
alleged to pass through closed doors " — an honour which rightfully belongs to
250 Aberdeen University Review
the Paris investigator, Waller (1846), though the phenomenon was practically
rediscovered by Cohnheim in 1867.
The book is dedicated to Richard Cameron and Principal Sir George
Adam Smith.
"The Art of Keeping Well " has as a frontispiece a portrait of the cele-
brated Russian physiologist, Pavlov of Petrograd, whose work, on digestion
especially, is well known over the world. The first half of the volume is
chiefly taken up by Foods, Digestion, and Dietetic Requirements, subjects
that make a very personal appeal at present ; particularly the question ot the
possibilities of reducing the amounts of important food-stuffs without injury to
the individual, e.g. in regard to a great reduction in the amount of protein
(albuminous) foods, which, together with fat, represent the constituents that
are most expensive and most restricted in supply, as compared with the
cheaper and more abundant carbohydrates. Such a reduction, advocated
some years ago by the American physiologist Chittenden, has not commended
itself to physiologists generally, who are quite unconvinced that in this respect
the minimum is also the optimum. But "needs must when the deil drives,"
and "experiments " are now being compulsorily carried out on a national or
rather a world-wide scale in the sweeping dietetic alterations and restrictions
of the present time. Information of value may ultimately be gleaned from
what happens in regard to the health and vigour of the population. But
much caution will have to be exercised in drawing conclusions. For the con-
ditions are very complex, and many factors acting in different directions are in-
volved, in marked contrast to a typical scientific experiment in which, the
conditions being known and controlled, one factor is purposely varied in order
to test its influence. It need hardly be remarked that in ordinary times many
people eat too much meat, but that is a truth which may be said to be of
purely academic interest in these days. Regarding Vegetarianism, Dr. Macfie
gives a clear and fair statement of the main points, also as to Air and Climate,
Sleep, Alcohol, Breathing Exercises, etc. ; he deprecates the absurdly exag-
gerated value that has been ascribed to the last-named by some writers.
Faddiness in food is condemned, and a plea is entered for the digestive organs
getting a fair chance and some confidence being placed in their chemical
skill, with the observation that "after all, every man has got some yards of
intestine that have come down a good many millions of years and have, no
doubr, many times had a good deal of tough work to do, such perhaps as
digesting a sirloin of mastodon or a neck of diplodocus " . This volume, end-
ing with a chapter on Body and Mind, contains much sound teaching,
effectively put, on many questions that bear intimately on the health and
well-being of the people.
J. A. MacVVilliam.
Scottish Mothers and Children. Report on the Physical Welfare of
Mothers and Children, Scotland. By W. Leslie Mackenzie. The
Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Dunfermline, 191 7. Pp. xxviii + 632.
Dr. Leslie Mackenzie's report is a companion volume to the English and
Irish reports on the physical welfare of mothers and children, the three reports
being produced at the request of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees. In
this report for Scotland the medical, statistical, social, and administrative as-
Reviews 251
pects of the welfare of mothers and children are considered with much detail ;.
and, as Dr. Mackenzie says, " the report is intended for readers of various in-
terests, and, in every chapter of it, I have also given such word pictures of
individual cases as are likely to find some response in the experience of every-
social student ".
The fundamental importance of the effects of intensive urbanization on
the welfare of mothers and children is fully appreciated, and the first chapter
of the report deals with the geographical distribution of the Scottish people.
The midland valley of Scotland amounts to one-fifth of the area of Scotland
and it contains more than three-quarters of the whole population. The High-
lands and islands include more than half the area of Scotland, and contain
only one-tenth of the population. The malign effects of the poverty and in-
sanitary conditions that prevail in the densely-populated areas is fully reflected
in their high infant mortality, and the struggle for existence in the sparsely-
populated areas bears no less hardly on mothers and children.
In succeeding chapters Dr. Mackenzie deals with the problems that pre-
sent themselves in connection with the expectant and nursing mother and the
existing provision for maternity. It is pointed out that in the near future there
must be a great expansion in the provision of advice and help offered to the
expectant mother, that the existing accommodation of maternity institutions
is inadequate, and that, while the maternity benefit provided under the In-
surance Act and Poor Law has been productive of much good, it must be
dissociated from the accident of individual solvency if it is to fully serve its
purpose. The problem of the unmarried mother and her child is next dis-
cussed. The social attitude to the unmarried mother and her child is a
primary obstacle to full discussion, but, as Dr. Mackenzie puts it, " we may
say that the life wastage of the war has revealed, with an intimacy unknown
to history, the social relations of men and women to one another and the
social duties that follow. The care of children in general, and the care of
the unmarried mother's child in particular, are among the many things that
will now be accepted as duties 'without questions asked'." The complete
solution of the problem, however, will be found only when the attitude of
society to this question is completely reversed.
Dr. Mackenzie goes on to deal with the employment and feeding and
housing of nursing and expectant mothers. He points out that the results of
employm.ent to mother and child are frequently of the worst kind, and that
any serious effort for the conservation of the family means a drastic revision
of the whole conditions of labour. The effect of housing on mothers and
children is very briefly considered since the reader is referred to the report of
the Royal Commission on Housing in Scotland. It is fully recognized, how-
ever, that the evil effects of poor housing are closely associated with the re-
sults of poverty and all that poverty implies, and the conclusion is inevitable :
" the Scottish nation cannot any longer afford to keep up so many one-room
houses ; they mean too great a waste of the nation's real wealth — the mothers
and the ir children ". The requirements for the protection of infant and child
life are discussed at length. It is pointed out that the Children Act, the
Education (Scotland) Act, and the Notification of Births (Extension) Act
involve such a multiplicity of administrative authorities that efforts at control-
ling the health, education, and crime of children are at present inco-ordinated
and conflicting. The existing provision for medical treatment, the provisioa
2^2 Aberdeen University Review
of hospitals, of homes, of nurseries, of play centres, and playgrounds for chil-
dren is fully considered, and in every case it is found that the demand for such
provision exceeds the supply. "But the young children are now coming into
their own. They are to receive systematic medical attention while they are
yet well and the evil days come not. They are no longer to be considered as
needing attention only when they are near death's door."
The chapters dealing with health visitors and their training are of special
interest, since it is only in very recent years that it has been generally recog-
nized that properly-trained health visitors form the most essential and effective
part of the machinery for dealing with mother and child welfare and the wel-
fare of industrial workers. In his report Dr. Mackenzie submits a curriculum
for the training of health visitors suggested by Professor Matthew Hay. This
suggested curriculum recognizes that two broad categories of information
are required by the health worker. She must have accurate knowledge of
economic conditions, and she must have accurate knowledge of health and
disease. The suggested course of instruction would extend to four years.
One and a half years would be given to prescribed courses of instruction,
systematic and practical, on social economics ; anatomy and physiology ;
food, feeding, and cookery ; personal and domestic hygiene ; the nature and
causation of disease. The next two years would be spent in training in a
general hospital, a hospital for infectious diseases, or a hospital for sick chil-
dren. The final six months of the four years would be employed in attending
the practice of a maternity hospital, including a prenatal ward, and along with
this the practice of a mother and child welfare centre. That this suggested
course of instruction does not meet with universal approval is manifest in the
Milroy lectures for 1918 by Professor Kenwood, who can find no justification
for the tendency to develop specially the health visitor's training in nursing.
He demands a minimum training of sixteen months, four months of which
are to be spent in a children's hospital and two months at a welfare centre.
This may be said to be the view held by administrators and laboratory workers
in general who ignore the results of clinical experience. If the welfare worker
is to be of real use, however, she must be an expert. She must know disease
and the beginning of disease when she sees it. She cannot get that knowledge
from lectures. The natural laboratory of a public health worker is a hospital
If welfare workers are to serve their purpose they must have a comprehensive
hospital training.
The special regional studies are of great interest. Here Dr. Mackenzie
and his collaborators give us a series of pictures of representative areas, of
a mainland district in the Highlands, of the outer Hebrides and Shetland
islands, of east coast fishing villages, of a group of industrial villages and
mining districts, and of the Caithness tinkers. In all these regional studies
the author in a masterly way traces the effect of nutrition and environment
on the health of mothers and children. Dr. Mackenzie then goes on to
describe the existing schemes of maternity and child welfare in the towns
and counties of Scotland. A survey of these schemes leaves me very doubt-
ful whether the good they are expected to do will be realized or the expense
entailed justified. Thousands of infants in this country die every year of causes
at present wholly unknown. The physiological processes of the growing child
and their response to disease poisons are not understood, and will only be
understood when medical research is properly organized and endowed. A
Reviews 253
monument of stone and lime in the shape of an institute of maternal and
child welfare will not alone solve the problem.
In his introductory letter Dr. Mackenzie says that in presenting the facts
he has had to mention some public bodies, both central and local, but that
he has scrupulously avoided all discussion of departmental policy. I venture ,
to believe that no one can read his report on the welfare of Scottish mothers
and children with its indications of the need for the prevention of disease, for
the early diagnosis and treatment of disease, and for the proper organization
of institutional and nursing services without being fully convinced that the
first requirement is the establishment of a State or communal medical service.
Throughout the report Dr. Mackenzie exhibits that literary skill of which,
among medical officers of health, he is the greatest exponent.
J. P. KiNLOCH.
Roll of Commissioned Officers in the Medical Service of the
British Army who served on full pay within the period between the
accession of George II and the formation of the Royal Army Medical
Corps, 20 June, 1727, to 23 June, 1898, with an introduction showing the
historical evolution of the Corps. By Colonel William Johnston, C.B.,
M.A., LL.D. (Aber.), M.D. Edin., Army Medical Staff (ret.). Edited
by Lieut.-Col. Harry A. L. Howell, R.A.M.C. Aberdeen : At the Uni-
versity Press. Pp. Ixxii + 638 with portrait. (Aberdeen University
Studies, No. 76.) 21s. net.
This is a colossal piece of work — a. labour of love by one whose life was
passed in the Service, and who was also a graduate of Aberdeen.
Most encyclopaedias have the fault of giving what every educated person
knows, and almost never informing one of the matter one just wants to know.
The same thing can hardly be said of the present book, for we have turned
up the names of a good many of those Army Medical Officers in it, and in
nearly all found something we did not know. No doubt most of the informa-
tion was in the records of the Department, but these were not available.
Colonel Johnston's book is not likely to command a great sale or find
many readers. Rather it is the sort of work which, decades or centuries
hence, will be regarded as of great value, like the Domesday Book or the
Poll Book of Aberdeenshire of 1696, which no one reads but many consult,
giving as they do information obtainable nowhere else.
It was the fruit of his old age, when he had retired from active service ;
it was prosecuted under difficulties with his eyesight, which had long been
far from good ; an immense amount of work went to the formation of it ; and
it will, we feel glad to think, keep the memory of William Johnston fresh in
his native city and his own University.
The work was not quite completed when Colonel Johnston died, some-
what suddenly, in December, 19 14, and the task of completing it fell to the
exceedingly competent hands of Lieut. -Colonel H. A. L. Howell, who has
also collaborated in the history of the A. M.S. which forms the introduction.
A fine appreciation of Colonel Johnston is contributed by Surgeon-General
Sir William Babtie, who mentions that Johnston was "with the origin of the
Field Ambulance, which to-day fills such an important part in the medical
operations of war," and records that "It was to Colonel Johnston, as much as
2 54 Aberdeen University Review
any man, that the medical service became a corps in the Army ". And of
the charming personality of Colonel Johnston, Sir William writes : —
I have said nothing of the man, and it is difficult to speak restrainedly of his enthu-
siasm, of his breadth of view, of his sanse of proportion, and his passionate regard for
accuracy. His hospitality, his love of his home at Newton Dae, of its woods and its
walks, his friendship and appreciation and understanding of the younger generation of
officers, and, above all, his devotion to the corps he served so long and well, are abiding
memories to men in every theatre of war where British troops are now engaged.
Alex. Ogston.
Papers Relating to the Army of the Solemn League and Coven-
ant, 1643-1647. Edited with an Introduction by Charles Sanford Terr)-.
Two vols. Edinburgh : Scottish History Society. Pp. cvi + 696.
The documents in these two volumes relate to the organization of the Scottish
Army called out in 1643 to assist the Parliamentary forces in England in the
prosecution of the Civil War against Charles I — the army which, under the
command of Alexander Leslie, Earl of Leven, fought at Marston Moor and
elsewhere, and eventually handed over Charles to the English. Included
among these papers are the " Articles and Ordinances of Warre " issued by
Leven for the campaign of 1644, printed from a copy of the original pamphlet
in Professor Terry's possession, and a statement of the arms and ammunition
with which the expeditionary force was equipped ; but the bulk of the docu-
ments consist of the accounts of Sir Adam Hepburn, Lord Humbie, who was
Commissary-General of the Army. The details of many of these accounts
may appear excessively trifling, and perusal of them, we are free to confess, is
apt to become wearisome, but a careful examination reveals numerous items
of interest, while, taken altogether, they show with what care and exactitude
the financial side of a campaign was conducted even three centuries ago.
Most of the entries deal necessarily with payments to officers and men, the
<:ost of billeting, allowances for sick soldiers, and the provision of supplies.
Judging from the number of sheep bought, one would almost imagine that
mutton was the mainstay of the army, but the soldiers subsisted also on meal,
oats, " whyt peis," herrings, and butter, with sack and claret for liquid refresh-
ment. The frequent purchase of bolls of salt is very noticeable ; a suggestive
payment also is that for '* one chest of droggs to the chirurgeon of the regi-
ment ". In the materiel of the army were " salt hydis for covering the pouder
and match," and there is a payment for the "fraucht " for *' 25 cask of match
and 60 barrills of musquit balls from London to Newcastle ".
For the general reader and the historical student alike, however, the chief
interest in these two volumes lies in the admirable Introduction, extending to
100 pages, furnished by Professor Terry. With his usual lucidity and mastery
of details, he outlines the operations of the Scottish Army in England, and
then furnishes an account of the organization of the army and its armament,
a conspicuous feature of this account being lists of the several regiments
and of their chief officers. These lists are exceedingly valuable, in relation
particularly to the territorial connections of the officers. There was, for in-
stance, a Mearns and Aberdeen Regiment, of which the seventh Earl Marischal,
the leader of the Covenanters in this region, was Colonel ; among the officers
are such familiar north-country names as Forbes, Keith, Leslie, Davidson, Ross,
-and Strachan. The regiment consisted of ten companies, comprising 450 rank
Reviews 255
and file ; it was engaged at the sieges of Newcastle, Hereford, and Newark.
Four troops (200 horse) from Kincardine and the Earl Marischal's part of
Aberdeenshire formed part of the Earl of Balcarres's cavalry regiment ; and a
single troop was under the command of Lord Gordon, the first Viscount
Aboyne, afterwards second Marquis of Huntly.
From this Introduction we learn that, while military service was exigible
from the barons, freeholders, and royal burghs as a condition of their tenure,
"in times of national peril an obligation to military service rested upon the
entire male population between the ages of sixteen and sixty". Accordingly,
" fencible persons of all ranks and degrees " between these ages were called up,
a penalty of ;^2o Scots (;^i 13s. 4d. sterling) being imposed upon every person
who mustered without a musket, if possessed of the means to purchase one,
and a fine of ten merks if negligently unprovided with a pike. It is not sur-
prising that "Kirk discipline" was a marked feature of the army. Several
of the Articles of War on this point were very rigorous. There was a Kirk
Session in every regiment, and a general eldership or common ecclesiastical
judicatory was constituted to ensure *' uniformitie thorowout the whole army
in all matters ecclesiasticall ".
Morning and evening prayers and Sunday morning and afternoon sermons, to which
the camp was summoned by sound of trumpet or drum, were occasions which might not be
neglected, under penalty of censure by the eldership and punishment by imprisonment or
otherwise, as the fault deserve! ..." Common and ordinary swearing and cursing, open
prophaning of the Lord's Day, wronging ot his Ministers, and other Acts of that kind"
were punishable by loss of pay and imprisonment, with the further obligation upon the
offender to make " publike repentance in the midst of the Congregation " of the regiment.
*' If they will not be reclaimed," the Article enjoins sternly, " they shall with disgrace be
openly casseered and discharged, as unworthy of the meanest place in the Army ".
And Article X, illustrative of the general spirit inculcated in the Scottish
Army of the Covenant, bears favourable comparison with the practice of the
modern German Army : —
No man on his march, or at his lodging, within or without the Countrey upon whatso-
ever pretext, shall take by violence, either horse, cattell, goods, money, or any other thing
lesse or more, but shall pay the usuall prices for his meat and drinke, or be furnished in an
orderly way upon count, at the sight ot the Commissar, according to the order given by the
Committee upon paine of death, without mercy.
If any man sh ill presume to pull downe, or set on fire any dwelling house, though a
Cottage, or hew downe any Fruit-trees ; or to waste or deface any part of the beauty of the
Countrey, he shall be punished most severely, according to the importance of the fault.
Robert Anderson.
Syria and the Holy Land. By Very Rev. Sir George Adam Smith, Kt.,
etc.. Principal of Aberdeen IJniversity. London : Hodder & Stoughton,
1918. IS. net. Pp. 56.
The occupation of Jerusalem by a British army stirred men's emotions more
profoundly perhaps than any other incident of the war. A universal thrill of
gratification was experienced when it was learned that the Holy Places had
been wrested from the infidel, and that Palestine, with whose history Chris-
tianity is so indelibly associated, was at last freed from Ottoman domination.
Jews rejoiced as well as Christians, for to them the deliverance of their ancient
land inspired fresh confidence and hope. The waning of the Crescent, in
fact, creates an entirely new situation, and raises a whole series of problems
256 Aberdeen University Review
to be dealt with ; and it is to the task of reconstruction thus involved that Sir
George Adam Smith's little work is in the main directed. On the Principal's
competence to write on the subject of the Holy Land it is as unnecessary as
it would be unbecoming to dilate : his mastery of it has been manifested in
previous and much more important works.
The book opens with a brief but grapfiic sketch of the history of Syria —
a country, says Sir George, which, chiefly because including Phoenicia and
Palestine, has been of greater significance to mankind, spiritually and materi-
ally, than any other single country in the world.
The home of two of the monotheisms which have spread round the earth, and close
neighbour to that of the third, Syria holds sites sacred to them all, and is still the resort
of their pilgrims from nearly every nation under the sun. To the farthest Christian the
land is almost as familiar as his own ; his Bible is her geography from Beersheba to Antioch,
and her history from Abraham to Paul. Above all, she is the land of His Lord's Nativity,
Ministry, Cross, and Resurrection ; for the traditional scenes of which Christian sects have
fought with each other or held a jealous truce under the contemptuous patronage of the
Turk. To the Jew and the Mohammedan equally with the Christians, Jerusalem is " The
Holy City". The Rock, from which rose the great Altar in front of the Temple of Israel,
is for the heart of the Moslem the spot on which his Prophet prayed, and inferior in sanctity-
only to the Kaaba of Mecca, In Hebron the Jew, the Christian, and the Mohammedan
have, each in his turn, built and dedicated the Sanctuary which covers the tombs of the
common Fathers of their Faiths. The nerves of all three religions still quiver in the soil
of Syria, and sometimes round the same stones.
Then follows a rapid survey of the country and of its chief topographical
features, and with this is incorporated accounts of its former and present pro-
ductiveness and industries, and estimates of future possibilities. The ruins
of ancient townships, it is remarked, are proofs of the natural resources of the
country, and melancholy protests against the incompetence of the Turkish
Government ; and the author emphatically declares that under proper care
Syria is capable of a pitch of productiveness beyond that reached even in the
most prosperous period of its history. Hauran, for instance, could become
again one of the food-producing centres of Western Asia ; even at present
Hauran wheat is in repute all round the Levant. In ancient times Moab
and Gilead provided meat and cereals for the people of Western Palestine ;
and in 1904 Sir George Adam Smith met corn-brokers from Jerusalem ne-
gotiating for the harvests before they were reaped. It would not be difficult,
he maintains, to restore the ancient wealth of fruit-trees and corn by drainage
and irrigation, to reclaim the once fertile but now wasted areas of the country,
and to develop other areas; and he writes hopefully of the prospect of "a
rich and a varied future for a secure and emancipated people ". The Turk,
however, must go. He has ruined the country by neglect and oppression ;
he "is an alien in Syria, with no native claim to the soil, and few or no
family ties to the people ". On the other hand, one of the heaviest problems
of the immediate future is how to defend the opulence of Syria from the
hungry and marauding tribes of Arabia.
The concluding section of the work is devoted to a consideration of the
claim of the modern Jew to " a national home " in Palestine. While dis-
playing a keenly sympathetic regard for " Zionism," and the idea of " Pales-
tine for the Jews," Sir George Adam Smith is no less alive to the vagueness
which still envelops the hopes and purposes of Zionism, and is of opinion
that " however deserving of our sympathy, the Jewish claims have not been
so thought out in face of the present facts of Palestine as to command our
Reviews 257
unqualified support ". There are many difficulties in the way of creating
Palestine a Jewish state, not least the due consideration of the rights of the
fellahin or native peasantry and the rights also of the native Christians, Syrian
and Greek. It is well to be reminded, as Sir George reminds us, that it is
not true, as so often claimed, that " Palestine is the national home of the
Jewish people and of no other people ".
Robert Anderson.
Reconstruction in the Universities. Aberdeen : The Rosemount Press.
1918. IS. Pp. 39.
This little work embodies the substance of a series of articles which appeared
in the " Aberdeen Free Press " in the beginning of the year, and which were
subsequently rewritten with the intention of being inserted in the University
Review. Various objections to that course presented themselves, however,
and independent publication was decided upon. The " Free Press," in a
notice of the work, announced that " the author has for many years been
closely associated with University affairs, and he writes with special knowledge
and authority " . Internal evidence suggests, however, that the writer is not a
graduate of Aberdeen.
A brief but comprehensive survey is given of the modern history of the
Scottish Universities since the passing of the Act of 1858 and of the different
branches of their government — the Court, the Senatus, and the General
Council — ^and their respective functions and powers. This survey, so far as
details are concerned, is fairly accurate, though it is not correct to say that the
Council consists of M.A.s and M.D.s — all graduates are members whatever
their degree — and the amount of the Carnegie grants received by Aberdeen
University (p. 32) is enormously over-stated. It is as regards the views ex-
pressed and the reforms advocated that opinions \vill probably differ. The
main criticism of the anonymous author is directed against " the august body
we know as the Senatus " ; its competence to deal with wide educational
interests is regarded with " much doubt and some suspicion " . Complaint is
made that in practice academic policy is indirectly, if not directly, determined
in equal or greater measure by the Senatus, and it is argued that the Court
alone should have power to determine the lines of academic p>olicy, including
the expansion of the University into spheres with which it does not at present
concern itself. Accordingly, in the " reconstruction " contemplated, the rep-
resentation of the Senatus in the Court would be reduced from four Asses-
sors to three, and the Assessors of the Council increased from four to " at
least " five. The Chancellor's and Rector's Assessors would be swept away :
a hint is thrown out that the Rector even might be dispensed with — ^at
any rate, " if the students are to have genuine representation, it must be by
a Rector who is a reality and not a figurehead or a myth " . Either the Lord
Provost of Aberdeen or his Assessor would disappear from the Court, and
Assessors would be appointed for the Aberdeenshire County Council, the
other Northern County Councils, the Aberdeen School Board, and Gordon's
College. The Senatus is otherwise attacked as an anachronism, as it does
not include nearly all the accredited University teachers ; and it is proposed
to " reinforce " it by admitting the Lecturers, and then to have its business
17
258 Aberdeen University Review
conducted through Faculties or Boards of Studies, to the meetings of which
the Assistants should be admitted, at any rate as deliberative members.
The reorganization of the University machinery, however, is not the only
thing aimed at. A wholesale reconstruction of the curriculum and of the
subjects of studies is, the author maintains, necessitated by the demands of the
times, particularly in relation to the changes that the war is effecting. " There
must be a revision of academic effort, based upon educational values and
making provision for the respective spheres of all the Universities," and the
suggestion is added that there should be a periodical revision of the same
kind every decade or two. The range of studies must be extended in order
to meet current requirements as they arise ; and among the most urgent of
subjects to be included in University teaching Engineering, Commerce,
Modern Languages, Economics, Education, Geography, Social Science, the
Fine Art-, including Music, and Journalism are enumerated. Such are some
of the leading features of the " reconstruction " advocated, but there is much
else in the little work besides, in the way both of criticism and of suggestion,
that will be found interesting and worthy of consideration.
The Oxford Stamp and Other Essays : Articles from the Educational
Creed of an American Oxonian. By Frank Aydelotte. Oxford Uni-
versity Press. Pp. viii + 219. 6s. net.
The essays collected in this volume, says the author, who is Professor of
English in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, are all fruits of a Rhodes
Scholarship at Oxford. They are interesting as representing the views of an
American who has come to appreciate the "Oxford stamp" — the social life
of the University, the really sportsmanlike character of the athletics, and
the thoroughness of the intellectual work — qualities which he maintains are
lacking in American Universities. He is doubtful if the Rhodes scholarships
have achieved any notable results so far as America are concerned. The com-
petition for them and the interest taken in them have been " disgracefully
small"; "in state after state each year the number of candidates is so small
that the appointments go by default to men who are not fitted to hold them ".
Then a class of American educators declare that Rhodes scholars who return
from Oxford have lost that indefinable American characteristic known as
" punch " — have been " tamed " in fact, have become emasculated. Professor
Aydelotte has much to say that is sensible in depreciation of " punch," which
is correlated to the vulgar commercial policy of " getting on " ; and he is also
strong in his denunciation of the excessive attention paid to athletics in
American Universities and of the extensive disregard of the principle of
" playing the game," as we understand the phrase — and practise it. One
definite result of value, however, he recognizes as having been obtained through
the Rhodes scholarships. This is the adoption of English methods in educa-
tion, particularly tutorial instruction, which is now being employed on a much
wider scale, and a new system of examinations for a degree with honours.
"All these changes mean in the end," he says hopefully, "a less pretentious
programme of study and a more thorough individual accomplishment ". Half
a dozen of the ten essays in the little volume deal with the study of English as
a means of liberal and literary education, in which, according to the Professor,
there is, in America, great room for improvement.
Reviews. 259
Cecil Barclay Simpson : A Memorial by Two Friends. With a Foreword
by the Rev, Professor H. A. A. Kennedy, D.D. Edinburgh : TumbuU
& Spears, Thistle Street. 1918. Pp. 37. With Portrait.
The " Two Friends " have produced a very noticeable memorial to a brilliant
graduate of the University, whose untimely death at the front is recorded on
page 94 of this volume of the Review. Each contributes an appreciation —
one in prose and the other in verse ; and both appreciations are written evi-
dently from close personal intimacy and are inspired, not only by affection,
but by an intense admiration of a striking personality and an exceptionally fine
nature. In the course of the first, Mr. D. M. Baillie writes : —
The personality which thus disappeared from our ken was a remarkable blend of in-
tellectual and moral forces, and his friends will ever despair of reproducing in words what
was to them such a vivid thing. They have, indeed, for themselves, a memory which can
never lade, but as they dwell upon that memory and call to mind their hopes, they must
feel that the Church at large has suffered a greater loss than it can ever know.
From the outline of Simpson's character and ideals that follows, this
estimate seems by no means overdrawn. The memorial verses are furnished
by Rev. A. J. Young. There are twenty-six of them, and their style and the
feeling that animates them may be gauged from this specimen : —
Why wast thou held of such unequal worth,
That these lived the full shadow of their sun
And had their noon-day ere their day was done ;
And thou who wast of finer sky and earth
Sawst not the fullness of thy sand-glass run,
But darkness fell upon thy rising noon,
And dawn upon the waxing of thy moon.
And sudden death came 00 thee as untimely birth ?
We have received the following : —
"The Prophets of the Old Testament," by Alex. R. Gordon, D.Litt., D.D.
London : Hodder & Stoughton.
"French Prose from Calvin to Anatole France," by R. L. Graeme Ritchie,
M.A., and James M. Moore, M.A., London : J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
4s. 6d. net.
" British Opinions on State Purchase and Control," with foreword by
Rev. James Milne, Auckland, New Zealand [M.A., 1887.]
" The Upanishads and Life " — a learned and lucid exposition of the con-
tents and intellectual effects of these works of Hindoo philosophy, with a
chapter on "The Need of Theism and the Message of Christianity" — by
W. S. Urquhart, D. Phil., Professor of Philosophy in the Scottish Churches
College, Calcutta [M.A., 1897].
"The Athenaeum Subject Index to Periodicals, 19 16. — Class List fo-
Science and Technology, including Hygiene and Sport." Pp. 162. "Educa-
tion and Child Welfare." Pp. 20. The Athenaeum, Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane, London, E.C. 4.
The " University of Durham College of Medicine Gazette " continues its
bright and steadfast progress ; the obituaries of its fallen members are of un-
usual interest.
We continue to receive the successive numbers of "The Magazine of the
26o Aberdeen University Review
Scottish Churches College," Calcutta, revealing a sustained activity in the
departments both of mental culture and athletics.
We have also received the "Columbia University Quarterly," vol. xix,
No. 4, September, 191 7, containing a poem on "Youth Dying" by John
Erskine, Professor of English, and articles on " International Duty of the
United States," "The American Museum and Education in Science," "The
University and the Nation," and other subjects ; there is also an interesting
account of " The Mobilization of the University ".
"University of Toronto, Roll of Service, 1914-17." [Summary:
Members of the University and former students on service as ofl&cers or in the
ranks, 4052. Killed in action or died on service, 316. Wounded, 471.
Missing and prisoners, 39.]
"The Alumni Register: University of Pennsylvania," Vol. XX., Nos. 7
and 8 (April and May, 19 18). Philadelphia: The General Alumni Society,
1328 Chestnut Street. — Among the more notable contents are an article (in
two parts) on "The Ceremonial Side of Greek Religion," by Dr. Walter
Woodbum Hyde, of the Greek Department of the University ; and a pleasing
sketch, under the title "University Characters," of a number of faithful ser-
vants of the University of high and low degree — one family alone furnished
a succession of three janitors, whose continuous tenure extended over forty
years. A contributor claims that Dr. Thomas Cooper, Professor of Chemistry
in the University, 1816-20, was the true begetter of Lincoln's famous phrase,
" the government of the people, by the people, and for the people ". The
" War Record " is a conspicuous feature of both numbers.
In "The Path to India's Future" — an offprint from the "Madras
Christian College Magazine" for January — we have Dr. Miller's message
(from Burgo Park, Bridge of Allan) to the members of the College Day
Association, read at the College Day gathering on 26 December. A pe-
culiar interest attaches to the message, for the worthy Principal, who is now in
his eighty-first year — he graduated at Marischal College in 1856 — intimates
that it must be regarded as his last message, as "it is in the highest degree
improbable," he says, " that another communication like this will again reach
you from me " . The message lays stress on the genuine desire of Britain for
India to become a fully self-directing member of the world-wide British
commonwealth, and shows how, in various spheres of activity, notably educa-
tion and municipal administration, the remissness and opposition which have
long stood in the way of changes are disappearing, and a certain amount of
progress has been made. There are defects on the Indian side as well as the
British, it is pointed out ; and the main contention of the message is that it is
only by following the path of continuous reform and turning aside from that
of catastrophic revolution that India can become a self-directing free com-
munity.
University Topics.
RESIDENCE FOR STUDENTS.
T the meeting of the General Council on 13 April, the
Sub-Committee on Systems of Residence (Mr. Henry
Alexander, Convener) presented a long and elaborate
report.
It dealt at the outset with the residential system
which formerly existed at King's College (down to 1825)
to which allusion is made in Mr. Keith Leask's article
on "Elphinstone Hall" in the last number of the
Review, and went on to say that the arrangements as to board were entrusted
to a functionary styled the " Economist," who undertook to board students
eating at the First Table for 50 merks Scots {j^z 15s 6|d.) per quarter, and
students eating at the Second Table for ^£2 per quarter. The Economist
had to submit a bill of fare for approval by the Faculty. That prepared by
Alexander Leslie, " vintner in Edinburgh," who was appointed Economist in
1753, has been preserved, and throws an interesting light on the life of the
students of that period.
FIRST TABLE.
SECOND TABLE.
z.
2.
3-
Sunday's
Sirloin of roast beef.
Plum pudding or beef-steak pie.
Fricassee of chicken or rabbit.
Supper.
1. Roast veal or mutton.
2. Milk and rice.
I.
2.
3-
Monday's
Brown soup with toasted bread.
Boiled mutton and roots.
Florentine of veal.
Dinner.
1. Cabbage kail.
2. Boiled mutton and roots.
I.
2.
3-
Pease soup or white broth.
Saddle of roast mutton.
Apple pie or veal pie.
Tuesday's
Dinner.
1. Fish and potatoes.
2. Cold meat.
I.
2.
3-
Wednesday'
Celery soup.
Salt beef and greens.
Apple tart or potato pudding.
's Dinner.
1. Broth.
2. Beef and greens.
I.
2.
3.
Green soup.
Roast ducks or pullets.
Pigeon pie.
Thursday's
Dinner.
1. Pease soup.
2. Tripe.
I.
2.
3-
Turbot with white sauce.
Potato or pease pudding.
Tongue or a green goose.
Friday's
Dinner.
1. Turbot with fried flounders,
2. Cold meat or a fricassee.
I.
2.
3-
Salt pork and greens.
Boiled lowls with kidney b
Bread pudding.
Saturday' i
cans.
! Dinner.
1. Sheep's-head broth.
2. Roast mutton.
262 Aberdeen University Review
Supper Dishes.
Dropped eggs, parsnips, cold meat, milk Porridge and milk or ale, milk and bread,
and rice, Finnan haddies and butter, and sometimes a fricassee,
ale saps; any of the above as called Breakfast: Porridge and ale or milk,
for, and the same for breakfast. bread and drink.
The report proceeded to state that the residential system in its most fully-
developed form is to be seen at Oxford and Cambridge, but even there it is
impossible to accommodate all the students inside the various Colleges. The
only other place in this country where the system is on a large scale is at the
University College, Reading. Accommodation is provided there for 142 men
and 161 women. St. Andrews has a University Hall with residence for some
fifty women students, but has no residence for men. Glasgow possesses
Queen Margaret Hall of Residence for Women, a residence foi: nineteen
divinity students of the Church of Scotland, and two hostels for medical
students. Edinburgh's University Hall, founded by Professor Patrick Geddes,
consists of five houses, under the Town and Gown Association, and accomo-
dates 140 men students. In the Universities of Canada and the United
States the residential system is not compulsory, but it is encouraged, and in
a number of cases, as, for instance, Toronto, Harvard, and Princeton, it
seems to be largely developed.
There is a great variety of practice as to the provision and control of
Halls of Residence (the report continued). In some cases the residences are
provided by benefactors and controlled directly by the University authorities.
In other cases they are established by Committees acting in Association with
the University authorities. The degree of connection between these bodies
and the University authorities may vary widely. In most residences there are
wardens or heads. The Houses established by Professor Patrick Geddes at
Edinburgh have no wardens. His view was that the community in each
House should be self-governing.
Details were given of the joint residence or hostel in Edinburgh established
for women students of the Provincial Committee and women students of the
University ; and of the residence for women students in connection with the
University College of North Wales, Bangor. The Aberdeen Provincial
Committee had prepared a scheme for the erection of residences or hostels
for its women students, and had acquired a site of 20 acres at Hilton, but
the progress of the scheme has been suspended owing to the war. The
Aberdeen University Court did not see its way to join in this scheme though
mvited to do so.
The report concluded as follows : —
The Sub-Committee are of opinion that the introduction of residential
facilities would be a desirable development in the life of the University.
They recognize, however, that at the present moment it is not expedient or pos-
sible for the General Council to commit itself to any definite scheme. Owing
to the war no estimate of building costs can be submitted, and on that
account it is useless at this stage to enter into the matter in any detail or to
present specific proposals. The most that can be done is to state some
general considerations.
The Sub-Committee believe that the establishment of a Hall of Residence
in connection with the University would be welcomed by students, and that
it would add to the corporate character and social amenity of the University.
It would not be desirable to make the system compulsory or to interfere with
the large measure of independence and individual responsibility which have
University Topics 263
always been associated with undergraduate life in Aberdeen. The expendi-
ture involved in providing residential accommodation for all the students
attending the University would be prohibitive. It would be enough to begin
with a single Hall as an experiment, giving preference perhaps to junior
students, and it would be desirable that, in choosing the site, the possible
erection of additional residences in the vicinity should be kept in view.
Ultimately there might be a group of residences tor men students and another
group for women students. Whether the first residence to be built should be
for men or for women is a point which depends to some extent upon the
decision come to regarding the Aberdeen Provincial Committee scheme,
which is referred to above
This scheme is in a state of suspense at present on account of the war,
but it will no doubt be revived, and the Sub-Committee are of opinion that
the University might with advantage confer with the Provincial Committee
and ascertain whether the scheme might not, when it is revived, be enlarged
in scof)e and made a joint undertaking on the lines that have been followed
in Edinburgh. Difficulties may emerge in the course of actual conference,
and co-operation may not prove possible, but the Sub-Committee would
strongly urge that consultation should at least take place between the Uni-
versity and the Provincial Committee. It would be unfortunate if two over-
lapping schemes were to go forward when one might suffice.
Assuming that co-operation with the Provincial Committee proved possible
in the case of women students, it would lie with the University to make a start
with a residential hall for men students. It would be important to encourage
diversity of interests and to open the residence to students from all the Faculties.
With regard to finance, the Sub-Committee direct attention to the fact
that in Edinburgh the Carnegie Trust has advanced ;^25,ooo at a low rate of
interest, and they have no doubt that corresponding support would be given
to a similar scheme in Aberdeen.
Mr. Alexander (at the Council meeting) moved —
That the General Council communicate the report on systems of residence to the
University Court and Senatus, and also to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scot-
land ; and, further, that the Council empower the Business Committee to continue the
consideration of the subject with the view of the presentation of more definite proposals at
the first suitable moment.
Residence, he said, would enormously strengthen the corporate life of the
University, and the social element was as important as the educational one
in moulding manners and developing the humanities. There was another
advantage of the residential system which had been pointed out in a paper by
Professor Harrower, contributed some years ago. He pointed out that in
Aberdeen, where the students lived in different parts of the town, it was im-
possible to develop anything in the nature of a tutorial system. Under the
residential system the students would be brought together and have oppor-
tunities of discussing not necessarily subjects of study but the affairs of the
day with other men, particularly with older men, and in that clash of minds
they would have a great stimulus to intellectual development. The Com-
mittee did not suggest that such a system should be compulsory. To house
1000 students, which was the size of the roll in Aberdeen University before
the war, was out of the question, and what the Committee contemplated was
that one residence or a group of residences might be established. They
directed attention particularly to a joint scheme that had been established in
Edinburgh between the Provincial Committee for the Training of Teachers
264 Aberdeen University Review
and the University, where five-sevenths of the cost was provided by the
Provincial Committee out of Government funds, and the other two-sevenths
was provided by the University. That two-sevenths, which amounted to
^^25,000, took the form of a loan from the Carnegie Trustees advanced at 2^
per cent interest. There was every prospect that similar assistance would be
given in Aberdeen.
The motion was agreed to unanimously.
UNIVERSITY MEDALS AND SCHOLARSHIPS.
An important change has been notified with regard to the award of the
Town Council's gold medal. A gold medal was given annually by the Town
Council from 1851 to 19 13 to the most distinguished scholar at the termina-
tion of the Arts curriculum, and since 1914 two medals have been given —
one in the departments of Language and Philosophy, and one in Science.
The Senatus recently represented to the Town Council that it had been found
increasingly difficult to discriminate as regards "the most distinguished
scholar " in any year, in view of the number of new honours groups that had
now been instituted and the wide selection of optional subjects available for
graduation ; and the Senatus suggested that the Town Council's generous
benefaction might take the form of prizes (in money or books) for award to
the best graduate in one or more of the honours groups which were less ade-
quately provided with prizes than were the older honours schools. Acting
on this suggestion, the Town Council has now intimated that in future it pro-
poses to give a sum of ;^io instead of a medal — not to the most distinguished
graduate of the year in Arts, as formerly, but to the most distinguished student
of the year in Economic Science. The prize will take the form either of
money or books, or a medal, as may be approved by the successful student.
Mrs. Logie Pirie has instituted a number of undergraduate scholarships
of the value of ;^io or ;^i2 per annum, to be tenable in any faculty at the
University for sons or daughters of employees at the Aberdeenshire works of
Messrs. Alexander Pirie & Sons, Limited, paper manufacturers.
GIFTS TO THE UNIVERSITY.
About 500 volumes have been received by the University Librarian in
accordance with the directions of the late Lord Kennedy. The volumes
formed part of his lordship's library, and will constitute a very valuable addi-
tion to the law library at Marischal College. It is intended that they should
form a special section by themselves.
The family of the late Professor Dickie have presented a number of
valuable specimens to the Natural History Museum, including specimens of
Australian duck moles, a beaver, an unusually fine Narwahl tusk, numerous
birds' skins, etc.
THE CARNEGIE TRUST.
The annual meeting of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland
was held in London on 20 February — Lord Balfour of Burleigh (who has
been appointed Chairman of the Trust in succession to the late Lord Elgin)
presiding. The report of the Executive Committee for the year 19 16-17 was
adopted, on the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Lord Shaw of Dun-
fermline.
The report stated that the expenditure of the Trust on assistance in the
University Topics 265
payment of class fees has again been reduced. As compared with ^29,417
14s. 6d. paid on behalf of 2445 individual beneficiaries for 191 5-1 6, the ex-
penditure for 1 91 6- 1 7 had been ;^26,244 6s. on behalf of 2 112 individual
beneficiaries. During the year a sum of ;^i,3o8 12s. 6d, was voluntarily re-
funded by or on behalf of twenty-one beneficiaries for whom class fees had
been paid by the Trust. This is by far the largest sum received in any one
year.
The number of students in Aberdeen University whose fees were paid
was 425, the total class fees paid was ;^5366 14s., and the average per bene-
ficiary was j£i2 i2s. 6d. The details of the Aberdeen allocation are : —
Men. Women.
Arts 56 200
Science 10 7
Divinity .......... 11
Law I
Medicine .......... 80 60
158 267
The class fees paid in respect of the men amounted to ;^2 2 72 9s., and in
respect of the women to ;^3094 5s.
The expenditure of the Trust under the scheme of endowment of research
had been, for the year, ^5624 los. 7d.
Sir George T. Beilby has been added to the Executive Committee in
place of Lord Elgin, and Lord Sands in place of the late Lord Kinnear.
Owing to the scarcity of paper, it was decided not to issue copies of the
report, but anyone interested may have a copy on application to the Trust
Offices.
Lord Balfour of Burleigh, in moving the adoption of the report, pointed
out, in connection with the future development of the Trust, that during the
war it would be impossible for the Trustees to start any new scheme. That
year being the last of the current third quinquennial scheme of distribution,
would naturally have been the time for the Trustees to consider a scheme for
the next five years, but with the approval of the Universities that had been
postponed. When the time came to consider the matter, however, he trusted
that the Trustees would be in full sympathy with the needs of the Universities,
which had gone through a period of great trial and privation during the last
three years owing to the great diminution in the amounts of fees. He hoped
the Trustees would do their best to meet the great claims for scientific and
industrial education and development required for the reconstruction of our
national industries and life after the war.
Among those present at the meeting was Professor Matthew Hay.
KITCHENER SCHOLARSHIPS.
The Council of the Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund, adopting a
scheme prepared by a special Committee (of which Sir John Struthers was a
member), propose instituting Scholarships for the benefit of officers and men
of the navy and army of suitable age, and of the sons of deceased and disabled
officers and men of the navy and army. These scholarships are designed for
the purpose of affording sound education of an advanced character for those
engaged or about to be engaged in commerce or industry, and will be of such
value and length of tenure as will enable successful candidates to undertake
266 Aberdeen University Review
a complete course of industrial or commercial education at any University or
institution of University rank, or other institution specially approved by the
Scholarship Committee. It is also proposed to give some of the scholarships
— in ordinary times — for post-graduate study, including study and research
both abroad and at home. These would be allotted to specially selected
students at the Universities, o^ at Colleges of University rank, who had com-
pleted their degree course or diploma course, or to other students not being
University students specially approved by the Scholarship Committee, f hey
v.ould be given to those who were most likely t ) profit by one, two, or three
years' additional study at home or abroad, or both at home and abroad, in
subjects such as Foreign Languages, Commercial Subjects, Methods of In-
dustrial Development, or Scientific and Technological Subjects with special
reference to Trade and Industry in the British Empire. Applications should
be addressed to the Joint Hon. Secretaries, Lord Kitchener National Memo-
rial Fund, 34 Noifolk Street, Strand, London, W.C. 2.
AN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES' DELEGATE ON THE WAR.
An event of some note in the annals of the University was a meeting in
the Mitchell Hall on the evening of Friday, 7 June, when an address on
" America's Entrance into the War " was delivered by Dr. Andrew C.
M 'Laughlin, Professor of History in the University of Chicago, and editor of
the " American Historical Review ". Professor M'Laughlin is a member of
the National Board for Historical Service which was formed by the History
Faculties of the American Universities for the purpose of expounding the
historical causes that have led up to the entrance of the United States into
the war, and he was specially delegated by these Universities to visit the
British Universities and give addresses on the American attitude to the con-
flict and the future relations of Great Britain and the United States. He was
accompanied to Aberdeen by Mr. Charles Moore, Michigan, President of the
Federal Board of Fine Arts. In the unavoidable absence of the Chancellor,
and as the Principal was fulfilling on the other side of the Atlantic the com-
plement of the mission on this side with which Professor M 'Laughlin was
entrusted, the chair was taken by Professor Terry at the request of his profes-
sorial colleagues, it being thought fitting (as Professor Terrj^ explained) that
one Professor of History should extend a welcome to another.
Professor M 'Laughlin dealt at considerable length with the experiences of
the United States in the first three years of the war, fully explaining the suc-
cession of incidents along with the concurrent mental processes which
finally determined the participation of the Americans in the cause of the
Allies. The address, lucid in statement and cogent in reasoning, was quietly
but none the less effectively delivered, and though it extended to an hour and
twenty minutes, the audience exper enced no weariness, evidently appreciating
the f.esh and vigorous presentation of a somewhat unfamiliar phase of political
thought and action. After a brief speech from the Marquis of Aberdeen,
Lord Provost Taggart moved a vote of thanks to Professor M 'Laughlin, and
Professor Davidson seconded. Professor M 'Laughlin, in acknowledging^
mentioned, as an interesting coincidence, that while he had been addressing
the University of Aberdeen, their Principal, Sir George Adam Smith, was that
day speaking in the city of his University, Chicago. On the call of the Chair-
man, three cheers were given for President Wilson, and the meeting terminated
with the singing of the National Anthem.
University Topics 267
THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR.
Among announcements of distinctions awarded for war services since the
issue of the February number of the Review the names of the following Uni-
versity men occur. Probably, however, some names may have been over-
looked, and the subjoined lists do not pretend to be complete : —
To be C.B.—
Colonel Stuart Macdonald, C.M.G., Army Medical Service (M.B.,
1884).
To be C.M.G.—
Major and Temporary Colonel Henry M'llree Williamson Gray, C.B.,
R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1895 ; F.R.C.S.).
The Distinguished Service Order has been awarded to —
Lieutenant-Colonel James William Garden, R.F.A. (T.F.) (M.A.,
1899 ; B.L., 1902).
Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Charles Reid, Gordon High-
landers (M.A., 1909).
Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Alfred John Williamson,
R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1905 ; M.D.).
Major Henry Jackson Butchart, Yeomanry (B.L., 1905).
The Military Cross has been awarded to —
Major Douglas George Robb, R.E. (M.A., 1905).
Major James Ettershank Gordon Thomson, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1907).
Captain Lawrence Weir Bain, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1913).
Captain Douglas Wales Berry, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915).
Captain Benjamin Knowles, M.M., R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1907).
Captain James Mitchell Mitchell, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1915).
Captain Herbert Murray, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1908).
Captain William Smith, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1910).
Temporary Captain Alexander Urquhart Webster, R.A.M.C. (M.A.»
1906; M.B.).
Lieutenant Charles Clyne, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1910).
Lieutenant Charles Gordon Mitchell, 4th Cameron Highlanders
(M.A., 1911 ; B.Sc).
Second Lieutenant William James Johnston, Cameron Highlanders
(ist Med., 1915-16).
Second Lieutenant James Harold Stuart Peterkin, M.-G. Corps (ist
Arts).
Awarded a bar to the Military Cross previously received —
Captain (Acting Major) Herbert S. Milne, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).
Temporary Captain James Williamson Tocher, R.A.M.C. (M.B.»
1911).
The following, among others, have been " mentioned in dispatches " by
Field-Marshal Sir Douglas Haig : —
Colonel Stuart Macdonald, C.B., C.M.G., Army Medical Service
(M.B., 1884)— fifth mention.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. Galium, R.A.M.C. (T.F.) (M.B., 1903).
Lieutenant- Colonel James William Garden, D.S.O., R.F.A. (T.F.)
(M.A., 1899; B.L., 1902) — second mention.
Lieutenant- Colonel T. B. Nicholls, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1908).
268 Aberdeen University Review
Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) H. M. W. Gray, C.B., C.M.G.,
R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1895 ; F.R.C.S.)— fourth mention.
Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Charles Reid, Gordon High-
landers, D.S.O. (M.A., 1909) — second mention.
Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) A. J. Williamson, D.S.O.,
R.A.M.C. (T.F.) (M.A., 1905; M.D.)— second mention.
Major A. S. K. Anderson, D.S.O., M.C. (with bar) (M.A., 1909;
M.B., 1914).
Major Eric W. H. Brander, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1910;
■^^ LL.B.) — third mention.
Major Lachlan Mackinnon, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1906 ;
LL.B., 1910).
Major Douglas George Robb, R.E. (M.A., 1905).
Captain John Mackintosh, Seaforth Highlanders (M.A., 1913;
LL.B., 1915).
Captain William Percival Mulligan, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1913).
Captain George William Riddel, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1914).
Captain (Rev.) Hugh Philip Skakle, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A.,
191 1 ; B.D., 1914) — posthumous mention (killed in action.
21 November).
Temporary Captain Adam Gray, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).
Temporary Captain John Proctor, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).
Lieutenant (Acting Captain) William Smith, Gordon Highlanders
(M.A., 1912; B.Sc. A^r., 1913; assistant. Agricultural De-
partment).
The following were mentioned in dispatches by General Sir Herbert
Plumer : —
Captain (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) Archer Irvine Fortescue,
R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1904).
Captain George Christie Soutter, R.A.M.C. (T.F.) (M.B., 1909).
For services at Salonika —
Major (Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) A. W. Falconer, D.S.O.,
R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1901 ; M.D.) — second mention.
For services in Mesopotamia : —
Major (Acting Lieutenant-Colonel) William Lethbridge, Indian
Medical Service (M.B., 1895).
Captain William Anderson Mearns, Indian Medical Service (M.A.,
1899; M.B., 1903).
Captain John Phimister Mitchell, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1907 ; M.D.)—
second mention.
For services in Palestine : —
Major H. J. Butchart, D.S.O., Yeomanry (B.L., 1905).
Captain George A. Williamson, R.A.M.C. (T.F.) (M.A., 1889; M.B.,
1893; M.D., 1899).
For services in East Africa : —
Major William Sim M'Gillivray, Indian Medical Service (M.B.,
1903) — second mention.
Captain Robert Morrison Easton, Indian Medical Service (M.A.,
1907 ; M.B., 1911).
University Topics 269
The names of the following officers, among others, have been brought to
the notice of the Secretary of State for War, for services rendered in connec-
tion with the war : —
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Milne, Indian Medical Service (M.B.,
1891).
Major Lachlan Mackinnon, 4th Gordon Highlanders (M.A., 1906;
LL.B., 1910).
Captain Robert Morrison Easton, Indian Medical Service (M.A.,
1907 ; M.B., 1911).
Captain (Temporary) John P. Kinloch, R.A,M.C. (T.F.), Lecturer
in Public Health at Aberdeen University (M.D. [Glasg.]).
Rev. James Smith, T.D., Chaplain to the Forces, senior chaplain of
the ist Scottish General Hospital (M.A., 1874 ; B.D.).
Rev. Robert Harvey Strachan, Chaplain to the Forces (Temporary)
(M.A., 1893).
The following are known to have been taken prisoners of war by the
Germans since the beginning of the spring offensive on 2 1 March : —
Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Fleming, D.S.O., R.F.A. (former Arts
student).
Major James Stewart McConnachie, M.C., Field Ambulance, 51st
Division (M.B., 1906).
Major William Milne, Machine Gun Corps (M.A., 19 14).
Captain John George Elder, R.A.M.C. (M.B,, 1912).
Captain George Robertson Lipp, M.C., R.A.M.C. (M.B., 19 14).
Captain Douglas Martin Spring, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1909).
Lieutenant John Hendry (Science student).
Second Lieutenant Norman K. Robson (student at the Agricultural
College).
Private Robert A. Forbes, Seaforth Highlanders (Medical student).
The following are among those reported missing : —
Captain William Ernest Coutts, Black Watch (M.A., 191 2).
Lieutenant Robert F. Copland, attached Wilts Regiment (M.B.,
1915)-
Second Lieutenant Alexander Ritchie Doughty McKenzie, Gordon
Highlanders (M.A., 1916).
Corporal Robert Sutherland, R.E. (M.A., 1912 ; B.Sc).
The following are additional particulars regarding women graduates on
war service : —
Beveridge, Catherine (M.A., 1907) — Secretary in the City Food
Controller's Office, Aberdeen.
Bisset, Eleanor (M.A,, 19 14) — Secretary to the Board of Scientific
Societies, Burlington House, London.
Duncan, Maggie Anne (M.A., 191 7) — Clerk in the Naval Stores,
Aberdeen.
MacKenzie, Myra (M.B., 1900) — Previously reported as acting as
Tuberculosis Officer for Staffordshire, has left for Macedonia
to act as Medical Officer to a unit of the Scottish Women's
Hospitals.
Murray, Ethel Macgregor (M.A., 1915) — Clerk in the Naval Stores,
Aberdeen.
Wiseman, Evelyn Mary (M.A., 1908) — Assistant in the wives and
dependants' section of the Pension Office, Aberdeen.
/
270 Aberdeen University Review
Replacing men on active service : —
Abercromby, Anna M. R. (M.A., 191 7) — 'Teaching mathematics
and science in Elgin Academy.
Burgess, Elsie Mary (M.A., 191 7) — Teaching mathematics and
science in Forres Academy. [Was working for some time in
M'Kinnon's shell factory, Aberdeen.]
Hay, Jessie (M.A., 1913) — Teaching in the Murray Boys' School,
Rugby.
Herbert, Ellenor (M.A., 19 16) — Teaching in Gordon's College,
Aberdeen.
Lumsden, Edith Ross (M.A., 19 16) — Teaching mathematics in
Gordon's College.
Mackay, Mary Ross (M.A., 19 17) — Teaching science in Golspie.
Macleod, Elizabeth Kate (M.A., 191 7) — Teaching mathematics and
science in Forres Academy.
Ogilvie, Helen (M.A., 191 6) — Teaching English in Stonehaven
Academy.
Shearer, Margaret F. P. (M.A., 191 7) — Teaching mathematics and
science in Keith Academy.
Stewart, Mina (M.A., 19 17) — Teaching mathematics and science in
Wick Academy.
Weir, Florence Smith (M.A., 1916) — Teaching English and Latin
in Kingussie.
Captain George Stewart Davidson, R.A.M.C. (M.A., 1914; M.B., 1916)
has been awarded the Serbian Order of St. Sava " for services rendered in the
war during the years 1916-17 on the Salonika front".
Captain Robert Godfrey Martyn, R.A.M.C. (M.B., 1912), has been made
a Chevalier of the Ordre de Leopold, and has had conferred on him also by
the King of the Belgians the Croix de Guerre.
Surgeon-General James Lawrence Smith, C.B., M.V.O., R.N. (M.B.,
1883), has been appointed an officer of the French Legion of Honour for dis-
tinguished services rendered during the war.
Major Charles Duncan Peterkin, Gordon Highlanders, Special Reserve
(M.A., 1908; LL.B.) has been gazetted Deputy-Assistant-Quarter-Master-
General, vice Lieut.-Col. T. Ogilvie, C.M.G.
Numerous promotions have been made of late, among them : Lieutenant-
Colonel Francis Kelly, R.A.M.C, to be Temporary Colonel whilst holding
the appointment of Assistant Director of Medical Services; Major and
Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Wardrop Griffith, C.M.G., R.A.M.C, to
be Lieutenant-Colonel ; Major J. W, Garden, D.S.O., R.F.A., to be Lieu-
tenant-Colonel; Temporary Major A. W. Falconer, D.S.O., R.A.M.C, to be
Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel; Captain A. I. Fortescue, R.A.M.C, and
Captain R. W. Galloway, M.C, R.A.M.C, to be Acting Lieutenant-Colonel
whilst in command of a medical unit ; Captain Robert Adam, M.C, Gordon
Highlanders, to be Brigade Major; Captain Eric W. H. Brander, Gordon
Highlanders, Brevet- Major ; Captain George M. M'Gillivray, R.A.M.C, to
be Acting Major whilst specially employed ; and Captain John F. W. Sandison,
R.A.M.C, Captain James Watson, Gordon Highlanders, Temporary Captain
Benjamin Knowles, R.A.M.C, and Temporary Captain John Proctor,
R.A.M.C, to be Acting Majors.
Sir Alexander Ogston, K.CV.O. ; Sir John Duthie, K.B.E. ; and Colonel
Scott Riddell, C.B.E., M.V.O,, have been appointed members of a Joint
University Topics 271
Committee representing the Department of Voluntary Organizations and the
Scottish Branch of the British Red Cross Society, to organize the gathering
and cleaning of sphagnum moss throughout Scotland. Sir John Duthie is
Chairman of the Joint Committee.
Dr. Colin Finlayson Simpson (M.A., 1906; M.B.), who served with the
Russian Army from the beginning of the war, arrived at his home in Fraser-
burgh in March last. On the outbreak of the war he was a Professor in the
Medical College at Mukden, Manchuria, but was unable to get through
Russia to this country, where he was anxious to render service. He was
advised by the British Ambassador at Petrograd to attach himself to the
Russian army, which was badly in need of medical men. He accordingly
accepted an appointment under the Russian Red Cross and was attached to
the 3rd Army with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He superintended the
removal of 18,000 wounded from Lodz (see vol. iii., 76), and for his services
received the congratulations of the Grand Duke and Duchess Cyril and was
granted the Vladimir decoration with swords. He was appointed Colonel,
and served with the 8th and 9th Army in the Carpathians, performing numer-
ous medical operations. After the collapse of the Russian army, it took Dr.
Simpson two months and a half to reach home. He journeyed to Moscow
and Petrograd, passed through Finland, Sweden, and Norway, and from
Norway he reached Aberdeen by steamer. It may be mentioned that, after
graduating, Dr. Simpson was attached to a British Boundary Commission in
Bolivia, and visited places in South America in which no white man had
previously set foot.
Mr. William Gammie Ogg (M.A., 191 2 ; B.Sc.) last year received an
appointment under the Ministry of Munitions (High Explosives Department).
He was previously a chemist in another explosives works. Mr. Ogg, after
graduating, was for a time engaged in chemical research under Professor
Hendrick, and left to take up a position as a works chemist with Messrs.
Chance & Hunt, Birmingham.
Rev. Alfred Augustus Cooper (M.A., 1887), minister of the United Free
High Church, Inverness, was engaged lecturing to the British troops in
France during April and part of May.
Rev. Patrick Lindsay Gordon (M.A., 1886 ; B.D.), minister of the parish
of Glenbervie, has been wounded and was for some time in hospital in France.
At the outbreak of the war, Mr. Gordon qualified as a motor-car driver and
offered his services to the British Red Cross. On account of his age he was
refused, but nothing daunted he presented a motor ambulance to the French
Red Cross and offering to drive it in France his services were accepted, and
he has been driving an ambulance in the French lines for about tsvo years.
Mr. Gordon, who named his ambulance car the "Glenbervie," jocularly re-
marked in a letter to a friend that during these two years in the field he still
slept in Glenbervie. Mr. Gordon is a brother of Rev. W. Lindsay Gordon
(M. A., 1893 ; B.D.), formerly minister of the South Parish Church, Aberdeen,
and now on service as a chaplain in Italy.
The ubiquity of the Aberdeen graduate is proverbial and has been parti-
cularly observable during the war. Perhaps one of its oddest manifestations
was the following announcement in the *' Bagdad Times," a paper presumably
staited by some men of the army of occupation : " It is proposed to hold an
Aberdeen Schools and University Dinner on Friday, 5 April, 1 918, at the Hotel
Maiide. Will those who wish to attend please send their names to Captain
Melvin, c/o ' Bagdad Times '? "
Personalia.
Among the recipients of King's Birthday honours were the following : —
K.B.E. — James Taggart, Lord Provost of Aberdeen (Member of
the University Court ex officio).
John Duthie of Cairnbulg, barrister (alumnus, Arts, 1875-
76).
C.B.E. — Robert Sangster Rait, Professor of Scottish History and
Literature, Glasgow University (M.A,, 1894).
O.B.E. — Rev. David Smith Cairns, Professor of Systematic Theology
and Apologetics, United Free Church College, Aber-
deen (D.D., 1909).
Hector Munro Macdonald, Professor of Mathematics,
Aberdeen University (M.A. , 1886; F.R.S.).
Peter Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary of the Zoological
Society of London (M.A., 1884; LL.D., 1914 ;
F.R.S.).
James Charles Philip, Professor of Physical Chemistry
Imperial College of Science, South Kensington (M.A.,
1893; B.Sc, 1895; D.Sc, 1906).
I.S.O. — William John Henderson Sinclair, Medical Officer, Barlinnie
Prison, Glasgow (M.B., 1883).
The list of New Year honours given in our last issue should have included
the following : —
O.B.E. — John Russell, M.B., Vice-President of the Burslem and
Tunstall Division and Assistant County Inspector for the North
Staffordshire Area, British Red Cross and Order of St. John
of Jerusalem (M.A., 1883; M.B., 1886).
M.B.E. — James Cran, M.D., Belize, British Honduras (M.B., 1895 ;
M.D., 1904).
Judging from some American papers that have reached us, and from
information in private letters, the Principal's lecturing tours in the United
States on the Moral Aims of the War have been most successful. In the
course of the first month of his work, he travelled as far west as Kansas City
and Denver, and addressed over fifty meetings, the attendance averaging more
than 1000 at each place. One of the most striking gatherings was in the
Symphony Hall, Boston, presided over by President A. Lawrence Lowell, of
Harvard University ; and in connection with it the " Boston Transcript "
published a descriptive sketch of the Principal (accompanied by a large-sized
Personalia 273
portrait) along with the customary " interview ". In the course of the sketch
the writer said : —
None of Britain's leading men has had greater success in presenting the British case
or in expounding, on a very high plane of thought, the effect of the war on British life
and character than the Principal of Aberdeen University. This success has been due to
the peculiar qualities of the man. He is the very embodiment of earnestness. The
dignity and tremendousness of his mission are first in his thought. He is a seeker after
truth — a teller of the truth. He wants America to know the facts — as he himself has seen
them. He has been in America before, understands the American character, appreciates
what it has meant to the world for America to enter the war and desires to express the
gratitude of his country for America's declarations for humanity. And he does it all in
such a human, modest way — so full of fine-mindedness when touching upon the higher
aspects of it, and so full of passion when he touches on the darker side of it— that, wherever
he has spoken, he has left behind a great personal triumph and a labour well perfortned for
the Allied cause. A listener in Washington remarked the other day that of all the speakers
who had come over, this man had left the deepest mark upon his hearers.
At Boston the Principal had the great honour of being invited to the House
of Representatives, then in session. The Speaker welcomed him, and all
the members rose to receive him, and after he had spoken they gave him a
perfect ovation.
A descriptive sketch of the Principal in a New York paper opened in this
fashion : —
A gray and grizzled Scotch theologian in the khaki of a Colonel in the British Army,
who likes the feel of a blackened old pipe between his teeth as he discourses in the seclu-
sion of his room on the old Satan of Calvin's day and the new Satan of Kaiserism, is in
New York. He is one of the world's most famous Biblical scholars — Sir George Adam
Smith, Principal of that hoary-headed but militant Scotch university, Aberdeen University,
and a chaplain in the army with the rank of Colonel. ... It is a sturdy champion of the
contention that the war is strengthening men and women in the spiritual dimensions that
has come to us.
At a meeting of the University Court on n June, a letter was read from
the executive secretary of the National Committee in America under whose
auspices the Principal is visiting the States. In the course of the letter the
secretary said : —
Your Principal, the Very Rev. Sir George Adam Smith, who has been in America since
early in April, has been giving a most wonderful message, and has stirred up the enthusiasm
and response to the great moral issues of this world-wide war in a most remarkable manner.
No visitor to America in recent years has made such a contribution, and the meetings have
been largely attended.
The secretary added that, in view of the many calls for Sir George's services,
the Committee had agreed to request that his visit might be prolonged
through the months of May and June, and this had been arranged accord-
ingly. The Court received this gratifying intelligence of the success of the
Principal's visit to the United States with much pleasure.
Mr. James E. Crombie, LL.D., has been re-nominated by the Duke of
Richmond and Gordon as Chancellor's Assessor in the University Court, for
a further term of four years. Dr. Crombie was first nominated Chancellor's
Assessor in 191 3 by Lord Strathcona, and held the post during the Chancel-
lorship of the Earl of Elgin.
The Deans of the respective Faculties for the current year have been
appointed as follows : Arts — Professor Jack ; Science — Professor Hendrick ;
Divinity — Professor Cowan ; Law — Professor Irvine ; Medicine — Professor
Shennan.
Professors Harrower, Davidson, Macdonald, and Baillie were the Aberdeen
representatives at a Conference of Universities of the United Kingdom held
18
2 74 Aberdeen University Review
in London on lo May, to consider what steps should be taken to promote
uniform action with regard to the admission of advanced students from foreign
countries and British Dominions overseas to the Universities of this country,
and as to the granting of a special degree to such students. It is proposed
that this degree should be Doctor of Philosophy.
Professor Terry has received the degree of Litt.D. from Cambridge Uni-
versity. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge (B.A., Hist. Trip.,
1886; M.A., 1890), and became connected with Aberdeen University in 1898
as Lecturer in History, a position which he held until 1903, when he was
elevated to the Chair of that subject.
Dr. Robert Walker has resigned the office of Registrar of the University,
to which he was appointed by the Senatus on 10 March, 1877 — forty-one
years ago ; and the University Court has accepted his resignation on the
understanding that his name be retained on the list of the University staff
with the title of Registrar Emeritus. Dr. Walker will thus continue to rank
as the senior official of the University, whose service he entered as assistant
to the Professor of Mathematics on 6 November, 1866. The Business Com-
mittee of the General Council of the University, in reporting Dr. Walker's
resignation, added — " The Business Committee feels sure that the General
Council will not allow a man so universally esteemed as Dr. Walker to retire
from active duties without expressing to him its recognition of the debt which
the University owes to his never-failing solicitude for her welfare and for the
accuracy of her records. Graduates will learn with pleasure that Reminiscences
of University Life during half a century may be looked for from Dr. Walker's
pen in the pages of the Aberdeen University Review."
Rev. William Brodie (M.A., 1871 ; B.D. [Edin.], 1875) has resigned the
charge of the parish of Kirkpatrick-Juxta, Dumfries-shire, of which he has
been minister since 1877.
Mr, William Speirs Bruce (LL.D., 1907), of the Oceanographical Labora-
tory, Edinburgh, has been appointed Thomson Lecturer at the Aberdeen
United Free Church College for the session 191 8-1 9. The subject of his
lectures will be "The Contribution of Polar Exploration to Science".
Mr. Frederick G. D. Chalmers (M.A., 1916; B.Sc, 1917), recently
employed as a research chemist with Messrs. Chance & Hunt, Birmingham,
has been appointed chief assistant in the laboratory of Drs. Bostock, Hill, &
Rigby, public analysts for Worcester, Hereford, Shrewsbury, and Warwick-
shire.
Mr. John B. Chapman (M.A., 1897), who for several years was Classical
Master in Airdrie Academy, has now joined the staff of Hutchesons' Grammar
School, Glasgow. Mr. Chapman is the editor of Professor Hutton Webster's
"Ancient History " and the author of two most useful volumes on " H race
and His Poetry". To the last number of the Review he contributed an
article on " Huns : Ancient and Modern ".
Professor Arthur Robertson Cushny (M.A., 1886; M.B., 1889; M.D.,
1892; LL.D., 19H; F.R.S.), who has been Professor of Materia Medica
and Pharmacology, University College, London, since 1905, has been unani-
mously appointed by the Curators of the Chair to succeed Sir Thomas Eraser
as Professor of Materia Medica in Edinburgh University.
Professor John Wight Duff (M.A., 1886; D. Litt. [Durh.]), has been
appointed Vice-President of Armstrong College, Newcastle.
Mr. Alexander Emslie (M.A., 1895), Rector of Ayr Academy, was dis-
missed from the service of the Ayr School Board at a special meeting of the
Personalia 275
Board held on 28 February, the resolution to that effect being adopted by
6 votes to 3. Mr. Emslie appealed against the decision to the Scotch Edu-
cation Department, and his case has been taken up also by the Educational
Institute. Prior to being appointed Rector of the Ayr Academy, Mr. Emslie
had been successively classical master at the Miller Institution, Thurso;
Rector of Fordyce Academy ; and head master of Keith Public School.
Rev. Sidney Knight Finlayson (M.A., 1913; B.D.) has been inducted
to the charge of Maryculter United Free Church, this step having become
necessary in view of the church having been recently raised to the status of
a full charge.
Rev. Arthur Cayley Headlam (D.D., 1906), formerly Principal of King's
College, London, has been appointed Canon of Christ Church and Regius
Professor of Divinity, Oxford. He represented King's College, London, at
the Quatercentenary celebrations in 1906, and was one of those on whom
the honorary degree of D.D. was conferred.
Rev. August John Kesting (M.A., 1894; B.D., 1897), minister of the
Scots Church in Paris in connection with the Church of Scotland, has been
appointed to the pastorate of Mossgreen Parish Church, Fifeshire.
Mr. Wilson Summers Leslie (M.A., 1915; B.D., 1918); and Mr. John
Leslie Robertson (M.A., 1907) have been licensed to preach.
Rev. James Philip Lilley (M.A., 1865; D.D., 1903), who has been
minister of Knox's Free (now United Free) Church, Arbroath, for the past
forty-four years, has applied for the appointment of a colleague and successor,
Mr. William Grant MacConnachie (M.A., 1886), second master, High
School, Inverness, has been appointed head master of the Farraline Park
Public School, Inverness.
Rev. Robert John Mackay (M.A., 191 1 ; LL.B., 1918), assistant, High
United Free Church, Aberdeen, has been elected minister of Beauly U.F.
Church. He served in the ranks of the 4th Gordon Highlanders, and after-
wards received a commission in the 5 th Seaforths. Last year he was wounded
in the left elbow and was discharged. He was studying for the B.D. degree
last session.
Rev. John Wood Macphail — not Rev. John Wood, as erroneously stated
on p. 182 — (M.A., 1907), minister of the United Free Church, Forgue,
Aberdeenshire, has been elected colleague and successor to Rev. John Yeliow-
lees, Carron United Free Church, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.
Mr. Andrew Stenhouse Melvin (M.A., 1900), assistant, Glasgow High
School, has been appointed head master of the Higher Grade and Elementary
School, TurriflT, Aberdeenshire.
Dr. George Stevenson Middleton (M.A., 1873; M.D. [Glasg.]) has been
elected one of the Assessors of the Glasgow University Council in the Uni-
versity Court, in succession to the late Sir David M'Vail.
Rev. Robert Nicol Paton (M.A., 1907; B.D., 1910), minister of the
quoad sacra parish of New Byth, Aberdeenshire, has been elected minister of
the quoad sacra parish of Lochgelly, Fifeshire.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE. (M.A., 1878; M.B.,
1883 ; LL.D., 1900), Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, has been
appointed Chairman of the New Horticultural Advisory Committee established
by the Board of Agriculture of England.
Dr. George Riddoch (M.B., 1913; M.D., 1917) has been admitted a
member of the Royal College of Physicians of England.
276 Aberdeen University Review
Rev. James Alexander Robertson (M.A., 1902) — who recently retired
from the ministry of Palmerston Place United Free Church, Edinburgh, his
health proving unequal to the demands of such a large congregation — has
been elected minister of the United Free Church at Ballater, Aberdeenshire.
Mr. Robert Dawson Robertson (M.A., 1872) has retired from the head-
mastership of Clochcan Public School, Auchnagatt, having reached the age limit.
Rev. James George Dawson Scott (M.A., 1892), Union United Free
Church, Edinburgh, has received a call from the congregation of Brandon
Street Church, Motherwell.
Mr. George Shearer (M.A., 1903), Strachan Public School, Kincardine-
shire, has been appointed head master of Chapel of Garioch Public School,
Aberdeenshire.
Mr. Alexander Garden Sinclair (alumnus, 1876-77) has been elected an
Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. He began the Arts course, but
found the call of art irresistible, and went to Edinburgh to study. He is one
of the group of painters known as the Society of Eight, who exhibit regularly
in Edinburgh. Mr. Sinclair is a son of the manse, his father having been
minister of the Free Church, Kenmore, Perthshire.
Rev. Robert Troup Sivewright (M.A., 1902) has been ordained as locum
tenens of Alexandria Parish Church, Dumbartonshire, in room of Rev. W.
Gordon M'Lean (B.D., 191 2), who has left to be a Chaplain with the Forces.
Rev. William Connan Smith (M.A., 1894), minister of the United Free
Church, Kirkliston, Linlithgowshire, has been appointed colleague and suc-
cessor to Rev. Alexander Wishart, minister of the U.F. Church, Forgue,
Aberdeenshire (retired), in room of Rev. John Wood Macphail (M.A., 1907),
translated to Carron U.F. Church, Falkirk.
Mr. Walter Allan Stewart (B.Sc. Agr., 1913), has received an important
appointment under the Sudan Government. Shortly after the outbreak of
the war — being at the time a member of the agricultural staff of Wye College
— he received a commission in the Lovat Scouts, and later was transferred to
the R.F.A. He took part in General AUenby's campaign in Palestine, being
present at the capture of Gaza and in subsequent engagements. He has now
been transferred to the Sudan Resources Board, with the rank of Bimbashi
(Major). This Board was created at the outset of the war for the purpose
of developing the agricultural resources of the Sudan.
Rev. Robert Harvey Strachan (M.A., 1893), minister of the English Pres-
byterian Church, Cambridge, has been elected minister of Langside Hill
United Free Church, Glasgow.
Rev. George Leslie Smith Thompson (M.A., 1913; B.D., 191 7) has
been elected minister of the Congregational Church, Perth.
Rev. Donald Thomson (M.A., 1915; B.D., 1918) has been elected
minister of the United Free Church, Avoch, Ross-shire (see p. 183).
Dr. Henry James Thomson (M.B., 19 10) has been appointed assistant
medical officer of health for Lanarkshire, his whole time practically to be
devoted to the work connected with maternity service and child welfare
schemes.
Mr. William Stewart Thomson (M.A., 1885), a recent student in divinity at
the University (see vol. iv., 79), has been licensed by the Presbytery of Aberdeen,
the Examining Committee dispensing with the usual written examination.
Dr. Robert Samuel Trotter (M.B., 1898; M.D., 1903; D.P.H.) is now
Chief Medical Officer, Cook Islands Administration, Rarotonga, Eastern Pacific.
Personalia 277
Sir Charles Edward Troup, G.C.V.O., K.C.B. (M.A., 1876 ; LL.D., 1912)
has been appointed Secretary of the Order of the British Empire.
Rev. George Elmslie Troup (M.A., 1876) has resigned the pastorate of
the West United Free Church, Broughty Ferry. He has been minister of the
church (formerly Free Church) since 1880.
Mr. James McPherson Wattie (M.A., 1883), H.M. Chief Inspector of
Schools, Aberdeen, has been appointed an additional member of the Local
Advisory Committee appointed by the Ministry of Labour in connection with
the Employment Exchange area of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine — ^as
representing the Juvenile Advisory Committee.
Rev. Robert Webster (M.A., 1899) has been ordained and inducted to
the charge of High Bonnybridge United Free Church.
Rev. John McLaren Wilson (M.A., 1910) has been elected colleague and
successor to Rev. Thomas Laing, M.A., Auchindoir United Free Church,
retired.
Mr. Frederick Wishart (M.A., 1909; LL.B., 1912) has been called to
the English bar, the final examinations for which he passed with highest
honours. He belongs to the Inner Temple.
Rev. William Philip Wishart (M.A., 1909; B.D., 191 7) has been elected
minister of the East Parish, Peterhead.
Miss Dorothy M. J. Emslie, a fourth year student of medicine at the
University, has been appointed resident physician at the War Hospital, Derby.
Miss Ethel Hope Kemp (M.A., 1913), assistant classical mistress in the
Girls' High School, Aberdeen, has been appointed classical mistress in the
Girls' High School, Manchester.
Miss Annie Macdonald (M.A., 19 15) has been appointed Lecturer in
Political Economy for next session, in the absence of Mr. R. B. Forrester,
who is on military service.
Miss Constance Elizabeth Peterkin (M.A., 1907) has been appointed
head mistress of the Girls' School, Damanhiir, Behera, Egypt — a school for
high-class natives.
Miss Isabella Jane Smith (M.A., 191 7) has been elected to an exhibition
of ;;^4o at Somerville College, Oxford.
Miss L. Mary Buchanan Smith (M.A., 1916) accompanied her father,
the Principal, to the United States as his secretary.
"This Life and the Next ; the Effect on this Life of Faith in Another,"
is the title of a work by Principal P. T. Forsyth recently published.
Professor Terry has completed a new translation of J. N. Forkel's
" Johann Sebastian Bach," the earliest monograph on the life and work of the
master. An English version of the book, in which Charles Wesley took keen
interest, was published in 1820, but, besides being long since unprocurable, it
is defective and unreliable. The new translation will contain a complete
bibliography of Bach literature, an index to the publications of the old and
new Bachgesellschaft, a catalogue of Bach's works chronologically arranged,
and a similar arrangement of the cantatas, with notes on their libretti.
Mr. P. J. Anderson has been appointed Registrar of the General Council,
in place of Dr. Robert Walker.
Miss Ethel M. Barnett and Miss Maggie Brown having acted as assistants
in the University Library for some years, the University Court has now
approved their appointment to places that have become vacant on the
Library staff.
278 Aberdeen University Review
At the spring graduation on 22 March — at which (as mentioned on p. 236)
Professor Trail, the senior member of the professoriate, presided in the
absence of the Vice-Chancellor — the degree of M. A. was conferred on thirteen
students (on three of these with first-class honours, on one with second-class
honours, and on two with third-class honours) ; B Sc, on six; B.D., on two ;
LL.B., on one; and M.B., on five (on one with second-class honours) —
twenty-seven degrees in all; but as two of the graduates in Science also
graduated in Arts, the total number of graduates was twenty-five, probably
the smallest on record for a spring graduation. The diploma in Agriculture
was granted to a single student. Of the Arts graduates, nine were women
and only four men, but in Science there were four male graduates and two
female, and in Medicine three males and two females. The small number of
degrees in Medicine (five), said Professor Shennan, was unprecedented in
the annals of the University. The degree of M.D. was conferred upon
Major John Macpherson, Australian Army Medical Corps; Captain W. L.
Millar, R.A.M.C, Salonika; Captain F. L. Keith, R.A.M.C. ; and Dr. W. B.
Livermore, Didworthy, Brent, Devonshire.
Mr. John Gavin Tait, Inverness, carried off the Simpson Greek prize and
Robbie gold medal, and the Seafield gold medal in Latin, and also won —
being the only candidate — the Dr. Black prize in Latin, but was ineligible
to hold it. Mr. William O. Kermack, Kirriemuir, won the Simpson Mathe-
matical prize, the Greig prize in Natural Philosophy, and the Dr. David
Rennet gold medal in Mathematics. The Boxill Mathematical prize fell to
Mr. Charles D. Niven, Aberdeen ; and the Neil Arnott prize in Experimental
Physics to Miss Williamina A. Barron, Letham, Forfar. There was no candi-
date for the Liddel prize.
Mr. Tait was subsequently awarded the Croom Robertson Fellowship,
of the annual value of ;^20o, tenable for three years.
The following graduates of Aberdeen University now occupy professorial
Chairs in Edinburgh : —
Professor A. R. Cushny Materia Medica.
„ H. J. C. Grierson English Literature.
„ A. R. S. Kennedy Hebrew.
„ A. W. Mair Greek.
„ W. J. Watson Celtic.
Arrangements have just been made for the compilation of the Register of
Parliamentary Voters for the University. The existing General Council
Register, corrected up to 15 April, and with the names of woman members
who are not 30 specially marked, will come into force as the Parliamentary
Register on i October, and remain in force till 15 March. Appended to it
will be a list of the male graduates on naval or military service who were under
2 1 on 15 April, but become Parliamentary electors under the new Act. The
General Council Register will be again corrected in December of this year,
and the names of the summer graduates added, these, however, not thereby
acquiring a Parliamentary vote. The names of the summer graduates of 1918
will be included in the list of graduates printed in the "University Calendar,"
with a preliminary note indicating that no one who has graduated since 30
November, 19 14, can be registered as a member of General Council until
I January, 191 9.
Obituary.
Among distinguished graduates who have died recently was Sir John
Anderson, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., LL.D., Governor and Commander-in-Chief
of Ceylon. He died in the island, after undergoing a severe operation, on
24 March.
Sir John Anderson, who had just entered on his sixty-first year, was a
native of Gartly, Aberdeenshire, and was the son of Mr. John Anderson,
teacher of the local Free Church day school, who afterwards became super-
intendent of the Gordon Mission, Aberdeen. After a preparatory training
in the Old Aberdeen Grammar School under Dr. William Dey, he entered
Aberdeen University as ninth bursar in 1873, and graduated four years later
with first-class honours in mathematics and natural philosophy, carrying off
the Simpson mathematical prize, the Seafield English medal, and the Town
Council gold medal for general proficiency ; he also won the FuUerton scholar-
ship in mathematics. In April, 1879, he gained a first-class clerkship in the
Civil Service, coming out facile princeps with 2258 marks, the next highest,
an Oxford graduate, having 1764. In the course of the next few years, while
a clerk in the Colonial Office, he secured a scholarship at Gray's Inn and a
studentship in the Inns of Court. In 1892 he was appointed private secretary
to the then Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir R. Meade, and was
attached to the staff for the Behring Sea Arbitration in London and Paris in
1892-93. He obtained a first-class clerkship in 1896, and a year later was
advanced to the position of principal clerk. Sir John acted as secretary to
the Conference of Colonial Premiers in 1897, Mr. Chamberlain being then
Colonial Secretar)' ; and he was again secretary to the Conference held in
1902.
Sir John Anderson, who was created a K.C.M.G. in 1901, accompanied
King George (then Prince of Wales) on his Colonial tour in that year, acting
as secretary. In 1904 he was appointed Governor of the Straits Settlements
and High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States and in 1906 High
Commissioner for the State of Brunei — posts he held until 191 1, when he
returned to the Colonial Office as Permanent Under-Secretary. He was
created G.C.M.G. in 1909, and K.C.B. in 1913. In 1916 he was appointed
Governor of Ceylon, with a special mission to investigate the methods by
which an outbreak of the native population had been suppressed. He re-
ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from his Alma Mater in 1907, and from
Edinburgh University in 191 1. On 24 June, 1913, he was entertained at
2 8o Aberdeen University Review
dinner at the Carlton Hotel, London, and presented with a replica of the
portrait of himself painted by Mr. William Orpen, A.R.A., which now hangs
in the Victoria Memorial Hall at Singapore, beside the portraits of other
distinguished occupants of the Governorship.
Dr. Norman William Anderson (M.B., 1893; M.D., 1902) died at
Zaaiplaats, Transvaal, South Africa, on 10 March, aged forty-seven. He had
been in practice at Fraserburgh, Strathmiglo, Fife; Dunbar, and Aberdeen.
He was the youngest son of the late Mr. J. M. Anderson, Fraserburgh.
Brigade-Surgeon-Colonel James Forbes Beattie (M.A., King's College,
i860; M.D., 1863), Army Medical Service (retired), died at his residence,
Emerald Bank, Insch, Aberdeenshire, on 27 March. He was a son of the
late Mr. Andrew Beattie (M.A., King's College, 1818), farmer, Dunnideer,
Insch, and was born there in 1841. After graduating in medicine, he was
appointed staff assistant surgeon in the Army Medical Service, and being sent
to India in 1864, was appointed assistant surgeon to the Cameron High-
landers. With this regiment he was stationed at Ferozepore, Rawal Pindi,
Delhi, and Roorka. In 1869 he had leave of absence to England, and the
following year he rejoined his regiment at Kamptee, Madras. Returning to
England in 187 1, he was transferred from the 79th Regiment to the staff and
was stationed at Netley, Aldershot. He embarked in November, 1873, for
the first Ashanti Expedition, from which he returned in 1874. Then he was
stationed at Glasgow. He was promoted surgeon-major in 1876, and return-
ing to India three years later was stationed at Karachi. In 1880 he was in
Afghanistan, being present at the disaster of Maiwand on 27 July of that year,
and was shut up in Kandahar from 28 July till the city was relieved on i Sep-
tember. Next year he was stationed at Mhow, and was able to visit Australia.
He embarked at Bombay in August, 1882, for Egypt, and was at the battle of
Tel-el-Kebir on 13 September. After a short period at Aldershot he left for
Egypt, taking part in the Nile Expedition in October, 1 884, and being after-
wards appointed to the charge of the Base Hospital at Cairo. He returned
to England in 1886, and in the following year was appointed Assistant Pro-
fessor of Military Medicine in the Army Medical School at Netley. He was
promoted brigade-surgeon in 1888. He retired from the service on account
of bad health in 1890, and in 1893 Was gazetted brigade-surgeon-lieu t. -colonel.
During his retirement he divided his time between London, Scotland, and Cap
d'Antibes, France. After the present war broke out he rejoined the service,
and was appointed president of one of the Government Inquiry Committees.
After finally retiring from the service he was promoted colonel in October last
year for war service. He held decorations for the following campaigns : Ashanti
War, 1873-74 (medal) ; Afghan Wars, 1878-80 ; Defence of Kandahar (medal
with clasp) ; Egyptian Expedition, 1882, and Battle of Tel-el-Kebir (medal
with clasp and bronze star).
Duncan Burgess (M.A., Hons., 1868) died on 17 January, 191 7, aged
sixty-seven. He was a native of Cromdale. After graduating at Aberdeen,
he was Assistant to the Professor of Mathematics, 1870-71, and thereafter went
to Cambridge, and was 13th Wrangler in 1875, becoming B.A. He took the
M. A. degree three years later and was elected a Fellow of Corpus Christi Col-
lege. Devoting himself to the study of medicine, he graduated M.B. (Cantab.)
in 1882, and also became an F.R.C.P., London. For many years he was
senior physician of the Sheffield Royal Hospital and Professor of Medicine at
Obituary 281
Sheffield University. He was the representative of the University of Aber-
deen on the University Court of the University of Sheffield.
Dr. James Gellie Davidson (M.B., 1901), died suddenly at his resi-
dence, 118 Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey, on 17 March, aged
thirty-nine. He had been in partnership for a number of years with his two
brothers — Dr. Francis William Davidson (M.B., 1904) and Dr. Robert
Gibson Davidson (M.B., 1909) ; and the three brothers had built up a very
successful practice. Their father was the late Mr. Alexander Duncan
Davidson, clothier, London, who was a native of Cullen, Banffshire.
Rev. George Dingwall (M.A., 1875 ; B.D., 1881), minister of the
united parishes of Liff and Benvie, Forfarshire, died at LifT Manse on 19
May, after a few days' illness, aged sixty-three. He was a native of Turriff,
Aberdeenshire. In 1881 he succeeded Rev. William Forbes as minister of
the newly-formed church of Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, and it was during his
ministry that the present church was erected, the services prior thereto being
conducted in an iron building. The church was opened free of debt in 1883,
and the endowment was completed in 1886, and Craigiebuckler erected into
a quoad sacra parish. In 1892 Mr. Dingwall accepted a call to Liff and
Benvie.
Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Leonard Duke (M.B., 1888; D.P.H.,
1889) died at Quetta, of acute pneumonia, in March, aged fifty-one. He
entered the Indian Medical Service in 1889, passing first out of a large
number of candidates who presented themselves. After being attached for a
short period to the Grinpura Irregular Force, he spent several years in Persia,
being stationed at Meshed for a part of the time. He had the distinction of
accompanying the Amir of Afghanistan on his tour in India in 1907. For a
considerable time previous to his death he was stationed at Quetta and was
Chief Medical Officer for Baluchistan. He was the second son of the late
Rev. Dr. Duke, minister of St. Vigeans, Arbroath.
Mr. John Edmond of Kingswells (alumnus, 1861-64) died at his resi-
dence. Bourne Side, The Goffs, Eastbourne, on 1 2 April, aged seventy-two.
He was the fifth and last surviving son of the late Dr. Francis Edmond of
Kingswells, advocate in Aberdeen (M.A., King's College, 1823; LL.D.,
Aberd., 1881). He became a member of the Society of Advocates in Aber-
deen in 1880, and was a partner in the legal firm of Messrs. Edmonds &
Macqueen, subsequently Messrs. Edmonds & Ledingham. He gave up
active business in 1895, and had since lived in retirement in the south of
England.
The Right Hon. Robert Farquharson, M.D. (LL.D., Aberd., 1883),
of Finzean, Aberdeenshire, M.P. for West Aberdeenshire, 1880-1905, died at
Finzean House 8 June, aged eighty-two.
Robert Mather Fin layson (law student, 1908-10) diedatBraco, Perth-
shire,' on 1 1 April, aged thirty-three. He was the younger son of Provost
Finlayson, Fraserburgh. He studied law in Aberdeen, being a prizeman in
Scots Law and Conveyancing, and became a law agent in 191 2. He began
the practice of his profession in association with his father in Fraserburgh,
but within a year his health gave way and necessitated his removal to a milder
part of the country.
Dr. Peter Galloway (M.B., 1881), of Spalding, Lincolnshire, died at
Nottingham on 10 March, aged sixty-two. He was for some years in practice
282 Aberdeen University Review
at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, thereafter at Willingham-by-Stow, Lincolnshire,
and then at Spalding. He was a native of Lonraay, Aberdeenshire.
Mr. Joseph Grant (M.A., 1882), for over thirty-one years schoolmaster
at Midmar, Aberdeenshire, died suddenly at the schoolhouse there on 18
May, aged sixty-two. He was a native of Inverurie, a son of the late Mr.
Joseph Grant, overseer, Keith-hall. He had been Chairman of the Midmar
Parish Council since its institution.
Mr. Hugh Henderson (M.A., 1872), formerly Rector of Lanark
Grammar School, died at his residence, 274 Renfrew Street, Glasgow, on 2
March, aged seventy. He was a native of New Deer, Aberdeenshire.
Rev. Dr. Henry Scott Holland (D.D., Aberd., 1903), Regius Professor
of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, died at his lodgings in Christ
Church on Sunday, 17 March. He delivered one of the Murtle Lectures in
1 903, he being at that time a Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral.
Alexander Larg (M.A., 191 5) died at 6 Gloucester Crescent, Regent's
Park, London, on 13 May, aged twenty-seven years. He was modern lan-
guages master in the City of London College — he graduated with first-class
honours in modern languages. After serving some time in the Artists' Rifles,
he was invalided out of the army, and he obtained the mastership in the City
of London College in March of last year. Mr. Larg was the elder son of the
late Mr. Peter Larg, music-seller, Aberdeen, and was married to Isabella
Beaton Michelsen (M.A., 1915).
Rev. James Skinner Mackenzie (M.A., King's College, 1853), senior
minister of the parish of Little Dunkeld, Perthshire, died at Stenton Manse,
East Lothian, on 26 April, aged eighty-four. He was born in Nova Scotia in
1834, and was the eldest son of Rev. Hugh Mackenzie, who was ministering
to Sutherland Highlanders settled there, and who afterwards became Gaelic
minister in Inverness. He was educated at Inverness Academy and at King's
College. Mr. Mackenzie was licensed in 1857, and two years later was or-
dained minister of Fort Augustus. In i860 he was translated to Carnoch,
Strathconan, and he ministered there until 1866, when he was inducted as
minister of Little Dunkeld. He remained there until he retired in January,
1 914, in favour of an assistant and successor, Rev. C. M. Robertson, nephew
of the Very Rev. Dr. Robertson of Whittingehame. About five years and a
half ago, he became almost entirely blind. Since his retirement he had lived
with his younger son, Rev. Hugh Skinner Mackenzie (M.A., 1899; B.D.),
first at Mouswald Manse, Dumfries-shire, and latterly at Stenton Manse.
When minister of Little Dunkeld, Mr. Mackenzie took a leading part in the
work of all the local boards in the parish, and was specially interested in tem-
perance ; several years ago he wrote a temperance tale entitled " The Wrecker's
Light".
Hon. Sir John Madden, G.C.M.G. (LL.D., Aberd., 1906), Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court of Victoria, Australia, died in March, aged seventy-
four. He was Chancellor of Melbourne University, and represented it at the
Aberdeen Quatercentenary in 1906, when he received the degree of LL.D.
Rev. William W. Merry (LL.D., 1906), Rector of Lincoln College, Ox-
ford, died on 5 March, aged eighty-three. He was present at the Quater-
centenary celebrations in 1906, on which occasion he received the honorary
degree of LL.D. He was at the time Vice-Chan cellor of Oxford University
and headed the procession of delegates from other Universities, and he de-
Obituary 283
livered, on behalf of the British institutions, a felicitous address in the Strath-
cona Hall.
Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Findlay Milne (M.A., 1877 ; M.B.,
1880), Indian Medical Service (ret.), died at Morkeu House, Cults, Aber-
deen, on 29 May, aged sixty-two. He was the eldest son of the late Mr.
William Milne, farmer. Upper Crichie, Old Deer, Aberdeenshire. After
graduating, he entered the Indian Medical Service (Bombay) in 188 1, gaining
the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1901. Thereafter, he was for several years
Assay Master at the Bombay Mint. On returning home about eight years
ago, he purchased the estate of Morkeu, and largely rebuilt the house.
Rev. Dr. John Milne (M.A., Marischal College, 1857; D.D., 1907),
minister of the parish of Newlands, Peebles-shire, died at Newlands Manse on
26 May, aged seventy-eight. He was a native of Auchinblae, Kincardineshire.
He was successively minister of the parish of Kirkurd, Peebles-shire ; Green-
side Church, Edinburgh ; and Newlands, being appointed to the last-named
charge in 1884. For six months in 1875 and 1876 he carried out work of
the Church's Jewish Committee in Syria. Dr. Milne had a considerable re-
putation as a scholar and linguist. He published a lecture on the religions
of Persia and contributed many articles on Oriental subjects to "Chambers's
Encyclopaedia ".
Mr. Alexander Murray (alumnus, Marischal College, 1856-59) died at
his residence, 19 Dee Place, Aberdeen, on 27 March, aged seventy-seven.
He was the eldest son of the late Mr. Andrew Murray of Allathan, New
Deer, advocate in Aberdeen (M.A., Marischal College, 1828). He was ad-
mitted a member of the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in 1865, and be-
came a partner in his father's firm, Messrs. Murray & McCombie, and subse-
<iuently in Messrs. Murray, McCombie, & Bennett, but retired from business
several years ago.
Dr. Thomas Nathaniel Orchard (M.B., 1870; M.D., 1875) died
at his residence, Ashfield House, Pendleton, Manchester, in May, aged
sixty-nine. He was an authority on astronomy, a Fellow of the Royal
Astronomical Society, and the author of a comprehensive work on Milton's
Astronomy, which has run through several editions. A son of the late Dr.
John C. Orchard, of Kingussie, he was the eldest of three brothers all of
whom became medical graduates of Aberdeen University. The other two
are: Dr. James Stuart Orchard, West Didsbury, Manchester (M.B., 187 1);
and Dr. Edward Russell Orchard, Kingussie (M.B., 1886).
WAR OBITUARY.
Robert Anderson (2nd Med., 1898), Second Lieutenant, Somerset Light
Infantry, was killed in action in France in April. He was the second son of
Mr. George S. Anderson, tea planter on the Troup Estate, Dimbula, Ceylon,
but was born at Riverstone House, near the Bridge of Feugh, in 1878. He
intended being a doctor and had studied for two years at the University, but
when the Boer War broke out he enlisted in the Gordon Highlanders. On his
discharge he went to Ceylon and joined his father in tea planting. When the
present war occurred, he went to France and served for several months in the
Foreign Legion. He was then transferred to the Devon Regiment, and got
his commission only a month before he was killed.
284 Aberdeen University Review
John Archibald (2nd Arts, 1913-14), Captain, Gordon Highlanders^
died of wounds received in action in France, 3 1 March, aged twenty-four.
Rev. Robert Stephen Barclay (alumnus, 1893-97), Second Lieutenant,^
Royal Scots, was killed in action in France in March ; it is understood that
he fell gallantly leading on his men. He was a native of Fraserburgh, the
son of a ship carpenter. After serving as a pupil teacher in Fraserburgh
Public School, he studied Arts at Aberdeen University and Divinity at St.
Andrews University. He was licensed in May, 1901, and shortly afterwards
was appointed assistant in St. Andrew's Church, Perth ; but, owing to a dis-
pute which excited a heated controversy in the city, he severed his connec-
tion with St. Andrew's Church. Many members of the congregation followed
Mr. Barclay, who for a considerable time conducted services in the Co-
operative Hall, and eventually a separate congregation in connection with
the Church of Scotland was formed. Mr. Barclay was ordained in 1905^
and St. Mark's Church was opened in October, 1907. In January, 1916, Mr.
Barclay enlisted in the Royal Scots, and in the following July he received his
commission; and in November, 191 7, he proceeded to France.
Dr. Bernard Gordon Beveridge, M.C. (M.B., 191 2), Captain, R.A.M.C.,,
was killed in action in France on 2 1 March — the day of the opening of the
great German offensive on the British front. He was the only son of Dr. A.
T. Gordon Beveridge, Aberdeen (M.A., 1884; M.B., 1887), and, after gradu-
ating, became associated with his father in practice. He obtained his
commission in 1914, and had seen a considerable amount of active service.
Last year, he was awarded the Military Cross for organising and carrying out
the removal of wounded men over the open under continuous fire. Captain
Beveridge was married to a daughter of Mr. Thomas Buffy, Mus.D., Hull.
John Lyon Booth, M.C. (M.A., 1914), Captain, Seaforth Highlanders,
was killed in action in France on 1 8 April. At the outbreak of the war he
was a sub-editor on the staff of the " Aberdeen Daily Journal " . He joined the
4th Gordon Highlanders as a private, and obtained his commission on the
field in August, 191 5, joining one of the regular battalions of the Seaforth
Highlanders. He was awarded the Military Cross in November, 191 6, for
conspicuous gallantry in action, •' leading his company with great courage and
initiative, capturing the position and maintaining it against very heavy odds
for five hours " . Captain Booth held the acting rank of Major while serving
on a headquarters battalion, and for a period while commanding a battalion
last year had the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He was a son of Mr. Alexander
Booth, 75 Bonnymuir Place, and was twenty-six years of age.
William George Bruce (ist Sci., 1913-14), Lieutenant, R.E. (T.F.), was
killed in action on 25 April. He was the elder son of Mr. A. S. R. Bruce,
advocate, Aberdeen, and was twenty-two years of age. When the war broke
out he was in the Signal Company of the Gordon Highlanders (T.F.), and at
the beginning of 19 15 he was transferred to the R.E. He got his commission
in May, 1915, and was promoted Lieutenant in July of that year. He had
been in France since November.
Cyril Martin Hadden (M.A., 1902 ; B.L.), Captain, Royal Scots
Fusiliers, was killed in action in France in April. He became a member of
the Society of Advocates in Aberdeen in 1 906. He did not practice, how-
ever, but went to Edinburgh and entered the service of the North British
Railway Company. He was employed in the office of the general manager,
and held the position of secretary to the Conciliation Boards.
Obituary 285
James MacDonald Henderson, M.C. (M.A., 1912), Acting Major,
Gordon Highlanders (attached to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders),
was killed in action in France, in April. He was a distinguished student,
graduating with first-class honours in English and carrying off the Seafield
Medal and the Minto Prize. He was University Assistant in English, and on
the outbreak of the war enlisted in the 2/4th Battalion of the Gordon
Highlanders, subsequently receiving a commission. He had distinguished
himself in the war, winning the Military Cross for bravery in leading a charge,
and, later, a bar to the Cross. Twenty-seven years of age, he was a son of
Mrs. Henderson, Culcairn, Invergordon, and was married to a daughter of
Mr. John L. McNaughton, solicitor and Town Clerk, Buckie.
An enthusiastic appreciation of Major Henderson as a student appeared in
the " Free Press " of 18 April, over the initials " A.S." The writer expressed
the conviction that in his death " the field of English literary criticism has
lost one of its most promising intellects " .
Edward White Irvine (2nd Medical), Second Lieutenant, R.F.A., was
killed in action in France, on 2 7 March. He was the third and youngest son
of Rev. John A. Irvine, South United Free Church, Aberdeen, and was
twenty years of age.
John Johnston (2nd Arts, 1914-15), Second Lieutenant, R.E., was killed
in action in France in April. He was a son of Mr. William Johnston,
Hatton of Fintray ; enlisted three years ago and received his commission last
year. He was twenty-four years of age.
Andrew M. Kennedy (4th year's Medicine, 19 13-14), Second Lieutenant,
Lancashire Fusiliers, was killed in action in France in April. He held a
situation in Borneo, but on the outbreak of the war he returned to this country
and enlisted in the Seaforth Highlanders. About a year ago he received a
commission in the Lancashire Fusiliers. Lieutenant Kennedy was the
youngest son of the late Mr. Donald Kennedy and of Mrs. Kennedy, 40
Lovat Road, Inverness.
Douglas Meldrum Watson Leith, M.C. (M.A., 1913; B.Sc. Agr.,
1 9 14), Lieutenant, 4th Gordon Highlanders, was killed in action in France on
2 1 March. He had just finished his University curriculum and was intend-
ing joining the Indian Forestry Department when the war broke out. He
enlisted immediately, and had been on active service continuously since 19 15,
and had taken part in some of the most severe fighting. He was slightly
wounded last autumn. In January of this year he was awarded the Military
Cross. Lieutenant Leith was the elder son of the late Rev. John Watson
Leith, B.D., minister of the parish of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire, and was twenty-
six years of age. He was a well-known athlete.
William Symington MacIlwraith (M.A., 1908), Pioneer, Royal
Engineers — killed in action — was Science Master in Tayport Academy when
he joined the colours in September last. He was the eldest son of Mr.
William MacIlwraith, ironmonger, Elgin, and was aged thirty-three.
Leslie M'Kenzie (M.A., 19 15), Lieutenant, Black Watch, died in
hospital on 2 April, of wounds received in action. He was dux of Robert
Gordon's College, and at the University he proved one of the best classical
scholars of his year, gaining the Jenkyns Prize in Classical Philology in 19 14.
After he had finished his third year of study for honours in classics, he was,
on the outbreak of the war, mobilised with U Company of the 4th Gordon
2 86 Aberdeen University Review
Highlanders. While the battalion was in training in England, he was gazetted
to a battalion of the Black Watch, with which he crossed to France in 1915.
Severely wounded in the arm during one of his first spells in the trenches, he
was in this country for some time, but returned to France shortly before the
opening of the Somme offensive of 1916. He was wounded again at
Longueval, but was able, after a brief rest, to go once more to the front,
where he served continuously until he was fatally wounded. Lieutenant
M'Kenzie was the only son of the Rev. Alexander M'Kenzie (M.A., 1877 ;
B.D. [Edin.]), minister of the parish of CouU, Aberdeenshire, and was twenty -
four years of age.
Patrick George Milne (M.B., 1915), Captain, R A.M.C. — instan-
taneously killed by a shell in a forward dressing station, April. He gained his
commission in July, 191 5. He was for some time president of the Medical
Board at Chatham, and was afterwards medical officer of the Notts and Derby
Regiment; and he had been at the front since the end of 1915. Captain
Milne was a son of the late Mr. James Milne, farmer, Derbyhall, Fraserburgh,
and of Mrs. Milne, late of Derbyhall, Inverurie. He was thirty-two years
of age.
Dr. Eric Newton (M.B., 1915), Captain, R.A.M.C., for some time re-
ported missing, is now stated to have been killed in action in East Africa on
5 August, 1917. He joined the R. A.M.C. soon after graduating. While at
the University he was very well known as an all-round sportsman, and par-
ticularly as a tennis and hockey player, excelling so greatly in hockey that he
was chosen to represent Scotland in an international match. He was a son
of Captain I. Newton, Medical Officer, Bhatinda, and was twenty-eight years
of age.
John Alexander Philip (N.D.A., Agr., 1913), Second Lieutenant,
R.F.A., died of wounds on 7 May. At the outbreak of the war he was a
member of the University R.A.M.C., and at once volunteered for service
abroad. After some time in Egypt, he was sent to the Dardanelles and went
through the whole of the Gallipoli campaign, rapidly earning promotion for
good work until he became sergeant. He was afterwards again in Egypt and
then in France. Being recommended for a commission, he was trained in
this country for the R.F.A. and was only recently posted to his brigade.
Lieutenant Philip was the second son of the late Mr. James Philip, Clayfords,
Strichen, and a grandson of the late Mr. John Sleigh, Strichen.
Dr. James Robertson (M.B., 1904; M.D.), Lieutenant-Colonel,
R. A.M.C, was killed in action in France on 21 March — the day on which
the great German attack on the British line began. After graduating, he was
house surgeon at the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for about a year. He after-
wards went out to India as a locum tenens ; was later attached for three
months to a hospital in Berlin ; and was subsequently engaged in a hospital
in Dublin. He commenced practice in Aberdeen about 1910; acquired the
large practice of the late Dr. George Watt, Albyn Place ; and held several
public appointments, being professionally connected with the Aberdeen Parish
Council and the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. He had been an enthusiastic
Volunteer in the medical branch from his student days, and transferred into the
Territorials when that force was formed. He held the rank of Captain when
war broke out, and after being stationed at Bedford for some time, he returned
to Aberdeen to raise a field ambulance. He received rapid promotion, and
Obituary 287
about two years and a half ago he was sent to the front in command of the
unit which had been formed as the result of his efforts. Lieut. -Colonel
Robertson was a son of the late Mr. John Robertson, Cooper, Aberdeen, and
was married to a daughter of the late Rev. John Catto, minister of the parish
of Fintray, Aberdeenshire. He was thirty-seven years of age.
Rev. G. H. Donald, minister of the West Parish, Aberdeen, made the
following reference to his death on Sunday, 24 March : —
Asa Church we have already, since this new offensive began, suffered grievous loss by
the death of Lieut.-Colonel James Robertson, R.A.M.C, who was killed in action on the
2ist inst. while in command of one of our hospitals in the line. Colonel Robertson was a
man to whom religion was a serious matter of conscience and life. I found him possessed
of the highest ideals and most sterling qualities. As the head of a most efficient hospital
he did much outstanding administrative and practical work. He was beloved by all the
officers and doctors associated with him and held in high reg rd and respect by the men
under him. By his death the Royal Army Medical Corps has lost a valuable and efficient
commanding officer. We here mourn the loss of one who represented the highest tradi-
tions of the younger men of the Church. He was marked out for the eldership, and only
the other day we spoke after a session meeting of electing him to the office of the eldership
after the war was over. But God has called him to a higher and better service.
John Sutherland (M.A., 1913), Lieutenant, Lancashire Fusiliers, was
killed in action in France in April, aged twenty-seven. He was an assistant
master at Fetteresso Public School, Stonehaven, when he volunteered for
service. He joined the Gordon Highlanders as a private, but afterwards
obtained a commission in the Lancashire Fusiliers and was Acting Quarter-
master when he lost his life. He was a son of Mr. Adam Sutherland, Ivy
Cottage, Tarves.
John S. Urquhart (M.A., 1906), Captain, Argyll and Sutherland High-
landers, was killed on 24 April, 1917. He was a teacher by profession.
Hugh Alexander Wark (2nd Arts, 1913-14), Lieutenant, 7th Gordon
Highlanders, was killed in action in France on 14 March. He enlisted in
the 7th Battalion of the Gordons on the outbreak of the war, and after twelve
months in the ranks he received a commission in the battalion. He had
been two years at the front. Lieutenant Wark was the only son of Rev.
James R. Wark, minister of the North United Free Church, Banchory, and
was twenty-three years of age. At the University he was a prizeman in
English and History, and was going forward to the ministry.
"W.M.G.," in the course of an appreciative notice in the "Free Press"
of 25 March, said : —
At the outbreak of the war he was an Honours student at the University, where (as in
the Grammar School) he had shown promise of a fine scholarship, which was already dedi-
cated to the Church. But the call of the country found him, and in November, 1914, he
enlisted as a private. It was characteristic of his intense and dutiful nature that he
dropped none of his favourite studies. In the Welfare of Youth Examinations (1915) he
gained the second place in the lists, a fine achievement for one who had prepared himself
in the intervals of military service. His work as a soldier he regarded as part of his service
in the Kingdom of God, and he moved from one to the other with the unconscious ease
and eagerness of his nature. In course of time he became a full Lieutenant, but during
his " leaves " in Banchory he took his old place in the choir and in the Sunday School ;
it was service, it was " pietas," and Hugh was full of all the loyalties.
George Park Webster (ist Arts, 1915-16), private, 3rd Gordon High-
landers, reported missing on 1 1 May, 1 9 1 7, is now officially reported as killed
on that date. He was dux of Robert Gordon's College on the classical side
and Town Council gold medallist ; and he was fifth bursar in the competition
288 Aberdeen University Review
in 1915. Of sterling character and possessed of undoubted ability, he gave
every indication of a future of much distinction. Mr. Webster was the third
and youngest son of Mr. William Webster, engineer, 4 Westburn Road,
Aberdeen, and was nineteen years of age. The loss of a son of such promise
has been a great grief to his bereaved parents.
George Wood (M.A., 1908), Lieutenant, was reported on 11 December,
191 7, as having died of wounds. He was thirty-one years of age, and prior
to the war was on the staff of the University of Western Australia, Perth.
Dr. Robert James Barron Wright (M.B., 1904), R.A.M.C., died at a
military hospital at Catterick, Yorkshire, on 13 May. After acting as assistant
to a doctor in Cumberland, he engaged in practice — first at Insch, and then
at Forgue, with which he was connected, he being the elder son of the late
Mr. Robert Wright (M.A., 1877), schoolmaster of Forgue. He was com-
missioned in the R.A.M.C. some time ago, but had never been on active
service. Dr. Wright was thirty-five years of age.
ERRATA.
P. 82, line 13. — For " 1875 " read " 1842 ".
P. 88, line 18. — Rev. James Yuill was not minister of the parish of Peterhead, but of
the East Church, Peterhead, a Chapel of Ease until 1843, when it became a Free Church.
P. 93, line 36. — Rev. A. A. Milne was not minister of Cambuslang Parish Church ;
he was the Baptist minister at Cambuslang, but is now retired.
P. 182, line 44. — For •' Rev. John Wood " read " Rev. John Wood Macphail ".
P. 189, line 44.— For " thirty-three " read " thirty-two ".
Index to Volume V.
Abercromby, Anna M. R. : note on, 270.
Aberdeen dinner in Bagdad, 271.
Aberdeen Influence on American Universities.
By P. J. Anderson, 27.
Aberdeen University War Statistics, 96.
Adam, Alexander T. : death of, 189.
Adam, Dr. Charles : death of, 189.
Adam, Major Robert: M.C., 167; note on,
270.
Address at the Graduation. By Professor
Trail, 236.
Admission to Universities, 176.
Agassiz, Capt. Cuthbert D. S, : M.C., 65 ;
bar to M.C., 168.
Alexander, Henry, Convener of Committee
on Residence, 176; speech on systems
of residence, 263.
American Universities, Aberdeen Influence
on. By P. J. Anderson, 27.
Anderson, Rev. Alexander : note on, 180.
Anderson, Major Arch. S. K. : D.S.O., 167;
dispatches, 268.
Anderson, Lt. James S. : note on, 71.
Anderson, Sir John : death of, 279.
Anderson, Dr. Joseph : death of, 186.
Anderson, Dr. Norman William : death of,
280.
Anderson, P. J.: Aberdeen Influence on
American Universities, 2"]; Elph nstme
Hall, 58, 160 ; Lord Kennedy, 210 ;
Registrar of General Council, 277.
Anderson, Robert : Obituary, 82, 185, 279 ;
Personalia, 74, 178, 272 ; University
Topics, 62, 166, 261 ; reviews Prin-
cipal's Syri% and Holy Land, 255;
Terry's Army 0/ Solemn League, 254.
Anderson, 2nd Lieut. Robert : death of, 283.
Anderson, Lce.-Cpl. Thomas : death of, 90.
Angus, William : note on, 74.
Anvil, The. By Frank D. Simpson, 145.
Archibald, Capt. John : death of, 284.
Art, Lectures on, 177.
" Aye Waukin' O " in Greek. By Professor
narrower, 133.
Badenoch, Capt. David : note on, 70.
Badenoch, George : note on, 70.
Badenoch, Isabella : note on, 70.
Badenoch, Jessie : note on, 70.
Badenoch, Pte. John : note on, 70 ; death
of, 90.
Badenoch, Capt. William M. : dispatches,
67 ; note on, 70.
Baillie, Professor James B. : notes on, 68,
273 ; reviews Pringle-Pattison's Gtfford
Lectures, 41.
Bain, Capt. Lawrence W. : M.C., 267.
Barclay, 2nd Lt. Rev. Robert S. : death of,
284.
Barnett, Ethel M. : note on, 277.
Barron, Lt. Arthur M. : M.C., 66.
Barron, John Hall : note on, 74.
Barron, Williamina A. : note on, 278.
Beattie, Col. James F. : notes on, 68, 78 ;
death of, 280.
Beilby, Sir George : on Carnegie Trust, 265.
Benton, Alexander H. : note on, 78; death
of, 83.
Benton, James : murdered, 83.
Benton, Sir John : note on, 83.
Benton, William : note on, 83.
Benton, William S. : murdered, 83.
Berry, Capt. Douglas W. : dispatches, 170 ;
M.C., 267.
Berry, Harriet, A. F. : note on, 171.
Best, Maud Storr : reviews Murray's Biblio-
graphy, 149 ; Roll of Upper Canada Col-
lege, 155.
Beveridge, Capt. Bernard G, : M.C., 66;
death of, 284.
Beveridge, Catherine : note on, 269.
Beveridge, Rev. William : note on, 70.
Bisset, Eleanor : note on, 269.
Black, Dr. James W. : death of, 180.
Black, Capt. John : death of, 74.
Black, Robert S. : note on, 181.
Blackie, Mary J. G. : note on, 183.
Booth, Capt. John Lyon : death of, 284,
Bowman, Rev. Ernest D. : note on, 174.
Brand, Major Alexander T. : note on, 173.
Brander, Capt. Eric W. H. : dispatches, 169,
268 ; note on, 270.
Bremner, Lt.-Col. James M. G. : dispatches,
170.
Brendd's Way. By R., 230.
Brodie, Rev. William : note on, 274.
Brodie, Capt. William H. : dispatches, 169.
Brown, Emily: note on, 172.
Brown, George, R.N. : death of, 90.
Brown, Lt.-Col. Harry H. : note on, C5.
Brown, Louise : note on, 172.
Brown, Maggie : note on, 277.
Brown, Professor Thomas B. Rudmose : note
on, 183.
Bruce, Pte. Andrew M. : death of, 90.
Bruce, Kenneth : note on, 78.
289
19
290 Aberdeen University Review
Bruce, Lt.-Col. Robert B. : note on, 69.
Bruce, Lt. William G. : death of, 284.
Bruce, William S. : note on, 274.
Buchan, 2nd Lt. Rev. Charles: death of,
189.
Buchanan, Capt. Donald : dispatches, 169.
Bulloch, J. M. : on Elphinstone Hall, 162.
Burgess, Professor Duncan : death of, 280.
Burgess, Elsie M. : note on, 270.
Burnett, 2nd Lt. Ian A. Kendall : death of,
74. 189.
Burns, Henry S. M. : second bursar, 79.
Burns Family in Kincardineshire. By Dr
W. A. Macnaughton, 15.
Butchart, Major Henry J.: D.S.O., 267;
dispatches, 268.
Cairns, Rev. Prof. David S. : O.B.E., 272.
Callum, Lt.-Col. A. : dispatches, 267.
Cameron, Pte. George A. : death of, 190.
Campbell, Francis E. A. : note on, 173.
Campbell, Sir James : Kt., 178.
Campbell, William W. : death of, 186.
Canadian Provincial University, By Rev.
G. Watt Smith, 240.
Cantlie, Sir James: K.B.E., 178.
Cantlie, Capt. Neil: M.C., 167.
Carmichael, Dr. Archibald : bequest, 73.
Carnegie Trust, 64, 264.
Cash, Professor John T. : note on, 71.
Chalmers, Frederick G. D. : note on, 274.
Chambers, Capt. Eber : note on, 68.
Chancellor, Installation of, 62.
Chapman, John B. Huns Ancient and
Modern, 138 ; note on, 274.
Cheyne, Rev. James : note on, 74.
Chisholm, Bishop ^Eneas : death of, 186.
Chree, Charles : note on, 184.
Christie, Very Rev. William L. : note on, 74,
183.
Churchill, Right Hon. Winston : extension
of his Rectorship, 63.
Clark, George : death of, 83.
Clark, Sir William M. : death of, 83.
Clarke, Capt. Austin B. : death of, 190.
Clyne, Lt. Charles : M.C., 267.
Cobban, Major Clement L. : note on, 65.
Collie, Frank L. : note on, 74.
Collie, Col. Sir John : notes on, 68, 170,
172; C.M.G., 178.
Collie, John William : death of, 84.
Collie, Lt.-Col. Mackintosh A. T. : note on,
68.
Colt, Major George H. : dispatches, 169 ;
note on, 174.
Connell, Rev. Robert : gift to Library, 63.
Cook, Rev. John : note on, 75.
Cook, Mary J. S. : note on, 77.
Cooper, Rev. Alfred A. : note on, 271.
Cooper, Right Rev. Professor James : notes
on, 75, 79, 179.
Cooper, Capt. Patrick A. : note on, 65.
Copland, Lt. Robert F. : missing, 269.
Corbett, Lizzie M. : note on, 77.
Correspondence : —
'• / Remember.^' By J. R. Renton, 61.
On Change of Name. By Robert
Walker, 164.
Professor Fyfe, 166.
Proposed Elphinstone Hall. By P. J.
Anderson, 161.
Proposed Elphinstone Hall. By W. Keith
Lea^k, 58.
The University Gotvn. By Janet B.
Rankine (Mrs. Binns), 248.
Coutts, Capt. William E. : missing, 269.
Cowan, Rev. Professor Henry : Dean of
Faculty of Divinity, 273.
Cowie, Major William : note on, 173.
Craik, Sir Henry, M.P. : note on, 74 ; on
Elphinstone Hall, 162 ; P.C, 17.^.
Cran, James: M.B.E., 272.
Cranston, 2nd Lt. Thomas : note on, 170.
Crichton, Rev. William J. : note on, 181.
Crockart (or Milne), Jane M. : note on, 172.
Crombie, James E. : note on, 273.
Cruickshank, Major William : note on, 173.
Cushny, Professor Arthur R. : notes on, i8i,
274, 278.
Dallas, Marjorie G. : note on, 171.
Danson, Right Rev. Ernest D. L. : note on,
75-
Davidson, Alexander, R. : first bursar, 79,
Davidson, Lt. Francis W. : dispatches, 67.
Davidson, Capt. George S.: note on, 270.
Davidson, Lieut.-Col. James : death of, 84.
Davidson, James Alexander : Order of St.
Sava, 67.
Davidson, Dr. James G. : death of, 281.
Davidson, Rev. Robert : note on, 75.
Davidson, Sergt. Robert: M.M., 168.
Davidson, Professor W. L. : note on, 273.
Davis, Capt. Bernard L. : dispatches, itg.
Davis, Gwilym A. T. : note on, 174.
Dawson, Lt. Rev. David S. : death of, 90.
Dead, The. By Frank D. Simpson, 146.
Degree in Education, 175.
Denny, Rev. Principal James : death of, 84.
Desseignet, Jules: note on, 173.
Dewar, Col. Thomas F. : dispatches, i6g;
C.B., 178.
Diack, Charles: death, 186.
Dickie, family of Professor : present speci-
mens, 264.
Dingwall, Rev. George : death, 281.
Divinity students : dearth of, 64.
Donald, James : C.i.E., 178.
Dow, Elizabeth M. : note on, 183.
Dow, Griselda A. : note on, 77.
Duff, Professor John Wight : note on, 274.
Duffus, Alexander : note on, 181.
Duffus, 2nd Lt. William : death of, 190.
Duke, Lt.-Col. Alexander : death of, 281.
Duncan, Rev. G. M. : note on, 183.
Duncan, Rev. James B. : death of, 84.
Duncan, Maggie A. : note on, 269.
Durward, 2nd Lt. James : dispatches, 170.
Index to Volume V
291
Duthie, Capt. Andrew M. : D.S.O., 167.
Duthie, Sir John : note on, 271 ; K.B.E.,
272.
Duthie, Lance-Cpl. John M. : death of, go.
Easton, Capt. Robert M. : dispatches, 268;
note on, 269.
Edinburgh University War Statistics, 96.
Edmond, John : death of, 281.
Education, Degree in, 175.
Edwards, Elizabeth M. : note on, 70 ; dis-
patches, 170.
Elder, Capt. John G. : prisoner, 269.
Ellis, Lt.-Col. Clarence I. : dispatches, i6g;
C.B., 178.
Ellis, Ethel : note on, 171.
Eiphinstone Hall. By P. J. Anderson, 58,
161 ; by W. Keith Leask, 58, 123.
Emslie, Alexander : note on, 274.
Emslie, Dorothy M. J. : note on, 277.
Emslie, Pte. Frank : note on, 78.
Esslemont, George G. : M.B.E., 179.
Esslemont, Mary : note on, 77.
Esson, Lieut. Herbert W. : M.C., 66.
Ewan, Matilda A. : note on, 171.
Ewart, Charles Theodore : death of, 85.
Exchange with other Universities, 177.
Experiences in a Munitions Factory. By
James Taylor, in.
Falconer, Major Arthur W. : D.S.O., 167 ;
dispatches, 169, 268; notes on, 174, 270
Farquharson, Rt. Hon. Robert : death of, 281.
Ferguson, 2nd Lt. Robert W. : death of, 91.
Ferguson Scholarships, 77.
Ferrier, Sir David : note on, 181.
Fettes, Capt. David : dispatches, 169.
Fiddes, Major John D. : M.C., 167; dis-
patches, 169.
Findlay, Rev. Adam F. : note on, 181.
Findlay, 2nd Lt. James : death of, 91.
Finlayson, Robert M. : death of, 281.
Finlayson, Rev. Sidney K. : note on, 275.
Fleming, Lt.-Col. Frank: D.S.O., 167;
prisoner, 269.
Fleming, Sir John : Rector's Assessor, 63 ;
note on, 74.
Forbes, Lt. James S. B. : note on, 170.
Forbes, Pte. Robert A. : prisoner, 269.
Forrester, R. B. : note on, 277.
Forsyth, Principal Peter T. : note on, 277.
Fortescue, Lt.-Col. Archer L : dispatches,
169, 268 ; note on, 270.
Fowler, Surg. Prob. Alexander C. : D.S.C.,
66.
Fowler, Major Andrew: T.D., 174.
Fowlie, 2nd Lt. Spencer S. : M.C., 66.
Eraser, Lt.-Col. Alexander D. : Croix de
Guerre, 168.
Eraser, Rev. Hugh : note on, 75.
Eraser, Rev. James : note on, 78.
Eraser, John : reviews MacBain's Gaelic
Dictionary, 50.
Fraser, Lt -Col. Thomas : D.S.O., 167 ; dis-
patches, i6g
Fulton, Professor William : reviews Forsyth's
Church and Sacraments, 147.
Fyfe, Professor John : note on, 166.
Galloway, Col. Sir James : notes on, 67, 68 ;
K.B.E., 178.
Galloway, Dr. Peter : death of, 281.
Galloway, Lt.-Col. R. W. : note on, 270,
Garden, Rev. Francis : note on, 181.
Garden, Lt.-Col. James W. : D.S.O., 267 ;
dispatches, 267 ; note on, 270.
Garden, Sergt. R. R. : note on, 170.
Gawn, Capt. Reginald D. : M.C., 167.
Geddes, Capt. A. E. McL. : dispatches, 170.
Geddes, Lt. Godfrey P. : D.S.O., 65 ; dis-
patches, 169.
Geddes, Jeannie : note on, 183.
General Council Assessors, continued in
office, 63 ; Register, 278.
Gentles, Capt. Robert : note on, 78, 184.
Gentles, Rev. Thomas : note on, 184.
Gibb, Rev. Alexander G. : note on, 181.
Giles, Peter, LL.D,: on Eiphinstone Hall,
162.
Glasgow University War Statistics, 96.
Glennie, WiUiam G. : death 85.
Gordon, Professor Alex. R. : notes on, 79, 183,
259.
Gordon, Capt. Edward : M.C., 168.
Gordon, John : note on, 75.
Gordon, Rev. Patrick Lindsay: note on, 271.
Gordon, William, Town Clerk : O.B.E., 75.
Gordon, Rev. William Lindsay : note on, 271.
Grant, Rev. Alexander T. : note on, 78.
Grant, 2nd Lt. John : M.C., 168 ; dispatches,
169.
Grant, Joseph : death, 282.
Gray, Capt. Adam : dispatches, 268.
Gray, Elizabeth : note on, 171.
Gray, Col. Henry M. W. : dispatches, 169,
268; C.M.G., 267.
Gray, Winnifred M. : note on, 171.
Grierson, Professor H. J. C. : note on, 278 ;
reviews Miss Ramsay's Les Doctrines
Medievales chez Donne, 48.
Griffith, Major Thomas W. : notes on, 68,
270; C.M.G., 178.
Gunn, Donald B. : note on, 78.
Guthrie, Lt. Alexander : death of, 91.
Hadden, Capt. Martin : death of, 284.
Haig, 2nd Lt. George R : note on, 170.
Hall, Rev. Herbert W. : note on, 70.
Hardie, Annie : note on, 171.
Hardie (or Hasluck), Margaret : note on,
171.
Harper, Lieut., Alexander S. : death of, 91.
narrower. Professor J. : Assessor in Court,
179 ; Greek version of lines by Newbolt,
26 ; Noctis Imagines, 133 ; note on, 273 ;
to lecture on classical sculpture, 177.
Harrowes, Rev. William H. : note on, 70.
292 Aberdeen University Review
Hastings, Ann W. : note en, 171.
Hastings, Rev. James, D,D. : note on, 79.
Hay, Annabel la : death of, 85.
Hay, Jessie : note on, 270.
Hay, Professor Matthew : The Rev. y antes
Smith, 134.
Headlam, Rev. Arthur C. : note on, 275.
Hector, Mabel : note on, 171.
Henderson, Rev. George: note on, 69.
Henderson, Hugh : death of, 282.
Henderson, Major James M. : bar to M.C.,
65 ; death of, 285.
Hendrick, Professor James : Dean of Faculty
of fccience, 273 ; note on, 179.
Hendry, Helen : note on, 183.
Hendry, Lt. John : prisoner, 269.
Herbert, Ellenor : note on, 270.
Hetherwick, Rev. Alexander : note on, 181.
Hitchins, Ada F. : note on, 171.
Holland, Rev. Professor Henry Scott: death
of, 282.
Hosie, Lt.-Col. Andrew: dispatches, 67.
Hossack, William C. : death of, 186.
Howitt, Capt. Adam G. : M.C., 66; death
of, gi.
Huns, Ancient and Modern. By J. B. Chap-
man, 13S,
Hunt, Capt. William G. P.: M.C., 66;
death of, 92.
In Memoriam G.M. By A. P., 247.
Innes, Elizabeth J. : note on, 173.
Irvine, 2nd Lt. Edward W. : death of, 285.
Irvine, Professor J. M. : Dean of Faculty of
Law, 273 ; note on, 68.
Jack, Professor A. A. : Dean of Faculty of
Arts, 273 ; Literature and Character, i.
Jaffray, Ada : note on, 172.
James, Surg.-Col. Walter C. : note on, 68.
Jameson, Capt. William W. : note on, 68.
Jamieson, Ruth C. : note on, 77.
Jardine, Helen M. : note on, 183.
Jenkins, 2nd Lt. James T. : death of, 93.
Jobberns, Rev. Joseph : note on, 183.
Johnston, Alexander : death of, 186.
Johnston, Capt. Henry W. : M.C., 167.
Johnston, James C. : note on, 75.
Johnston, 2nd Lt. John : death of, 285.
Johnston, 2nd Lt. William J. : M.C., 267.
Johnstone, Alexander : note on, 171.
Johnstone, J. F. Kellas : reviews Anderson's
Bibliography of Inverness-shire, 51.
Joss, Pte. Alexander W. : death of, 93.
Joss, 2nd Lt. William T. B. : M.C., 66.
Keith, Professor Arthur : note on, 181,
Keith, Capt. F. L. : M.D., 278.
Kelly, Col. Francis: notes on, 68, 270.
Kelly, Mary C. : note on, 171.
Kelly, William: lecturer on architecture, 177.
Kelty, Dr. William : death of, i86.
Kemp, Ethel Hope : note on, 277.
Kemp, Capt. James O. : death of, 190.
Kennedy, Prof. A. R. S. : note on, 278.
Kennedy, 2nd Lt. Andrew M. : death of, 285.
Kennedy, Neil John, Lord : death of, 185 ;
part of Library gifted to University,
264.
Kennedy, Lord. By P. J. Anderson and
Professor John Rankine, 210.
Kermack, William O. : note on, 278.
Kesting, Rev. August J. : note on, 275.
King's College in 1818, 143.
Kinloch, Capt. John P. : notes on, 71, 269;
reviews Leslie Mackenzie's Scottish
Mothers, 250.
Kirton, Capt. John : M.C., 66.
Kitchener Scholarships, 265.
Knowles, Capt. Benjamin : M.C., 267.
Knowles, Mary : note on, 171.
Knox, Capt. Alex. C, W. : M.C., 168.
Knox, Joseph : note on, 75.
Kynoch, 2nd Lt, Douglas J. : M.C., 168.
Laing, Rev. Adam A. : note on, 78.
Lamb, Capt. John G. : dispatches, 170.
Larg, Alexander : death of, 282.
Lawrence, G. S. : note on, 171.
Leask, W. K. : Proposed Elphinstone Hall,
58 ; Elphinstone Hall, 123 ; his Inter-
amna Borealis. By J. D. Symon, 32.
Lectures at the Front. By Professor Terry,
218.
Ledingham, Lt.-Col. John C. G. : C.M.G.,
178 ; note on, 170.
Leith, Lt. Douglas M. W. : M.C., 168 ;
death of. 285.
Lendrum, and Lieut. Harold B, : death, 93.
Leslie, Alexander : economist, 261.
Leslie, Capt. William : M.C., 66.
Lethbridge, Lt.-Col. William : dispatches,
268.
Lewis, Rev. Dr. Martin : note on, iSi.
Library : gifts to, 63.
Lilley, Rev. James P. : note on, 275.
Lillie, Helen : note on, 171.
Lindsay, Johan : note on, 172.
Lipp, Capt. George R. : M.C., 65 ; prisoner,
269.
Lipp, 2nd Lt. Robert J. G. : M.C., 66.
Lippe, Charles E. : note on, 75.
Liiera'.ure and Character. By Professor
A. A. Jack, I.
Livermore, W. B. : M.D., 278.
Lumsden, A G. ; note on, 171.
Lumsden, Edith R. : note on, 270.
Lumsden, James, F. : death of, 187.
Macalister, Principal Sir Donald : Transla-
tions into Russian, 122.
MacBain, Capt. Ian: M.C., 168.
MacCombie, Capt. Hamilton: D.S.O., 167.
MacConnachie, Major James S. : M.C,, 66;
prisoner, 260.
MacConnachie, William G. : note on, 275.
MacCreadie, Capt. Anthony J. : M.C, 66.
Index to Volume V
293
MacDonald, Capt. Alistair C. : dispatches,
169.
MacDonald, Annie : note on, 277.
MacDonald, Rev. Charles C. : note on, 75.
MacDonald, Professor Hector M. : notes on,
69, 273 ; O.B.E., 272.
MacDonald, Kenneth N., R.N.R. : death of,
93-
MacDonald, Ranald R. : death of, 187.
MacDonald, Col. Stuart : dispatches, 169,
267 ; C.B., 267.
MacDonell, William R. : note on, 79.
Macfie, Ronald C. : note on, 183 ; Rewards,
216 ; books by, reviewed, 241.
MacGillivray, Major George M. : note on,
270.
MacGillivray, Major William S. : dispatches,
268.
MacGrigor, Sir James : note on, 80,
MacHardy, Sir Alexander B. : death of, 82.
Macllwraith, William S., R.E. : death of, 285.
MacKay, Mary R. : note on, 270.
MacKay, Rev. Robert J. : note on, 275.
Mackenzie, A. Marshall : R.S.A., 181.
Mackenzie, 2nd Lt. Alex. R. D. : missing,
269.
Mackenzie, Lt. David : bar to M.C., 66 ;
Croix de guerre, 66.
Mackenzie, Rev. Donald : Examiner, 64.
Mackenzie, 2nd Lt. Donald : note on, 69.
Mackenzie, Sergt. Donald: M.M., 168.
Mackenzie, Eneas K. ; note on, 75.
Mackenzie, George H. : note on, 183.
Mackenzie, Rev. James S. : death of, 282.
Mackenzie, Janie : note on, 171.
Mackenzie, Lt. Leslie : death of, 285.
Mackenzie, Myra : notes on, 172. 269,
Mackenzie, William Leslie : notes on, 173,
183 ; book by, reviewed, 250.
Mackilligan, Winifred : note on, 77.
Mackinnon, Alan : note on, 181.
Mackinnon, Doris L. : note on, 182.
Mackinnon, Lachlan : note on, 75.
Mackinnon, Major Lachlan: note on, 269;
dispatches, 268.
Mackinnon, Lt. W. C. : note on, 170.
Mackintosh, Professor Ashley W. : note on,
173-
Mackintosh, Elizabeth A. : note on, 77.
Mackintosh, Grace : note on, 77.
Mackintosh, Herbert : third bursar, 79.
Mackintosh, Capt. John : dispatches, 268.
MacLaughlin, Professor Andrew C. : on the
War, 266.
MacLennan, Janet : note on, 171.
MacLennan, John F. : note on, 182.
MacLennan, Capt. Kenneth : M.C., 168.
MacLennan, Rev. Kenneth : note on, 70.
MacLeod, Catherine J. : death of, 187.
MacLeod, Capt. Clement R. : M.C., 66.
MacLeod, Elizabeth K. : note on, 270.
MacLeod, -Laura S. : note on, .77.
MacLeod, Principal Roderick : sixty-stven
years' academic service, 79.
MacLeod, Lce.-Cpl. William P. : death of,
191.
MacNaughton, Dr. W. A. : Burns Family
in Kincardineshire, 15.
Macphail, Rev. John W. : notes on, 275,
276, 288.
MacPherson, C. W. : note on, 171.
Macpherson, Professor Hugh : sixty-one
years' service, 79.
MacPherson, Major John: M.D., 278.
MacPherson (or Innes), Lucy Jane : note on,
79.
MacPherson, Professor Norman : note on, 79.
MacQueen, Capt. James M. : dispatches, 67.
Mac Robert, Sir Alexander : note on, 76.
MacRobert, G. R. : note on, 171.
MacRobie, Dorothy : note on, 171.
MacWilliam, Lt. Charles T. : note on, 70.
MacWilliam, Rev. George : note on, 182.
MacWilliam, George P. : note on, 70.
MacWilliam, Professor J. A, : Assessor in
Court, 179 ; reviews Macfie's Art of
Keeping Well and Romance of Human
Body, 241.
MacWilliam, Rev. Thomas : note on, 70.
Madden, Hon. Sir John : death of, 282.
Mair, Professor A. W. : note on, 278.
Mair, George, R.N. : death of, 85.
Mair, George H. : note on, 85.
Mair, Very Rev. William, D.D. : notes on,
78, 183.
Marnoch, Professor John : notes on, 68, 173.
Marr, Pte. Charles S. : death of, 93.
Marr, William Law : note on, 76.
Martyn, Capt. Robert G. : note on, 270.
Master of Education degree (M.Ed.), recom-
mended, 175.
Matthews, Lt.-Col. William R. : dispatches,
67 ; D.S.O., 167 ; note on, 173.
Mearns, Capt. William A. : dispatches, 268.
Meleager. Translations by F. G. Mordaunt,
2o8.
Melvin, Andrew S. : note on, 275.
Melvin, Capt. James : M.C., 66.
Mennie, Annie J. B. : note on, 182.
Menzies, Capt. Louis : M.C., 168.
Menzies, Thomas : note on, 170.
Merry, Rev. Dr. William : death of, 282.
Meston, Sir James S. : notes on, 76, 182.
Middleton, Dr. George S. : note on, 275.
Millar, Capt. W. L. : M.D., 278.
Miller, Rev. William, LL.D. : notes on, 81,
260.
Milligan, David M. M. : Convener of Com-
mittee on Post- War Development, 170.
Milne, Lt.-Col. Alexander F. : death of, 283.
Milne, Alexander J. B. : fourth bursar, 79.
Milne, 2nd Lt. Alexander James B. : death
of, 93-
Milne, 2nd Lt. Allan S. : death of, 93.
Milne, Lt.-Col. Arthur D. : dispatches, 67.
Milne, Lt.-Col. Charles : note on. 269.
Milne, Lt.-Gen. George F. : G.O. St. M. and
St. L., 67.
2 94 Aberdeen University Review
Milne, Lt. George S. M. : death of, 93.
Milne, Major Herbert S. : bar to M.C., 267.
Milne, Rev. Dr. John : death of, 283.
Milne, Capt. Patrick G. : death o', 286.
Milne, Major William : prisoner, 269.
Milne, Lt. William C. : death of, 94.
Minty, Lt. George : death of, igi.
Mirrlees, Cpl. William M. : M.M., 168.
Mitchell, Lt. Charles Gordon : M.C., 267.
Mitchell, Capt. James M. : M.C., 267.
Mitchell, Capt. John P. : dispatches, 268.
Mitchell, Lt.-Col. Peter : note on, 174,
Mitchell, Peter C. : O.B.E., 272.
Modern Art and the Future. By Douglas
Strachan, 193.
Moffatt, James : reviews Mayor's Tertulliani
Apologeticus, 44.
Moir, Lt.-Col. John M. : note on, 68.
Moir, W. 'J. : note on, 171.
Mordaunt, F. G. : translations from Greek
Anthology, 208.
Morrison, Elspet E. : note on, 171.
Morrison, Rev. James H. : note on, 76.
Morrison, James M. : note on, 171.
Mortimer, Capt. Hector : dispatches, i6g.
Mowat, Major hnAtew : note on, 68.
Mulligan, Capt. William P. : dispatches,
268.
Munro, Andrew : examiner, 182.
Munro, Rev. Donald: Moderator of F.C.,
180.
Munro, Capt. William F, : M.C, 65.
Murdoch (or Alderson), Jessie E. : note on,
172.
Murdoch, Mary H. : note on, 77.
Murray, Alexander: death of, 283.
Murray, 2nd Lt. Andrew J. : M.C, 66.
Murray, Ethel Macgregor : note on, 269.
Murray, Rev. Dr. Gordon J. : on higher de-
grees, 176 ; Convener of Sub-Committee,
176,
Murray, Capt. Herbert: M.C, 267.
Murray, William : death of, 85.
Myles, Capt. Thos. B. : M.C, 168 ; death of,
94.
Newton, Capt. Eric : death of, 286.
Nicholls, Lt.-Col. T. B. : dispatches, 267.
Nicholson, J. A. : note on, 171.
Nicol, W. W. : note on 170.
Nicoll, Sir W. Robertson : note on, 183 ;
on Elphinstone Hall, 161.
Niven, Charles D. : note on, 278.
Noctis Imagines (Greek). By Professor
narrower, 133.
Obituary, 82, 185, 279.
Officers Training Corps, 71.
Ogg, William G. : note on, 271.
Ogilvie, Major Frank G. : note on, 65.
Ogilvie, Helen : note on, 270.
Ogilvie, Right Rev. James N. : Moderator,
' ' '. ^79.
Ogilvy, Rev. Alexander : death of, 86,
Ogston, Sir Alexander: note on, 270;
reviews Col. Johnston's Roll, 253.
Ogston, Frank : death ot, 86.
Orchard, Dr. Thomas N. : death of, 283.
Orr, Capt. John B. : D.S.O., 65; dispatches,
169.
P., A. : In Memoriam G. M., 247.
Parliamentary Roll, 278.
Patterson, Arthur E. : death of, 86.
Perry, Rev. William : note on, 183.
Personalia, 74, 178, 272.
Peter, Capt. Alastair, 9 ; death of, 94.
Peterkin, Major Charles D. : dispatches,
168 ; note on, 270.
Peterkin, Constance E. : note on, 277.
Peterkin, 2nd Lt. James H. S. : M.C., 267.
Petrie, David : O.B.E., 178.
Philip, Alice M. : note on, 183.
Philip, Professor James C : O.B.E , 272.
Philip, 2nd Lt. John A. : death, 286.
Philip, Rev. Robert G. : note on, 76.
Pirie, Mrs. Logic : founds scholarships, 264.
Pirie, Major William R. : note on, 67.
Poetry of the Rowley Poems. By Margaret
A. Sutherland, 141.
Poison, John : death of, 86.
Prain, Lt.-Col. Sir David : note on, 275.
Preddy, Adeline J.: note on, 171.
Principal's Itinerary in the United States,
232.
Proctor, Major John : dispatches, 268 ; note
on, 270.
Profeit, Col. Charles W. : dispatches, i6g ;
CM.G , 178.
Purdy, Lt.-Col. John S. : D.S.O., 65.
R. : Brendd's Way, 230.
Rae, Beatrice : note on, 172.
Raffan, Elsie J. : note on, 183.
Rait, Professor R. S. : on Elphinstone Hall,
163; C.B.E., 272.
Ramsay, Mary P. : note on, 172.
Ramsay, Sir William M. : note on, 182.
Rankine (or Binns), Janet B. : The Univer-
sity Gown, 248.
Rankine, Professor John : Lord Kennedy,
213.
Reconstruction in the Universities : reviewed,
257-
Rectorship, Extension of Mr. Churchill's, 63.
Rees, Pte. David C : dispatches, 67.
Reid, Alexander W. : note on, 182.
Reid, Lt.-Col. Charles : dispatches, 168, 268 ;
D S.O., 267.
Reid, Capt. Edmund L. : M.C, 168.
Reid, George : O.B.E., 178.
Reid, 2nd Lt. William J. : death of, 191.
Rennet, Brevet Lt.-Col. David : note on, 68.
Residence for students, 261.
Reviews : —
Anderson, P. J. : Bibliography of Inver-
ness-shire, 51.
Aydelotte, Frank : Oxford Stamp, 258.
Index to Volume V
295
Reviews (cont.) ; —
Barb6, Louis A. : Margaret of Scotland,
Cecil Barclay Simpson, 259.
Clarke, John : School and other Educators,
151.
Classical Association of Scotland : Pro-
ceedings, 153.
Columbia University Quarterly, 260.
Ferguson, John : Stealthy Terror, 159.
Forsyth, P. T. : Church and Sacraments,
147.
Hermes, 160.
Johnston, Col. W, : Roll of Medical Ser-
vice, 253.
Keith, Professor Arthur: Ethnology of
Scotland, 54.
Leask, W. K. : Interamna Borealis, 32.
MacBain, Alex. : Etymological Dictionary,
50.
Macfie, R. C. : Art of Keeping Well, 241.
Maciie, R. C. : Evolutionary Consequences
of War, 55.
Macfie, R. C. : Romance of the Human
Body, 241.
Mackenzie, Donald A. : Wonder Tales,
159.
Mackenzie, W. Leslie : Scottish Mothers
and Children, 250.
Mayor, J. £. B. : Tertulliani Apologeticus ,
44.
Murray, David : Bibliography, 149.
Neilson, W. A. : Robert Burns, 160.
Nevins, Allan : Illinois, 156.
Otago University Review, 160.
Pattison, J. S. Pringle- : Gifford Lectures,
Pennsylvania Alumni Register, 56, 260.
Prain, Sir David : Presidential Address,
150.
Ramsay, Mary P. : Les Doctrines medie-
vales chez Donne, 48.
Reconstruction in the Universities, 257.
Rice Institute. Book of the Opening, 152.
Selfridge, H. G. : Romance of Commerce,
158.
Smith, Sir George Adam : Syria and the
Holy Land, 255.
Smith, Rev. Harry : Layman's Book, 53.
Stebbing, E. P. : At Serbian Front in
Macedonia, 156.
Sydney University Medical youmal, 56,
160.
Terry, Professor C. S. : Army of Solemn
League, 254 ; Bach's Chorals, 46.
Upper Canada College, Toronto. Roll of
Pupils, 155
Ward, Sir A. W. : Founder'i Day in War
Time, 53.
Rewards. By R, C. Macfie, 210.
Riddel, Capt. George W, : dispatches, 268.
Riddell, Col. John S. : notes on, 68, 173, 270 ;
C.B.E., 178.
Riddoch, George : note on, 275.
Ritchie, James : note on, 182.
Ritchie, Maggie: note on, 172.
Ritchie, R L. Graeme : note on, 259.
Robb, Alexander B. : note on, 76.
Robb, Alexander K. : note on, 171.
Robb, Major Douglas G. : M.C., 267; dis-
patches, 268.
Robb, Lt.-Col. John : death of, 187.
Robertson, Alexander : death of, 187.
i Robertson (or Crawford), Alice : note on, 172.
Robertson, James, R.F.A. : death of, 94.
Robertson, Lt.-Col. James : death of, 286.
Robertson, Rev. James A. : notes on, 183,
276.
Robertson, Robert D. : note on, 276.
Robertson, William G. : note on, 76.
Robson, 2nd Lt. Norman K. : prisoner, 269.
Roll of Service, Provisional, 175.
Rorie, Lt.-Col. David: note on, 173.
Rose, Beatrice M. : note on, 171.
Rose, Capt. George C. : note on, 69.
Rose, 2nd Lt. George D. : death of, 94.
Ross, 2nd Lt. George J. : death of, 191.
Rowe, Joseph Hambley: note on, 76.
Russell, John : note on, 173 ; O.B.E., 272.
Russian, Translation into. By Principal Sir
Donald Macalister, 122.
Sandison, Major John F. W. : note on, 270.
Sands, Lord : on Carnegie Trust, 265.
Scatterby, Major William : note on, 68.
Scheviakoff, Professor Vladimir: note on,
76.
Science for Life. By Professor J. A. Thom-
son, 97.
Scott, Lt.-Col. George : dispatches, 67.
Scott, James G. D. : note on, 276.
Scott, Joseph : death of, 87.
Scrogie, J. T. : note on, 171.
Shearer, George : note on, 276.
Shearer, Margaret F. P. : note on, 270.
Shennan, Profesbor Theodore : Dean of
Faculty ot Medicine, 273.
Shepherd, Rev. J. H. : note on, 183.
Sheppard, Capt. Herbert P. : dispatches, 67.
Simmers, Rev. George : death of, 87.
Simpson, Beatrice W. : note on, 183.
Simpson, 2nd Lt. Rev. Cecil B. : death of,
94, 192 ; Memorial, 259.
Simpson, Dr. Colin F. : note on, 271.
Simpson, Frank D. : The Anvil, 145 ; The
Dead, 146.
Simpson, Jessie : note on, 172.
Sinclair, Alexander G. : note on, 276.
Sinclair, Capt. Harold A. : bar to M.C., 66.
Sinclair, William J. H. : LS.O., 272.
Sivewright, Rev. Robert T. : note on, 276.
Skakle, Capt. Revi Hugh P. : dispatches,
268 ; death of, 192.
Skinner, Principal John : notes on, 76, 183.
Skinner, John Emslie : note on, 173.
Smart, Brevet Lt.-Col. James : note on, 68.
Smith (or Emslie), Elizabeth P. : note on,
78.
2g6 Aberdeen University Review
Smith, Dr. George : on Degree of M.Ed.,
176.
Smith, Lt.-Col. George A. : dispatches, 168.
Smith, Principal Sir George Adam : invita-
tion to America, 179; Itinerary in the
United States, 232 ; tour in U.S., 272.
Smith, Rev. George Watt: A Canadian
Provincial University, 240.
Smith (or Johnson), Isabel C. : note on, 172.
Smith, Isabella S. : notes on, 183, 277.
Smith, Rev. Jame«, LL.D. : death of, 78, 82,
Smith, Rev. James, Newhills. By Prof.
Matthew Hay, 134.
Smith, Rev. James, T.D. : note on, 269.
Smith, Surg.-Gen. James L. : C.B., 178;
Legion of Honour, 270.
Smith, Rev. John : note on, 78.
Smith, Lilian Mary Buchanan : notes on,
172, 277.
Smith, Margaret : note on, 77.
Smith, Capt. Robert D. : death of, 89.
Smith, Robert J. : note on, 171.
Smith, Thomas H. M. : death of, 87.
Smith, William : death of, 187.
Smith, Capt. William: M.C., 267; dis-
patches, 268.
Smith, Principal William : portrait of, 27.
Smith, Rev. William C. : note on, 276.
Soutter, Capt. George C. : dispatches, 268.
Spark, 2nd Lt. Charles S. : death of, 94.
Spittal, Capt. Robert H. : death of, 95.
Spring, Capt. Douglas M. : prisoner, 269.
Stark, Rev. James: note on, 183.
Stephen, Capt. David J. S. : bar to M.C.,
66 ; death of, 95.
Stephenson, Lt. Arthur F. V. : death of, 95.
Stewart, James H. : death of, 87.
Stewart, Jessie : note on, 172.
Stewart, 2nd Lt. John A. : M.C., 66.
Stewart, Mary A. F. : note on, 171.
Stewart, Mina : note on, 270.
Stewart, Walter Allan : note on, 276.
Strachan, Douglas: Modern Art and the
Future, 193.
Strachan, Lce.-Cpl. Peter M. : death of, 95.
Strachan, Rev. Robert H. : notes on, 269,
276.
Stuart, Alexander M. : note on, 76.
Sturt, Henry : lecturer, 6g.
Superannuation schemes, 64.
Sutherland, Rev. Archibald : death of, 87.
Sutherland, James D. : death of, 192.
Sutherland, Lt. John : death of, 287.
Sutherland, Margaret A. : Poetry of the
Rowley Poems, 141.
Sutherland, Cpl. Robert : missing, 269.
Sutherland, 2nd Lt. William H. : M.C., 168.
Symon, Capt. James A. : D.S.O., 65.
Symon, James D. : Mr. Keith Leask's " Inter-
amna Borealis," 32 ; on Elphinstone
Hall, 163.
Taggart, Lord Provost Sir James : K.B.E.,
272.
Tait, John Gavin : Croom Robertson fellow^
278.
Taylor, Ja es : Experiences in a Munition
Factory, 11 1.
Tayl r, Lt. S. : note on, 174.
Taylor, Capt. William J. : death of, 95.
Terry, Professor C. S. : Litt.D., 274 ; Lec-
tures at the Front, 218 ; visits France,
179 ; notes on, 79, 277.
Thom, Robert : note on, 170.
Thompson, Alice : note on, 77.
Thompson, Rev. George L. S. : note on,
276,
Thomson, Andrew W. : Ferguson scholar,
77-
Thomson, Donald : note on, 183.
Thomson, Rev. Donald : note on, 276.
Thomson, Lt. Col. Henry: note on, 67.
Thomson, Henry J., note on, 276.
Thomson, Major James E. G. : M.C., 267.
Thomson, Professor John Arthur : Science
for Life, 97.
Thomson, Maribel : note on, 172.
Thomson, Rev. William Stewart : note on,
276.
Thursfield, Thomas W. : first graduate of the
University, 76.
Tighe, Charles : note on, 170.
Tmdall, Capt. Robert : M.C., 168.
Tocher, Capt. James W. : M.C., 65, 267.
Tomory, Major David : D.S.O., 167.
Topping, Andrew: note on, 171.
Town Council medals, 261.
Townend, Harry : lecturer on painting, 177.
Trail, Professor J. W. H. : Address at the
Graduation, 236 ; gift to Library, 63 ;
reviews Prain's Presidential Address,
150.
Trail, Mary : note on, 172.
Trail, 2nd Lt. Richard R. : M.C., 66.
Traill, William : death of, 87.
Trotter, Robert S. : note on, 276.
Troup, Sir Charles E. : G.C.V.O., 178; note
on, 277.
Troup, Lt.-Col. George A. : dispatches, 67.
Troup, Rev. George E. : note on, 277.
Troup, James : note on, 78.
Turner, Capt. Adam A. : M.C., 66.
University O.T.C. as forestry workers, 64..
University Topics, 62, 166, 261.
Urquhart, Alexander R. : death of, 87.
Urquhart, Capt. John S. : death of, 287.
Urquhart, Rev. W. S. : note on, 81.
Urquhart, Professor W, S. : note on 259.
Walker, 2nd Lt. Daniel J. : note on, 73.
Walker, Sir James : K.C.I. E., 76.
Walker, Dr. Robert : On Change of Name,
164 ; Registrar-Emeritus, 274 ; to write
his Reminiscences for Review, 274.
Walker, Sir Thomas G. : death of, 188.
Wallace, Capt. E. C. : M.C., 168.
Walton, Capt. Percy: M.C., 168.
Index to Volume V
297
War Statistics, 96,
Wardrop, Col. Douglas: note on, 67.
Wark, Lt. Hugh Alex. : death of, 287.
Watson, Prof. W. J. : note on, 278.
Watt, Rev. Principal J. : note on, 81.
Watt, Rev. Lachlan M. : visit to America,
179.
Watt, Margaret : note on, 172.
Watt, T. D. : note on, 170.
Watt, W, R. : note on, 170.
Wattie, James M, : note on, 277.
Wattie, Katherine B. M. : note on, 78.
Wattie, Mary F. C. : note on, 172.
Webb, Clement C. J. : Gifford lectures, 179.
Webster, Capt. Alexander V. : M.C., 267.
Webster, Pte. George Park : death of, 287.
Webster, Rev. Robert : note on, 277.
Webster, Capt. William J. : M.C., 168.
Weir, Florence S. : note on, 270.
Whyte, Rev. Dr. Alexander : note on, 182.
Will, Col. George: death of, 188.
Will, Lce.-Cpl. James: death of, 96.
Will, Rev. John : note on, 182.
Williamson, Lt.-Col. Alfred J. : D.S.O.,
267 ; dispatches, 268.
Williamson, Capt. George A. : note on, 69;
dispatches, 268.
Williamson, Capt. Maurice J. : dispatches^
169.
Wilson, Capt. Alexander : dispatches, 169.
Wilson, Rev. Alexander : death of, 88.
Wilson, Claudine I.: note on, 172.
Wilson, Sir John C. Dove: Kt., 178.
Wilson, Rev. John M. : note on, 277.
Wilson (or Gentles), Lisette A. M. : note
on, 78.
Wiseman, Eveljm M. : note on, 269.
Wishart, Frederick : note on, 277.
Wishart, Rev. William P. : note on, 277.
Wood, Lt. George : death of, 288.
Wood, Rev. John : note on, 182.
Wright, Effie : note on, 172.
Wright, Rev. George T. : note on, 182.
Wright, Rev. H. W. : reviews Terry's Baches
Chorals, 46.
Wright, Dr. Robert J. B. : death of, 288.
Young, Charlotte R. D. : note on, 183.
Yuill, George S. : death of, 88.
Yuill, Rev. James : note on, 288.
Yule, Jean : note on, 171.
Yule, Capt. Joseph L. D. : Albert Medal, 66 ;
note on, 170.
Yule, V. T. B. : note on, 171.
M^
Illustrations.
Rev. William Smith, D.D. . . i Frontispiece
Rev. James Smith, M.A., LL.D. ....... To face page 134
Hon. Lord Kennedy, K.C, M.A., LL.D „ 210
^
UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
THIRD
SUPPLEMENT
TO
PROVISIONAL ROLL OF SERVICE
19 I 7- 1 8
The Third Supplement to the Provisional Roll of Service
has been brought down to the end of June, 191 8, and covers
practically a year from the close of the Second Supplement,
issued with the July, 191 7, number of the Aberdeen Univer-
sity Review.
This Supplement contains not only all new names re-
ported during the year, but the names of any transferred from
one branch of H.M.'s Forces to another, and of all previously
in the ranks who have now been reported commissioned.
It is not possible to record all promotions : a list of those
reported to us is being kept ; and students and graduates are
earnestly requested to send the Principal information of any
changes in their units or ranks.
The lists of commissions and enlistments in the Volunteer
Force are necessarily very imperfect. The same is the case
with the list of workers on munitions.
The list of the Fallen, two hundred and forty-nine, is given
from the beginning.
The list of the Honours gained by graduates and students
on service is continued from last year.
The bracket (O.T.C.) after a name signifies previous ser-
vice in the Aberd. Univ. Contingent O.T.C. ; the bracket
(Cdt. ) previous training in an Officer Cadet Battalion.
Corrections and Additions should be addressed to,
AND WILL be gratefully RECEIVED BY,
THE PRINCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN,
Marischal College, Aberdeen.
CONTENTS.
PACK
3n /IDemoriam r
I. The Staff 20
II. Graduates 21
Commissioned . . . . . . . . .21
Enlisted . 32
Red Cross, Munitions, etc . -37
III. Alumni 41
IV. Students 42
Commissioned ......... 42
Enlisted 46
V. Orders and Decorations 54
Summary of Provisional Roll and Supplements . . -63
Jn ^cmonam^
1914.
Medical Officer Thomas Peppe Fraser, H.M. Colonial
Medical Service, West African Medical Staff, attached
to troops on reconnaissance on the eastern frontier of
Nigeria, where he was killed in action, 5 September,
aged 35 M.B., Ch.B., '01
Maj. Alexander Kirkland Robb, Durham Light Infantry,
died of wounds received in action, France, 20 Sep-
tember Matr. Student, '89
1915.
Surgeon William Mellis Mearns, Royal Navy, sank with
H.M.S. "Formidable," i Jan., aged 31 M.B., Ch.B., '08
Lieut-Col, William Henry Gray, Indian Medical Service,
died on recall to Service, 14 January, aged 52 M.B., Ch.B., '86
Lieut. Angus Forsyth Legge, attached Singapore Volun-
teer Corps, killed in the Singapore Mutiny, 16
February, aged 25 M.B., Ch.B., '12
2nd Lieut. Lewis Neil Griffith Ramsay, 2nd Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action at Neuve Chapelle, 21 March, aged
25 M.A., 191 1 ; B.Sc. (with special distinction in Botany), '12
Lance-Corpl. Edward Watt, 4th Seaforth Hrs., died 22
March of wounds received at Neuve Chapelle, 10
March, aged 23 B.Sc. (Agr.), '14
Private James Orr Cruickshank, D (late U) Coy. 4th
Gordon Hrs., killed in Flanders, 15 April, aged 19 ist Sci.
Sergt. Alexander Skinner, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in
action in Flanders, 22 April, aged 31
Teacher in Dumbarton ; Arts & Sci. Stud., 'o9-'ii
2 In Memoriam
Sergt, Victor Charles MacRae, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in Flanders when attempting to remove
a wounded comrade, 28 April, aged 23
M.A., 1st Class Hons. in Classics, '14
Corpl. Keith Mackay, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs.,
died 28 April, in a Casualty Clearing Hospital,
France, of wounds received in action, 20 March, aged
20 2nd Arts & 1st Med. ; M.A., '15
Private Alexander Mitchell, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., died 28 April, in a Field Hosp., France, of
wounds received 27 April, aged 25 2nd Arts
Lieut. Geoffrey Gordon, S.R.O., attd. 12th Lancers, killed
in action in Flanders, 30 April I.C.S. ; M.A., Hons. Maths., '03
Private John Forbes Knowles, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 5 May, aged 24
United Free Church Div. Student; M.A., '12
Private David Wood Crichton, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 7 May, aged 18 1st Agr.
Sapper James Sanford Murray, 51st (Highl. Divisional)
Signal Coy. (formerly 4th Gordon Hrs.), died in
a Field Hosp., France, of wounds, 27 May, aged 20. 2nd Arts
Private Robert Hugh Middleton, D (late U) Coy. Gordon
Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, i June, aged 22 3rd Arts
Private Marianus Alex. Gumming, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed
in action, Flanders, 13 June, aged 23
Teacher, Kemnay ; M.A., '12
Lieut. Wm. Leslie Scott, 5th Gordon Hrs., killed in action,
Flanders, 16 June, aged 22 3rd Med.
L. -Corpl. Andrew Thomson Fowlie, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed
in action, Flanders, 16 June, aged 26 Un. Dipl. Agr., '09
Private James Clapperton Forbes, D (late U) Coy. 4th
Gordon Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 16 June, aged
20 3rcl Agr.
Private James Whyte, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., died of wounds received in action, 16 June,
aged 21 2nd Arts
Private Robert Patrick Gordon, D (late U) Coy. 4th
Gordon Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 17 June,
aged 19 2nd Arts
In Memoriam 3
Private George McSween, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 16 June, aged 23
Aberdeen Training Centre
Private Harry Lyon, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action,
Flanders, 17 June, aged 22 2nd Arts
L.-Sergt. Alex. David Duncan, D (late U) Coy. 4th
Gordon Hrs., died of wounds received in action, 16
or 17 June, aged 21 M.A., '14
L.-Corpl. Murdo Maclver, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 19 June, aged 20 3rd Agr.
Lance-Corpl. James Cruickshank, ist Gordon Hrs., died
of wounds, Flanders, July, aged 19 ist Arts ; 3rd Bursar, '14
Sergt. (of Bombers) Alexander Allardyce, 4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 20 July, aged 30
M.A., '04 ; B.L.
Sergt John McLean Thomson, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in
action in Flanders, 22 July, aged 26
United Free Church Div. Student ; M.A., 'i i
Capt. Arthur Kellas, 89th Field Ambulance, killed in
action on the Dardanelles, 6 August, aged 31 M.B., '06
? Douglas Jamieson, 8th Australian Light Horse, killed in
action on the Dardanelles, 7 August Former Agr. Stud.
2nd Lieut. Frederick Alexander Rose, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action in Flanders, 10 August, aged 25
M.A., 1st Hons. Eng., '11 ; B.A., Oxon.
Sergt. George Cameron Auchinachie, ist Gordon Hrs.,
killed in Flanders, 23 August, aged 24, by bursting
of a shell ; previously thrice wounded Med., 'io-'i3
Private Alexander John Fowlie, 13th Infantry Batt.,
Australian Imperial Force, killed in action on the
Dardanelles, August, aged 26 M.A., 'li
Lieut. -Col. John Ellison Macqueen, commanding 6th
Gordon Hrs., killed in action about Loos, Flanders,
25 September, aged 40 Law, '91-95
Lieut. Alex. Rennie Henderson, 4th Gordon Hrs., reported
wounded and missing after action near Hooge,
Flanders, 25 September, presumed killed on that
date, aged 27 Teacher; M.A., 'il
4 In Memoriam
Lieut James Scott, 6th Gordon Hrs., missing after action
about Loos, 25 September, presumed killed on that
date, aged 25 Teacher, M.A., '13
Lieut. Frederick Charles Stephen, 6th Gordon Hrs., killed
in action about Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 29
M.A, 1st Hons. Maths., '09
2nd Lieut. George Macbeth Calder, 8th Gordon Hrs.
(previously Sergt. U Coy.), killed in action, about
Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 24 2nd Med., M.A, '15
2nd Lieut. Ian Catto Fraser, 2nd Argyll and Sutherland
Hrs., killed in action, Flanders, 25 September,
aged 20 I St Arts
2nd Lieut. Walter Inkster, 4th Gordon Hrs., missing after
action at Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, now pre-
sumed killed on that date, aged 25 M.A., 'i i ; B.Sc. (Agr.)
2nd Lieut. William Robert Kennedy, 4th Seaforth Hrs.
(previously U Coy. 4th Gordons), killed in action in
Flanders, 25 September, aged 19 ist Med., 'i4-'i5
2nd Lieut. George Low, 4th Gordon Hrs. (previously
Sergt. Maj. U Coy.), missing after action near
Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, presumed killed on
that date, aged 25 Teacher; M.A., ist Hons. Classics, '14
2nd Lieut. John Cook Macpherson, ist Gordon Hrs., died
of wounds received in action about Hooge, Flanders,
25 September, aged 29 M.A, '10 ; LL.B.
2nd Lieut. Ian Charles McPherson, 2nd Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action about Loos, Flanders, 25 September,
aged 21 M.A., '14
2nd Lieut. George Buchanan Smith, S.R.O., attd. 2nd
Gordon Hrs., killed in action about Loos, Flanders,
25 September, aged 24 M.A., Hons. Hist. (Glas.) ; LL.B., '14
2nd Lieut. William John Campbell Sangster, 4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action about Hooge, Flanders, 25
September, aged 20 M.A., '14
Sergt. John Keith Forbes, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in
actiod near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 32
United Free Church Div. Student ; M.A., '05
Sergt. Alexander David Marr, 7th Gordon Hrs., killed in
action, Flanders, 25 September, aged 23 M.A., Hons. Maths., '14
In Memoriam 5
Sergt. Bertram Wilkie Tawse, 4th Cameron Hrs., killed
in action, Flanders, 25 September, aged 31
M.A., Hons. Maths., '05 ; B.Sc.
Corpl, William Stephen Haig, 4th Gordon Hrs. (previously
U Coy.), killed in action about Hooge, Flanders, 25
September, aged 22 M.A., '14
Lance-Corpl. Alexander Findlater, D (late U) Coy. 4th
Gordon Hrs., missing after action near Hooge,
Flanders, 25 September, presumed killed on that date,
aged 19 1st Arts
Private James Hume Adams, 6th Cameron Hrs., killed in
action about Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 27
1st Arts and Law, 'i4-'i5
Private William Duncan Alexander, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
missing after action at Hooge, Flanders, 25 Sep-
tember, now presumed killed on that date, aged 23 2nd Med.
Private James Anderson, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs. , died a prisoner at Giessen from wounds received
in action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 23 3rd Arts
Private William Donald, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon Hrs.,
missing after action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 Sep-
tember, presumed killed on that date, aged 22 2nd Arts
Private John Birnie Ewen, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action
about Hooge, Flanders, 25 September, aged 22
M.A., Hons. Class,, '14
Private John Hampton Strachan Mason, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action near Hooge, 25 September, aged 24
M.A., Hons. Engl,, '13
Private Duncan MacGregor, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in
action near Hooge, Flanders, 25 September About to matriculate
Private Roderick Dewar MacLennan, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action near Hooge, Flanders, 25^eptember,
aged 18 1st Arts, 'i4-'i5
Private Gordon Dean Munro, 4th Gordon Hrs., died, a
prisoner, of wounds received in action near Hooge, 25
September, aged 20 1st Med.
Private Murdo Morrison Murray, 5th Cameron Hrs., killed
in action about Loos, 25 September, aged 30 Teacher ; M.A., '08
6 In Memoriam
Private George Kemp Saunders, 4th Gordon Hrs., missing
after action at Hooge, Flanders, 25 th September, now
presumed killed on that date, aged 21 ist Med.
Private John William Shanks, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gor-
don Hrs., reported missing after action near Hooge,
Flanders, 25 September, now presumed killed on
that date, aged 22 2nd Arts
Private Alexander Silver, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., died a prisoner in a German Hospital of
wounds received in action near Hooge, Flanders, 25
September, aged 21 2nd Arts and Agr.
Private James Mathewson Stuart, 6th Gordon Hrs., killed
in action near Loos, Flanders, 25 September, aged 21 ist Arts
Maj. (Tempy.) James Mowat, R.A.M.C., late Fleet-Surg.
R.N., sank with transport in Mediterranean, aged 45 M.B., '91
Herbert Mather Jamieson, entd. as Tempy. Lieut.
R.A.M.C., volunteered for med. service in R.N.,
died 26 September, aged 33 M.B., '04
Private Frederick William Milne, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed
in action near Hooge, October, aged 19 ist Med., '14-1$
Rev. Robert Murray, Chaplain, Roy. Austral. Naval Res.,
died 9 October, aged 52 M.A., '83 ; B.D. St. And.
Lieut. Hector MacLennan Guthrie, 3rd Lancashire Fusi-
liers (previously Sergt. U Coy. 4th Gordons), killed
in action, Gallipoli, November, aged 23 M. A., ist Hons. Eng., '14
Lieut. James Reston Gardiner Garbutt, R.A.M.C., attd.
King's Own Scottish Borderers, killed in action in
Flanders, i December, aged 26 M.B., '11
L.-Corpl. Alexander Slorach, D (late U) Coy. 4th Gordon
Hrs., accidentally killed in the trenches near Hooge,
Flanders, 25 December, aged 21 2nd Arts
Christian Davidson Maitland or Grant, sank with her
husband on the "Persia," torpedoed 30 December,
aged 29 B.Sc, '08 ; M.B. (Edin.)
Surgeon (Tempy.) Douglas Whimster Keiller Moody,
R.N., sank with H.M.S. ** Natal" in harbour, 30
December, aged 42 M.B., '00; M.D.
In Memoriam 7
1916.
Lieut. William George Rae Smith, i oth King's Own York-
shire Light Infantry, attd. 2 1st Divisional Cyclists,
killed in action while saving a wounded comrade, 24
January, aged 27 Agr., '04-05 and 'o8-'09
Lieut George Dewar,R. A.M. C, killed in action in Flanders,
January, aged 23 M.B., '15
Lieut Richard Gavin Brown, R.A.M.C, died in 5th S.
Gen. Hosp. (after operation following on dysentery
contracted in Gallipoli, 14th Cas. CI. Stn., nth Div.
Suvla Bay), 14 February, aged 33 M.B., '03
Private Charles Spence Marr, 50th Can. Batt, died in train-
ing camp, Bramshott, Hants, 3 March, aged 28 Teacher ; M.A., '10
Lieut Charles Thomas McWilliam, 5th Gordon Hrs.,
attd. 51st Divisional Cyclist Coy., killed in action in
France, 18 March, aged 23 Law Stud. ; M.A., '13
Captain (Tempy.) George Mitchell Johnston, attd. 7th
Royal Irish Rifles, killed in action in France, 3 April,
aged 26 B.Sc. (Agr.), '11
Lieut James Duguid, 7th N. Staffordshire Regt, killed in
action, Mesopotamia, 9 April, aged 23 Arts, 'i2-'i4 ; Agr., '14
Private David George Melrose Watt, R.AM.C, died at
Aldershot, 26 April, aged 19 1st Med., 'i5-'l6
Fleet-Surg. William Rudolf Center, died from injuries sus-
tained on the sinking of H.M.S. " Russell," 28 April,
aged about 45 Former Med. Stud.
Deputy-Surg. General Cyril James Mansfield, died at Gos-
port, 7 May, aged 55 M.B., '83 ; M.D., '96
Qr. M.-Sergt Charles McGregor, loth Gordon Hrs., died
of wounds in France, 14 May, aged 43
M.A., 1st Hons. Maths., '96
2nd Lieut. Robert Reid, 9th Gordon Hrs., killed in action
in France, 21 May, aged 23 M.A., Hons. Class., '14
Corpl. Norman John Robertson, 4th Gordon Hrs., died of
wounds in France, 30 May, aged 26 M.A., '14
2nd Lieut. Frank Lipp, Scottish Rifles, attd. Welsh
Fusiliers, died at Karachi, 30 May, of wounds received
in Mesopotamia, aged 24 M.A., 'i i
8 In Memoriam
Coy.-Sergt-Major Charles Neilson, Gordon Hrs., killed
in action in France, i June, aged 26 Teacher ; M.A., ' 1 3
Private George Alexander Brown, Machine Gun Section,
4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, 9 June,
aged 19 7th Arts Bursar, '14
Sergt. Robert Donald, Intelligence Section, 4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action in France, 9 June, aged 21 ist Arts
Lieut. Alfred George Morris, Gordon Hrs., died of wounds
received in action, 10 June, aged 21 Agr., '11
2nd Lieut. James Smith Hastings, 4th Gordon Hrs., died
at Ripon, 25 June, aged 26 M.A., '12
Corpl. John Bowie, Special Brigade, R.E., died of gas-
poisoning in France, 27 June, aged 21 1st Arts & Sci.
Corpl. George Dawson, Special Brigade, R.E., killed in
action in France, 28 June, aged 33
M.A., ist Hons. Maths., '05 ; B.Sc. (Spec, dist.)
Pioneer James Roderick Watt, Special (Gas) Section, R.E.
(previously U Coy. 4th Gordons), killed in action at
Carnoy, France, 30 June, aged 22 1st Med.
Private William Abernethy, Special (Gas) Section, R.E.,
wounded in action in France, 29, died 30, June, aged 23 ist Sci.
Lieut. Robert Mackie Riddel, Gordon Hrs., killed in action
in France, i July, aged 24 2nd Arts
2nd Lieut. George McCurrach, 13th Highl. Light Infantry,
killed in action in France, I July, aged 35 Teacher; M.A., '08
2nd Lieut. William Adrian Davidson, 2nd Gordon Hrs.,
wounded at Loos, .25 September 191 5, died of
wounds received in action, 2 July, aged 21 1st Med.
2nd Lieut. Frederick Attenborow Conner, 2nd Seaforth
Hrs., killed in action in France, 2 July, aged 21 ist Agr.
Alfred Reginald MacRae, Punjab Police Force, India,
died of cholera on service at Nasiryeh, Mesopotamia
aged 28 Arts, '05 -'08
2nd Lieut. John McRobb Hall, 21st Northumb. Fusiliers,
killed in action in France, July, aged 20 About to matriculate
2nd Lieut. John Mortimer McBain, Special Reserve
R.F.A., died of wounds in German Fd. Hosp., Vrau-
court, 9 July, aged 22 2nd Arts, 'i4-'i5
In Memoriam 9
2nd Lieut. Colin MacKenzie Selbie, nth Scottish Rifles
killed in action in Picardy, 1 5 July, aged 27 B.Sc, '10 (spec, dist)
Private Alexander William Joss, Highland Light Infantry,
missing after action in Picardy, 15 July, now pre-
sumed killed on that date, aged 28 Law, 'o8-'o9
Lieut. Colonel Arthur Hugh Lister, C.M.G., R.A.M.C. (T.),
died at sea, 17 July, aged 52 B.A. (Cantab.), M.B., '95
Sergt. Andrew Fraser, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action
in Picardy, 22 July, aged 28 U.F.C. Div. Stud. ; M.A., '10
Lieut. Arthur Frederick Vere Stephenson, 4th Gordon
Hrs., missing after action in Picardy, 23 July, now
ascertained to have died of wounds on that date,
aged 33 Sc. Stud., '02, '09
Coy.-Sergt.-Major Robert Falconer, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
missing after action in Picardy, 23 July, now pre-
sumed killed on that date, aged 26 2nd Law
Lance-Sergt. Alexander J. Gunn, D (late U) Coy. 4th
Gordon Hrs., wounded 25 September, 191 5, missing
after action in Picardy, 23 July, presumed killed on
that date, aged 22 1st Med.
Private Leslie Fyfe, Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France,
23 July, aged 23 Arts, 'll-'l2
Capt. Henry Brian Brooke, Gordon Hrs., died of wounds,
July, in Picardy, on 24 July, aged 27 Agr., '06-07
2nd Lieut. (Tempy.) Alexander Lundie Hunter Ferguson,
nth, attd. 8th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in
Picardy, July, aged 21 Arts, 'i2-'i3
Sergt. John Alexander McCombie, 4th Gordon Hrs., died
of wounds in Picardy, 26 July, aged 21 ist Med.
Corpl. Charles James Donald Simpson Gordon, D (late U)
Coy. 4th Gordons, missing after action on the Somme,
28 July, presumed killed on that date, aged 21 ist Med.
Capt. (Tempy.) Robert Lyon, 5th Gordon Hrs., killed in
action in Picardy, 30 July, aged 25
M.A., Hons. Econ., '12 ; LL.B., '14
Capt. John Alexander Kennedy, 6th Seaforth Hrs., died
of wounds received in action in Picardy, 6 August,
aged 37 Teacher ; M.A., Hons. Maths., '02 ; B.Sc.
lo In Memoriam
Capt. A. W. Robertson, Royal Berkshires (formerly Col,
commanding 3rd Vol, BatL Gordon Hrs., and with
2nd Gordons, Boer War ; Queen's Medal, 3 clasps),
killed in action in France, August, aged 41
Arts, Aberd. '94'-95, and Edin.
Private Malcolm Robert Bain, 6th Seaforth Hrs., killed
in action in Picardy, August, aged 19 i6th Arts Bursar, '15
Lieut. William Urquhart, Black Watch, killed in action in
Picardy, 16 August, aged 32
C. of S. Minister ; M.A., Hons. Phil., '06 ; B.D,, '09
Private Gilbert Alexander Pirie, 4th Cameron Hrs. killed
in action in Picardy, 18 August, aged 22 2nd Med., '15-16
Capt. George Harper McDonald, 12th, attd. 2nd Gordon
Hrs., wounded i July, killed in action in Picardy,
6 September, aged 30 Teacher ; M.A., '08
2nd Lieut Alexander Francis Johnston, nth London,
attd. 1st Queen's Westminsters, killed in action,
10 September, aged 31 Teacher; M.A., '07
2nd Lieut. John Alexander King, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed
in action in Picardy, 12 September, aged 32
Teacher ; M.A., Hons. Class., '09
Capt. Robert S. Kilgour Thom Catto, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action in Picardy, 5 October, aged 43 Med. Stud., '91-92
2nd Lieut. Edward Martin Cook Tennant, 4th Gordon
Hrs., wounded 25 September, 191 5, died of wounds re-
ceived 16 October, aged 21 ist Sci.
Surgeon Probationer Alexander Ledingham Strachan,
R.N.V.R., sank with H.M.S. " Genista," 23 October,
aged 21 3rd Med., ' 1 5-' 1 6
2nd Lieut. Donald Eraser Jenkins, M.C., 6th Seaforth
Hrs., killed in action in Picardy, 13 November, aged
19 1st Agr., 'i4-'i5
Capt. William Murison Smith Merson, 7th Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action in Picardy, 1 3 November, aged 24
M.A., '13; LL.B., '14
Capt. William Stephen, 5th Gordon Hrs., killed in action
in Picardy, 1 3 November, aged 34 Merchant ; M. A. , '05
2nd Lieut. John Alexander Wilson, Gordon Hrs., T.F.,
killed in action in Picardy, 1 3 November, aged 26
Teacher; M.A., '13
In Memoriam ir
2nd Lieut. Robert James Smith, 6th Seaforth Hrs., killed
in action in Picardy, while rescuing wounded com-
rade, 13 November, aged 27. Recommended for
V.C Agr., 'io-'i4, U.D.A.
2nd Lieut Robert William Ferguson, 5th Gordon Hrs.,
missing after action at Beaumont Hamel, 1 3 Novem-
ber, now reported killed on that date, aged 29
Teacher ; M.A., '09 ; B.Sc.
Lieut. James Lyall, Gordon Hrs., killed in action in
Picardy, November, aged 29 Teacher; M.A., '10
Sergt. Norman Birss, 7th Gordon Hrs., killed in action in
Picardy, 13 November, aged 23 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4
Capt. Henry Begg, ist Highland Fd. Amb., R.A.M.C,
killed in action, 14 November, aged 36 M.B., '06
Capt. (Tempy. Major) James Brown Gillies, 4th Gordon
Hrs., died of wounds received in action, 14 November,
aged 31 Stud., 'o4-'o5 ; B.L., 'o&
Rev. William A. Macleod, V.M.C.A. Service, Medit
Exped. Force, died of dysentery at Salonika, 16
November, aged 36 Arts, '07-' 13 ; Div., '13-'! 5
2nd Lieut. Norman Crichton, 5th Seaforth Hrs., killed in
action in Picardy, November, aged 29
U.F.C. Prob. ; M.A., '11
2nd Lieut. John Watt Simpson, 7th Border Regt., acci-
dentally killed by premature shell explosion, 8 De-
cember, aged 28 M.A., '09; LL.B^
Major William Russell, S. Afr. Exped. Force, trsf.
Tempy. Capt. R.A.M.C, died at Kimberley, after
resuming practise, 10 December, aged 45 M.B., '90; M.D.
Private Richard Surtees, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in action
in Picardy, 16 December, aged 24 M.A., '14
Private James Kirton Collie, Gordon Hrs., killed in action
in Picardy, 16 December, aged 23 M.A., '16
Private Andrew James Baxter Taylor, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
Signal Section, died 28, of wounds received in action
26, December, Picardy, aged 21 3rd Arts, 'i5-'i6; M.A., \f
12 In Memoriam
1917.
2nd Lieut. Edgar George William Bisset, Gordon Hrs.
and R.F.C., died 7 January of wounds received in
Picardy, aged 20 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6
Private William Mitchell Reid, S. Afr. Force in E. Africa
(through S.W, Afr. Campaign), died of wounds, Janu-
ary, aged 28 Teacher; M.A., '09
Corpl. John Galloway, Tasmanian Contingent, died in a
Military Hosp., Salisbury, 17 January, aged 35
Arts, '04-' 06 ; Sc, '04
Lance-Corpl. Alex. Robertson Home, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
died in Military Hosp,, Northampton, 25 January,
of wounds received in action, aged 29 Teacher ; M.A., '09
Seaman John Winchester Cowie, Hawke Batt., R.N.D.,
wounded on the Ancre, November, 19 16, killed in
action, January, aged 26 Arts, '11 -'13
Capt. Joseph Ellis Milne, D.S.O., R.A.M.C, killed in
action on the Somme, 22 February, aged 48 M.A., '88 ; M.D.
Lieut. Hector Robert Macdonald, Seaforth Hrs., killed in
action in Mesopotamia, 22 February, aged 22 2nd Arts
2nd Lieut. William George Reid, 3rd Scottish Rifles, killed
in action in March, aged 28 M.A. ; ist Class Hons. Class., 'il
2nd Lieut. Ian Forbes Clark Badenoch, 20th Royal
Fusiliers (3rd Public Schools Batt), died of wounds
in France, 19 March, aged 20 Arts Bursar, '15
2nd Lieut. John Moir Sim, 6th Gordon Hrs., and R.F.C.
(previously U Coy. 4th Gordons), wounded twice, 25
September, 191 5, and 30 July, 191 6, and killed in
action in the air, 25 March, aged 23 ist Arts
Private Robert Mackie Simpson, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed
by bursting of a shell, i April, aged 21 ist Arts, 'i4-'i5
Lieut, (the Rev.) John Spence Grant, M.C., 6th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action in France, April, aged 27
Prob. C. ofS. ; M.A., 'ii; B.D.
Corpl. (Tempy.) John MacCulloch, 5th Gordon Hrs., killed
in action in France, 9 April, aged 3 1
Teacher; M.A. ; ist Class Hons. Class, '09.
In Memoriam 13
2nd Lieut. George Reid, Gordon Hrs. (previously U Coy.
4th Gordons), killed in action in France, April, aged 25 2nd Med.
2nd Lieut. William Bruce Anderson, M.C., Sth Gordon
Hrs., killed in action in France, April, aged 29 M.A., '11
Lieut. James Rae, R.A.M.C, missing and believed to
have been drowned at sea, 1 5 April, aged 37 M. A., '04 ; M.D.
Capt. Robert Ferguson Russell, R. AM.C, died on service
in France, 22 April, aged 33 M.B., '05
2nd Lieut. John Dean Riddel, Gordon Hrs., died of
wounds received in action, April, aged 24
2nd Arts and Med., '15-16
Captain William S. Pirie, D.C.M., Royal Scots Fusiliers
(previously Sergt. promoted on the field), killed in
action in France, 23 April, aged 29 Teacher; Arts, 'o5-'o7
Lieut. Simon Fraser Ross, Gordon Hrs. T.F., killed in
action in France, 23 April, aged 30
Div. Stud.; M.A., Hons. Classics, '11
2nd Lieut. William David Macbeth, Black Watch, killed
in action in France, 23 April, aged 32 Teacher; M.A,, '09
Private Andrew Mitchell Bruce, 5th Gordon Hrs., missing
after action in France, 23 April, now reported killed
on that date, aged 39 Teacher ; M.A., '08
Capt. John [S.] Urquhart, attd. 14th Batt Argyll & Suther-
land Hrs., killed in action at Beaucamp, E.S.E. of
Bapaume, 24 April, aged 32 Teacher; MA.., '06
Capt. Leopold Profeit, The King's (Shropshire) Light
Infantry, killed in action in France, 25 April, aged 30
Actor ; M. A., '96
Lieut. Edgar Hunter Ewen, Royal Scots T.F., accidentally
killed at Catterick, May, aged 36 Teacher ; M.A., '04
Capt. John Ogilvie Taylor, The Buffs, trsfd. Middlesex
Regt., killed in action in France, 3 May, aged 32
Teacher; M.A., '10
Lieut, (the Rev.) Marshall Merson, 5th Royal Scots
Fusiliers (Pte. 4th Gordons), killed in action in France,
3 May, 191 7, aged 27 C. of S. Prob. ; M.A., '12
2nd Lieut. James Alex. Masson, R.G.A., died of wounds
received in action, May, aged 25
Teacher; M.A., ist Hons. Class, '13
14 In Memoriam
2nd Lieut. WilHejohn Oberlin Gilmour, Scottish Horse,
killed in action, May, aged 33 M.A., 'li
Lance-Corpl. Henry Wilkieson Thomson, Canadian Con-
tingent, wounded October, 191 6, killed in action in
France, 5 May, aged 31 M.A., Hons. Class, '07
Private George Park Webster, 3rd Gordon Hrs., killed in
action in France, il May, aged 19 ist Arts, 'i5-'i6
2nd Lieut. Edwin Alfred Kennedy, Seaforth Hrs., killed
in action in France, 13 May, aged 22 1st Arts, 'i4-'i5
Capt. William Alexr. Smith, R.A.M.C., died of wounds
received in action, June, aged 37 M.B., '04
Lieut. Finlay George Macleod Ross, British East African
Medical Service, after retiring from service, died at
Klerksdorp, 4 June, aged 30 M.B., '09
2nd Lieut. William Anderson, 2nd Lovat Scouts, killed
in action, 4 June, aged 24 Un. Dip. Ag., '12
Capt. Robert Dunlop Smith, 33rd Punjabis Indian Army,
Brigade Machine Gun Officer, Indian Expeditionary
Force E, killed in action in East Africa, 12 June,
aged 24 Arts Stud, '11 -'12
Capt. Ian A. Kendall Burnett, East Lancashire Regt.,
missing after action in France, June, now pre-
sumed killed at that time, aged 33 M.A., '07
Lieut. James Findlay, 12th Northumberland Fusiliers
(Pte. Roy. Fusiliers), killed in action in France,
June, aged 22 1st Med., 'i5-'i6
2nd Lieut. Allan Smith Milne, 5th Gordon Hrs., T.F.,
killed in action in France, 26 June, aged 38 M.A., '02 ; B.L.
Lieut Alexander Guthrie, 1st Highl. Brig. R.F.A., T.F.,
killed in action in France in the attempt to save a
comrade, 13 July, aged 24 2nd Arts, 'i4-'i5
Private John Badenoch, R.A.M.C., died of heat stroke at
Basra, Mesopotamia, 1 1 July, aged 40 M.A., '00
Capt. (Tempy.) Alistair Gordon Peter, M.C., R.A.M.C.,
died of wounds received in action, July, aged 40
M.A., '98; M.B.
Lieut. Harold Bruce Lendrum, 6th Seaforth Hrs. (formerly
Lance-Corpl), wounded May, died of wounds, i
August, aged 21 1st. Arts, 'i3-'i4
In Memoriam 15
Lieut. William John Taylor, loth Seaforth Hrs., severely
wounded 23 April, died of pneumonia, i August,
aged 29 Teacher; M.A., '10
2nd Lieut. Archibald Charles Spark, Gordon Hrs., killed
in action in France, 31 July, aged 21 1st Arts, 'l5-'i6
Capt. (Tempy.) Thomas Booth Myles, M.C., 12th Highl.
Light Infantry, killed in action in France, i August,
aged 24 3rd Agr., 'I3-'I4
Capt. Adam Gordon Howitt, M.C., 12th E. Surrey Regt
(formerly of Capetown Hrs.), killed in action in
France, 5 August, aged 33 B.Sc. (Agr.), '10
Signaller D Lyall Japp, Black Watch, killed while
assisting to bring in wounded, France, August,
aged 19 About to matriculate
Lance-Corpl. John Mitchell Duthie, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action, August, aged 19 1st Med., 'l5-'l6
Signaller James Robertson, R.F.A., T.F., killed in action
in , August, aged 20 i st Arts, ' 1 4-' 1 5
2nd Lieut. Alex. James Bolton Milne, 4th Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action in France, 22 August, aged 30
4th Div., 'i4-'i5
Capt. Eric Newton, R.A.M.C., killed in action in East
Africa on 5 August, aged 28 M.B., Ch.B., 'l 5
Capt. William George Philip Hunt, M.C., loth Essex
Regt, of wounds received in action, 31 July, died
15 August, aged 25 Teacher; M.A., '12
Deck-hand (Gunner) Kenneth Norman Macdonald, Royal
Naval Reserve, lost at sea on one of H.M. ships on
war service, August, aged 19 2nd Arts, and Med., '15-'! 6
2nd Lieut. George Douglas Rose, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed
in action in France, 20 September, aged 22
M.A., Hons. Econ., '15
2nd Lieut. James Temple Jenkins, 4th (Ross Highland)
Seaforth Hrs., killed in action, 20 September, aged 33 M.A., '04
Lance-Corpl. Thomas Anderson, 4th Gordon Hrs., died
of wounds received in action the previous day, on
23 September, aged 24 Teacher; M.A., '12
Lance-Corpl. R M'Connachie,
killed in action, September, aged 19 About to matriculate
1 6 In Memoriam
Lance-Corpl. James Will, 4th Gordon Hrs. (U Coy.), died
of wounds received in France on September, aged
23 1st Arts, 'i3-'r4
Lance-Corpl. Peter Melvin Strachan (bomb-thrower), 4th
Gordon Hrs., killed in action in France, 20 September,
aged 21 1st Sci., '14-'! 5
2nd Lieut, (the Rev.) Cecil Barclay Simpson, 4th Seaforth
Hrs,, killed in action, October, aged 32
M.A., Hons. Class, and Phil., '07
Capt. Robert Haig Spittal, R.A.M.C., killed in action,
4 October, aged 35 • M.B., '05
Lieut. Greorge Smith Mitchell Milne, 8/1 oth Gordon Hrs.,
killed in action in France, 14 October, aged 23
Law Stud.; M.A., '14
2nd Lieut, (the Rev.) David Stewart Dawson, S.R.O.,
3rd Gordon Hrs., wounded September, 1916, died
20 October, 191 7, aged 27 M.A., '10
Surgeon-Probationer George Brown, R.N. killed in
action at sea, 21 October, aged 22 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6
Lieut. Alex. Simpson Harper, Royal Hrs. (Black Watch)
(formerly Lance-Corpl., 7th Gordon Hrs.), killed in
action , 12 October, aged 27
Teacher; M.A., Hons. Maths., 'ii
Lieut. William Charles Milne, Pioneers Indian Army
Reserve of Officers, died of enteric fever at Baghdad,
Mesopotamia, October, aged 31 M.A., 'o&
Capt. David James Shirres Stephen, M.C. (with bar),
R.A.M.C., died of wounds by gas-shell, 24 October,
aged 29 M.B., '10 ; M.D.
Capt. Hugh Philip Skakle, 4th Gordon Hrs., killed in
action at the capture of Cantaing, 21 November,
aged 29 M.A., '11 ; B.D.
Lieut. George Minty, 6th Gordon Hrs., killed November,
aged 37 Teacher; M.A., '08
Lance-Corpl. Wm. Patrick Macleod, 7th Seaforth Hrs.,
killed in action in Mesopotamia, 5 November, aged
31 Teacher; M.A,, '10
2nd Lieut. William Duffus, 6th Gordon Hrs., died of
wounds received in action before Cambrai, i
December, aged 2 1 About to matriculate
In Memoriam 17
2nd Lieut (Tempy.) William John Reid, Gordon Hrs.,
died of wounds received in action, 26 November,
aged 25 3rd Arts, ' 1 3-' 1 4
2nd Lieut. Charles Buchan, Lanes. Fusiliers, killed in
action, December, aged 26 Probationer C, of S. ; M.A., '12
Pioneer Alexander Thomson Adam, Chemist Special
Coy., R.E., killed in action, 2nd December, aged 36
Teacher; M.A., '03; B.Sc.
Lieut. G[eorge] Wood, Australian Infantry, reported 1 1
December as died of wounds, aged 31 M.A., '08
Capt. Austin Basil Clarke, M.C., R.AM.C., S.R.O., killed
in action in France, 23 November, aged 25 M.B., '15
Capt. (acting Lieut -Col.) James Ogilvie Kemp, 5 th Royal
Scots (Queen's Edinburgh Rifles), died from illness
contracted on service, on 12 December, aged 52 M.A., '86
Pioneer James David Sutherland, Royal Engineers, died
from gas-poisoning, December, aged 23 Agr. Stud., 'i i-'i4
Private George Alexander Cameron, ist Q.O. Cameron
Hrs., died of wounds received in action, Flanders,
12 November, aged 28 M.A, '12
1 91 8.
2nd Lieut. George James Ross, Royal Scots Fusiliers,
killed as result of a bombing accident on active
service, 30 January, aged 25 Agr., '09-' 10
Lieut Hugh Alexr. Wark, 7th Grordon Hrs., killed in
action in France, 14 March, aged 23 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4
Lieut Douglas Meldrum Watson Leith, M.C.,4th Gordon
Hrs., killed in action in France, 21 March, aged 26
M.A., '13; B.Sc. (Agr.), '14
Capt Bernard Gordon Beveridge, M.C., R.A.M.C. (T.),
killed in action in France, 21 March, aged 30 M.B., Ch.B., '12
Lt -Colonel James Robertson, R.A.M.C. (T.), killed in
action in France, 21 March, aged 37 M.B., '04; M.D., Ch.M.
2nd Lieut Robert Stephen Barclay, Royal Scots, killed
in action in France, March, aged 49
Arts, '93-'97 ; Div., '98-'99
2nd Lieut Edward White Irvine, R.F.A., killed in action
in France, 27 March, aged 20 2nd Med., '16- ly
2
1 8 In Memoriam
Capt John Archibald, Gordon Hrs., died of wounds
received in action in France, 3 1 March, aged 24
2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4
Capt. Patrick George Milne, R.A.M.C., killed in action,
April, aged 32 M.B., '15
2nd Lieut. Andrew MacPherson Kennedy, Lancashire
Fusiliers, killed in action in France, April, aged 27
4th Med., 'i3-'i4
Lieut. Leslie McKenzie, Black Watch, died of
wounds received in action in France, 2 April, aged 24 M.A., '15
Major James Macdonald Henderson, M.C. (with bar),
Gordon Hrs. (attd. Argyll and Sutherland Hrs.),
killed in action in France, April, aged 27
M.A. ; L Hons. Eng., '12
Lieut. John Sutherland, Lancashire Fusiliers, killed in
action in France, April, aged 27 Teacher; M.A., '13
2nd Lieut. John Johnston, R.E., killed in action in France,
April, aged 24 2nd Arts, 'i4-'i5
2nd Lieut Robert Anderson, Somerset Light Infantry,
killed in action in France, April, aged 40 2nd Med., '98
Capt John Lyon Booth, M.C., Seaforth Hrs., killed in
action in France, 18 April, aged 26 M.A., '14
Pioneer Wm. Symington Macllwraith, R.E., killed in
action, , aged 33 M.A., '08
Capt Cyril Martin Hadden, Roy. Scots Fusiliers, killed in
action in France, April, aged 37 M.A., '02 ; B.L., '05
Lieut Wm. George Bruce, R.E. (T.F.), killed in action in
France, 25 April, aged 22 1st Sci., '13-'! 4
2nd Lieut John A. Philip, R.F. A, died of wounds received
in action in France, 7 May, aged 23 Dip. Agric, '13
Capt Robert Jas. Barron Wright, R.A.M.C. (T.), died
at Catterick Military Hospital, Yorkshire, 13 May,
aged 35 M.B., '04
Lieut George Andrew Falconer Henderson, 3rd Gordon
Hrs. (attd. Royal Air Force), died at Grantham of
injuries received in an aeroplane accident, 4th July,
aged 23 1st Arts, 'i3-'i4
In Memoriam
19
Summary.
Year 1914
,, 191 5
„ 1916
» 191;
„ 1918
Total
2
74
71
80
22
249
I. THE STAFF.
MEMBERS OF THE TEACHING AND RESEARCH
STAFFS.
Professor John Theodore Cash, M.D., LL.D., City of Aberdeen
Volunteer Regt.
Professor James Hendrick, B.Sc, City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt.
Professor Frederick Soddy, M.A., F.R.S., City of Aberdeen Volunteer
Regt.
Robert Blair Forrester, M.A., Lecturer in Political Economy, City of
Aberdeen Volunteer Regt., called up for Military Service, June,
1918.
James Lewis Mclntyre, M.A., D.Sc, Lecturer in Comparative Psy-
chology, City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt, County Director for
Aberdeenshire under the Red Cross (V.A. Detachments).
John Boyd Orr, D.S.O., M.C., M.A., M.D., Researcher in Animal
Nutrition. Temporary Surgeon, R.N. (formerly Tempy. Lieut.
R.A.M.C.).
SECRETARY TO THE UNIVERSITY.
Donaldson Rose Thom, M.A., City of Aberdeen Volunteer Regt.
MILITARY EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
The Principal, Chairman (Chaplain (ist Class) of the University
Contingent O.T.C.), Sir John Fleming, M.P., D.L., LL.D., Colonel
Scott Riddell, M.V.O., C.B.E., T.D., M.B., CM., and Rev. James
Smith, T.D., M.A., B.D., Chaplain (ist Class), representing the
Court; Professors James W. H. Trail, M.D., F.R.S., Robert W.
Reid, M.D., F.R.C.S., Hector M. Macdonald, M.A., F.R.S., and
Theodore Shennan, M.D., F.R.C.S.E., Dean of the Faculty of
Medicine ; with Captain George A. Williamson, M.D., and Capt
John P. Kinloch, M.D.
20
II. GRADUATES.
GRADUATES HOLDING COMMISSIONS.
ROYAL NAVY.
Surg. (Tempy.) James Duncan Brown M.B., 'i8
„ (Tempy.) Duncan William Mackay M.B., '17
„ (Tempy.) William Alexander Hogg McKerrow M.B., '06
„ (Tempy.) Alex. Ritchie M.B., '18
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.
Tempy. Sub-Lieut Alfred James Smith, H.M.S. "Tarlair"
for Hydrophone Service M.A, '05
Surgeon Probationer.
Charles Joiner (AS.B., 2nd Sup., p. 27) M.A, '15; 2nd Med, '15-16
REGULAR ARMY.
GOVERNOR OF CEYLON.
Sir John Anderson, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., Governor and
Commander-in-Chief M.A, ^77
WAR OFFICE AND OTHER STAFFS.
Thomas William Lumsden, Civilian Member of the Special
Medical Board, and Medical Referee for Pensions for
Chelsea, Westminster, and Lambeth M.B., '97 ; M.D.
LOCAL, TEMPORARY, ACTING, AND HONORARY RANK.
Lieut John Rudolph Wardlaw Burnet, Employed Re-
cruiting Duties B.A (Cantab.); LL.B., '11
21
2 2 Graduates
Royal Artillery.
Capt John Wishart Henderson, R.F.A. (T.F.), Stafif Capt.
64th Divisional Artillery M.A., '04; B.L.
Lieut William Robert Tennant, R.G.A., S.R.O., 23rd
Mountain Batty., N.W. Frontier, India, 21st Kohat
Mountain Batty., Mesopotamian Exped. Force M.A., '14
2nd Lieut Alexr. Wilson Anderson, R.G. A, S.R.O. (Pte.
R.A.M.C., Bdr. R.F.A., p. 23) Med. Stud. ; B.Sc, '13
„ „ Edmund Blaikie Boyd, 60th Siege Batty.
R.G.A, S.R.O. (Gunner, 2nd Sup., p. 28),
B.E.F,, France M.A., '16
„ „ William Drummond Hunter, R.G.A. (Serg.-
Instr., 1st Sup., p. 22) U.F.C. Div. Stud. ; M.A., '12
„ „ John Robert Jamieson, 178th Siege Batty.
R.G.A Teacher ; M. A, '01
„ „ Alfred Wm. Coutts Mitchell, R.G.A., S.R.O. M.A., '09
„ John Murray, R.G.A., S.R. (Pte. Royal
Scots) Teacher, M.A. (Hons. Eng.), '07
„ „ David Cooper Rees, R.F.A, S.R.O. (Corpl.
R.AM.C. and Cdt, Roll, p. 49) M.A, '11
„ „ William Shewan Riddell, R.F.A, S.R.O.
Teacher; M.A., '13
Royal Engineers.
2nd Lieut William Barrett (Pte. H.L.I., ist Sup., p. 22)
Teacher; M.A, '09
„ „ Donald MacKenzie (Pte. U Coy., 4th Gordons
and Sergt R.K, Roll, p. 46) M.A., '13
Tempy. 2nd Lieut Alexr. Thomson, 254 Tunnelling Coy.,
B.E.F., France B.Sc., '04
Infantry.
Major Hamilton McCombie, D.S.O., M.C, Chemical Ad-
viser, H.Q, First Army (formerly 7th Wore. Regt.
Mentd. (2) M.A., '00
fCapt Adam Gordon Howitt, M.C, 12th E. Surrey Regt.
(formerly Sergt. and 2nd Lieut., Capetown Hrs.,
Roll, p. 42), promoted Capt for organising raid.
Killed in action in France, Aug., 1917, aged 33 B.Sc, Agr., '10
Commissions 2 3
f Tempy. 2nd Lieut. Charles Buchan, Lanes. Fusiliers,
(Pte. Gordons, p. 29), killed
in action, Deer., 191 7, aged 26 M.A., '12
„ „ „ Alexander Park Cranna, S.R.O.,
attd. Gordon Hrs. M.A., '10
„ „ „ Abercromby Gordon Donald, Highl.
Light Inf. (from Cdt Batt)
Teacher; M.A, '01
2nd Lieut Leslie Duncan, S.R.O., attd. Queen's Own
Cameron Hrs. (Macedonia) M.A., '09
„ „ Horace Courtenay Forbes Finlayson, New
Army, attd China Labour Corps Professor; M.A., '07
„ „ Herbert Imray, S.R.O., attd. Gordon Hrs.
Teacher; M.A., '13
Tempy. 2nd Lieut John Robert Learmonth, ist and 2nd
Arg. & Suth. Hrs. Teacher; M.A., '05
2nd Lieut Thomas Watson MacCallum, S.R.O., attd.
Cameron Hrs. (from Cdt Batt) Teacher; M.A., '04
„ „ Alexr. Grant MacLeod, 3rd (Res.) Batt
Cameron Hrs. Teacher; M.A., '09
„ „ Alexr. John Marr, 3rd Seaforth Hrs. (Pte.
Royal Scots) Teacher; M.A., '13
„ „ William Lorimer Shiach, S.R.O., attd. Royal
Scots Teacher; M.A., '11
Cyclist Corps.
Lieut William Smith, XVH. Cyclist Batt XVH. Corps,
B.E.F. (Roll. p. 25) M.A., '07 ; B.Sc. (Agr.)
Tank Corps.
2nd Lieut Henry Watt Johnston, M.C. (from 4th Gordon
Hrs., 1st Sup., p. 16) Teacher; M.A., '11
„ „ William Reid (Sergt 5th Seaforth Hrs., pro-
moted on field, 1st Jan., 191 6, transfd.
R.M.G.C., 14th Feb., 191 7, then to Tank
Corps on formation) Teacher; M.A., '09
24 Graduates
Royal Air Force.
Lieut. David Clark (previously commd in S. Africa
Forces) Teacher; M.A., 'lo
Staff-Lieut. Donald Benjamin Gunn, attd. for staff duties
(Corpl. R.A.M.C., 2nd Sup., p. 30) Law Stud. ; M.A, '15
ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS.
Retired Officers temporarily re-employed.
Colonel Octavius Todd, Dep. Asst Din of Med. Services M.B., '78
William Edward Webb M.B., '73 ; M.D.
R.A.M.C. Temporary Lieut.-Colonels.
John Charles Grant Ledingham, C.M.G. M.A, '95 ; D.Sc.
R.A.M.C. Temporary Majors.
Alexander Theodore Brand, O.C, 3rd Field Amb., 11
East Yorks Med. Vol. Corps (late Surgeon-Major,
II Vol. Batt East Yorks Regt. V.D.) M.B., '81
George Mortimer MacGillivray M.B., '12
James Moir Mathieson, Wharncliffe War Hospital (commd.,
April, '15) M.B., '07
R.A.M.C. Temporary Captains.
Alexander Greig Anderson, 43rd Gen. Hosp., Salonika
Exped. Force M.A., '05 ; M.D. ; M.R.C.P. (Lond.)
Wilson Astin M.B., '94
William John Calder, for duty with S. African Labour
Corps, relinq. commn., Nov. 17 M.A, '06 ; M.B.
Alexander John Douglas Cameron M.B., '09
Eber Chambers M.B., '73 ; M.D.
Duncan Finlayson M.B., '92
William Eraser B.Sc, '00 ; M.B.
Henry William Garden M.B., '97
Alexr. Grant, Military Hospital, Cromarty M.B., '92 ; B.Sc. (Man.)
James Garden Gray, Barracks, Aldershot
M.A., '92 ; L.R.C.P. & S.Ed.
Thomas Chalmers Hynd M.B., '99
Commissions R.A.M.C. 25
Joseph Jaffe M.B., '13
John Grant Jones M.B, '96 ; M.D.
Neil Kennedy M.A., '00 ; M.B.
William Louis Anderson Leslie M.B., 02
Ronald Cadell MacDonald, 104th T.R.B., Edinburgh
M.B., '93 ; M.D.
Norman Macphail M.B., '12
Ian MacQuarrie, attd. Cumbd. and Westmoreland Yeo-
manry M.B., '98
William Duke Gorges MuUoy M.B., 'oi
Robert Tindall, M.C. M.B., '09
Joseph Lockhart Downes Yule, Mesopotamia, Albert
Medal for valour M.B., '13
R.A.M.C. Temporary Lieutenants.
William Angus M.B., '07 ; M.D. ; D.P.H. (Camb.)
William Bain (formerly Private R.AM.C., 1st Sup., p. 23) M.B., '08
John Brown M.B., '08
Francis James Browne, relinq. commn. M.B., '06
Alexander George Craib M.B., '14
William Dalgliesh M.B., '06
Arthur Harold Duckett M.B., '09
Walter Allen Elwood M.B., '05
James Hunter M.B., '11
John Elrick Kesson M.B., '07
George Henry Charles Lumsden M.B., '07
George Grant MacDonald M.A., '99 ; M.B.
John Alexander Mearns M.B., '01
Kenneth Stewart Melvin M.B., '03
George Milne M.B., '05 ; M.D.
Thomas Basil Mitchell M.B., '02
George Mowat M.B., '98
Harry James Rae M.A., '07 ; M.B.
Augustus George Stewart M.B., '05 ; M.D.
Philip Wilson Stewart M.A., '09; M.B.
Alexr. William Mackintosh Sutherland, Cairo M.B., '99
Arthur Westerman M.B., '00; M.D.
James Miller Swanson Wood M.B., '00
26 Graduates
Attached R.A.M.C.
Captain Spencer Smithson Dunn, Australian Army Med.
Corps, formerly Surg.-Capt. Imperial Bushmen's Corps M.B., '8S
R.A.M.C. Special Reserve Supplementary Officers.
Lieut. John Wilson Bowman (O.T.C.) M.B., '17
„ Charles Alexander Harvey (O.T.C.) M.B., '17
„ Ian George Innes M.A., '11 ; B.Sc. ; M.B., 'iS
„ Benjamin Wignall Jones (O.T.C.) M.B., '17
„ Arthur Young Milne (O.T.C.) M.B., '17
„ George Fowler Mitchell (?2nd Lieut O.T.C, p. 74) M.B., '17
„ Charles Reid (O.T.C.) M.A, '14 ; B.Sc. ; M.B., '17
„ Henry Roger (O.T.C.) M.A., '13 ; M.B., '17
„ James Maxwell Savege, Ind. Exped Force D.
Mesopotamia (previously Lieut KG. A., T.F.,
Roll, p. 26) M.A., '13 ; M.B., '17
„ Charles Wood (Pte. U Coy. 4th Gordons, Roll,
p. 69) M.B., '17
„ William Lyall Yell (O.T.C), Mesopotamia M.B., '17
Hospital Service.
Elizabeth Mary Edwards, attd. R.AM.C Base Hosp.,
Malta; Gen, Hosp., Salonika M.B., '12
Elizabeth Gray, attd. R.A.M.C., Woolwich M.B., '15
Winniefred Margaret Gray, attd. R.AM.C., Northampton-
shire War Hosp. M.A., '10 ; M.B., '13 ; D.RH.
Helen Lillie, Scottish Women's Hospital, Macedonia
M.A., '10; M.B.
Myra Mackenzie, Scottish Women's Hospital, Macedonia M.B., '00
TERRITORIAL FORCE.
Royal Artillery.
Major John Mearns Allan, ist Lowland Brig., R.F.A.
(since beginning of War) Teacher; M.A., '04
Captain Robert Mackay Ledingham, A Batty. 255th
Brig., R.F.A. Law Stud ; M.A., '13
2nd Lieut Charles Edward Cruickshank, 8/5 th Res. Brig.
R.F.A. (Highl.) (Sergt Scottish Horse)
Teacher; M.A., '05
Commissions T.F. 27
2nd Lieut Thomas Hunter Donald, R.G.A., S.R.O.
(Cdt. Artists' Rifles, 2nd Sup., p. 31) M.A., '02 ; B.Sc.
„ Robert Fraser Forbes, R.G.A. (Offr. Cdt
Unit) M.A., '13
„ „ William Dawson Henderson, 2/1 st W. Riding
Heavy Batty., R.G.A. M.A., '02 ; B.Sc.
„ „ Herbert Horace Eugene Wiseman, R.G.A. M.A., '07
Royal Engineers.
2nd Lieut Thomas Cranston, Meteorological Section
(Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 44) M.A., '12
Infantry.
Capt George Marr Giles, Adjt 3rd Batt London Regt M.A., '03
Lieut William Stephen Catto, unattd. List T.F., for serv.
with Geo. Watson's O.T.C. B.Sc, '06
„ Jas. Fowler Fraser, 3rd Batt Arg. and Suth. Hrs.
(Sergt. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 44)
„ Alexr. Peterkin, 6th Gordon Hrs,, Bombing Instr.
XVn. Corps Teacher; M.A., 'oa
2nd Lieut John Stuart Burns, Gordon Hrs. (Corpl. 3rd
Gordons, 2nd Sup., p. 29; also p. 25)
Teacher ; M. A, '99^
„ „ David Stuart Davidson, Grordon Hrs. (L.-
Sergt and Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 28) Teacher; M.A., '08
Alexr. Davie, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Offr. Cdt
Unit) Teacher; M.A., 'lO
Lewis Gavin, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Corpl., Roll,
p. 45, and Cdt Unit) Teacher; M.A., '12
James Temple Jenkins, 4th Seaforth Hrs.
(Ross High!. Batt) (From Inns of Court
O. T. C. , 2nd Sup. , p. 31.) After serving with
Res. Batt, T.F., went to the front, killed
in action near Ypres on 20th Sept 19 17,
aged 33 M.A, '04
James Keir, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Re&)
Headmaster, M.A., '04
John Douglas MacLaggan, 4th Gordon Hrs.
(Sergt, etc. Roll, p. 46), returned to study M.A., '14.
>i >j
2 8 Graduates
2nd Lieut Robert Pearson Masson, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 1st
Gordons and Cdt Unit). Wounded Oct.,
1917 University Tutor ; M.A., '06 ; LL.B.
f „ „ Allan Smith Milne, Gordon Hrs., killed in
action in France, 26th June, 191 7, aged 36
M.A., '02; B.L.
„ „ James Mathewson Milne, 5th Scottish Rifles
(Pte. R.A.M.C., 1st Sup., p. 23) Teacher; M.A, '06
„ „ Harry Thomson Reid, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 4th
Gordons and Cdt) M.A., '03
„ „ William Reid, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 4th Gordons
and Cdt) M.A, '12
„ „ Alex. Robertson, 2nd Seaforths (Pr. Sp. Brig.
R.E., 1st Sup., p. 36)
„ „ James Alexr. Scott, R. Sc Fusiliers Teacher, M.A., '99
„ „ John Baird Simpson, Gordon Hrs. (Roll, p. 47),
wounded 17 Oct 1917 B.Sc (Agr.), '14
-f „ „ (the Rev.) Cecil Barclay Simpson, 4th Sea-
forth Hrs. (Cdt, 1st Sup., p. 23), killed in
action, 17 Oct 191 7 M.A., '07
„ „ John Trail Stephen, 4th Gordons M.A, 'i2
„ „ William Henry Sutherland, M.C., 4th Gordons,
Signal Officer, 12th Black Watch M.A., '14
„ „ John Sutherland, 6th Lanes. Fusiliers (Pte. 5th
Gordons) Teacher; M.A, 13
Territorial Force Reserve.
Col. Douglas Duncan, member City of Aberdeen T.F.
Assocn. Com. M.C., '56-'59
Labour Corps.
2nd Lieut Harry Williamson Smart (Pte. Seaforths, 2nd
Sup., p. 30, and Cdt Unit) Teacher; M.A, '09
Royal Army Medical Corps y T.F.
Lieut -Col. Robert Bruce, D.S.O., late Lieut -Col. 7th Gor-
don Hrs. (Roll, p. 26) M.A, '93 ; M.D.
„ William Arthur Carline, 4th Northern Gen.
Hosp., Lincoln M.B., '75 ; M.D.
Volunteers 29
Lieut -Col. John Gray, O.C 2/3rd Northumbrian Fd. Amb.,
Brit. Salonika Force, since Deer, 1916 M.B., '90
Major James Matthews Duncan, 46 Stationary Hosp.,
Etaples, B.E.F. (Roll, p. 32). M.A., '94; M.B.
„ Alexr. George Lovett-Campbell, attd. 2nd Lovat's
Scouts (Roll, p. 33) M.B., '95
Capt John Webster Archibald, M.O. 295th Brig., R.F.A. M.B,, '07
„ Henry Wm. Godfrey, M.O. 8th Cyclist Batt Essex
Regt, T. M.B., '85
„ John Humphrey, 2nd East Anglian Fd. Amb. M.B., '13
„ John Marsters Mitchell, M.O. 3rd Middlesex Regt,
France and Salonika, M.O. 2nd D.C.L.I. Regt,
Salonika ; I /3rd Lowland Fd. Amb., Eg. Exped.
Force (Roll, p. 22) M.B., '11
„ Joseph Pearson, attd. 3rd Northern Gren. Hosp.,
Sheffield M.B., '8;
„ Alexr. Presslie, M.O. 2/4th Gloucesters, B.E.F.,
France M.B., '96
Lieut Charles Clyne, M.C. (late Trooper, Assam Valley
Light Horse, ist Sup., p. 24) M.B., '10
2nd Lieut Daniel Ironside Walker, unattd. List for ser-
vice with Aberd. Univ. O.T.C. (Sergt U Coy. 4th
Gordons, Roll, p. 67, wounded) M.A, '16
Sanitary Service.
Capt Alexr. Eraser MacBean, Highl. Divisional Sanitary
Section (ist Sup., p. 18). M.A., '01 ; M.B.
? Lieut Cyril Moore Smith, ist London Sanitary Coy. M.B., '04
VOLUNTEERS.
County of Aberdeen Volunteer Regiment.
Tempy. Capt and M.O. John Osbert Wilson M.A., '73 ; M.D.
„ Lieut James Gordon Souter Teacher; M.A., '03
„ 2nd Lieut Alexr. Donald Craigmyle Teacher ; M. A., '07
Kincardineshire Volunteer Regiment.
Tempy. Lieut and M.O. Charles Aymer M.B.,'89
JO Graduates
Banffshire Volunteer Regiment
Tempy. Capt Charles Smith McPherson (late Capt. Vol.
Brig. Gordon Hrs.) Rector; M.A., '79
? „ Lieut. Hugh McKay Teacher; M. A., '13
„ „ Robert George Smith M.A., '85
Morayshire Volunteer Regiment.
Tempy. 2nd Lieut John Davidson Dickie Teacher; M.A., '02
Northern Counties Highland Volunteer Regiment.
?2nd Lieut. Donald Macleod Teacher; M.A., '03?
„ „ Hugh George Strachan, ist Batt B.L., '04
West Riding Volunteers.
John Barclay, Platoon Commander and M.O., 5th Batt M.B., '88
Lieut Joseph Hambley Rowe, 21st Batt (late Lieut
R.A.M.C.) M.B., '94
ARMY CHAPLAINS' DEPARTMENT.
Temporary Chaplains.
Rev. Robert James Bain, 4th Class M.A., '09
Richard Mackie Clark, 4th Class M.A., '04
John Spence Ewen, 4th Class M.A., '99 ; B.Sc.
James Gibb, 4th Class M.A., '98
William Lindsay Gordon, 4th Class M.A., '93 ; B.D. (Edin.)
George Gray, 4th Class M.A., '07
James Stewart Watt Irvine, 4th Class M.A., '00
Duncan MacDonald, 4th Class, attd. 320th Brig.,
R.F.A., 64th (H.) Division M.A., '07
Kenneth MacLennan, attd. Seaforth Hrs. M.A., '96 ; B.D.
Alexr. Maclean M.A., '03
Douglas McRitchie, 4th Class M.A., '08
Alexr. Morrison, 4th Class M.A., '09
William Dickie Niven, 4th Class M.A., '00
George Mathieson Park, Class M.A., '86 ; B.D.
William Walker Reid, 4th Class M.A., '94 ; B.D. (Edin.)
George Eddie Thomson, 4th Class M.A., '02 ; B.D.
John William Walker, 4th Class M.A., '98
Forces of H.M. Dominions 31
Territorial Force Chaplains.
Rev, William Henderson Harrowes, 4th Class M.A., '96
INDIAN ARMY.
Capt. James McPherson, Indian Labour Corps, France
Teacher; M.A., '04
Lieut. Ivan Terence Pringle, a Volunteer Corps M.A., '09
+ „ William Charles Milne, Pioneers, Reserve of Offrs.,
died of enteric fever, 29th Oct 191 7, in Meso-
potamia, aged 31 M.A., '08
Indian Medical Service.
Col. Walter Gawen King, CLE. (ret), Asst Din of Med.
Serv. M.B., '73
Lieut -Col. Mackintosh Alex. Thomas Collie M.B., '81
„ Charles Lethbridge Swaine M.B., '74 ; M.D.
„ Henry Thomson M.B., '79 ; M.D.
„ Alexr. John Willcocks, C.M.G. (ret) tempor-
arily employed M.B., '71 ; M.D.
FORCES OF H.M. DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS.
Canadian.
Capt George Christian Rose, 102nd Reg^ Rocky Moun-
tain Rangers M.A., '91
Lieut Alexander Millar Boyd M.A., '02
„ Alexander Murray Garden, Canadian Artillery M.A., '09
British West Indies Regiment.
Surg. -Lieut. Arthur Ambrose Hearne M.B., '16
West African Service,
Medical Offr. Joseph Henry Collier M.B., '94
East African Service.
Rev. Ernest Drewitt Bowman, attd. Nyassaland Volunteer
Reserve, acting as Portuguese Liaison Officer, Ch. of
S. Mission Port, E. Africa M.A., '03 ; B.D., '10
3 2 Graduates
South African Service.
Capt. Joseph Macrae Macdonald, S. African Medical
Corps M.B,, '06
„ William Smith, No. i S. African Fd. Amb,,
S.A.M.C. M.B., '10
Australian Forces.
Major John McPherson, Austral. Army Medical Corps,
9th Austral. Fd. Amb., France (ist Sup., p. 17) M.B., '09
? Capt. Maurice Buchan Johnson M.B., '03 ; M.D.
Capt. Douglas Wood, Austral. Army Med. Corps M.B., '08 ; M.D.
„ William Wood, Austral. Army Med. Corps M.B., '04; M.D.
„ Andrew Bernard Morris, Austral. Army Med. Corps M.B., '03
Lieut. Robert James Grant Lipp, M.C., Field Artillery
M.A., '10; B.Sc. (Agr.)
f Lieut. Greorge Wood, Australian Infantry, died of wounds,
Nov., Dec, 1 91 7 M.A, '08
Rev. John Calder, Chaplain, 4th Class M.A., '00
Naval Instructor (with commission) John Cormack Slater,
Royal Australian Naval College M.A., '12; B.Sc*
United States Army.
Major John Fairbairn Binnie, U.S. Med. Offr., Reserve
Corps, Director Red Cross Base Hosp. No. 28 M.A., '82 ; M.B.
GRADUATES ENLISTED OR RE-ENLISTED.
Royal Flying Corps.
101102 Donald Mackay, 3rd A.M., Hulton Camp, North
Bucks M.A., '15
Cavalry,
Trooper Greorge Fairbairn Lamb, 3rd Dragoon Guards,
transferred to Infantry, p. 35. M.A., '08
Royal Artillery.
Coy.-Sergt-Major (I.G.) James Leckie Reid, School of
Gunnery, attd. No. 21 R.G.A. Teacher; M.A, '01
Enlisted 3 3
Corpl. Wm. Millar Henry, R.G.A., B.KF., France
Teacher; M.A., '03
„ Andrew Milne, 415th Siege Batty., R.G.A
Teacher; M.A-, '13
,, George James Milne, Observer, attd. 420th Siege
Batty., R.G.A Teacher; M.A., '05
L. -Corpl. David Coutts, Asst Instr. in Signalling, 2/ist
H.C.B., Tay Garrison Teacher; M.A., '10
142850 Bombardier John Wm. Gillanders Cameron,
R.F.A. (T.), B/5 Res. Brig. Teacher; M.A., '09
Bombardier David Eaton, 424th Siege Batty., R.G.A.
Teacher; B.Sc, '06
4185 Bombardier Edward John Thompson, R.F.A.
Teacher; M.A., '10
Bombardier John Sutherland, 200th Siege Batty., R.G.A.,
discharged for health, Jan. 1917 Teacher; M.A., '07
107226 Acting Bombardier Robert Cummins Wilson,
363rd (S.) Batty., R.G.A. Teacher; M.A., '06
129894 Gunner Robert Cormack Teacher; M.A., '12
Gunner George Forbes, R.G.A. Teacher; M.A., '05
„ George Hendry, R.G.A., Cooden Camp, Bexhill
Teacher; M.A, '03
„ Alexr. Kemp, 51st A. A. Coy., R.G.A.
M.A., '09; B.Sc. (Agr.)
„ William Proctor Law, R.G.A M.A., '12 ; B.Sc.
242636 Gunner Donald Neil Lowe, R.F.A Headmaster, M.A, '12
153035 Gunner Donald Maclean, Signal Training Depdt,
R.G.A Teacher; M.A., '02
1 58426 Gunner Roderick Macrae, 448th Siege Batty.,
R.G.A Teacher; M.A, '11
163409 Gunner Alexr. Duffus Robertson, R.G.A.
Teacher; M.A, '12
Gunner Alexr. Wilson Ross, R.G.A, in France Teacher, M.A., '10
„ Robert Stuart (formerly Stewart), R.F.A. M.A., '05
250564 Gunner Alexander Monro Sefton, B Batty., 2nd
Res. Brig., R.F.A M.A, '11
Gunner James Taylor, North Scottish R.G.A. Teacher ; M.A, '01
15934 Gunner George Thomson, R.G.A Headmaster; M.A., '05
Gunner John Christie Wilkie, R.G.A, June, 'i6-April, '17 ;
Army Reserve, Class W Teacher; M.A., '14
3
34 Graduates
Royal Engineers.
CorpL Stewart TurnbuU Alexr. Mirrlees, Meteorological
Section (Roll, p. 46) M.A., '14
„ Fred Grant Duncan Chalmers, Chemists' Corps,
discharged for medical reasons (ist Sup., p. 36)
M.A.,'i6; B.Sc.
L.-Corpl. George Bruce Teacher; M.A., '08
„ Robert Sutherland, Gas Corps Teacher; M.A., '12; B.Sc.
f Pioneer Chemist Alexr. Thomson Adam, 8/C Section,
No. I Spec. Coy., killed in action 2nd Dec, 191 7,
aged 36 Teacher; M.A, '03 ; B.Sc.
Pioneer George Adam, Special Brigade B.Sc, '10
195988 Pioneer Henry James Dawson, A Coy., ist Spec.
Batt (O.T.C.), invalided Stud, of Med, M.A., '16
Pioneer Frank Scorgie, Special Brigade Teacher; M.A., '14
170797 Pioneer David Simpson, 17th Sect. D Spec Coy.,
B.E.F., France M.A., '10 ; B.Sc (Agr.)
Pioneer Robert William Smart, L Spec. Coy. Teacher; M.A., '14
Sapper William James Fortune, Wireless Section (Intelli-
gence Dept.) Teacher; M.A., '08
199050 Sapper David Glass Larg, Q Section Wireless 1 5th
Corps Sigs., B.E.F. (ist Sup., pp. 8, 22) M.A., '15
563501 Sapper Gordon Lyall, London Electrical Engi-
neers, No. 5 Coy. Teacher; M.A., '07
404235 Sapper William George Walker Teacher ; M.A., '13
301 201 Sapper Rohiert Weir, P 6th Coy. Great Lines
Camp, Chatham Teacher; M.A., '12
Infantry^ Etc
Sergt James Halliday Cardno, 17th Caraeronians (Scott.
Rifles) Teacher; M. A., '12 ; B.Sc
„ David More (from Seaforth Hrs.), 3rd Army Head-
quarters Intelligence (b) XIX. Corps Teacher; M.A., '08
„ Finlay Maciver, 13th Yorkshire Inf. Regt. (from
A.V.C., 1st Sup., p. 23) B.Sc (Agr.), '15
L. -Sergt James Alexr. Mackie, ist Gordons, served in
France Oct. '14-19 July, '16, wounded, discharged on
medical grounds, 30 June, '17 Teacher; M.A., '07
Enlisted 3 5
202869 Corpl. John Boyd McFarlan, 5th (Res.) Arg. and
Suth. Hrs. Teacher; M.A., '12
Corpl. Edmond McKay, loth, now with 5/6th Royal Scots,
B.E.F. Teacher; M.A.,'io
„ John Murray, 14th Royal Scots, now 201st Inf.
BatL (waiting for Cdt. Batt.) Teacher; M.A., '07
L. -Corpl. Alexr. John Smith, 4th Highl. Light Inf., Meso-
potamia (prev. Instr. Signalling) M.A, '05
Private Walter Dinnie Annand, H.AC. 1st Res. Batt.
Teacher; M.A, '07
f „ Andrew Mitchell Bruce, 5th Gordon Hrs., missing
after 23 April, 191 7, now reported killed in
action on that date, aged 39 Teacher ; M.A., '08
„ John Falconer, 4th (Res.) Batt. Gordon Hrs.
Teacher; M.A, '14
23239 Private John Reid Gall, 3rd Seaforth Hrs., i8th
Inf. Base Depot, B.E.F. Teacher; M.A, '12
Private Arthur Colson Hay, 4th (Res.) Batt Gordon Hrs.
Teacher; M.A, 05
„ Alexr. Cruden Knox, 4th (Res.) Batt Gordon
Hrs. Teacher; M.A, '07
„ Gordon Cecil Lawson, 3rd Gordon Hrs. Teacher; M.A, '07
„ George Fairbaim Lamb, 5th (Res.) West Yorks
Regt, D Coy. (see p. 32) Teacher; M.A, '08
„ Gordon Stuart McCombie, 4th (Res.) Royal Scots,
Q.E.R., March-May, 1916, discharged on medi-
cal grounds M.A, '00
„ William Nevins MacDonald, 4th Gordon Hrs.
Teacher ; M.A, '03
„ Donald Macleod, 3rd Cameron Hrs. Teacher ; M.A, '10
„ James Mair, 1 5th Scottish Rifles Teacher ; M. A., '90
17865 Private Alexr. Leith Metcalfe, D Coy. 3rd Gordon
Hrs. M.A., 'II
?iPrivate George Alexr. Murray, Royal Scots Teacher; M.A., '10
67548 Private John Mutch, No, 8 Machine Gun Coy.,
B.E.F. Teacher, M.A, '13
Private George Sorrie, i6th Highl. Light Inf., B.E.F.,
France M.A, '02 ; B.L.
36 Graduates
Army Service Corps.
327105 Driver William Finlayson, 4th Section, Aux.
Horse Transport, Forest Control, Second Army,
B.E.F., France Teacher; M.A., '10
Private John Kelman, Motor Transport M.A., '09 ; B.Sc., '11
R.A.M.C.
47734 Sergt Alexander Cheyne, Citadel Hospital, Cairo
Teacher; M.A., '12
Corpl. Robert Tulloch, B.E.F. Teacher; M.A., '07
307133 L. -Corpl. William Ritchie, 49th Gen. Hosp.,
Salonika Teacher; M.A, '12
Private William Copland Teacher; M.A., '08
92885 Private Frederick William Hardie, 41st Stationary
Hosp., B.E.F., France Teacher; M.A., '09
83854 Private Alexander MacKenzie, 42nd Gen. Hosp.,
Salonika Div. Stud. ; M.A., '14
Private Malcolm William Murray Teacher ; M.A., '02
Army Veterinary Corps.
Private Charles Milne B.Sc (Agr.), '16
? Donald George Munro B.Sc (Agr.), '15
Labour Corps.
820 Corpl. William Bonnar Donald, No. 2 Lab. Corps,
X Group, 13th Corps, B.E.F., France Teacher; M.A, '06
Officers Training Corps and Officer Cadet Units.
Joseph Ogilvie Clark, No. 3 R.G.A. School, Bournemouth
Teacher; M.A., '10
John Gordon, R.G.A School, Uckfield, Sussex (Gunner
Siege Batty., R.G.A.) M.A., '04; B.Sc. (Agr.)
John Macdonald (Helensburgh), Artists' Rifles O.T.C.
Teacher; M.A., '02
Henry Philip Morrison, R.G.A Cadet Sch., Maresfield Park
Camp, Sussex (formerly Toronto Univ. O.T.C.) M.A, '12
Alfred Ross Murison, Inns of Court O.T.C. M.A., '12
David Drummond Smith, R.G.A. Cdt School, Uckfield,
Sussex Teacher; M.A., '04
Red Cross 37
H.M. Forces in India and Overseas Dominions.
Sergt. John Robert Renton, 95 th Regtl. Draft for 28th
BatL Canad Exped. Force M.A., '96
Sergt (the Rev.) Alexander Robertson, Volunteers, Poona M.A., '98
? John Ernest Gillies, United Pioneers Volunteers I.C.S., M.A,, '11
? John MacLean, Artillery Volunteers, Bombay M.A, '09 ; B.Sc.
f Private Charles Spence Marr, 50th Canadian Batt, died
at training camp, Bramshott, Hants, 3rd March, 1916,
aged 28 Teacher; M.A., '10
Gunner William Rae Sherriffs, Madras Artillery Corps,
Indian Defence Force M.A., '08 ; B.Sc
Y.M.C.A. and Church Huts.
Rev. William Beveridge, New Deer M.A., '84
Rev. Herbert William Hall, Greenock, Church Army Hut
Superintendent M.A, '11
Ann Wilson Hastings, Y.M.CA. Huts, Marseilles M.A., '15
Rev. Robert Gordon Macdonald, Secretary, Y.M.C.A.,
3rd Army Area M.A., '07
Rev. John Mansie, Dundee, Gassed M.A., '89
County of Aberdeen Volunteer Regiment.
Sergt John Alexander Thomson, i/ist Batt Teacher; M.A, '00
L.-Corpl. Alexander Smith, 2/ist Batt Teacher; M.A., '02
Other Volunteer Regiments.
Sergt William Johnston Gordon, 2nd Batt Perthshire
Vol. Regt. Teacher; M.A, '05
Private James Alexr. Scott, 2/ist Batt, Midlothian.
Teacher; M.A, '99
N on-Combatant Corps.
Private Donald Morrison (Garrabost, Stornoway) M.A, '16
BRITISH RED CROSS SOCIETY.
Felix Pryor MacLennan, Aux. Hosp., Letters Lodge,
Strachur M.B., '91
John Mcintosh Wilson, Aberdare and Merthyr Hosp.
M.A., '05 ; M.B.
3 8 Graduates
St. John Ambulance Brigade.
Charles Harold Dyer, Commandant and M.O., V.A.D.,
St. John 331, Kent 25 M.B., '95 ; M.D.
Civil Surgeons, Etc.
Frederick Wm. Carter, Military Hosp., Edmonton (?) M.B., '17
Alexander Cruickshank, Medical Referee for Kincardine-
shire for treatment of discharged soldiers M.B., '96
James Gilchrist, Hon. M.O., V.A.D., Kent 47 M.A., '98 ; M.D.
James Andrew Sandilands Grant, Surg, and Agent for
Admiralty, Montrose M.A., '96 ; M.B.
Lewis Grant, two V.A.D. Hospitals M.A., '91 ; M.D. (Edin.)
Alexr. Hutchison, M.O., Prisoners of War Camp, Nethy
Bridge M.A., '99 ; M.B.
John Ingram, Military Hosp., Devonport M.B., '93
Elizabeth Jane Innes, Medical Examiner of Recruits in
connection with W.AA.C. M.B., '08
George McPherson, exempt at present. Govt, appointment,
munition area M.B., '09
James Marr, Examiner of Volunteers for Military Serv.
and local Flying Corps M.B., '92
Robert Mitchell, M.O., Hooton Pagnell Hall, Military
Hosp. No. 134, 144 beds M.A., '93 ; M.D.
David Rodger Moir, Physician to the Naval Hosp., Hull
M.A., '93 ; M.B.
Edward Oliphant, Surg, and Agt. R.N. and M.O. to
troops, Stoneywood M.B., '94
Edward Marten Payne, M.O. Queen Mary's Military
Hosp., Whalley, Lanes M.B., '95
William Ledingham Ruxton, attd. 1st Northern Gen.
Hosp., Newcastle M.B., '84
Walter William Sinclair, Military Hosp., Ipswich M.B., '91
David Sivewright, Anaesthetist, Lewisham Mil. Hosp. M. A, '92 ; M.D.
John Emslie Skinner, Medical Examiner for recruits,
2/ 1st Batt County of Aberd, Vol. Regt. M.B., '95
Alexr. Stables, Ophthalmic Surg., Roy. Victoria and W.
Hants Hosp., for naval and military cases M.B., '93
Robert Bell Tawse, Consult. Surg., Nottingham Mil. Hosp. M.B., '00
Jean Yule, R.A.M.C., Mil. Hosp., Colchester, Civ. Surg. M.B., '17
Red Cross 39
Red Cross Orderlies, Etc.
Alfred John Adams, Section Leader, Men's Detachment,
Morayshire Red Cross, Fochabers Aux. Hosp. M.A., '02
William Philip Wishart, 1st Scottish Gen. Hosp. M.A, '09 ; B.D., '17
Munition Work.
Alexander Duncan Cameron, Personal Assist, to Dep.
Dir. Gen. for shell manufacture M.A., '00
Frederick Grrant Duncan Chalmers, Research Chemist,
Chance & Hunt, Birmingham (p. 28) M.A., '16; B.Sc.
Mary Knowles, Chemist, Nobel's Explosive Coy. B.Sc, '14
Dorothy McRobie, steel-testing, Admiralty Laboratory,
Middlesborough M.A, '16
George Newlands, in Chemical Works, B'rmingham M.A, 'i i ; B.Sc.
Adeline Jane Preddy, steel-testing, Admiralty Laboratory,
Middlesborough M.A., '15
Beatrix Rae, Analyst, Sheffield M.A, '16
Mary Paton Ramsay, munition work, Leith, then W. A.A.C. M. A., '08
Margaret Stephen Ritchie, steel-testing, Middlesborough M.A, '17
Alice Robertson (Mrs. Crawford), Ministry of Munitions M.A, '10
David Easton Sharp, Chemist, Nobel's Explosives Coy.,
Arden B.Sc, '11
Lilias Innes Anderson Simpson, Admiralty Laboratory,
Glasgow M.A, '16
Jessie Rae Stewart, munitions, Coventry M.A., '12
John Third, Chemist on staff of Nobel's Explosives Coy.
since Dec '15 M.A, '14; B.Sc.
Mary Frances Carney Wattie, Welfare Supervisor, Gretna
Explosives Factories Teacher; M.A., '14
Other Work for Purposes of the War.
Harriet Ann Ford Berry, Health Welfare Dept, Ministry
of Munitions M.A, '08
Wm. Grant Craib (exempt from Military Service on
medical grounds), timber examination and testing
for the Air Ministry M.A, '07
Maggie A. Duncan, clerk. Naval Stores, Aberdeen M.A, '17
Ethel Ellis, V.AD., Glasgow Hospital M.A, '16
^o Graduates
George Gall Esslemont, Executive Off. for Food Pro-
duction, City of Aberdeen B.Sc, 'oo
Matilda Annie Ewan, Secret Service Dept, War Office M.A, '12
Annie Hardie, War Office Teacher; M.A., '10
Margaret Masson Hardie or Hasluck, War Office M.A, '07
John Locke Irvine (exempt from Military Service on
medical grounds), work under the Foreign Office in
the British Legation, Copenhagen M.A, '15
Mary Carmichael Kelly, Electricity Dept, Bangour Military
Hosp. M.A., '16
Mary Ethel Macgregor, clerk. Naval Stores, Aberdeen M.A., '15
Janie Mackenzie, War Office, Cairo, special mission to
Khartum M.A, '09
John Love MacNaughton, B III, Assist to Military Re-
presentative M.A, '11
Elspet Eleanor Morrison, Censor's Office M.A., 'il
George Herbert Mair M.A, '05
William Peters, in the service of the Russian Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, Petrograd, for war work M.A., '10
William Poison, work of national importance as a Chemist,
J. Bibby & Sons, Ltd., London M.A., '11 ; B.Sc
Walter Ritchie, war work under Board of Trade, Timber
Supply Commission B.Sc. (Agr,), '13
Beatrice Mary Rose, under the Admiralty M.A., '12
William Alexr. Ross, under Civil Liabilities Committee M.A., '97
Jessie Mary Simpson, Censor's Office M.A, 'il
Lilian Mary Buchanan Smith, Secretary to her Father,
the Principal, during his work in America M.A., '16
Mary Ann Forbes Stewart, Censor's Office, London M.A, '08
Maribel Thomson, timber measuring M.A., '16
James Strachan Wilson, military representative, Brierfield,
Lanes M.B., '96
James Wood, certified by Royal Society for exemption
from Military Service as "engaged in work of
national importance in connection with the war,"
Analyt Chemist, County Council, Lanes M.A., '02 ; B.Sc
%* For the names of women graduates who are taking the
places of teachers called up on Naval and Military Service, see
" Personalia " in this and the last number of the REVIEW.
III. ALUMNI.
Artillery.
Lieut Montgomery Smith, M.C., R.F.A. Univ. Dip. Agn, 'oi
2nd Lieut John Macdonald (Gairloch), R.G.A. (S.R.),
formerly Private, Artists' Rifles Arts, '99-'o2
Infantry.
'fand Lieut. Robert Stephen Barclay, Royal Scots, killed
in action in France, March, 191 8, aged 49
Arts, '93-'97 ; Div., '98-'99
Lieut John M. Clyne, M.C., 12th London Regiment Med., '09-' 10
Corporal James Reid (Scottish Rifles), now engaged in
clerical duties in France Med. Stud., 1895-
t Private Alex. William Joss, Highland Light Inf., missing
after 15th July, 1916, now presumed killed on that
date, aged 28 Law, 'o8-'09
R.A.M.C.
Capt. Stephen Smith, Army Dental Surgeon, attd.
R.A.M.C. Stud., '96-'99
Tempy. Capt Edward Chapman Wallace, M.C., R.A.M.C.
Med. Stud., '01
Honorary Chaplain.
Rev. Joseph A. Robinson (Diocesan Supernumerary) to
Church of England wounded soldiers in Royal In-
firmary, Aberdeen M.A. (Edin.), ist Div., 'i6-'i7
War Office.
Sir John Duthie, K.B.E., Chief Assistant to Director Gen.
of Voluntary Organisations Arts, '75-'76
41
IV. STUDENTS.
STUDENTS HOLDING COMMISSIONS
{including Surgeon Probationers).
Surgeon Probationers.
f Greorge Brown (A.S.B., 2nd Sup., p. 40), killed in action
at sea, Oct. 1917 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6
Gerard Burnett (O.T.C., 1st Sup., p. 41) 2nd Med., '16-17
William Smith Cochar (A.S.B., 2nd Sup., p. 40) ist Med, 'i5-'i6
John Grant (A. S. B. , 2nd Sup. , p. 40). Formerly H. M. H. S.
"Rewa," torpedoed in Bristol Channel 2nd Med, 'l5-'i6
Horatio David Low, H.M.S. " Ithuriel " 3rd Med, '16-17
Douglas Reginald MacDonald, H.M.S. "Ursa" (O.T.C.,
1st Sup., p. 40) 2nd Med, '16-17
John Innes Moir (O.T.C., ist Sup., p. 41) 2nd Med, '16-17
Frederic Herman Molli^re (A.S.B., 1st Sup., p. 35), H.M.S.
p. 43 2nd Med, 'i5-'l6
Alexr. Edwin Reid, (O.T.C., ist Sup., p. 40) 2nd Med., '16-17
Edwin Norman Duncan Repper (from 41st T.R.B., 2nd
Sup., p. 45) 2nd Med, '16-17
Ian Robert Spark (2nd Sup., p. 42) 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6
Vincent M. M. Watson (A.S.B., ist Sup., p. 35), H.M.S.
" Pylades " 2nd Med. , ' 1 5 -' 1 6
Royal Naval Air Service.
P.F.O. Alexander Robertson Gray (L.-Corpl., 2nd Sup.,
p. 44) 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7
Royal Air Force.
Lieut. George R. Mclntyre (Pioneer and Corporal R.E.,
Roll, p. 65, Flight Sub-Lieut R.N. AS., '17) ist Science, 'i4-'i5
2nd Lieut. Charles Cumming Connochie 1st Med., 'i6-'i7
42
Commissions 43^
2nd Lieut. Douglas Alexander Hunter (O.T.C ist Sup.,
p. 40) 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7
„ „ John Hercules Johnson 2nd Sci. (Agr.), '16-17
„ „ Norman Charles Simpson (O.T.C, 2nd Sup.,
p. 47) 2nd Med., '16-17
„ „ John Tower Sorley 57th Bursar, '17
„ „ John Alex. Spark 8th Bursar, '17
Royal Artillery.
2nd Lieut. Chas. Alastair Aymer, R.G.A. (2nd Sup., p. 45)
1st Med, 'i5-'i6
Allan Turner Brown, R.F.A. (Pte. R.A.M.C.,
Roll, p. 72, Cdt) 2nd Arts, 'i3-'l4
Hugh FowHe, R.F.A. (Sergt. R.A.M.C, Roll,
p. 71) 1st Arts, 'i3-'l4
Walter Burns Gordon, R.G.A. (S.R.), Anti-
Aircraft Res, Brig. ist Med., '16- if
James Campbell Leslie, R.F.A. (Corpl. 2nd
Sup., p. 40 and Cdt.) ist Arts, 'i4-'i5
Donald Meldrum, R.F.A. (Cdt., 2nd Sup., p.
45), attd. 8th Res Brig., Bulford 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7
Cecil Vivian Spark, R.F.A. (from a Cdt Unit)
1st Med., 'i6-'i7
Richard Robertson Trail, M.C., R.G.A.
(Gunner and Cdt), wounded Aug. '17,
again Sept '17 4th Arts, '15-'! 6
Lewis Morgan, R.F.A. (R. Naval Div.), (ist
Sup., p. 41, 2nd Sup., p. 45) 1st Med, 'i6-'i7
Royal Engineers.
2nd Lieu;. James Durward, Meteorological Section (Roll,
pp. 61, 69) 3rd Arts and Sci., 'l3-'i4.
„ „ George Robert Hay, Meteorological Section
(Roll, p. 70) 3rd Arts, 'i3-'i4
Infantry.
2nd Lieut John George Jamieson Coghill, Lanes. Fusiliers
(Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 45). Gassed March,
'18 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7^
44 Students
2nd Lieut. William Taylor Barron Joss, M.C (ist) 3rd
Northumbd. Fusiliers (Roll, p. ^2) About to matriculate
„ „ William James Grassick, Gordon Hrs., S.R.O.
(Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 69) 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4
„ „ (Tempy.) Charles Robert Philip, Rifle Brigade
(Corpl. R.A.M.C., Roll, p. 72),
wounded Oct. '17 1st Med,, 'i3-'i4
f,, „ „ William John Reid, Gordon Hrs.
(previously Pte. R.A.M.C., 2nd
Sup., p. 46), died of wounds re-
ceived in action 26th Nov. 191 7
3rd Arts, 'I3-'I4
„ „ Alex. Robertson, 2nd Seaforth Hrs. (Pte.
R.E., 1st Sup., p. 36) 2nd Arts and Sci., 'i5-'i6
„ „ Alick Drummond Buchanan Smith, 3rd Gordon
Hrs., S.R.O. (Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 45) 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7
i^,, „ Archibald Charles Spark, Gordon Hrs. (L.-
Corpl., 2nd Sup., p. 44), killed in action in
France, Aug. 191 7, aged 21 ist Arts, '15 -'16
„ „ Moore Taylor, King's Own York Light Inf.
(2nd Sup., p. 42). Previously Pioneer,
Sp. Brig. R. E. i st Med. , ' 1 5 -' 1 6
Infantry {Garrison Battalion).
and Lieut William Alexr. Asher (Sergt. U Coy. 4th
Gordons, Roll, p. ^"j^ and Cdt Corps) 2nd Arts, 'i 3-'i4
Machine Gun Corps.
2nd Lieut Ronald Kirkham Grant (O.T.C., previously
4th Gordons and Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 45)
2nd Med, * 16-17
TERRITORIAL FORCE.
Royal Engineers.
Lieut Wm. Geo. Bruce, killed in action, 25 April, '18,
aged 22 _ I3t Sc, 'i3-'i4
Commissions T.F. 45
Royal Artillery.
2nd Lieut. Archibald Newlands Forsyth, R.F.A, (Cdt,
2nd Sup., p. 45) 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7
„ „ Francis MacLeod Glennie, R.G.A. (Gunner,
2nd Sup., p. 41) Lorimer Bursar, '17.
t„ „ John Alex. Philip, R.F.A. (Private R.A.M.C,
T.F., Roll, p. 71), died of wounds, 7 May,
'18 N.D.A., 4th Sc. (Agr.), 'i3-'i4
Infantry.
Capt. Andrew May Duthie, D.S.O., M.C., 4th Batt. London
Regt. (Royal Fusiliers) (Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll,
p. 6y\ 2nd Lieut, Gordons, July, '15, attd. London
Regt. Wounded Bullecourt, '17, and Arras, March,
'18 1st Arts, 'I3-*I4
Lieut. Norman Macpherson MacLennan, Cameron Hrs.
Wounded at Arras, May, '17 (correct ist Sup.,
p. 38) 1st Med., 'i4-'i5
2nd Lieut. Robert Andrew Cameron, Gordon Hrs. (L.-
Corpl. and Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 44) ist Med., 'i6-'i7
Arthur Austin Eagger, Gordon Hrs. (Cdt,
2nd Sup., p. 45) 1st Med, 'i6-'i7
Ian Munro Gill, Gordon Hrs. (Sergt AV.S.,
1st Sup., p. 39) 1st Sci. (Agr.), '14-'! 5
Edward James, Bedford Regt ; attd. 4th Res.
Batt West Surreys (formerly Pte. A.
and S. Hrs., and Cdt, Cambridge) ist Med., 'i6-'i7
William George Jamieson, 4th Res. Gordon
Hrs. (Pte. 4th Gordons, Roll, p. 70) 2nd Arts, 'i4-'i5
John Mackie Kinghorn, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 4th
Gordons, Roll, p. 70), wounded Aug.
1917 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4
John Maclver, Labour Corps, Scottish Com-
mand Labour Centre, Blairgowrie (Corpl.
4th Gordons, Roll, p. 6"] and Cdt). 3rd Arts, 'i3-'i4
Peter Craik Macquoid, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Pte.
1st Sup., p. 37 and Cdt) 3rd Arts, 'l5-'i6
Charles Keith McWilliam, 4th Gordon Hrs.
(Pte., Roll, p. 68, and Cdt) 2nd Arts, 'i3-'i4
46 Students
2nd Lieut David George Ewen Main, Gordon Hrs. (Pte.
T.R.B. and Cdt, 2nd Sup., p. 44)
3rd Arts; 2nd Med, '16-17
Robert Bruce Milne, 6th (?) Gordon Hrs. (Cdt,
2nd Sup., p. 45) 2nd Med., '16-17
John Watt Silver, Gordon Hrs. (Pte. 4th
Gordons, Roll, p. 66, and Cdt) ist Arts, 'i3-'i4
Roy Brown Strathdee, 4th Gordon Hrs. (Pte.
4th Gordons and Cdt , i st Sup. , p. 3 7) i st Arts, ' 1 4-' 1 5
James F Walker, Gordon Hrs. (Pte.,
Roll, p. 66), wounded, Aug. '17 About to matriculate
John Ogilvie Watt, Gordon Hrs. (Corpl., ist
Sup., p. 37) 1st Arts, 'i4-'i5
Indian Army.
2nd Lieut Thomas James Gordon, M.C. (Lt R.E.T.F.,
Roll, p. 63) 1st Med., 'i3-'i4
Labour Corps.
2nd Lieut Allan M. Thomson, 9th Labour Batt
1st Arts and Med., 'i6-'i7
STUDENTS ENLISTED.
Royal Navy.
Anthony Morrice Hendry, Seaman, H.M.S. "Larkspur,"
c/o S.N.O. Granton, corrected from entry on rst Sup.,
p. 36 1st Arts and Sci., 'i5-'i6
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.
Robert F. G. McCallum, Wireless Telegraphist R.N.V.R.
38th Bursar, '17
Yeomanry.
Peter Scott Noble, 2/2nd Scottish Horse 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7
Cavalry.
Trooper James Greo. Bremner, 6th Res. Regt of Cavalry
(2nd Sup., p. 43). Returned to study 1st Med., 'i6-'i7
Enlisted 47
Royal Flying Corps.
Alex. Duncan D. Mackay, 35th K.B.S., R.F.C (Pte.
4th Gordons, 1st Sup., p. 37) 2nd Arts, '14-'! 5
Artillery.
Gunner Kenneth Oneal Kummal Benjamin, C. Batt, 321st
Brigade, R.F.A., Heydon Hall, Norfolk 2nd Med, 'i6-'i7
„ Walter Louis Esson, R.G.A. ist Arts, 'i6-'i7
„ Alex. Hastings, R.G.A. Retd. to study. 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7
Wm. Lillie, R.G.A (Anti-Aircraft Section.)
(Edin. Univ. O.T.C.) ist Arts, 'i6-'i7
„ John Macleod, R.F.A. (CdL Unit, Ross and
Cromarty Mountn. Batty.), Salonika Field Force
(Roll, p. 64) 1st Med, 'i3-'i4
Royal Engineers.
L^-Corpl. Murdo Mackenzie Gunn (2nd Sup., p. 41).
Wounded at Ypres, Sept. '17. Retd. to study, ist Med., 'l5-*i6
Sergt. George Robert Hay, Meteorological Section,
B.KF., France (Roll, p. 70) 3rd Arts, 'i3-'l4
Pioneer John Milne (2nd Sup., p. 42), Special Brigade.
Returned to study 1st Med., 'i5-'i6
„ Victor Edmond Milne (2nd Sup., p. 42). Special
Brigade. Returned to study ist Med., 'i5-'i6
„ Chas. Mann Stuart (2nd Sup., p. 42), Special
Brigade. Returned to study ist Med., 'i 5-' 16
„ James Denham Pole (ist Sup., p. 35). Returned
to study 1st Med, 'i5-'i6
„ John Lennox Riddell, 5th F.S.C., R.E. (formerly
Pte. A. and S. Hrs.). Wounded March, '18.
Returned to study 1st Med., 'i6-'i7
Black Watch.
-f Signaller D. Lyall Japp, killed by shell fire while helping
to bring in wounded, France, Aug. '17, aged 19
About to matriculate
Private James Elphinstone Pirie 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7
48 Students
London Scottish.
Private Douglas Gordon Bonner, Hazely Down Camp,
near Winchester i st Med , ' 1 6-' 1 7
„ Laurence Don Robertson, Chiseldon Camp. Re-
turned to study 1st Med, ' 1 6-' 1 7
2nd Gordon Highlanders.
Private James A. Symon (2nd Sup., p. 43)
2nd Arts and ist Med., 'i6-'i7
/fth Gordon Highlanders.
Private Peter Dustan. Wounded 27th Sept. '17 ist Arts, 'i4-'i5
6th Gordon Highlanders.
Private John Clark Milne, B.E.F., France 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7
Seaforth Highlanders.
Private Herbert J Longmore, 3rd Batt, Cromarty
34th Bursar, '17
„ Wm. K Grordon. Wounded, March, '18 ist Med, '17
jgth Training Reserve Battalion {Seaforth Hrs.).
Most of our students in the 40th (2nd Sup., p. 44) were
transferred to a Company in this Battalion
/foth Training Reserve Battalion {Cameron Hrs.).
Private William Chrystall 2nd Arts, '16-1/
„ James Duncan, discharged on medical grounds
1st Med, 'i6-'i7
^ist Training Reserve Battalion {Argyll and Sutherland Hrs.).
L.-Corpl. Walter D Bisset nth Bursar, '17
„ William Ernest Gordon, C Coy. ist Med., '17
Private William Chisholm 37th Bursar, '17
1 52721 1 Private Walter Gregor, B Coy. ist Med., 'i6-'i7
Private Alexr. J B Milne 4th Bursar, '17
Enlisted 49
S2nd Training Battalion Gordon Hrs.
9876 Ronald George Juta Fraser 1st Sci., 'i6-'i7
Alexander Henderson Gellan . 3rd Sci. (Agn), 'i6-'l7
53rd (K5.) Battalion Gordon Hrs.
19522 Private James Gordon Stewart ist Med., '17
yth Lincolnshire Regiment.
Private Lionel S. K. Benjamin 2nd Med., '18
Machine Gun Corps.
Private James B. Jessiman (2nd Sup., p. 47). Prisoner of
War 2nd Med., 'i5-'i6
Officers Training Corps and Cadet Schools.
Herbert John Edwards, Edin. Univ. O.T.C. 44th Bursar, '17
Walter Bums Gordon, No. 4 R.G.A Cadet School, Golden
Hill, Isle of Wight I St Med , ' 1 6-' 1 7
Douglas Alexander Hunter, R.F.C., Cadet School, now
commd., p. 43 2nd Med, 'i6-'i7
Edward James, Offr. Cadet Batt, Jesus College, Cam-
bridge; now commd., p. 45 ist Med, *i6-'i7
Eric James Jolly, loth Offr. Cadet Batt, Gailes 1st Med, 'i6-'i7
Charles Gray Kennaway, Edin. Univ. O.T.C, afterwards
Offr. Cadet Batt., Gailes 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7
Richard Elual Kerrin, 2nd Artists' Rifles O.T.C. 2nd Arts, 'i6-'i7
Walter Johnstone Ogilvie, R.A., Cadet Sch., Exeter, 2nd Arts, 'i6-'i7
William George Duncan Maclennan, Cadet, Royal Air
Force 5th Bursar, '17
Alfred William John Catto Mitchell, 3rd R.F.A., Offr.
Cadet School, Weedon. Returned to study, April, ' 1 8
1st Med., 'i6-'i7
Ian Mitchell Rhind, B Coy., loth Offr. Cadet Batt.,
Gailes ist Med, '16-17
Herbert Ritchie, No. 3 R.F.A. Offr. Cadet School,
Weedon, Northants 1st Med, '16- ly
Norman Sutherland Rose, Edin. Univ. O.T.C, Artillery
Unit 1st Arts, 'i6-iy
4
50 Students
George Saint, C Coy. No. 4 Offr. Cadet Batt, Keble
College, Oxford 2nd Med., 'i6-'i7
Allan Murray Thomson, Garrison Offr. Cadet Batt, Cam-
bridge 1st Arts, '16-17
Andrew John Waters, Flight Cadet, R.A.F. 6th Bursar, '17
Labour Units.
Corpl. Horace Armstrong Barker, 77th Labour Coy.
3rd Med., 'i5-'i6
Royal Army Medical Corps.
Q.M.S. Henry Geo. Edwards, R.AM.C., 49th General
Hospital, Salonika (formerly D Coy. 4th Gordons,
Roll, p. 65) Arts Bursar, '14
1 046 1 2 Pte. Richard Gibb, R.A.M.C., 40th Stationary
Hosp., B.E.F., France, gone to Italy 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7
t Private William John Reid, enlisted 191 4, served in
France till 1917, commd. 30th May, 1917, p. 44;
died of wounds received in action 26th Nov. 1917
3rd Arts, 'i3-'i4
Army Veterinary Corps.
27968 Private William James Third, No. 4 Hut Hospital,
Latham Park, Ormskirk 2nd Sci. (Agr.), 'i6-'i7
Cyclist Corps.
L. -Corpl. Thomas Ruxton, 65th Lowland Divisional
Cyclist Coy. 1st Arts, 'i6-'i7
Units Unknown.
L.-Corpl. R McConnochie, killed in action in
France, September, 191 7 About to matriculate
George Ross 27th Bursar, '17
Volunteers.
Corpl. Greorge Taylor Brown, Kincardineshire Vol. Regt
First Bursar, '11 ; 3rd Arts, 'i3-'i4
Enlisted 51
Munitions^ Certified Occupations^ or other War Work.
Ada F. Hitchins, Admiralty Lab., Glasgow Sci. Research Stud.
Johan Dunlop Lindsay, Steel-testing, Middlesborough.
Returned to study 4th Arts and Sci., 'i7-'i8
Janet MacLennan, Admiralty Laboratory, Sheffield 2nd Sci., 'i5-'i6
ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY CONTINGENT— OFFICERS
TRAINING CORPS.
\st Section Field Ambulance, Medical Corps.
June, 1918.
Capt Greorge Alexander Williamson, R.AM.C., T.F. At present on
duty with Medit. Exped. Force
„ J. P. Kinloch, R.AM.C., T.F.
2nd Lieut J. S. Anderson, unattd. list for T.F. ; attd. A.U.O.T.C.
„ D. J. Walker, unattd. list for T.F. ; attd. A.U.O.T.C.
Cadets with Previous Service in Army Abroad,
Allan, C. A. Macleod, R.
Anderson, W. Meldrum, W. J.
Campbell, R. J. Michelson, E. G.
Cooper, A. Milne, J.
Dawson, H. J. Milne, V. E.
Dawson, R. Pole, J. D.
Girdwood, R. O. Riddell, J. L.
Gordon, F. W. Roden, K. S.
Grant, R. K Shearer, W. F.
Gunn, M. M. Stuart, C. M.
Hay, G. G. W. Symon, J. A.
Hill, A. C.
Cadets with Previous Service in Army at Home.
Anderson, J. J. H. Grigor, W.
Bodie, S. M. W. Hastings, A.
Bremner, J. G. Mitchell, A. W. J. C.
Buchan, W. Ritchie, H.
Falconer, W. A. Robertson, L. D.
Gordon, J. O.
52
Students
Joined Previous to Summer Term, 191 8.
Anderson, S, M.
Benzie, A. S.
Buchan, A. J.
Burnett D.
Burns, h. S.
Burns, H. S. M.
Clark, A B.
Connacher, A
Cook, J. S.
Coutts, W. A
Cruickshank, A
Cruickshank, R.
Cumming, J. K.
Curr, A. I.
Davidson, J. F.
Davidson, S. G.
Davidson, T. J.
Dawson, J. A
Dean, D.
Don, A V. R.
Dugan, A M.
Duncan, H. L.
Duncan, L. J.
Duthie, R. J.
Emslie, J. A. S.
Escoffery, G. S.
Falconer, G. B.
Ferguson, W.
Findlay, A
Fulton, E. E. A W.
Gordon, A. N.
Gordon, J. L. V. L.
Gow, H.
Gray, S. D.
Hall, J. C.
Hay, C. A
Hector, W. L.
Ironside, R. N.
Lambie, H. R.
Lamont, F. S.
Leach, W. J.
Leslie, W. J.
Lindsay, J.
MacCulloch, G. L.
Mackay, G. R.
Mackay, G. W. M.
McKenzie, A.
McKenzle, J. M.
Mackintosh, H.
Macpherson, W. McC.
Mann, J. W.
Melvin, R. G.
Morrison, J.
Munro, G. M.
Mutch, G. G. J.
Nicol, A A M.
O'Connor, W. J.
Overstead, J. E.
Penny, C.
Proctor, S. S.
Rannie, J.
Riddell, C K
Ross, P.
Royston, C. J.
Samson, J. B.
Shepherd, G. A.
Shepherd, J. F.
Slater, A R.
Sleigh, F. R.
Smith, J. G.
Smith, J. N.
Stephen, R.
Stephen, W. H.
Stewart, D. M.
Stuart, A
Stuart, J. M.
Enlisted 5 3
Tait, A. Walker, J. S.
Thomson, D. McK. Wilson, W. W.
Thomson, R. Wood, H.
Trail, H. • Yule, B.
Joined in Summer Term, 191 8.
Anderson, R. LilHe, J. P.
Brown, W. B. B. MacGregor, I. W.
Cameron, C. W. M. McGregor, N. R. L.
Dove, J. M. Macrae, C. D.
Duthie, C. Murray, W.
Fraser, A. M. Sellar, S. K.
Gammie, R. P. Smith, H. G. T.
Gill, T. P. Watson, H. G.
Laidlaw, R. R. . Wilson, J. A G.
V. LIST OF ORDERS AND
DECORATIONS.
K.C.B— I.
Lieut-Gen. Sir George Francis Milne, K.C.B., D.S.O.
Arts Stud., '8 1 -'83
K,B.E. KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF THE
BRITISH EMPIRE— 3.
Surg. -Col. James Cantlie, V.D. M.A., '71 ; M.B., F.R.C.S.
John Duthie, Chief Asst. to Dir. Gen. of Voluntary
Organisations Arts, '75-'76
Col. (Tempy.) James Galloway, C.B., A. M.S.
M.B., '83 ; M.D., F.R.CS.
C.B.— 4.
Surg. -Gen. James Lawrence Smith, M.V.O., R.N.
M.B., '83 ; M.D., '96
Lieut -Col. Thomas Finlayson Dewar, R.AM.C., T.F.,
mentd twice M.B., '87 ; M.D.
„ Clarence Isidore Ellis, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '96 ; M.D.
Col. Stuart Macdonald, C.M.G., Army Medical Service M.B., '84
C.M.G.— 5.
Col. Charles William Profeit, D.S.O. ' M.B., '93
Hon. Col. Sir Robert John Collie M.B., '82
Maj. and Tempy. Col. Henry M. W. Gray, C.B., R.A.M.C. M.B., '95
Tempy. Lieut -Col. John Charles Grant Ledingham,
R.A.M.C. M.A, '95; D.Sc
Maj. Thomas Wardrop Griffith, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '82 ; M.D.
CLE.— 2.
James Donald, I.C.S. M.A., '93
David Petrie, Indian Police M.A., '00
54
Distinguished Service Order 55
G.C.V.O.— I.
Sir Charles Edward Troup, K.CB. M.A., '76 ; LL.D., '12
C.V.O.— I.
Lieut -Col. John Marnoch, R.A,M.C., T.F. M.A., '88 ; M.B.
C.B.E.— I.
Col. John Scott Riddell, M.V.O., T.D. M.A., '84 ; M.B., '88
O.B.E.— 2.
Hector Munro Macdonald, M.A., F.R.S. Professor, M.A., '86
George Reid, M.O. of Health, Staffordshire M.B., '75
ORDER OF THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN OF
JERUSALEM— I.
Col. John Scott Riddell, to the Knight of Grace M. A., '84 ; M.B., '88
DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER— 15.
Lieut.-Col. Frank Fleming, R.F.A., T.F. Arts, '91 -'92
„ „ Thomas Eraser, R.A.M.C., T.F,, mentd. twice
M.A., '94 ; M.B., '98
„ William Riddell Matthews, R.A.M.C., T.F.,
mentd. M.B., '95
,, ,, John Smith Purdy, Australian Army Medical
Corps M.B., '98 ; M.D.
Maj. David Morice Tomory, South Africa A.M.C. M.B., '90
Capt. (Tempy. Maj.) Arthur Wellesley Falconer,
R.A.M.C M.B., '01 ; M.D.
„ Andrew May Duthie, 4th Batt London Regt,
T.F. 1st Arts, 'i3-'i4
Tempy. Capt. Archibald Stirling Kennedy Anderson,
R.A.M.C., M.C. with bar M.A., '09; M.B., '14
„ John Boyd Orr, M.C., R.A.M.C., mentd.
Haig, 24th Dec. '17. Now Temp.
Surg., R.N. Researcher; M.A., M.D. (Glasg.)
Lieut. (Tempy.) Godfrey Power Geddes, Gordon Hrs.,
mentd. M.A., '15
„ (Act Capt) James Alexr. Symon, 7th Cameron
Hrs. M.A., B.Sc (Agr.), 'II
56 List of Orders and Decorations
Lieut -Col. James William Garden, R.F.A., T.F.
M.A., '99 ; B.L., '02
Maj. (Acting Lieut.-Col.) Charles Reid, Gordon Hrs. M.A., '09
„ „ „ Alfred John Williamson, R.AM. C.
M.A, 05 ; M.D.
Maj. Henry J. Butchart, Yeomanry B.L., '05
MILITARY CROSS— 59.
Maj. Douglas Geo. Robb, R.E. M.A., '05
„ Jas. Ettershank Gordon Thomson, R.A.M.C. M.B., '07
Capt (now Maj.) Hamilton McCombie, 7th Batt Wor-
cestershire Regt, graded as Deputy Asst. Adj.
General, Chemical Adviser, H.Q. First Army,
mentd. (2) M.A., '00 ; B.Sc (Lond); Ph.D.
„ (Acting Maj.) Herbert Stewart Milne, R.A.M.C,
Bar to M.C M.B., '09
„ Herbert Murray, 4th Gordon Hrs. M.A, '08
„ William Smith, R.A.M.C. M.B., '10
„ (Tempy. Maj.) John Douglas Fiddes, R.A.M.C.,
T.F., mentd. M.A., 05 ; B.Sc, M.B., '09
„ Robert Adam, 7th Gordon Hrs., twice mentd.
Advocate; M.A., '00; B.L.
„ Cuthbert Delaval Shafto Agassiz, R.A.M.C., T.F.,
with a bar M.B., '08 ; M.D.
„ Lawrence Weir Bain, R.A.M.C. M.B., '13
„ Andrew M. Duthie, D.S.O., 4th London Regt. 1st Arts,' 1 3-' 14
t „ Bernard Gordon Beveridge, R.AM.C., T.F. M.B., '12
„ Neil Cantlie, R.A.M.C. M.B., '14
„ Reginald Douglas Gawn, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '96
f „ Adam Gordon Howitt, 12th E. Surrey Regt. B.Sc (Agr.), '10
,, Henry Watt Johnston, 4th Gordons and Tank Corps M. A., 'i i
•f ,, William George Philip Hunt, loth Essex Regt. M.A., '12
„ Benjamin Knowles, M.M., R.A.M.C. M.B., '07
„ Jas. Mitchell Mitchell, R.AM.C. M.B., '15
„ Douglas W. Berry, R. AM. C. M.B., '15
Tempy. Capt. James Stewart McConnachie, 1st Highl,
Field Amb., 154th Inf. Brig., B.E.F. M.B., '06
„ „ Kenneth MacLennan, R.AM.C., T.F.,
Sanitary Service B.Sc (Agr.), '12
Military Cross 57
Tempy. Capt. Adam Annand Turner, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '13
,, ,, Percy Walton, Gordon Hrs.
Former Lecturer, Agr. Coll.
„ „ William Joseph Webster, R.A.M.C.,
S.R.O. M.B., '15
Edward Gordon, R. A. M.C. M.A., '11 ; M.B.
John Kirton, R.A.M.C. M.A., '11 ; M.B.
„ „• Alexr. Campbell White Knox, R. A. M.C. M.B.,'13
,, „ William Leslie, R.A.M.C., wounded Aug.
'17 M.A., '10; M.B.
„ Anthony John McCreadie, R. A. M.C. M.B.,'13
„ - „ Clement Rickard Macleod, R.A.M.C.
M.B., '09; D.P.H. (Camb.).
„ „ James Melvin, R.A.M.C., S.R.O., attd.
I R.F.A. M.B., '15
„ „ John Louis Menzies, R.A.M.C. M.B., '09
+ „ „ Thomas Booth Myles, 12th Highl.
Light Inf. 3rd Agr., 'i3-'i4
Edmund Lewis Reid.R. A. M.C. M.B., '10; F.R.C.S.
John Ross, R, AM. C M.B., '11
Robert Tindall, R.A.M.C. M.B., '09
„ „ Edward Chapman Wallace, R. A. M.C. Med. Stud., '01
Alex. Urquhart Webster, R. A. M.C. M.A., '06 ; M.B.
„ James W. Tocher, R, A. M.C. Bar to Mili-
tary Cross (2nd Sup., pp. 24, 50). M.B., '11
Lieut Chas. Gordon Mitchell, 4th Cameron Hrs. M.A., '11 ; B.Sc.
■f „ Douglas Meldrum Watson Leith, 4th Gordon Hrs. M.A., '13
„ John M. Clyne, 12th London Regt Med., 'o9-'io
„ Montgomery Smith, R.F.A. Univ. Dip. Agr., '01
Tempy. Lieut. (Acting Capt) Ian McBain, North Scottish
R.G.A. 1 6th Bursar, '14
Lieut Herbert William Esson, 4th Gordon Hrs. ist Arts, 'i4-'i5
„ Charles Clyne, R.A.M.C. M.B., '10
2nd Lieut (Tempy. Lieut, and Acting Capt) Henry Watt
Johnston, 4th Gordon Hrs. and Tank Corps
Teacher; M.A., 'ii
„ „ Arthur Morrison Barron, 7th Grordon Hrs.
1st Arts, 'i3-'i4
„ ,, Spencer Stephen Fowlie, Seaforth Hrs., R.F. M.A., '12
58 List of Orders and Decorations
2nd Lieut John Grant, 15th Division Salvage Coy., R.E. M.A., '15
,, „ William Taylor Barron Joss, 3rd Northumber-
land Fusiliers About to matriculate
„ „ Douglas John Kynoch, 4th Gordon Hrs. ist Med., '14-'! 5
„ „ Robert James Grant Lipp, Australian Forces
M.A., '10; B.Sc. (Agr.)
„ ,, Andrew John Murray, 4th Grordon Hrs. ist Med, 'i3-'i4
„ „ John Alexander Stewart, Indian Army Reserve
of Officers M.A., '03
„ „ William Henry Sutherland, 4th Gordons, Sign.
Offcer., 1 2th Black Watch M.A., '14
„ „ Richard Robertson Trail, KG. A., S.R.O. 4th Arts, 'i 5-' 16
„ „ Wm. James Johnston, Cameron Hrs. Med. Stud., 'i5-'l6
„ „ J. H. S. Peterkin, Machine Gun Corps ist Arts, 'i3-'l4
ALBERT MEDAL— I.
Tempy. Capt Joseph Lockhart Downes Yule, R.A.M.C.,
on the Tigris, Mesopotamia M.B., '13
MILITARY MEDAL— 3.
Sergt. Robert Davidson, 4th Gordon Hrs. ist Arts, '14-*! 5
„ Donald Mackenzie, Signalling Coy., 51st Div. R.E.,
(now commd.) M.A., '13
Corpl. William Minto Mirrlees, 4th Grordons, Signallers
1st Arts, 'i3-'i4
DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS— i.
Surg. Prob. Alexander Coutts Fowler, R.N.V.R. 4th Med, 'i7-'i8
FOREIGN ORDERS AND DECORATIONS— 9.
Surg. -Gen. Jas. Lawrence Smith, C.B., M.V.O., R.N.
Officer of the Legion of Honour, France M.B., '83
Capt (Act Lieut-Col.) Alexr. Donald Eraser, D.S.O.,
M.C., RA.M.C., Croix de Guerre, mentd twice M.B., '06
„ Bernard Langridge Davis, R.A.M.C., T.F., Serbian
Order of St Sava M.B., '15
„ George S. Davidson, R.A.M.C., Serbian Order of
St Sava M.A, 14 ; M.B., '16
Mentioned in Dispatches 59
Capt. Robert Godfrey Martyn, R.A.M.C, Chevalier of the
Ordre de Leopold and the Croix de Guerre
(Belgian) M.B./12
Tempy. Capt. James Alexr. Davidson, R.A.M.C, Serbian
Order of St Sava M.B., '07 ; M.D..
t „ „ Robert Haig Spittal, R.A.M.C., Serbian
Order of St. Sava M.B., '05
Lieut. David Mackenzie, M.C.,6th Gordon Hrs , Croix de
Guerre M.A., '05
Dr. Colin Finlayson Simpson (formerly Colonel in the
Russian Army), Russian Order of Vladimir with
swords M.A., '06 ; M.B.
MENTIONED IN DISPATCHES— 57.
Col. Stuart Macdonald, C.B., C.M.G., Army Medical Ser-
vice— fifth mention M.B., '84.
Lieut -CoL Clarence Isidore Ellis, R.A.M.C., T.F., Haig,
24th Dec. '17 M.B., '96 ; M.D.
„ „ Thomas Eraser, R.A.M.C., T.F., Haig, 24th
Dec '17; previously by Haig and by
Hamilton, Gallipoli M.A.,' 94 ; M.B., '98^
„ „ Andrew Hosie, C.M.G., R.A.M.C. (ret pay).
Eg. Exp. Force, July, '17 M.B., '83 ; M.D.
„ William Riddell Matthews, R.A.M.C., T.F.,
Eg. Exp. Force, July, '17 M.B., '95
„ „ George Scott, C.M.G., R.A.M.C. (ret pay.).
Eg. Exp, Force, July, '17 M.B., '85
„ A. Callam, R.A.M,C., T.F. M.B., '03
„ J. W. Garden, R.F.A., T.F. M.A., '99 ; B.L.
„ T. B. Nicholls, R.A.M.C. M.B., '08
Maj. (Act Lieut -Col.) George A. Smith, D.S.O., Gor-
don Hrs., Haig, Nov. '17
Law Stud, '87-'88
H. M. W. Gray, C.B., C.M.G.,
R. A. M.C.— fourth mention M.B., '95
W. Lethbridge, I.M.S. M.B., '95
„ „ „ Charles Reid, 4th Gordon Hrs. —
second mention M.A,, '09
A. J. Williamson., R. A.M. C, T.F.
M.A., '05 ; M.D.
6o List of Orders and Decorations
Maj. (Tempy. Lieut. -Col.) George Alexander Troup,
R.AM.C., Eg. Exp. Force, July, '17 M.B. '94; M.D.
„ A. S. K. Anderson, D.S.O., M.C. (with bar),
R.A.M.C. M.A, '09; M.B., '14
„ Charles Duncan Peterkin, Gordon Hrs., Haig, Nov.
'17 M.A., '08; LL.B.
„ George H erbert Colt, R. A. M. C. , T. F. , Brit. Salonika
Force Univ. Asst., F.R.C.S.
„ H. J. Butchart, D.S.O., Yeomanry B.L., '05
,, Wm. Sim M'Gillivray, I.M.S. — second mention M.B., '03
„ Lachlan Mackinnon, 4th Gordon Hrs. M.A., '06; LL.B., '10
„ Douglas Geo. Robb, R.E. M.A., '05
Capt (Act. Lieut. -Col.) Archer Irvine Fortescue, R.A.M.C.,
Haig, 24 Dec '17 M.B., '04
„ (Tempy. Maj.) Arthur Wellesley Falconer, D.S.O.,
R.A.M.C, T.F. (seconded for duty with
R.A.M.C.), Brit Salonika Force — second men-
tion M.B., '01 ; M.D.
„ (Tempy. Maj.) John Douglas Fiddes, R. AM.C, T.F.,
Haig, 24 Dec. '17 M.A., '05 ; B.Sc, M.B., 09
„ William Hugh Brodie, R.A.M.C., T.F., Brit Salon-
ika Force M.B., '13
„ Donald Buchanan, R.A.M.C, T.F,, Haig, 24 Dec. 17
M.B., '08; M.D.
„ Bernard Langridge Davis, R.A.M.C., T.F., Brit
Salonika Force M.B., '15
„ Alistair Cameron Macdonald, R.A.M.C., S.R.O.,
Salonika M.A., '13 ; M.B., '16
„ Douglas John Marr, R.A.M.C., T.F., Egypt, June,
'17 M.B., '06
„ James Mitchell Mitchell, R.A.M.C., 22nd Mounted
Brig. Field Ambulance, Palestine, Murray, 28
June, '17 M.B., '15
„ Maurice Joseph Williamson, M.C, R.A.M.C, Brit
Salonika Force M.B., '08
„ George A. Williamson, R. A.M. C, T.F. M.A., 89 ; M.D., 99
„ Eric W. H. Brander, 4th Gordon Hrs. — third
mention M.A, '10; LL.B.
„ Robert M. Easton, I.M.S. M.A., '07; M.B., '11
Mentioned in Dispatches 6i
Capt. William A. Mearns, I.M.S. M.A., '99; M.B., '03
„ John P. Mitchell, R. A. M.C— second mention M.B., '07; M.D.
„ William P. Mulligan, R.A.M.C. M.B., '13
„ George W. Riddell, R.A.M.C M.B., '14
t „ (Rev.) Hugh P. Skakle, 4th Gordon Hrs.—
posthumous mention M.A., '11 ; B.D., '14
„ George C Souter, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '09
„ John Mackintosh, Seaforth Hrs. M.A., '13 ; LL.B., '15
Tempy. Capt William Minty Badenoch, R.A.M.C., Mes.
Exp, Force M.B., '08
„ „ David Fettes, R.A.M.C., Brit. Salonika
Force M.B., '14
? „ „ Clement Rickard Macleod, R.A.M.C. M.B., '09
„ „ James Milroy McQueen, R.A.M.C., Meso--
potamia, 15 Aug. M.A., '03 ; B.Sc, M.B.
„ „ Hector Mortimer, R.A.M.C., Haig, 24 Dec.
'17 M.B., '14
+ „ „ Thomas Booth Myles, 12th Highl. Light
Inf. 3rd Agr„'i3-'i4
„ „ Herbert Playford Sheppard, R.A.M.C.,
Eg. Exp. Force M.B., 'cK)
„ „ Alexander Wilson, R.A.M.C., Haig, 24
Dec '17 M.B., '09
„ „ Adam Gray, R.A.M.C. M.B., '09
„ John Proctor, R.A.M.C. M.B,, '09
Lieut. (Act Capt.) Ian McBain, N. Scottish R.G.A.
lOth Bursar, '14
„ „ ,, William Smith, Gordon Hrs.
M.A., '12; B.Sc. (Agr,), '13
„ Geo. Roderick Morgan, R.F.A. (Roy. Nav. Div.)
1st Med,, 'i5-'i6
Tempy. Lieut. Francis William Davidson, R.A.M.C., Eg.
Exp. Force, July, '17 M.B., '04
Private David Cooper Rees, R.A.M.C. M.A., 'i i
The following were brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for
War for Valuable Services rendered in connection with the War (22) .• —
Col. (Tempy.) James Galloway, C,B., A.M.S.
M.B., 83 ; M,D., F.R.C.S.
Francis Kelly, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '89 ; M.D.
62 List of Orders and Decorations
Col. Octavius Todd, Dept. Asst. Dir. Med. Services,
R.A.M.C. M.B., '78
„ Douglas Wardrop, C.B., C.V.O., R.A.M.C. M.B., '75
Tempy. Hon. Col. Sir John Collie, M.G., A. M.S. M.B., '82 ; M.D.
Hon. Surg. Col. Walter Culver James, H.A.C. M.B., '76 ; M.D.
Lieut-Col. Mackintosh A, T. Collie, I.M.S. M.B., '81
„ „ Ashley Watson Mackintosh, R.A.M.C, T.F.
M.A., '88 ; M.D.
„ ' „ John Munro Moir, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '76
„ Henry Thomson, I.M.S. M.B., '79 ; M.D.
„ Charles Milne, I.M.S. M.B., '91
Maj. Thomas Wardrop Griffith, R.A.M.C, T.F. M.B., '82 ; M.D.
„ Andrew Mowat, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.B., '95
„ William Rattray Pirie, RA.M.C., T.F., Aberdeen
Medical Board M.A., '88 ; M.B.
„ William Scatterty, R.A.M.C., T.F. M.A., '81 ; M.D.
„ Lachlan Mackinnon, 4th Gordon Hrs. M.A., '06 ; LL.B., '10
Capt. Robert M. Easton, I.M.S. M.A., '07 ; M.B., '11
Tempy. Capt. Eber Chambers, R.A.M.C. M.B., '73 ; M.D.
„ William Wilson Jameson, R.A.M.C. M.A, '05 ; M.D.
„ John P. Kinloch, R.A.M.C., T.F., Lecturer
in Public Health M.D. [Glasg.]
Rev. James Smith, T.D., C.F. (ist Class) M.A., 74 ; B.D.
„ R. Harvey Strachan, C.F. (temp.) M.A., '93.
Summary of the Provisional Roll 63
Summary of the Provisional Roll and Three
Supplements.
I. Members of the Staff not Graduates of this University
II. Graduates Commissioned —
Royal Navy — Medical Service (incl. 4 civilians)
S3
Regular Army, incl. S.R.O. and Tempy. Commissions
117
„ R.A.M.C., incl. S.R.O. and Tempy.
Commissions ......
542
Territorial Force
223
„ R.A.M.C
216
Volunteers .
21
Indian Army, incl. Reserve of Offirs. and Volunteers
15
„ „ Chaplains ......
2
Indian Medical Service ......
46
Army Chaplains Department
64
Overseas Forces . . . . . . .
27
„ „ Chaplains
4
„ „ Medical Service ....
S3
Graduates Commissioned .
Graduates Enlisted . . . . . .284
„ Volunteers (very imperfect list) . • 13
„ in charge of Red Cross or Mil. Hosp., etc. . 60
„ Serving with Brit. Red Cross or as Dressers 8
,, on Y.M.C.A. Service to Troops . .11
1383
Graduates on Service .
III. Alumni (Non-Graduates) Commd. . . . . .
„ „ Enlisted . . . . .
„ „ Serving with Brit. Red Cross, etc.
25
376
1759
94
83
2
Alumni on Service . 179
IV. Students Commissioned . . . . . .221
„ Enlisted (incl. Officers Cadet Schools) . . 385
„ Serving as Dressers, etc. ..... 8
,, Aberdeen Univ. O.T.C. (exclusive of 36 who had
previously served in the Army) . . .102
Students on Service . 716
Total of Members of Univ. and Alumni on Service 2679
Add Students about to matriculate on outbreak of War . 32
„ Sacrist and Univ. Servants on Service (2 commd.) . 18
„ Graduates and Students engaged in Munition and
other work for War purposes, so far as reported . 5 7
Total . . . 2786
64 Summary of the Provisional Roll
The Roll of the Fallen now numbers two hundred and forty-
nine since the co^imencement of the War.
The Orders and Decorations conferred on Graduates and Students on
service have been as follows : —
K.C.B. .
I
D.S.O
38
K.C.M.G.
I
Mil. Cross ....
I OS
K.B.E. .
3
Albert Med
I
C.B. .
8
Disting. Conduct Medal.
I
C.M.G. .
• 13
Military Medal
5
CLE. .
2
Dis. Service Cross .
I
G.C.V.O.
I
Foreign Orders and Decora-
C.V.O. .
I
tions .....
18
C.B.E. .
I
" Mentioned in Dispatches " .
141
O.B.E. .
2
Brought to notice of Sec. of
Order of Hosp. of St. John of
State for War for valuable
Jerusalem
I
services rendered
22
14
LH
5
A3
V.5
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