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ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY; 


OR, 


MAGAZINE 


OF 


ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, AND GEOLOGY, 


(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ MAGAZINE -OF ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY,’ AND 
SIR W. J; HOOKER’S ‘ BOTANICAL COMPANION. ’) 


CONDUCTED BY 
Sir W. JARDINE, Bart.—P. J. SELBY, Esa., 
Dr. JOHNSTON, 
Sir W. J. HOOKER, Reeius Prorsssor or Botany, 


AND 


RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S. 


ROTA 
#% a /s21 32% 
- : GAR DIN 


LONDON: 
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR. 


SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; SHERWOOD AND CO.; W. WOOD, 
TAVISTOCK STREET, BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: 
LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH . 
CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 


1839. 


4 


NAF 


VO /, 


‘*Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentie testes, divitie felicitatis 
humane: exharum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex 
ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. 
Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata; a vere eruditis 


et sapientibus semper exculta; male doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— 
LINN. 


—-_ --" 


CONTENTS OF VOL. ITI. 


NUMBER XIV. 

I. On the Production of Vanilla in Europe. By Prof. Cu. Morren, 
Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Brussels.......... » page ti 

II. On the Goniatites found in the Transition Formations of the 
Rhine. By Dr. Ernest Beyricu. (With Plates.) ........sccccssesers 9 

III. Descriptions of some new or rare Indian Plants. By G. A. W. 
MMIEMEE Cesky My Bay ENGL 1, Fi bhlB Ja dak othe Sees nhs wale nae nan ceupabed ss 20 

IV. An attempt to ascertain the Fauna of Shropshire and North 
Waleas . be Sy OF Bwron,. Bags FiLS. 1.016 Asatte os deckaeeeag anne 24 


V. Flore Insularum Nove Zelandiz Precursor; or a Specimen of 
the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By ALLAN CunnINGHAM, 
PM o tars denev seeds bons skendenck vunechs 0 dur dodchdsvasavedssedetepivanevtbeguabiees 29 
VI. On an apparently undescribed Species of Lepadogaster ; and on 
the Gobius minutus of Muller. By Witiiam Tuompson, Esq., Vice- 
President of the Natural History Society of Belfast.............0000 Seassen OF 


New Books :—A History of British Zoophytes, by George Johnston, 
M.D.; Flora of North America, by Drs. Torrey and Gray; Genera 
Insectorum Iconibus illustravit et descripsit Dr. H. Burmeister ; 
Second Annual Report of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh ; 


Flora’ of Jamaica, by Dt. J. Macfadyen ......<s0ssapensssepseyaces 46—54 
Proceedings of the Linnzean Society ; Royal Irish Academy ; Geological 
Society; Zoological Society ......ssseesessees nae inhn acer ¥onesva tnd 54—69 


On the genus Syngnathus; Influence of native Magnesia on the Vege- 
tation and Fructification of Vegetables; Meteorological Observa- 


RMN GRRE, LADNG  oan og ps nhs sqebnyeh og vsvendedeusdnveeusiseaetdeaian ree 69—72 
NUMBER XV. 
VII. On a new Species of Bat, found in the County of Durham. By 
the Rev. L. Jenyns, M.A., F.L.S. (With a Plate.) .........sccsessceece 73 
VIII. On the Pith of Plants. By the Rev. P. Keirn, F.L.S. ...... 77 
IX. Remarks on some Species of the Genus Syngnathus. By W. 
oo) Rs Ds ee SAR: Bare eee One Bator es en anand Bente saa 81 
X. Descriptions of some new or rare Indian Plants. By G. A. W. 
Ei Pala 8 ay cn news uanaaw nea na bexnh datininn Sadat ssnceimadeae a 85 


XI. On the Tortoise Beetles, commonly denominated Cassida, with 
the Characters of Six new Genera. By the Rev. F. W. Hors, F.R.S., 


Bare se ast WV ek oe P bate, ) oc a3 se comad vats goes space tt appdebest eae eens 92 
XII. Some observations on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria. By 

Dee Jt. Maven, Prof, Bot; University of Berlin. i. i2.34..00¢0:-schedeope ort 100 
Prof. Rymer Jones on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria ......... 105 
XIII. On the Migration of the Snowy Owl. By W. Tuompson, Esq., 

Vice-President of the Natural History Society of Belfast ............... 107 


XIV. Florez Insularum Nove Zelandiz Precursor; or a Specimen of 
the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By Atuan Cunninenam, Esq. 111 


New Books :—Genera et Species Gentianearum, Auctore Dr. H. Grise- 
bach; Natural History of the Sperm Whale, by T. Beale; Flora 
Excursoria Hafniensis scripsit S. T. N. Drejer; Bee-Keeper’s 
Manual, A Henry Taylor; A Botanical Chart for Schools, by 
Elizabeth A . Warren; Flora Aberdonensis, by George Dickie; 


lV CONTENTS. 


Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus, Auctore G. Ben- 
tham ...... cabled Vaasubes'sicnvdbcaaan oes cub abaatell hal pien Witae page 1156—123 


Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh ; Wernerian Society; 
Zoological Society; Geological Society  ...csesecesseeeeeeeeves 123—140 


Notices of the occurrence of rare Birds; Instruments of Perforation in 
the Cicada; Occurrence of Carex rupestris; Black variety of the 
Common Hare; Meteorological Observations and Table ... 140—144 


NUMBER XVI. 
XV. On two British Species of Cydippe. By Evwarp Forsss, Esq. 


bf ES ee ere ee ny itr ys et cobscdvovsnsentenenee 145 
XVI. Descriptions of some new or rare Indian Plants. By G. A. W. 

ApNwars, Haq. LasD. 2.0. s.cpsaapercnnsecsesy Ccavccosscscncssorccesescosssbvenads 150 
XVII. Onthe Goniatites found in the Transition Formations of the 

Rhine. By Dr. E. Beynica,,., (With Plates.) \}sii.cisssessececsoseeees 155 
XVIII. On the Reproductive Organs of the Lichens. By G. Dicxiz, 

Esq., A.L.S., Lecturer on Botany at Aberdeen  .........ccccscscssscsesese 165 
XIX. Ona Fossil ruminant Genus allied to Giraffide. By Capt. P. 

Dy CAURURE ouccec ni ssepvonssns ssecasbunedeuctin ved phot vevspanveedsssuvanehunieeemae 167 


XX. On the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. By M. F. Dusarpin... 170 
XXI. Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By F. Waker, Esq,, “9 

Be Taeee Peitwctstgee yiothecusn bute de clvecarvavks esp penance nk setieka semnhs Reaear an 177 
XXII. On the effects of the Hurricane of Jan. 7, 1839, in Ireland, 

on some Birds, Fishes, &c. By Witiiam THoMPsoN, Esq. .» Vice- ats 


sident of the Belfast Natural History Society .......ssscscseeseesees sessece 182 
XXIII. On aMeteoric Paper, composed of Conferve and Infusoria. 
By Prot. Ehrenbers of Berlin. .225),.0icsectssseovensesee set nedwaterspaniioans 185 


New Books :—The London Flora, by A. Irvine; the Little English 
Flora, by G. W. Francis; Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, 
by J. C. Loudon; Enumeratio Plantarum quas in Nove Hollandiz 
ora Austro-occidentali collegit C. L. Baro de Hiigel; the Edin- 
burgh New Philosophical Journal ; Microscopic Illustrations, by 


Dr. C. R. Goring and A. Pritchard ...... ieeiswadeeuschvacbSeeraue 185—192 
Proceedings of the Linnzean Society; Zoological Society; Geological 
Society eeeseeses Seeteescece SOTHO CSE EH TEE TES EEE HEHEHE EE THEE EEEEEEEEE ] 938—213 


On the Nature of Polypidoms; Structure of Succulent Plants com- 
pared with the Sigillarig; Meteorological Observations and Ta- 
DG en sda eauer se rener=te Sunes dchrassacncssney as seueuehslunsereeeagne 214—216 


NUMBER XVII. 
XXIV. On the Generic Distribution of the British Wydromyzide. 


By A. HH. Hatipay, ‘Hag.; PGB. cccssendesonescss suaeueasbs0abes esate 217 
XXV. On the Ranunculus aquatilis of Smith. “By Cuarzes C. Ba- 
prncron, M.A;; F4a5.; G82.8c0) veseseistessceks viweesteseastbawareerateemee 225 


XXVI. On the Common Limpet, considered as an article of food in 
the North of Ireland. By Rosertr Patterson, Esq., Treasurer of the 
Belfast Museum «.....2.:5.beseneds aeoneeer aston bonap de ree sane babes eee eee 231 
XXVII. On Remains of Fossil Mammifera in Brazil. By Dr. Lunn 235 
XXVIII. Notices of a Botanical Excursion to the Mountains of 


Ternova in Carniola. By Epwarp Forzes, Esq. .....csssssceseecseeeees 236 
XXIX. On the Wild Cattle of England. By Sir Partie Grey 
Eicrrwen, MLP.,(F.R.Ss, Bc, gecieace ds: fpewed ces tack eveuie tt eee eee 241 


XXX. On three undescribed species of Cimex. By the Rev. fi 
JENYNS, DLN. F.LS. (With a Plate.) scsscavecssceessees Soles adunease vas Ee 


CONTENTS. Vv 


XXXI. Florz Insularum Nove Zelandiz Precursor; or a Specimen 
of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By Autan CuNNING- 


SW EMA one dirindnnegaseasvenenauniedesaahetneannwaces aiaranapeiscaceuehays page 244 
XXXII. Information respecting Botanical Travellers :—Mr. Gard- 
ner’s Journeys in Brazil............ auuiduniaCewemndadunn-aw ss aaaudagueaeds eda 250 


New Books:—Synopsis Florz Helvetice, auctore J. Gaudin; Flora 
Cestrica, by W. Darlington ; Novitiarum Flore Suecicee M eee 
E. Fries ; Icones Florze Germanice, by L. Reichenbach ... 255—257 
British Coleoptera Delineated, by Mr. Schuckard ............000+ » 287 


Proceedings of the Linnzan Society; Royal Irish Academy ; Botanical 
Society of London; Dublin Natural History Society; Natura] Hi- 
story Society for the West Riding of Yorkshire; Zoological So- 
CREE Vo iueniest dncveepas Svewarennaccastens ssvswasse dbs aneesesnecessaats 257 — 282 


Formation of Indigo in Polygonum tinctorium; on a new Species of 
Cyrena from the Norfolk Crag; on a new Species of Polyporus ; 
Vernation of the Cycadacee; Systematic Arrangement of the 
Chrysidide ; Meteorological Observations and Table ...... 282—288 


NUMBER XVIII. 


XXXIII. Miscellanea Zoologica :—On the British Nereides. By 
GeorceE Jounston, Esq., M.D. (With a Plate.) ........sscccccccesssece 289 
XXXIV. On Pinus and Abies, with remarks on a new Species. By 
eer eet WOON Ae Ne sensuinan’ ts sks vot wihskfinanadsudatesaepassesucdendacene ee 296 
XXXV. On the Synonymy of Passandra, with Descriptions of new 
Genera and Species. By Epwarp Newman, Esq., F.LAS. .....seeeeseeee 503 
XXXVI. On the Morphology of the Ascidia of Plants. By Prof. 
C. Morren, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Brussels... 305 
XXXVII. Florz Insularum Nove Zelandiz Precursor; or a Speci- 
men of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By ALLan Cunninc~ 
SNS ap cese vote ean sh aka van nunpsqatonne cnanbiarsddnaceossspeddepennepscuserengss 314 
XXXVIII. Ona Leather-like Substance formed of Conferve and 
Infusoria. By Prof. Cu. Kersten of Freiberg, and Prof. Enrensere 


REISE ain caienenuctincrcenosannskadnsanaeani stad ae aiganeeestwaateaee vee 320 
XXXIX. Contributions towards a Flora of Van Diemen’s Land. 
By the Rev. M. J. Berxerey, A.M., F.L.S. (Witha Plate.) ........ 322 
XL. Information respecting Botanical Travellers :—Mr. Gardner’s 
POEMS YS WH PILARED Soe 6050.5 o0<adacsvedcunasedeansenetaxas piawuee seaweons duseaaee 327 
New Books :—De Pinubus Taurico-Caucasicis, auctore Steven; Pri- 
mitiz Flor Sarnice, by Charles C. Babington .......-.00000. 336—341 
Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Tweedside Physical and Anti- 
quarian Society; Botanical Society of Edinburgh ............ 242—356 


On the Wild Cattle of Great Britain; on a new Species of Sepiola; on 
the Nematoidea; Action of F rost on Plants; Birth of a Giraffe at 
the Gardens of the Zoological Society; Meteorological Observa- 
iG AUC ANC once snvocenensatecnaemiads-nssncs seavadsans secedecnna 356—360 


NUMBER XIX. 


XLI. The Fauna of Twizell. By P. J. Sexy, Esq., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., 
EES Besenunaite cvenaneeacsersnssdanens dacssviecenens den -uugeiveananses sn ades adorns aeds 361 
XLII. Descriptions of Exotic Fungi in the collection of Sir WJ. 
Hooker, from Memoirs and Notes of J. F. Klotzsch, with Additions 
and Corrections. By the Rev. M. J. Berxexey, M.A., F.L.S. (With 
dh, BAA Vi ota yatasbacccnessnabeseesyss'ckcuenevervsenntestvuepudecastes lenaa dan tee 375 


vi CONTENTS. 
XLIIT. Remarks on the Generic Distribution of the British /7ydro- 
myzida@. By A. H. HA Lipay, Esq..cccssscseeccesesecsesscecesecensess page 
XLIV. Further Remarks on the Morphology of the Ascidia of Plants. 
By Prof. Cu. Morren, Member of the Royal Academy of Brussels ... 
XLV. Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By Francis Waker, 
Fisq., F.L.S.  icsvccccccscccscccscecvscsvesscotcccoss ddenevesccaddegessdadsscuuen ; 
XLVI. Ontwo South African Genera of the Natural Order Passi- 
florea. By the Hon, W. H. Harvey, of the Cape of Good Hope. (With 


401 
411 
415 


Bwo Plates.) ... vssecedsivsoscscoosapsevoceves bedidencsseede bapene écecktedauss tie 20.420 
XLVII. List of Fossil Mammifera from the Basin of the Rio das 
Velhas, Brazil, with some of their distinguishing Characters. By Dr. 
LUND secccccccccvcddcccccsccedauegecseesscsesons vo vcescccepsde nes wesscccecdescessas 422 
XLVIII. Enumeration of Plants collected by Mr. Schomburgk in 
British Guiana. By Georce Bentuaw, Esgq., F.L.S. .....eececee dis puccnay eae 


= 


NUMBER XX. SUPPLEMENT. 


XLVIII. Enumeration of the Plants collected by Mr. Schomburgk 
in British Guiana. By Georce Benruay, Esq., F.L.S. [Continued.] 435 
XLIX. On the Metamorphoses of the Crustacea. By Capt. C. 
DuCanz, R.N. (With a Plate.) 
L. Remarks on the Fumariacee. By Grorce Dicxig, Esgq., A.L.S. 440 


New Books :—A General Outline of the Animal Kingdom, by Prof. 
Rymer Jones 


Linnzan Society 445—161 
On the structure of the Volvocine ; Development of the Leguminose ; 
Structure of the scales of Fish and Reptiles; Lemna arrhiza; Dis- 
covery of Mummies in Mexico; Olfactory Sense of the Antenne ; 
Geographical Distribution of Palms ; Meteorological Observations 
I LODIG, poset cauvcdacss somenee es Leber cee sks keabureaies geeaasuee 461—466 


Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; 


PLATES. 


Goniatites. 
British Cydippe. 


Prates Ff. 11. 
II. 


lif. 
{V. 
Ne 
Vi. 
VII. 
VIil. 
IX. 
X. 
XI. 


Vespertilio zdilis, 

Casside. 

New species of Cimex. 
British Nereides. 

Fungi and Alge. 

Poly porus australis. 

Acharia tragoides. 
Ceratosicyos Echlonii. 
Metamorphosis of Crustacea. 


ERRATA, 


Page 139, ane 31, omit the words (in conjunction with Prof, Muller). 


— 142, 


line 32, * omit Charles. 
166, line 10, for Collema and Bacomyces as specimens; however, if read Collema 


Beomyces ; as specimens, however, of z 


166, line 3 from bottom , for thece read theca. 
227, line 5 from bottorn, » for Lison read Linn. 
350, line 18, after Australia add and the Islands of the Indian Archipelago, 


MAR 25 1935 


-ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


I.—On the Production of Vanilla in Europe. By Professor 
Cuares Morren, of the University of Liége, Member of 
the Royal Academy of Sciences of Brussels, &c.* 


THE natural history of Vanilla cannot have too many facts 
brought in aid of its illustration, because it is to be re- 
marked that all the relations of travellers with regard to this 
plant serve rather to perplex than to throw light upon the 
subject. Having been fortunate enough to obtain two years 
since, and at two different times, an abundant crop of this 
interesting fruit, I believe I may assert that henceforth we 
may produce in Europe vanilla of as good a quality (if not 
better) as that which is exported from Mexico. This result 
is owing to the progress that vegetable physiology has made 
during these last few years, for, without an exact knowledge 
of the organs and of their functions, the fruit of this plant 
could never have been obtained ; on this account this new cul- 
ture deserves particular attention. In the second place, the 
experiments made at the Botanic Garden of Liége upon the 
fecundation of the flowers of the Vanilla have revealed several 
new facts in the physiology of the reproduction of plants. 
And, as regards the distinction of species, my inquiries may 
moreover serve to establish better diagnoses between the plants 
of the genus Vanilla, at the same time that they tend to prove 
that the latest works that treat of these species are far from 
giving correct information respecting the origin of the vanillas 
most in demand incommerce. Lastly, my experiments may 
afford the most convincing proof, that in our own climate, but 
in our hot-houses, the same circumstances of the ambient at- 
mosphere as those which exist under a Mexican sky, produce 
in the vanilla plant all the phenomena of a good and perfect 
maturation of the fruit. 


* Read before the British Association at Newcastle, and since commu- 
nicated by the author to, and translated for this Journal. 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 14. March 1839. B 


2 Prof. Chas. Morren on the Cultivation of Vanilla. 


8 I. Of the species of Vanilla Plant which produces the long 
and fine pods of Commerce. 

Were we to believe most authors, (and I may even go so 
far as to say all) the Vanilla aromatica of Swartz, described 
by Robert Brown in the ‘ Hortus Kewensis’ (vol. v.), would be 
the only one which produces the vanilla of commerce. This 
should have been the species introduced into Kurope in 1739 
by Henry Philip Miller; but it appears that it is not at all to 
be found at the present time in England, for I sought for it 
in vain in the gardens of London and its environs. I did not 
see it at Kew. It appears moreover that several species are con- 
founded under this name, as M. Schiede has already pointed 
out in his botanical observations made in Mexico (Linnza, 
vol. iv. 1829, p.554—583), for, as he says, in Kunth’s ‘Synop- 
sis, we find assembled under this name Mexican species and 
others from Southern and Western America. The charac- 
ter which has been assigned to it of having nerved leaves 
( foliis nervosis) may possibly have arisen from bad culture, 
for in this case the Vanilla planifolia also has nerved leaves; 
or because dry leaves have been examined; for then again 
the leaves of the Vanilla planifolia are no longer smooth, but 
much wrinkled longitudinally, that is to say nerved. In short, 
the assertion that the pods of the vanilla of commerce are 
produced by the Vanilla aromatica rests upon no certain or 
known fact, but in a great measure upon the belief which 
existed that the Vanilla planifolia bore no odoriferous fruit, a 
thing which my. own researches have proved to be completely 
false. 

It is singular that there is not a better agreement with re- 
gard to the Vanilla planifolia, especially since the publications 
of M. Schiede. This botanist thinks that two distinct spe- 
cies are confounded under this name, both of which he found 
in Mexico; the one, the Vanilla sativa, Schiede, the leaves 
of which are oblong, succulent, the bracteze small, and the 
fruit without grooves; and the other, the Vanilla sylvestris, 
Schiede, the leaves of which are oblong-lanceolate, succulent, 
the bracteze small, and the fruit with two grooves. It is 
to be regretted that M. Schiede should have confined him- 


Prof. Chas. Morren on the Cultivation of Vanilla. 3 


self to these differential characters, so far from certain as to 
leave much doubt in the observer’s mind, for he avows not 
having seen the flowers of any one species of Vanalla, and it 
is in the flower alone, and especially in the labellum, that 
the true characters are to be sought. There are in the hot- 
houses of Mr. Loddiges of London two kinds of Vanilla plant 
referred to the Vanilla planifolia of Andrews, to which these 
characters equally apply, and which are nevertheless very dif- 
ferent, insomuch that the one has the leaves oblique and the 
other regular. It is moreover very doubtful, whether in the 
genus Vanilla all the fruits have not two grooves, which are 
the traces of the lines of dehiscence or of the sutures. These 
sutures also exist to the number of two upon the fruits 
which I saw upon the Vanilla bicolor at Mr. Loddiges, and 
which have recently been described by Professor Lindley. 

From the form of the fruit of the Vanillas cultivated at 
Liége, it seems to me that the Vanilla planifolia of Andrews 
(Repository, vol. viii. pl.538.), figured in his plate 538, is really 
the Vanilla sylvestris of Schiede ; but I am not very sure of it, 
because the characters assigned to the Vanilla pompona of this 
latter author, and especially that of the size of the fruit, agree 
equally with the Vanilla of Liége ; so that here again the want 
of all criterion drawn from the flower destroys any kind of 
certainty which might be had upon this subject. What is very 
certain is, that the Vanilla planifolia of the herbarium of Pro- 
fessor Lindley, although marked with a note of interrogation(?) 
is the very same plant drawn in flower by Mr. Francis Bauer in 
Lindley’s ‘ Genera and Species of Orchideous Plants’; se- 
condly, that this species is certainly the one which was figured 
by Andrews; and thirdly, that it is this same plant which, 
generally cultivated, on the continent, has produced at Liége 
an abundant crop of odorous and delicious fruit. 

Hence, it follows: 

Ist. That the characters of the species of Vanilla named by 
M. Schiede V. sativa, V. sylvestris, V. pompona, should be 
submitted to afresh examination, and that no sure distinction 
can be established except upon the flower, which has not yet 
been observed. 

2nd. Thatwhereas Andrews states that his Vanilla planifolia 

B2 


4 Prof. Chas. Morren on the Cultivation of Vanilla. 


is that of Plumier described in the unpublished collection of 
his drawings as having reddish fruit (/ructu corallino) and short 
(dreviori), and as having white flowers, there is an error either 
on the part of Plumier or of Andrews; for the fruits of the 
species figured as the Vanilla planifolia are extremely long (2 
decimetres), and its flower is not white but green. 

3rd. That the Vanilla planifolia of Andrews bears fine and 
good odoriferous fruit as long as the finest sort to be found in 
commerce, and that consequently this species, already much 
spread, may become very important, whether for cultivation 
in our hot-houses or for introduction into the intertropical 
colonies, two objects which merit as well the attention of pri- 
vate individuals as the protection of governments. 


§ Il. An Abstract of the History of the Vanilla planifolia 

bearing large odoriferous fruits. 

I have followed Robert Brown’s ‘ Vermischte botanische 
Schriften’ (vol. ii. p. 48.) in attributing (in a notice respecting 
the indigenous Vanilla plant lately published at Brussels in 
the Bulletins of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium, 
tom. iv. No. 5.) the imtroduction of Vanilla planifolia to the 
Honourable Charles Greville in 1800; but I have learnt here, 
at Newcastle itself, that this isamistake. The useful Vanilla 
plant was first introduced into Europe by the present Duke of 
Marlborough, then Marquis of Blandford; but it is true that 
this interesting species was at first cultivated in the Honour- 
able Charles Greville’s choice collection of plants at Padding- 
ton, near London, where it flowered for the first time, but 
then no artificial fecundation having been performed no fruit 
was produced. In 1807 Mr. Bauer figured a new flower of 
this species from nature, together with one fruit ; but the co- 
lour of the latter and its structure leave me some doubt whether 
this drawing was not made from a specimen of commerce, and 
there is nothing to authorize our believing that at this period 
the art of producing fruits in the Orchidee was yet known. 

The Vanilla planifolia was carried in 1812 from the gar- 
dens of Mr. Greville into those of Belgium, and it was M. 
Parmentier of Enghien who introduced the plant at Autwerp, 
where it was confided to the care of Dr. Sommé, the director 


Prof. Chas. Morren on the Cultivation of Vanilla. 5 


of the Botanic Garden. The plant grew rapidly there, and 
slips were sent to all the towns of Belgium and of France, but 
they very rarely flowered ; once or twice in Flanders at the 
seat of Madame la Vicomtesse Vilain XIV., and at Liége; 
but fruit was never obtained, so that this culture was de- 
spaired of. Nevertheless, in 1819, M. Sommé sent two plants 
of Vanilla to M. Marchal, now Curator of the Bibliotheque 
de Bourgogne at Brussels, that he might send them to the 
Dutch colonies of Java, where it was said the plant might be- 
come valuable by its produce. 

The history of this migration of the Vanilla plant from 
America to the East Indies is too interesting not to be made 
known, because it brings to mind in every respect the episode 
of the transportation of the plant of the coffee tree taken 
from the hot-houses of Amsterdam, given to Louis XIV. and 
father of the three plants, one of which was taken to the 
French Antilles by Captain Declieux, who, in a scarcity of 
water experienced by the ship’s crew, shared the small quan- 
tity which he had to drink between himself and his dear coffee 
plant. Indeed, only one of the Vanilla roots stood the passage 
from Belgium to the Kast Indies ; but it was only by the great- 
est care in preserving it from the rough treatment of the sailors, 
from the changes of temperature, and from the salt water which 
was thrown upon it. It would undoubtedly have perished if 
M. Marchal had not made it his darling child. The plant so 
happily saved was given to the Botanic Garden of Buitenzorg 
at Java, and prospered there so well that it flowered; and it 
is without doubt, that which was afterwards described by Dr. 
Blume, who on account of its green flower named it Vanilla 
viridiflora; so that this name should also be regarded as a 
synonym of the specification, already so perplexed, of this 
species. 

The observations on the necessity of an artificial fecunda- 
tion in the greater part of the orchideous plants not being 
known at that time, the flowers of this Vanilia bore no fruit 
in the East Indies, which I attribute to the absence of the 
species of insect which nature has doubtless given to the cli- 
mate of Mexico to effect in this latter region a fecundation, 
which man alone, by a study of the organs, is able to perfect 
in other countries. 


6 Prof. Chas. Morren on the Cultivation of Vanilla. 


It was in 1836 that by a peculiar horticultural treatment we 
had at Liége upon one Vanilla plant fifty-four flowers, which 
having been fecundated by me, produced the same number of 
pods; and in 1837 a fresh crop of about a hundred pods was 
obtained upon another plant by the same methods; so that 
now there is not the least doubt of the complete success of 
this new cultivation. 


§ III. Short Digression on the Introduction of Vaniila into 
domestic use. 


From the works of the illustrious Alexander von Humboldt 
we learn that the Mexicans were already in the habit of per- 
fuming their chocolate when the Spaniards discovered this 
part of America. It seems, however, by the accounts which 
I have read of the first travellers in this region, that the Ame- 
rican chocolate was a detestable beverage to which the Euro- 
peans afterwards gave an exquisite flavour. Chocolate was 
brought from Mexico into Europe in 1520, but it appears that 
vanilla was brought to the continent as a perfume about the 
year 1510, at the same time as indigo, cochineal, and cacao 
itself, that is to say, ten years before the arrival of tobacco. 
Nevertheless, as I have elsewhere said, ‘ Notice sur la Vanille,’ 
Bruxelles, in spite of its perfume, so sweet that Salisbury at a 
later period called the plant Myrobroma, vanilla cannot have 
acquired a very great popularity about that period; for Claude 
d’Abbeville, whose singular ‘ History of the Mission of the 
Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maragnan and the neigh- 
bouring lands,’ published in 1614, I have consulted, says no- 
thing of this plant, although he devotes an especial chapter 
to the history of the vegetables which are useful or curious, 
as the pine apple, of fruit trees, as the palm tree, &c. Ata 
much later period it engaged but very slightly the attention 
of travellers, and I shall quote among others Father Gurailla, 
who in his ‘ Natural, Civil, and Geographical History of the 
Nations inhabiting the banks of the Orinoko,’ mentions the 
vanilla (Bagnilla) merely as being a sarmentose plant always 
green and twining itself around trees. 

In 1703, vanilla was better known from the writings of 
Charles Plumier. At that time its use was diffused over the 


Prof. Chas. Morren on the Cultivation of Vanilla. 7 


continent; and in 1773 Fusée Aublet described the prepara- 
tions of this fruit, which subject M. Schiede resumed in 1829. 
At the present time it is an important object of the commerce 
of the Mexicans, as may be learnt from the works of M. von 


Humboldt. 


§ IV. Detailed Description of the Cultivation of the Vanilla. 


I find that the Vanilla planifolia is as common in the gar- 
dens of the British Islands as in those of the continent, but 
the complaint there generally is that it very rarely flowers. 
{ attribute this want of flowering to two causes; 1st, that al- 
most everywhere the plants are too small, too young, and 
that they are not allowed to grow freely in the most lofty 
heated and humid houses; 2ndly, that a peculiar culture is 
not bestowed on them. I shall try to make good these two 
assertions. 

The Vanilla plant in order to flower should be at least five 
or six years old. The older and larger it is, and the more 
branches it has, the better and more abundantly it will flower. 
Nevertheless, the number of flowers is not in direct propor- 
tion to the vigour of a plant; for I have two plants thirty feet 
high, but perhaps about a hundred feet long, one of which is 
much more feeble and sickly than the other, and the weakest 
bears more flowers than the stronger one. The quantity of 
flowers has more relation to the situation than any other cir- 
cumstance; but in general old plants are necessary, and horti- 
culturists are quite wrong in throwing away their old plants. 

Secondly.—I have found by experience that the best me- 
thod of cultivating the Vanilla is the following: 

The situation should be shady; being behind and around 
palm trees and Dracznas, &c. suits it, at the back part of the 
hot-house, getting sun at intervals, although the sun is not 
necessary for ripening the fruit. Shade, heat, and humidity 
are three requisites for obtaining flowers. 

The soil which I have found the best is simply coack or 
burnt coal, without mixture of earth, and above white wood 
poplar, or birch, crushed and reduced into small pieces; fre- 
quent watering ; an iron column, a stem of Dracena, or any 
other support will aid the climbing of the plant, which sends 


8 Prof. Chas. Morren on the Cultivation of Vanilla. 


forth numerous aérial roots without giving it the quality of a 
parasite. In fact, Vanilla is not in the least a parasitical 
plant. 

The culture consists in twining the branches, cutting, and 
burning them at their extremity with a hot iron: everything 
that contributes to stop the sap serves to bring it into flower- 
ing state. If a plant blossoms and its flowers are not fecun- 
dated, it bears new flowers in the following year; but if it 
has produced fruit, some years of rest are necessary before it 
flowers again. The time of its flowering is from February to 
April, and when it bears fruit they need exactly a year and a 
day to ripen: this fact has constantly been confirmed at 
Liége. As the fruit ripens, it falls, and maturation takes 
place without the aid of the plant. 


§ V. On the Structure of the Flowers of the Vanilla Plant. 


The flower of Vanilla has this peculiarity—that the retina- 
culum is highly developed, so that this organ forms a curtain 
suspended before and above the stigmatic surface, thus sepa- 
rating it completely from the anther, which in its turn in- 
closes in two cavities, naturally shut, the pulverulent masses 
of pollen. From this structure it results, that all approxima- 
tion of the sexes in this orchideous plant is naturally impos- 
sible. It is thus necessary either to raise the velamen or to 
cut it when the plant is to be fecundated, and to place in 
direct contact the pollen and the stigmatic surface. The fe- 
cundation never fails, and we may be convinced of its success 
by observing the flower some hours after the operation. If 
impregnation has been effected, the petals and sepals reverse 
inwardly, and the flower droops instead of remaining erect. 
So soon as the following day the ovarium elongates. 

I followed the development of the pollen tube through the 
columnar tube and at the septa only to the ovules; but what 
is remarkable is, that it requires three weeks before the pollen 
tube seizes the nucleus of the ovule. The formation of this 
Jatter part is easily studied in this species, and I have veri- 
fied on this plant the profound researches of Robert Brown, 
which are of the greatest accuracy. 

The direct results of this memoir therefore go to prove that 


M. E. Beyrich on Goniatites. te 


in all the intertropical colonies vanilla might be cultivated 
and a great abundance of fruit obtained by the process of ar- 
tificial fecundation ; and secondly, that in all our hot-houses 
this culture would succeed quite as well as that of the Ananas, 
and would undoubtedly become more profitable. It is a sub- 
ject which well deserves attention in a’commercial point of 
view ; and is moreover a proof of the importance of science 
for improving every branch of industry. 


I1.—On the Goniatites found in the Transition Formations 

of the Rhine. By M. Ernest Breyricu*. 
f With Plates. } 
WE are indebted to M. Leopold von Buch for the establish- 
ment of a decided and precise separation between the Ammo- 
nites and the Nautilit. He has pointed out what must be 
considered an essentially different organization in the former 
of these Cephalopods: in fact, the siphuncle does not penetrate 
the transverse plates as in the Nautilus and other kindred ge- 
nera, with the single function of fixing the animal strongly to 
the shell, but is prolonged between the chambers and the 
shell, as a much more important organ, and like'a solid liga- 
ment surrounds the animal to the very extremity of the exte- 
rior. 

The Goniatites must be considered as one division of the 
Ammonites; they are the representatives of the genus in the 
oldest fossiliferous rocks of the transition formations and of 
the carboniferous strata. The Goniatites are distinguished 
from the Ammonites by the more simple divisions of the cham- 
bers which are not denticulated like the leaves of a flower, and 
have lobes followmg a law less simple and precise than that 
which governs the formation of the more recent Ammonites. 
In some species indeed the lobes are scarcely perceptible, and 
they might be mistaken for Nawfili, if it were not for the 
dorsal lobe, which necessarily accompanies the dorsal siphun- 
cle. The greater part of the Gonzatites have but one lateral 
lobe, which is sometimes greatly rounded, sometimes angulose 
and infundibuliform, and sometimes linguiform. When there 


* This memoir appeared as a pamphlet in 1837 at Berlin; the present 
translation is from the French in the ‘ Annales des Scien. Nat.’ vol. x. p. 65. 
1838, carefully corrected from the German original. 

+ See Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1st Series, t. xxix. 


10 M. E. Beyrich on the Goniatites 


are two or more lateral lobes, they are mostly linguiform, and 
extend from the back quite to the suture, increasing and di- 
minishing in a regular manner; or they present an irregular 
form, without following any law. 

The Goniatites are extensively distributed in the transition 
formations ; they are found in very large quantities in the old 
transition limestone of the Fichtelgebirge. Count Miinster 
has described a great number of species of that locality*, and 
they ascend and appear even in the superior beds of the 
carboniferous measures, properly so called, where they are 
found amidst the debris of a mighty vegetation, the sole and 
last remains of the animal kingdom. In the limestone of the 
Fichtelgebirge, they occur with Trilobites, Orthoceratites and 
Clymenie: the Trilobites and Orthoceratites ascend as far as 
the carboniferous measures; the Clymenie, on the contrary, 
which differ from the Goniatites in the position of the si- 
phuncle, and ought to be considered as true Nautili, have not 
hitherto been found either in the carboniferous limestone or in 
the recent transition formations, amongst which the schistose 
rocks of the Rhine arrange themselves +. 

The great number of Goniatites now discovered renders it 
necessary to divide them into natural groups. M.von Buch, 
who was acquainted with very few species compared to the 
number at present known, divided them, first, into Goniatites 
with lobes rounded, and Goniatites with angulose lobes; after- 
wards in each of these sections, he separated those which have 
a simple dorsal lobe, and those which have the dorsal lobe di- 
vided. I think this mode of classification should be discarded, 
because it appears to me that the character upon which the 
secondary divisions are founded, that of a simple or divided 
dorsal lobe, has a more immediate relation to the interior or- 
ganization of the animal, and is consequently of much greater 
importance, than the difference between rounded and angulose 
lobes, which cannot be established with precision. We can 
very plainly distinguish by the form and number of the lateral 


* See Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 2nd Series, t. ii. 

+ Since the publication of this pamphlet, an article appeared in the Cam- 
bridge Phil. Trans. 1838, by Dr. T. Ansted, describing the genus Clymenia 
which occurs in the slate rocks of Cornwall. ‘The name is there changed te 
Endosiphonites, Clymenia being already appropriated. 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 11 


lobes, four sections among the Goniatites with the simple 
dorsal lobe, and two amongst those with the dorsal lobe di- 
vided, that follow however a determinate law in their geo- 
enostic distribution. To these six proposed sections, among 
the Goniatites properly so called, might perhaps be added as 
a seventh the Ceratites of the muschelkalk: they are un- 
doubtedly more nearly allied to the Goniatites than on some 
Ammonites of the more recent formations. The Goniatites and 
Ceratites united, would stand opposed to the Ammonites, and 
might like them be divided into several natural families. 
Before I proceed to the individual description of the differ- 
ent species, I consider it necessary to explain the determination 
of the proportions of these fossils, characteristics mtroduced 
for the first time into the science by M. von Buch, and of 
which I have also availed myself in the description of the se- 
veral species. The increase in diameter, the height of the 
Spire, or more simply the height, expresses the proportion in 
which the height of the mouth increases in the space of an 
entire whorl. The height of the mouth is measured on two 
succeeding whorls, and the lesser of these dimensions is put 
down as a decimal fraction of the greater, which is taken for 
unity. The height of the mouth may be estimated in two 
ways: by taking the perpendicular dropped from the middle 
of the back, either as far as the suture or as far as the middle 
of the back of the preceding whorl. As the degree of involu- 
tion in the outer circles is always the same as in the inner 
circles, we ought by these two estimations to obtain the same 
result for the increase in height. The increase in breadth, or 
simply the breadth, expresses the proportion in which the 
breadth of the mouth (that is to say, the dimension perpen- 
dicular to the height) increases in the space of an entire whorl 
—measure again here the breadth on two whorls which cover 
each other, and set down the lesser number as a decimal frac- 
tion of the greater. The increase in height and the increase 
in breadth are very certain proportions for the different spe- 
cies; taken together with the imvolution, these characters 
completely determine the form of an Ammonite. The thick- 
ness which expresses the proportion between the height and 
the breadth of the mouth depends on the two first propor- 
tions; it varies in each respect whenever the height (and 


12 M. E. Beyrich on the Goniatites 


that happens almost constantly) does not increase in the 
same proportion as the breadth. For this reason I have en- 
tirely neglected its determination ; moreover, for the distine- 
tion of the several species, we must not attach to these nume- 
rical proportions a greater degree of importance than they 
really deserve. If, in general, questions concerning organic 
bodies cannot be mathematically determined, we may with 
still greater reason in the present instance disregard little 
discrepancies; dealing as we are with fossils, the imperfect 
preservation of which seldom permits a great degree of accu- 
racy of admeasurement. 


Section I. NavuTI.in1. 

The dorsal lobe simple, infundibuliform or linguiform; there 
is one single lateral lobe, smooth and rounded, which sometimes 
disappears entirely. 

1. Ammonites subnautilinus, Schlotth. 

A. Neggerathi, Goldf. and Von Buch, Goniat. Pl. 1. fig. 6—11. 

? A. evexus, L. von Buch, Goniat. p.33. Pl. I. fig. 3—5. 

_ The dorsal lobe infundibuliform ; depth equal to two or 
three times the breadth. ‘The lateral lobe is large, occupying 
the whole extent of the side, it even descends nearly the whole 
depth of the dorsal lobe, and returns towards the suture, with 
a somewhat greater inclination, to the height of the dorsal 
saddle*. The increase in height is 0°5 to 0°55; the increase 
in breadth 0:68 to 0°72; there are 14 chambers in one com- 
plete whorl. The number of whorls is 6 or 7: the inner 
whorls are almost entirely enveloped, never more than one 
fourth of them being perceptible. 

M. von Buch has already observed, that the 4. Neggerathi, 
Goldf., does not essentially differ from the 4. subnautilinus, 
Schl. In these two Ammonites the lobes have a form alto- 
gether similar ; the height and the breadth scarcely differ, and 
the somewhat less complete involution of A. Neggerathi will 
scarcely suffice to constitute avariety: still less can the more 
discoid form of the latter be regarded as a distinctive charac- 
ter. We must be very cautious in the appreciation of the ex- 
terior form, and in the use of that characteristic for the di- 

* The word saddle is used to denote those separations between the lobes 


upon which the mantle of the animal is supposed to have rested. For fur- 
ther explanation see Dr. Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise, page 363, note. 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 13 


stinction of species, where, as in this case, the height and 
the breadth increase in entirely different ratios. A necessary 
consequence of the more rapid increase in height than in 
breadth is, that according to the law of geometrical progres- 
sion, the thickness in the outer whorls diminishes very ra- 
pidly also, and it follows that the ammonite in its growth 
takes a form more and more discoid. In the A. subnautilinus 
the difference between the increase of height and that of 
breadth is already great enough to render this character very 
evident. It appears to me that the fragment described by M. 
von Buch, under the name of A. evexrus, ought to be restored 
to the present species; it presents no character that per- 
mits the establishment of a specific distinction between them. 
In the A. subnautilinus, as in this, the transverse plates are 
elevated in the middle, and their greatest depth found to be 
on the edges near the lobes. 

The A. subnautilinus is met with in the limestone of the 
Kifel near Gerolstein, and in the state of pyrites in the clay 
slate of Wissenbach (Thonschiefer). From these two localities 
I have at present seen only casts. The pyritose fossils of 
Wissenbach are almost always in the state of casts, and if any 
striz are visible they must be considered as belonging to the 
interior side of the shell, which was probably very thin. 


2. Ammonites lateseptatus,n.s. Pl. I. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 


The dorsal lobe infundibuliform; not much deeper than 
broad. ‘There is no lateral lobe properly so called, that lobe 
being only indicated, in the early period of its growth, by an 
imperfect curve in the septa of the chambers. The increase 
in height is 0°70, the increase in breadth 0°65. There are but 
10 or 11 chambers in one whorl. The number of whorls is 
7, only a third part of the interior whorls is visible. 

This ammonite is found with the preceding, in the clay 
slate of Wissenbach ; it is well characterized by its form and 
by its lobes. As the height does not increase faster than the 
breadth, but rather more slowly, the thickness of the ammo- 
nite is not diminished in the exterior whorls, but is even some- 
what increased. Figs. 1 and 2 of Pl. I. represent the finest 
example that I possess ; there is very nearly a whorl and a half 


14 M. E. Beyrich on the Goniatites 


without a transverse plate. In order to see the lobes, one must 
take off a part of the last whorl, as is shown in fig. 2. In 
the outer whorls the breadth of the opening at the mouth 
is considerably greater than the height ; consequently the side 
is very narrow, and the dorsal saddle, which is large and 
rounded, can scarcely be distinguished. The form of this am- 
monite would be perfectly spherical, if the inner whorls were 
not partly disengaged, and thus form a large and deep umbi- 
licus. Upon the last whorl, destitute of transverse plates, the 
side falls towards the interior in an obtuse angle, presenting 
a well-defined ridge: this ridge is wholly wanting in the in- 
terior whorls. The increase in breadth being more rapid than 
the increase in height occasions the thickness in the inner 
whorls to be a little less than that of the outer ones. The 
back is also smaller in consequence, and the side more flat and 
more distinctly separated from the back. For this reason 
also the lateral lobe in the inner whorls is indicated on the 
side by an imperfect curve of the transverse plate, whilst in 
the outer whorls the dorsal lobe widens, and extends over the 
back in such a manner that it has properly speaking no exist- 
ence, except as a large and rounded dorsal saddle. 

In fig. 3, Pl. I. the lobes are represented as they begin to 
appear at first, in the specimen shown in figs. 1, 2, with a 
whorl and half destitute of transverse plates; in fig. 4 are the 
lobes of another specimen, of which only the three innermost 
whorls are preserved. The shell of this ammonite was striated, 
as may be distinctly seen upon the cast: the striz are in- 
flected behind, upon the back, according to the ordinary law 
for Goniatites, forming a very deep curve. I have chosen the 
name lateseptatus on account of the considerable distance of 
the transverse plates from each other, which is so great that 
there are only 10 or 11 of them in one whorl, whilst in general 
14 seems the lowest limit for the number of transverse plates 
of the Goniatites. 


3. Ammonites Dannenbergi,n.s. Pl. I. fig. 5. a, b. 
The dorsal lobe infundibuliform, the depth twice as great 
as the breadth; the lateral lobe sinks a little deeper than the 
dorsal lobe ; it entirely occupies the side and ascends towards 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 15 


the suture, but not quite to the height of the dorsal saddle. 
The increase in height is 0°28; the increase in breadth 0°5. 
There are 18 chambers in one whorl. The interior whorls 
are not at all enveloped, but entirely free. The only specimen 
that I am acquainted with is in the beautiful collection of M. 
Dannenberg at Dillenburg; the figure is taken from a model 
in plaster. It is a fragment of which only two whorls are 
preserved; it wants the interior whorls and the outer un- 
chambered part. The form is completely discoid, from. its 
more rapid increase in height than in breadth. This am- 
monite is thus distinguished from the A. expansus, which has 
the whorls entirely enveloped. In the latter the height in- 
creases still more rapidly, yet has less disproportion with the 
increase in breadth. If we suppose that in this ammonite, 
according to the ordinary law, there is a whorl and a half with- 
out chambers, it will be found from the proportion of the 
increase in height, that the diameter of the entire shell would 
be nearly a foot. The thickness ought in this species to 
diminish very rapidly, since the breadth of the mouth in- 
creases much more gradually than the height. The dimension 
is, at the commencement of the first of the two whorls pre- 
served, 0°7 ; at the commencement of the second, 1; and at 
the termination of the second, 1°5. The greatest thick- 
ness is at the middle of the side; it decreases however, but 
gently, till approaching the suture and the back. Upon the 
outer of the two whorls the back is completely rounded, 
and passes gradually to the side. Upon the inner whorl 
it becomes flat, and at the commencement of the second whorl 
it forms almost a right angle with the sides. Probably there 
was upon the shell, between the back and the two sides, two 
sharp edges, the impression of which may be seen upon the 
cast. These edges limit the inflected curve behind, which is 
formed by the striz of the shell and the back: they gradually 
disappear upon the outer whorls. We shall see in many of 
the following species this difference in the manner in which 
the back is united to the sides, in the exterior and interior 
whorls. The lobes of A. Dannenbergi are not essentially 
different from those of A. subnautilinus. 'The dorsal saddle 
is always somewhat narrower and higher ; the lateral lobe, on 


16 M. E. Beyrich on the Goniatites 


the contrary, is a little deeper: the last rises evidently to 
form a lateral saddle. It does not ascend, as in A. subnau- 
tilinus, quite to the suture, and is not cut off in an abrupt 
manner, but inflected considerably upon the side. (See M. 
von Buch, fig. 3 and 9. pl. I.) This difference is because in 
A. subnautilinus each saddle that unites the lateral lobe with 
the flat ventral lobe, which exists in that ammonite, is com- 
pressed beneath the suture, in consequence of the decided 
envelopment of the interior whorls. 


4. Ammonites compressus. PI. I. fig. 6 a, b. 

Spirula compressa, Goldf. Dechen Geogn. p. 536. 

Gyroceratites gracilis, H. v. Meyer. Act. Nat. Cur. 1831. XV. II. 
pe 52. 

Bronn. Leth. geogn. p. 102. pl. I. fig. 6. 

The dorsal lobe very small, infundibuliform, two or three 
times as deep as broad. The lateral lobe is almost en- 
tirely wanting, or at most only indicated by a very imperfect 
curve on the transverse plates of the chambers. The increase 
in height is 0°3, the increase in breadth 0°5. There are 15 
chambers in a whorl; the number of whorls is from 4 to 5. 
This ammonite has not any part enveloped; the innermost 
whorls are entirely free. 

It is not an unfrequent fossil in the clay slate of Wissen- 
bach (Thonschiefer), nevertheless the specimens are seldom 
well preserved : they often want the innermost whorl, and fre- 
quently the exterior portion or that destitute of chambers. This 
must have been the reason why Goldfuss called it a Spirula, 
and H. von Meyer made it a distinct genus, under the name 
Gyroceratites. The lobe distinctly exists, though certainly 
small, and proves it to be really a Goniatite. The whorls are 
by no means separated one from another, as in the Spirula, 
but in contact with each other, although but slightly. The 
greatest thickness 1s in the middle of the side, which gradually 
diminishes, both towards the back and towards the suture, in 
such a manner that the section of the mouth is an ellipsis. 
One consequence of this is, that in the casts where the shell 
is wanting there is really a little interval between the whorls ; 
that space appears still larger if the particles of schist between 
these whorls have not been taken off with sufficient care. 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 17 


The drawing given by Bronn in the ‘ Lethzea geognostica’ has 
certainly not been taken from nature, but probably from the 
description of H. von Meyer. The Gyroceratite of the latter is 
certainly only referrible to this fossil. Bronn gives as a syn- 
onym a Lituites gracilis, Goldf. Collect.; certainly there is 
in the Museum at Bonn a fossil designated as Lituites, but it 
is another fossil: it presents no chambers, and I think is a 
cast of Euoimphalus, perhaps Eu. levis, Goldf. 

With regard to the increase in height and in breadth, the 
A. compressus is very near the A. Dannendergi; it is princi- 
pally distinguished from this by the simple lobes, and it never 
attains the size of the latter. There are neither ventral nor late- 
ral lobes in this species ; this Ammonite has in common with 
A. lateseptatus the simplicity of lobes. In the specimen 
figured PI. I. fig. 6. there is a portion of the part without 
chambers preserved. It may be very distinctly seen, by the 
striae upon the shell, that it was very thin. 

The species described here, to which A. expansus, von Buch 
is nearly allied, form a group among the Goniatites, limited 
ina very natural manner. Except the dorsal lobe, which can 
always be very distinctly seen, there is nothing very particular 
to be said about the lobes. There is only a very slight in- 
flexion of the transverse plates, that in every individual occu- 
pies the entire side quite to the suture. We cannot arrange 
here with certainty any of the Goniatites of the old transition 
limestone of the Fichtelgebirge described by Count Minster ; 
A. latus and A. angustiseptatus can only be added to this sec- 
tion as doubtful species. 


Section II. Simpxicss. 
The dorsal lobe simple, infundibuliform or linguiform. 
There is a lateral lobe more or less angulose, and a broad late- 
ral saddle occupying the greatest part of the side. 


5. Ammonites retrorsus, Von Buch. PI. I. fig. 10. a, 3, e. 
L. de Buch Goniat. p. 49. Pl. II. fig. 13. 


The dorsal lobe small, infundibuliform, almost as broad as 
deep. The lateral lobe is rounded beneath, more than twice 
as deep as the dorsal lobe, and a little broader than deep. The 
lateral saddle, broad and rounded, is also raised to the dorsal 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No.14. March 1839. Cc 


18 M. E. Beyrich on the Goniatites 


saddle, occupies half the side, and is gently hollowed in ap- 
proaching the suture. The increase in height is 0°45, the in- 
crease in breadth 0°65 ; this Ammonite is altogether enve- 
loped without an umbilicus. It is found with the Goniatites 
of the limestone of Oberscheld near Dillenburg, and in the 
Martenberg mine in the territory of Waldeck. The specimens 
that I possess of the first locality are at the most one inch, and 
otherwise altogether resemble those of Waldeck. This Am- 
monite has nothing but the enveloped form in common with 
A. Munsteri, which M. von Buch believed to be allied to A. 
retrorsus ; on the contrary, it agrees so closely in the form and 
lobeswith A. stmplex,von Buch, that perhaps they ought not to 
be separated as distinct species. For the increase in height 
M. von Buch gives for 4. retrorsus only 0°32, and for A. sim- 
plex 0'4; in all cases the height in both increases more rapidly 
than the breadth, so much so that the thickness in the outer 
whorls diminishes very fast, and the larger the Ammonite is 
the more discoid is its form. In A. simplex, as M. Buch has 
described and figured it, the dorsal lobe is considerably larger 
and the lateral lobe smaller, and of the same depth as the dorsal 
lobe. That is the only distinction between this Ammonite and 
A.retrorsus. The name of retrorsus is given from the very 
delicate strize seen on the shell. On the lateral surface the 
terminations of the folds form a very smooth curve, inflected 
behind: they ascend again afterwards towards the back, and 
form above a narrow and deep sinus, the concavity of which 
is directed towards the front. The breadth and depth of the 
dorsal sinus appear to correspond to the breadth of the back 
in the different species. The smaller the back the deeper and 
more contracted is the sinus: in A. /ateseptatus and A. Listeri 
it is very large and flat. 

The A. retrorsus is the only species in this section that up 
to the present time has been found in the schistose rocks of the 
Rhine. A. simplex, which is nearly allied to it, and which is 
said to be found at Rammelsberg near Goslar, comes perhaps 
from the limestone of Grund, the fossils of which have a near 
affinity to those of the transition limestone of the Eifel. To 
these two Ammonites the A. ovatus, Minster, is intimately 
allied. The description gives us no important difference either 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 19 


in the form or in the lobes. The principal part of this sec- 
tion is composed of numerous species of the transition lime- 
stone of the Fichtelgebirge, discovered by Count Miinster, 
A. nodulosus, A. sublevis, A. globosus, A. sublinearis, A. l- 
nearis, A. divisus and A. hybridus. We may add as forming a 
third subdivision, A. sulcatus and A. subsulcatus, Minster, 
which distinguish themselves by their lateral linguiformed 
lobe, and are somewhat related to the following section: they 
have nevertheless the lateral saddle broad and rounded, which 
occupies the greater part of the side. 


Section III]. AL QuALEs. 


The dorsal lobe simple, linguiform or infundibuliform. 
There are two or more lateral lobes, that become successively 
greater or smaller in approaching the suture. 


6. Ammonites Becheri, Goldf. Pl. I. fig. 7, 8. 


L. de Buch Goniat. p. 39. Pl. Il. fig. 2. 


The dorsal lobe infundibuliform; on the side which is 
slightly vaulted are found four linguiform lateral lobes, which 
become smaller and smaller in approaching the suture. 
The first of these is twice as deep as the dorsal lobe; the 
fourth is but two-thirds the depth of the first, after it comes 
a considerable ventral saddle that is twice as broad as the third 
lateral saddle. The increase in height is 0°4, the increase in 
breadth 0°65. There are seven whorls; almost two-thirds of 
the inner ones are enveloped. This Ammonite occurs in 
the red limestone, amongst the Goniatites of Beilstein, near 
Oberscheld ; it is also found in the hematitic iron of the mine 
of Rinzenberg. It appears to come very near A. Henslowi, 
Sow., but this has only three lateral linguiformed lobes. As 
it augments much more quickly in height than in breadth, its 
form is discoid, and the thickness rapidly diminishes. Its 
contour presents an elliptical appearance, as always happens 
when the height increases much faster than the breadth. The 
shell is rarely well preserved ; itis thick and plaited: between 
the folds are found regular spaces, with numerous finer 
folds. The greatest thickness is near the suture; the side 
slightly vaulted falls gently towards the back ; the latter forms 

c2 


20 Dr. W. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 


with the sides two ridges, entirely immersed, between which 
are found the folds of the dorsal sinus. 

Besides A. Becheri and A. Henslowi, I place in this section 
A. Miinsteri, yon Buch, A. orbicularis, Minster, and also A. 
planus, Minst., which are all three found in the transition lime- 
stone of the Fichtelgebirge, and are characterized by the lateral 
lobes becoming larger and larger as they approach the suture. 
This distinction establishes in the section two very natural 
subdivisions. 

[To be continued. | 


I1I.—Descriptions of some New or rare Indian Plants. By 
G. A. W. Arnorrt, Esq., LL.D. 


Scuizostiema, Arn. (Rubiaceae). 


Calycis tubus globosus, limbus 5-partitus, laciniis lanceolatis. Co- 
rolla infundibuliformis, intus pubescens, extus hirsuta, ad medium 
usque 5-fida, laciniis lineari-lanceolatis patulis. Anthere 5, lineares, 
obtuse, ad faucem sessiles. Ovariwm coherens, multiloculare, lo- 
culis multiovulatis. Stylus filiformis, stamina longe superans. Stigma 
multi- (4—7) fidum, segmentis linearibus patulis. Fructus indehi- 
scens, baccatus, globosus, costatus, hirsutus, laciniis calycinis folia- 
ceis patentibus coronatus, pluri-(4—7) locularis, loculis polyspermis. 

Herba decumbens vel subrepens, hirsuta. Caules simplices, 4—8 
poll. longi. Folia, 1;—2 poll. longa, opposita, longiuscule petiolata, 
oblongo-lanceolata, integerrima, supra viridia, parcius pilosa, subtus 
pallida. Stipulz interpetiolares, late ovate, acute, membranacee. 
Flores, 8—9 lin. longi, axillares, solitarit, alterni, subsessiles, basi 
bracteis duabus stipulis subsimilibus stipati. 

1. S. hirsutum, Arn. 

Hab. in insula Ceylon. 

This genus may be placed near Sabicea. 


ACRANTHERA, Arn. (Rubiacee.) 


Calycis tubus oblongo-turbinatus, limbus 5-fidus, laciniis linearibus. 
Corolla tubulosa, intus glabra, extus hirsutissima, ultra medium 
5-fida, laciniis erectis, spathulatis, retusis, zestivatione valvata plicata. 
Stamina 5, erecta, basi corolle inserta, ea dimidio breviora ac ejus 
laciniis alterna: filamenta filiformia subpapillosa: anthere innate, 
oblongo-lineares, connectivo apice in mucronem longiusculum ultra 


Dr. W. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 21 


loculos producto. Ovarium coherens, pseudo-biloculare, dissepi- 
mentis duobus oppositis vix ad medium attingentibus, placentam 
bilamellatam divaricatam ferentibus: ovula innumera. Stylus fili- 
formis, discum bulbiformem perforans: stigma clavatum, muriculatum. 
Fructus hirsutus, lineari-oblongus, compressiusculus, limbo calycis 
erecto coronatus, membranaceus, indehiscens, intus subpulposus, 
pseudo-bilocularis. Semina innumera, minuta, globosa, papillosa, 
placente lamellis nidulantia. Albumen corneum. 

Herba humilis (8—8 poll. alta), hirsuta, simplex, habitu quodammodo 
Cyrtandraceo. Folia opposita, 4—6 poll. longa, petiolata, oblongo- 
obovata, obtusa, basi attenuata, membranacea, integerrima, supra vi- 
rvidia, glabriosa, subtus pallida; supremum par ceteris sepius multo 
minus : pili rigidi, acutissimi, forsan urentes. Stipule interpetiolares, 
indivise, triangulares, ovate, acute. Pedunculi ex azillis supremis 
orti, breves, flores fustigiatos breviter pedicellatos ferentes. Corolla 
cerulea ac baccu matura pollicem longa, hec duas lineas lata. 


1. A. Ceylanica, Arn. Wight, Cat. n. 2472. 
Hab. in insuia Ceylon, legerunt Walker et Wight, Martio 1836. 


This approaches most to Mussenda, but ditters by several 
characters and by the whole aspect. The internal structure 
of the fruit is not unlike that of some Cyrtandracee. 


Nevurocatyx, Hook. (Rudiacee.) 


Calycis tubus breve turbinatus, 10-sulcatus, hmbus 5-partitus, la- 
ciniis oblongis vel ovatis, acutis, patentibus, petaloides (albis), ve- 
nosis, persistentibus, ovario multo majoribus ; estivatio valvata, py- 
ramidata. Corolla calyce brevior, rotata, stellatim 5-partita, tubo 
brevissimo, laciniis anguste lanceolatis. Anthere magne, oblonge, 
ad basin corolle subsessiles, erectee, marginibus in tubum subconi- 
cum coalitz, connectivo dorso in ligulam brevem obtusam ultra lo- 
culos paullo producto. Ovarium adherens, disco operculari puberulo 
coronatum, biloculare, placenta in quoque loculo ad dissepimentum 
medium peltata, carnosa, magna, multiovulata. Sty/us filiformis, 
discum perforans. Stigma simpliciusculum vel obscure bilobum. 
Fructus subgloboso-turbinatus, 5-gonus, calycinis laciniis coronatus, 
membranaceus, indehiscens, bilocularis, polyspermus. Semina mi- 
nuta. 

Herbe simplices. Caules breves, versus apicem foliosi. Folia ap- 
proximata attamen opposita, cuneuto-lanceolata, longe petiolata, inie- 
gerrima, penninervia, subtus pallidiora, nervis venisque ac petiolis ful- 


22 Dr. W. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 


vis et plus minusve pubescentibus. Stipule interpetiolares bifida. Ra- 
cemi simplices, avillares, folio breviores, pedunculati, bracteatt. Flores 
pedicellati : pedicellus basi unibracteolatus. 


1. N. Wightii (Arn.) ; stipularum segmentis ovatis, integris, apice 
subulato cuspidatis, bracteis vel integris vel basi utrinque laci- 
nulis setacea unica auctis. Wight, Cat. n. 2473. 

Hab. ad Courtallum, Wight. 

Caulis 3—12 poll. altus, inferne nudus, ferrugineo-pubescens. 
Racemi cernui, folio 2—3-plo breviores : pedicellus calyce duplo bre- 
vior. Calycis laciniz ovate, corolla paullo tantum longiores: ova- 
rium 10-costatum, 10-sulcatum, at fructus 5-angulatus, faciebus pla- 
niusculis. 


2. N. ceylanicus (Hook.); stipularum segmentis lanceolatis atte- 
nuatis latere exteriore pinnatisectis, bracteis pedunculi palmati- 
sectis, laciniis sub 5 lateralibus tenuioribus. 

Hab. in insula Ceylon, ad ‘‘ Adam’s Peak,” Walker. 

Caulis subnullus. Racemi folio tantum paullo breviores: pedi- 

cellus calycem subequans. Calycis laciniz oblonge, corollam duplo 
superantes: ovarium et fructus omnino ut in antecedente. 


That this genus is allied to Argostemma*, Wall., will not I 
presume be disputed ; indeed, trusting to the generic charac- 
ter alone which is given of that genus, it might be doubted if 
the two were truly distinct. In Argostemma, however, the 
calyx segments are green, and considerably shorter than the 


* The following is a new species of Argostemma, the only one yet disco- 
vered in the Peninsula of India, found at Couriallum, in 1835, by Dr. 
Wight. 

A. courtallense (Arn.) ; caule basi repente, supra terram erecto, simplici 
pubescente, foliis utrinque glabris, verticillatis terminalibus vel quaternis, 
duobus oppositis aut tribus late ovatis subeequalibus czetera oblonga multo 
superantibus, nunc quinto inferiore, vel rarius ternis subzequalibus, stipulis 
obsoletis, umbella pedunculata 2—6-flora foliis majoribus breviore, pedicellis 
calycibusque pubescentibus, floribus 4-meris, filamentis declinatis, antheris 
discretis, versus apicem rima duplici dehiscentibus. Wight, Cat. n. 2474. 

Corolla alba, basi annulo viridi 4-fido lobis emarginatis notata, calycis seg- 
menta ovata acuta duplo superans: laciniz ovate, acute. Ab hoc differt 
affine 4. sarmentosum, Wall., foliis haud verticillatis at tantum approximatis, 
cujusque pari valde inzequalibus, subtus ad nervos villosis, corolla calycem 
5-plo superante ac laciniis lanceolatis : convenit autem stipularum defectu, 
floribus tetrameris, calyce pubescente, corolla basi viridi annulata, staminibus 
declinatis, antheris liberis. 

DeCandolle, in his generic character, describes the anthers as cohering at 
the apex, which dees not seem to be the case in any of the species noticed 
by Dr. Wallich, who constituted the genus. 


Dr. W. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 23 


corolla; here they are white and veined, and during estivation 
quite inclose the corolla: in Argostemma the peduncles are 
either single-flowered, or bear an umbel or corymb; here the 
flowers form a loose simple raceme. In none of the specimens 
which I have examined, (and in some the seeds appeared per- 
fectly ripe) did the fruit present the least appearance of dehi- 
Scence ; as, however, the structure of the ovarium and disk is 
very similar to that of Argostemma, it is not improbable that, 
as described in that genus, the fruit may open in a radiating 
manner at the apex, which renders it doubtful whether it 
ought to be considered capsular, as DeCandolle, or baccata, 
as Dr. Wallich views it. 

Since the above characters were drawn up, Sir W. J. Hooker 
has described this genus and figured one of the species in his 
valuable ‘ Icones Plantarum’ : he, however, has mentioned, but 
with doubt, the fruit as a 5-celled capsule, and in the plate 
traces of five dissepiments are represented. As this is the 
principal point of difference between his observations and mine, 
I have re-examined both flower and fruit of N. Wighti, and. 
an ovarium of N. ceylanicus, but I cannot perceive more than 
the two cells which I have noticed. 

In the same part of the ‘ Icones’ two Ceylonese species of 
Eleocarpus are figured ; of these E. pubescens (tab. 155.) is 
an excellent representation of my £. subvillosus, and E. coria- 
ceus (tab. 154.) of my E. obovatus, published in the‘ Nov. Act. 
Acad. C. L. Nat. Cur,’ xviii. p.322. Allied to Eleocarpus 1 
possess a new genus, also from Ceylon, of which the petals 
are exactly as in E/eocarpus, the filaments long as in Grewia, 
or rather Tilia, the anthers short and considerably different 
from those of either; the leaves, with nearly the structure of 
some species of Capparis, are opposite and quite entire; the 
calyx has a valvular estivation, and when in bud is globose 
and inclosed within two rounded concave bracteole ; it may 
be Eleocarpus integrifolius of Moon’s ‘ Catalogue of Ceylon 
Plants. I have seen neither fruit nor seed. 


[To be continued. ] 


24 Mr. 'T. C. Eyton on the Fauna of Shropshire. 


IV.—An attempt to ascertain the Fauna of Shropshire and 
North Wales, By T. C. Eyron, Esq., F.L.S. 


{Continued from vol. ii. p. 56.] 


IV. Reptilia. 

Lacerta agilis, Linn. (Sand Lizard.) ‘Two British specimens of 
this beautiful species are in my collection, one captured by myself 
in the garden of the Inn at Capel Cerrig, the other on the borders of 
the Weald Moors. 

Zootoca vivipara, Wagl. (Viviparous Lizard.) Common. 

Anguis fragilis, Linn. (Blind Worm.) Common in many local- 
ities in North Wales, particularly on the hills in the neighbourhood 
of Barmouth. 

Natriz torquata, Ray. (Common Snake.) Common. 

Vipera communis, Leach. (Viper.) Found in many localities, 
though not very common, amongst which may be named Rudge 
Heath and Knocker Heath in Shropshire, and on the sea-shore in 
the neighbourhood of Barmouth. 

Rana temporaria, Linn. (Frog.) Common. 

Rana esculenta, Linn. (Edible Frog.) Found on the Weald 
Moors in Shropshire. During the war, some French emigrants who 
were at Wellington were highly delighted in finding the true sort in 
this locality. 

Bufo vulgaris, Flem. (Toad.) Common. 

Triton palustris, Flem. (Warty Eft.) Common in pits in the 
neighbourhood of Eyton. Is this species distinct from the following ? 

Triton punctatus, Bonap. (Common Eft.) Common both in Wales 
and Shropshire. A variety is found on the Holyhead mountain in 
spring, under stones, which differs in being of a much lighter colour, 
and in having two dark stripes on each side of the dorsal line; the 
belly is deep orange with much fewer spots than usual; the total 
length three inches : the numbering of the vertebra however is the 
same as in the common species. 


V. Pisces. 

Perca fluviatilis, Linn. (Perch.) A common fish both in the 
rivers and pools throughout Shropshire, but I know of no lake in 
North Wales in which it is indigenous; the deformed variety found 
in the Thames I have repeatedly taken in the Shrewsbury canal. 
This deformity is by no means peculiar to perch; I have in my col- 
lection the back bone of a tench and also that of a roach exhibiting it. 
It is I suspect produced by the ungenial nature of the water produ- 


Mr. T. C. Eyton on the Fauna of Shropshire. 25 


cing weakness while young, as I never found one in this state of 
larger size. 

Labrax Lupus, Cuv. et Val. (Basse.) Common at Barmouth, 
North Wales, where it is caught in the mouth of the river by trail- 
ing a piece of herring or other fish fixed on a hook after a sailing 
boat in a brisk wind. 

Serranus Cabrilla, Cuv. et Val. (The smooth Serranus.) I have 
seen several specimens of this fish taken by lines in a small rocky 
bay between Rhoscolyn and Holyhead ; it is of a beautiful glossy 
colour when taken out of the water. 

Crenilabrus rupestris, Selby. (Jago’s Gold Sinny.) A single spe- 
cimen of this rare British fish is in my possession, obtained on the 
coast of North Wales, near Aberystwith, two years ago, having been 
thrown upon the sand by a storm; it agrees precisely with Mr. 
Selby’s description in the ‘ Magazine of Zoology and Botany,’ vol. i. 

Acerina vulgaris, Cuy. et Val. (Ruffe.) Common in the rivers 
and canals of Shropshire; but I have never seen any Welsh speci- 
mens. 

Trachinus Draco, Linn. (Great Weaver.) Occasionally found on 
the Welsh coast. 

Trachinus Vipera, Cuv. et Val. (Lesser Weaver.) Common on 
the sandy portions of the coast, and the horror of all bare-footed 
shrimp-catchers. 

Mullus Surmuletus, Linn. (Striped Red Mullet.) I once saw an 
enormous shoal of this species in the harbour at Holyhead ; numbers 
were taken in nets. 

Trigla Gurnardus, Linn. (Grey Gurnard.) Common. 

Cottus Gobio, Linn. (Bullhead.) Common in the brooks and 
rivers of Shropshire, but never, that I am aware, observed in North 
Wales. 

Cottus Bubalis, Euph. (Father-lasher.) Common. 

Gasterosteus leiurus, Cuv. et Val. (Smooth-tailed Stickle-back.) 
The only species of this genus I have obtained in this neighbourhood, 
and I have no doubt of it being distinct: at first, however, I sus- 
pected this was not the case, having observed a single rudimentary 
scale posterior to the true ones; but although I have confined them 
by hundreds in small pools and jars with different kinds of water, no 
change has been produced further than increase of size, 

Pagellus centrodontus. (Sea Bream.) Common near Holyhead. 

Scomber Scomber, Linn. (Mackerel.) Common. 

- Zeus Faber, Linn. (Dory.) I have never obtained but one spe- 
cimen on the Welsh coast, and it is certainly not by any means com- 


26 Mr. T. C. Eyton on the Fauna of Shropshire. 


mon, as all the fishermen at Holyhead where it was taken agreed in 
never having seen a fish of the sort there before. 

Mugil Capito, Cuv. (Grey Mullet.) Occasionally met with. 

Blennius Montagui, Flem. (Montagu? Blenny.) Once captured 
in the creek dividing Holyhead Island from Anglesea. 

Blennius Gattorugine, Don. (Gattoruginous Blenny.) I never 
took but one specimen of this fish in Wales, it was at Holyhead. 
Although its form leaves no doubt as to the identity of the species, 
some slight differences from the descriptions of colour exist. In my 
specimen there are five black or dusky bands transversely across the 
body and back fin ; the first arises at the anterior origin of the fin, 
and is continued to the gill covers: the base of the pectoral fins is 
also dusky. 

Blennius Pholis, Linn. (Shanny.) In recent specimens of this fish 
there is an appendage composed of a few branching hairs arising on 
each side at the upper extremity of the cavity anterior to the eyes: in 
dried specimens these appendages are not seen. 

Murenoides guttata, Lacep. (Spotted Gunnel.) Holyhead: not 
common. 

Zoarces viviparus, Cuv. (Viviparous Blenny.) Holyhead and 
Barmouth : common. 

Gobius niger, Linn. (Black Goby.) My specimens were obtained 
from Holyhead, under sea-weed in puddles, below high water mark ; 
the black band in all is more distinct than represented in Mr. Yar- 
rell’s cut, and the scales are not so distinct. 

Gobius bipunctatus, Yarr. (Double-spotted Goby.) Obtained at 
Holyhead, but not commonly. 

Lophius piscatorius, Linn. (Angler.) Occasionally taken in her- 
ring nets off Holyhead. I have a specimen 3 feet 6 in. long, from 
which was taken nine herrings, and a leopard shark 18 inches long. 

Cyprinus Carpio, Linn. (Carp.) Common. 

Cyprinus Gibelio, Bloch. (Carucian Carp.) Found in a pit near 
Cotwall, Shropshire, into which it was introduced from Warwickshire. 

Gobio fluviatilis, Will. (Gudgeon.) Commion throughout Salop, 
but, as far as I have been able to ascertain, not indigenous in North 
Wales. 

Tinca vulgaris, Cuv. (Tench.) Common. 

Abramis Brama, Cuv. (Bream.) Found in Fennymere and other 
lakes in Salop. 

Leuciscus Rutilus,Cuv. (Roach.) Common. 

Leuciscus vulgaris, Cuv. (Dace.) Common in rivers: neither this 
nor the preceding species is found indigenous in North Wales. 


Mr. T. C. Eyton on the Fauna of Shropshire. 27 


Leuciscus Cephalus, Flem. (Chub.) Common in the rivers of 
Shropshire, but not that I am aware of ever found in North Wales. 

Leuciscus Erythrophthalmus, Cuv. (Red-eye Chub.) Found, but 
not so commonly as the roach and dace, in Salop. 

Leuciscus Alburnus, Cuv. (Bleak.) Not uncommon in the Severn 
near Shrewsbury. My specimens were obtained in the spring from 
small brooks running into that river, in company with minnows and 
small gudgeons. 

Leuciscus Phoxinus, Cuv. (Minnow.) Common: I have a spe- 
cimen from the North Forest wanting the nasal projection. 

Cobitis barbatula, Linn. (Loach.) Common in Shropshire, but 
not observed in North Wales. 

Esox Lucius, Linn. (Pike.) In Shropshire common, but not in- 
digenous in North Wales. 

Salmo Salar, Linn. (Salmon.) Ascends most of the rivers of 
North Wales and the Severn to spawn. 

Salmo Trutta, Linn. (Salmon Trout and Sewen.) Found in the 
Islwyth and Conway. 

Salmo Salmulus, Will. (Samlet.) Found in the Severn and in 
most of the rivers of North Wales. 

Salmo Fario, Linn. (Common Trout.) Common: several va- 
rieties are found in the Welsh lakes, which at first sight might be 
taken for species ; but upon a minute examination and dissection, I 
am convinced to the contrary ; three different varieties are found in 
Dyner alone. 

Salmo Salvelinus, Don. (Welsh Char.) Found in the following 
lakes of Wales, Corsygeddol, Llanberris, Llyn Quellyn near Snowdon, 
and Edna, a lake on the hills between Capel Cerrig and Bedgellert. 

Osmerus Eperlanus, Flem. (Smelt.) Found in the Conway and 
Dee. 

Thymallus vulgaris, Will. (Grayling.) Found in Severn, Team, 
and Clan in Shropshire. I am not aware of its occurrence in North 
Wales. 

Salmo Lavaretus, Penn. (Groymad.) Found in abundance in 
Rala Pool. 

Scopelus Humboldti, Cuv. (Argentine.) Pennant mentions a spe- 
cimen taken near Downing. 

Clupea Harengus, Linn. (Herring.) Taken in abundance on the 
Welsh coast. 

Clupea alba, Yarrell. (White Bait.) The only locality I know 
of for this fish in the district, is in the Murdoch, a river running into 
the sea at Barmouth. 


28 Mr. T. C. Eyton on the Fauna of Shropshire. 


Alosa communis, Cuv. (Allis Shad.) In the Severn during 
summer. 

Engraulis Encrasicholus, Flem. (Anchovy.) Pennant mentions 
having obtained this fish near Downing. 

Morrhua vulgaris, Linn. (Cod.) Caught on many parts of the 
coast of North Wales. 

Morrhua Aiglefinus, Cuy. (Haddock.) Caught occasionally on 
most parts of the coast. 

Merlangus Pollachius, Cuv. (Pollach.) Common. 

Platessa vulgaris, Flem. (Plaice.) Common. 

Platessa Flesus, Cuv. (Flounder.) Common in the Severn. 

Platessa Limanda, Cuv. (Dab.) Holyhead: common. 

Rhombus maximus, Cuv. (‘Turbot.) Holyhead and on the Caer- 
narvonshire coast. 

Rhombus vulgaris. (Brill.) Common. 

Rhombus megastoma, Cuv. (Whitf.) Once captured at Holyhead. 

Solea vulgaris, Mer. (Sole.) Common. 

Cyclopterus lumpus, Linn. (Lump-sucker.) Occasionally taken 
at Holyhead. I have specimens in my coliection not more than 
three quarters of an inch long. 

Liparis vulgaris, Cuv. (Unctuous Sucker.) Common. 

Liparis Montagui, Cuv. (Montagu’s Sucker.) Holyhead: not 
common. 

Anguilla acutirostris, Yarr. (Sharp-nosed Eel.) Found in the 
Severn, and in pools near Eyton. 

Anguilla latirostris, Yarr. (Broad-nosed Eel.) Frequents the 
muddy drains on the Weald Moors rather than running water, and 
grows to a much larger size than the preceding. 

Anguilla mediorostris, Yarr. (Snig.) Also found occasionally in 
the neighbourhood of Eyton. 

Conger vulgaris, Cuv. (Conger.) Common in the neighbourhood 
of Holyhead. 

Leptocephalus Morrisii, Penn. (Anglesea Morris.) ‘Three or 
four specimens have at different times been taken on the Welsh coast. 

Ammodytes Tobianus, Cuv. (Sand Eel.) Common. 

Ammodytes Lancea, Cuv. (Sand Launce.) Also found occasionally 
on the Welsh coast in company with the preceding, but not nearly 
so commonly. 

Syngnathus Typhle, Linn. (Deep-nosed Pipe-fish.) Once taken 
at Holyhead. 

Syngnathus Ophidion, Bloch. (Snake Pipe-fish.) Several times 
captured near Holyhead. 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 29 


Syngnathus lumbriciformis, Jenyns. (Worm Pipe-fish.) Holyhead : 
common. 

Acipenser Sturio, Linn. (Sturgeon.) One of these fish was taken 
in 1799 in the Severn above Shrewsbury. The specimen is now in 
the Museum of the Shropshire and North Wales Natural History 
Society. 

Scyllium Canicula, Cuv. (Spotted Dog-fish.) Common on the 
Welsh coast. 

Lamna Monensis, Cuy. (Beaumaris Shark.) Has been twice taken 
in the Menai Straits. 

Selache maximus, Cuv. (Basking Shark.) Occurs but rarely on 
the Welsh coast. 

Raia Batis, Linn. (Skate.) On the Welsh coast, but not common. 

Raia clavata, Will. (Thornback.) Common. 

Petromyzon marinus, Linn. (Lamprey.) Found in the Severn 
and Dee. 

Petromyzon fluviatilis, Linn. (Lampern.) Also found in the Severn 
and Dee; in the former, though in great abundance, near Worcester : 
it is rare at Shrewsbury. 

Ammocetes branchialis, Cuv. (Land Pride.) Common in the 
brooks of Salop. 


V.—Flore Insularum Nove Zelandie Precursor; or a Spe- 
cimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By 
ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, Esq. 

{Continued from vol. ii. p. 214. ] 


HALORAGEA, R. Br. 
1. Cercopia, Murray, Lamarck. 


Calycis tubus ovario adnatus, limbus 4-partitus. Petala 4. Stam. 8. 
Stigmata 4, sessilia. Fructus nucamentaceus, indehiscens, tetraqueter, 
4-alatus, 4-locularis, 4-spermus. 

526. C. erecta, foliis (oppositis) petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis grosse den- 
tatis, 2—3 uncialibus ; floribus in axillis superioribus sessilibus aggregato- 
verticillatis, DC. Prodr. iii. p.67. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 324.— 
Haloragis alata. Jacg. Ic. 1. ¢. 69. 

Ti or Toa-Toa, incol. D’ Urville, 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Open fern- 
grounds, Bay of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 

527. C. alternifolia, foliis alternis petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis acutis grosse 
serratis scabriusculis (uncialibus), floribus axillaribus pedicellatis solitariis 
vel in verticillis 2—3, versus extremitates ramulorum, ramulis angulatis 
asperis. 


30 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


New Zealand (Northern Island). Among fern, on the shores of the Bay 
of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

528. C. incana, cano-villosa, foliis oppositis brevi-petiolatis oblongo-ovatis 
ovatisve coriaceis serratis, floribus axillaribus solitariis vel terminalibus race- 
mosis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Dry exposed rocky hills. Wangaroa. 
—1826, A. Cunningham. 

Gontocarpus, Koenig. 

Calycis tubus ovario ovato adherens, limbus 4-partitus. Petala 4, lobis 
calycis alterna. Stamina 8. Stigmata 4. Fructus nucamentaceus 
indehiscens, 8-angulatus, 8-nervius, 4-locularis, 4-spermus. Semina in 
loculis pendula. 

529. G. tetragynus, foliis ovatis serratis acutis subscabris, junioribus pe- 
talis ramulisque pilosis, spicis elongatis, floribus sessilibus erectis. DC. 
Prodr. iii. p.66.—G. tetragyna. Labill. Nov. Holl. i. p.39. t. 58. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Among fern, on hills around the Bay 
of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

Obs. Caulis spithameus et triplo altior, suberectus obtuse tetragonus ut 
ramula. Flores ex axillis foliorum seu bractearum alternarum, solitarii. 
Petala 4, pilis caducis exasperata. Staminum filamenta octo brevia, anther 
oblonge tetragonz biloculares. Germen inferum subglobosum. Stigmata 
penicilliformia. 

530. G. citriodorus ; repens, foliis ovato-rotundatis cordatis acutis crenu- 
latis, petalis ramulisque glabris, spicis abbreviatis, floribus tetrandris pen- 
dulis. 

Piri-piri ab incolis vulgo nominatur. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). In bogs, on the banks of the Keri 
Keri river, Bay of Islands.—1834, Rich. Cunningham. 

531. G. depressus, repens, foliis elliptico-ovatis acutis crenatis, ramulisque 
scabriusculis, spicis elongatis laxis, floribus subsessilibus patulis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Low boggy ground at Wangaroa.— 
1826, A. Cunningham. 

Myriornytium, Vaill., Linn. 

532. M. propinguum, foliis quaternum verticillatis pinnatipartitis, lobis 
linearibus oppositis, inferioribus quandoque linearibus integris vel dentatis, 
floribus axillaribus solitariis geminisve. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Bogs at the Mission Station on the 
Keri Keri river, as also on the Hokianga river.—1834, 2. Cunningham. 

Obs. Herba facie Myriophylli verticillati, L. Omnino cum M.elatinoidi, 
Gaud. (Ann. Sc. Nat. v. p. 105) characteribus congruit nostra planta ; flori- 
bus axillaribus dioicis, masculis octandris, sed fortasse diversa. 


ONAGRARIA, Juss. 
1. Fucus1a, Plum., L. 
* Flores petaliferi. 
533. F. excorticata, ramis levibus demum excorticatis, foliis alternis pe- 
tiolatis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis denticulatis subtus dealbatis glabris, pe- 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 31 


dicellis axillaribus flore subbrevioribus, lobis calycis lanceolatis tubo longi- 
oribus trinerviis, petala ovata duplo superantibus. DC. Prodr. iii. p.39. 
Bot. Reg. t.857.—Skinnera excorticata. Forst. Gen. t.29. A. Rich. Fl. 
Nov. Zel. p. 331. 

Kohutu-hutu vulgo ab incolis dicitur. 


The berries of this fine plant, which emit a delicious perfume, and 
are produced in great abundance during the summer months in New 
Zealand, contain a large portion of sugar, and on that account are 
eaten with avidity, both by the natives and the birds of those islands. 
How Forster could have so misunderstood the fruit of this shrub as 
to have described it as a capsule, and in consequence erected it into 
a genus distinct from Fuchsia, to which all subsequent botanists 
(saving M. Ach. Richard, who retains Forster’s genus) have referred 
it, is dificult to understand. 


** Flores apetali. 


534. F. procumbens (R.C. Mss.), caule procumbente adscendente, ramis 
gracilibus glabris, foliis sparsis alternis longe petiolatis lato-ellipticis subro- 
tundisve obtusis basi subinde cordatis remote denticulatis ciliatis, paginis 
glabris, pedicellis solitariis axillaribus (in ramulis lateralibus) flore ter bre- 
vioribus, perianthio infundibuliformi, lobis lanceolatis reflexis tubo breviori- 
bus, stylo elongato filiformi stamina exserta superante, stigmate dilatato lo- 
bato, pilis patentibus tenuiter instructo! 

Totera indigenis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Around the village of Matauri on the 
east coast opposite the Cavallos Isles, inhabiting the sands immediately 
above the range of the tide, where it was found in flower in March.— 
1834, R. Cunningham. 

Fruticulus decumbens, virgatus. Rami patentes, graciles, glabri, teretes, 
juniores foliati. olia subuncialia venosa, basi cordiformia, minute denti- 
culata, utrinque glabra. Pedzoli unciales, complanato-filiformes, glabrius- 
culi supra canaliculati. ores axillares, solitarii, erecti. Perianthium tu- 
bulosum, aurantio-luteum, limbus 4-partitus reflexus, laciniis aqualibus 
lanceolatis acutis viridibus, apicibus purpureo-luridis. Stamina octo, fila- 
menta fauci inserta. Anthere ovate, biloculares, peltate. Ovarium 4-lo- 
culare, loculis pluriovulatis, ovulis obovatis erectis. Stylus complanatus, 
staminibus longior. Stigma clavatum, lobatum. Bacca—? 


2. Epriosium, L. 

535. E. nummularifolium (R. C. Mss.) foliis oppositis (lineam unam lon- 
gis) subrotundis carnosis petiolatis integris subcrenulatisve glabris subtus 
glaucis, floribus pedicellatis axillaribus solitariis, fructibus pedunculatis albo- 
pubentibus, caule repente—E. pendulum. Sol. Mss. in Bibl. Banks. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shores of the 
Keri Keri river, and in dry as well as in boggy grounds.—1834, Rich. Cun- 
ningham. 

536. E. pedunculare, repens, radicans, parum_pubescens, foliis oppositis 


32 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


subrotundis (2 lineas longis) membranaceis petiolatis denticulatis, floribus 
axillaribus solitariis, pedunculis elongatis, fructibus glabris. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Near the lake situated between Wai- 
maté Mission House and the great forest of Hokianga.—1834, Rich. Cun- 
ningham. 

537. E. microphyllum, caulibus erectis gracilibus levibus, foliis inferioribus 
oppositis (vix unam lineam longis) ovalibus obtusis carnosis brevi-petiolatis 
integerrimis utrinque glabris aveniis, floribus solitariis axillaribus pedicellatis, 
fructibus brevi-pedunculatis, marginibus tantum albo-pubentibus. 4. Rich. 
Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 325. t. 36. f. 2. 

Popa vulgo incole nunecupant. D’Urville. 

New Zealand (Middle Island). Dry and sandy places near Astrolabe 
Harbour.—1827, D’ Urville. 

538. E. rotundifolium, caule erectiusculo cinereo-pubescente, foliis oppo- 
sitis (semiuncialibus) petiolatis subrotundis lato-ellipticisve obtusis denticu- 
latis glabriusculis, petiolis ramulisque cinereis, floribus solitariis axillaribus 
pedunculatis, pedunculis incanis folio longioribus, fructibus tenuissime pu- 
bentibus. Forst. Prodr.n. 161. DC. Prodr. iii. p.48. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. 
Zel, p. 326.—E. flaccidum. Sol. Ms. non Brot, 

New Zealand (Northern Island)—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Alluvial shores 
of the Kana-Kana river.—1826, 4. Cunningham. (Middle Island). Queen 
Charlotte’s Sound.—1773, G. Forster. 

539. E. thymifolium (RC. Ms.) ; caulibus ascendentibus cinereo-scabrius- 
culis, foliis oppositis (2 lin. longis) ovato-oblongis obtusis crassiusculis undu- 
latis integerrimis vel paucidenticulatis scabris, floribus solitariis geminisve 
axillaribus, pedunculis capsulisque albo-pubentibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Among fern in dry exposed situations 
at the Waimaté Mission Station.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

540. £. alsinoides, caulibus adscendentibus divaricatis glabriusculis, foliis 
oppositis alternisve ovatis obtusis membranaceis integerrimis seu paucidenti- 
culatis glabris, floribus solitariis axillaribus pedicellatis, pedunculis elongatis 
capsulisque tenuiter incano-pubescentibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Between the Waimaté and Keri-Keri 
Mission Stations, Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

541. E. nerterioides, glabrum, caule repente radicante, foliis oppositis 
ellipticis (2 lin. longis) obtusis petiolatis subintegerrimis margine revolutis, 
utrinque capsulisque lzvibus, floribus solitariis axillaribus pedicellatis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Bogs, near the Kana-Kanariver, Bay 
of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 

542. E. atriplicifolium, glabriusculum, caule basi suffruticoso erecto, foliis 
oppositis (sup. alternis) ovato-lanceolatis rhomboideisve crassiusculis remote 
dentatis, floribus solitariis axillaribus breve pedicellatis, pedunculis fructife- 
ris capsula levi subquater brevioribus, ramulis tenuissime cano-pubentibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Damp woods, near the great falls of the 
Keri Keri river, Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

543. E. pubens, pubigerum, caule erecto, foliis inferioribus oppositis ova- 
libus ovali-oblongisve venosis obtusis petiolatis serratis, floribus axillaribus 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 33 


solitariis, pedunculis fructiferis capsula ter brevioribus. 4. Rich. Fl. Nov 
Zel. p. 329. t. 36. f. 1. 

Kata-pourogut nomen vernaculum. D’Urville. 

Caulis repens, ramis erectis vix pedalibus. ores parvuli, albi, breviter 
pedunculati. 

544. E. cinereum, pubenti-cinereum, foliis suboppositis lineari-lanceolatis 
subspathulatis apice mucronulatis margine parum et distanter dentatis, flo- 
ribus axillaribus solitariis, pedunculis fructiferis capsula multoties brevi- 
.oribus. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.320. 

Pou-nao-ucko, indigenis, D’Urville. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Shady situations on the skirts of woods, 
Wangaroa, &c.—1833, &. Cunningham. Bay of Islands.—1827, D’Urville. 

Caulis erectus, 2-pedalis. lores rubelli. 

545. E. incanum, erectum cano-villosum, foliis lineari-oblongis apice api- 
culo obtuso, margine pauci- remoteque dentatis, floribus axillaribus solitariis, 
pedunculis capsuliferis, fructu parum brevioribus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Margins of woods, near the falls of the 
Waitangy river, Bay of Islands.—1834, R. Cunningham. 

Obs. Species precedenti valde affinis, sed forsan characteribus datis 
distincta, omnino villosior. 

546. E. hirtigerum, strictum, dense laxeque pilosum, foliis (uncialibus) 
alternis sessilibus confertis angusto-lanceolatis acutiusculis supra convexis 
integerrimis aut raro denticulatis modice erectis subappresisve, floribus ax- 
illaribus solitariis brevissime pedicellatis, capsula pedunculo fructifero mul- 
toties longiore. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Skirts of forests round Wangaroa 
Harbour.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

Caulis erectus, bipedalis, confertim foliosus. ores purpurei seu lilacini. 
Capsula (2-pollicaris) obtuse tetragona, villosa, villis lanuginosis. 

547. E. virgatum, erectum, gracile foliis (inferioribus) oppositis linearibus 
(subuncialibus) acutis paucidentatis modice erectis, ramulisque tenuiter vir- 
gatis incanis, floribus axillaribus solitariis, pedunculis fructiferis capsulam 
subeequantibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). In woods near the falls of the Keri-Keri 
river, at the head of the Kana-Kana river, &c., Bay of Islands.—18384, R. 
Cunningham. 

548. E. glabellum, ramiserectis glabriusculis, foliis (inferioribus) oppositis 
oblongo-lanceolatis lanceolatisve obtusiusculis brevi-petiolatis distanter ser- 
ratis, nervis margineque ciliatis, floribus axillaribus solitariis, capsula pe- 
dunculo fructifero plus triplo longiore. Forst. Prodr.n. 160. A. Rich. Fl. 
Nov. Zel. p. 328. 

Mati couragui, indig. D’ Urville. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Country be- 
tween the Waitangy and the Keri-Keri rivers, Bay of Islands.—1834, RL. 
Cunningham. (Middle Island.)—1773, G. Forster. 

Caulis prostratus repens, ramis erectis pedalibus et ultra. Folia pollicem 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 14. Marci 1839. D 


34 Mr. Thompson on an apparently undescribed 


et ultra longa. Flores rubelli, pedunculati, pedunculo brevi tomentoso. Cap- 
sula 2-pollicaris, obsolete quadrigona, przesertim ad suturas pubescens. 

549. E. confertum, strictum, adpresso curtoque canum, foliis (uncialibus) 
oblongo-lanceolatis argute serratis ad axillas confertis, floribus axillaribus 
solitariis, pedunculis fructiferis capsula duplo brevioribus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Among grass on river banks, Wanga- 
roa.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 

Caulis erectus, pedalis. Rami rubelli, pilis albis adpressis brevissimis 
conspersi. Jolia lanceolata, angusta, remote serrata vel subsinuata, fasci- 
culata. Flores secus apices ramorum axillares. Capsula linearis bipolli- 
caris, obtuse tetragona. 

550. E. pallidiflorum, (Sol. Ms.) erectum, glabriusculum, foliis oppo- 
sitis breviter petiolatis longo-lanceolatis acuminatis serrulatis venosis, flori- 
bus ad summitatem ramulorum axillaribus, ramulisque albo-patentibus, cap- 
sula pedunculo fructifero ter longiore. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Swampy grounds, Opuraga (Mercury 
Bay, lat. 363°. S.)—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. In low wet situations, Wangaroa. 
—1826, A. Cunningham. 

Caulis erectus, tripedalis et ultra; ramis teretibus strictis virgatis fuscis 
tenuissime pubentibus. ores albi, majores quam in alteris speciebus, laci- 
niis calycinis ovatis acutis corolla brevioribus. 

551. E. gunceum (Sol. Ms.) caule tereti fistuloso, superne incano-pube- 
seente, foliis sessilibus lanceolatis acutis denticulatis glabriusculis, calycibus 
acuminatis corollam superantibus. Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. p. 233. Forst. 
Prodr.n.516.—E., denticulatum, Ruiz et Pavon. Fl. Peruv. iii. p. 78. t. 314. 
sec. Spreng. 

552. E. haloragifolium, caule erecto, foliis (semiuncialibus) superioribus 
alternis subsessilibus patentibus ovato-lanceolatis obtusis remote dentatis 
glabris, floribus ad summa ramulorum solitariis, pedunculis fructiferis cap- 
sula pubigera triplo quadruplove brevioribus, ramulis pubescentibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Shady places among fern on the Wai- 
caddy river, Bay of Islands.—1833, &. Cunningham. 

Obs. Valde affine £. atriplicifolio, sed differt foliis ovato-lanceolatis, et 
capsula matura pubente. 

[To be continued. | 


Vi.—On an apparently undescribed Species of Lepadogaster ; 
and on the Gobrus minutus of Muller, and Cyclopterus 
minutus of Pallas ? considered as the young of Cycl. lampus, 
Linn. By Wn. Tuompson, Esq., Vice-President of the 
Natural History Society of Belfast *. 


LEPADOGASTER CEPHALUS, mihi. Connemara Sucker. 
In the collection of Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin, there is an 


* Read before this Society December 5, 1838, and illustrated by the speci- 
mens alluded to. 


Species of Lepadogaster. 35 


apparently undescribed species of Lepadogaster which was 
taken in Roundstone Bay, Connemara, on the western coast of 
Ireland. From the two British species already known, L. bima- 
culatus and L. Cornubiensis, this fish is very different. It can- 
not be that alluded to in his paper on the Fishes of Cornwall by 
Mr. Couch, (Linn. Trans. v. xiv. p. 88.) as allied to the latter, 
nor can it be mistaken by any ichthyologist for the L. Cornu- 
biensis, which has been described so differently by authors as 
to have led Mr. Jenyns to remark in reference to it that 
“possibly we may have two species in our seas, which have 
been hitherto confounded.” ‘ Man. Brit. Vert. An.’ p. 470. A 
critical comparison shows that the fish under consideration 
agrees not with any of the eleven or twelve ? (see p. 274) spe- 
cies described by Risso as inhabiting the Mediterranean *, 
‘Hist. Nat. ?Eur. Mer.’ t. 3. p. 271—of these, the L. bici- 
hiatus is considered by Mr. Yarrell to be the same as the 
L. Cornubiensis. Although in the depressed form of the head, 
this fish resembles more the minute species L. bimaculatus 
than the L. Cornubiensis, yet its equalling the latter in size, 
and having with it the dorsal and anal fins occupying a con- 
siderable portion of its length, renders it only necessary to 
be compared with this species. In general form it differs 
much from L. Cornubiensis + ; though narrower in the snout 
it is of greater breadth across the posterior part of the head ; 
it is-also much more depressed in the anterior half, and nar- 
rows suddenly behind the ventral disk, being to the tail com- 
pressed and tapering—in L. Cornubiensis the body slopes gra- 
dually from the head posteriorly. 

* This genus is either limited in geographical distribution, or there is 
much yet to be learned respecting it. In the general work of Bloch there 
is not a single species included; in the ‘ Prodromus Ichthyologie Scandi- 
navice’ of Nilsson, published in 1832, there are none, and in the ‘ Fauna 
Boreali- Americana’ it is remarked that none of the genus has yet been de- 
tected in America. 

Since this article was sent forward for publication I have seen Mr. 
Lowe’s ‘ Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira,’ just published in the ‘ Transac- 
tions of the Zoological Society of London’ (vol. i. part 3). Here I find a 
species of Lepadogaster described, but with much doubt, as the L. Candollii 
of Risso.—The few characters of the Madeira fish given by Mr. Lowe ac- 
cord with those of Z. eephalus ; but without a more detailed description of it, 
any opinion as to the identity of the species must be premature. 


+ The comparison is drawn up between the L. cephalus and an individual 
of L. Cornubiensis of similar size. 


D2 


36 Mr. Thompson on an apparently undescribed 


Desc. Length, 2} inches; skin smooth; fin rays in num- 
ber, D. 15; A. 10; P. 25 and 4; C. 15 (conspicuous, or 20 in 
all,)= Br. 5. Head very broad posteriorly, thence to the snout 
(which is truncated and 1} line across*) sub-conical, occu- 
pying rather more than 4 of the entire length ; from this part 
to a little beyond the portion of the body above the termina- 
tion of the ventral disk likewise sub-conical; thence to the 
tail rather compressed and tapering: in advance of each eye 
and on a line with its upper margin an extremely minute cir- 
rus, hardly visible without a lens: eyes large, lateral, the 
space between them twice their diameter, distant from snout 
1} of their diameters, occupying + the length of head: gape 
wide, the lower jaw rather the shorter; teeth pointed and 
very numerous in both jaws, the outer ones of the upper jaw 
the largest: gill opening small: pectoral fins placed just be- 
hind it, and “ extending downwards to the lower surface of 
the body, where the rays [4 in number] become suddenly 
stronger, and the membrane doubling forwards passes on to 
unite with that of the opposite fin under the throat ; the mem- 
branes of the pectorals thus united inclose a disk, and form 
a [slight] hemispherical cavity * * * * * [but smaller and of 
a different structure from that of L. Cornubiensis| formed by 
the united ventrals :” dorsal fin originating behind the middle 
of the entire length, and continued to near the caudal fin, 
with which it is unconnected; anal fin commencing nearer 
the caudal, from which it is separate; last ray of dorsal and 
anal fins when laid close to the body reaching to the base of 
the outer rays of caudal fin, their posterior rays about equal 
in length to the depth of the body at their base; caudal fin 
occupying about 4 of the entire length, central rays longest ; 
rays of all the fins articulated but not branched ; vent situated 
midway between the posterior part of ventral disk and the 
extremity of caudal fin: a short anal tubercle as in the genus 
Gobius—this the L. Cornubiensis and L. bimaculatus also pos- 
Sess. 

Colour (in spirits)—entire upper surface, sides of head and 
body, of an uniform dull flesh colour, (having been probably 


* 2% lines in the specimen of Z. Cornubtensts. 


Species of Lepadogaster. 37 


crimson when recent,) pectoral fins and under surface of a 
paler hue; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins pale carmine at the 
base, changing gradually to deep carmine at the extremi- 
ties. 

Spec. Cuar. A single very minute cirrus before each eye; 
dorsal and anal fins unconnected with the caudal; ventral 
disk small. 

When noticing the Lepadogaster Cornubiensis as an Irish 
species before the Zoological Society of London in June 1835, 
(Proceedings Z. S., p. 81.) I called attention to the very great 
discrepancy in the number of fin-rays in the specimen then 
exhibited, compared with that attributed to the species by the 
British authors who had to that period described it ; stating 
at the same time that I could not but consider the Irish spe- 
cimen the L. Cornubiensis. The individuals who furnished 
the descriptions to the works of Mr. Jenyns and Mr. Yarrell 
since published have accorded with mine, and the view taken 
by these authors respecting the synonyma is similar. 

Dr. Fleming in describing the L. Cornudiensis (Brit. Anim. 
p- 189.) remarks, that it “ differs from the L. Gouani and L. 
Balbis of Risso ;” and adds, “ the former of these, figured by 
Gouan, Ich. p. 177. gen. xxxiv. t. 1. f. 6, 7, differs in the spots 
behind the eyes being crescent-shaped, and the dorsal fin 
having a greater number of rays.” Here there is some con- 
fusion—what is stated in reference to the spots in Gouan’s 
figure is correct, but not so the number of fin-rays, as in the 
figure of the upper side of the fish 11 rays—the number Dr. 
Fleming attributes to the L. Cornubiensis—are represented in 
the dorsal fin; in the engraving of the under side 10 rays 
only appear in this same fin; in the anal fin likewise one ray 
less is given in the view of the under side than in that of 
the upper (9): it thus seems as if the precise number of rays 
was not intended to be represented. Besides the form of the 
markings behind the eyes being different in Gouan’s figure 
from those of the LZ. Cornubiensis as mentioned in the extract 
above quoted, the separation of the dorsal and anal from the 
caudal fin (supposing the engraving to be correct) at once 
shows his to be distinct from this species. Risso, referring 
to Gouan’s figure as an illustration of the Lepadogaster that 


38 Mr. Thompson on Gob. minutus and Cycl. minutus 


he has named ZL. Gouani, gives 16 as the number of rays in 
the dorsal fin*. 


Gobius minutus, Mull., Cyclopterus minutus, Pall.?+ and 
Cycl. lumpus, Linn. 


When dredging in Strangford Lough, county of Down, on 
the 2nd of July last,and whilst engaged in capturing specimens 
of Couchia minor (see Annals for February) on the surface of 
the sea, the dredge ¢ brought to light two individuals of the 
Gobius minutus of the ‘ Zoologia Danica.’ In classification 
these belong to the genus Cyclopterus as now restricted, and 
in the ¢ Prodromus Ichthyologiz Scandinavice’ of Nilsson 
(p. 61.) are brought under this genus, the specific name of 
minutus being retained. 

Desc. These specimens are each half an inch long—the 
greatest length attributed to the species in Zool. Dan. is 
2 inches—and when viewed from above, like the young of 
C. lumpus, are much of a tadpole form, or about one half of the 
entire length somewhat globose, thence to the caudal fin much 
compressed: first dorsal fin lobiform as in that species, second 
dorsal originating just behind it, and extending to near the 
caudal fin: anal commencing at some little distance from the 
vent, and ending on the same plane with the second dorsal— 
the number of rays in the above fins could not be accurately 
estimated : pectorals about 16 rays, large, “ uniting under the 
throat and inclosing the disk of the ventrals” as in C. lumpus; 
disk likewise similar (as it also is to that of Liparis Montagui) 
with five lines diverging from the central one; caudal fin 
square at the end, rays from 8 to 10: vent at about the mid- 
dle of the entire length: no spines anywhere visible. 

Colour (when recent)—one individual has the body of a very 


* Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. t. 3. p. 271. There is a typographical error 
here; Gouan, i. 67. being quoted instead of [t.] i. [fig.] 6 and 7. 

+ These have not been recorded with certainty as British, either as va- 
rieties or genuine species. I have not had authentic specimens of either fish 
to examine, but judge from descriptions and figures. 

t They were taken in a sheltered bay in which the water was about 25 
fathoms in depth; but although brought up in the dredge, they might have 
been captured anywhere between the bottom and the surface of the water— 
the warmth and calmness of the day was such that it might have attracted 
them hither. 


considered as the young of Cycl. lumpus. 39 


pale dull yellow, and under the lens appears closely studded 
with extremely minute black points ; besides these it exhibits 
at intervals all over the body conspicuous round spots of a 
reddish rust-colour ; a blue line extends from each eye to the 
extremity of the mouth just beneath; first dorsal fin dusky 
or blackish, other fins pale-coloured ; a blackish band across 
the tail, at the base of the caudal fin. 

Of the second specimen the general hue is slightly reddish, 
and consequently the rust-coloured spots are less conspicuous; 
they are likewise fewer in number; tail dusky and not exhi- 
biting the band like the first described; in other respects si- 
milar—no dull ferruginous strize apparent on dorsal or caudal 
fins of either specimen are described in the ¢ Zool. Dan.’* 

Having since the autumn of 1836 possessed very small spe- 
cimens of a Cyclopterus a few lines longer than those just de- 
scribed, and which I was disposed to consider the Cycl. mi- 
nutus of authors, [ compared them with those of the God. mi- 
nutus, when the difference seemed consequent on variety of 
colour and on age only. Those looked upon as Cycl. minutus 
again compared with undoubted specimens of Cycl. lumpus a 
very little larger, were evidently this species in a younger 
state. ‘To understand this some detail is requisite. 

First,—with reference to the identity of Gob. minutus and 
Cycl. minutus, Pallas, it may be observed that the two spe- 
cimens of the former have what may be termed three tubercles 
on the snout (a character attributed to Cycl. minutus, Pall., and 
apparent on the specimens believed to be of this species now 
before me {) from the bone (?) advancing forward so as to form 
two points above the upper lip, and central between them but 


* The specific characters here given are ‘‘ Gobius albicans, ferrugineo- 
maculatus, radiis dorsalibus, et caudalibus ferrugineo obsolete striatis.” 

+ Lhave not had the ‘Spicilegia Zoologica’ to consult, but judge from 
the description and sketches of the figures most kindly copied from the work 
for me by Mr. Yarrell. Cuvier, in the ‘Régne Animal’, t. 2. p. 346 (note), 
considers the Gob. minutus, Zool. Dan. and Cycl. minutus, Pall., as distinct. 
It is the latter, without any allusion to the Gob. minutus, that is enumerated 
among the fishes given in the Appendix to Ross’s second Voyage. Since this 
note was so far written I have had the opportunity of meeting Capt. J. C. 
Ross, the author of that portion of the work, who informed me that he was 
of opinion that the Gob. minutus, Z. D., and Cycl. minutus, Pall., constituted 
two species—of the former he judged from the description, accordant with 
which specimens had not been obtained during his northern voyages, 

t Some individuals are so plump as not to exhibit these points. 


40 Mr. Thompson on Gob. minutus and Cycl. mmutus 


placed higher up is a third prominence. With the following 
exceptions they have all the characters of any value in com- 
mon. ‘The tubercles which appear on the side of the others 
are wanting in God. minutus, but a series of specimens of C. 
lumpus I have examined sufficiently prove that these are only 
acquired by individuals of a larger size; and their absence is 
consequently attributed in the present instance to the extreme 
youth of the individuals. The reddish spots of God. minutus 
would seem merely to indicate a variety ; an opinion which is 
strengthened by the difference the two individuals present in 
this respect, one displaying very few and the other numerous 
spots, and further by these markings so conspicuous in the re- 
cent state (having been quite as much so in one of my speci- 
mens as represented in ‘ Zool. Dan.’) becoming very obscure 
after the fish has been a short time preserved in spirits. Be- 
tween these and equally small ordinary specimens of C. /um- 
pus I perceive no difference but in the spotting. The God. mi- 
nutus, which is not described as possessing spines or tubercles, 
is stated to attain 2 inches in length*, a size much larger than 
any specimens I have seen without tubercles; but as the C. 
lumpus differs much with respect to the time these originate, 
this circumstance does not, I conceive, affect the question of 
their identity. 

Secondly.—With reference to specimens intermediate in 
size between the Gob. minutus and C. lumpus bemg the Cyel. 
minutus, it may be remarked, that the only character of this 
species given in Turton’s edition of the ‘Systema Nature,’ 
that seems specifically different, is, “in the place of the first 
dorsal fin is a tapering reclined long spinet,” (vol. 1. p. 905) : 
in my specimens, the fleshy appendage which takes the place of 
the first dorsal fin has to the eye a rigid appearance, but is in 
reality soft, and may from that circumstance have led to what 
has just been quoted being adopted as a character. With 
Pallas’s description of Cycl. minutus my specimens generally 
accord: this author does not, hike Turton, speak of a dorsal 


* The figures given as of adult specimens in ‘ Zool. Dan.’ very little ex- 
ceed one inch. 


+ This may be adopted from Gmelin, whom I see quoted for the species, 


which was not described by Linnzus himself. Turton’s description seems 
to refer to Pallas’s fish. 


considered as the young of Cycl. lumpus. 4} 


spine, but of a spurious dorsal fin, an expression most appli- 
cable to those before me—this spurious fin is comparatively 
longer in small than in large individuals. One of my specimens, 
10 lines in length, conspicuously presents three tubercles on 
the centre of body, where Cycl. minutus is stated to have two 
(“in mediis lateribus, supra pinnas pectorales proxime ad si- 
num branchialem tubercula duo ossea,” &c., Pallas), but at the 
same time on close inspection has a few spines beginning to ap- 
pear on the ridge of the back and on each side of the belly as 
in C. lumpus ; but these are not more than 4 the size of those 
on the middle of the body—the spines on this row (the central 
one) are much larger than those forming the other rows in a 
fully armed specimen of C. lwmpus (as to the rows of tubercles) 
an inch in length. The fact of these tubercles first making 
their appearance on this line and beginning to do so near the 
head, may explain why these only should be described in ex- 
amples of a certain size. 

Mr. Couch mentions with some doubt as to its species, a 
small Cyclopterus taken on the coast of Cornwall. He states 
that “it is rarely found longer than an inch, and differs from 
the C. lumpus in the skin between the [rows of] tubercles 
being quite smooth.” Linn. Trans. vol. xiv. p. 87. Captain 
J. C. Ross is disposed to consider it the Cycl. minutus, Pall., 
(App. Ross, 2nd Voy. p. xlvi.) which I am likewise inclined to 
do in so far as an incidental description will warrant such a 
conclusion ; and at the same time, with the single difference 
pointed out between it and C. lumpus, 1 should consider it this 
species, as in the very young state tubercles such as cover 
over the skin of the adult fish are not apparent. 

The specimens otherwise agreeing with the description of 
Cycl. minutus, after having been preserved in spirits for two 
years, are of an uniform pale dusky tinge; the ground or ge- 
neral colour is light, but beimg densely dotted over with ex- 
tremely minute black points, (visible under a lens,) these give 
the appearance described. As before stated, both specimens 
of Gob. minutus, Mull., have likewise these very minute dots, 
though much more sparingly ; but in addition to them exhibit 
the larger reddish spots—another individual similar to these 
in size is of a light colour, blotched with dusky markings 


42 Mr. Thompson oz Gob. minutus and Cycl. minutus 


Instead of the spotting on the body, which forms the most 
prominent character of the God. minutus, the Cycl. minutus is 
described by Pallas and Turton to be whitish. 

The specimens of God. minutus, Cycl. minutus and the 
smallest C. /umpus of adult form, and possessing all the rows of 
tubercles, have a straight dark line (which in the recent exam- 
ples of Gob. minutus was of a blue colour) extending from 
each eye to the corner of the mouth just beneath; this does 
not, however, bespeak identity of species, as in the Liparis 
Montagui 1 lave observed the same marking. All of these 
specimens but the last are comparatively more elongate in 
form than the mature C. lumpus. A similar remark has been 
made by Montagu respecting the Lepadogaster bimaculatus, 
the fry of which he states are proportionally longer in the 
body than the adults. ‘Wern. Mem., 1. 92. 

Thirdly.—As favouring the opinion of the identity of Cycel. 
minutus, Pall., and C. lumpus, it may be remarked with respect 
to the three tubercles on the snout, attributed to the former 
species, that they are likewise possessed by specimens of the 
C. lumpus of the extremes of size examined, one an inch long, 
(as to the rows of tubercles a well-marked C. /umpus,) and an- 
other 18 inches in length, equally displaying them. 

In the form of the spines or tubercles, a very interesting 
change takes place, analogous to that in the Trigla Cuculus 
and T. Gurnardus (see Annals for February), but to a much 
less extent, and requiring a much shorter time to be perfected. 


The armature first appears in a spinous form, thus VA —in 


the specimen an inch long, thus ‘as 7 ,orlikea shark’s tooth; 


and in the individual 18 inches long, thus —in the adult 


eiesece ue 


fish only one slightly projecting central point is generally pre- 
sent; of all the large tubercles on the body of the last-men- 
tioned specimen two only exhibit more than one point: the 
“ spurious dorsal fin” in this fish is a series of compressed tu- 
bercles. 

The C. lumpus occurs in all the localities in which the 
Gob. minutus and Cycl. minutus are stated to have been found. 


considered as the young of Cycl. lumpus. 43 


The first of the two latter is mentioned by Muller and Nilsson 
merely as taken on the shores of Norway ; the latter, by Pallas 
and Capt. J. C. Ross, to have been obtained among floating 
masses of sea-weed in the Atlantic ocean. 

I have had the opportunity of examining specimens of C. 
lumpus (as all are considered to be) taken from the northern 
to the southern coast of Ireland. Of the individuals particu- 
larised in this article, those answering to the Cycl. minutus, 
Pall., were taken at the surface of the sea about Larne (in 
September 1836) and Drumnasole (in August 1837), in the 
county of Antrim, by Mrs. Patterson of Belfast, who fa- 
voured me with them. In the month of July, a few years 
ago, Mr. Hyndman (Memb. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Belfast) took 
in Larne Lough several minute specimens of a Cyclopterus un- 
der an inch in length, and which, like the Cycl. minutus of 
Pallas, were among masses of sea-weed floating on the surface 
of the water; but the specimens having unfortunately been 
lost before they reached me, nothing further can be said of 
them. Those agreeing with the God. minutus were, as before 
mentioned, captured in Strangford Lough*, county Down. In 
Kingstown harbour, near Dublin, an individual nearly as mi- 
nute as any here described was taken by Mr. R. Ball and my- 
self, in August 1836, by dredging. A rare fish mentioned by a 
correspondent as occasionally taken at Wexford, and of which 
a figure was communicated to me, proved to be this species ; 
and at Youghal examples 18 inches in length have been 
procured by Mr. Ball—of a similar size is one from the north- 
ern coast preserved in the Belfast Museum. 

The following notes from my journal on the mature Cy- 
clopterus lumpus may not be unacceptable. 

March 26, 1835. A large lump-fish, taken near Carrick- 
fergus, was brought to me yesterday morning; but not being 
purchased, was as a curiosity hawked about the streets of 
Belfast throughout the day, and by several persons my atten- 

* The C. lumpus has been described to me as entering this “ lough” or 
arm of the sea, in spring, the period of depositing its ova. 

At the island of Lambay, off the county of Dublin, I, early in the month 
of June last, captured a Cyc/opterus which was equally minute with those 


obtained in Strangford Lough, but of a dark colour—it did not possess any 
tubercles. 


44 Mr. Thompson on Gob. minutus and Cycl. minutus 


tion was directed to it as an extraordinary production; its 
semi-transparent dull grey colour, much diversified, or appa- 
rently begrimed with black, certainly gave it somewhat of a 
hideous aspect. No purchaser being found here, it was taken 
this morning to the town of Lisburn, about seven miles di- 
stant, and was displayed as on the preceding day, but with 
more success, as it was here disposed of. This I learned in the 
afternoon, by the taxidermist to whom it was sent, calling to 
show it to me as a strange fish just received from the inland 
town of Lisburn, a locality considered to enhance its rarity. 

April 8,1836. To the middle of April, 1835, when I left 
home, but the one lump-fish had been brought to Belfast 
market, and the first for the present season was brought hi- 
ther today. It was taken in the bay along with mullet (Mu- 
gil Chelo), and was alive when I saw it, although several hours 
out of the water. As in the specimen of last year, no bright 
colours were displayed, the general hue being blackish, inter- 
mixed with dirty white ; the under surface of the latter colour ; 
on close examination a little dull red was visible at the extreme 
tips of the caudal fin, and the pectorals presented an extremely 
faint orange tinge. On dissection it proved to be a female, 
and contained a vast quantity of ova, of a delicate rose colour. 
The ova alone weighed 25 oz.; of this I had a drachm weighed 
and carefully reckoned the number of particles, each nearly 
a line in diameter, that it contained, and found the whole mass, 
if considered accordingly, would consist of the amazing num- 
ber of 101,935 ova—the produce of a fish about 15 inches in 
length. With such prolific powers we can readily imagine 
that this species should abound, as it is reported to do, in the 
northern seas of both hemispheres, its chief abode. The sto- 
mach did not contain any food. 

On the 13th of this month another female specimen, of si- 
milar size and colour and taken in the bay, was brought to 
me. On the 20th of this same month two more were, like 
that of the 8th, captured in the mullet nets at Garmoyle, a 
deep part of the bay, about three miles from town. One of 
these, in size and of a blackish colour like those hitherto no- 
ticed, proved to be a female; but the other, a much smaller 
specimen, was of a beautiful deep rose colour on the lower 


considered as the young of Cycl. lumpus. 45 


half of the body, this hue prevailing to a greater extent than 
the orange represented in Donovan’s figure of the species ; 
this was a male fish. 

Cuvier remarks, “ Le Cycl. gibbosus, Will., v.10. f.2, ne 
parait qu’un Lump male empaillé” (Reg. An. t. 2. 346. 2 éd.), 
the correctness of which seems to admit not of doubt. It may 
be added, that Willughby copied his figure from Gesner (lib. 
4, paralipomena, p. 26). The hump appears to me to have 
been a manufacture of the preserver’s, probably to add to the 
effect of the uncouth aspect which the fish at best presents, 
a conjecture which I venture to make on account of the 
stretched appearance which the skin presents throughout this 
dorsal pyramid (hence the appellation of pyramidatus bestowed 
on it in Shaw’s General Zoology, vol. v. part 2. p. 390. pl. 167.) 
in the figure of Gesner, and which is repeated in the works of 
Willughby and Shaw. Opposed to this view, however, (which 
might suffice were one specimen only recorded) is the circum- 
stance, that the C. gibbosus is stated to have occurred in the 
Baltic sea, Northern ocean, and (according to Sibbald) on 
the coast of Scotland. 

Note.—As the last Number of the Annals completed a volume, it is now too 
late to notice in its ordinary place a typographical error there committed. 
I take this opportunity of correcting it :—At p. 423, under “ references to pl. 
16,” for Couchia glauca, read Fig.3. Motella quinquecirrata. Accompa- 
nying the drawings, which have been engraved for the last number of the 
Annals, were sketches of the formjof the scales on the dorsal ridge and late- 
ral line of the Trigla Gurnardus in the young (7. Cuculus), the transition, 
and the adult state. Had these appeared as wood-cuts or in any way, they 
would I conceive have convinced the most sceptical as to the identity of 
these hitherto supposed two species. 


(‘These sketches were accidentally overlooked ; we therefore now subjoin 
them.—Ebir. } 


A OA OA Og OA A ce ne eed nO a sw css ans 


1 2 3 
MAPA TBUME a et 
4 5 6 
1. Form of scales on dorsal ridge of a specimen of Trigla Gurnardus. 
2. Ditto ditto ditto. 
38. Ditto ditto ditto. 
4. Form of scales on lateral line of No. 1. ditto. 
5. Ditto ditto No. 2. ditto. 
6. Ditto ditto No. 3. ditto. 


46 Bibliographical Notices. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


A History of British Zoophytes. By George Johnston, M.D., with 
44 Plates and 80 Wood Cuts. Lizars, Edinburgh; Highley, Lon- 
don; and Curry and Co., Dublin. 1838. 


It was in the year 1755 that John Ellis, a bright name in the list 
of British Philosophers, first earnestly directed the attention of our 
zoologists to the study of the native zoophytes by the publication of 
his admirable ‘ Essay towards a Natural History of the Corallines 
commonly found on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland.’ His 
clear descriptions and excellent illustrations first convinced natu- 
ralists of the animal nature of those bodies. Yet, though his book was 
interesting in the extreme, and though the beauty of the objects de- 
scribed offered great inducements to those who loved to study nature, 
not in books only but in her living works, few occupied themselves 
with the pursuit. A meagre and compiled list of British zoophytes 
appeared in Turton’s ‘ British Fauna ;’ a number of disconnected and 
generally imperfect observations were made by various persons; 
rarely our scientific Transactions and Journals contained some ex- 
cellent Memoir on some detached species or perhaps genus ; and in 
Dr. Fleming’s ‘ British Animals,’ a classification and synopsis of the 
species to him known as British was presented—a list which greatly 
facilitated the study—but no separate work appeared on the subject. 
At length, however, it has been taken up in a worthy manner by Dr. 
Johnston in the volume before us, and the student may now pursue 
his researches with a safe and ample manual to guide him. Not 
merely will he study Dr. Johnston’s work with advantage, but also 
with pleasure; for the learned author records his observations amu- 
singly as well as scientifically, and brings the varied reading of a 
discursive and elegant mind delightfully to bear upon an abstruse and 
intricate subject. It is indeed strange, the study of zoophytology 
should not have become as popular as that of conchology and ento- 
mology, or other favourite natural history pursuits. The forms of the 
Polypes are beautiful and singular in the extreme, witness the coral- 
lines ; and as to colour, what animals can vie in gorgeous hues with 
the Actiniade ? Their habits too are interesting and easily observed ; 
and if ladies who live near the sea but knew such things were, coral- 
lines and sea flowers might ornament the drawing-room as well as 
gold-fish, and with much more benefit to science. 

Dr. Johnston prefaces his account of the species of British zoo- 
phytes by three excellent dissertations. I. On the History of Zoo- 


Bibliographical Notices. 47 


phytology. 1. On the Structure and Physiology of Polypes; and 
III. On their Classification. In the last he presents us with a clas- 
sification of his own. Rejecting sponges altogether, considering 
them as more nearly allied to vegetables than to animals, he di- 
vides zoophytes into two sub-classes, first ‘‘ radiated zoophytes,” 
and second, ‘‘molluscan zoophytes ;”’ the animals of the first sub- 
class having a symmetrical contractile body, and their mouth and 
anus in one; those of the second sub-class having a non-contractile 
non-symmetrical body, and two openings to the digestive apparatus. 
Under the first sub-class he places his three orders of Hyproipa, 
Astrrerorpa, and HenianrHorpa; under the second that of Asct- 
piorpA. ‘This is a great improvement on the classification of zoo- 
phytes published by M. Blainville in his ‘ Manuel d’Actinologie,’ 
but would appear exactly to coincide with the present views of that 
author, as lately published by M. Holland, a disciple of the great 
French naturalist in his ‘ Manuel de Zoologie,’ wherein the class of 
*« Polypiares” (corresponding to Dr. Johnston’s restriction of the 
zoophytes) is divided into four sub-classes, ‘‘ Les Hydriens, les Alcy- 
oniens, les Actiniens, et les Polypes douteux.” This correspond- 
ence of the present views of M. Blainville with those maintained by 
Dr. Johnston goes far to support the systematic ideas of the latter. 
The older arrangements being founded mainly on artificial distinc- 
tions, such as the presence or absence of a polypidom, must now be 
entirely laid aside along with systems of conchology in another de- 
partment of zoology, having served their purpose and now only tend- 
ing to retard the science they once advanced. 

Dr. Johnston’s first order, Hyprorpa, comprises eleven genera, 
including fifty species. In the first genus, Hydra, the H. brunnea 
of Templeton is referred to H. vulgaris, and the Hydra corynaria 
of the same naturalist (Hydra lutea of Fleming) has its name 
changed to Hydra littoralis, not being identical either with the Hy- 
dra lutea or erynaria of Bose. The Coryne glandulosa of Lamarck is 
made the type of a new genus, Hermza, thus characterized :— 


* Polype fixed, sheathed in a thin horny membrane, clavate or 
branched and subphytoidal, the apices of the branches clubbed and 
furnished with scattered glandular tentacula ; mouth 0.” 


A new species of Thoa is dedieated to Mr. Bean of Scarborough. 
Sertularia pinnata, Templeton, is styled S. hibernice. Antennularia 
ramosa is considered a variety of A. antennina. 

In the second order, AsrerorpA, five British genera are enume- 
rated, including seven truly native species and several doubtful. 


48 Bibliographical Notices. 


The order Hetrantnorpa includes five genera and thirteen Bri- 
tish species. On the genus Actinia Dr. Johnston makes a number 
of interesting remarks, the evident fruits of a careful study of the 
native species. Many will differ with him however as to the union 
of some of his synonyms. ‘The Actinia margaritifera of Templeton, 
judging from the figure in the Magazine of Natural History, is surely 
something different from A. mesembryanthemum, as also A. viduata, 
Muller, which does not only differ from the common species in co- 
lour, but also in habit and shape, being always much more elongated. 
Though living almost invariably in sand, its peculiarities are not to 
be attributed solely to its habitat; since when A. mesembryanthemum 
is found in such a situation it retains its true characters. Under 
Actinea gemmacea we find united A. verrucosa, Lam., A. monile, Tem- 
pleton, A. senilts Decquemare, A. equina, Sow., and several other 
supposed species. ‘Though in so doing the author has much reason 
on his side, yet it is likely that several distinct forms have been 
passed over in the British seas, as A. gemmacea. 

The statement that the littoral varieties “are always strongly 
warted” and ‘‘ coated with particles of broken shells,” &c., while the 
deep water specimens are generally clean, showing more vivid and 
varied tints, though a pleasing inference of adaptation of instinctive 
habit to circumstances is drawn from it, is not always borne out by 
fact. For instance, this species abounds at half tide at Newhaven 
and other places on the shores of the Frith of Forth; more vividly 
coloured or smoother creatures can scarcely be imagined; whilst 
such as are dredged in deep water in the Irish sea are generally dull 
in colour, and covered with broken shell. To the localities of Ac- 
tinia maculata may be added the coasts of Man, where it is ex- 
tremely common on old Fusi and Trochi in deep water. There the 
shells to which this beautiful animal attaches itself are not always, 
indeed seldom, inhabited by the hermit-crab, neither is the horny 
base always present. This Actinta seems to change its habitation 
according to its size. There are so many differences between it and 
the other species, that it may be regarded as the type of a distinct 
genus. In the wood-cut the tentacula are represented as much too few, 
and in the living animal the mouth is bilobed, with two distinct rows 
of tentacula encircling it. The lobing of the body is seen in all spe- 
cimens whether embracing or simply on the surface of a shell. In 
addition to Dr. Johnston’s references may be mentioned some inter- 
esting notes on this animal in Chiagi’s Memorie, vol. ii. p. 248. 

For the Actinie with non-retractile tentacula, Dr. Johnston con- 
stitutes a new genus, Anthea, with the following character :— 


Bibliographical Notices. 49 


Body cylindraceous, adhering by a broad base ; tentacula disposed in 
circles round the mouth, elongated, tapering, and incapable of 
being retracted within the body. 

It is the same with ‘‘ Anemonia” of Risso. Two species are re- 
corded, Anthea cereus and A. Tuedie. Local names are always ob- 
jectionable, more especially when the distribution of the species is 
known to be wide, and when it has already received aname. Wouid 
it not have been preferable to have followed Risso, and styled the 
second species 4. edulis? By the way, is it not full time for natu- 
ralists to reconcile the strange diversity of opinion as to the nervous 
system of Actinia? Somebody must be in error, one set of observers 
declaring there is little or no trace of a nervous system, and another 
(including Dr. Grant) asserting that the nervous system is well 
known and evident. In several popular works on natural history a 
diagram of the nerves at the base of the Activia is figured, without 
a note to mention the doubts regarding it. See, for instance, the 
article ‘‘ Actinia”’ in the ‘ Penny Cyclopedia.’ 

In the order Asciprorpa, Dr. Johnston enumerates twenty-three 
genera and seventy species. The complicated structure and singular 
polypidom of the zoophytes of this order render them objects of great 
interest. To Dr. Farre we are indebted chiefly for our knowledge of 
their organization. Dr. Johnston gives an excellent abstract of Dr. 
Farre’s researches and a very complete history of the British species. 
In this order the genus “‘ Berenicea”’ of Fleming is styled “Lepralia,” 
the former name being preoccupied. One new species, Lepralia va- 
riolosa, is described. Doubtless many unrecorded forms of these 
curious Lichens of the animal kingdom exist on our shores. A 
new Flustra (F. Murrayana, Bean, MSS.) is also characterized. The 
Alcyonidium echinatum and parasiticum are so different in habit from 
the other two native species, that it might be advisable to separate 
them from the genus with which they are at present associated. 
Under Alcyonella will be found a most interesting account of that 
singular polype, and lastly, the Plumatella sultana found in Berwick- 
shire by Sir John Graham Dalyell, is added to the British Fauna. 

The plates and cuts which ornament Dr. Johnston’s work are ad- 
mirable and need no comment. They, of themselves, are most im- 
portant additions to the natural history of our country, and for the 
most of them we are indebted to the taste and skill of his lady. 
Many and valuable have been the contributions to natural science 
by the ladies of Britain, and often have their good services earned the 
philosopher’s gratitude and admiration. From the publication of 
Lister’s admirable folio on shells to the appearance of the delightful 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No. 14. March 1839. E 


50 Bibliographical Notices. 


book before us, the pencil and the graver have often been wielded by 
their hands and guided by their eyes. 

Much yet remains to be done in British zoophytology. Dr. John- 
ston’s volume is the herald of much research, and we trust he will 
continue his own studies, whilst he has enabled others to commence 
theirs. From Sir John Dalyell too, so often referred to in the volume 
before us, much is to be expected. The fragments on polypi, which 
thet learned observer has already put forth, announce facts so 
strange and novel, that every British zoologist looks forward anx- 
iously to the publication of his long-promised volume. In the allied 
classes of Echinodermata and Arachnodermata our Fauna is sadly 
confused. May we not look to Dr. Johnston for a clearing up 
of these subjects ? The admirable manner in which, although sur- 
rounded by difficulties and occupied by professional engagements, 
he has elucidated the natural history of our zoophytes, is a sufficient 
pledge for the mode in which the task would be performed. 


We have great pleasure in being able to announce the appearance 
of the first part of the Ist vol. of a ‘Frora or Norra AMERICA, 
containing abridged descriptions of all the known indigenous and 
naturalized plants growing north of Mexico, arranged according to 
the Natural System, by Dr. John Torrey and Dr. Asa Gray. 
When we consider the extent of country embraced by this Flora, 
from Key west in Florida, lat. 25 S., to the extreme arctic regions, 
and from Newfoundland in the east to California and Behring’s 
Straits in the west, this may well be looked upon as a gigantic un- 
dertaking, and such as few, if any, are so able to accomplish as the 
well-known botanists now mentioned. They have been engaged 
for a series of years in making preparations for this publication, and 
they have met with the most powerful assistance from every person 
who has taken an interest in the botany of that immense continent. 
“The value of this Flora,” they assure us, ‘‘ will be greatly enhanced 
by the extensive contributions of Mr. Nuttall, who has communi- 
cated to us for publication his notes and descriptions of the plants 
collected in his recent journey to Oregon and California, by way of 
the southern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Nuttall’s col- 
lections are very interesting, and comprise a large number of new 
genera and species, a considerable portion of which were obtained in 
a region never before visited by botanists.” We cannot give a better 
idea of the great progress of American botany than by comparing 
the number of certain species contained in certain orders or genera 
as published by Pursh in 1815, and Drs. Torrey and Gray in the 
present work, published in 1838. 


Bibliographical Notices. 51 


Torrey and 
ray Pursh 
Ranunculacez .........0..e0e0e pS eee 73 
REE Ly, cu cac temenecaeae ee 75 PRES Het Vettes 49 
WPM ricte he Tass Sb Ee ty Bee AEE 22 
Hypericum (including Elodea) 38  ............06 27 
REIIIEDID «5 snc 5 asnases paiisgeays By cudecrtasdacyes 2 
le. od pie SR RE ee ais aie r+: Mpati ties ha pate 13 
eaten 3255.5 cb ini. geceecan £9) "Si reel ee 3 
OMS ARINY, § 2025 fas «Hed haa ont ] fi Seige) een ae ee 6 
ie So eae ter ain. pS er sca ag 7 
RAUNGOONES ".2-sc.ccstarssor ty red 1 phe ee a Ae 5 
Dida Mavetec see dee ine 19:: acthivqwsi hi 8 
SO aS ee oP eee 99. as3 oe ee 5 
si EE RR aie Geel ae ile 3S Let ae Bed | oazaunmen eeees 5 


and other lesser genera in similar proportion. The work it is in- 
tended shall be completed in three closely printed 8vo volumes, 
each of about 550 pages; but as considerable time will necessarily 
be occupied in the publication of the work, it is intended, for the 
greater convenience of botanists, to issue the volumes in separate 
parts as soon as printed. The first volume, therefore, which will 
comprise the Exogenous Polypetalous plants, will appear in three 
parts of about 184 pages each; of which the first part is just 
published; the second is now nearly completed, a considerable 
portion of the printed sheets having been forwarded to us; and 
the third will follow as soon as is convenient with its faithful exe- 
cution. 

We also gladly take this opportunity to announce the arrival of 
the second part of this invaluable work in this country, brought, 
indeed, by one of the authors himself, Dr. Gray, who is come to 
visit the collections of American plants in England and upon 
the Continent, so as to clear up many dubious points in the spe- 
cies and synonyms; a labour in which we know he has been emi- 
nently successful, and which will stamp a great additional value on 
the work in question. The second part, although comprising the 
proper complement of pages, does not bring us to the conclusion of 
the Leguminose, a family of plants in which N. America is eminently 
rich, particularly in Astragalee. Astragalus alone includes 40 spe- 
cies; Ozytropis, 16; Phaca, 31: and Homolobius, a new genus of 
Nuttall with the aspect of Phaca and the legumes almost of Vicia, 
10 species. Of Psoralea there are 27 species; of Petalostemum, 13; 
of Trifolium, 33, of which 12 belong to that beautiful group with 
involucrated capitula. It gives us pleasure to find Mr. Douglas’ 
Texas plants included in this work. 

We flatter ourselves that the ‘Flora of North America’ will 
meet with all the encouragement its high merit entitles it to. 

E 2 


52 Bibliographical Notices. 


Genera Insectorum Iconibus illustravit et descripsit Dr. H. Burmeister. 
Vol. I. Rhyncota, 


Under this title Prof. Burmeister has begun a work, which in the 
field of Entomology, can only be compared with those of Curtis and 
Percheron-Guerins, and which, while it is not as the former limited 
to a Fauna, is neither inferior to it in elegance or in the accuracy 
of its execution ; and is to be preferred to the latter (which it ap- 
pears is discontinued) from the greater care with which the subject 
is treated, and from the method adopted of placing the nearly allied 
genera together. ‘he author’s previously published observations on 
this order in the ‘ Manual of Entomology’ may serve as basis to the 
present work. The first parts contain :— 

Lystra, with characters of seven species, illustrated by L. auri- 
coma from Mexico, which externally has a great resemblance to 
Phenaz, the second genus here described, the analyses of which are 
subjoined on the plate of the former genus. Acocephalus represented 
by A. costatus, Germ. Bythoscopus divided into four sub-genera: 
Bythoscopus (Flaita varia, ¥.), Idiocerus Lewis (illustrated by Jassus 
Juigidus, F.), Oniopsis (by B. lanio), and Pediopsis (B. tilie, Germ.). 
Eurymela with five species, of which the most known, HL. fenestrata, 
is chosen for the illustration of the genus. Ericuson, Bericht iiber 
Eatomologie, Wiegmann’s Archiv. Part V. 1838. 


Second Annual Report and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of 
Edinburgh. Session 1837-8. 8vo. Printed for the Society. 


We have had much satisfaction in perusing the Second Annual 
Report of this Society ; it is rapidly advancing in importance ; and 
if the same zeal and union of feeling continue to influence its mem- 
bers, it will in a very short period stand at the head of the Botanical 
Associations in Britain. Its correspondence and herbarium are al- 
ready extensive, and the distributive plan which has been adopted in 
regard to the latter will quickly increase it, whilst that of keeping a 
paid Assistant-Curator will at once prevent any falling off or confu- 
sion amidst the increasing work of the Society. 

The Report contains a general notice of the present state of the 
Society, prepared by the Committee of Management ; a digest of the 
proceedings at the Society’s meetings, the greater part of which has 
appeared from time to time in our pages; a list of office-bearers for 
the year; of the members divided into classes; contributors to the 
herbarium, donations to the library, &c.; and is preceded by extracts 
from a report on the ‘ Progress and State of Botany in Britain from 


Bibliographical Notices. 53 


February 1837 to March 1838,’ by Professor Graham, as President ; 
a practice which it is proposed to continue annually, and which will 
prove most useful, tending to carry on the members from year to 
year with the progress of their science, and by comparison to excite 
them to continued exertion. 

From the General Report we learn that Her Majesty the Queen 
has been graciously pleased to become patron to the Society, thereby 
giving a sanction to its conduct and proceedings, which must prove 
of the utmost consequence. Another important event is the propo- 
sal on the part of the Society for a union of their herbarium with 
that belonging to the University: this has been favourably entertained 
by the patrons and the senate, and the arrangements for effecting 
the desired union are said to be nearly completed. The first edition 
of the Society’s Catalogue of British Plants being nearly disposed of, 
asecond is in preparation. A diplomaand seal have been completed, 
and may now be had by members on application to the Treasurer or 
Secretary. The number of members of different classes belonging 
to the Society at the date of this report is 199. Specimens from 
the herbarium have been distributed during the past year to 95 pub- 
lic bodies or members. 


The first volume has appeared of a ‘ Flora of Jamaica, or a De- 
scription of the Plants of that Island, arranged according to the Na- 
tural Orders ; with an Appendix, containing an Enumeration of the 
Genera according to the Linnzan system, and an Essay on the Geo- 
graphical Distribution of the Species.’ By James Macfadyen, M.D., 
F.L.S. Dr. Macfadyen was appointed some years ago to the charge 
of the Government Botanic Garden at Kingston in Jamaica, where 
he acquitted himself to the great satisfaction of the country, until 
the dissolution of that valuable establishment; since which event 
he has devoted what time he could spare from the duties of an ex- 
tensive medical practice to the collecting materials for the Flora in 
question, which has long been a desideratum in the botanical world. 
«‘ As for my own share of the labour,’ Dr. Macfadyen remarks in 
the Preface, ‘‘I may be allowed to state, that it has occupied a great 
portion of my leisure during a residence of upwards of twelve years 
in the island. I have carefully examined the characters of every 
plant within my reach, and compared my own descriptions with 
those of preceding botanists. I have visited a considerable portion 
of the island, so that I have had opportunities of studying the pecu- 
liarities of the Flora of each district. The nature also of my occu- 
pation, as a medical practitioner in the country, has been of some 


54 Linnean Society. 


advantage, as in my almost daily rides I have had opportunities of 
watching each plant during its period of flowering and perfecting 
its fruit. There still remains, however, an extensive and inter- 
esting field for botanical research; there are still left many plants 
undiscovered and undescribed, a rich reward to stimulate to exer- 
tion those who may follow in the same path. It is not the work of 
a single individual, even if favoured with unusual length of life, and 
gifted in the highest degree with mental and bodily energy, to com- 
plete a perfect history of the botany of an island like Jamaica. It 
would have been vain for me, in hope of accomplishing this, to have 
waited from year to year, exposed to many contingencies and acci- 
dents, any one of which might have rendered all my labours in vain, 
and all the information I have acquired as if it had never been known. 
I have therefore taken the present opportunity to offer the result of 
my labours to the public, trusting it will be found to give a tolerably 
accurate account of what is at present known of the vegetable pro- 
ductions of this island, and in the hope that it may prove serviceable 
to those who in after times may follow in the same course, and en- 
gage, under more favourable auspices, in the task of perfecting the 
history of the Flora of Jamaica.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 


LINNZEAN SOCIETY. 
Dec. 4.——Edward Forster, V.P., in the Chair. 


Read, “ Observations on the Anatomical and Physiological Na- 
ture of Ergot in certain Grasses.” By E. J. Queckett, Esq., F.L.S. 

Having had the opportunity of examining the formation of the 
ergot in several grasses, the author has endeavoured to trace the 
cause and origin of this singular formation on them, and particularly 
on Elymus sabulosus. 

It was found, that when a grain of the grass was to be replaced by 
an ergot, it presented before the period of expansion of the flower a 
singular mildewed appearance. This, when examined microsco- 
pically, was seen to consist of filaments, at whose base were myriads 
of particles of exceedingly diminutive size, forming a complete 
coating to the young grain, so that no part of its body was visible 
through it. 

From this state the increase of the young ergot, but not of the 
filaments and particles, was very rapid, for in a short time after, when 
the ergot began to appear between the palez of the flower, its violet 


Linnean Society. 55 


black colour was then visible, on account of the mildewed appear- 
ance not keeping pace in development with the Ergot*. 

After the ergot begins to appear beyond the palez, it in a short 
time attains its full size, and loses almost entirely its mildewed 
covering, presenting now its perfect violet black surface, and mea- 
sures in different specimens from half an inch to one inch and half. 

If the ergot be examined carefully at this period, in such speci- 
mens as have not been subjected to injury or displacement on the 
plant, it will be found that at its base are the two scales which are 
observable in the same place in the healthy grain, and that it is ar- 
ticulated to the receptacle, and separates from it as readily as the 
grain when ripe does from the same spot, and at the apex of it isa 
small body, frequently hairy, on which can be observed the remains 
of the stigmas. 

From the relations of the ergot to these parts, and compared with 
those of the healthy grain, it is found that it is placed between and 
upon the same organs as the grain, and there cannot be a doubt but 
that this singular body is not an independent fungus, but a grain 
diseased from causes presently to be mentioned. 

When the particles before mentioned, which occur on the surface 
of the ergot, and are also found in a viscid fluid that hangs about 
the palee of the infected grass, are examined by the microscope, 
their size is found to be zp'sv part of an inch in length, and go'ro 
part of an inch in diameter in the generality of instances, and their 
number is countless, probably 20 millions on each ergot. When 
magnified from 500 to 800 times, it then can be observed that their 
interior contains several well-defined green dots or granules, two 
or three being the most common numbers. 

If these particles, which are no doubt the cause of the ergot, as 
they are found on every ergotized grass and are sporidia of a certain 
fungus, be kept moistened on any convenient surface, as between a 
plate of glass and talc, they soon commence germinating (if recent) 
in various ways; sometimes by emitting a tube or tubes containing 
green granules, similar to those in the interior of the sporidia, and 
which probably separate finally into as many perfect reproductive 
atoms; in other instances one sporidium gives off a minute process 
from its side, which goes on increasing and ultimately becomes like 


* The growth of the ergot is very rapid when compared with that of the 
grain. Philippar, in his ‘ Traité Organographique et Physiologico-agricole 
sur l’Ergot, &c., dans les Céréales’, observed some particular plants of rye, 
whilst passing by a certain cornfield, which had no appearance of ergot, but 
ten or twelve days after these same plants had full-sized ergots upon them. 


56 Linnean Society. 


its parent, and then separates from it. Often several sporidia so ge- 
nerated, remain united to each other for a short time, forming a mo- 
niliform filament, composed frequently of seven or eight joints. 

The next and last method is the most perfect when it is found 
that the sporidia have their cavity divided by a septum, which is 
formed by a green granule of the interior extending itself laterally ; 
each half of each sporidium being again subdivided, and by endless 
repetitions of this process a radiated plant is produced, which, when 
arrived at a certain size and age, bears upon its branchlets sporidia 
similar to that one from which it was first produced. 

From these observations, it is proved that the sporidia, found on the 
surface of the diseased grain can germinate and ultimately develope 
the means of their reproduction, without forming any body analo- 
gous in shape or structure to an ergot, which fact is conclusive that 
the filaments and sporidia are no part of that body, because they are 
found to flourish unconnected with it, and even grow on many parts 
of the same grass, as seen in the anthers by Mr. Smith, of Kew Gar- 
dens, and observed by Mr. Queckett on the palez, glumes and ra- 
chis ; therefore the ergot, Mr. Queckett conceives, originates by the 
grain of the respective grass becoming diseased, from the presence of 
a parasite, which occasions such alteration in its developement as to 
cause it to assume the well-known form, and to possess also the sin- 
gular properties manifested in that of rye. 

If the ergot be sliced into thin transverse sections, and these ex- 
amined with a very high magnifying power, it will be seen that nu- 
merous particles escape from them when they are placed in water. 
These have been taken by Philippar for sporidia, from which cir- 
cumstance he considered the ergot as the reproductive apparatus 
of a fungus ; but such particles are only those of a fatty oil, which 
escape from the divided cells, and collect on the surface of the water, 
in which the sections are immersed, and differ from the sporidia of 
the exterior by floating on the surface, whilst the latter always sub- 
side to the bottom of the vessel containing the water. The appli- 
cation of heat to these supposed sporidia fuses them into irregular 
masses of different sizes, and ether or turpentine, if allowed to eva- 
porate after being added to them, leaves similar appearances. 

The internal structure of the ergot looks extremely irregular, there 
being no equally formed cells, but a confused jumble, out of which 
can scarcely be traced the true cells, on account of their boundaries 
being exceedingly sinuous, which structure is very like the centre 
of the fungus produced during the germination of the sporidia, and 
appears to be occasioned by fungoid matter having grown in the in- 
terior of the grain. 


Linnean Society. af 


From these observations, which have been followed up in many 
ergotized grasses, Mr. Queckett is inclined to believe that the ergot 
is a grain diseased by a particular parasitic fungus developing in or 
about it, whose sporidia find the young state of the grain a matrix 
suitable for their growth, and quickly run their race, not entirely 
depriving it of its vitality, but communicating to it such impressions, 
which pervert its regular growth, and likewise the healthy formation 
of its constituents, being at last composed of its diseased mate- 
rials, which are mixed up with fungic matter, which has developed 
within it. 

The fungus caused to germinate in the way described is quite in- 
visible to the naked eye, seldom measuring beyond the one or two 
hundredth part of an inch; and from comparisons with British and 
foreign gencra of Fungacez, it has not been found that it belongs 
satisfactorily to any as at present constituted ; the author therefore 
proposes a new genus, with the title Hrgoteiea, to represent this 
minute fungus, which will belong to the sub-order Coniomycetes 
of Fries, and to its division Mucedines, very near to the genus Sepe- 
donium. 

After repeated experiments with the sporidia of the ergot of rye, 
of Elymus, and other grasses, the author has always succeeded in 
making them germinate, and has not discovered such differences as 
would lead him to consider that the parasite in each case was not 
the same, therefore he has applied the term abortans, as the specific 
name of Hrgotetea, to the plant found on the ergot of rye, and be- 
lieves the parasites, on the other grasses which have been examined, 
to be of the same species. 


December 18.—Edward Forster, V. P., in the Chair. 


Read, “A notice of Cereus tetragonus,” by Edward Rudge, Esq., 
F.R. & LS. 

This plant has blossomed during the three past years in Mr. 
Rudge’s collection at Abbey Manor House near Evesham. The 
flowers expand in the evening like those of C. grandiflorus, which 
they resemble, but are not above half the size. ‘The number of the 
angles of the stem is variable. ‘The species is an old inhabitant of 
our stoves, but has rarely flowered. 

Read, ‘‘ Descriptions of the Indian species of Iris,” by D. Don, 
Esq., Libr. L.S., Prof. Bot. King’s College. 

The number of species of this beautiful genus belonging to the 
Indian Flora is five, three of which have not been previously de- 
scribed: one of the species is from Cashmere, another from Ludak, 


58 Linnean Society. 


a country situated beyond the Himalaya, and the remaining three 
are natives of Nepal and Kamaon, and of the country to the west- 
ward. 

The following are the characters of the undescribed species : 

1. J. kamaonensis (Wall. Cat. n. 5052.), barbata; scapo brevissimo uni- 
floro, tubo perianthii longissimo subfiliformi, sepalis inferioribus bilo- 
bis, longe unguiculatis, ovario turbinato, 3-gono. 

2. I. longifolia (Royle Ill. t. 91. f. 2.), imberbis ; foliis margine scabris, 
scapo brevissimo unifloro, sepalis sublanceolatis integerrimis, tubo pe- 
rianthii vix ullo, ovario elongato triquetro scapum adzequante, stigma- 
tis lobis integerrimis. 

3. I. Moorcroftiana (Wall. Cat. n. 5051.), imberbis ;_scapo bifloro pedun- 
culis breviore, spathis glumaceis, tubum perianthii superantibus, sepalis 
lanceolatis acutiusculis, ovario 6-sulcato. 

Read, ‘‘ Additional observations on the Spongilla fluviatilis.” By 
John Hogg, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. 

The author’s views of the vegetable nature of the river sponge 
were given in a paper read before the Society on the 5th of June, 
1838, a report of which was inserted in the August number of the 
‘ Annals of Natural History.’ 

The present paper contains additional observations in confirmation 
of these views, derived from a more accurate examination of the 
seed-like bodies, which are found adhering in abundance to the walls 
of the cells or cavities of the sponge, and also frequently free and 
endowed with the faculty of locomotion ; and which have been re- 
garded by some authors as the ova of the Spongilla, and by others 
as those of the Plumatella. Mr. Hogg has determined the identity 
of these bodies, having succeeded in raising young Spongilla from 
both kinds; and he has also ascertained that they are destitute of 
cilia, being merely studded with minute granular papilla. The mo- 
tions of the unattached bodies resemble those observed by Unger in 
the sporules of Ectospora clavata, and Mr. Hogg considers the cur- 
rents to be due to the same causes, which affect the circulation of 
the fluids in the cells of vegetables. 


Jan. 15, 1839.—Edward Forster, V. P., in the Chair. 


Read, “‘ A notice of the Encephalartos horridus, which flowered at 
Kinmel Park.’ By Mr. Thomas Forrest. Communicated by the 
Secretary. 

This brief notice was accompanied by the male spadix, which had 
flowered at Kinmel Park, the seat of Lord Dinorben, and was sent 
for exhibition to the meeting by command of His Royal Highness the 
Duke of Sussex. The plant had been sent to Lord Dinorben from 


Linnean Society. 59 


the Cape of Good Hope about six years ago by Lord John Spencer 
Churchill, Capt. R.N. The spadix was of unusual size, and bore a 
strong resemblance to a gigantic pine cone. The most remarkable 
peculiarity observable was, that several scales, less developed than 
the others, bore only one mass of anthers, whilst in others the two 
masses were confluent. 

Read, ‘‘ An account of the Indian Species of Juncus and Luzula.” 
By D. Don, Esq., Libr. L.S., Prof. Bot., King’s College. 

The species described in this paper are all from Northern India, 
and were mostly collected by Dr. Royle in the range of the Hima- 
laya, included between the Ganges and Sutlej. Of the eight spe- 
cies described, seven belong to Juncus, and only one to Luzula. 
Three of the former genus are entirely new, two had been previously 
gathered by Dr. Wallich’s collectors in Nepal, and of the two others, 
one (J. bufonius) is common throughout the northern hemisphere, 
and the other (J. glaucus) is abundant in northern and central 
Europe. The Luzula is spicata, which occurs on the mountains of 
the north of England, Scotland, and throughout Europe, reaching 
as high as 71° north latitude, and which is likewise found on the 
Caucasus and Altai mountains in northern Asia. The present va- 
riety is from Lippa in Kunawur, a country situated beyond the 
Himalaya, in about 31° 33! north latitude, being about 11° more to 
the south than any station previously recorded for Luzula spicata. 
The variety differs in its broader sepals, blunt capsule, with obovate 
valves, and in the seeds not being above half the size. 

We subjoin the characters of the new species. 

1. J. leucanthus (Royle), culmo bifolio tereti, foliis margine involutis 
filiformibus culmum subzquantibus, capitulo terminali solitario 6—10- 
floro, involucro 5-phyllo glumaceo floribus longiore, sepalis acutius- 
culis, antheris acutis filamentis duplo longioribus, ovario incluso, stig- 
matibus stylo ter brevioribus. 

This species is nearly allied to J. triglumis. 

2. J. leucomelas (Royle), culmo enodi filiformi aphyllo, feliis subulatis, 
canaliculatis, capitulo terminali 3—5-floro, involucro 3-phyllo acuto 
breviore, sepalis obtusis, antheris filamentorum fere longitudine, capsula 
acuminata perianthio longiore. 

3. J. membranaceus (Royle), culmo tereti subdiphyllo, foliis subfiliformi- 
bus obtusis, capitulo terminali solitario 4—8-floro bractea communi 
membranacea breviore, sepalis obtusis capsula acuta longioribus, stami- 
nibus inclusis, antheris filamentis dilatatis ter brevioribus. f 

4, J. concinnus (Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal, p. 44), culmo tereti subdiphyllo, 
foliis planiusculis obtusis, capitulis 3—6-floris corymbosis, bractea 
communi elongata foliacea, sepalis acutis, capsula acuta longioribus, 


60 . Royal Irish Academy. 


staminibus longe exsertis, antheris filamentis simplicibus 6 plo brevi- 
oribus. 

5. J. indicus, triandrus; capit ulis multifloris squarrosis trichotome cy- 
mosis, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis apice mucronatis recurvis capsule mu- 
ticee longitudine, stigmatibus sessilibus. 


ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, 


December 10.—Sir W. R. Hamilton, A.M., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. Ball read a paper, entitled ‘‘ Description of the Cydippe po- 
miformis, Patterson, (Berée ovatus, Flem.,) with notice of an ap- 
parently undescribed species of Bolina, also found on the coast of 
Ireland.” By Robert Patterson, Esq., Member of the Natural 
History Society of Belfast. 

The author referred to a paper of his published in the ‘ Edinburgh 
New Philosophical Journal’ for January 1836, giving some account of 
a tentaculated Berde taken im abundance by him at Larne Lough, 
County of Antrim, in the spring of 1835. He then noticed the occur- 
rence on different occasions in 1836-7, of a Berée, exhibiting a peculiar 
ramiform arrangement of whitish internal vessels, branching off from 
near the lower part of the stomach to the several bands of cilia ; and 
detailed the observations by which he was enabled to identify this 
with the Berée described in ‘Mem. Wer. Soc.,’ vol. ili. p. 400, by 
Fleming,—the tentacula having escaped the notice of that writer 
from the specimen he examined having been in an exhausted state 
when these organs were retracted within the body. The presence 
of the tentacula removes the animal from the genus Berdée of Fleming, 
to the Pleurobrachia of the same author (Cydippe Eschs.) and as the 
specific name ovata, under which it was described in the ‘ Hist. of 
Brit. Animals,’ has been applied toa different species, Mr. Patterson 
proposed that it should be designated as the Cydippe pomiformis. 

The disappearance of the internal ramiform vessels was next no- 
ticed, and the steps by which the writer was enabled to ascertain 
that the species now brought forward was identical with that de- 
scribed by him in 1835; and consequently, that a Beréde, of the oc- 
currence of which we have no record, except of one individual taken 
in 1820, was abundant on the Irish coast. Particular reference was 
made to Dr. Grant’s paper, ‘ Zool. Trans.’ vol. i. p. 9, on B. pileus, 
with a view to indicate the several points of agreement and of dif- 
ference between these, the only two British species of tentaculated 
Berées. The structure of the cilia, the aqueous currents at their 
base, the position and structure of the tentacula, the food of the 
Berée, its vitality, consistency, want of phosphorescence, movements, 


Geological Society. 61 
~ 
iridescence, times of appearance, and diffusion round the coast, 


formed the principal topics embraced in the remainder of the paper. 

The occurrence of the Bolina on different parts of the Irish coast 
was mentioned, principally for the purpose of enabling Mr. Patterson 
to refer to some points of its economy for comparison and contrast 
with the C. pomiformis. He reserved a detailed account of various 
- particulars concerning it to a future opportunity, when he expected 
to be able to exhibit additional figures taken from living specimens, 
and more accurately delineated than those at present brought for- 
ward. Meantime, as the animal differed from the two species of 
Bolina described by Mutius, he proposed to name it provisionally 
Bolina Hibernica. 


GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Nov. 21, 1838.—A paper was read ‘‘ On the Jaws of the Thyla- 
cotherium Prevostii* (Valenciennes) from Stonesfield,” by Richard 
Owen, Esq., F.G.S., Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Sur- 
geons. 

Doubts having been recently expressed by M. de Blainvillet, from 
inspection of casts, respecting the mammiferous nature of the fossil 
jaws found at Stonesfield, and assigned to the Marsupialia by Baron 
Cuvier, Mr. Owen brought the paper before the Society, to meet the 
objections and give a detailed account of the fossils from a careful 
inspection of the originals. In this communication, however, he 
confined his description chiefly to the jaws of one of the two genera 
which have been discovered at Stonesfield, and characterized by 
having eleven molars in each ramus of the lower jaw, reserving to a 
future occasion an account of the remains of the other genusf. 

Mr. Owen commences by observing that the scientific world pos- 
sesses ample experience of the truth and tact with which the illus- 
trious Cuvier formed his judgements of the affinities of an extinct 
animal from the inspection of a fossil fragment; and that it is only 
when so distinguished a comparative anatomist as M. de Blainville 
questions the determinations, that it becomes the duty of those who 
possess the means to investigate the nature of the doubts, and re- 
assure the confidence of geologists in their great guide. 

When Cuvier first hastily examined at Oxford, in 1818, one of 


* Comptes Rendus, 1838 ; Second Semestre, No. 11, Sept. 10, p. 580. 

+ Ibid., No. 8, Aout 20, p. 402 ef seg.; No. 9, Planche; No. 17. 
Oct. 22, p. 727; No. 18, Oct. 29, p. 750. 

t This has since been read, and an abstract of it will appear in one of 
our next numbers.—Epir. 


62 Geological Society. 


the jaws described in this paper, and in the possession of Dr. Buck- 
land, he decided that it was allied to the Didelphys (me semblérent 
de quelque Didelphe) *; and when doubts were raised by M. Con- 
stant Prevost, in 1824+, relative to the age of the Stonesfield slate, 
Cuvier, from an examination of a drawing made for the express pur- 
pose, was confirmed in his former determination ; but he added, that 
the jaw differs from that of all known carnivorous Mammalia, in ha- 
ving ten molars in a series in the lower jaw: (‘‘ il [the drawing] me con- 
firme dans ]’idée que la premiere inspection m’en avoit donnée. C’est 
celle d’un petit carnassier dont les macheliéres ressemblent beaucoup 
a celles des sarigues; mais il y a dix de ces dents en série, nombre 
que ne montre aucun carnassier connu.”’ Oss. Foss. 111. 349. note.) 
It is to be regretted that the particular data, with the exception of 
the number of the teeth, on which Cuvier based his opinion, were not 
detailed; but he must have been well aware that the grounds of his 
belief would be obvious, on an inspection of the fossil, to every com- 
petent anatomist: it is also to be regretted that he did not assign to 
the fossil a generic name, and thereby have prevented much of the 
reasoning founded on the supposition that he considered it to have 
belonged to a true Didelphys. 

Mr. Owen then proceeded to describe the structure of the jaw ; 
and he stated that having had in his possession two specimens of the 
Thylacotherium Prevostii belonging to Dr. Buckland, he has no hesi- 
tation in declaring that their condition is suchas to enable any ana- 
tomist conversant with the established generalizations in compara- 
tive osteology, to pronounce therefrom not only the class but the 
more restricted group of animals to which they have belonged. The 
specimens plainly reveal, first, a convex articular condyle; secondly, 
a well-defined impression of what was once a broad, thin, high, and 
slightly recurved, triangular, coronoid process, rising immediately 
anterior to the condyle, having its basis extended over the whole of 
the interspace between the condyle and the commencement of the 
molar series, and having a vertical diameter equal to that of the ho- 
rizontal ramus of the jaw itself: this impression also exhibits traces 
of the ridge leading forwards from the condyle and the depression 
above it, which characterizes the coronoid process of the zoophagous 
marsupials; thirdly, the angle of the jaw is continued to the same 
extent below the condyle as the coronoid process reaches above it, 
and its apex is continued backwards in the form of a process; 

* Ossemens Foss., tome iii. p. 349. 


+ Annales des Sciences Nat., Avril, 1825; also the papers of Mr. Bro- 
derip and Dr. Fitton in the Zoological Journal, 1828, vol. iii., p. 409. 


Geological Society. 63 


fourthly, the parts above described form one continuous portion with 
the horizontal ramus of the jaw, neither the articular condyle nor 
the coronoid being distinct pieces as in reptiles. These are the 
characters, Mr. Owen believes, on which Cuvier formed his opinion 
of the nature of the fossil; and they have arrested the attention of 
M. Valenciennes in his endeavours to dissipate the doubts of M. de 
Blainville*. 

From the examination of a cast, the latter, however, has been in- 
duced to infer that there is no trace of a convex condyle, but in 
place thereof an articular fissure, somewhat as in the jaws of fishes; 
that the teeth, instead of being imbedded in sockets, have their fangs 
confluent with or anchylosed to the substance of the jaws, and that 
the jaw itself presents evident traces of the composite structure. 

In answer to the first of these positions, Mr. Owen states that the 
portion of the true condyle which remains in both the specimens of 
Thylacotherium examined by Cuvier and M. Valenciennes, clearly 
shows that the condyle was convex, and not concave. It is situated 
a little above the level of the grinding surface of the teeth, and pro- 
jects beyond the vertical line, dropped from the extremity of the coro- 
noid process, but not to the same extent as in the true Dideiphys. 
In the specimen examined by M. Valenciennes, the condyle corre- 
sponds in position with that of the jaw of the Dasyurus rather than 
the Didelphys; it is convex, as in mammiferous animals, and not 
concave as in oviparous. ‘The entire convex condyle exists in the 
specimen belonging to the other genus, Phascolotherium, now in 
the British Museum, but formerly in the cabinet of Mr. Broderip. 
Mr. Owen is of opinion that the entering angle or notch, either above 
or below the true articular condyle, has been mistaken for ‘“‘ une 
sorte d’échancrure articulaire, un peu comme dans les poissons.” 

The specimen of the half-jaw of the Thylacothere examined by 
M. Valenciennes, like that [the drawing of?] which was trans- 
mitted to Cuvier, presents the inner surface to the observer, and ex- 
hibits both the orifice of the dental canal and the symphysis in a per- 
fect state. The foramen in the fossil is situated relatively more for- 
ward than in the recent Opossum and Dasyure, or in the Placental 
Insectivora, but has the same place as in the marsupial genus Hypsi- 
prymnus. The symphysis is long and narrow, and is continued for- 
ward in the same line with the gently convex inferior margin of the 
jaw, which thus tapers gradually to a pointed anterior extremity, 


* Comptes Rendus, 1838; Second Semestre, No. 11, Sept. 10, p. 527 
et seq. 


64 Geological Society. 


precisely as in the jaws of the Marsupial Insectivora. In the relative 
length of the symphysis, its form and position, the jaw of the Thy- 
Jacotherium precisely corresponds with that of the Didelphys. 

In addition, however, to these proofs of the mammiferous nature 
of the Stonesfield remains, and in part of their having belonged to 
Marsupialia, Mr. Owen stated that the jaws exhibit a character 
hitherto unnoticed by the able anatomists who have written respect- 
ing them, but which, if co-existent with a convex condyle, would 
serve to prove the marsupial nature of a fossil, though all the teeth 
were wanting. 

In recent marsupials the angle of the jaw is elongated and bent 
inwards in the form of a process, varying in shape and development 
in different genera. In looking, therefore, directly upon the infe- 
rior margin of the marsupial jaw, we see in place of the edge of a 
vertical plate of bone, a more or less flattened triangular surface or 
plate of bone extended between the external ridge and the internal 
process or inflected angle. In the Opossum this process is triangu- 
lar and trihedral, and directed inwards with the point slightly curved 
upwards and extended backwards, in which direction it is more pro- 
duced in the small than in the large species of Didelphys. 

Now, if the process from the angle of the jaw in the Stonesfield 
fossil had been simply continued backwards, it would have resembled 
the jaw of an ordinary placental carnivorous or insectivorous mam- 
mal; but in both specimens of Thylacotherium, the half-jaws of 
which exhibit their inner or mesial surfaces, this process presents 
a fractured outline, evidently proving that when entire it must have 
been produced inwards or mesially, as in the Opossum. 

Mr. Owen then described in great detail the structure of the teeth, 
and showed, in reply to M. de Blainville’s second objection, that they 
are not confluent with the jaw, but are separated from it at their 
base by a layer of matter of a distinct colour from the teeth or the 
jaw, but evidently of the same nature as the matrix ; and secondly, 
that the teeth cannot be considered as presenting an uniform com- 
pressed tricuspid structure, and being all of one kind, as M. de 
Blainville states, but must be divided into two series as regards their 
composition. Five if not six of the posterior teeth are quinque-cus- 
pidate and are molares veri; some of the molares spurii are tricuspid 
and some bicuspid, asin the Opossums. An interesting result of this 
examination is the observation that the five cusps of the tuberculate 
molares are not arranged, as had been supposed, in the same line, 
but in two pairs placed transversely to the axis of the jaw, with the 
fifth cusp anterior, exactly as in the Didelphys, and totally different 


Geological Society. 65 
from the structure of the molares in any of the Phoce, to which these 
very small Mammalia have been compared: and in reference to this 
comparison, Mr. Owen again calls attention to the value of the cha- 
racter of the process continued from the angle of the jaw, in the 
fossils, as strongly contradistinguishing them from the Phocide, in 
none of the species of which is the angle of the jaw so produced. The 
Thylacotherium differs from the genus Didelphys in the greater num- 
ber of its molars, and from every ferine quadruped known at the time 
when Cuvier formed his opinion réspecting the nature of the fossil. 
This difference in the number of the molar teeth, which Cuvier urged as 
evidence of the generic distinction of the Stonesfield mammiferous 
fossils, has since been regarded as one of.the proofs of their Saurian 
nature ; but the exceptions by excess to the number seven, assigned 
by M. de Blainville to the molar teeth in each ramus of the lower 
jaw of the insectivorous Mammalia, are well established, and have 
been long known. ‘The insectivorous Chrysochlore, in the order 
Ferz, has eight molars in each ramus of the lower jaw; the insec- 
tivorous Armadillos have not fewer ; and in one subgenus (Priodon) 
there are more than twenty molar teeth on each side of the lower 
jaw. The dental formule of the carnivorous Cetacea, again, de- 
monstrate the fallacy of the argument against the mammiferous cha- 
racter of the Thylacotherium founded upon the number of its molar 
teeth. From the occurrence of the above exceptions in recent pla- 
cental Mammalia, the example of a like excess in the number of 
molar teeth in the marsupial fossil ought rather to have led to the 
expectation of the discovery of a similar case among existing mar- 
supials, and such an addition to our zoological catalogues has, in 
fact, been recently made. In the Australian quadruped described 
by Mr. Waterhouse under the name of Myrmecobius an approxima- 
tion towards the dentition of the Thylacotherium is exemplified, not 
only in the number of the molar teeth, which is nine on each side of 
the lower jaw in the Myrmecobius, but also in their relative size, 
structure, and disposition. Lastly, with respect to the dentition, 
Mr. Owen says it must be obvious to all who inspect the fossil and 
compare it with the jaw of a small Didelphys, that contrary to the 
assertion of M. de Blainyille, the teeth and their fangs are arranged 
with as much regularity in the one as in the other, and that no ar- 
gument of the Saurian nature of the fossil can be founded on this 
part of its structure. 

With respect to M. de Blainville’s assertion that the jaw is com- 
pound, Mr. Owen stated, that the indication of this structure near 
the lower margin of the jaw of the Thylacotherium is not a true 
suture, but a vascular groove similar to that which characterizes 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 14. March 1839. F 


66 Zoological Society. 


the lower jaw of Didelphys, Opossum, and some of the large species 
of Sorex. 

In a memoir to be brought forward on another occasion, Mr. 
Owen intends to describe the other genus found at Stonesfield, and 
for which, on account of its marsupial affinities, he proposes the name 
of Phascolotherium. 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
May 22, 1838.—Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair. 


A letter was first read, dated Sierra Leone, February 19, 1838, 
from F. Strachan, Esq., Corresp. Memb., in which the writer, refer- 
ring to the Chimpanzee, observes, that only two had been brought 
over to Freetown during the late rains, both of which he believes to 
be on their way to England; he also remarks, that there would be 
no great difficulty in procuring a young Hippopotamus, and that it 
might probably outlive the voyage to England if brought home in a 
man of war. 

Mr. Waterhouse then laid before the Meeting a collection of spe- 
cimens received from Mr. Cuming, consisting of a considerable num- 
ber of birds, with skins of Mammalia, &c.: among the latter were 
several new or rare species, including specimens of the genera Tar- 
sius, Galeopithecus, Sciurus, and Paradocurus. 

‘The scientific value of the above donation was much increased by 
some manuscript notes made by Mr. Cuming upon several of the ani- 
mals, giving their native names, and information relative to their habits. 
Of one of these, a species of Galeopithecus, Mr. Cuming remarks :— 

“The Caguang is an inoffensive animal, inhabiting lofty trees in 
dark woods, and is known to feed upon the leaves of the Nanka or 
Jack Fruit ; it suspends itself from the upper branches of the tree by 
all its feet, which gives it a large appearance, as it brings them all 
four together. 

“It flies heavily for about a hundred yards on an inclined plane, 
but readily ascends the trees by its strong claws; it makes a weak 
noise similar to geese when at rest: when the calls of nature ope- 
rate on the animal, it erects its tail and membrane up to the back 
part of the neck, which gives it a most singular appearance. They 
are easily taken by the natives throwing nets over them, or by cut- 
ting down the tree on which they are; and before they can clear 
themselves of the branches are taken hold of by the hand. I never 
saw one of them attempt to bite. When the female has young she 
is very easily taken. They appear much attached to their young, 
which are always hanging at the breast. Of late years great num- 
Lers of them have been taken for the sake of their skins, which meet 


Zoological Society. 67 


with a ready sale at Manilla. They are found on the islands of Bo- 
hol and Mindanado.” 

Another of the specimens was the Tarsius spectrum of Geoffroy, of 
which Mr. Cuming’s memoranda furnished the following interesting 
details :— 

«The Malmag is a small animal living under the roots of trees, 
particularly the large bamboo of these islands. Its principal food is 
lizards, which it prefers to all other. When extremely hungry, I 
have known it to eat shrimps and cock-roaches, and give a great pre- 
ference to those which arealive. It is very cleanly in its habits, never 
touches any kind of food that has been partly consumed, and never 
drinks a second time from the same water. It seldom makes any 
kind of noise, and when it does emit sound it is a sharp shrill call, 
and only once. On approaching it in its cage, it fixes its large full 
eyes upon the party for a length of time, never moving a muscle: 
on drawing nearer, or putting anything near it, it draws up the 
muscles of the face similar to a monkey, and shows its beautiful 
sharp regular set teeth. It laps water like a cat, but very slowly, 
and eats much for so smallan animal. It springs, nearly two feet ata 
time. It sleeps much by day, is easily tamed, and becomes quite 
familiar, licking the hands and face, and creeping about your person, 
and is fond of being caressed. It has an aversion to the light, al- 
ways retiring to the darkest place. It sits upon its posteriors when 
it feeds, holding its food by its fore paws; when not hungry, it will 
ogle the food for a considerable time. A male and female are gene- 
rally seen together: the natives of these islands make sure of taking 
the second having secured the first. They are extremely scarce in 
the island of Bohol, and only found in the woods of Jagna and the 
island of Mindanado. 

“It produces one atatime. I had the good fortune to procure a 
female without knowing her to be with young: one morning I was 
agreeably surprised to find she had brought forth. The young ap- 
peared to be rather weak, but a perfect resemblance to its parent: 
the eyes were open and covered with hair; it soon gathered strength, 
and was constantly sucking betwixt its parent’s legs, and so well 
covered by its mother, that I seldom could see anything of it but its 
tail: on the second day it began to creep about the cage with apparent 
strength, and even climb up to the top by the rods of which the cage 
was composed. Upon persons wishing to see the young one when 
covered over by the mother, we had to disturb her, upon which the 
dam would take the young one in its mouth, in the same mannerasa 
cat, and carry it about for some time ; several times I sawher when not 
disturbed trying to get out of the cage, with the young one in hermouth 

F 2 


68 Zoological Society. 


as before. It continued to live and increase in size for three weeks, 
when unfortunately some person trod upon the tail of the old one, 
which was protruded through the cage, a circumstance which caused 
its death in a few days: the young one died a few hours after, which I 
put into spirits. 

Jagna, Isle of Bohol, August 1837. 

Among the collection sent by Mr. Cuming to the Society were 
specimens of two species of Saurian Reptiles, upon which, at the 
request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin offered some remarks. 

‘The first species to which he adverted was the Istiurus Amboi- 
nensis of Cuvier: two specimens of this rare reptile, both males, were 
procured by Mr. Cuming in the Island of Negros. The /stiurus 
Amboinensis, from the circumstance of the male being furnished with 
an elevated crest or fan, supported by the spinous processes of the 
base of the tail, in which respect it agrees with the Basilisk, was 
placed by Daudin in the same genus with this latter reptile, and 
characterized as the Basiliscus Amboinensis, and in this arrangement 
Daudin was followed by most succeeding writers. So little allied, 
however, in reality, are these two reptiles (though possibly they 
may be the representatives of each other in different quarters of the 
globe), that they belong to two different sections of the Sauria, of 
which one has the Old World, the other the New World, for 
its range. The Basilisk (Baszliscus mitratus, Daud.), with all the 
American genera of the Iguanian group or Hunotes of Dumeril 
and Bibron, belong to the section of that group termed Pleuro- 
donta, distinguished by the situation of the teeth, which rise from 
a furrow along the internal aspect of each jaw; whereas the 
Istiurus, with all the Old World genera of the Iguanian group, 
(the genus Brachylophus, of which there is only one species, alone 
excepted,) belong to the section termed Acrodonta, distinguished 
by the teeth being firmly fixed along the very ridge of each 
jaw, instead of having an insertion in a lateral furrow. Mr. 
Martin observed, that the presence of the elevated fan at the base 
of the tail, which occurs only in the males of Istiwrus Amboinensis, 
was a circumstance of interest, inasmuch as it involves a structural 
difference between the osteology of both sexes. In the common 
Water Newt, the male of which acquires fanlike membranes at a 
certain season of the year, the membrane is unsupported by an 
osseous frame-work, and is deciduous, or rather temporary; but in 
this animal, while the use of such a fan may be in all probability 
connected with sexual functions, it is a persistent appendage. The 
locality from which the specimens were derived gives them addi- 
tional value. 


“H. Cumine.” 


Miscellaneous. 69 


The next species to which Mr. Martin requested the attention of 
the meeting was a Varanus from the Isle of Mindanado, which he 
regarded as hitherto undescribed. 

This Varanus, he observed, appeared to be closely allied to Va- 
ranus chlorostigma, Dum. and Bibr., differing, nevertheless, materi- 
ally in the character of the scales of the body, and in the distribu- 
tion of its markings. As in Varanus chlorostigma and Var. bivittatus, 
the suborbital scales consist of a crescent of plates, broader than 
long, encircled by small plates, which latter cover the suborbital 
margin. The nostrils are rounded, and placed on each side of the 
muzzle rather nearer the apex than in Var. chlorostigma; the teeth 
are also compressed with sharp edges very minutely dentated ; the 
head is more produced than in Var. chlorostigma, being, in this re- 
spect more like that of Var. bivittatus; and the scales are larger, 
coarser, and more irregular. 

For this new Varanus, Mr. Martin proposed the name of Varanus 
Cumingi. 

Varanus Cuminet. Varan. cauddé compressa, naribus feré ro- 
tundalis et rostri apicem versus positis ; lamellis suborbitalibus 
incequalibus, septem vel octo ceteris quoad magnitudinem pre- 
stantibus latissimis, lineamque semilunarem efficientibus ; dentibus 
compressis, acutis, et delicaté serralis; corpore supra nigro, 
gultis ocellisque flavis ornato; abdomine aurantiaco. 

Hab. apud Insulam Mindanado. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
ON THE GENUS SYNGNATHUS. 

A translation of Prof. Fries’ paper on the genus Syngnathus having 
appeared in this Journal, we should not be doing justice to that gen- 
tleman, were we to omit publishing the following correspondence 
which has taken place between him and Prof. Wiegmann with refer- 
ence to a note by the latter, which will be found at p. 100. vol. ii. 
of the Annals.—Epir. 

« To Prof. Wiegmann.—In the third part of your Journal (Archiv 
fiir Naturgeschichte) you endeavour to weaken my statement that 
‘the specimen which served for the original of Bloch’s figure was 
S. equoreus, by the assertion that ‘the only specimen in Bloch’s 
collection is my S. Ophidion.’ I am very sorry that you did not take 
the trouble to compare Bloch’s specimen with the figure, for you 
would certainly have come to a contrary conclusion. I have never 
seen Bloch’s specimen, yet I still maintain that a S. Ophidion never 
served for the original of the figure, because no S. Ophidion offers such 
proportions as those presented by the figure. In no true S. Ophidion 
can the caudal fin be placed in such relation to the anus; the figure 


70 Miscellaneous. 


indicates exactly the proportions which we find in S. equoreus, for 
no S. Ophidion can become so large or thick, or have any such snout. 
This may appear but a trifle, and in one respect it is so; but on the 
other hand, it is of very great importance for the clearing up of the 
synonomy and all the errors which have thence originated. You 
will oblige me by correcting this as soon as possible.” —J. B. Frizs. 
Stockholm, 21st August. 
Note by Prof. Wiegmann. 

«At the same time that I fulfil the wish of my respected corre- 
spondent, I must state that I certainly did not compare Bloch’s 
figure, whose work I had not at hand, erroneously supposing that 
the only specimen in his collection had also been figured by him. 
Hence it seems that Bloch did not distinguish both species.” 


ON THE INFLUENCE OF NATIVE MAGNESIA ON THE GERMINATION, 
VEGETATION, AND FRUCTIFICATION OF VEGETABLES. BY ANGELO 
ABBENE. 

Among the various causes which produce barrenness in lands, has 
been enumerated the presence cf magnesia, because it had been ob- 
served that the various magnesian soils are sterile. ‘This opinion 
has begun to lose credit, since Bergmann, who examined the compo- 
sition of fertile soils, considered magnesia as forming one of their 
principal constituents. 

Prof. Giobert has performed a number of experiments to inquire 
into the action of native magnesia, which is found in numerous cul- 
tivated soils. In the environs of Castellamonte and of Baldissero, this 
substance is abundantly diffused in the soils cultivated with great 
success, and which exhibit a vigorous vegetation. There are many di- 
stricts in Piedmont and elsewhere, where the bi-carbonate of lime and 
of magnesia is abundant in the cultivated lands, which produce beau- 
tiful plants. Giobert concluded from these experiments; Ist, that 
native carbonated magnesia is not injurious to the various functions 
of vegetables; 2nd, that on account of the solubility of magnesia in 
an excess of carbonic acid this earth can exercise an action analogous 
to that of lime; 3rd, that a magnesian soil may become fertile when 
the necessary manure is employed. 

From these facts naturally proceeds the conclusion, that if the 
magnesia was dissolved in an excess of carbonic acid and water, and 
had entered like the lime into the composition of the sap, it ought 
to be found in the plants with the potash, lime, oxide of iron, &c. 
M. Abbene has ascertained this by the analysis of the ashes of 
plants which had grown in magnesiferous mixtures. Moreover, he 
endeayoured to find, by comparative experiments, whether the in- 


Miscellaneous. 7s 


fluence of magnesia on vegetation is analogous to that of lime. The 
following are the conclusions he arrives at: Ist, Native magnesia 
is not only not injurious to germination, vegetation, and fructifica- 
tion of plants, but on the contrary, appears to be favourable to these 
functions. 2nd, Magnesia, being soluble in an excess of carbonic 
acid, has on vegetation an action analogous to that of lime; and 
when a soil contains magnesia not sufficiently carbonated, this de- 
fect may be remedied by the addition of manure, which by its de- 
composition furnishes the necessary quantity of carbonic acid; the 
amelioration will be much more efficacious if the soil be frequently 
disturbed, as then the air will better exercise its action. 38rd,When lime 
and magnesia exist in arable lands, the former is absorbed in prefer- 
ence by the plants on account of its greater affinity for carbonic acid. 
4th, In barren magnesian lands, it is not to the magnesia that the 
sterility must be attributed, but to the cohesive state of their parts, 
to the want of manure, of clay, or of other composts, to the large 
quantity of oxide of iron, &c. 5th, Barren magnesian soils may be 
rendered fertile by means of calcariferous substances, as rubbish, 
chalk, ashes, marl, &c., provided the other conditions be fulfilled. — 
Journal de Pharmacie de Janvier, 1839. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR JANUARY, 1839. 


Chiswick. Jan.1. Overcast. 2,3. Cloudy andfine. 4. Rain: clear. 5, 
Clear and very fine. 6. Overcast: sleet: rain at night, with wind increasing to 
a hurricane. 7. Boisterous. 8. Clear: slightsnow. 9,10. Frosty. 11. Over- 
cast: rain. 12. Very fine. 13. Cloudy and windy, with slight showers. 14. 
Rain. 15. Very clear. 16. Fine, but cold. 17,18. Sharp frost: clear, 19, 
Stormy and wet: clear at night, with aurora borealis. 20. Fine: rain, 21, 
Rain. 22. Clearandcold. 23. Overcast and fine. 24. Hazy: fine. 25. 
Fine. 26. Fine: slight snow. 27. Cloudy and cold. 28. Frosty : slight 
snow at night. 29. Clear: snow. 30. Sharp frost: slightly overcast: stormy 
with snow: tempestuous at night. 31. Snowing. 

Boston.—Jan. 1. Cloudy. 2. Stormy. 3. Fine: stormy night. 4. Cloudy : 
rainearly A.M. 5. Fine. 6. Fine: snow rm. 7. Stormy: blew a hurricane 
allday. 8. Stormy. 9,10. Fine. 11. Cloudy: rain early a.m.: rain a.m. 
12, 13. Cloudy. 14. Fine. 15. Stormy. 16,17. Fine. 18. Fine: snow p.m. 
19. Clondy: rain early a.M.: rainp.m. 20. Cloudy: rainearly a.m. 21. 
Rain. 22. Fine: snow early a.m. 23, 24. Cloudy. 25. Fine: rain p.m. 26. 
Cloudy : snow early a.m.: snowr.m. 27. Cloudy: raina.m. 28. Cloudy. 
29. Fine: rain and snow p.m. 30. Fine: rain p.m. 31. Cloudy: large fall of 
snow early a.M.: more snow in the day, with hail. 

Applegarth Manse, Dum/ries-shire.—Jan. 1. High wind and sharp showers, 
2. Generally clear: occasional showers. 3. Very boisterous. 4. Calmed a 


little: stormy p.m. 5. Wind strong: snow. 6. Frost and snow: rain p.m. 
7. Fearful storm: rain and sleet. 8. More calm: more snow. 9. Frost: snow 
lying three inches. 10. Thaw: snow melting. 11. Rain moderate: flood. 


12. Moderate day: sunshine. 13. Frequent heavy showers. 14. Showery : 
auroraborealis. 15. Frosty after a boisterous night. 16. Clear frost: wind 
lulled. 17. Calm and frosty, and sunny. 18. Frost a.m.: rain at night. 19, 
Temperate: heavy flood. 20. Shower a.m.: still mild. 21. Frost a.m.: in- 
creasing p.M. 22. Clear frost: overcast P.M. 23. Frost again: slight thaw p.m. 
24. Thaw: a few drops of rain. 25. Fine day, without frost. 26, Fine frosty 
day. 27. Calmand clear frost. 28. Frost: slight fallofsnow. 29. Frost : 
storm of snow. 30, Frost; snowand high wind. 31. Frost: still snowing : 
nine inches deep. 


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. — 


ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


VII.—On a new Species of Bat found in the County of Durham, 
and preserved in the Museum belonging to the Durham Uni- 
versity. By the Rev. LEonarp Jenyns, M.A., F.LS., &c. 


{ With a Plate. ] 


DURING a visit at Durham last autumn, I noticed in the 
Museum attached to the University of that town a White Bat, 
which I at first supposed to be merely an accidental variety of 
one of our common species. On a closer inspection I per- 
ceived that it could not be referred to any species I was ac- 
quainted with; and on making application to Mr. Fox, the 
well-known naturalist of that place, who was accompanying 
me at the time, I was kindly entrusted by that gentleman with 
the loan of the specimen, to enable me on my return home to 
submit it to a more rigorous examination. This I have ac- 
cordingly done; and | have little hesitation in pronouncing 
it to be distinct from all the bats which have been hitherto 
met with in this country, and as far as my knowledge goes, 
from all those described by continental authors. There is no 
ground for supposing that its white colour is otherwise than 
accidental ; but it possesses other characters, those especially 
derived from the form of the tragus, of sufficient importance, 
I think, to mark its peculiarity. 

I learnt upon inquiry, that this bat had been obtained some 
time preceding in the church of Auckland St. Andrew, which 
place is about twelve miles S.W. of Durham. It is now 
stuffed, on which account it is not possible to take some of the 
measurements with as much accuracy as could be wished. 
But the parts are well displayed; and the exact form of the 
auricle and tragus in particular may be correctly traced. 

I propose to designate this bat by the name of Vespertilio 
edilis. And the following may serve as its specific character ; 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No.15. April 1839. G 


74 Rey. L. Jenyns on a new Species of Bat. 


—to which I shall annex a more detailed description, and a 
table of dimensions. 

VY. auriculis ovatis, marginibus externis sinuatis, caput longitudine 
eequantibus ; trago dimidio breviore, margine interno recto, ex- 
terno subarcuato ante apicem emarginato ; patagio interfemorali 
subtus punctis, hic illic sparsis, setigeris. 

In the form of the head and in its general physiognomy, 
this bat resembles the V. mystacinus more than any other of 
our British species. The snout is short, but moderately at- 
tenuated, and slightly emarginate at the tip between the nos- 
trils. The forehead appears elevated from the erect fur on 
that part. The face and upper part of the muzzle are hairy. 
There is some indication of a moustache on the upper lip, 
with longer hairs interspersed : there are also a few long hairs 
on the chin. The ears are about the length of the head*, 
widely separate, oval, obtuse at the extremity, bending out- 
wards: their inner margin convex, and folded back near the 
base; the outer margin with a moderately deep sinus about 
half-way down, but immediately beneath the sinus expanding 
into a rounded lobe. On the whole the auricle very much 
resembles that of the V. mystacinus and V. emarginatus, but it 
is not so deeply notched. The éragus is of a very peculiar form, 
and unlike that of any other species. It is not quite half the 
length of the auricle, if this last be measured in front; but 
rather more than half if measured behind: its greatest breadth 
is not quite one third of its own length: the inner margin is 
perfectly straight; the outer one arcuate, with a small but 
rather deep notch a little below the tip which is rounded; 
there is a somewhat similar notch at bottom, and beneath it a 
projecting lobe, but these last may also be observed, though 
not so distinctly, in V. mystacinus:—-were it not for the 
upper notch and rounded apex, the form of the tragus would 
be nearly that of a small segment of a circle, the broadest part 
being im the middle. The flying and interfemoral membranes 
are naked and moderately ample; the latter without any 
transverse ciliated lines, but dotted irregularly on the under 
surface with some minute white glands, from each of which 


* Perhaps a little shorter; but the specimen being stuffed, the exact 
length of the head cannot be determined. 


Rev. L. Jenyns on a new Species of Bat. 7 


proceed one or more small bristles: there are also a few mi- 
nute scattered bristles along the margin. The fail is a little 
shorter than the fore arm, and the tip appears to project a 
little from the membrane, but owing to the dried state of the 
skin, this last point cannot be accurately determined. The 
feet are large, (much larger than in either V. mystacinus or 
V. Pipistrellus): the toes long and bristly. The thumé is 
longer than in either of the two species just mentioned. The 
Jur is thick and woolly about the head, advancing a little on to 
the ears externally at the base ; on the other parts of the body 
of moderate length. Its colour (in this specimen) everywhere 
of a beautiful silvery white: the membranes are also white, but 
of a less pure tint. 


Dimensions. 
Inc. Lin 
Leneth of the head and body :.............0.c..sceeeeee 2 0 
ef Seville. CLO s. Ae I ee ms 
of the -car.( behind). 3, iwi ctivaenscniles veh acetone sO iL 
rE AM C408 SOON DY snes a nan ook k hapiak <Siastaown 0 6 
ree LEER a 6 aca sip Guang sv nn Garcinia vine Wades ain ss ze 
RORMEAT AL, BG EAE oie linn 03 Vense dada ie sodeuN oun saaceadegnises 0 38 perhaps more. 
of the tragus (in the middle of its length)... 0 03% 
Pecnptnror thie ares ts. peli ck. aS este ge hs cok df 
eeihe fore arc siik ie de8.c eee 1 43 
tne EN MATER a din yah wre anes sh ean aonb ae Diss 
Extent of the-flyimg membrane ......<......ss0ceeee 10* 


I have compared this bat closely with specimens of most 
of our British species, with which it can possibly be con- 
founded. It may be of use to point out the leading differences 
in each case. ; 

From V. Nattereri it may be at once distinguished by its 
smaller ears and shorter tragus, independently of other cha- 
racters. From V. Pipistrellus, by its larger size altogether, 
sharper snout, longer fore arm and thumb, longer and more 
slender tragus. From V. mystacinus, by its somewhat supe- 
rior size and greater amplitude of wing ; by the ears not being 
so deeply notched, and the tragus not subulate, but of the 
form already described; larger feet ; want of transverse lines 
on the interfemoral membrane, &c. From V. Daubentoniz, 


* Not less; but from the way in which the membranes are dried, this 
measurement cannot be made with accuracy. 


eZ 


76 Rey. L. Jenyns on a new Species of Bat. 


(which species it approaches most nearly, especially in size 
and general proportions,) by its sharper snout, its peculiarly 
formed tragus, and the absence of ciliated lines beneath the 
interfemoral. 

Of the V. emarginatus I possess no specimen for compa- 
rison. But it differs from Geoffroy’s description and figure 
of that species*, in the ears being smaller as well as less deeply 
notched on their external margins, and in the tragus not being 
subulate, as before stated. The flying membrane also is not 
quite so ample. But on the whole the proportions are not very 
dissimilar. 

It may still be inquired how far the above distinguishing 
characters may be trusted as indicating a specific difference. 
This however, is a question, to which, in the present state of 
the science, no certain reply can be made. It is in general 
hazardous to establish new species from single specimens. 
But in no instance hitherto, have I ever seen any appreciable 
variation in the form of the tragus, which is the great pecu- 
liarity in the one now described. And whether I am right or 
not in assigning so high an importance to this character, I 
conceive it will be of equal advantage to science to have 
brought it under the notice of the naturalist. it is only by 
tracing every variation of form, with a view to ascertaining 
the real value of characters, that we can arrive ultimately at a 
true knowledge of the value of species. If the one here de- 
scribed be a mere variety, it would seem to be a variety of the 
V. Daubentonii, to which on the whole it makes the nearest 
approach. 

I have only to add, that this bat will shortly be returned to 
the Museum at Durham, where it may be seen by those na- 
turalists who may have an opportunity of visiting that collec- 
tion ; and I beg to express my acknowledgements to Mr. Fox 
for permission to examine it. | 


REFERENCE TO THE PLATE. 


Prate ITI. fig. 1. is a dorsal view of V. edilis—Fig. 2. is a front view 
of the head enlarged. 


Swaffham Bulbeck, Feb. 2, 1839. 


* Ann. du Mus. tom. viii. p. 198. pl. 46. 


Rev. P. Keith on the Pith of Plants. 77 


VIII.—Of the Pith of Plants. By the Rev. Patrick 
Keritu, F.L.S. 


Tue pith, as every body knows, is that soft and spongy sub- 
stance which occupies the centre of the vegetable column, in 
which it is inclosed as in a sheath. In some plants it is close 
and compact, as in the willow; in others it is loose and inter- 
rupted, as in the walnut ; insome its diameter is large in pro- 
portion to that of the trunk, as in the fig and elder; in others 
it is very small, as in the oak and elm. Much has been said 
concerning its functions, and many opinions have been ha- 
zarded. 

But the only points of view in which I mean to regard it 
at present are, first, the extent to which it may be said to oc- 
cupy the centre of the plant; and secondly, that of its dimi- 
nution or obliteration in aged subjects. 

1st. Does the pith occupy the root or any part of the root, 
as well as the stem and branches? Before we proceed further, 
it will be well to circumscribe the limits of the terms root and 
stem.—* That part of the axis which forces its way down- 
wards, constantly avoiding light, and withdrawing from the 
influence of the air, is the descending axis or root; and that 
which seeks the light, always striving to expose itself to the 
air, and expanding itself to the utmost extent of its nature to 
the solar rays, is the ascending axis or stem.” Such is the de- 
finition of Dr. Lindley (Introd. 45.) with which we rest con- 
tent. 

Now though it seems to have been the opinion of the ear- 
lier botanists that a pith is present in the root of all plants 
as well as in the stem; yet M. Dutrochet, (‘ Recher. Anat.’ 
p- 13.) with some other modern botanists, deny its existence in 
the root of exogens altogether. 

With a view to satisfy myself on this point I began in 1836 
to look out for subjects of imspection. I cannot say that I 
met with anything that could be fairly called a pith in the roots 
of full-grown or aged trees. I thought I had perceived a pith 
in the root ofa plant of Berberis communis, which I inspected 
many years before the period above stated, with a different 
object in view ; but as it was merely a matter of recollection, I 


78 Rev. P. Keith on the Pith of Plants. 


laid no stress upon it, but proceeded in pursuit of a pith to 
examine the roots as well as stems, not of aged trees, but of 
young seedlings. 

Accordingly, on the 24th of June 1836, I took up a seed- 
ling of the sycamore, Acer Pseudoplatanus. 'The stem mea- 
sured about ¢hree inches in height. It was still furnished with 
its seed leaves, which were elevated about two inches above 
the level of the soil, with a pair of terminal stem leaves two 
inches in length by one and a half in breadth, and with a se- 
cond and immature pair protruding from their axils. Ona 
horizontal section it exhibited a circular layer of bark and a cir- 
cular layer of woody fibre, enclosing a central pith conformable 
to the terms of the definition as it regards the ascending axis, 
or stem, which on being partly cut and partly broken asunder, 
exhibited also spirals both above and below the seed leaves. 
On the same day I took upa seedling of the beech tree, Fagus 
sylvaticus. The seed leaves were still attached to it and were 
fully expanded; and the stem on the horizontal section was 
divisible into bark and bundles of woody fibre, t together with 
a central pith and spirals. 

All this is what was to be expected; and the next thing 
remaining to be done was the inspection of the roots of the 
said seedlings which was now undertaken. In the above spe- 
cimens this root measured from two to three inches in length, 
with a good many lateral fibres, and on a horizontal section 
exhibited, like the stem, a bark, a circular layer of woody fibre, 
but without spirals, and a central or axial mass, which mass 
differed in nothing visible from the central mass of the stem, 
whether as relative to its colour or to its spongy and cellular 
texture. On this account I have no hesitation in pronouncing 
it to be a true and legitimate pith, though lodged in the de- 
scending axis. If it be said, that owing to the elevation of the 
seed aber in the above cases, the piace of the collum must 
have been rendered doubtful, and that of the commencement 
of the real root uncertain, then I will present a case from 
which doubt is altogether excluded. 

On the 15th of July, 1836, I stumbled on a seedling of Co- 
rylus Avellana. took it up with much care and found that 
the seed lobes and half of the investing sheil were still attached 


— 


Rey. P. Keith on the Pith of Plants. 19 


to it. The stem measured seven inches in length, with three or 
four leaves. The root measured three or four inches in length, 
with many lateral fibres; and the diameter of the plant, at 
the widest, was about one eighth ofan inch. In taking a lon- 
gitudinal section of a portion of the root and stem so as to 
pass through the collum, which could not be mistaken, as the 
lobes never rise above the level of the soil, it was evident that 
the pith, strictly cellular and under the aspect of a fine thread, 
descended into the root, without any node or interruption or 
breach of continuity whatever, and without any appreciable 
difference beyond that of colour. Above the col/um it was of 
a deep red; below it was of a pale green. If any doubt re- 
mains in the mind of the reader as to the accuracy of this 
statement, I shall be very glad if he will have the goodness to 
repeat the experiment on a seedling of the same species and 
of the same age, and to say what he thinks of it then. With 
regard to myself, I hold it to be a most satisfactory proof of the 
existence of a pith in the descending axis even of exogens. It 
may be seen equally well in the root of seedlings of the oak 
and ash, but without the peculiarity of the red and green 
colours. 

2ndly. The other debateable point on the subject of the pith 
is as follows: 

Does the pith, after having reached its maximum of dia- 
meter and parted with its specific juices, ever shrink further 
in its dimensions, whether by the generation of longitudinal 
fibres within it, or by pressure from without, or by any other 
cause? In the earlier days of botanical inquiry, it was the 
opinion of phytologists that the pith is obliterated with age, 
or at least much diminished in its diameter. This opinion 
was advocated by Mirbel in his ‘ Physiologie Végétale*, where 
he not only states the fact, but explains how, in his opinion, 
the change is effected,—that 1s, by being converted, first, into 
longitudinal tubes and then into wood. But on the contrary, 
there are botanists who contend that “the pith undergoes no 
change after the end of the first year of its growth ;” at which 
period it may be said to have become distinctly cellular, and 


ee Len Baty 


SO Rev. P. Keith on the Pith of Plants. 


altogether, or nearly, dry. They add, that the fact of the great 
discrepancy of dimension between the pith of the primary 
shoot of the elder and that of the shoots of after years, so 
often quoted as an evidence of the shrinking of the pith, is an 
argument founded altogether in error, as the pith of the pri- 
mary shoot from seed never was more than a mere thread*. 
Yet the question is not whether the pith of the shoot of future 
years does ever shrink to the diminutive size of the shoot 
of the first year from seed; but, rather, whether the pith of 
any shoot, be it primary or be it secondary, does ever shrink 
in any sensible or perceptible degree after the end of a year’s 
growth, when its juices, as it seems, may be said to be ex- 
hausted. On the lst of June, 1836, I separated from the 
stool of an ash-stock a stem of three years growth. It mea- 
sured about nine feet in height, the growth of each year being 
distinctly marked, and measuring each about three feet in 
length. The upper shoot, that is the shoot of 1835, had a 
diameter of 3ths of an inch, with a pith of {th at the widest. 
The middle shoot, that is the shoot of 1834, had a diameter 
of ;4ths of an inch, with a pith of 7th; and the lower shoot, 
that is the shoot of 1833, had a diameter of Zths of an inch, 
with a pith of ;th. Now as the shoots of the several years 
were equally luxuriant, and the youngest a year old, the pith 
ought, by hypothesis, to have been of the same dimensions in 
all of them. Yet it was gradually smaller and smaller from 
the youngest to the oldest; though it was undoubtedly of 
equal diameter in the first year’s growth of each. For the 
shoot of a single year, from a different stock, gave a diameter 
of pith equal to that of the upper shoot of the above stem ; 
and poles of twelve years old gave still a diminishing dia- 
meter when inspected towards the base. Whence we infer 
that the pith keeps shrinking, from one cause or other, long 
after the period of the first year’s growth. 

Since the above was written, it seems that several botanists 
of eminence have expressed themselves with regard to the 
preceding facts, in a way that seems to amount, either to a 
total denial of them, or to a persuasion that they are of too 


* Lind. Introd. 60, 213. 


Mr. W. Yarrell on some Species of the Genus Syngnathus. 81 


little importance to merit any particular consideration, or at 
the least, that they are not new,—maintaining that wherever 
pith occurs, it occurs as an adjunct of stem and not of root. 
But with all due deference to great names and to great men, 
I contend most zealously for the fact of the existence of a pith 
in the root of exogenous seedlings at least. The affirmation 
of it is good, at any rate, as far as my induction goes ; and no 
one is at liberty to deny it, unless he can show that he has 
examined roots of the same species and of the same age, with- 
out having been able to discover the same appearances. Nor 
is any one at liberty to say that the pith which is found in the 
root is of no importance because it occurs merely in seedlings 
aud disappears in the mature plant. As well might the zo- 
ologist deny the importance of the tail of the tadpole, because 
it disappears in the full-grown frog. And if it is said that 
my facts are not new, I can only answer for myself, by saying 
in reply, that I never either heard or read of such facts till I 
discovered them in the course of my own investigations. They 
may be old facts ; but if facts at all, whether old or new, why 
are they contradicted by modern botanists ? 

I contend also with equal zeal for the fact of the gradual 
diminution of the pith of the stem till it dwindles away at last 
toa mere thread in the mature trunk; and as I am persuaded 
that the facts which I have adduced in support of the doc- 
trine are new, so I am satisfied that they are also true. Yet 
truth does not always meet with the ready reception which it 
merits—not even from philosophers themselves ; especially 
when any new fact occurs that happens to militate against 
their recorded opinions. 


1X.—Remarks on some Species of the Genus Syngnathus. 
By Wiuiiam YARRELL, Ksq., F.LS., F.Z.S. 


WueEn reading in November last in the 8th Number of the 
‘ Annals of Natural History’ the translation of the paper on 
the species of the genus Syngnathus by M. B. Fr. Fries of 
Stockholm, in which that gentleman states that the first ex- 
ample of the ophidial pipe-fish figured in the ‘ History of the 


82 Mr. W. Yarrell on some Species of the Genus Syngnathus. 


British Fishes,’ vol. il. p. 335, under the name of S. equoreus, 
is the female ; and that the second example, figured at p. 338, 
under the name of S. Ophidion, is the male of the same species, 
I was at once induced to suppose that M. Fries was under 
some misapprehension on the subject, from the following cir- 
cumstances ; first, because as far as my own observation went, 
S. e@quoreus was, in this country at least, a very rare species. 
Montagu says that he obtained but two examples. At the 
time of printing the account of that species in the ‘ British 
Fishes,’ I possessed, as there stated, but two examples ; while 
on the coast of Dorsetshire, where I have frequently fished 
for Syngnathi, I could obtain any number of that which I 
had called S. Ophidion, and it is equally common elsewhere. 
This extraordinary disparity of numbers appeared to be strong 
eround, but not the only ground, for supposing them distinct 
as to species. 

When in 1834 I first exhibited at the meetings of the Zo- 
ological Society dissected specimens of males and females of 
three species of the genus Syngnathus, in order to show the 
peculiarities both of the marsupial and ophidial pipe-fish, I 
had no difficulty in finding among my specimens females of 
S. Ophidion of Bloch, and I insert here a paragraph from the 
Report of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for Oct. 
28, 1834, which follows a notice of the exhibition of prepara- 
tions of males and females of Syngnathus Acus and Typhle. 
« Specimens of males and females of S. Ophidion, Bloch, were 
also exhibited. In this species neither male nor female pos- 
sesses an anal pouch, but the ova are carried by the male in 
hemispheric depressions on the external surface of the abdo- 
men, anterior to the anus. All the specimens examined ha- 
ving these external depressions proved to be males, with the 
testes in the abdomen very obvious: those without external 
depressions proved to be all females, internally provided with 
two lobes of enlarged ova.” 

In reference to the recent observations of M. Fries I pur- 
posely deferred any new examination of the various specimens 
I possessed till Mr. Jenyns’s visit to London in the early part 
of the present month, when we made the inspection together. 
I may here observe, that at the Meeting of the British Asso- 


Mr. W. Yarrell on some Species of the Genus Syngnathus. 83 


ciation at Newcastle last autumn, Mr. Wallace, of the Isle of 
Man, gave me two specimens of S. equoreus; I therefore now 
possessed four examples of this rare fish, all dried, and all ap- 
parently females, there being no appearance of the hemispheric 
depressions which usually distinguish the males. On care- 
fully opening these four we found that two of them were 
males and two females, and contrary to M. Fries’s experience, 
the males, in this instance, were the two largest of the four. 
Supposing the disappearance of the hemispheric cells in the 
dried males of the ophidial pipe-fish to be the consequence of 
desiccation, I tried the experiment of drying a male specimen 
of S. Ophidion, Bloch, which, when taken out of diluted spirit 
of wine, bore the usual half circular depressions, and I found 
that these depressions became less conspicuous in three or 
four hours, and were lost in the sculpture of the abdominal 
plates when the specimen became quite dry. 

The best specific distinction between S. equoreus, Linn. and 
S. Ophidion, Bloch, as it has been generally called, appears to be 
in the situation of the anal aperture, which marks the division 
between the body and tail in fishes. In the largest male of 
S. equoreus, measured on this occasion, the body was 93 
inches, the tail 101 ; in the second, the body was 94 inches, 
the tail 93. In the largest male specimen of S. Ophidion that 
was measured, the body was 6 inches, the tail 8 inches ; in 
another the body was 4 inches, the tail 6. I admit that there 
is considerable resemblance in the form and sculpture of the 
plates, but in this country S. eguoreus is as rare as the S. 
Ophidion of Bloch is common: males and females of both 
exist, as has been shown, and I have not yet met with any 
specimens, which by forming an intermediate series, would 
bring these two fishes together. I have hitherto referred to 
this second ophidial pipe-fish by the name of S. Ophidion, al- 
though M. Fries is, I believe, perfectly correct in stating that 
the Ophidion of Jenyns and Yarrell, identical with the Ophi- 
dion of Bloch, tab. 91. figure 3. as quoted by both in their 
synonyms, is not the true Ophidion of Artedi and Linnzus ; 
but let us inquire a little further. In this country we are in 
the habit of referring to the works of Swedish naturalists, 
considering them good authorities for the Linnean species. 


84 Mr. W. Yarrell on some Species of the Genus Syngnathus. 


When engaged on the synonyms of the Syngnathi, I referred 
to the works of Swedish authors, and found that M. Retz, in 
his ‘ Fauna Suecica,’ at page 312, refers to Bloch’s figure 3. 
tab. 91. as representing the Ophidion of Artedi and Linnzeus. 
Again, M. Nilsson in his ‘ Prodromus Ichthyologiz Scandi- 
navice,’ page 67. also refers to Bloch’s figure 3. tab. 91. as the 
Ophidion of Linnzus*. If therefore we have erred in quoting 
Bloch’s figure as the true Ophidion, we have at least gone 
astray in good company ; the more so, since Lacepéde in his 
original work,—the editor of the recent edition,—and Baron 
Cuvier himself in his ‘ Régne Animal,’ have quoted Bloch’s 
figure 3. tab. 91. as the S. Ophidion of Linnzus. 

As short descriptions, without figures, have often led to an 
erroneous adoption of names, I send herewith a representation 
engraved on wood of the true S. Ophidion of Artedi and Lin- 
neus. I have found it occasionally on the southern coast of 
England, but it is not very common. It is described by M. 
Fries in the 8th Number of the ‘ Annals,’ page 103. and by 
Mr. Jenyns in his ‘ Manual of British Vertebrate Animals,’ 
page 488. 


The straight-nosed Pipe-fish. ‘Nat. size. 


The species which has hitherto been called S. Ophidion by 
Mr. Jenyns and myself will in future be considered as S. an- 


* M. Fries, when quoting the synonyms of three Swedish authors, 
namely, Retz, Ekstroém, and Nilsson, for the true Ophzdion of Linnzus, 
very quietly omits the references made by two of them, M. Retz and Nils- 
son, to the figure of the Ophidion of Bloch. 


Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 85 


guineus: a name first suggested for it by Mr. Jenyns in his 
‘ Catalogue of British Vertebrate Animals,’ and referred to as 
a synonym for the fourth species of Syngnathus in his ‘ Ma- 
nual of the British Vertebrate Animals,’ page 487. 

The British Syngnathi, as suggested by Mr. Jenyns, con- 
sist of 6 species: 2 marsupial pipe-fish, S. Acus and S. Typhle, 
having true caudal fins; 4 ophidial pipe-fish, which may be 
again divided into 2 sections, the first of which contains 2 spe- 
cies, S. equoreus and S. anguineus, having each a rudimentary 
caudal fin; the second section also containing 2 species, S. 
Ophidion and S. lumbriciformis, in which there is no rudi- 
mentary caudal fin, the round tail ending in a fine point. 

In the recent works on British Fishes, one by Mr. Jenyns 
the other by myself, we had considered the figure of Bloch’s 
Ophidion as representing the true Ophidion of Linnzeus, which 
as here admitted is not the case: Mr. Jenyns has described 
the true Ophidion under the name of lumbriciformis, and I 
inserted the true /umbriciformis but omitted the true Ophidion 
altogether. I acknowledge with pleasure my obligations to 
M. Fries for setting me right. 


Ryder Street, Feb. 18, 1839. 


X.—Descripiions of some new or rare Indian Plants. By 
G. A. W. Arnott, Esq., LL.D. 


[Continued from p. 23. ] 
BALSAMODENDRON, Kunth (Burseracee). 


In the ‘ Prodromus Florz Peninsule Indiz Orientalis’, i. p. 
176, Dr. Wight and I united this as a subgenus to Protium, 
and it still appears to me doubtful if the two be separated by 
sufficiently important characters: the habit is, however, very 
different. In consequence of the addition of several new spe- 
cies, the character given by Dr. Wight and me, will require to 
be slightly altered, as follows: 

Calyx late vel tubuloso-campanulatus : torus disciformis in fundo 
calycis ovarium cingens, externe inter singula stamina verrucula ele- 
vata instructus: stamina octo: drupa ovata: nux obtusa angulata. 


From this it is obvious that the shape of the calyx and nut 


86 Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 


is not sufficient to distinguish Balsamodendron from the spe- 
cies we referred to the Protium of Burmann, and that the 
principal character consists in the position of the torus or 
disc. 

All the East Indian species which I have seen have the 
calyx tubular-campanulate as in the Senegambia one (Heude- 
lotia) and Commiphora of Jacquin, while it is broad and shallow 
in B. gileadense, and perhaps in the other two from Arabia : 
but, as these last are not sufficiently known, I cannot avail 
myself of that probable difference of structure to sub-divide 
the genus into sections. The following is a synopsis of all 
the species known : 

1. B. Berryi (Arn.) ; spinescens, foliis longiuscule petiolatis gla- 
bris, foliolis 3 cuneato-obovatis crenatis, terminali lateralibus 
duplo majore, pedicellis unifloris brevibus, petalis calyce breviter 
tubuloso subduplo longioribus, fructu apiculato.—Protium gi- 
leadense. Wight et Arn. Prod.i. p. 177 (excl. syn.). Wight, 
Cat. n. 543.—-Amyris Gileadensis. Roxd, Fl. Ind. 11. p. 246 
(excl. syn.). 

This was introduced to the Botanic Garden of Calcutta, by 
Dr. Berry, of Madras, so that in all probability the plants 
were obtained from the interior of the Peninsula, where it is 
a native; and not from Arabia, as Roxburgh supposed. 

2. B. Roxburghii (Arn.) ; spinescens, foliis petiolatis glabris, fo- 
liolis 3, terminali ovali serrulato, lateralibus minutis, pedicellis 
unifloris brevibus.—Amyris commiphora. Rovb. Fl. Ind. u. p, 
244.—A. Agallocha. Rexb.: Herb. Beng. p. 28.—Commiphora 
madagascariensis. Jacq. H. Schoenbdr. ii. t. 249 (fide Roxb.). 

Hab. in Silhet, Assam, &c. 

There can I think be little doubt of Commiphora being the 
same with the present genus, but I feel less certain that C. 
madagascariensis is the species described by Roxburgh. My 
principal objection arises from the distance between the locali- 
ties where the two are said to be indigenous. As, however, no 
succeeding botanist appears to have received it from Mada- 
gascar, Jacquin may have been accidentally led into an error 
on that point. 

3. B. Wightii (Arn.); spinescens, foliis sessilibus glabris, foliolis 

3 subzequalibus cuneato-obovatis acute dentato-serratis, flori- 


Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 87 


bus sessilibus fasciculatis, fructu subiter acuminato. Wight, 

Cat. n. 2426. 

Hab. ad Bellary, Wight (1834). 

4. B. Africanum (Arn.); spinescens, foliis longiuscule petiolatis 
pubescentibus, foliolis cuneato-obovalibus subrugosis obtuse in- 
ciso-serratis, terminali majore, floribus fasciculatis subsessilibus, 
petalis calyce tubuloso parum longioribus, drupa ovoidea acu- 
minata.—Heudelotia africana. Guillem. et Pierott, FI. Senegamb. 
i. p. 150. t.39. 

. B. Kafal (Kunth); spinescens, foliolis 3, ovalibus dentato- 
serratis, junioribus villosis, senioribus glabris, drupa compressa 
mammillata. DC. Prod. ii. p. 76. 

6. B. Kataf (Kunth); inerme, foliolis 3, ovalibus plus minusve 
acuminatis serratis glabris, pedunculis dichotomis.—Amyris 
Kataf. Forsk. Descr. p. 80. 

7. B. gileadense (Kunth) ; inerme, foliis petiolatis glabris, foliolis 
3 integerrimis obovato-oblongis, pedicellis brevibus unifloris, 
calyce latiuscule campanulato. JB. gileadense et B. opobalsa- 
mum. Kunth. DC. Prod. p.76.—Amyris gileadensis et A. 
opobalsamum, Linn. 

Vahl, at the end of the second part of his ‘Symb. Bot.’ has 
shown that A. opobalsamum was described by Linnzeus, not 
from specimens, but from a bad figure, and that it is not distinct 
from A. gileadensis. What Balsamea meccanensis, Gled., in 
“Act moc.,Nat. Cur. Ber! i: p. 127. t. 3. f. 2., may be, I have 
no means of determining. DeCandolle refers it as a variety 
with bipinnate leaves to the present species ; but if it belongs 
to this genus, that structure must have arisen either from ac- 
cident or cultivation, and in neither case can be considered as 
a permanent form. 


Cnr 


Brown has about twenty years ago shown that the Linnzan 
genus Hxracum ought to be limited to the Kast Indian species 
which have all showy flowers; it is therefore somewhat 
strange, that in almost all the European Floras, those of Britain 
not excepted, that name is given to small slender filiform 
plants, with an appearance quite different from the typical 
species. To the European species Adanson had long since 
given the name Cicendia; they differ from EHzracum by the 
funnel-shaped corolla, the segments of which become twisted 
after flowering into a kind of calyptra above the capsule, 


88 Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 


and by the one-celled or at most imperfectly two-celled cap- 
sule. The Asiatic genus, of which I am about to define se- 
veral species, may be thus shortly distinguished from the 
other genera of the Gentianee. 


Exacum, L. 

Sepale dorso carinato alata. Corolla rotata absque corona, circa 
capsulam marcescens: estivatio dextrorsum contorta. Glandule 
epipetale vel hypogyne nulla. Stamina 4—5: anthere immutate 
porro dehiscentes. Ovarium complete biloculare. Stylus filiformis 
plus minusve adscendens. Stigma indivisum. Capsula valvulis in- 
troflexis complete bilocularis, placentis demum utringue liberis. 


The following is a Clavis Analytica of all the species I have 
seen: 


Caules subsimplices, corymbi nudiusculi. 
SR SUMIANSA OF cue devas ave aie ese wihne ae aoe sev asus abep top E. tetragonum, R. 
Stamina 5. 
Folia ovalia acuta vix acuminata, co- 
rollz laciniz ovali-oblongze acute... 
Folia lanceolata utrinque attenuata 
subundulata, corollz laciniz obovales } E. ceylanicum, L. 
obtusinsculae ..:...00cs000s. padpinnenaen 


E. macranthum, Ayn. 


Caules valde ramosi. 
Stamina 5: inflorescentia foliosa. 


Caules ramique late 4-alati: capsula glo- , 
te Aigeoides. flores aaa oe b Wigan 
Caules ramique 4-goni vix alati: flores parvuli. 
Folia oblongo-lanceolata acuminata : 
cor. lacinize obovate ; capsula oats | E. courtallense, Arn. 
oblonga ...... cemeiok a ctasduna asians oe 
Folia ovata acuta: cor. laciniz ob- 


longo-lanceolatz: capsula congo: E. Walkeri, Arn. 


eUOWN eA. a vevensn as neues 2a - 
Stamina4: inflorescentia nudiuscula : =: A E. pedunculatum, L. 
sula globosa: flores parvi.......essseeee 


These may be more enh its defined as follows : 


1. EH. tetragonum (Roxb.) caulibus subsimplicibus basi 4-alatis 
sursum 4-angulatis, foliis ovalibus vel oblongo-lanceolatis sessi- 
libus, corymbo nudiusculo, corollz laciniis 4 oblongis acutis, pe- 
dunculis fructiferis rectiusculis. 

Hab. ad oras Malabaricas. 

Flores mediocres. 

2. H. macranthum (Arn.) caulibus subsimplicibus teretiusculis, fo- 
liis subpetiolatis ovalibus acutis vix acuminatis, corymbo nudi- 


Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 89 


usculo, corollz laciniis 5 ovali-oblongis acutis, pedicellis fruc- 
tiferis rectiusculis. 

Hab. in montibus insule Ceylani. 

Flores magni. 

3. E.ceylanicum (Linn.) ; caulibus subsimplicibus tetragonis, foliis 
lanceolatis longe acuminatis basi in pseudo-petiolum attenuatis 
margine subundulatis, corymbo nudiusculo, coroile laciniis 5 
obovalibus obtusiusculis, pedicellis fructiferis subrecurvis.—E. 
ceylanicum. Wall. Cat. n. 4357, 6. 

Hab. Prope Colombo in insula Ceylano. 

Flores magni. 

4. EK. Wightianum (Arn.); caulibus valde ramosis ramisque late 
alatis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis subsessilibus, co- 
rymbo folioso, corollz laciniis 5 ovalibus acutis vel acuminatis, 
pedicellis fructiferis valde recurvis, capsula globoso-ellipsoidea. 
—E. ceylanicum. Wall. Cat. n. 4357, a. (et forsan c.). 

Hab. in Peninsule Indice montibus australioribus. 

Flores magni. Capsula latitudine vix longior. 

5. E. courtallense (Arn.) ; caule dichotome ramoso, ramis angus- 
tissime 4-alatis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis, inflore- 
scentia foliosa, corolle laciniis 5 obovalibus obtusiusculis, pedi- 
cellis fructiferis rectiusculis, capsula ovato-oblonga. 

Hab. ad Courtallum in Peninsula Ind. Or. 

Flores subparvi. Capsula versus basin quam apicem latior. 

6. EH. Walkeri (Arn.); caule dichotome ramoso, ramis angustis- 
sime 4-alatis, foliis ovatis acutis vel acuminatis, inflorescentia 
foliosa, corolle laciniis 5 oblongo-lanceolatis, pedicellis fructi- 
feris rectiusculis vel leniter arcuatis, capsula oblongo-ellipsoidea. 

Hab. in insulze Ceylani montibus. 

Flores subparvi. Capsula revere ellipsoidea, 15—2-plo longior 

quam lata. 

7. E. pedunculare (Linn.) ; caule erecto ramoso tetragono, foliis 
lanceolatis, corymbis nudiusculis, corolle laciniis 4 ovalibus, 
capsula globosa.—E. pedunculare. Wall. Cat. n. 4359.—E. 
carinatum, Rorb.—E. sulcatum, Roxb. 

Hab. in insula Ceylano, et per omnem fere Hindoostaniam. 


Flores parvi. 


In addition to these Roxburgh mentions an FE. bicolor, and 
Wallich E. teres, stylosum, pteranthum, and E. grandiflorum, 
the last from the Peninsula (and perhaps the same as £&. 
Wightianum), with none of which I am acquainted. 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No. 15. April 1839. H 


90 Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 


This genus occurs principally in the south-west parts of 
India: it does not appear to be found in Java. 


Lorantuus, L. (Loranthacee). 


L. lageniferus (Wight) ; corolla longe tubulosa equaliter 5-fida, 
antheris erectis, involucro campanulato magno colorato circa 
flores paucos subcapitatos. Wight, Cat. n. 2437. Hook. Ic. Pl. 
t. 229, 230. 

Hab. in Malabaria; Wight. 

Lignosus glaber parasiticus. Folia opposita petiolata, petiolo 2—4 
lineas longo, ovato-lanceolata seu elliptico-oblonga, obtusa basi ro- 
tundata, plurinervia, crassa, coriacea. Pedunculi fasciculati ad ramos 
annotinos orti, brevissimi, apice involucrum sanguineum gamophyl- 
lum campanulatum magnum 4—5 lobum ferentes. Flores 4—5 in 
fundo involucri subsessiles. Calycis limbus cupularis membrana- 
ceus repando-5-dentatus. Corolla pulverula tubulosa, involucrum 
duplo superans, apice supra medium quinquefida, versus laciniarum 
basin per eestivationem inflatim annulata, laciniis linearibus demum 
reflexis. Anthere erectee. 

Sin Involucratos DeCandollei, seu Lepeostegeres Blumii, bracteis 
quandoque coalitis gaudere posse putes, tum hec nova ac pulcher- 
rima species cum lis collocari debet : sin non, ad novam finitimamque 
inter Symphyanthos subsectionem pertinebit facillime diagnosi supra 
data limitatam. 


This is perhaps the most beautiful of the genus: its blood- 
red involucres are about an inch long and 4 to 6 lines across. 


PoLtycarpHA, Lam. (Paronychiacee). 


1. P. corymbosa (Lam.); suftruticosa vel herbacea, caulibus ple- 
rumque albo-tomentosis, foliis ex oblongo-lanceolatis in linearia 
vel etiam setacea fasciculatis, floribus cymose-corymbosis, sepalis 
scariosis lanceolatis acuminatis enerviis, petala subovalia obtusa 
capsulamque 2—38-plo superantibus.—a, radice simplici uni- 
cauli, caule simplici vel ramis elongatis erectis simpliciusculis. 
—P. corymbosa, Lam. Wight, Cat. n.1172.—3, caulibus di- 
chotome ramosis, rarius (et tunc e radice lignoso multicipiti 
pluribus) simpliciusculis.—P. spadicea, Lam. Wight et Arn. 
Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. i. p. 8357.—a, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis 
obtusiusculis, corymbis densissimis. Wight, Cat. n.1168.—8, 
foliis approximatis oblongo-linearibus, stipulas vix superantibus, 
corymbis densis. Wight, Cat. n. 1169.—c, foliis linearibus subu- 


Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 9] 


latisve plus minusve distantibus, corymbis laxiusculis, ramulis 
albo-tomentosis, sepalis albis. Wight, Cat. n. 1170.—d, cauli- 
bus ramulisque dense albo-tomentosis, foliis subulatis subdistan- 

_tibus, corymbis laxiusculis, sepalis aurantiaceis—P. aurea, 
Wight, Cat. n. 2443.—e, ramulis tenuibus glabriusculis, foliis 
setaceis subulatisve, corymbis laxis gracilibus. Wight, Cat. n. 
1 Wg 


In compliance with Dr. Wight’s lately expressed wishes, I 
now unite P. corymbosa and P. spadicea of authors, and cer- 
tainly he has had most ample opportunities of examining them 
in all situations and under various appearances. At the same 
time there is in general a peculiar habit about P. corymbosa, 
by which it can be distinguished from all forms of the other 
species: this, however, cannot so easily be expressed in 
words. In P. corymbosa the root is always simple, and ap- 
parently either annual or biennial: it is occasionally so in P. 
spadicea ; but what is the case ? the stems are dichotomously 
branched, which they seem never to be in the other species. 
Again, in P. spadicea the plant is usually, perhaps always, 
if not removed, suffruticose, while I have seen no tendency to 
that in P. corymbosa. The broad-leaved specimens, which 
Dr. Wight and I referred to P. spadicea, appeared at first 
sight to have simple stems; but there are numerous fascicles 
of leaves and rudimentary branches in the axils of the leaves, 
so that these stems must be considered as the primary ones, 
or axes, of a branched form. The proportions of the petals 
and sepals are nearly the same in all the varieties. 


2. P. diffusa (Wight); suffruticosa ramosissima laxa diffusa gla- 
briuscula, foliis fasciculatis linearibus, floribus cymoso-corym- 
bosis, sepalis scariosis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis enerviis, pe- 
talis sepala subeequantibus, stamina capsulamque acutam parum 
superantibus. Wight, Cat. n. 2442. 

Hab. Prope Tuticoreen (Maio 1835), Wight. 

3. P. spicata (Wight) ; glabra, radice ad collum multicipiti, cau- 
libus plurimis gracilibus diffusis foliorum pedunculorumque 
fasciculos distantes 1—2 gerentibus, foliis radicalibus cauli- 
nisque fasciculatis glaucis subcarnosis spathulato-oblongis acu- 
tiusculis, floribus imbricatis spicatis, spicis paucis ad pedunculi 
apicem fasciculatis, sepalis scariosis dorso uninerviis, petala 

H 2 


92 Rey. F. W. Hope’s Observations on the Genus Cassida, 


subulata multo superantibus, filamentis basi dilatatis uno cum 
corolla basi in annulum circa capsulam coalitis. Wight, Cat. 
n. 2441. 
fab. in montibus Peninsule australioribus, Wight. 
(To be continued. } 


X1.— Observations on the Tortoise or Shield Beetles, commonly 
denominated Cassida by Linneus, with the Characters of 
Six New Genera. By the Rev. F. W. Horr, F.R.S., F.L.S., 
F.Z.S., and Member of various Foreign Societies. 


{ With a Plate. ] 


Or late years, amongst Coleopterous Insects, the Adephaya 
have engaged much of the attention of entomologists, proba- 
bly because they stand foremost in the artificial arrangement 
of modern authors ; there are however some remarkable ex- 
ceptions to the contrary, such as the Curculionide now in pro- 
gress of publication by the illustrious Schénherr, the Ceto- 
niade and Buprestide by Gory and Percheron, and also the 
Heteromera by Solier. Other groups, however, have been com- 
paratively neglected, and particularly the Cassidoidea. I pur- 
pose therefore in the present paper to examine the group, and 
suggest the adoption of some new genera, to be classed under 
the family of Casside, so named by Dr. Leach. Cassida of 
Linnzus is very rich in species. It presents us with singu- 
larly grotesque and varied forms, and if we look more parti- 
cularly to the larve, no less remarkable will they be found in 
their earlier stages than in their complete development. The 
larvee sometimes assume the appearance of vegetation, some 
imitating in that state the squame of the fir cones, others 
again the filamentous appearance of plants and lichens. The 
entire group which I term Cassidoidea is composed of several 
families and is confined to no particular country. Several of | 
the forms which predominate in the New World have not 
their counterpart in the Old World, at least as far as we know 
at present. The European species with their larve and habits 
have been ably described by Reesel Reaumur, DeGeer, and 
others. Our indigenous British species early attracted the atten- 
tion of my friend the Rev. Wm. Kirby, three of which, with their 


with Characters of Six New Genera. 93 


transformations, are described in the third volume of the Lin- 
nzan Transactions. The whole group appears to be entirely 
herbivorous in its habits. In our own country they are chiefly 
partial to thistles and marsh marigolds, occurring also on the 
water-mint and other aquatic plants. The thistle, when much 
infested by the larvee early in the summer, occasionally appears 
as if scorched by fire; the marsh marigolds turn perfectly 
black, and in some years, when attacked by these parasites, 
they are not only greatly impoverished by them, but are en- 
tirely destroyed. The number of European tortoise beetles 
known is about forty species. It is difficult however to state 
the numbers accurately, as great difference of opinion exists 
as to what are really species; their synonymy is perplexing, 
and, as the range which some species enjoy is very extensive, 
there is consequently an increase of varieties, arising probably 
from difference of food, climate, temperature, and soil. In- 
stead of entering accurately into their geographical distribu- 
tion, I shall merely state the numbers mentioned by authors, 
and then add some general remarks on the whole. Linneeus, 
in his ‘Systema Nature,’ gives us but 23 species, Olivier 105, 
Fabricius, after separating Jmatidium, 119. The Baron De 
Jean, including the latter genus, gives us in the first Cata- 
logue 109, and in his last about 400. In my own collection 
there are 500 species, and at least 200 more have fallen under 
my notice; and as Cassida is a group which has been greatly 
neglected, it will eventually be found much more numerous 
than is at present supposed. Out of the 500 now known, 400 
belong to the New World. Perhaps scarcely 40 will be found 
mentioned in catalogues and works as inhabiting Africa, and 
less is the number described from Asia, even including the 
extended continent of Australia. Professor Perty, in his ‘ Con- 
spectus Coleopterorum Indiz Orientalis,’ mentions but 22 
from Asia. From the above statement, therefore, it will ap- 
pear that the New World affords a very large proportion of 
the Cassidoideaknown. As to the Kuropean species, there is 
not much reason to think that they will prove to be much 
more numerous than at present. As to African Casside, they 
will eventually be found to be considerably more numerous 
than the European species, and I am inclined to think that 


94 Rey. F. W. Hope’s Observations on the Genus Cassida, 


those of Asia will far outnumber those of Africa. In both of 
the last-mentioned continents, large tracts of diversified coun- 
try are unexplored, and till we become better acquainted with 
their entomology, it may seem like presumption to attempt to 
express an opinion respecting them. At the end of this pa- 
per will be found references to the different authors who 
have written on the Cassidoidea of the chief divisions of 
our globe; I shall therefore refer the entomologist for further 
information to the species described by them, and conclude 
these observations with a remark on the peculiar colouring 
matter of some of these beetles which are called tortoise or 
shield beetles. 

Little, very little is known, respecting the substance com- 
posing the elytra of insects, and what has been written re- 
specting chitine or elytrine does not appear to be applicable 
to several of the Casside: I allude more particularly to the 
brilliant metallic splendour of those diaphanous species allied 
to Cassida nobilis, Linnzeus, which are frequently ornamented 
with greenish-gold and sulphury-silver coloured spots and 
fasciz, the colours of which disappear when the insects are 
dead, but may be made to reappear by immersing them in 
hot water. I am inclined to think that the colouring matter, 
alluded to in the above insects, is not to be found in the elytra, 
but is derived from the intestines. I do not here attempt to 
explain the cause, but merely record an impression, which 
may be erroneous; it is with a hope indeed of inducing others 
to investigate a cause very imperfectly understood, that this 
suggestion is now thrown out. 


CASSIDA, Linnavus. 


Cassipa, Leach. CaAssipo1DEA, Hope. | 


The first genus which I propose to separate from the mul- 
tiplicity of forms now arranged under the term Cassida is the 


Genus Mesomphalia*. Pl. IV. fig. 1. 
Type of the genus Cassida gibbosa of Fabricius. 


Forma fere orbicularis. 


* Mesomphalia is derived from fzaou@aarsoy, or from péoos and 6u@aros, 
the boss of 2 shield. 


with Characters of Siw New Genera. 95 


Antenne 11 articulate cylindrice, articulo 1™° crasso, 24° mi- 
nimo, reliquis fere equalibus, extimo apice subconico. 

Labrum breve, margine antico valde inciso. 

Mandibule cochleariformes, apicibus incisis. 

Mazille breves bilobze, lobo superiori tenui recto. 

Palpi mazillares crassi et cornei, articulo 2 longo, duobus ul- 
timis brevioribus et fere eequalibus. 

Mentum parvum corneum antice angustum. 

Labium membranaceum subquadratum. 

Palpi iabiales cornei, articulo 2 longiori, ultimo ovato. 

Elytra orbicularia ante medium umbone armata. 

Thorax rotundatus emarginatus. 

Prosternum sub ore protensum, intra pedes anticos productum 
et contractum, canaliculatum, * 


To this genus belong Cassida 6-pustulata, lateralis, discors, 
enequalis, reticularis, and discoidea of Fabricius, and also 
enea of Olivier, and at least 60 other species, many of which 
are unpublished : several of them will be found ably described 
by my friend Professor Germar of Halle, in his ‘ Species Insec- 
torum,’ a work not sufficiently appreciated in this country ; 
it was published in 1824 at Halle in Saxony. 


Dolichotoma*, Hope. Pl. IV. fig. 2. 
Type of the Genus, Cassida Chloris, Hope. 
Antenne, \1 articulate, articulis sex basalibus glabris, reliquis 
villosis, 1™° crasso, 24° minimo, quatuor sequentibus 
parvis et zequalibus, reliquis multo longioribus. 
Mandibule parve quadratz, extus tuberculo corniformi ar- 
mate. 
Mazxille minutz subcoriacez, lobis duobus rotundatis. 
Palpi mazillares minuti, articulis subzequalibus, extimo conico, 
Mentum parvum coriaceum. Ladbium subtrigonum setosum. 
Palpi labiales minuti, articulis subeequalibus, ultimo ovato- 
conico. 
Elytra orbicularia, ante medium angulato-elevata. 
Thorax antice rotundatus, lateribus in dentem acutum pro- 
ductis. 
Prosternum inter pedes anticos latius, subplanum, 


* From doaixos et romeg. 


96 Rey. F. W. Hope’s Observations on the Genus Cassida, 


D. Chloris, Hope, long. 7 lin., lat. 7 lin. Totum corpus supra vi- 
ride, thorace utrinque acute-angulato, convexo, impunctato ; 
elytris in medio disci angulato-nodosis, subrugosis, lateribus 
externis glabris ; corpus subtus atrum, elytris infra subcyaneis, 
pedibus nigris plantisque ferrugineis. 

Habitat in Insula Sancti Vincentii. 

This Cassida 1 obtained by purchase from the valuable col- 
lection of the Rey. Lansdown Guilding. To this genus be- 
long Cassida strigata of Schuppell, and luctuosa of Olivier 
and others. 


Selenis*, Hope. Pl. IV. fig. 3. 
Type of the Genus, Cassida perforata of Fabricius. 


Antenne articulis compressis extrorsum crassioribus, 1™° crasso, 
240 minimo, 3? lon&o gracili, 4t° breviori, 5° et reliquis 
longitudine decrescentibus, et gradatim crassioribus, ex- 
timo apice acuto. 

Mandibule cornee multidentate. 

Mazille simplices, lobis rotundatis. 

Palpi mazillares 1° minimo, 2° longissimo curvato, apice la- 
tiori, 34° et extimo zqualibus, ultimo apice conico. 

Mentum parvum subquadratum. 

Labium parvum trigonum et setosum. 

Palpi labiales 1™° articulo brevi, 2° elongato, 3%° subsecuri- 
form. 

Elytra semicircularia ante medium angulato elevata, humera- 
libus angulis acute porrectis, apice elytrorum acuminato. 

Thorax trigonus utrinque in spinam acutam productus. 


S. perforata | make the type of the genus. It appears 
doubtful after examining many specimens of the above insects 
if the perforations are not the result of accident ; no two spe- 
cimens accord ; the holes under a lens seem irregularly worn, 
the effect may be caused simply by attrition; it may be re- 
marked also that the elytra of the same insect differ consider- 
ably; the only published species besides the type is C. Spt- 
nifex, Fab., which is considered only as a sexual distinction. 
There are, however, in our English cabinets others which are 
undescribed. 


* Selenis, from the Greek Seagquss, signifying a crescent. 


with Characters of Six New Genera. 37 


Tauroma*, Hope. Pl. IV. fig. 4. 
Type of the Genus, Cassida Taurus of Fabricius. 


Antenne articulo 1™° crasso, 24° minimo, quatuor sequentibus 
longioribus equalibus, metallicis, quatuor proximis lon- 
gioribus eequalibus villosis, extimo majori ovato-conico. 

Mandibule \atz cochleariformes, apice edentulz. 

Labrum breve corneum, in medio acute emarginatum. 

Mazxille minute bilobe et ciliate. 

Palpi mazillares perbreves, articulo 7™° minimo, duobus prox- 
imis equalibus, ultimo conico-ovato. 

Mentum transversum, angulis anticis rotundatis. 

Labium breve conicum et pilosum. 

Lingua magna et membranacea. 

Palpi labiales maxillaribus longitudine sequales, articulo 1™° 
brevi, duobus aliis longitudine zequalibus, at ultimo ovato- 
conico. 

Elytra angulis anticis utrinque in spinam crassam truncatam 
porrectis, angulis posticis rotundatis dorso haud tuber- 
culato. 

Thorax antice rotundatus valde emarginatus. 

Prosternum \atum planum. 


To the above genus belong C. bicornis, Fab., one of the 
most splendid of the Cassidoidea. Monsieur Chevrolat has 
named a third species as inhabiting Mexico: as I am doubtful 
however of its having been described and published, I am un- 
willing to mention manuscript or catalogue names; a fourth 
I now describe from my cabinet. 

Tauroma punctipennis, Hope. Long. 5 lin., lat. 34 lin. Atro-vi- 
ridis elytris fortissime punctatis, dorso convexo cornubus hu- 
meralibus crassis et truncatis. Corpus subtus atro-cyaneum, pe- 
dibus conccloribus plantisque ferrugineis. 

Habitat in Brasilia in Museo nostro. 


Desmonotat, Hope. PI. IV. fig. 5. 
Type of the Genus, Cassida Platynota of Germar. 
Antenne articulo 1™° crasso, 24° minimo, octo sequentibus fere 
aqualibus subdepressis, extimo ovato. 


* Derived from raveos and duos, humerus. 
{ From deouos and vatos, tergum, notted back. 


98 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations on the Genus Cassida, 


Mandibule crass cornez, apice truncato, dentibus duobus ex- 
ternis majoribus. 

Labrum corneum medio marginis antice emarginato. 

Mazille membranacee bilobie, lobo externo parvo et coriaceo. 

Palpi mavzillares breves, 1™° minuto, 2° et 3%° subtrigonis, ex- 
timo ovato-acuto. 

Mentum transversum. 

Labium parvum trigonum setosum. 

Lingua maxima et membranacea. 

Palpi labiales maxillaribus zequales, 1™° brevi, duobus aliis lon- 
gitudine aqualibus, ultimo apice acuto. 

Elytra oblongo-quadrata, nodoso-convexa. 

Thorax transversus, margine antico fere recto, lateribus ob- 
liquis, angulis postieis recte truncatis, margine et postico 
in medio angulato. 

Prosternum \atum inter pedes anticos subimpressum. 

The name of platynota was originally published by Germar, 
and is therefore retained in preference to that of nodosa of 
De Jean; there are other species belonging to it; some of 
those in the French collections I regard merely as varieties. 
The species of this division require a very accurate examina- 
tion; none of my acquaintance accord altogether with the 
above generic characters, they require therefore further sub- 
division ; the typical insect is from the Brazils. 


Batonota*, Hope. PL IV. fig. 6. 
Type of the Genus, Cassidu bidens of Fabricius. 

Antenne articulo 1™° crasso, quatuor sequentibus zequalibus 
minutis, sex sequentibus multo longioribus, et fere longi- 
tudine zequalibus, ultimo apice conico. 

Mandibule subquadratz apicibus multidentatis. 

Mazille bilobz lobo externo coriaceo. 

Palpi mazillares articulo 1™° brevi, tribus aliis fere aqualibus 
et preecedenti multo longioribus et crassioribus. 

Mentum transversum. 

Labium parvum subrotundatum et ciliatum. 

Palpi labiales graciles, articulo 1™° crasso, duobus aliis equa- 
libus et preecedenti paullo longioribus. 


* From arog, a thorn, and y@rosg, back, Thorn-backed Casside. 


with Characters of Six New Genera. 99 


Elytra bumeris in lobum maximum angulatum antice por- 
rectis, spina erecta in medio suture elongata, acuta. 
Thorax antice rotundatus subemarginatus, dorso subcarinato. 

Prosternum oblongum subplanum in medio impressum. 

To the genus Batonota belongs also the Cassida truncata of 
Fabricius from Cayenne, C. pugionata of Hoffmansegg and 
laticoilis, Mihi, and others, which are undescribed. Those 
spine-backed species with the humeral angles of the elytra 
ought to belong to a subgenus, the description of which I leave 
for future authors. 

The above six genera are detached from the genus Cassida, 
and may be ranged under the family Cassidide till the fami- 
lies are more accurately characterized. Those forms have 
chiefly been selected which differ considerably in their out- 
ward appearance, and various others might have been added. 
If at a future time a similar communication on this group or 
any other is thought worthy of insertion in the ‘ Annals of 
Natural History,’ the writer when possessed of more leisure 
may be induced to accede to the requests of the Editor, as he 
has on the present occasion. 


References to Authors. 


Besides consulting the general works of Linneus, Herbst, 
Fabricius, Olivier, and Schénherr, for the description of nu- 
merous species of Cassidoidea, the entomologist is referred to 
the following authors who have written on the Casside of par- 
ticular countries. 

Europe.—Of England 1 mention Marsham’s Coleoptera ; 
Mr. Kirby’s Memoir in the Linnzean Transactions, vol. u1. ; 
Stephens’s Outlines of Entomology; Curtis’s Genera, and 
the Entomologia Edinensis, by James Wilson. 

Of Sweden—I give the names of De Geer, Paykull, and Gyl- 
lenhail. 

Of France—Reaumur, Latreille, Guerin and Percheron, 
Dufour, and Baron Walckenaer. 

Of Holland—Frisch. 

Of Germany—Those of Schrank, Duftschmidt, and Panzer. 

North and South America—Y¥or the Casside of the New 
World consult the following works :—Say’s Writings ; Species 
Insectorum, by Germar; Vigor’s in the Zoological Journal ; 


100 Dr. Meyen on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria. 


Delectus Animalium Articulatorum, by Spix and Martius ; 
Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, Premier Volume; Kirby’s 
Fauna Boreali-Americana ; Coleoptéres de Mexique, par Che- 
vrolat (Omocerus N.G.); Dalmann’s Analecta Entomologica, 
(C. fornicata) ; Guerin and Percheron, Genres des Insectes, 
col. plate 12; Sahlberg’s Pereculi Entomographici Cassida ; 
Der Naturforscher, Stuck 6 and 9, and Fuessly’s Archives. 

Africa-—Refer to Klug’s Bericht on the Coleoptera of Ma- 
dagascar ; Insectorum Knumeratio Eleutheratorum, by Gold- 
fuss. The work of Palisot Beauvois also contains the figures 
of some species from the kingdom of Oware. 

Asia—Consult Brulle’s Voyage in the Morea ; Hope’s New 
Species in Gray’s Zoological Miscellany ; Wiedemann’s Zoo- 
logisches Magazin, 1817—1823 ; Perty’s Synopsis Coleoptero- 
rum. Falderman records only a single species, namely, Cas- 
sida bella, in his Fauna Entomologica Trans-Caucasica. It 
seems probable that Casstda may be greatly swayed by the 
vegetation on which the different species feed. 

New Holland—Bois Duval’s Voyage de L’Astrolabe. 


REFERENCE TO PLATE IV. 


1. Mesomphalia gibbosa. 1 a. The same in profile; 71. Labrum; md. Man- 
dible; mx. Maxilla; 72. Labium; a. Antenna; st. Sternum; ¢. Tarsus; 
wu. Unguis. 

2. Dolichotoma Chloris. 2 a. The same in profile; md. Mandible seen 
in two positions; mx. Maxilla; / 2. Labium; a. Antenna. 

3. Selenis perforata. 3 a. The same in profile; 21. Labrum; md. Man- 
dible ; ma. Maxilla ; 72. Labium; a. Antenna. 

4. Tauroma Taurus. 4 a. The same in profile; 21. Labrum; md. 
Mandible; ma. Maxilla; 72. Labium (with the large fleshy internal 
lingua); @. Antenna. 

5. Desmonota platynota. 5 a. The same in profile; 71. Labrum; md. 
Mandible; ma. Maxilla; / 2. Labium (with the internal lingua); a. Antenna. 

6. Batonota bidens. 6a. The same in profile; md. Mandible; mz. 
Maxilla. 72. Labium; a. Antenna; st. Sternum. 


XI1.—Some Observations on the Digestive Apparatus of Infu- 
soria.* By Dr. J. Meyen, Prof. Bot. University of Berlin. 
To Richard Taylor, Esq. 

SIR, 
Excuse the liberty I take of forwarding to you a shor 
memoir on the digestive apparatus of the Infusoria, which I 
request you will publish in your highly valuable journal. My 


* Communicated by the Author to, and translated for this Journal. 


Dr. Meyen on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria. 101 


paper was sent as early as October to Prof. J. von Miiller for 
insertion in his ‘ Archiv,’ and since then I have seen in your 
journal that Prof. Rymer Jones has made some correct ob- 
servations on the same subject, which have been controverted, 
but unsuccessfully, by Prof. Ehrenberg. 


[We gladly comply with the wishes of our learned corre- 
spondent, and, in order to lay the whole subject as it at pre- 
sent stands before our readers, we have extracted from the 
elegant and valuable work of Rymer Jones the passage treat- 
ing on this subject. We intend also to give in our next num- 
ber an extract from a memoir which has recently been pub- 
lished by M. Dujardin in the ‘Annales des Sciences Natu- 
relles, which is likewise opposed to the views taken by Dr. 
Ehrenberg. In the mean time we hope that some of our 
English naturalists (excellent microscopes bemg now much in 
use in this country) will take up this subject and help to 
bring this interesting question to an issue.—R. T.] 


Ir wit be well known to naturalists that Von Gleichen even 
as early as the year 1781 fed the infusorial animalcules with 
carmine, and observed on the following day that several red 
globules were apparent in the interior of their body, whence 
he drew the inference that the animalcules had swallowed the 
colouring substance; Gleichen also observed that the coloured 
globules were expelled by a distinct aperture. Gleichen figures 
these received red globules very correctly, and indeed each 
globule in the interior of a distinct circle, without stating any- 
thing respecting their design. Subsequently Prof. Ehrenberg 
repeated these observations, and thence concluded that the 
true Infusoria possess a larger or smaller number of stomachs, 
which in one group are destitute of intestinal canal, but in the 
other are connected with one another by peculiar extremities 
of the canal, nay sometimes exhibit laterally appended canals 
en cul-de-sac. In consequence of these discoveries the ani- 
malcules received the name of Polygastrica. M. Ehrenberg 
thought he observed that these stomachs are filled in regular 
succession, and he has even figured, more or less completely, 
in a number of animalcules of this kind, the intestinal canals 


102 Dr. Meyen on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria. 


which are said to lie between the globular stomachs and to 
connect them one with the other. 

These views of Dr. Ehrenberg on the digestive apparatus 
of the Infusoria have already been doubted in various quar- 
ters. I have never participated in them; in the first place, 
because I could never perceive these intestinal canals which 
are said to connect the various stomachs one with the other ; 
and secondly, because many years ago I had observed in In- 
fusoria of various genera that the supposed stomachs circu- 
lated with more or less rapidity in their interior, resembling 
exactly the rotatory currents of the globules in the cellules of 
the Chare. Subsequently I frequently saw in Vorticellea,when 
they had nine to fifteen large balls of indigo in their body, that 
these revolved constantly round a fixed central point, and thus 
evidently showed that in this case an intestinal canal connect- 
ing the stomachs and in connexion at one extremity with the 
oral and at the other extremity with the anal aperture could 
not exist. 

What then, however, are those equally sized vesicles and 
globules which occur in the interior of animalcules and have 
been regarded as their stomachs? This question will be ge- 
nerally asked of me, and I have also put this question to my- 
self, until by continued observation of this subject I have 
ascertained the origin of these globules and vesicles. The 
true Infusoria are vesicular animals, whose cavity is filled with 
a gelatinous, somewhat slimy substance; the consistence of 
the membrane forming the vesicle is in some of these creatures 
distinctly visible, and in several genera I have been able to 
observe in this membrane a spiral structure plainly recogni- 
sable, so that the structure of these Infusoria, in the main, ap- 
peared to me to resemble that of the cells of plants. In the 
larger Infusoria there proceeds from the mouth a cylindrical’ 
canal (alimentary canal) obliquely through the membrane 
which forms the animal ; the lower end of this canal expands 
when it has taken up nutriment in a greater or less degree, 
generally, however, to the size of the globules which occur in 
the interior of these Infusoria. The inner surface of this por- 
tion of the alimentary canal is beset with cilia, by the motion 
of which the absorbed substances, both the nutritive sub- 


Dr. Meyen on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria. 103 


stances and foreign ingredients, are forced round with an ex- 
ceedingly great velocity, until they are compressed together 
into the form of a perfect sphere. During this formation of 
the globules, the stomach (for this organ-can only be consi- 
dered as such) is in free connexion with the alimentary canal, 
and by the outer ciliary apparatus new substances are conti- 
nually driven into this canal and into the stomach ; but whe- 
ther the alimentary canal between the oral aperture and the 
stomach is also clothed with cilia I have not been able to ascer- 
tain with certainty. As soon as the globule of the absorbed 
substances has attained the size of the stomach, it is expelled 
at the other extremity, and forced into the cavity of the ani- 
malcule, immediately on which a new globule is formed with- 
in the stomach, if -solid substances are present in the sur- 
rounding fluid; this second globule is also thrown into the 
cavity of the animalcule, and now pushes the first globule 
with the intervening slime further forwards, and thus the for- 
mation of similar globules from the absorbed substances is 
constantly going on. These are the globules from the num- 
ber of which Dr. Ehrenberg inferred the great quantity of 
stomachs of these animals. If the surrounding fluid does not 
contain much solid matter, these globules are also less com- 
pact, and they then have the same appearance as we find 
them in Infusoria in common uncoloured infusions, where 
such a globule at times only exhibits a few small particles, 
and consists for the greater part of a slimy substance, with 
which these are mixed. At times two such globules are 
pressed in the interior of the body so forcibly together that 
they remain in this connexion. 

If it is desired to observe the formation of these globules 
very distinctly, the observation should be commenced imme- 
diately on the Infusoria coming in contact with the coloured 
' fluid. The reception of the coloured matter takes place very 
rapidly, frequently even in half a minute, and then it may 
easily be perceived how one coloured globule after the other 
passes from the stomach perfectly formed, and how in the 
Paramecie, Keronia, and Vorticelle they are propelled down- 
wards at the border ot the cavity of the animal, and how then 
the new globule pushes the preceding one with the inter- 
vening slime forwards, so that the first soon ascends on the 


104 Dr. Meyen on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria. 


inner border of the opposite side, turns round at the opposite 
end of the cavity, and is then again forced down on the other 
side; and thus the mass of the globules goes on continually 
increasing, until again some are expelled at the anus. The 
quantity of these globules is sometimes so great that the entire 
cavity of the animalcule is filled with them, and they lie so 
near to one another that all of them together form as it were 
a great ball, which frequently, especially in the Vorticelle, 
revolves slowly round its centre. This rotatory motion is 
caused, however, as I have perfectly assured myself, by the 
force with which the globule newly formed in the stomach is 
propelled into the cavity, and hits against the under border of 
the existing ball. In other cases on the contrary, when so 
many globules are not yet present, this circular rotation is 
also seen, of which I have already made mention at the com- 
mencement; but it has not become clear to me by what ex- 
ternal causes this motion is here produced. 

In the true Infusoria, therefore, the substances which they 
take up are brought in form of globules into the cavity of the 
body, and here the nutritive substance is extracted from them ; 
the useless passes off generally in the same globular form in 
which it entered, but sometimes the intervening slime is reab- 
sorbed, and the particles of the globule already separate in the 
interior of the body, which, however, does not frequently hap- 
pen. 

But what then are those vesicular cavities which occur fre- 
quently in such great number, and also of very different 
sizes, in the interior of Infusoria? Stomachs they certainly 
are not; they have nothing to do with the absorbed globules 
just mentioned, although sometimes those globules penetrate 
singly into these cavities, which, however, must be re- 
garded only as an accidental occurrence. The origin of 
these cavities, as also their sudden and total disappearance in 
the slimy substance in the interior of the Infusoria, may be 
observed with the same ease as the formation of the globules ; 
nay, it is sometimes even possible to observe the formation of 
such a cavity around one of the absorbed globules, which then 
after some time again disappears. ‘The microscope shows that 
these cavities have no distinct membranous sides, but consist 
in mere excavations of the slimy substance; they also occur 


Prof. R. Jones on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria. 105 


generally near the inner surface. of the membrane which forms 
the coating of the animalcule, and at times some of them in- 
crease to avery considerable circumference, so that the cavity 
of such a bladder constitutes one-third and one-half of the ca- 
vity of the entire animalcule. That these cavities contain a 
thin and aqueous fluid and are not filled with air is shown by 
the remarkably small refraction of rays at their borders, and 
in the larger Infusoria it may be quite distinctly seen that 
they do not open exteriorly. Similar cavities are also formed 
in the mucus of the cells of plants, especially frequent in Hy- 
phomycetes growing in water. 

My botanical researches prevent my working out this sub- 
ject more fully; these brief notices may, however, suffice to 
induce a greater number of naturalists to follow up the ob- 
servations, which it is true require great patience; for the 
above-mentioned facts are not to be seen immediately in every 
animalcule; but they are sufficiently important, for already 
have the Polygastrica passed into all recent works on zoology. 


Prof. RymerR Jones on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria*. 


However imposing, from their completeness, the views of 
Ehrenberg concerning the digestive system of the Polygastrica 
may be, and sanctioned as they are by almost general consent, 
we cannot pass over a subject of so much importance without 
expressing ourselves as being far from admitting their accuracy 
in all respects, and we must say that our own observations 
upon the structure of the Polygastrica have led us to very dif- 
ferent conclusions. 

The positions of the mouth and anal aperture we are well 
assured, by frequent examination, to be such as are indicated 
by the illustrious Professor of Berlin ; but with regard to the 
tube named by him intestine, and the stomachs appended 
thereto, our most patient and long-continued efforts have 
failed to detect the arrangement depicted in his drawings. In 
the first place, as regards the function of the sacculi, which he 
looks upon as the organs in which digestion is accomplished ; 


* Extracted from Prof. Rymer Jones’s work entitled ‘ A General Outline 
of the Animal Kingdom.’ 


Ann, Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 15. April 1839. I 


106 Prof. R. Jones on the Digestive Apparatus of Infusoria. 


in carnivorous animalcules which devour other species we 
might expect, were these the stomachs, that the prey would 
at once be conveyed into one or other of these cavities ; yet, 
setting aside the difficulty which must manifestly occur in 
lodging large animalcules in these microscopic sacs, and ha- 
ving recourse to the result of actual experience, we have never 
in a single instance seen an animalcule, when swallowed, placed 
in such a position, but have repeatedly traced the prey into 
what seemed a cavity excavated in the general parenchyma of 
the body. 

In the second place, the sacculi have no appearance of being 
pedunculated, and consequently in a certain degree fixed in 
definite positions: during the last two hours we have been 
carefully examining some beautiful specimens of Paramecium 
aurelia, an animalcule which, from its size, is peculiarly adapt- 
ed to the investigation of these vesicles; and so far from their 
having any appearance of connexion with a central canal, as 
represented in the figure copied from Ehrenberg, they are in 
continual circulation, moving slowly upwards along one side 
of the body, and in the opposite direction down the other, 
changing moreover their relative positions with each other, and 
resembling in every respect the coloured granules which have 
been described as visible in the gelatinous parenchyma of the 
Alydra. 

With respect to the central canal, we have not in any in- 
stance been able to detect it, or even any portion of the tube 
seen in the figures, much less the branches represented as 
leading from it to the vesicles or stomachs, as they are called. 
Even the circumstances attending the prehension of food 
would lead us to imagine a different structure ; witness for ex- 
ample the changes of form which Enchelis pupa undergoes 
when taking prey, as shown in fig. 16, 3, where it is repre- 
sented in the act of devouring a large animalcule, almost equal 
to itself in bulk, and is seen to assume a perfectly different 
shape as it dilates its mouth to receive the victim, with which 
its whole body becomes gradually distended. Such a capabi- 
lity of taking in and digesting a prey so disproportionate, 
would in itself go far to prove that the minute sacculi were not 
stomachs; as it evidently cannot be in one of these that di- 
gestion is accomplished, 


Mr. W. Thompson on the Migration of the Snowy Owl. 107 


XIII.— Note on the Migration of the Snowy Owi, Surnia nyctea, 
Dum. By Wu. Titomeson, Esq., Vice-President of the 
Natural History Society of Belfast. 


I HAVE the pleasure on this occasion of recording a novel and 
interesting fact in the history of that beautiful bird, the 
Snowy Owl. By the ship ‘John and Robert’ (Captain 
McKechnie), of 501 tons burden, belonging to the port of 
Belfast, and which arrived here from Quebec early in the 
month of December last, three specimens of this bird, which 
had been caught on board, were brought hither alive. A 
fourth individual, similarly obtained, died about the time the 
vessel entered Belfast bay. 

These birds were captured either at twilight or when dark, 
as they perched on the rigging; the sailors observing that 
they were asleep before attempting to lay hold of them. 
They were kept on flesh-meat, which, for the first ten days, 
was forced down their throats, but after this time they fed 
themselves ; in about fifteen days after their capture the ves- 
sel came into port. These three birds, of which two are 
males and the other a female, are very fine examples of the 
Surnia nyctea; a more splendid specimen than the last- 
mentioned, which died and is now in my possession, I have 
not seen. All of them I should consider birds of the year, 
and from the one that died having been described to me as 
similar to mine, it probably was so likewise*. 

Having heard that these were part of a large “ flight” of 
Snowy Owls that were for several days seen about the vessel, 
I—never having read any account of this species being met 
with on its migration—made the fullest inquiry into the sub- 
ject. The captain obligingly replied to all my queries, and 
besides furnished me with the log-book of the ship. 

It may in the first place be desirable to give an extract 
from the ‘log’ for a week previous to their occurrence, that 
we may learn if the state of the wind, &c., will account for the 


* See remarks on this subject in the 1st vol. of ‘ Annals’, p. 243. Two 
of the Snowy Owls there noticed, which have since been kept in a spacious 
garden containing many fruit trees, never perch upon them, but remain 
constantly on the ground, although in rainy weather a portion of their snow- 
white plumage is thereby much soiled, greatly to the disadvantage of their 
appearance. 

12 


108 Mr. W. Thompson on the Migration of the Snowy Owl. 


great number of these birds observed in the course of their 
migration. The vessel, which was bound from Quebec to Bel- 
fast, was driven by contrary winds along the coast of Labrador. 
1838. 
Noy. 8. Wind W.N.W. at noon; strong gales and tremendous 
sea running. N.W. at midnight, and more moderate. 
— 9. Wind W. by N. at 10 a.m.; weather hazy. At5 p.m. 
strong gale from E.; bore up for the harbour of La- 
brador; here we lay for the next 48 hours. On the 
10th were strong gales from the E. On the 11thstrong 
gales from the S. 
— 12. Wind N. by E., moderate; left harbour of Labrador this 
day; light breezes and clear weather. 
— 138. Wind N.; going along shore passed Bellisle. 
— 14. Wind E. by N. at noon; light airs; cloudy weather; 
sun obscure. 
— 15. Wind S. by E. at noon; sun obscure; strong gales from 
the S. 
— 16. WindS.S.W., light airs, clear weather; saw Owls * to 
the number of about thirty or forty for the first time. 
Lat. 54°02; long. 47°40; about 250 miles from the 
straits of Bellisle. 
— 17. Wind §8.8.W., fresh breezes; a few Owls alighted on 
masts; two captured this evening about 7 o’clock. 
Lat. 54°20; long. 46°20; about 375 miles from Bellisle. 
— 18. Wind 8.W.; strong breeze and heavy sea from the E.; 
great numbers of Owls, about fifty or sixty, flying about 
and alighting on the rigging; captured none to-day, 
nor did any remain on the ship this night. Lat. 54°50; 
450 miles from Bellisle. 
— 19. Wind N.W., strong breeze and cloudy weather; squally 
with snow showers during the day; captured two more 
Owls to-night. Lat. 54°51; long. 37°39; about 635 
miles from Bellisle. 
— 20. Wind N. by E., heavy gales with a tremendous sea run- 
ning; saw several owls, but none were caught. Lat. 
54:50; long 33°10. 
— 21. Wind N.E. at 2 p.m., E. by S. at 4 p.m.; light breezes 
and cloudy weather; saw a Gannet and Curlew. Lat. 
54°25; long. 31°40; about 740 miles from Bellisle. 


* Notices of the Owls are added to the ‘log’, which is otherwise much 
condensed. 


Mr. W. Thompson on the Migration of the Snowy Owl. 109 


Noy. 22. Wind S.E. by S., light breezes; no Owls seen these two 
days past, nor were any afterwards met with. 
Dec. 4. Vessel arrived at Belfast. 

The captain describes the migration of these Owls to have 
been an extremely beautiful sight, and more particularly, from 
his never having seen such birds before, was greatly interested 
about them. Sometimes they kept flying about the vessel 
without alighting, and again there would be one or two on 
every yard-arm, with others hovering just above ; on alighting. 
they fell asleep, apparently from exhaustion. Numerous as 
were these beautiful creatures, it was only when occasional 
bickerings took place among those which had alighted on the 
yard-arms, and in the stillness of night, that they were heard 
during their entire presence. Their flight, described to me as 
inaudible, could not but call to mind the finest and most 
poetical description of this characteristic trait applied to the 
owls generally, “ How serenely beautiful their noiseless 
fight! <A flake of snow is not winnowed through the air 
more softly silent!*” Occasionally they remained for a day 
about the ship, when but little way was made, and again, as 
reported to me, “ went off for a day and returned next morn- 
ing,” greatly to the surprise of the beholders how they could 
find the ship after a night had intervened. What must have 
added much additional interest to their appearance, was the 
idea entertained, that these birds blown from the coast of La- 
brador, and finding, like the dove of old, “ no rest for the sole 
of her foot,” had, after traversing the pathless waters, sought 
the vessel for this purpose, loitering about her course, disap- 
pearing for a day, and again hastening to repose upon her 
yards andrigging. But however pleasing such imaginings, it 
is not for the naturalist here to pause, but in search of TRUTH, 
assuredly not less attractive, to pursue inquiry further. 

If by reason of storms or otherwise he cannot perceive why 
the same birds should, after having rested on and left the ves- 
sel, re-appear another day, he may perhaps conclude, that the 
Owls thus seen, were bodies successively migrating to more 
southern latitudes, and that different birds appeared on each 
occasion, or at all events that it was not the same individuals 
which presented themselves during the whole period. 

* Blackwood’s Magazine, vol. xx. (1826) p. 671. 


110 Mr. W. Thompson on the Migration of the Snowy Ovl. 


That the chief abode of the Snowy Ow] is the regions within 
the arctic circle, is well known, as it likewise is that numbers 
migrate thence in winter to Canada and the United States. 
Reference to the ‘log’ will show that, during the five days on 
which these birds were successively observed, the vessel kept 
nearly to the 54th degree of latitude, having sailed during the 
time about 500 miles in an easterly direction; consequently, 
if the course of the Owls were to Canada or the States, the 
vessel, which in such event might possibly “ fall in with” 
them a second time, was proceeding somewhat in an opposite 
direction, but whither again it does not appear that they 
would have been driven by storms. A greater number of 
birds too being seen on the 18th than on the 16th favours the 
idea of a continuous migration. 

The vessel was about 250 miles from the straits of Bellisle, 
or the 8.E. point of Labrador, when these Owls first appeared, 
but sailing eastward, was on the day they were last seen about 
740 miles distant from them and 480 miles from the southern 
extremity of Greenland, which for some time was the nearest 
land. 


I shall take this opportunity of again noticing the occurrence of 
the Snowy Owl in Ireland. In the possession of Edward Waller, 
Esq., of Dublin, I lately saw a fine specimen, which was shot in the 
winter, ‘‘ about three years ago,’ near Omagh in the county of 
Tyrone. This individual may probably have migrated thither early 
in the year 1835, when severa) others were obtained in different 
parts of Ireland ; and at which period the species was first recorded as 
visiting the country*. Ina letter, dated Twizell House, July 21, 
1838, I was informed by P. J. Selby, Esq., that he had received a 
Snowy Owl from Killibegs, county of Donegal, near which place it 
was shot in the month of November or December, 1837 +. This is 
the same individual which appears from the ‘ First Annual Report of 
the Natural History Society of Dublin,’p. 6, to have been announced 
at one of the meetings as an Eagle Owl (Bubo maximus) ; it is almost 
unnecessary to add the fact, that the gentleman who made the an- 
nouncement had not the opportunity of seeing the specimen, but 
judged merely from the description communicated to him. 


* See ‘ Magazine of Zoology and Botany’, vol. ii. p. 179. 
+ In the first volume of the ‘ Annals’ (p. 241) a Snowy Owl is noticed 
as having been killed near Belfast on the 2nd of December, 1837. 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 111 


XIV.—Kore Insularum Nove Zelandie Precursor; or a Spe- 
cimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By 
ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, Esq. 

[Continued from p. 34. ] 


MYRTACE#, #. Br., DC. 


1. Lerrospermum, Forst., Gertn. 
553. L. scoparium, Forst. Char. Gen. t. 36. DC. Prodr. iii. p. 227. 
Willd. Sp. Pl. 2. p.949. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 337. Andr. Rep. t. 622. 
Kai-Katea ab incolis vulgo vocatur. 
New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Bay of Islands. 
—1826, 4. Cunningham. (Middle Island).—1773, G. Forster. 


A stunted ¢ree flourishing in barren clayey soil, and producing a 
a very hard red wood, sometimes used by the natives for the corner 
parts of their larger canoes. The perfume, says the Rev. W. Yate, 
which the blossoms exhale, is very fragrant. 

554. ZL. ericoides, ramulis glabriusculis, foliis linearibus basi sensim an- 
gustatis approximatis glabris punctatis ciliatis, calycibus villosiusculis, den- 
tibus acutis persistentibus, caule arboreo. 4. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.338. 

Manouéa ab incolis designatur, D’Urville, Astrolabe Bay. Rawiri, R. 
Cunningham, Bay of Islands. 

New Zealand (Middle Island). Dry barren hills, Astrolabe Bay.—15827, 
DUrville. (Northern Island.) —1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Hills around the 
Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

Arbor mediocris, 12—15 pedalis, ramosissima. JV/ores parvi albi ad 
apicem ramorum. 

2. MertrosipeEros, R. Br., DC. 
* Foliis oppositis. 

555, M. buxifolia; scandens, ramulis incano-hirsutis, foliis (4—5 lineas 
longis) ellipticis ovatisve obtusis coriaceis venosis nitidis margine revolutis, 
breviter petiolatis utrinque pilis incanis conspersis subtus punctatis, floribus 
corymbosis terminalibus, pedunculis szepe trifloris. 

Aki, indigenis. Lignum-Vite of the Missionaries. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). A rambling shrub adhering to trees, 
and by its lateral roots climbing to the summits of the loftiest timber in the 
forests of Wangaroa, Bay of Islands, &c.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 

Frutex ramosissimus, caule scandente radicante vel fibrillis radiciformibus 
ad truncos arborum adherente quemadmodum Hedere. Folia lato-elliptica, 
ovalia, obtusa. Fores parvi, albi, in corymbis ad summa ramulorum dispo- 
siti. Calyx monosepalus, tubu urceolato pubente limbo 5-dentato, dentibus 
brevissimis latis obtusis. Corolla quinquepetala, petalis sessilibus rotundatis 
valde concavis deciduis. Stamina numerosa, corolla longiora, filamentis 
glabris, antheris bilocularibus. S¢y/us simplex staminibus paulo longior. 
Capsula parvula, globosa, 3-locularis. 


112 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


The wood of this plant, which is hard and heavy, takes a most 
beautiful polish, and its grain seems to be only a continuation of hard 
knots, which gives it a peculiar but very beautiful appearance when 
wrought. Yate’s New Zealand, p. 47. 


556. M. perforata; ramosissima ramulis hirtis, foliis ovalibus obtusis co- 
riaceis, aveniis glabriusculis superne nitidis, brevissime petiolatis punctatis, 
juvenilibus prasertim subtus pilosis, pedunculis axillaribus unifloris apice see- 
piusve trifloris. 4. Rich. £l. Nov. Zel. p.334.—Melaleuca perforata, Forst. 
Prodr, n. 212.—Leptospermum perforatum. Forst. Gen. Char. 36. n. 4. 

New Zealand (Middle Island).—1778, G. Forster. Astrolabe Harbour. 
1827, D’ Urville. 

Arbuscula ramosissima erecta. Folia ovalia unguiculata. Flores parvuli, 
albi, axillares, solitarii aut terni. Calyx monosepalus adherens; tubo tur- 
binato pilosiusculo limbo 5—6-dentato, dentibus latis obtusis. Corolla 5—6 
petala, petalis sessilibus obtusis subconcavis, caducis. Stamina numerosa, 
simplici serie disposita. Stylus simplex, teres, stigmate minimo depresso 
vix distincto termivatus. Capsula globoso-depressa, 3- rarissime 4-locularis, 
loculis polyspermis. Semina numerosa parvula subulata. 4. Rich. 

557. M. robusta, foliis ellipticis ovatisve coriaceis obtusis emarginatis pe- 
tiolatis glabriusculis subtus punctatis utrinque pulchre reticulato-veuosis, 
corymbis terminalibus, pedunculis subtrifloris, calycibus bracteis ramulisque 
ferrugineo-tomentosis. 

fata ab incolis dicitur, &. Cunningham. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Forests of Wangaroa, Hokianga, &e., 
at some distance from the sea-coast.— 1826, 4. Cunningham.—1834, R. Cun- 
ningham. 

Arbor procera, spe usque 80-pedalis alta, coma irregulari, ramis glabris 
teretibus. Lolia opposita, elliptica, ovalia vel oblongo-ovata. Facie Ligustri ; 
apice rotunda vel emarginata 1 vel sesquiunciam longa. Flores pulcherrimi, 
purpureo-rubicundi, pedunculati, corymbosi, terminales, bracteis obovatis 
concavis deciduis. S/amina numerosa, petalis unguicularibus persistentibus 
quater longiora stylum subeequantia. Stigma tubulosum. Capsula obovata 
trilocularis, tubo turbinato calycis circumcingente nee polysperma. 
Semina linearia, subulata. 


A noble tree, frequent in the dense forests of the Northern Island, 
where it not unusually attains the height of 80 feet; becomes ramified 
at from 30 to 60 feet from the ground, and beneath the branches, 
which are of very irregular growth, the trunk varies from 3 to 7 feet 
in diameter, according to the extreme height of the tree. The wood 
is hard, close-grained, very durable, and hence admirably adapted 
for ships’ timbers and the construction of agricultural implements. 
A colonial trading vessel from Port Jackson was built by Messrs. 
Macdonell at Hokianga in 1828, the principal timbers of which were 
of the Rata ; andthe experiment answered so well, that they are now 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 113 


engaged in the construction of another ship on the same stocks and 
of similar material. The natives entertain the notion that this tree, 
the Rata, and the following very distinct species, which they call 


Pohutu-Kawa, are the same, but that the former is the Wahéné or 
female ! 


558, M. tomentosa; foliis ellipticis coriaceis acutiusculis breviter petiolatis 
utrinque reticulato-venosis superne glabris, subtus ramulis calycibusque 
albo-tomentosis, corymbis terminalibus paniculatis, pedunculis trifloris. 4. 
Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 336. t. 37.—Callistemon ellipticum. 4. Cunn. Ms. 
1826. 


Pohutu-Kawa ab incolis vulgo vocatur. 4. C. Yate.—Poutu-Kaoua, nom. 
vernac. sec. D’ Urville. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Rocky sea- 
eoast and shores of the Bay of Islands, within range of the tide.—1826, 4. 
Cunningham. 

Arbor vix 30 pedalis alta, habitu irregularis, ramulis teretibus, cano-to- 
mentosis. Folia opposita, elliptico-acuta, basi sensim angustata, margine re- 
voluta, 2!—3 pollices longa. Flores sat magni, speciosi, splendide coccinei, 
in racemum terminalem paniculato-corymbosum digesti racemis, ramis ra- 
mulisque trichotomis, basi articulatis niveo-tomentosis. Stamina numerosa, 
petalis subunguiculatis deciduis multoties longiora stylum paulo snperantia. 
Capsula ovoideo-obtusa, calyce cincta, ima basi tantum adherens, trilocularis, 
polysperma. Semina subulata adscendentia. 


An ordinary sized tree, inhabiting usually the immediate sea shore, 


where it is readily distinguished among other plants by the bril- 
liancy and abundance of its flowers. ‘The wood of the tree also is 
exceedingly hard, close-grained and heavy, equally valuable for ship 
building and implements of husbandry. It usually enlivens the 
shores of the Northern Island with its blossoms in December. 


559. M. florida, foliis obovato-oblongis glabris lucidis venosis, subtus dis- 
coloribus punctatis, thyrso terminali calycibus oblongis turbinatis, ramulis 
radicantibus. Sm. in Linn. Soc. Tr. v. iii. p. 268. DC. Prodr. iii. p. 224. 
A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 333.—Leptospermum scandens. ovst. Char. 
Gen, t.36. f. 1. 

Raka-pika ab incolis dicitur. R. Cunn. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Str Jos. Banks. Dense forests 
at the Bay of Islands, Wangaroa, &c. climbing to the summits of the loftiest 
trees.—1826, 4. Cunningham.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

Frutex ramosus, ramis glabris radicantibus scandentibus. Folia opposita, 
elliptico-cblonga, venosa, venis primariis parallelis in nervum margini ap- 
proximatum desinentibus, utrinque minutissime et copiosissime punctatis, 
Flores in thyrsum coarctatum terminalem dispositi. Calycis tubus elongatus 
fere quemadmodum Caryophylli turbinatus, limbus 5-lobatus, lobis persis- 
tentibus rotundatis obtusis. Petala 5, flavescentia, unguiculata, obtusa, mar- 


gine membranacea, tenuissime lacerata. Stamina numerosa, rubicunda, 


114 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


petalis deciduis plus duplo polysperma, stylum aquantia. Cupsula trilocu- 
laris, polysperma. Semina minuta, cuneiformia. 

560. M. diffusa, ramulis radicantibus, foliis ellipticis ovatisve acuminatis 
venosis utrinque glabris nitidis, paniculis axillaribus terminalibusve, pedi- 
cellis oppositis, ramulisque pilis rigidis curtis conspersis, calycibus campa- 
nulato-urceolatis. Sm. in Linn. Soc. Tr. v. iii. p. 268. DC. Prodr. iii. p. 
224. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.333.—Melaleuca lucida. Linn, Suppl. p. 342. 
non Forst. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. In dense fo- 
rests at Wangaroa, adhering to the trunks of the largest timber trees.— 
1826, 4. Cunningham. 

Frutex ramosus, glaberrimus. Famuli radicantes. Folia elliptica, acumi- 
nata, obtusa, petiolata, lucida, revoluta ab basin trinervia. Panicula ramosa 
plerumque terminalis. Calyx campanulatus, persistens, limbus 5-lobatus, 
lobis obtusis. Petala 5, lutea, breviter unguiculata, concava, obtusa, tenuis- 
sime ciliata decidua. Stamina flavescentia, petalis quater longiora, stylum 
wquantia. Capsula globosa, trilocularis, trivalvis. Semina : 

561. M. ? lucida, foliis lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis aveniis enerviis, 
floribus terminalibus congestis sessilibus. 4. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 333. 
—Melaleuca lucida. Forst. Prodr.n. 216. non Linn. 

New Zealand.—1773, G. Forster. 

Obs. A very little understood species, not noticed by M. DeCandolle, and 
only by M. A. Richard from Forster with a mark of doubt. 

562. M. hypericifolia, glabra, ramis radicantibus, foliis sessilibus ovalibus 
oblongo-lanceolatisve obtusis cum apiculo utrinque glabris, junioribus subci- 
liatis, subtus venosis ad basin triplinerviis, racemis brevibus subpaniculatis 
Jateralibus ramulisque pubentibus, calycibus subinfundibuliformibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). In dense forests, adhering to trees, 
near the Kahio river, Wangaroa,—1833, R. Cunningham. 

Frutex subscandens, cortice ramulorum pallide testaceo membranaceo pu- 
bente laxo, facile separabili. Rami stricti, teretes, juniores foliati. Folia 
opposita, sessilia, basi rotundata, uncialia subtus discoloria. Fores race- 
mosi rubicundi. Calycis limbus quinquedentatus, dentibus brevibus deci- 
duis. Petala 5, rosea, glabra, obtusa, caduca. Stamina numerosa, petalis 
plus triplo longiora, stylum equantia. Capsula parva, globosa, leviter pu- 
bens (loculicido-dehiscens) 3-locularis, 3-valvis, valvis medio septiferis. 

563. M.? salicifolia, glabra, racemis strictis virgatis, foliis lineari-lanceo- 
latis elongatis acuminatis subfalcatis levigatis, margine revolutis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Forests of Wangaroa.—18335, R. Cun- 
ningham. 

Arbuscula gracilis elegans, ramis teretibus pallidis seepe et presertim ad 
axillas radicantibus. Folia (8—5 uncialia) opposita valde angusta, attenu- 
ata coriacea, nitidissima, parce punctata, venosa. //ores nondum vidi. 


3. Eucenia, Mich., L. 
564. E. Maire, glabra, pedunculis axillaribus multifloris (4—12) folio 
sublongioribus racemosis, pedicellis infevioribus oppositis 2—3-floris, foliis 


Bibliographical Notices. 115 


ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis basi attenuatis petiolatis, fructu ovato turbi- 
nato. 

Mairi-tawaka ab incolis vulgo vocatur. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Alluvial banks of rivers, Bay of Islands, 
&c.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

Arbor 30—40 pedalis. Rami pallidi, glabri, sparsi, alterni. Flores nu- 
merosi, axillares, calycibus coloratis. Drupa monosperma, lobis calycis ob- 
tusis ample coronata. 

4. Myrrtus, Z., Gart. 

565. M. bullata, pedunculis axillaribus 1- rare 2-floris vix folio longioribus, 
pubescentibus apice bibracteatis, bracteis deciduis, foliis rhombeo-ellipticis 
acutiusculis ovato-orbiculatisve petiolatis alte bullatis supra glabris, subtus 
coloratis ramulisque dense pubentibus, calycibus tuberculatis, pilosis quadri- 
lobis. Sol. Ms. in Bibl. Banks. 

fama-rama indigenis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shady woods, 
Bay of Islands, flowering in December.—1826, 4. Cunningham.—1834, R. 
Cunningham. . 

Arbuscula gracilis, 10—15 pedalis, ramis virgatis patentibus. olia op- 
posita. Flores albi. Stamina numerosa, longitudine styli. Lobi calycis 
elliptici, acuti, concavi. Petala 4, orbiculata, concava, leviter crenulata, ci- 
liata. Bacca verrucosa, bilocularis di- vel oligo-sperma. Semina reniformi- 
incurva. 

[To be continued. ] 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


Genera et Species Gentianearum, adjectis Observationibus quibusdam 
Phytogeographicis, auctoris Aug. Henr. Grisebach, M.D., &c. &c. 


This extremely valuable work, which we some time ago announced, 
in the ‘Companion to the Bot. Magazine,’ as being in a state of for- 
wardness, has at length appeared at “ Stuttgard and Tubingen,” in 
one volume, 8vo. It is one of the most learned and accurate works 
which we have seen for a long while, and does infinite honour to the 
industry and acquirements of the learned author. 

The preface is followed by a disquisition on the Gentianee, which 
is full of valuable information. First, the character of the natural 
family is ably discussed ; then follow its affinities; and lastly, the 
geographical distribution. The number of species the author de- 
scribes is 348, or about 45th of the known portion of the vegetable 
kingdom. These are dispersed over a considerable portion of the 
world: but it is to be observed that no species have been found in 
several of the isles of the Pacific Ocean, in tropical New Holland, in 
the islands of Timor, Sumatra, and other of the Polynesian group, 


116 Bibliographical Notices. 


nor in the African deserts, the shores of Venezuela, and scarcely in 
the mountains of the South of Europe. ‘Two hundred and ten spe- 
cies are found in the tropics ; 133 are extra-tropical, of which 45 in- 
habit the southern hemisphere. ‘The New World affords 180 species, 
the old 175; but 12 are common to both. The higher mountains 
of the Andes yield the greater proportion of species (51), then fol- 
lows tropical Brazil (46), the Himalaya Mountains (41), the United 
States (33), the Alpine Flora of Europe and Siberia (32), Hindostan 
(30), the Cape of Good Hope (25). One hundred and thirty-five 
species flourish at an elevation exceeding 5000 feet above the level 
of the sea, 230 below that elevation. The maximum of the family 
may be considered alpine ; nevertheless the species are rare or al- 
together wanting in the Alps of Mexico, Java, on the Peak of Tene- 
rifte, and of Sicily. 
The following is Dr. Grisebach’s Conspectus Gentianearum ex 
methodo analytico dispositus. 
A. stivatio corollz dextrorsum contorta. 
a. Stylus distinctus, deciduus. 
a. a. Antherarum loculi absque connectivo oppositi! Corolla rotata, circa 
capsulam marcescens, Trib. 1. Cuirontex, 
b. b. Anthere connectivo instructz. 
a. a. Semina placente immersa. Inflorescentia centrifuga, dichotoma. 
#. Corolla spectabilis, seepius rotata, demum circa capsulam marce- 
scens. Trib. II. Cutorez. : 
4. Corolla parvula, infundibuliformis, demum aut supra capsulam 
torta aut decidua. Trib. LV. Erytur#acea, 
b. 6. Semina funiculis imposita! inflorescentia centripeta. Trib. LIT. 
Hipriez. 
b. Stigma ovario stylo persistenti impositum. 
a. @. Inflorescentia dichotoma. Sepala connexa. Stylus distinctus. 
Trib. V. LisyaAnTHEs. 
b. &. Inflorescentia racemiformis. Sepala sublibera 1. membrana intra- 
calycina juncta. Stylus sepius 0. Trib. VI. Swerrizaz. 
B. stivatio corolle induplicativa. Trib. VII. Menyantuipez. 


I. CHIRONIES. 
A. Stigma indivisum. Antherarum rima contigua. 


a. Placente valvares. Antherarum rima elongata ... 1. Chironia, L. 
L. Placentze demum centrales liber. Antherarum 
THA POLMOFMIS ..... sccesscnssuccssss aceesercsccesss 2o LOGCHME Nae 


B. Stigma bicrure. Antherarum loculi distincti. 
a. Antheree strictze rime poriformes. Stigma immu- 
CAEN ocd ccecncucwnae cepa menuns coe eee eR en eee ees deteeicas 3. Dejanira, Cham. 
6. Antherz spirales rima elongata. Stigma spirale. Sabbatie Sect. 
Pseudochironia. 


Bibliographical Notices. — 137 


II. Curorez. 
A. Stigmata bina. 


a. Stigmata bilamellata, immutata. 
a. a. Corolla rotata 5—8-mera. Calyx exalatus...... 4. Chlora, L. 
6. 6. Corolla infundibuliformis 4-mera. Calyx alatus 
Prearinaiig- 1.4 2s Ree es dcr eeeiild oe 6. Schultesia, M. 
6. Stigmata bicruria, demum torta. Corolla rotata ... 5. Sabbatia, Ad. 
B. Stigma capitulatum. Corolla rotata ......... haawau fa) AeQnnnUs. 


Iif. Hierrez. 
a. Calyx calyculatus. Corolla rotata. Stigma 2-la- 
SE LLALIUR ©. cae avescsssanssee cays winroute Rae tale tek «»» 8. Coutoubea,Aubl. 
B. Calyx nudus, zequalis. Corolla infundibuliformis. 
Stigma capitulatum. Capsula unilocularis ... 9. Hippion, Sprgl. 
c. Calyxinzequalis. Corolla infundibuliformis. Stig- 
ma capitatum. Capsula semibilocularis......... 10. Enicestema, Bl. 


. IV. Eryrarzacez, 
a. Corolla regularis. 
a. Placentze valvares. 
a. a. Anthere spirales. Genitalia exserta ......... 1]. Lrythrea, Ren. 
b. b. Antherze immutatz (I. si subtorta, calyx tubu- 
losus, stigmata bicruria Zygostigma.) 


a. Stigma bilamellatum ...............66. eus@ussmuscs 13. Orthostemon, Br. 
6. Stigmata bicruria conglutinata! Calyx cari- 

ETDS: 3 sores aatade vee tela peiied Padua eaasemaree ames 12. Zygostigma. 
Bie) SELENA, CATED. "5 aa sian a nas eascessosnp soeeee 15. Cicendia, Ad. 


b. Placenta centralis. 
a. a. Stigma indivisum 1. emarginatum. 
a. Anthere immutatz. Corolla decidua ......... 16. Schueblera, Mart. 
6. Antheree aut demum recurve aut in spiculum 
discolorem productz. Corolla marcescens... 18. Seb@a, Br. 
b. b. Stigma bilamellatum. Flos tetramerus......... 17. Apophragma. 
BegGorallahilaviatd $i... <cescecncehwnsdd sins dacs eee 14. Canscora, Lam. 


VY. LisyanTHes. 
A. Stigma bilamellatum. 
a. Calyx imbricatus. 
a. a. Filamenta tubo inserta. Corolla infundibuli- 


fermis, 10 CONsiriete , ....<.<.-neeseemes pease 19. Lisyanthus, Aubl. 
b. b. Filamenta membrane annulari inserta. Co- 
rolla hypocrateriformis, tubo cylindrico...... 24. Leiothamnus. 


b. Calyx valvaris. 
a. a. Calyx exalatus. Corolla infundibuliformis... 20. Zrlbachia, Mart. 
b. 6. Calycis suture alate. Corolle faux campanu- 
LOT POR pee Bere Steer discs seusassaccecddse eee 25. Prepusa, Mart. 
ec. c. Calyx dorso angulatus. Annulus hypogynus. 
Corolla fava GlaVats ovis. ...0cs.0sc0vesetameadee 23. Tachia, Aubl. 


118 Bibliographical Notices. 


B. Stigma indivisum, capitulatum. 
a. Filamenta imo tubo inserta. 
a.a, Annulus hypogynus. Corolla hypocrateri- 


PT Siig ince cdi Rises duvadedes -igbbuttcttsy tune 22. Tachiadenus. 
b. b. Annulus 0, Corolla infundibuliformis ......... 21. Leianthus. 
b. Filamenta summo tubo inserta, brevia, corolle tu- 
bus demum scissus!........+. Jasin des» shenanbapndberiees 26. Voyra, Aubl. 


VI. SwerTizex. 
a. Capsula unilocularis. 


a. Fovez epipetale glandulifere nulle. 


Sd. SHAGIDALA LAVCTONIG 04 ccnicnsosnsssxtsssees¥ baa © fs 31. Pleurogyne,Eschh. 
b. b. Stigma capituliforme crassuM ........ceeeeeeee 30. Centaurella,Mich. 
c. c. Stigmata 2 revoluta, aut si contigua infundibu- 
liformia. 
a. Placente cum endocarpio connate. Herb 
Paps Meee c ls oP tex. wu os web sick wah Soish Mena gas 27. Gentiana, L. 
6. Placente suturis impositz. Volubiles......... 28. Crawfurdia, Wall. 
b. Fovee epipetale glandulifere. 
a. a. Petala calcarata .........- Aaateanctds Peau eeaien ... 09. Halenia, Borkh. 


6. 6. Caleara nulla. 
a. Fovez fimbriis cinctz. 
ae. Stigmata distincta, stylo imposita. Semina 


sibdefinita, suturze valvularum inserta...... 36. Frasera, Walt. 
68. Stigma reniforme, ovario impositum, Pla- 
centee cum endocarpio connate...........666- 37. Swertia, L. 


6. Foveze squamula tectee. 
az. Corolla basi coronata. Placentz cum endo- 


CAPDIO COMA <1 oncasuess isapaekees ss’ @taaeee he 32. Anagallidium. 
88. Corolla basi nuda. Placentz suturales spon- 
PIONS -sepesecer es 2 sah Boon hr iar) padbr yas B36 33. Ophelia, Don. 
s. Capsula bilocularis, placenta centrali. Petala 
extus glandulosa ..... ... Saeesnase Souda. soe eee ... 384. Exadenus. 
c. Bacca, seminibus triseriatis. Volubiles...... 35. Tripterospermum, Bl. 


VII. MenyantTHIDE&. 
a. Semina in nervo medio valvulz cujusque uni- 


serialia. Capsula ruptilis............... seccescesese 39. Menyanthes, L. 

s. Placentz suturales. 
a. Capsula bivalvis, valvis bifidis ........ eaesvesecseess.s/00. We anarsia, VCs 
b. Capsula evalvis ....... sede eaee secseceecesseceres 40. Limnanthemum,Gmel. 


The Natural History of the Sperm Whale, &c., to which is added a 
Sketch of a South-Sea Whaling Voyage. By Thomas Beale, Esq. 
Surgeon. 8vo. John Van Voorst, London. 

This is a second and much enlarged edition of a work published 

a few years ago, and is certainly one of the most valuable contribu- 


Bibliographical Notices. 119 


tions we have received towards the history of this curious and very 
imperfectly known race of animals. The author believes that there 
is only one species of sperm whale, common to all the various lati- 
tudes in which it is found, from Japan to the mouth of the Thames, 
and that it is the largest of the sea animals, old males at times at- 
taining the enormous length of 84 feet, and the females about one 
fifth less, while according to Scoresby, the largest Greenland whale 
seldom exceeds 70—72 feet. He corrects many points in the hi- 
story of this animal as given by Lacépéde, Cuvier, and others, and 
shows most decidedly, that in the accounts they have given, they 
have very often confounded the habits of the different species of 
whales. They are said to feed on cuttlefish (Octopus) and small fish, 
and are very quiet and inoffensive unless attacked. The latter part 
of the work consists of an interesting account, written in a very lively 
style, of the author’s adventures as Surgeon in a South-Sea Whaler. 


Flora excursoria Hafniensis. Scripsit S. T. N. Drejer. Hafnie, 
1838. 12mo. 


This interesting little work is a Flora of two islands at the mouth 
of the Baltic, and is full of valuable observations. It appears to have 
been executed with great care, and we doubt not will attract much 
attention in this country from the great similarity of its plants to 
those included in the British Flora, but more particularly to those of 
Scotland. 

The author distinguishes Circea intermedia from C. alpina by the 
form of its fruit, which we suspect is an uncertain character, and de- 
scribes C. /utetiana as without bractea, which is incorrect, since they 
may always be detected, although usually very minute and setaceous. 
Aira caryophyllea and precoz he refers to Avena, and makes cespitosa 
the only representative of the former genus. 

He introduces a new Poa, denominated adspersa, ‘‘ culmo levi su- 
perne nudo yaginis levibus internodio brevioribus suprema folio suo 
multo breviore, ligula elongata obtusa,” and includes in his list 
P. fertilis, Host., and P. costata, Schum. In the genus Myosotis 
the proportional length of the style and calyx or fruit has been in- 
troduced, and we believe for the first time used as a specific charac- 
ter in all the species. We have not time to examine into its value, 
but esteem it well deserving of attention. Viola canina is divided 
into several species, but apparently without sufficient cause ; we be- 
lieve that it will be found that V. /actea, Sm., referred by Koch to 
lancifolia, Thore, V. stagnina, Kit., which is the dactea of Reich. Icon. 


120 Bibliographical Notices. 


f. 208, and V. Ruppii, All., are only modifications .of one species. 
The most certain characters in this genus will be found in the spurs 
to the anthers. Inthe Chenopodiacee Meyer's arrangement has been 
adopted, by which several true species of Chenopodium are referred 
to Blitum. C. polyspermum and acutifolium are combined, but C. 
viride is kept distinct from C. album; C.rhombifolium, Mihl., which 
is the urbicum of Eng. Bot., is separated from the true urbicum of Lin- 
nus, notwithstanding the observation of Koch, that they proved to be 
only varieties by repeated culture. Our author’s Blitum botryoides 
does not appear to be the same as C. bofryoides, Sm., for he says, 
“caule erecto |... 2". 3 racemis subaphyllis,’’ but Smith describes the 
stems as ‘‘spreading or prostrate,’’ and the spikes leafy. In Atripler 
the names have been remarkably transposed, but the descriptions 
are so good as clearly to point out what plants are intended; A. an- 
gustifolia is probably a form of A. erecta, Sm., which appears to be 
far from a rare plant in this country; A. patula is rosea; A. latifolia 
is the true patula of Linnzus and Smith, and A. longipes is probably 
our angustifolia, the only doubtful point being that he describes the 
fruit-bearing calyces as “‘longe pedunculatis.” Statice rariflora, 
given as a new species, appears to be our S. spathulata; S. limonium 
(bahusiensis) Fries Mantiss. p. 10, is referred, on the authority of a 
specimen, to this plant. A new Juncus is introduced between con- 
glomeratus and effusus, under the name of ‘J. subuliflorus, anthela 
supra decomposita laxa ramis exterioribus reliquos multum superan- 
tibus anthelam minorem gerentibus, caps. obovata truncatula, stylo 
mammille elevate insidente.” We think it probable that all three 
-will ultimately be combined. The genus Polygonum is divided ; 
Centinodium (P. aviculare), Tinaria (P. convolvulus and dumetorum) 
and Fagopyrum (P. fagopyrum and tataricum) being separated from 
it. The latter of these we hold to be a good genus, the others only 
sections of Polygonum. In Ranunculus, Smith’s aquatilis is divided 
into aqguatilis, circinatus and fluitans, three plants distinguished by 
well-marked and permanent characters, and now recognised by al- 
most every continental botanist, although not as yet adepted in this 
country. Platanthera solstitialis is H. fornicata, Bab., P. bifoiia, 
Reich., f.1143. To this he refers Sven. Bot., t. 314, which is the 
true O. bifolia, Linn. 

We have gone somewhat into detail in reviewing this work, 
for the purpose of drawing the attention of English botanists to the 
local Floras of the continent, many of which are of great value to the 
descriptive botanist. We purpose noticing some of the others in 
future numbers. 


Bibliographical Notices. 121 


The Bee-Keeper’s Manual; or, Practical Hints on the Management 
and Complete Preservation of the Honey-Bee. By Henry Taylor. 
Second Edition, considerably enlarged. London, Groombridge, 
1839. 


In a late number of our Journal we had occasion to notice the ap- 
pearance of a second edition of Dr. Bevan’s valuable work, the 
‘Honey-Bee.’ We are glad to see the increasing interest which the 
subject of the ceconomy of bee-keeping excites,—a fact which is 
shown by the numerous manuals, which appear in rapid succession 
from the press. The one now under our notice, ‘ The Bee-Keeper’s 
Manual,’ is a useful compendium of the natural history of the Bee, 
with observations and hints on their habits and treatment. The au- 
thor gives the result of his own experience, and describes various 
kinds of hives, some of his own construction. He also quotes the 
opinions of Gelieu, Nutt, Payne, and other apiarians, who have de- 
voted their attention to the subject. One great object he has in view 
is to show the needless cruelty of destroying bees, in any kind of 
hive, to obtain their honey, and that the true interest of the pro- 
prietor is best promoted by adopting the “‘ humane or depriving sy- 
stem.” 

The author describes, amongst various hives, a new one, which he 
calls the Nadir Hive, constructed from an observation of the dispo- 
sition of bees to work downwards. It consists of two boxes, one 
placed over the other, with a communication between them. We 
conclude our notice of this excellent little work by recommending it 
to all who are interested in the subject of bee-keeping. 


A Botanical Chart for Schools. By Miss Elizabeth Andrew Warren. 


This excellent Chart, prepared by a lady whose accurate researches 
in British botany have obtained for her a name which will rank with 
those of Miss Hutchins and Mrs. Griffiths (and we scarcely know if, 
botanically speaking, we can pay her a higher compliment)—ought 
to be in the hands of every teacher of youth throughout the king- 
dom. It was compiled, as the accomplished authoress tells us, ex- 
pressly for the use of Miss James’ school at Falmouth ; and believing 
it would be useful in other similar establishments, she has, at much 
labour and cost, submitted it to the public. The system adopted is 
that of Linnzeus, as the most ready for beginners; and after some 
preliminary observations there are three columns extending the whole 
length of the Chart—the first, a very broad one, contains a character 
of each class, with copious remarks on the more useful and valuable 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No.15. April 1839. K 


122 Bibliographical Notices. 


species belonging to it; a second column defines the orders and 
states the number of genera they contain; and the third enumerates 
a list of genera. 


Flora Aberdonensis ; comprehending a list of the Flowering Plants and 
Ferns found in the neighbourhood of Aberdeen, with remarks on the 
Climate, the Features of the Vegetation, &c. By George Dickie, 
A.M., &c. &c. 

This is a useful little manual for the botanical students of Aber- 
deen; and the preface, containing as it does very interesting facts 
relative to the influence of climate, soil, &c., upon vegetation, will 
be read by more distant botanists with interest. The catalogue in- 
cludes such flowering plants and ferns as are found growing in a 
range extending about fifteen miles round Aberdeen. ‘The stations 
are very exactly given, for the author has either seen dried or living 
specimens, or has himself gathered in the district nearly all the spe- 
cies mentioned: the total number is 584. The following remarks 
occur regarding the plants which contribute to the formation of 
peat: ‘“ The surface of the country is interspersed with marshes or 
bogs, lakes or lochs, woods and moors, and these are very productive 
of the plants producing the varieties of peat, severally named by 
McCulloch (Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. ii.) mountain, marsh, forest, and 
lake peat. Jn our marshes and bogs the plants which mostly contri- 
bute to the formation of this very important natural production are 
several species of Carer, as C. dioica, C. pulicaris, C. ampullacea. C. 
curta, and sometimes C. teretiuscula ; also Krica tetralix, Eriophorum 
angustifolium, and E. vaginatum ; also various species of Juncus, the 
Menyanthes bifoliata, Caliha palustris, Pedicularis sylvatica and pa- 
lustris, Comarum palustre, and, more rarely, Drosera Anglica, Schoenus 
nigricans, and many others. In such places, and also on the borders 
of lochs, we find what are called quaking bogs, consisting of a semi- 
fluid mass of peat, the surface of which is covered with vegetation. 
The adventurous botanist, whose ardour leads him into such si- 
tuations, entirely owes his safety to the matted roots and stems of 
the different plants. 

In lochs the following plants principally contribute to the forma- 
tion of peat: Scirpus lacustris, Arundo Phragmites, the yellow and 
white water lilies, Sparganium natans, Phalaris arundinacea, &c., and 
about their edges in shallower water, Littorella lacustris, Scirpus seta- 
ceus, Peplis Portula, and, more rarely (in this district), Subularia 
aquatica, Pilularia globulifera, Lobelia Dortmanna, Utricularia inier- 
media, and others. The variety called Mountain Peat is produced in 


Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 123 


drier places, and is of a loose texture ; the different heaths, the Crow- 
berry (Hmpetrum nigrum), various species of Carer, as C. binervis, 
C. pilulifera, Nardus stricta, and many grasses and others, all assist 
in the formation of this variety. Our woods abound in Erica cine- 
rea and H. tetralix, Trientalis europea, Galium saxatile, Goodyera 
repens, many grasses and other plants, whose remains, mixed with 
decayed leaves and branches of trees, all combine to form the forest 
peat. Many of the plants enumerated, however insignificant they 
may appear to be, have contributed, in no mean degree, to modify 
the nature of the surface of the district, and perhaps also its climate, 
by the filling up of lakes and marshes (by the formation of peat), a 
process still going on. 

Mr. Dickie is known to botanists as the discoverer, in conjunction 
with Mr. Templeton, of the rare northern Carex rupestris (Brit. F1. 
ed.4. p.331) at the top of Glen Callader. We heartily wish he 
would publish a similar catalogue and with similar observations to 
the present, of the alpine vegetation of Aberdeenshire and the ad- 
joining counties. 

Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus. Auctore Georgio 

Bentham, Vienna. 

This work exhibits great talent and great research, as may be ex- 
pected from the well-known character of the author, and it is to be 
considered as the forerunner of a more elaborate publication on this 
extensive and difficult family. ‘The tribes here discussed are Poda- 
lyriee, Sophoree, Dalbergiee, and Phaseolee. Many new genera are 
given, and amended characters of previously established ones, and 
numerous species are described. 

The same distinguished botanist is also engaged in a Monograph 
of the Linnzan genus Frica for the forthcoming volume of DeCan- 
dolle’s Prodromus. 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 


BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 
November 8th, 1838.—Professor Christison, V.P., in the Chair. 

The President was directed to convey to Mr. Christy, in the most 
special manner, the thanks of the Society for his very splendid con- 
tributions to the Herbarium and Library. 

1. Professor Graham read an account of a visit which he along 
with some friends had paid to the West of Ireland in August last, 
to examine its botanical productions. It was stated that the moun- 
tains of Cunnamara present very little of the alpine vegetation with 

K 2 


124 Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 


which the mountains of Scotland are clothed,—a difference probably 
arising from their structure, the summits, or nearly two-thirds of 
their height, being composed of the most unproductive quartz. Near 
the base of the mountains some micaceous soil exists, and there a 
little alpine vegetation was found. ‘The only peculiarity which the 
quartz presented was abundance of Saxifraga umbrosa. Menziesia 
polifolia was found to be scattered over a larger extent of country 
than was expected, being met with in abundance on the road sides 
from within a few miles of Galway to Clifden, the most westerly 
point visited. Cnicus pratensis occupied the situation which Cnicus 
heterophyllus usually holds in Scotland,—the latter not yet having been 
seen in Ireland. Pimpinella magna occurred in profusion along the 
road-sides between Galway and Oughterard. rica mediterranea was 
ascertained to have been found in three stations in the West of Ire- 
land, considerably remote from each other. The introduction of 
Erica carnea into the Irish Flora was understood to have arisen from 
a mistake. 

2. Mr. Forbes exhibited specimens of the true Primula elatior, of 
Jacquin, gathered by him during the summer on the mountains of 
Styria. He pointed out the distinctions between these and the Bri- 
tish specimens, and remarked that they confirmed the views he had 
formerly laid before the Society, in which he maintained that no true 
Primula elatior has hitherto been found in Britain. He also laid be- 
fore the Society some specimens of Viola pinnata, from Mount Nanas, 
in Carniola, in order to show that the form of the filamental append- 
ages in that species indicates a passage from the true Violets to the 
Pansies. 

3. Professor Graham stated that some months ago he had received 
from Dr. Christison a root of Ipomea Purga, now believed to be the 
plant which yields the true Jalap of commerce, and that when cul- 
tivated in the stove it had grown freely and produced flowers. It is 
altogether a different plant from that previously in cultivation. 


December 13th.—Prof. Graham, President, in the Chair. 

1. Mr. Brand read a paper containing remarks on the Statistics of 
British Botany, intended to illustrate the plan proposed to be adopted 
in the formation of the Botanical Society’s British Herbarium. Be- 
sides detailing very fully the plan which he formerly suggested for 
dividing Great Britain and Ireland into 42 districts or Floras, from 
each of which, specimens of all indigenous plants, with certain excep- 
tions, should if possible be obtained for the Society’s Herbarium, 
Mr. Brand exhibited a series of elaborate Tables, deduced from an ex- 
amination of Mr. Watson’s excellent work on the Geographical Dis- 
tribution of British Plants, and showed how far, and in what respect, 


Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 125 


that work fell short of accomplishing Mr. Watson's design. It ap- 
peared from these tables that the 33 Local Floras and Catalogues 
consulted by Mr. Watson (besides being for the most part very im- 
perfect in themselves) only partially represented the vegetation of 18 
out of the 42 districts above-mentioned; and that with respect to 
the remaining 24 districts, his work had left us entirely in the dark. 
It further appeared, with regard to the districts represented by the 
12 Floras and 19 Catalogues referred to by Mr. Watson,—extend- 
ing (though by interrupted lines), the former from Devonshire to 
Edinburgh, the latter from Sussex to Orkney,—that out of 1220 
species noticed in them, 317 occurred in all the Floras, and 156 
were confined to one or other of them; and that 78 species occurred 
in all the catalogues, and 152 were peculiar to one or other of them ; 
whilst, on the other hand, in the Floras only 64 species, and in the 
Catalogues only 50 species were peculiar to the medium numbers re- 
spectively; thus showing according to Mr. Brand’s view a remarkable 
tendency in species to accumulate (as respects their frequency) to- 
wards extremes—that is to say, to be either very generally or very 
partially distributed over the country. On these and similar data, 
supported in some degree by other circumstances which he explained, 
Mr. Brand calculated that, allowing nearly 4000 for varieties, about 
30,000 specimens would suffice for completing a British Herbarium 
on the plan which he proposed, requiring probably about 5000 leaves 
of paper. 

The thanks of the Society were given to Mr. Brand for the labour 
bestowed in the preparation of this paper, and the valuable tables 
which it contained. 

2. Mr. Forbes read an account of an excursion to the mountains 
of Ternova in Carniola, in company with Signor Tommasini of 
Trieste. They left Goritzia about the middle of June last, and pro- 
ceeded to Chapovano by way of Monte Santo, gathering the true 
Athamantha Matthioli on the banks of the Izonzo, with several other 
plants of much interest. At Chapovano they ascended the Stoddier, 
thence they proceeded through the forests to the mountain of Boda- 
nowitz, and on the third day ascended the Golaks, the highest moun- 
tains of the chain, being about 5800 feet above the level of the sea. 
Among the plants collected during the excursion, were Lilium car- 
niolicum, Hieracium incarnatum, Campanula carnica, C. spicata, Cyti- 
sus angustifolius, Aquilegia Sternbergii, Polygala austriaca (new to 
the district), P. alpestris, Pleurospermum Golaka, Spartium radiatum, 
Paederoia Ageria, Carex firma and tenuis, Huphorbia carniolica, Pri- 
mula carniolica, Hacquetia Epipactis, Astraniia cariiolica, Gentiane 


126 Botanical Sociely of Edinburgh. 


angulosa, and many other species peculiar to those rarely visited 
mountains. 

3. Mr. Brand exhibited a specimen of Carex leporina, found by 
him in 1830, during an excursion to Braemar and the mountains of 
Aberdeenshire. 

4. Mr. Thomas W. Morrison exhibited specimens of the following 
plants from Cumberland and Westmoreland :—Epimedium alpinum, 
Wastwater, Cumberland ; Impatiens noli-me-tangere, Barron Wood, 
Westmoreland ; Rosa gracilis, Whinlater, near Keswick ; Rosa cin- 
namomea, Portinscale, near Keswick. 

The Society then proceeded to the election of Office-Bearers for 
1839, when the following gentlemen were elected :— 

President. 
Rosert Grauan, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Hon. M.R.J.A., Regius Professor 
of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 
Vice-Presidents. 


Davin Fatconar, Esq. of Carlowrie. Rost. Kaye Grevitte, Esq., L.L.D., 
Rosert Curistison, M.D.,F.R.S.E., F.RS.E., Fi, 


Pres. R.C.P.E. Davin Stevart, Esq. 
Councillors. 
Witiram M‘Nas, Esq., A.L.S. Epwarp R. Roserts, Esq. 
W. F. Linpsay Carnecise, Esq. of R. Wirsranam Fatconer, Esgq., 
Boysack. Pres. Roy. Med. Soe. 


ParrickNeii,Esq.,LL.D.,F.R.S.E., Tuomas Buizarp Bert, Esq. 
F.L.S. 


Treasurer: WituiAM Branp, Esq., W.S.—Seecretary : Witt1am Hunter 
Campsett, Esq.—Voreign Secretarics: Epwarp Forses, Esq., Pres. Roy. 
Phys. Society; Jonn Hutton Batrour, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.R.C.S.E.— 
Curator: Joun Hurron Potitexren, M.D.—Assisiant Curator: Aucust 
AgemiL KeLLerman.—Artist: James M‘Nas, Esq. 


January 10th, 1839.—Professor Graham, President, in the Chair. 


A letter to the President was read, from His Excellency the Mi- 
nister Resident and Plenipotentiary of the King of Saxony, inti- 
mating that His Majesty had been graciously pleased to acquiesce in 
the proposal of the Society to elect His Majesty a Foreign Honorary 
Member. 

It was resolved that on the occasion of so exalted a personage 
joining the Society, that the usual mode of election by ballot should 
be dispensed with ; His Majesty Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony, 
was accordingly elected a Foreign Honorary Member by unanimous 
acclamation. 

1. Mr. Forbes read some observations on certain Continental 
Plants allied to British species. He exhibited to the Society speci- 


Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 127 


mens of the various plants alluded to, chiefly collected by himself in 
Carniola, accompanied by critical remarks on their alliances and 
synonyms amongst British species. He noticed particularly the fol- 
lowing :—1. Rhinanthus hirsutus, Lam. 2. Acinos villosus, Pers. 3. 
Ranunculus verrucosus, Prsl. 4. Rubus tomentosus, Borkh. 5. Po- 
lygonum Bellardi, All. 6. Hieracium Peleterianum, Merat. 

2. Mr. Herbert Giraud read the first part of a paper on the Struc- 
ture and Functions of Pollen. An account of this paper will be 
found in the Proceedings of the Society at the following meeting. 

3. Mr. Brand read a communication explanatory of a scheme 
which he proposed for the publication of a work under the Society’s 
direction, intended to give a general but comprehensive view of the 
whole range of Botanical Science, with reference both to its natural 
and civil history, and commencing with the earliest period in each 
department. He proposed that the work should consist of nine se- 
parate but connecting essays, forming as many divisions of the sub- 
ject, and that the Society should invite its Members to write these 
several essays according to a plan, and on certain conditions speci- 
fied by him. The proposal was referred to a Committee for consi- 
deration. 


February 14th.—Prof. Graham, President, in the Chair. 


1. Mr. Giraud read the second part of his paper on the Structure 
and Functions of Pollen. In the former part of this paper, after de- 
scribing the phenomena which are attendant on the development of 
pollen in various tribes of plants, Mr. Giraud pointed out some pe- 
culiarities which he had met with in the external configuration and 
internal structure of the mature pollen grain, and showed that from 
the former character no correct indications could be deduced for de- 
termining the limits of certain groups of plants; as the figure and 
surface of the pollen-grain often differs widely even in individuals of 
the same genus. The existence of a ¢hird tunic, or investing mem- 
brane, was shown to occur in the pollen of Crocus vernus, and also 
the presence of minute opaque bodies on the surface of the pollen of 
Polemonium ceruleum, which, when immersed in water, appeared to 
be possessed of spontaneous motion. The true nature of the furrow 
which exists in certain spherical and elliptical pollen grains, was 
pointed out, and shown not to be a slit in the outer membrane, as is 
the opinion of some vegetable anatomists. 

Mr. Giraud then described the chemical composition of pollen, 
showing the existence of potassa in the pollen of Antirrhinum majus ; 
and of raphides, consisting of phosphate of lime, mixed up with the 


128 Wernerian Society. 


pollen of Tradescantia virginica, and with that of certain species of 
Orchidee. The effects produced by water, alcohol, ether, iodine, 
and sulphuric acid on the physical conditions of pollen, were also 
adverted to. 

The functions of pollen were then noticed, and the phenomena 
which are attendant on the performance of those functions, from the 
period when the pollen leaves the anther till its tubes arrive at the 
base of the nucleus of the ovule. It was shown that a somewhat 
elevated temperature is in many cases necessary for the develop- 
ment of the pollen tubes, and that this condition is supplied by the 
evolution of caloric attendant on estivation; and lastly, the various 
provisions, which exist for the preservation of the pollen from the 
deleterious effects of moisture, were pointed out. 

2. Notes on Lychnis dioica, Linn., with reference to the occurrence 
of the varieties vespertina, intermedia and diurna, and some anoma- 
lous forms of these observed in the neighbourhood of Dundee. By 
Mr. Wm. Gardiner, Jun., Dundee. Communicated by Mr. Camp- 
bell. 

3. Notes on Primula vulgaris, elatior and veris. By Mr. Wm. 
Gardiner, Jun., Dundee. Communicated by Mr. Campbell. 


WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 
January 12, 1839.—John Sligo, Esq., in the Chair. 


Dr. Robert Paterson read a Memoir, Observations on the Artesian 
Wells of Clackmananshire, and their connection with the doctrine 
of Central Heat. As this paper does not refer directly to zoology or 
botany we shall not dwell upon it. 

A paper on the Climate and Productions of Devonshire. By Dr. 
Chas. Goring, was then read. 

Professor Jameson exhibited two rare Fishes found in the Pent- 
land Frith and sent to the Natural History Museum by the Duchess 
Countess of Sutherland. He regarded them as Labrus trimaculatus, 
and the Gadus minutus or the Poor. A specimen of the Ornithorhyn- 
chus was exhibited, having the poison-duct and gland beautifully dis- 
played; presented to the College Museum by Lord Glenelg. The 
carcass of a large Cinereous Eagle was also exhibited ; being one of 
two birds of that kind which attacked a traveller the week before, 
near Newtown-Stuart in Galloway. 


Jan. 26—Wnm. Copland, Esq. in the Chair. 
Mr. Smith of Jordan-hill, read an Account of further Observa- 


Wernerian Sociery. 129 


tions on the elevated Marine Deposits in the Basin of Clyde, ac- 
companied with remarks by Mr. Deshayes, Mr. Lyell, and Mr. G. 
R. Sowerby, on the Shells unknown as British imbedded in them ; 
from which it appeared, that out of twenty species, seven are at pre- 
sent to be found recent in the Arctic Seas; five in the Crag and 
Sicilian newer Pliocene ; and that the rest are peculiar to the de- 
posit in question. 

Dr. Trail exhibited a specimen of Bergmehl from the North of 
Sweden, communicated to him by Mr. Laing. The Doctor had sub- 
mitted it to analysis, and found it to be composed of the minute 
shields of infusoria, about one thousandth part of an inch in size, 
consisting chiefly of siliceous earth and alumina. Professor Jameson 
exhibited a very fine specimen of flexible sandstone from the Hima- 
laya Mountains, transmitted from India by Dr. Robert Stevenson. 


February 9.—John Sligo, Esq., in the Chair. 

A paper by Dr. Chas. R. Goring was read, on the Comparative 
Merits of the Reflecting Microscope of Sir D. Brewster, and the 
Catadioptric Engiscope of Prof. Amici of Modena, with an account 
of a new Reflecting Telescope for Terrestrial Objects. On this paper 
we will not dilate, as not bearing directly on the subject of our work. 
Dr. Goring is of the opinion, that however admirable Sir David’s 
microscope may be in theory, it will not answer in practice. 

A communication was then read, on the Geology of Greece and 
the Greek Islands, illustrated with numerous specimens. 

Professor Wallace then explained by a model and diagram his so- 
lution of the Miner’s Problem, in reference to the depths of different 
strata, &c. 


- February 23.—Dr. Thomas Stewart Traill in the Chair. 


Mr. Edward Forbes laid before the meeting a communication on 
the Asteriade of the Irish Sea, illustrated by the exhibition of spe- 
cimens. Inhis arrangement he chiefly followed the one recently pro- 
posed by Professor Agassiz, occasionally modifying it, and introdu- 
cing a few new genera and species. As this valuable and original 
paper will appear in the forthcoming number of the Society’s Trans- 
actions, we need not enter further into particulars*. Professor Jame- 
son then exhibited a fine specimen of the Beaumaris Shark, taken off 
the coast of Aberdeenshire. The characters which distinguish it 
from the Porbeagle Shark were dwelt upon. 

* We trust that arrangements have been made for the more regular pub- 


lication of its excellent memoirs; vol. vi. was published in 1832; vol. vii., 
containing two Prize Essays and an Appendix, appeared in 1838.—Ep. 


130 Zoological Society. 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
June 12, 1838.—The Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair. 

Mr. Owen communicated to the Meeting another portion of the 
results attending his examination of the body of the Apteryz, em- 
bracing a description of the parts connected with the function of re- 
spiration, and their general relations, as shown in this extraordinary 
bird, to that structure of the respiratory organs which is so eminent- 
ly characteristic of the entire class. 

Mr. Owen remarks, that the system of respiration in birds is so 
obviously framed with especial reference to the faculty of aérial pro- 
gression, and the peculiarities in the former exhibit so marked a phy- 
siological relation to the latter, that inthe Apteryx, where the wings 
are reduced to the lowest known rudimentary condition, the exami- 
nation of the accompanying modifications in the respiratory apparatus 
presented a most interesting subject for inquiry. 

Upon carefully removing the viscera from the abdomen, Mr. Owen 
was both gratified and surprised at finding no trace of air-cells in 
the abdominal cavity; the diaphragm being entire, and pierced only 
for the transmission of the esophagus and larger blood-vessels, as in 
the Mammalia. 

The position of the diaphragm was almost horizontal, like that of 
the Dugong, differing from it principally in relation to the heart and 
pericardium, which projected into the abdominal cavity, as through a 
hernial aperture, the aponeurosis of the diaphragm being continuous 
over the pericardium ; an approach towards the oviparous type in the 
disposition of the viscera being thus preserved. 

In the origins of the diaphragm Mr. Owen found the crura of the 
lesser muscle exhibiting a greater degree of development than is 
known to exist in any other bird ; the crura were entirely tendinous, 
and arose from slight projections at the sides of the last costal ver- 
tebre, their fibres expanding and being lost in the large aponeuro- 
tic centre; at the point of their expansion to join the aponeurosis a 
small proportion of muscular fibre was observed. 

The abdominal surface of the diaphragm, as in the Mammalia, was 
principally in contact with the convex surface of the liver, but the 
thoracic surface of the former was separated from the lungs by a se- 
ries of small but well-marked air-cells, one of which projected 
slightly through the anterior aperture of the thoracic-abdominal 
cavity at the base of the neck; the Apteryr thus still retains the 
ornithic type of structure, although presenting us with the only 
known instance, in the feathered race, of a species in which the recep- 
tacular portion of the lungs is not extended into the abdomen. 


Zoological Society. 131 


In the simplicity of its structure the trachea resembled that of the 
struthious birds, but there was no trace of a dilated membranous 
pouch as inthe Emeu. The trachea consisted of 120 small rings, 
becoming gradually smaller to the last 20, and alternately overlap- 
ping and being overlapped at the sides, during the relaxation of the 
tube. 

Mr. Owen remarks that the fixed condition of the lungs, and the 
existence of air-cells between the lungs and the diaphragm, clearly 
prove that inspiration cannot be effectually performed by the action 
of the diaphragm alone, but that it takes place in the Apteryzr as in 
other birds, by the sternum being depressed, and the angle between 
the vertebral and sternal ribs being increased. 

A communication was then read to the Meeting by Dr. Cantor, 
entitled, ‘‘ A notice of the Hamadryas, a genus of Hooded Serpents 
with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth.” 

Dr. Cantor commences with observing, that ‘‘ since Dr. Russell em- 
bodied the results of his investigations in his unequalled work upon 
Indian Serpents, the attention which this branch of Indian zoology 
has received has been chiefly confined to occasional discoveries of 
single species ; and yet from experience I have been convinced how 
rich this branch is, and how much still is left to be illustrated, not 
only with regard to species, but also with regard to the habits and 
the geographical distribution of this order of reptiles, the number 
and variety of which forms so prominent a feature in the zoology of 
Southern Asia. 

‘«« The venomous serpent, to which I shall here call attention, is the 
type of a new genus; which, from its inhabiting hollow trees and 
frequenting the branches, I propose to call Hamadryas. Its charac. 
ters induce me to assign it a place between the genera Naja, Lau- 
renti, and Bungarus, Daudin, which two forms it will be found to 
connect together. 

HaMapRyas. 

Caput latum, subovatum, deplanatum, rostro brevi obtuso, scutis 

quindecim superne tectum. ; 

Bucce tumide. 

Oculi magni prominentes, pupilld rotunda. 

Nares laté aperte, duorum scutorum in confinio. 

Oris rictus peramplus, subundatus. 

Tela antica, pone qua dentes maxillares. 

Collum dilatabile. 

Corpus crassum, teres, sqguamis levibus, per series obliquas dis- 

positis, imbricatim tectum. 

Cauda brevis, apice acuto, scutis et scutellis tecta. 


132 Zoological Society. 


Hamapryas Oruropuacus. Ham. superne olivaceo-viridis, sirius 
sagittalibus nigris cinctus, abdomine glauco, nigro marmoralo. 
Scuta abdominalia a 215 ad 245 
Scuta subcaudalia a 13 ad 32 
Scutella subcaudalia a 63 ad 71 

Hab. Bengal. 

Hindustanee name, ‘ Sunkr-Choar.’ 

‘‘ For the description and anatomical details, I beg to refer to my 
provisional description, published in the Asiatic Researches, vol. xx. 
p. 87., while I shall here confine myself to some general remarks 
upon the habits, the effects of the poison, and the history of this 
serpent. 

«The Hamadryas, like the Bungarus, Hydrus, and Hydrophis, has 
a few maxillary teeth behind the poison-fangs, and thus like the lat- 
ter connects the venomous serpents with isolated poison-fangs to the 
harmless, which possess a complete row of maxillary teeth. 

«« Of the terrestrial venomous serpents the Bungarus is chiefly cha- 
racterized by a distribution of the teeth similar to that of the Hama- 
dryas, which, also partaking of the chief characteristic of the genus 
Naja, viz. that of forming a hood or disc, constitutes an immediate 
link between the genera Bungarus and Naja. 

“In consequence of the strong resemblance in the general appear- 
ance between the Naja and the Hamadryas, when first my attention 
became attracted to the latter, I thought I could refer this serpent 
to that genus; and it was not until I was able to examine a speci- 
men whose poison-fangs were untouched (those of the first speci- 
mens I saw having been drawn by the natives, who are greatly 
afraid of this serpent), that I discovered the maxillary teeth behind 
the poison-fangs. 

‘“« Hamadryas ophiophagus differs from the Naja tripudians : 

1. By its maxillary teeth. 

. By the strongly developed spines on the os occipitale inferius. 
. By the integuments covering the head. 

By the integuments covering the abdominal surface of the tail. 
. By its colour. 

6. By its size. 

‘‘ According to the natives the Hamadryas feeds chiefly upon other 
serpents; in one I dissected I found remains of a good-sized Mo- 
nitor, which fact may account for its arboreal habits, as I have in 
Bengal, along the banks of the rivers, observed numbers of those 
large lizards among the branches of trees watching for birds. 

‘« The power of abstaining from food, generally speaking, so charac- 
teristic of the serpents, is but in comparatively small degree possessed. 


wm oo bo 


or 


Zoological Society. 133 


by this species; the most protracted starvation amounts to a period 
of about one month, while the Vipera elegans, the Naja tripudians, 
and the Bungarus annularis, have, without inconvenience, been con- 
fined in cages without any food for more than ten months. Two 
specimens of the Hamadryas in my possession were regularly fed by 
giving them a serpent, no matter whether venomous or not, every 
fortnight. As soon as this food is brought near, the serpent be- 
gins to hiss loudly, and expanding the hood rises two or three 
feet, and retaining this attitude as if to take a sure aim, watching 
the movements of the prey, darts upon it in the same manner as the 
Naja tripudians does. When the victim is killed by poison, and by 
degrees swallowed, the act is followed by a lethargic state, lasting 
for about twelve hours. Such of the other Indian venomous ser- 
pents, the habits of which I have had opportunity to study from life, 
show themselves much inclined to avoid other serpents, however 
ready they are to attack men or animals, when provoked or driven 
by hunger ; and I am not aware of any other of those serpents being 
recorded as preying upon its own kind. A short time ago, however, 
during my sojourn at the Cape of Good Hope, I received from high 
authority the following fact, which throws a light upon the habits 
of the Naja of southern Africa, one of which, when being captured, 
threw up the body of a Vipera arietans (Vip. brachyurus, Cuvier), 
which bore marks of having been submitted to the process of di- 
gestion. 

“The Hamadryas, like the greater number of Indian serpents, 
evinces a great partiality to water; with the exception of the tree- 
serpents (Leptophina, Bell), they all not only drink, but also moisten 
the tongue, which, as this organ is not situated immediately in the 
cavity of the mouth, become in the serpents two different acts *. Spe- 
cimens of this serpent in my possession changed the skin every third 
or fourth month, a process which takes place in all the Indian ser- 
pents several times during the year. The Hamadryas is very fierce, 
and is always ready not only to attack. but to pursue when opposed; 
while the Cophias, the Vipera, the Naja, and the Bungarus, merely 
defend themselves, which done, they always retreat, provided no 
further provocation is offered. The natives of India assert, that in- 

* M. Schlegel is of opinion that serpents never drink. (Essai sur la Physiogn. 
des Serpens, Partie Generale.) As mentioned above, I have had opportunities of 
ascertaining that the greater number of Indian serpents are very fond of water, 
a fact which I am aware has also been observed in the African serpents by the 
eminent naturalist Dr. A. Smith, whose valuable discoveries, which he is at present 
engaged in publishing, will bring to light many facts, of which we are at present 


in almost total ignorance concerning the habits of animals, particularly those of the 
Reptiles. 


134 Zoological Society. 


dividuals are found upwards of twelve feet in length, a statement 
probably not exaggerated, as I have myself seen specimens from eight 
to ten feet in length, and from six to eight inches in circumference. 
I have often heard it asserted, that ‘Cobras’ (which name is natu- 
rally enough given to every hooded serpent,) have been met with of 
an enormous size, but I strongly doubt their belonging to the genus 
Naja: among a considerable number which have come under my ob- 
servation, I never saw any exceeding five to six feet in length, while 
the common size is about four feet. Some time before I discovered 
the Hamadryas, I was favoured by J. W. Grant, Esq., of the Hon. 
Company’s Civil Service, with an interesting description of a gi- 
gantic hooded serpent he had observed in the upper provinces, and 
which, he remarked, was not a Naja. By inspection this gentleman 
denied the Hamadryas to be identical with the above-mentioned. 

“The natives describe another hooded serpent, which is said to 
attain a much larger size than the Hamadryas, and which, to con- 
clude from the vernacular name, ‘Mony Choar’, is perhaps another 
nearly allied species. 

“The fresh poison of the Hamadryas is a pellucid, tasteless fluid, 
in consistence like a thin solution of gum arabic in water; it red- 
dens slightly litmus paper*, which is also the case with the fresh 
poison of the Cophias viridis, Vipera elegans, Naja tripudians, Bun- 
garus annularis and Bung. ceruleus: when kept for some time it acts 
much stronger upon litmus, but after being kept it loses considerably 
if not entirely its deleterious effects. 

“From a series of experiments upon living animals, the effects of 
this poison come nearest to those produced by that of the Naja tripu- 
dians, although it appears to act less quickly. The shortest period 
within which this poison proved fatal to a fowl, was fourteen mi- 
nutes; whilst a dog expired in two hours eighteen minutes after 
being bitten. It should however be observed, that the experiments 
were made during the cold season of the year.” 

A specimen of the present genus (Hamadryas), in the Collection 
of the Society, was upon the table, having been presented to the 
Museum by Sir Stamford Rafiles, but without any facts respecting 
its history, or the locality in which he had procured at: 


* “M. Schlegel asserts (loc. cit. p. 34,) the venom is ‘ ni alcalin ni acide.’ The 
only way in which I can account for this mistake from a man who ranks among 
the first Erpetologists, is by supposing that M. Schlegel himself never had an 
opportunity of testing the poison of a living serpent ; for besides the five above- 
mentioned genera of Indian venomous serpents, I found the fresh poison of dif- 
ferent species of marine serpents (Hydrus) to possess the property of turning litmus 
paper red. The same fact with the Crotalus is noticed by Dr. Harlan, who says, 
‘The poisor of the living Crotalus tested in numerous instances with litmus paper, 
&c. invariably displayed acid properties.’ (Vide Harlan, Medical and Physical Re- 
searches, p. 501, sq.)”’ 


Zoological Society. 135 


Mr. Yarrell called the attention of the Meeting to some specimens 
of fish presented by Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, whom he stated to 
be on the point of quitting England for a residence in Australia, and 
to whose zealous exertions as a Corresponding Member the Society 
had on many occasions been largely indebted.—A vote of thanks was 
proposed and carried unanimously. 


June 26, 1838.—William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair. 


A specimen of the Peregrine Falcon was upon the table, which 
had been sent to the Society’s office as a donation to the Menagerie, 
with the following letter addressed to Mr. Rees, from the donor, 
Capt. Charles Robertson :— 


«Sir, 


‘I pec to present to you the accompanying Hawk, which was caught 
on board the ship Exmouth, on the 12th of February last, on her 
passage from Bengal to London, when in about latitude 12° north, 
and longitude 88°°30 east, which placed the ship about 300 miles 
from the Andaman Islands; and from observing the bird’s tendency 
to fly away towards the east about the time of sunrise, for some 
days after it was caught, I am led to suppose that it must have been 
blown off, or followed its prey till out of sight of, those Islands. At 
the time that it was taken, it was in the act of devouring the remains 
of.a sea bird on the main-topsail yard, which it had previously been 
seen to pounce down upon and take up from the sea. 

“« 'The injured leg was occasioned by a ring, to which it was attached 
when first caught, and the struggles of the bird to get away; but I 
have great hopes that it will regain in some measure the use of it 
by proper care and attention, which I was unable to give it; and it is 
now much improved to what it was, the two parts being more in- 
clined to unite. I have fed it upon raw fresh meat, and young rats 
occasionally, but it never looks at water. When approaching the 
coast of England, it was very remarkable that the bird again strug- 
gled to get away in the direction of the land, although we were so 
far off as not to see it from the ship. I am not aware that this 
hawk differs from the common species, but the circumstances attend- 
ing it may be interesting to a naturalist; and if it should be thought 
worthy of being added to your collection, I shall feel amply repaid 
for the trouble I have taken to preserve it. 

«This is the second instance of a hawk being taken by me out of 
sight of land; and on the former occasion a sparrow took refuge in 
the cabin: we were at that time about 80 miles from Ceylon. From 


136 Zoological Society. 


these circumstances it is evident that hawks traverse great spaces of 
the ocean, being able to feed on the wing. 
“‘T remain, Sir, your obedient Servant, 
‘“CHar.es Rospertson,.”’ 
18, Alfred-place, Bedford-square, 
26th June, 1838. 

The first part of a paper was then read by Mr. Blyth, entitled 

‘« Outlines of a Systematic Arrangement of the class Aves.” 


July 10th, 1838.—Wm. Ogilby, Esq., in the Chair. 


A letter dated Tymaen Pyle, Glamorganshire, May 14th, 1838, 
was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. E. Bicheno, Esq., accom- 
panying a donation to the Museum of a skin of the Burrhal Sheep 
from the Himalaya Mountains. The animal being quite new to the 
collection had been set up by Mr. Gould, and was placed in the room 
for exhibition. Mr. Bicheno writes as follows : 

«T found the accompanying skin in the possession of a neigh- 
bouring gentleman, who left India last year; and as I apprehend it 
to belong to a rare animal, and hardly known in this country, I 
have, with his permission, sent it to the Museum of the Zoological 
Society. It is not possible for me, at this distance from authorities, 
to make it out satisfactorily, but it seems very near to the Asiatic 
Argal ( Ovis Argala), if not identical; if.so, however, it varies in many 
particulars from the descriptions given of that species. 

“It was killed, June lst, 1836, by Thos. Smith, Esq., 15th Native 
Infantry ; known in India as one of the most intrepid sportsmen 
and best shots in the country. He met with it in the Great Snowy 
Range close to the Barinda Pass, communicating with Chinese Tar- 
tary, near also to the famous peak called Jaurnootrie, under which 
rises the river Tamna. He estimates the height at which he found 
the animal to have been from 15,000 to 17,000 feet: Humboldt, 
he thinks, calls the Berinda Pass 18,000 feet high. 

«The hill-men call it Burrhal, and considered this specimen to 
have been seven years old by the horns. The cry was that of a tame 
sheep. It was exceedingly shy, and no animal in Mr. Smith’s opi- 
nion is so difficult ofapproach. During his expedition in pursuit of 
the Burrhal he killed also the Thaar, which he took to be a species of 
Goat, and the ‘Serow,’ an Antelope, which Mr. Hodgson has de- 
scribed in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, No. 45, for Sept. 1835. 
The Thaar is also described in the same paper, and is regarded by 
him to be an Antelope. Mr. Hodgson suspects the Burrhal to be his 
Ovis Nahoor, but I have no opportunity of consulting the work.” 


Zoological Society. 137 


An extract, forwarded by Mr. Bicheno, copied from the journal of 
Lieut. Thomas Smith, was also read, in which, after describing the 
great difficulty he found in reaching the district frequented by the 
Burrhal, he proceeds : 

‘« T was at last repaid by seeing nine of them at about 600 yards, 
and they saw us. I attempted to get near; but no! they are with- 
out exception the most difficult animals in the world to get near; and 
the air being so rarified I could hardly breathe, my Paharrees con- 
stantly falling and declaring they would die, and begging me to re- 
turn. 

“* About four o’clock, as I was just giving it up indespair, I suddenly 
came round a peak of snow, and found the large Ram at about 300 
yards looking at me: despairing of ever getting nearer, and knowing 
my rifle would do it if only held straight, I beat a place in the snow 
and laid it along, taking a steady aim, pulled, and to my delight saw 
him fall on his side and kick. He recovered himself and crawled 
inte some frightful rock, and there stood showing me his horns.” 

The animal was not eventually captured until it had received a 
large number of balls. ‘‘ Thus I killed,” says Lieut. Smith, ‘the 
first Burrhal ever killed by European or native that I can learn.” 

Mr. Ogilby observed, that the present animal, although extremely 
rare and valuable, had been for some time known to naturalists, by a 
specimen in the collection of the Linnean Society, and by the re- 
searches of Mr. Hodgson, who had described two species of sheep 
inhabiting the Himalayan range. Recently, however, Mr. Hodgson 
had changed his opinion with respect to the existence of two di- 
stinct species, referring them both to his Ovis Nahoor; but Mr. Ogilby 
believed that another species did inhabit the Himalaya Mountains 
decidedly distinct from the present, and the horns of which are so 
capacious, that the young Foxes are said to nestle in such as are 
found unattached to the animals. 

A paper was then read, entitled, ‘‘ Observations on Marine Ser- 
pents.”” By Dr. Cantor. 

This communication embodies the results of Dr. Cantor’s obser- 
vations upon the habits and general conformation of the Marine 
Ophidians, a group of Vertebrata to which but little attention has 
hitherto been given, from the circumstance of the danger attending 
their examination in the living state, and also from their geogra- 
phical distribution being entirely confined to the tropical seas. The 
author being stationed, in the East India Company’s service, on the 
Delta of the Ganges, had, during a considerable period, most favour- 
able opportunities for studying these serpents, many of which were 


Ann, Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No. 15. April 1839. E 


138 Geological Society. 


captured in the nets employed for fishing. His observations are 
principally directed to the anatomical characters which distinguish 
the marine from the terrestrial serpents, and to the modifications of 
structure by which the former are adapted to the element in which 
they exist. With respect to their physiology, the principal point of 
interest he establishes is, the circumstance of all the species, with- 
out exception, being highly venomous, a fact which has been denied 
by Schlegel, who states that the Marine Snakes are harmless; and 
the same erroneous idea is very current with the natives. Dr. Cantor 
in proof of the contrary refers to the recent death of an officer in 
Her Majesty’s service, within an hour or two after the bite of a Serpent 
which had been caught at sea, and also to numerous experiments 
of his own, in which fowls, fish, and other animals invariably died 
within a few minutes after the bite had been inflicted. Numerous 
sketches were exhibited to the Meeting in illustration of Dr. Cantor’s 
observations. 


GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Award of the Wollaston Medal to Dr. Ehrenberg of Berlin ;—Ez- 
tracted from the President's Address. 


The Council have adjudged the Wollaston medal for the present 
year to Professor Ehrenberg, for his discoveries respecting fossil In- 
fusoria and other microscopic objects contained in the materials of 
the earth’s strata. We all recollect the astonishment with which, 
nearly three years ago, we received the assertion, that large masses 
of rock, and even whole strata, are composed of the remains of mi- 
croscopic animals. This assertion, made at that time by Professor 
Ehrenberg, has now not only been fully confirmed and very greatly 
extended by him, but it has assumed the character of one of the 
most important and striking geological truths which have been 
brought to light in our time: for the connection of the present 
state of the earth with its condition at former periods of its history, 
a problem now always present to the mind of the philosophical 
geologist, receives new and unexpected illustration from these re- 
searches. Of about eighty species of fossil Infusoria which have 
been discovered in various strata, almost the half are species which 
still exist in the waters: and thus these forms of life, so long over- 
looked as invisible specks of brute matter, have a constancy and 
durability through the revolutions of the earth’s surface which is 
denied to animals of a more conspicuous size and organization. 
Again, we are so accustomed to receive new confirmations of our 
well-established geological doctrines, that the occurrence of such an 


Geological Society. 139 


event produces in us little surprise; but if this were not so, we could 
not avoid being struck with one feature of Prof. Ehrenberg’s dis- 
coveries ;—that while the microscopic contents of the more recent 
strata are all freshwater Infusoria, those of the chalk are bodies 
( Peridineum, Xanthidium, Fucoides,) which must, or at least can, 
live in the waters of the ocean. Nor has Prof. Ehrenberg been con- 
tent with examining the rocks in which these objects occur. During 
the last two years he has been pursuing a highly interesting series 
of researches with the view of ascertaining in what manner these 
vast masses of minute animals can have been accumulated. And 
the result of his inquiries is*, that these creatures exist at present in 
such abundance, under favourable circumstances, that the difficulty 
disappears. In the Public Garden at Berlin he found that workmen 
were employed for several days in removing in wheelbarrows masses 
which consisted entirely of fossil Infusoria. He produced from the 
living animals, in masses so large as to be expressed in pounds, tri- 
poli and polishing slate similar to the rocks from which he had ori- 
ginally obtained the remains of such animals; and he declares that 
a small rise in the price of tripoli would make it worth while to 
manufacture it from the living animals as an article of commerce. 
These results are only curious ; but his speculations, founded upon 
these and similar facts, with respect to the formation of such rocks, 
for example, polishing slate, the siliceous paste called kieselguhr, and 
the layers of flint in chalk, are replete with geological instruction. 
As the discoveries of Prof. Ehrenberg are thus full of interest for 
the geological speculator, so have they been the result, not of any 
fortunate chance, but of great attainments, knowledge, and labour. 
The author of them had made that most obscure and difficult portion 
of natural history, the infusorial animals, his study for many years ; 
had travelled to the shores of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea 
in order to observe them; and had published (in conjunction with 
Prof. Miller) a work far eclipsing anything which had previously 
appeared upon the subject. It was in consequence of his being 
thus prepared, that when his attention was called to the subject of 
fossil Infusoria, (which was done in June, 1836, by M. Fischer) he 
was able to produce, not loose analogies and insecure conjectures, 
but a clear determination of many species, many of them already 
familiar to him, although hardly ever seen perhaps by any other eye. 
The animals (for he has proved them to be animals, and not, as others 
had deemed them, plants) consist, in the greater number of examples, 
of a staff-like siliceous case, with a number of transverse markings ; 


* Abhandl. Kon. Ak. Wissensch. Berlin. 1838. 
2 


140 Miscellaneous. 


and these cases appear in many instances to make up vast masses by 
mere accumulation without any change. Whole rocks are composed 
of these minute cuirasses of crystal heaped together. Prof. Ehren- 
berg himself has examined the microscopic products of fifteen locali- 
ties, and is still employed in extending his researches; and we already 
see researches of the same kind undertaken by others, to such an 
extent, as to show us that this new path of investigation will exercise 
a powerful influence upon the pursuits of geologists. We are sure 
therefore that we have acted in a manner suitable to the wishes 
of the honoured Donor of the medal, and to the interests of the 
science which we all in common seek to promote, in assigning the 
Wollaston medal to Prof. Ehrenberg for these discoveries. 
Although it is not necessary as a ground for this adjudication, it 
is only justice to Prof. Ehrenberg to remark, that his services to 
geology are not confined to the researches which I have mentioned. 
His observations, made in the Red Sea, upon the growth of corals, 
are of great value and interest; and he was one of the distinguished 
band of scientific explorers who accompanied Baron von Humboldt 
in his expedition to the Ural Mountains. And I may further add, 
that even since the Council adjudged this medal, Prof. Ehrenberg 
has announced to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin new 
discoveries ; particularly his observations on the organic structure 
of chalk; on the freshwater Infusoria found near Newcastle and 
Edinburgh, and on the marine animalcules observed near Dublin 
and Gravesend; and, what cannot but give rise to curious reflections, 
an account of meteoric paper which fell from the sky in Courland in 
1686, and was found to be composed of Confervee and Infusoria*. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


A FEW PARTICULARS RESPECTING SOME RARE BIRDS WHICH HAVE 
LATELY OCCURRED IN THE VICINITY OF YARMOUTH. 

Many varieties in ornithology having occurred in this neighbour- 
hood since Messrs. Paget gave a list of them in their ‘ Sketch of 
the Natural History of Yarmouth,’ it has been thought that the fol- 
lowing notices respecting them might not be unacceptable. 

A specimen of the honey buzzard was shot at Caistor, a village 
about two miles from hence, in the month of November 1837. From 
its size and the appearance of its plumage it was judged to be an im- 
mature female. ‘This was not the only instance of its occurrence on 
our ea-tern coast during that season. A male bird was procured at 


* An account of this curious substance will appear in our next Number. 
—Enpit. 


Miscellaneous. 141 


Southwold, and Mr. Hoy had recorded the capture of one in his 
neighbourhood not long before. 

An adult male bird of the rose ouzel (Pastor roseus) was ob- 
tained in the same locality as the first-mentioned honey buzzard in 
the month of June 1836. This bird is now in the possession of J. H. 
Gurney, Esq. The Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrula), and 
the crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) have both been shot three or four 
times in as many years. ‘The hoopoe has been once, at least, taken 
here in that period. 

Two specimens of the white-tailed eagle (Halidetos albicilla) were 
procured last December—the one at Hasborough, the other at 
Ormesby. 

I cannot avoid what may be deemed going out of my district to 
notice the occurrence of one of those birds whose loss every orni- 
thologist must deplore. A fine female specimen of the great bustard 
(Otis tarda) was procured in the early part of May 1837, and was 
set up by Mr. King, of London Street, Norwich, in whose shop I saw 
it in the month of June. In size it was not more than a common 
turkey. The markings on the back and scapulars were exceedingly 
handsome. This bird, I believe, is now in the possession of the Hon. 
F, W. Keppel. 

The occurrence of the Tringa pectoralis and Tr. platyrhyncha has 
already been noticed by Mr. Hoy in the ‘ Magazine of Natural Hi- 
story,’ New Series, vol. i. in which place he has also mentioned the 
peculiar form of the bill of the latter bird, by which it may at once 
be distinguished. 

The brown snipe (Scolopax grisea) was shot on Yarmouth Beach 
in October 1836. ‘This bird had not completely obtained its winter 
plumage when procured. ‘The bill is rugose and punctured at the tip 
in a similar manner to that of the common snipe. Why Dr. Leach 
should have given to it the name of Macroramphus is perhaps not easily 
accounted for. Its bill is certainly of a consideravle length, but not 
so long in proportion as that of the common snipe. I was kindly fa- 
voured with the sight of this bird by Leonard Rudd, Esq. in whose 
collection it now is. The same gentleman has also specimens of the 
Kentish plover (Charadrius Cantianus) and one of the little gull 
(Larus minutus) which he shot at this place. 

Mr. Stephen Miller of this town, the possessor of a very nume- 
rous collection of British birds, has an adult specimen of the ivory 
gull (Larus eburneus). Nothing could more aptly describe the co- 
lour of this bird than its name. It is intermediate in size between 
the herring and black-headed gulls. 


142 Miscellaneous. 


By way of conclusion I may be allowed to notice that albino va- 
rieties of the stormy petrel sometimes occur, Mr. Miller has one 
which is altogether of a dirty white, except those parts which are 
white in the common variety, and which are here clearly distinguish- 
able by their brightness. Mr. J. Smith of this place has also an albino 
variety ? of the furze chat (Savicola Rubetra), and I have seen spe- 
cimens of the common grey linnet nearly white.—Tuos. Parng, Jun. 


ON THE INSTRUMENTS OF PERFORATION IN THE CICADA, 


M. Doyére has published some remarks on the ovipositor of the 
Cicada, ‘ Ann. Se, Nat.’ t. vil. p. 193. tending to show that Reaumur’s 
notion, according to which the perforation is effected by the up and 
down motion of the two lateral parts which are serrated at their apex, 
and that the middle piece serves merely to hold together the side 
pieces, cannot be correct ; as in the first place, the serratures of the 
lateral pieces are too blunt, and on the other hand, the whole in- 
strument would want a point of support, as the whole weight would 
fall on the anterior portion of the body only. He therefore brings 
forward the view that the lateral pieces are employed rather 2s 
pincers and serve as a point of support to the borer, and that the 
process might perhaps be the following : the pincers are at each time 
inserted into the small aperture made by the middle piece, and these 
are then extended in such a manner that the middle piece, again ad- 
vancing, forces them, after the manner of a wedge, one from the 
other. As the Cicada, according to Reaumur, only use withered 
twigs for piercing holes for their eggs, would the strength of the 
ovipositor be sufficient for this process ’—Ericuson’s Report on En- 
tomology in Wiegmann’s Archiv, Part V. 1838. 


OCCURRENCE OF CAREX RUPESTRIS, WAHL. 

I was so fortunate as to discover this very rare plant on the edges 
of rocks at Inchnadamff, Sutherlandshire, in the early part of Sep- 
tember 1838, growing with C. capillaris and Dryas octopetala at an 
inconsiderable elevation.—CuarLes CuurcuiLt BaBinerTon. 


BLACK VARIETY OF THE COMMON HARE. 

At a recent meeting of the Cambridge Ray Club a specimen of 
the alpine swift, Cypselus alpinus, 'Temm., which had been killed 
between Cambridge and Granchester in September 1838, was exhi- 
bited by its possessor Mr. C. Sawle; and at another meeting the 
Rev. J. J. Smith exhibited a totally black variety ef the common 
hare lately shot at Shortgrove in Cambridgeshire.—C. C. B. 


Meteorological Observations. 143 


The death of Mr. Hunneman, who has for a very great number of 
years transacted, in the most prompt and liberal manner, the busi- 
ness concerns connected with the purchase and transmission of books 
and parcels of so large a portion of naturalists both of this country 
and the continent, will be long and severely felt. But it is with 
great pleasure we can announce, that Mr. Wm. Pamplin, Jun., bo- 
tanical bookseller of Wandsworth Road, London, (and now also of 
No. 9, Queen Street, Soho,) has succeeded Mr. Hunneman in this 
department. We have the pleasure to know Mr. Pamplin per- 
sonally, and are well acquainted with his punctual business habits, 
his great steadiness of character, his obliging manners, and his ar- 
dent attachment to natural history in general and to botany in par- 
ticular; and we can with confidence recommend him as a worthy 
successor to our lamented friend. We have reason to believe that 
circulars, containing further particulars, will at once be issued by 
Mr. Pamplin, and we know that he will have the advice and as- 


sistance of Mr. Hunneman’s family in the first outset of his transac- 
tions. —W. J. H. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR FEBRUARY, 1839. 


Chiswick.—Feb. 1. Overcast: fine: frosty at night. 2. Sharp frost. 3. 
Thawing: hazy. 4. Fine: cloudy. 5. Hazy: heavy rainat night. 6. Foggy. 
7. Drizzly. 8. Hazy: cloudy and windy at night. 9. Overcast. 10. Very 
fine. 1). Dense fog. 12. Fine: overcast: rain. 13. Fine. 14. Boisterous. 
15. Clear. 16. Stormy and wet: fine. 17. Clear. 18. Snowing: sleet: 
clear. 19. Sharp frost. 20. Bleak andcold. 21. Cloudy and cold: dry haze : 
rain at night. 22. Hazy: rain. 23. Rain: very fine. 24. Very fine. 25. 
Clear: showery: fine. 26. Clear and frosty: fine. 27. Fine. 28. Very fine. 

Boston.—Feb.1. Fine. 2. Cloudy. 3. Cloudy: rain early a.m. 4, 5. Fine: 
raine.M. 6. Cloudy. 7,8. Fine. 9 Fine: rainr.m. 10. Fine. 11. 
Cloudy. 12,13. Fine. 14. Stormy. 15. Fine. 16. Cloudy: rain early a.s1. 
17—19. Fine. 20,21. Cloudy. 22. Cloudy: snow early a.m. 23. Cloudy: 
rainearlya.m. 24. Fine. 25. Fine: hailandsnowr.m. 26. Fine. 27. 
Cloudy. 28. Fine. 

Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire.—Feb. 1. Clear day: ground covered with 
snow. 2. Cloudy: gentle thaw. 3. Moderate thaw: snow melting slowly. 
4. Moderate thaw: small rain evening. 5..Thaw continuing: snow melting. 
6. The same: very temperate: rain p.m. 7. Stormy day: suow gone: very wet. 
8. Quiet a.m.: wind rose r.m.: wet. 9. Rain: dark and cloudy: mild. 10. 
Fair and mild: threatening p.m. 11. Rawcold: cloudy. 12. Fine day: flying 
hail showers. 13. Mild a.m.: rain and wind p.m. 14. Boisterous day: fre- 
quent hail and sleet. 15. Tolerable spring day: wet p.m. 16. Showers of 
snow: high wind. 17. Snow half an inch deep: frosty. 18. Moderate day : 
snow melting: freezing. 19. Fine frosty day : getting cloudy p.m. 20. Favour- 
able day: slight snow. 21. Hard frost: cloudy: slight snow P.M. 22. Thaw : 
snow preceding night: snow melts. 23. Very fine day: temperate and spring- 
like. 24, On the whole mild: occasional showers. 25. Moderately temperate : 
slight frost a.m. 26. Fine day though rather chill. 27. Severe showers of sleet : 
cleared up p.m. 28. Occasional slight showers. 


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ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


XV.—On two British Species of Cydippe. By Epwarp 
Forses, Esq. 


[With a Plate.] 


WHEN walking along the sandy shore at St. Andrews’ on 
Saturday the 28th of December, 1838, in company with my 
friend Mr. J. Goodsir of Anstruther, our attention was di- 
rected to a number of small, shining jelly-like globes which 
were thrown up by the sea and rolled back on the receding of 
the waves. On gathering some we were delighted to recognise 
them as species of Beroé, and on placing the creatures in sea- 
water were greatly astonished and pleased by their elegant 
appearance and lively motions. They were kept alive for se- 
veral days: imperfectly known as these animals are, the fol- 
lowing remarks may prove of some importance in illustrating 
their natural history. As every precaution was taken, and the 
observations of several persons carefully compared, whilst 
sketches were made at the time from the specimens (more 
than twenty) collected, I trust they may prove deserving of 
confidence. 

The animals found at St. Andrews’ belonged to the genus 
Cydippe of Eschscholtz, Pleurobrachia of Fleming: two dif- 
ferent species occurred, the character and structure of which 
[ shall first describe. 

1st species—ciliferous ridges broad, commencing near the 
anus and extending over two-thirds of the body; rows of cilia 
on each ridge 19 or 20, 3 to 7 cilia in each row; lateral fila- 
ments very long. 

2nd species—ciliferous ridges narrow, extending over more 
than two-thirds the length of the body from near the anus ; 
rows of cilia about 36, crowded ; filaments mederate. 

. Both the species are about the same size, seldom exceeding 
three-fourths of an inch in length, though some specimens 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 16. May 1839. M 


146 Mr. E. Forbes on two Species of Cydippe. 


were longer (especially when first caught), melon-shaped and 
not so broad as long. Sometimes they appeared a little longer 
than at others, but they never altered their forms in the man- 
ner reported of Beroé cucumis by Fabricius and by Dr. Ma~ 
cartuey. The body of both is divided into eight longitudinal 
lobes, the furrows separating, which are deepest in the first 
species; on the summit of each lobe is a ciliferous ridge, not 
however continuous from mouth to anus in either case. The 
cilia when in motion are beautifully iridescent. The second 
species generally exceeds the first in size, and is slightly more 
elongated, but is comparatively a sluggish animal. The cilia 
of the first are very large compared with those of the second, 
and consequently the first species is much more lively in its 
motions. It is also a much less delicate animal, bearing 
transportation with comparatively little injury. 

It swims by striking the rows of cilia exactly as a fish strikes 
the water with its pectoral fins: sometimes it moves them 
slowly, sometimes extremely quick, sometimes when in mo- 
tion, and sometimes when at rest. At times the animal 
seems quite quiescent, but the least motion in the water ex- 
cites it to move its cilia. It always strikes the cilia towards 
the anal extremity, and in no instance did either species swim 
with that extremity forwards. At the anterior end of the ani- 
mal is the mouth, which contracts and dilates irregularly, and 
occasionally pouts out, when it appears lobed. The mouth 
opens into a cavity or stomach, slightly contracted superiorly, 
and extending more than half-way into the centre of the ani- 
mal. This stomach contracts and dilates also irregularly and 
is lobed. When contracted, the folds appear as if coloured 
(purplish), and are apt to mislead the observer into the notion 
that they are separate organs or vessels in the stomach, which 
however when dilated presents no trace of them. Near the 
base of the stomach is a translucent brownish tongue-shaped 
organ of some size, the nature of which I cannot guess. It 
has the power of changing form, sometimes lengthening and 
at other times contracting. It does not extend altogether to 
the base, but appears to terminate in four hooked-shaped pro- 
cesses, which are lodged in what seems the bilobed extremity 
of the stomach. From the end of the stomach there is a very 


Mr. EK. Forbes on two Species of Cydippe. 147 


small canal proceeding to the other extremity of the animal, 
and opening in the little funnel-like cavity of the anus. At 
about one-fourth the length of the animal on each side the 
anal half are the openings of the two filamental cavities. 
Each cavity is a cul-de-sac, in which a long filamental arm is 
lodged, attached to a triangular process projecting from the 
inner side of the base. The filaments are not rolled spirally, 
but packed irregularly in the cavities, and are jerked as it 
were out of the body by their contraction. In the first spe- 
cies the filamental cavity is shorter, though wider than in 
the second, but the filaments themselves are much longer, 
Kach filament is furnished on one side with a number of small 
filaments coiled spirally like the tendrils of a pea. When the 
main filaments are ejected from the body the little filaments 
begin to uncoil, ‘not simultaneously, but separately, those 
about the centre generally uncoiling first. The two main 
filaments appear to be tubular. They are not ejected from 
the body simultaneously, at least in all my specimens they 
were sent out alternately, 

On making sections of the animal we find the following ap-~ 
pearances. The stomach is compressed laterally and four- 
lobed, the two cross lobes being smallest; the filamental ca- 
vities are cordiform towards the base in consequence of the 
projecting pedules of the filaments. From the basal angles of 
each filamental cavity proceed six canals, two to the stomach, 
meeting at the extremity of the cross lobes, and four to the 
ridges of cilia. Two of the latter and one of the former ca- 
nals meet at each of the basal angles. The canals to the ci- 
liferous ridges probably communicate with longitudinal canals 
at their bases. The rest of the body is homogeneous and solid, 
Round the mouth isa white thread-like circle, but I could ob- 
serve no filaments branching from it: it is not connected with 
the terminations of the ciliferous ridges. This circle, judging 
from analogy, is probably nervous. 

When an individual of either species is placed in a vessel 
of sea-water, it often projects its long filaments upwards, itself 
resting at the bottom of the vessel. At other times it darts 
upwards with great velocity, drawing its long filaments after 

M 2 


148 Mr. E. Forbes on two Species of Cydippe. 


it, retracting and extending them alternately. They seem to 
guide it in its course. Not unfrequently it remains some time 
at the top of the water; and when it wishes to descend, turns 
over, drawing up its filaments suddenly, and then swims 
mouth downwards to the bottom of the vessel. 

Imbedded in the substance of one of these animals, near the 
stomach, is aremarkable parasitic worm, in shape resembling 
a Filaria. The only specimen in which the parasite was found 
is now preserved in Mr. Goodsir’s collection. 

The comparison of the two species of Cydippe here described 
induces me to regard the filamentary cavities and the filaments 
themselves as the generic points of their organization; while 
the number of rows of cilia, the length of the ciliferous ridges, 
and the relative proportions of the various parts of the ani- 
mals afford good specific distinctions. The character of the 
genus given by Blainville, ‘ Actinologie,’ p. 148, abounds in 
errors, being founded on the imperfect observations and rude 
sketches (chiefly of travellers) published before his book came 
out. Thus the filaments are represented as proceeding from 
the mouth, and the body of the animal as divided into eight 
lobes by the ciliferous ridges, whereas the ridges are really 
placed on the summits of the eight lobes. The fragility of 
the animals and the unfavourable circumstances under which 
they have generally been observed easily account for these 
mistakes. The observations of Otho Fabricius on this Beroé 
ovum (Mertensia ovum, Lesson), of Dr. Fleming on his Beroé 
ovatus, ‘Vern. Mem, ii. 401, and of Dr. Grant on Cydippe 
pileus, ‘Zool. Trans,’ vol.i. are most important of any on this 
tribe of animals. 

Lesson, in his ‘ Mémoire sur la Famille des Beroides,’ (An. 
Sc. Nat. 1836), divides the genus Cydippe into three genera; 
Eucharis, Eschscholtz; Cydippe, Eschscholtz; and Merten- 
sia, Lesson. Of Cydippe, to which both the species I have 
described belong, he enumerates two species, Cydippe pileus 
and Cydippe densa, the latter a Mediterranean animal having 
red filaments. The only recorded British species is the Beroé 
pueus of authors, Plewrobranchia pileus of Fleming, Cydippe 
pileus of Eschscholtz, Blainville, and Lesson. To it the first 


Mr. E. Forbes on two Species of Cydippe. 149 


of the two animals I have described probably belongs: the 
second, as far as I know, is undescribed, and new to the British 
Fauna. 

Yet if the first be the Beroé pileus, Professor Grant’s ani- 
mal, judging from his elaborate figure and the appended de- 
scription, must either be distinct, or has been incorrectly ob- 
served. I am inclined (with all due deference to that distin- 
guished naturalist) to the latter opinion, for the following 
reasons: 

Ist. In Professor Grant’s figure the filamentary cavities, 1n- 
stead of opening at the anal, open at the oral end of the ani- 
mal. Imperfect as most of the older figures are, they repre- 
sent the filaments coming out at the anal end, as they do in 
the two species I have described. It is not likely so import- 
ant a part of the animal’s organization should be reversed in 
so remarkable a manner. 

2nd. The ovaries are represented where the filamentary ca- 
vities are placed in my animals. When the Cydippe is at rest 
with its filaments withdrawn, the cavities at first glance ap- 
pear filled with ovaries, and as such I noted them on the sea- 
shore under the impression that the animal was a true Beroé 
before I saw it protrude its filaments. Is it not possible that 
many of the so-called species of Beroé may be species of Cy- 
dippe with the filaments packed up in the cavity ? The second 
species did not send out its filaments for a long time after 
being placed in sea-water, and even then rarely. If Professor 
Grant’s figure be correct, the eggs must be imbedded in the 
solid substance of the animal; but it is much more likely that 
the long filaments are analogous to the ovigerous filaments of 
the Diphysa and other allied animals, and that in the proper 
season the eggs are developed in the filamentary cavities. 
The filaments when ejected are plainly seen to proceed from 
their pedicles at the bases of their cavities, and not merely 
from the mouths of the cavities as represented in Professor 
Grant’s figure. 

I have little doubt as to Dr. Fleming’s Beroé ovatus being 
a Cydippe, judging from the imperfect figures in the ‘ Wer 
nerian Transactions,’ vol. 11. 

3rd. The filamentary cavities in Professor Grant’s figure 


150 Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 


are curved with a sigmoid flexure /owards the stomach; in 
both the species examined the curve is but slight and always 
Jrom the centre of the animal. 

The ridges of cilia are represented by Professor Grant as 
extending the whole length of the animal from mouth to anus. 
This probably indicates a difference of species. The rows of 
cilia do not appear. to me to be webbed, especially in the se- 
cond species ; and when in motion, it seemed as if the lateral 
cilia in each rows moyed before the central, thus causing an 
undulating appearance and a play of colours. I could not 
observe the filaments branching out from the nervous circle 
as figured by Professor Grant. 

‘The whole structure of the animal examined conveyed the 
idea of the bilateral rather than of the radiate type, and 
tended to confirm the opinions of M. Blainville on that sub- 
ject. 

M. Blainville’s character of Cydippe might be amended thus: 

Body regular, free, gelatinous, oval, divided into eight lobes, 
each crowned by a ridge furnished with transverse rows of 
vibratile cilia. 

Mouth opening into a compressed and 4-lobed stomach, 
from which a canal proceeds to the anus. <A cavity on each 
side of the centre opening towards the anal extremity and 
containing a long semipinnated retractile filament. 

REFERENCES TO PLATE II. 

1. Cydippe No. 2. 

2. Cydippe No. 1. 

3. Diagram of stomach and filamentary cavities. 

4. Section showing vessels. 


XVI.— Descriptions of some new or rare Indian Plants. By 
G. A. W. Arnort, Esq., LL.D. 
[Continued from p. 92.] 
LorpHopetaLuM, Wight, MSS. (Celastrinee). 


Calyx scutelliformis 4—5-lobus, lobis rotundatis brevibus. Petala 
4 —-5 sessilia orbiculata patentia, supra circa basin cristis lobulisque 
carnosis instructa versus marginem nuda levia. Torus discoideus, 
4—5-gonus crassus carnosus calycis cavitatem omnino implens. 


Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Planis. 151 
Stamina 4—5, petalis alterna, supra discum inserta: filamenta per- 
sistentia subulata. Anthere ovate, biloculares, longitudinaliter de- 
hiscentes. Ovarium disco semi-immersum, 3—4-loculare. Ovula 
biserialia, 8—12 in quoque loculo, adscendentia. Stylus brevis per- 
sistens. Stigma obtusum. Capsula 3—4-angularis, 3—4-locularis, 
loculicide dehiscens, loculis subdispermis. Semina arillata. 

Fructices glabri. Folia opposita, petiolata. Flores magni, corym- 
bosi. 

1. L. Wightianum (Arn.); foliis elliptico-oblongis paullo acumi- 
natis basi obtusis integerrimis, corymbis terminalibus panicu- 
latis, floribus pentameris, ovario 3-loculari. Wight. Cat. n. 
2440. 

Hab. in Malabaria, Wight. 

Flores 6-8 lineas lati. Petala pallide sulphurea. Discus sangui- 
neus, angulis protuberantibus rotundatis, petalorum bases incumben- 
tibus. ; 

2. L. grandiflorum (Arn.); foliis subovalibus obtusis basi acutis 
serratis, corymbis axillaribus folio brevioribus, floribus tetra- 
meris, evario 4-loculari.—Evonymus grandiflorus. Wall. in 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Wall.) ii. p. 404 ; Cat. n. 4282.—E. lucidus. 
Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. p.191. DC. Prod. i. p. 4. 

Hab. in Nepala, Wallich. 

Flores 10 lin. lati. Petala (fide Wallich) alba. Discus atroviridis, 

guadratus. 


I am unwilling to change the specific name of this species, 
as it has been already fully described under it by its distin- 
guished discoverer, but the flowers are scarcely larger than 
those of the other species. 


Microrropis, Wall. 


Sepala 5, orbiculata, 3 interiora, 2 exteriora, imbricata. Corolla 
hypogyna, gamopetala, carnosa, 5-partita, laciniis oblongis concavis 
erectis intus carina longitudinal instructis, deciduis tubum carnosum 
annuliformem circa ovarium relinquentibus: estivatio imbricativa. 
Stamina 5, brevia, corollz tubo inserta, laciniis alternantia. Filamenta 
subulata glabra. Anthere cordato-oblonge, dorso medio affixe, bi- 
loculares intus longitudinaliter dehiscentes. Squamule 5, breves, 
epipetale staminibus alternantes, paullo inferius inserte. Discus 
nullus (nisi tubo corolle arcte coalitus). Ovarium liberum, brevis- 
‘simum, biloculare, loculis 2-ovulatis. Ovula collateralia, adscen- 
dentia. Stylus conicus, carnosus, ab ovario externe haud distin- 


152 Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 


guendus. Stigmata 4, punctiformia.—‘‘ Capsula oblonga, unilocu- 
laris, bivalvis, a basi dehiscens. Semina solitaria, arillo tenui succu- 
lento involuta. Albumen firmumtenax. Hmbryo erectus, cotyledo- 
nibus cordato-ovatis, radicula cylindrica, infera.”—Rozd. 

Arbor elegans, glabra, habitu Carallie. Folia opposita, ovata vel 
ovato-lanceolata, ebtuse acuminata, coriacea, integerrima, subtus pal- 
lida, tenuiter penninervia, petiolata. Stipule nulla. Pedunculi awvil- 
lares, vel supra-axillares ac interpetiolares, perbreves, semel bisve di- 
chotomi, pauciflori. Flores brevissime pedicellati, pedicellis basi bi- 
bracteolatis. 

1. M. discolor. Wall. Cat. n. 4337.—Cassine discolor, Wall. in 
Rowvb. Fl. Ind, (ed. Wall.) 1. p. 378.—Evonymus garcinifolius. 
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. p. 628. (ed. Wall.) i. p. 404. 

Hab. in Silhet. 


The above character is derived solely from MM. discolor, but 
Dr. Wallich, in his list of East India plants, indicates with 
doubt some other species. One of these, however, is Celas- 
trus bivalvis of Jack, which has no petals, and must be very 
different. 

The genus is only pointed out by Dr. Wallich, and is 
adopted by Dr. Lindley, in his ‘ Introduction to the Natural 
System’, without a definition. Dr. Wallich, influenced pre- 
bably by the gamopetalous corolla, originally united it with 
Cassine, which is now generally referred to Ilicinee: Rox- 
burgh inserted it in Evonymus, and described the petals as di- 
stinct: DeCandolle seems not to have been acquainted with 
it: Lindley places it without doubt in Cel/astrinee. To me 
its affinities are not at first sight very clear. In the true Ce- 
lastrinee there is usually a large flat disk, covering the shallow 
bottom of the calyx and cohering with it; the petals are di- 
stinct, and the stamens, so far from being inserted on the pe- 
tals, often arise from the middle of the upper surface of the 
torus or disk. In Jlicinee, on the contrary, the petals are 
more or less united at the base, the stamens inserted on the 
tube, and there is no disk; from which considerations only 
one would have little hesitation in referring Microtropis to the 
latter family. But in I/icinee the ovules are solitary, the seeds 
exarillate, and the fruit indehiscent ; so that in as far as re- 
lates to these organs this genus is more related to Celastrinee. 


Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Planis. 153 


- After the fall of the segments of the corolla, its annular base 
around the ovarium, bearing on its imside the persistent fila- 
laments and scales, presents so much the appearance of a cup- 
shaped fleshy torus or disk (such as 1s to be seen In some spe- 
cies of Celastrus), that for some time I felt disposed to view it 
as such, and that the petals might be distinct and attached 
to the back or edge of this ring; but on examining several 
flowers in various stages I can perceive no trace whatever of 
an annulus, so long as the segments of the corolla were not 
broken off. There is therefore no distinct disk ; but I am far 
from denying it a torus, and in a sense somewhat different from 
what usually exists in the Corollifloree. In most of that group 
of orders the petals are soldered together by their margins, 
and the filaments of the stamens, although apparently epipe- 
talous, are decurrent, and may have their insertion traced to 
the same point as that of the corolla; there is besides some- 
times a hypogynous disk, or glands. In Microtropis, however, 
the stamens are not at all decurrent, and therefore it is not 
improbable that there is a disk or torus, with which the lower 
part of the petals is completely incorporated, and that the sta- 
mens and scales are inserted on the upper or inner surface of 
the disk. Under this point of view Microtropis might be left 
in Celastrinee, and the principal objection to such would arise 
from the supposed torus being hypogynous, while in those 
species of Celastrus in which a cup-shaped torus is to be seen 
the torus is adnate to the bottom of the calyx, the margin 
only being free. In Celastrinee, moreover, the tube of the 
calyx is shallow and broad, in Microtropis it is small, if indeed 
any can be said to exist, for the sepals appear almost quite 
distinct. 

Nearly all the genera referred to Celastrinee and Ilicinee 
require careful revision, several of them being much at variance 
with the characters of the orders in which they are placed. 
Professor Lindley inserts all the section Aguifoliacee of De 
Candolle in one order, reserving Celastrinee for the others. 
Mr. G. Don, in his edition of * Miller’s Dictionary, or General 
System of Gardening,’ reters Cassine, Nemopanthes, and a few 
others of DeCandolle’s Aguzfoliacee to Celastrinee, and My- 
ginda, Ilex, Prinos, and some new genera of Blume’s to Jii- 


154 Dr. Arnott on some new or rare Indian Plants. 


cinee ; but perhaps neither have weighed sufficiently the cha- 
racters derived from the disk and position of the ovula. Iam 
not aware of any genera that agree with the characters of J/i- 
cinee, as limited by Brongniart and now usually adopted, ex- 
cept lex, Prinos (with their synonyms or subgenera, Win- 
terlia, Macoucoua, and Ayeria), and Myginda integrifolia (not 
however a Myginda, that genus belonging certainly to Ce- 
lastrinee): to these Rhaptostylum approaches, and appears, 
from Kunth’s description, principally to differ from them by 
the stamens being twice as many as the segments of the co- 
rolla. Nearly all the other genera enumerated by Lindley 
have the disk, distinct petals, and ascending ovula of Celas- 
trinee. Lepionurus, referred to Ilicinee by Don, and to 
Rhamnee by Lindley, having a monopetalous corolla, and the 
stamens inserted on it opposite to its lobes, has perhaps more 
affinity with Myrsinee. Strombosia, Bl., with a perigynous 
disk, and stamens opposite to, and inserted on the petals, and 
Leucoxylon, with numerous stamens, must obviously be also 
excluded. Nemopanthes has solitary pendulous ovules in each 
cell of the ovary, no disk ; and although the petals are distinct 
and unconnected with the stamens, must undoubtedly be’ 
joined to the Ilicinee, while the character of the order on that 
account ought to be slightly modified. Mylocaryum, having 
ten stamens and other points of difference, cannot be placed, 
as proposed by Lindley, among Celastrinee, as presently h- 
mited. As to Olinia, I had probably expressed myself too 
decidedly to Prof. Lindley when he refers it on my authority 
to Celastrinee : my original memoranda merely bear, that from 
the position of the stamens it was more related to Celastrinee 
that Rhamnee, in which DeCandolle placed it; but lam now 
convinced, from an examination of three species, and of the 
fruit, which is inferior, that M. O. Klotzsch, of Berlin, is 
correct in associating it with Myrrhinium and Fenzla: these 
three may form a small group (Oliniee, or Myrrhinice, to 
prevent it being confounded with Oleinee), intermediate be- 
tween Memecylee and Myrtacee, but bearing more affinity 
with the latter: if Memecylee, as Brown suggests, be united 
to Melastomacee, then Myrrhinee may form asection of Myr- 
tace@. 


M. E. Beyrich on Goniatites. 155 


VaTerRiA, L. (Dipterocarpee). 
In the Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or’ i. p. 84, Dr. Wight and 
I pointed out how V. lanceolata of Roxburgh differed from 
the original species of the genus. Our remarks have been 
lately confirmed by the discovery of another species allied to, 
but distinct from V. lanceolata. I shall here therefore divide 
the genus into two sections or subgenera. 


I. KUVATERIA. 

Calycis laciniz obtuse, fructiferi immutate. Petala ovalia caly- 
cem vix superantia. Stamina 40—50: antherarum loculi lineares. 
Stylus elongatus, stigma acutum.—Panicula magna, terminalis. 

1. V. Indica, Linn. Wight et Arn., l.c. 


II. Isavuxis. 
Calycis laciniz ovate acute, fructiferi grandefacte. Petala fal- 
cata, calyce triplo longiora. Stamina 15: antherarum loculi ob- 
longi. Stylus brevis, stigma clavatum, 3—6-dentatum.—Paniculze 
axillares, folio breviores. 
2. V. lanceolata (Roxb.) ; foliis lanceolatis basiacutis. Rod. Fl. 
Ind. ii. p. 601. 

Hab. in Silhet. 

3. V. Roxburghiana (Wight Mss.) ; foliis oblongis basi retusis vel 
obtusis. Wight, Cat. n. 2448. 

Hab. in Malabaria, Wight. 


X VII.— On the Goniatites found in the Transition Formations 
of the Rhine. By M. Ernest Beyricu. 
{ With Plates. ] 
{| Continued from p. 20. } 


Section IV. IRREGULARES. 


Tue dorsal lobe simple, infundibuliform. Two or more 
pointed lateral lobes, generally infundibuliform, increasing ir- 
regularly. 
7. Ammonites Heninghausi, Von Buch. 
L. Von Buch Goniat. p.40. Pl. II. fig. 2. 


The dorsal lobe is somewhat broader than deep, the dorsal 
saddle angulose ; there are two lateral lobes ; the first is lingui- 
form and twice the depth of the dorsal lobe. The first lateral 
saddle is narrow and elevated much higher than the dorsal 


156 M. E. Beyrich on the Goniatites. 


saddle. The second lateral lobe is but half the depth of the 
first; the second lateral saddle scarcely reaches the height of 
the dorsal saddle, and declines strongly towards the suture. 
The increase in height is 0°51; the increase in breadth 0°55. 
Nearly half the interior whorls are enveloped. 

Besides the fragment in the Museum of Bonn, there is a 
more complete and better preserved specimen of this ammonite 
to be found in the collection of Dr. Hassbach of Bensberg. 
According to his assertion, it came from the transition lime- 
stone near the quarry (Steinbreche) not far from Bensberg, 
that is to say, from a limestone identical with that of the Hifel. 


8. Ammonites multiseptatus, Von Buch. 
L. Von Buch Goniat. p. 42. Pl. II. fig. 13. 


The dorsal lobe is small, its breadth and depth nearly 
equal. Of the four lateral lobes the first is three times the 
depth of the dorsal lobe, the second is the deepest, the third 
and fourth are smaller, and there is the commencement of a 
fifth. The lateral saddles as well as the dorsal saddle are 
broad and rounded; the second of them is most elevated. 
The increase in height is 0°53; the increase in breadth 0°48. 
There are fifty-six chambers in one whorl. 

Of this ammonite, which is well characterized by the form 
of the lobes and number of the chambers, we know at present 
only a fragment in the Museum at Bonn. It is changed into 
pyrites, and may very probably belong to the transition lime- 
stone of the Eifel, where pyritose fossils often occur. 


9. Ammonites multilobatus, n. s. Pl. I. fig. 9. 


Upon the flat and smooth side are six and sometimes even 
seven lateral pointed lobes; the first five from the back be- 
come gradually deeper; the fifth is the deepest ; after that fol- 
lows a sixth, much smaller, and probably alsoa seventh. The 
lateral saddles are pointed; the fifth is the most elevated. 
The form is discoid, the back very narrow, and rounded off 
at its junction with the flat sides. On account of the number 
of lobes and the great difference of form between this and all 
the other Goniatites, I have thought it right to establish it as 
a species, though I possess but an insignificant fragment from 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 157 


the red limestone of the Oberscheld. Neither the increase of 
the height or breadth can be determined from this fragment, 
the breadth of the side upon the portion of the fragment pre- 
served, amounts to nearly an inch and a half, so that this am- 
monite must have been of very considerable size. The fourth 
dorsal saddle is situated nearly at the middle of the side. 

The following Goniatites belong to the fourth section ; they 
are from the Fichtelgebirge, A. contiguus, A. speciosus, A. sub- 
armatus, and A. spurius, Minster, probably also A. maximus, 
of which the lobes are not yet known. 


Section V. PRiIMORDIALES. 


The dorsal lobe is divided. There is but one lateral lobe, 
which is generally rounded; more rarely pointed, its ventral 
side is raised quite to the suture, without bending itself round 
to form a Jateral saddle. 


10. Ammonites equabilis, n. s. Pl. LU. fig. 1. a, 6. 


The dorsal lobe is more than twice as broad as it is deep. 
The two sides in consequence rise very gradually to the dorsal 
saddle. The middle elevation which separates the two divi- 
sions of the dorsal lobe is rounded above, does not even attain 
half the height, and is somewhat hollowed near the siphuncle. 
The dorsal saddle is broad and rounded, and extends forward 
as far as the middle of the side; the lateral lobe is nearly as 
broad as the dorsal saddle and descends somewhat deeper than 
half the height of the dorsal lobe ; its ventral side ascends ra- 
pidly towards the suture, to an equal height with the dorsal 
saddle. The increase in height is 0°7, the increase in breadth 
0°75. The number of whorls is from five to six, half the in- 
nermost ones being enveloped. ‘The height increases more 
slowly in this ammonite than is generally the case with 
Goniatites. The breadth also increases slowly, so that the 
form is very discoid. The outer whorls are but little ele- 
vated above the inner ones, which are nearly half enveloped; 
on this account they lie together, forming almost an even sur- 
face. The greatest thickness is at the middle of the side, 
which abates gradually towards the back and towards the su- 
ture. The back is rounded; the shell thick, presenting faint 


158 M. E. Beyrich on the Goniatitles. 


traces of stria. This ammonite is found with the Goniatites 
of the red limestone at Sessacker near Oberscheld. 


11. Ammonites carinatus, n. s. Pl. I. fig. 11. a, 0, ¢. 


The dorsal lobe is nearly three times as broad as it is deep, 
consequently the two sides rise very gradually to the dorsal 
saddle, the middle elevation of the dorsal lobe is broad, round- 
ed above, and reaches to about half the height of the lobe. 
‘The dorsal saddle is very broad and rounded, and reaches 
much beyond half the side. The lateral lobe rounded below 
rises towards the suture, but only to about half the height 
of the dorsal saddle. The increase in height is 0°45, the in- 
crease in breadth 0°57. There are five or six whorls, the 
inner whorls being almost wholly enveloped, leaving a narrow 
and deep umbilicus. 

The lobes of this ammonite present a great resemblance to 
those of the preceding species with which it occurs. The only 
difference is, that in consequence of the still greater breadth 
of the dorsal lobe and dorsal saddle the latter extends further 
over the side, and the ventral wall of the lateral lobe is less 
raised towards the suture. The last character may arise from 
the inner whorls being here more strongly involuted, and in 
consequence a part of the lateral lobe may be compressed by 
the suture above. The septa of the chambers are hollowed to 
form a straight and deep ventral lobe at the part where they 
come in contact with the back of the preceding whorl. This 
ventral lobe is accompanied by two broad and smooth aux- 
iliary lobes, which occupy the side of the preceding whorl, in 
the part which is enveloped. The greatest thickness is near 
the suture, from whence the side very gradually declines to- 
wards the back. On the middle of the back, if the shell is 
preserved, a small elevated ridge is visihle, which is unusual 
in the Goniatites, and can only be produced by the siphuncle, 
situated immediately beneath the shell. This ridge cannot be 
seen if the shell is wanting, nor is it found on the unchambered 
part of the shell; on that part the back is altogether rounded. — 

In the specimen represented the unchambered part is en- 
tirely wanting. The complete ammonite is many inches in 
diameter. The shell thick and almost quite smooth. 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 159 


12. Ammonites intumescens, n. s. Pl. II. fig. 2, a, b,c. 


The dorsal lobe is rather less broad than deep, the sides 
ascending rapidly to the dorsal saddle. The elevation in the 
middle reaches to at least half the height of the lobe. The 
dorsal saddle has much greater height than breadth, occupies 
the middle of the side, and declines rapidly towards the late- 
ral lobe ; this is almost as deep as the dorsal lobe, is angulose, 
and its ventral side raised, at first rapidly and afterwards 
more gradually, towards the suture, almost to half the height 
of the dorsal lobe. The increase in height is 0°45, the in- 
crease in breadth 0°5. Of the five or six whorls the inner 
ones are almost wholly enveloped, so that only a narrow and 
deep umbilicus remains. This ammonite is found with the 
two preceding at Sessacker, near Oberscheld. In its form it 
bears some resemblance to A. carinatus; it is, however, thicker 
and less discoid, for with a similar increase in height it has 
more rapid increase in breadth. ‘The lobes moreover suffi- 
ciently distinguish it. The greatest thickness is found towards 
the suture, the sides decline somewhat rapidly towards the 
back. The unchambered part is wanting in the specimen 
represented. ‘The complete ammonite must have a diameter 
of at least four inches. 


13. Ammonites orbiculus, n.s. Pl. I. fig. 12, a, d. 


The dorsal lobe is twice as broad as it is deep, and its sides 
gradually ascend to the dorsal saddle. The middle elevation 
reaches to half the height. The dorsal saddle is broad and 
rounded, and occupies at least three-fourths of the side; its 
breadth is greater than its height. The lateral lobe is angu- 
lose, and almost the same depth as the dorsal lobe ; its ventral 
side wall ascends towards the suture, but only reaches to about 
half the height of the dorsal saddle. The increase in height 
is 0°47, the increase in breadth 0°56. The mner whorls are 
almost entirely enveloped, forming a narrow and deep umbi- 
licus. 

This ammonite has been found in the state of pyrites in the 
environs of Gerolstein. The only specimen that I am ac- 
quainted with, now figured and described, is in the collection 
of M. Zehler at Crefeld. It is peculiarly interesting, as the 


160 M. EK. Beyrich on the Geniatites. 


only example at present known of a Goniatite with divided 
dorsal lobe from the limestone of the Eifel. It has in common 
with the preceding species its lateral lobe pointed, in its form 
it approaches nearer to A. carinatus, but is sufficiently di- 
stinguished from both. The unchambered part of this ammo- 
nite must be imagined, as the whole of the fragment preserved 


is chambered. 


14. Ammonites calculiformis, n. s. Pl. II. fig. 3, a, 6, ¢. 


The dorsal lobe is almost as broad as deep, its sides ascend 
rapidly to the dorsal saddle. The middle elevation does not 
reach one fourth the height of the lobe. The dorsal saddle is 
broad, rounded, and occupies half the side. The lateral lobe 
is also greatly rounded, and does not reach the third part of 
the depth of the dorsal lobe. Its ventral side ascends towards 
the suture nearly to the height of the dorsal saddle. The in- 
crease in height is 0°5, the increase in breadth 0°57. There 
are five or six whorls, the inner ones entirely disengaged. 
This ammonite is found with the Goniatites of the red lime- 
stone of Sessacker, near Oberscheld. From its form it might 
be taken for a Clymenia, rather than a Goniatite. In the in- 
ner whorls the flattened back forms a right or rather a sharp 
angle with the side, from the greatest thickness being imme-— 
diately near the back, and the side descending to form an in- 
clined surface somewhat concave from the back to the suture. 
The back is singularly excavated, so that a wide shallow furrow 
runs along it. On the last whorl but one the back is broader 
than the side. The sides of all the whorls are entirely ex- 
posed. Neither the sharp ridge formed by the back and side 
nor the furrow on the former appear in the last unchambered 
whorl. In this part the back is completely rounded, and the 
greatest thickness found in the middle of the side, rendering 
the section of the mouth very nearly circular. The shell is 
thin and very elegantly striated upon the last whorl, the strize 
forming on the side and on the back a smooth curve directed 
backward. We must further remark that in this ammonite 
there is a deep ventral lobe, which sinks into the back of the 
preceding whorl, unaccompanied by the auxiliary lobes on 
either side. Among the species already described only the 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 161 


A. primordialis, Schl., belongs to this fifth section. It occurs 
with other species partly appertaining to this section in the 
transition limestone of the Hartz, near Grund; strata which 
have great resemblance to the limestone of the Eifel, if not al- 
together identical with it. As the limestone of the Goniatites of 
Oberscheld is probably yet more recent than the limestone of 
the Eifel, it appears that we may lay down this rule, that the 
Goniatites of this section belong only to the recent transition 
limestone in the neighbourhood of the carboniferous limestone. 
Notwithstanding the great analogy that exists between the 
lobes of this and those of the following section, it is interesting 
to perceive that we can establish for the Goniatites of the car- 
boniferous system a difference in the lobes not very impor- 
tant, but nevertheless very constant. 


Section VI. CARBONARII. 


The dorsal lobe is divided, only a single, lateral, angulose 


lobe, and one lateral saddle, large and rounded. 


15. Ammonites sphericus, Mart. 
A. carbonarius, Goldf., L. von Buch Goniat. p. 44. Pl. IL. fig. 9 to 9¥¥, 

The dorsal lobe is about as broad as deep. The middle 
elevation does not reach half the height of the lobe. The dor- 
sal saddle, as well as the two saddles of the middle elevation, 
form, in uniting above, an obtuse angle. The lateral lobe is 
single, small, not much deeper than the dorsal lobe, but has 
rather more breadth than depth. The lateral saddle inclines 
very gradually towards the suture ; it is as high as the dorsal 
saddle and broader than the lateral lobe. The increase in 
height is 0°65 to 0°72, the increase in breadth 0:7. There are 
fourteen chambers in one whorl. The inner whorls are al- 
most entirely enveloped, leaving an umbilicus of greater or 
less circumference. 

Between the A. sphericus, Mart., and A. carbonarius, Goldf., 
there 1s no specific difference with regard to the form or the 
lobes. One may observe all the gradations from the spherical 
form to those with a large and deep umbilicus. If there is a 
difference in the two, it is only to be sought in the quality of 
the shell and in the great number of the folds, which in A. car- 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No.16. May 1839. N 


162 M. E. Beyrich on the Goniatites 


bonarius, even when the shell is wanting, are visible like ribs on 
the casts. This occurs in those individuals which were for- 
merly found in the mine Hoffnung, near Werden, and to which 
Goldfuss specially gave the name carbonarius. The pyritose 
ammonites which are found in the state of pebbles in the. 
Ruhr, as well as those of the carboniferous limestone, properly 
so called, of Visé, are casts upon which the lobes are very 
well preserved, though nothing of the structure of the shell 
can be perceived. The lobes of A. sphericus are distinguished 
from those of the other Goniatites of the carboniferous strata by 
the dorsal saddle, which, as well as the two saddles of the mid- 
dle elevation of the dorsal lobe, are not rounded, but on the 
contrary angulose. A. sphericus is not met with among the 
ammonites found in the aluminous schist near Choquier. 


16. Ammonites Listeri, Mart. Pl. 1. fig. 13, a, 6. 


The dorsal lobe is nearly equal in breadth and depth. The 
middle elevation attains half the height of the lobe: the two 
saddles are rounded, as is also the dorsal saddle ; the lateral 
lobe is nearly as deep as the dorsal lobe; it has, like the last, 
its two arms sloping towards the lower part, in the form of a 
tongue. The back, which is broad and rounded, forms a sharp 
ridge with the side, which descends rapidly towards the inte- 
rior, and cuts across the lateral saddle in the middle. This 
latter is of the same height as the dorsal saddle. The increase 
in height is 0°72, the increase in breadth 0°62. There are six- 
teen to eighteen chambers in one whorl. The inner whorls 
are strictly enveloped, even to the ridge which is between the 
back and the side, so that the sides form a large and deep in- 
fundibuliform umbilicus. On the back are large and elevated 
folds. A. Listeri, as it is figured Pl. I. fig. 13, is met with at 
Choquier in the aluminous schist supervening on the carbo- 
niferous limestone; it is found in rounded kidney-shaped 
masses, inclosed by the aluminous schist, which is almost en- 
tirely composed of ammonites. I am not at present aware 
that it has been found in the carboniferous limestone of the 
Rhine. With this ammonite the A. Diadema and A. atratus, 
Goldf., are also found at Choquier. In these the form of the 
lobes is entirely similar. The peculiar characteristic of A. 


of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 163 


Listeri is the sharp ridge, which must be regarded as the limit 
between the broad back and side, and which intersects the 
lateral saddle at the centre. The ridges of the shell are strong 
and simple on the inner whorls; on the outer they become 
finer and finer, and are bifurcated at the commencement of 
the back. They are always perceptible as ribs even upon the 
casts. The folds are raised upon the dorsal ridge in the form 
of scales, so that it appears indented; and this is well de- 
scribed by the series marginalis tuberculorum that Martin 
gives in his characteristic. ‘The number of ridges upon the 
third or fourth whorl is about thirty or forty. Their num- 
ber rapidly augments in the last whorls. A remarkable and 
very interesting fact is, that upon the outer whorls the folds 
change their direction altogether. Upon the inner whorls, 
contrary to the general rule for Goniatites, they form a curve 
upon the back, of which the convexity is directed forward. 
This curve becomes more and more flattened, the folds keep 
for some time in a straight line, and at last resume the or- 
dinary direction. The change in the direction of the folds is 
figured, Pl. II. fig. 8. It proves that no great importance 
should be attached to the direction of the striz or folds of the 
shell in separating the Goniatites from the rest of the Am- 
monites. 


17. Ammonites Diadema, Goldf. PI. II. fig. 5, 6, 7. 


The dorsal lobe is nearly equal in breadth and height. The 
middle elevation is rounded like the dorsal saddle. The late- 
ral lobe is almost as deep as the dorsal lobe and somewhat 
sloped in the form of a tongue. The lateral saddle is broad 
and rounded, and declines gradually towards the suture. The 
increase in height is 3°52 ; the increase in breadth 0°62 to 0°65. 
The inner whorls are almost entirely enveloped, leaving a nar- 
row and deep umbilicus. The form is rather discoid than glo- 
bular; the shell finely folded. The name which Goldfuss has 
chosen for this ammonite may have been occasioned by the 
smooth furrows, which to the number of four or six upon the 
circumference of a whorl, run along on the back and side, at 
nearly equal distances. The direction of these furrows en- 
tirely follows that of the plications of the shell, notwithstand- 

N 2 


164 M. Kk. Beyrich on Goniatiles. 


ing which they are only visible on the casts, being completely 
filled wp by the shell. The shell is very delicately plicated on 
the outer whorls; the folds are but little raised, and leave 
very indistinct traces on the casts. They become certainly 
stronger on the inner whorls, without however being much 
elevated. The direction of the folds changes as deseribed 
above, but the change commences further back, and we must 
retrograde at least one entire whorl to perceive it. The A. 
Diadema, as here represented, appears to differ totally from 
A, Listeri in the form and structure of the shell, yet we ought 
not to consider these ammonites as two different species, if 
we would rigorously follow the principle of uniting all those 
which are connected by a continuous passage. In fact all 
possible varieties of passage may be observed in these two 
ammonites; they are determined by the variations which 
arise in the increase in height and the increase in breadth, 
characters of great constancy in the Goniatites, but which 
here vary between very distant limits. The increase in height 
for A. Listeri is estimated at 0°72; it is a very gradual increase. 
For A. Diadema it is 0°52: these are the two extremes. The 
merease in breadth remains nearly equal in both. The pas- 
sage of the form of A. Listeri into A. Diadema is influenced — 
thus: by following the continually rapid increase in height 
the breadth of the back diminishes, and in consequence the 
ridge, which 1s perceived as forming the limit between the back 
and side, appears less and less evident. According as the 
back becomes more straight, and the sides which begin to ap- 
pear become larger, the umbilicus is narrowed and the plica- 
tions of the shell become at the same time more numerous. 


18. Ammonites atratus, Gold. PL. II. fig. 8. a, 6. 


The dorsal lobe is a little wider than deep, the middle ele- 
vation reaches half the height of the lobe and is rounded, as 
is also the dorsal saddle. In the lateral lobe the breadth and 
depth are equal, the lateral saddle attains the same height as 
the dorsal saddle, and declines but little towards the suture. 
The increase in height is 0°4; the increase in breadth 0°55. 
The inner whorls are completely enveloped without umbi- 
licus. ‘This ammonite is found with the two preceding at 


Mr. Dickie on the Reproductive Organs of the Lichens. 165 


Choquier. It is entirely enveloped, the height increases ra~ 
pidly, its form is in consequence very discoid, and this di- 
stinguishes it from A. Diadema, with which it must never be 
confounded. The shell is extremely thin and very finely 
striated and plicated. The folds, as far as I have been able 
to observe, present no change in their direction. The lobes 
agree in all their characters, as has been already remarked, 
with those of the two preceding species. It remains gene- 
rally very small, being seldom more than three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter. 


XVIII—Remarks on the Reproductive Organs of the Lichens. 
By GeorceE Dickis, Esq., A.L.S., Lecturer on Botany at 
Aberdeen. 


Srarcu seems to be a product of almost universal occurrence 
in the vegetable kingdom ; it is found in stems, roots, &c. ; and 
in the parts of fructification of many plants, it is abundant, and 
appears to serve a very important purpose. It is plentiful in 
the disk of the almond, and Dunal has detected it in the disks 
of certain species of drum; and it is supposed to undergo a 
certain change in order to render it fit to afford nourishment to 
the pollen and young ovules. Its presence in the ripe seed is 
well known, and its use during germination has been fully 
established. But starch is not confined to what are called the 
higher tribes of plants; it is also found in some which are 
generally allowed to stand low in the scale of vegetables. In 
‘Mag. Zoology and Botany,’ vol. i. p. 382. I have stated that 
it occurs in the nucules of Chara vulgaris, and in the bodies, 
formerly called capsules, of Pilularia globulifera, in both ot 
which it is also found along with a matter having all the prc- 
perties of a fixed oil; it also occurs in those pyriform bodies 
which are found in the axilla of the leaves of certain species of 
Jungermannia, ‘ Mag. Zool. and Bot., vol. 1. p.592. So that 
the bodies in the capsules of Pilularia are grains of starch and 
not sporules, and the contents of the anthers (of some authors) 
of Jungermannia consist also of the same substance. The 
bodies, which are found in the tubes (transversely undulated 


166 Mr. Dickie on the Reproductive Organs of the Lichens. 


filaments of Greville), contained in the globules of Chara, pos- 
sess all the physical characters of starch globules; and although 
on account of their very small size I have been unable hitherto 
to ascertain satisfactorily the action of iodine upon them, still 
it is very probable that they are grains of fecula. The lichens 
which are placed still lower also contain starch, their thallus 
is the part to which it has been supposed to be confined, but 
even in this part it does not seem to be of universal occur- 
rence, since I have been unable to detect it in the thallus of 
Collema and Baomyces as specimens; however, if all the genera 
have not been tested, these are probably not the only two 
which do not contain it. But the reproductive organs of the 
lichens also contain a substance which is tinged blue by iodine. 
The thecze or tubes which contain the sporules are the parts 
referred to. 

The accompanying figure represents one of the 
thecze (¢) of Pertusaria communis; it consists of i 
a fine transparent membrane, capable of being | 
tinged blue by iodine, and containing in its inte- \ fi 
rior a fluid matter in which the sporules (s, s) are 7 
immersed. Each sporule consists of a membrane 
similar to the thece, but not capable of being 
tinged blue by iodine likeit. In the interior of 
each sporule there is a fluid in which numerous \ 
small globules are seen; they do not seem to 
possess any constant form. It has been already remarked, 
that iodine does not strike a blue colour with the thallus of 
Baomyces or Collema; in the latter however the thece are 
tinged by it, but in the former there is no blue colour pro- 
duced in any part. Ifthe action of iodine entitles us to infer 
the presence of starch, the thecz of the lichens must be con- 
sidered a peculiar modification of it. From the investigations 
of Raspail, it appears that each starch globule has the power 
of producing in its interior other smaller globules, and that 
these last are (at one period) attached to the inner parietes of 
the mother cell. 

Perhaps the thecz of a lichen may be considered as a glo- 
bule of starch of a peculiar form, in the interior of which 
other globules are produced, the sporules namely. I have not 


Capt. Cautley on a Fossil Ruminant allied to Giraffide. 167 


been able as yet to see any connexion of the sporules with 
the wall of the thecz ; they appear to float loosely in the fluid 
which surrounds them. If thece in a very young state were 
examined, some connexion might be found. 

Some of the lichens are considered to be closely allied to 
certain forms of Algz, and Raspail, in his Organic Chemistry, 
states his belief that the colours of many marine Algze may be 
owing to a peculiar combination of iodine with starch ; he also 
states that he has succeeded in tinging lichens with iodine so 
that they resembled some Algae. 1 am not aware of any of 
the fungi which contain starch, in such a state, at least, as to 
afford a blue colour with iodine: now it has been already 
stated that the same is true regarding Beomyces, and this ge- 
nus has been considered to make a near approach to the fungi. 
Sir J. EK. Smith compares the fructification of Beomyces ro- 
seus to some minute Helvelia. 


XIX.—WNote on a Fossil Ruminant Genus allied to Giraffidee 
in the Siwalik Hills. By Capt. P. T. CaurLEy.* 


WueEN we look at the number of species of Proboscidan Pa- 
chydermata which swarmed in the primeval forests ; when we 
see that in the present day nature appears to have left but so- 
litary species to attest the gigantic form of primitive existence, 
the imagination naturally places before our eyes forms of cor- 
responding magnitude in other genera ; we picture to ourselves 
gigantic Ruminants and gigantic Carnivora only to be revealed 
by the remains which nature has placed in her own keeping 
to exhibit to inquiring man the wisdom of design and the 
systematic chain of organization established throughout the 
whole of the animal kingdom. 

Amongst the Ruminants the discovery of the Stvathertum 
giganteum has most amply tended to prove the truth of this 
induction, exhibiting a ruminating animal bearing the same 
proportion to the rest of its genus as the Mastodon and Ele- 
phant do to that of the Pachydermata. Amongst the Carni- 
vora we have the Ursus Sivalensis, an animal far exceeding in 


* From the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ No. 79, 1838. 


168 Capt. Cautley on a Fossil Ruminant allied to Giraffidee. 


dimensions its congener of the present period, or the Ursus 
Speleus and bears of the German caves, with a species of 
hyzena at least one-third larger than that now existing. The 
reptiles also have their gigantic representative in an entirely 
new genus of the tortoise, for which we propose the generic 
name of Megalochelys, from the enormous proportions of its 
remains as yet discovered, and the size of its femoral and hu- 
meral extremities equaling those of the largest rhinoceros. 
The question, however, does not appear to be whether the ani- 
mals of former periods were larger than those now existing, 
but whether the genera of larger animals were not more nu- 
merous? We appear to be gradually losing all the larger 
forms of the creation. The elephant and giraffe of the present 
period will in all probability share the same fate as the Mas- 
todon and Sivatherium of former eras, and be only recognized 
in the proofs exhibited by the researches of the geologists. 

Having discovered the type of a gigantic Ruminant amongst 
the fossils of the Siwaliks in company with the remains of the 
larger Pachydermata, and having at the same time proved the 
existence of the camel, with other numerous species of the 
cervine and caprine family of Ruminants, it was not by any 
means improbable that the present tribe of Giraffide should 
have its representative, so that the connexion of the chain of 
existing and fossii Ruminants might be still more perfect. 
The discovery of the Stvatherium and camel in conjunction, 
led to the probability of the existence of the giraffe, giving this 
genus the first position amongst the family of Cervide. The 
fossil now to be described appears to throw some light on the 
subject; and should further research tend to corroborate the 
contents of this paper, it will be interesting to remark on the 
co-existence of the Sivatherium, Camel and Giraffe with Qua- 
drumana, Anoplotheria, Mastodons, and reptiles so closely re- 
sembling those of-the present rivers, that it is not possible to 
discover, in their osteological pictures at least, any remarkable 
deviation from the type which has been left to us. 

The remain which I wish to describe is the third cervical 
vertebra: it was cleared out of a block of sandstone, and as is 
usual in similar cases, is very perfect in all its parts and pro- 
portions, and sufficiently armed with processes for the pur- 


Capt. Cautley on a Fossil Ruminant allied to Giraffidee. 169 


pose of recognition and comparison. The dimensions are as 
follows : 


Reneth in the barrel see 22 )e.e 7°8 inch. 
Breadth in centre ditto........ 1:7 — 
Deptiy ditto ditter Fe eon see 22 — 


There are marked differences between this fossil and the 
corresponding vertebra of the existing camel, and in com- 
paring them together the following appear to be the most 
worthy of notice. 

In the fossil the oblique processes are much shorter and 
stouter than those of the camel, with articulating surfaces at 
a greater angle: the barrel of the vertebra is much longer: 
the hollows or depressions which appear directly under the 
anterior oblique processes, and the ridges radiating from the 
extremity of the ‘spinous process towards the expanded sur- 
face of the posterior oblique processes so well marked in the 
camel, are altogether wanting in the-fossil; the upper surface, 
with the exception of the spinous process, being altogether 
flat and unmarked. 

On the inferior or lower side of the vertebra there is also a 
considerable difference, that of the camel being much curved 
and hollow, uninterupted by ridge excepting in the vicinity 
of the posterior extremity, where there is a knob or round pro- 
cess: in the fossil this knob is wanting, but in its place there 
exists a well-defined sharp ridge from one extremity to the 
other. The transverse processes of the fossil are imperfect, 
but the form and angle of departure from the barrel of the 
vertebra differs from those of the camel. 

The foramina for the transmission of the vertebral artery 
are well defined in the fossil, the space between the entrance 
and exit occupying the central third portion of the whole 
length; a prominent well-defined ridge runs obliquely across 
the plane of the side, connecting the upper anterior oblique 
process with the lower and posterior extremity of the trans- 
verse process; a very marked peculiarity, which, with the po- 
sition of the foramina, separates the fossil from the camel. 


170 M. F. Dujardin on the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. 


XX.—On the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. 
By M. F. Dusarpin*, 


Tue experiments of artificial coloration had led M. Ehren- 
berg to recognise in 1830 the existence of deglutition in many 
Infusoria; considering at that time as stomachs all the vesicles 
in which the colouring matter had lodged, this observer en- 
deayoured to find out the mode of connexion of these stomachs 
with a mouth and anus. Deceived undoubtedly by some il- 
lusion, he thought he perceived a central tube, straight or va- 
riously curved, to which the stomachic vesicles were attached 
by still narrower tubes, like the berries of a bunch of grapes. 
He described and figured Enchelys pupa with a straight intes- 
tine, Leucophra patula with the intestine curved three times, 
and Vorticella citrina with the intestine forming almost a com- 
plete circle, and returning to open for excretion at the side of 
the mouth. In the Monads, on the contrary, he represented 
the stomachs as attached around the mouth by long pedicles, 
and not affixed to the intestine. Although in the text of his 
memoir he took care to state that the vesicles filled with a 
solid nutriment are spherical and appear to be isolated, be- 
cause the intestine which unites them contracts and becomes 
transparent, yet his drawings, supposed to be made after na- 
ture, represent this intestine equally extended everywhere, 
and even filled with colouring matter in Vorticella, so that one 
was naturally led to think that these representations were ideal. 
It did not escape him that a vesicle was capable of dilating 
considerably so as to contain a very voluminous prey, and con- 
sequently he admitted that the intestine must have dilated 
equally in order to allow it to pass. He had not yet noticed 
the difference between the vesicles or the globules of the 
interior, but he then attached so much importance to the dis- 
covery which he thought to have made of the intestine of In- 
fusoria, that he made it the basis of his classification, calling 
Polygastrica the true Infusoria in opposition to the Rotatoria 
which are monogastric, and which united by him under the 
same denomination furnished false analogies. He distinguished 


. Extracted from F, Dujardin’s ‘ Mémoire sur ]’Organisation des Infu- 
soires,’ Annales des Sciences Naturelles, November 1838. 


M. F. Dujardin on the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. 171 


the Anentera, which, unfurnished with intestines like the 
Monads, have their pedicellated stomachs simply suspended 
around the mouth, and the Enterodela which possess an in- 
testine. 

These were divided into Cyclocela, Orthocela, and Campy- 
locela, according to whether the intestine formed a circle as in 
the Vorticella, straight as in Enchelys, or contorted as in the 
Leucophre ; but the author, to conform, he observes, to the 
received laws of zoology, immediately substituted for these di- 
visions other sections established on external characters de- 
pending on the position of the intestine, 1. e. on the position 
of the anus and mouth. He thus termed Anopisthia the Cy- 
clocela which have the two apertures united in front; Enan- 
tiotreta those with the two apertures opposite and situated at 
the extremities of the body, and which may be subdivided into 
Orthocela and Campylocela; Allotreta those having one of the 
apertures terminal, the other lateral; and lastly Katotreta, those 
in which both apertures are lateral or non-terminal. In his 
second memoir (1832), M. Ehrenberg, without adducing new 
facts in support of his opinion, developed further his first ideas. 
In his third memoir (1833) he figured in two new types Chi- 
lodon cucullus and Stylonychia mitylus, the intestine as large, if 
not larger than in the three preceding species, which seems to 
be in contradiction to the extreme contractability which would 
have concealed this organ from the persevering investigations 
of other observers. At the same time he began to establish 
a distinction between the vesicles which can be filled by the 
colouring matter, and those which, always containing a dia- 
phanous fluid and generally more voluminous and less suscep- 
tible of sudden contractions, are considered by him to be the 
male organs of generation. Even in 1776 Spallanzani had men- 
tioned in the Paramecie these latter vesicles, which in this 
species are stelliform, but had assigned respiratory functions 
to them. M. Ehrenberg, on the contrary, following up his 
ideas of the signification or analogies of these parts, has af- 
forded himself a means of solving, in appearance, the difficul- 
ties presented by the explanation of the functions of all these 
inner vesicles. 

In his large work recently published in 1838, he has re- 


172 M. F. Dujardin on the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. 


produced without any alteration the figures of five species, 
previously represented with an intestine much expanded, and 
has moreover added, as also showing this organ, the figure of 
Trachelium ovum already described in 1833 (third memoir), 
with a large sunk band in the centre, and whence proceed 
very thin ramifications, anastomosing, which truly has no re- 
lation to the primitively supposed intestine so contractile and 
so difficult to perceive. He has also figured an intestine more 
or less complete in several Vorticelline, and this intestine di- 
lated uniformly in some is represented in the figure of one of 
them (Hpistylis plicatilis) as being from time to time inflated, 
as if the stomachs, instead of being appended in raceme, were 
arranged one after the other. With respect to the figure of 
Paramecium Aurelia, with a curved intestine, he himself re- 
marks, that it is only an ideal figure. While declaring that 
it is only in seven species, four of which are Vorticelline, in 
which he has been able to distinguish plainly the intestine so 
as to be able to draw it*; he enumerates among the four spe- 
cies in which he had ies able to trace it only from the suc- 
cessive passage of the nutriment, precisely the two Infusoria 
given in 1830, as having been the first that exhibited the in- 
testine to him; moreover he has placed by the side of his old 
figures of Leucophra some new ones which seem to contradict 
them+. It will also be noticed with what urgency the author 
recommends the Vorticelline for the verification of this im- 
portant fact, and the tendency which he has always shown to 
neglect representing the intestine in those species which he 
had cited in his first memoir as having been the first in which 
he had noticed this organ; thus, the example of Leucophra 
loses a great part of its value by comparison with the new 
drawings, the Paramecie have furnished but an ideal figure, 
and the Kolpodea have never been represented by him with 
any intestine whatsoever. 

Can the analogy of the Rotatoria or St yntolides, &c., be 
called in aid, as has been already done, to prove the existence 
of an intestine in Infusoria, in which it is not even possible 


* Die Infusionsthierchen, von Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 362. 
+ Die Infusionsthierchen, von Ehrenberg, 1838, Pl. XXXII. fig. 1, 2, 


oO, 4,0. 


M. F. Dujardin on the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. 173 


to indicate a trace? But, as I have before stated, the differ- 
ence between the two types is so great that this analogy is one 
of the most imperfect ; and while denying the existence of an 
intestine in the true Jnfusoria, 1 admit in the Rotatoria not 
only an intestine, but even true jaws, respiratory organs, 
glands and an ovary. 

Can it be said, that it suffices to have demonstrated that the 
alimentary substances have penetrated from outwards into 
these vesicles, to conclude, first, that they are stomachs, and 
then that these stomachs must communicate with an intestine ? 
for it would not be possible to conceive stomachs having no 
communication with the exterior. But that is precisely what 
might be contested ; for this consequence is founded on a false 
analogy with higher animals, in which the stomach is always 
in continuation with the intestine. But before coming to 
direct proofs, we must examine one objection which was first 
advanced by M. Bory de St. Vincent in 1832, was reproduced 
in 1835 by Dr. Foeke, of Bremen*, and has recently been 
again presented to M. Ehrenberg, by Prof. Rymer Jones, be- 
fore the British Association at Newcastle. This objection, 
which I consider well-founded, rests on the inner motion of 
the globules or sacculi, which can in no way be reconciled 
with the hypothesis of an intestine connecting all these glo- 
bules together, and which, on the contrary, proves their entire 
independence. As M. Bory observed, the intestines, the tubes 
of communication, did they exist, would soon become inextri- 
cably entangled, unless by supposing them to be indefinitely 
extensible, they would not allow of the globules moving about 
as they do in the interior. 

To these objections, founded on the displacement of the 
pretended stomachs in the interior of the Infusoria, M. Ehren- 
berg answers in his great work, that this motion is merely an 
apparent displacement, analogous to that of the small painted 


* The analysis of the communication made by Dr. Foeke to the Associa- 
tion of German Naturalists at Bonn in 1835, will be found in the Isis for 
1836, p. 785. M. Foeke says he had never been able to distinguish the sup- 
posed intestine in Stentor Mulleri, in Loxodes bursaria, and in a species of 
Vaginicola; and declares that the evident motion of the nutriment or of the 
colour in the interior of the body of these animalcules is incompatible with 
the supposition of the existence of an intestine. (Hier muss also eine andere 
Organization des Darmcanals, als die von Ehrenberg angegebene, stattfinden.) 


174 M. F. Dujardin on the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. 


wooden figures which children put in motion upon the play- 
thing consisting of an extensible arm, formed of splines 
crossed lozenge-wise. This inner displacement, which I 
thought in 1835 capable of explanation by the change of po- 
sition in the Infusoria, by their rotation around the axis of 
their body, I have for two years considered as quite real, and 
it has been well seen and described by Prof. Rymer Jones*. 
This observer, in declaring publicly at Newcastle that he never 
had been able to perceive the least trace of the central canal 
described by M. Ehrenberg, nor the branches which proceed 
therefrom to communicate with the sacculi, added that he was 
convinced from numerous observations, that in Paramecium 
Aurelia and in allied species the minute gastric sacs (vesicles) 
move in a fixed direction all round the body of the animalcule ; 
—a fact, which of itself, says the English observer, appears to 
be incompatible with the arrangement indicated by the Pro- 
fessor of Berlin. To this M. Ehrenberg, without recurring to 
the comparison to the child’s toy, answered, that it is ex- 
cessively difficult to see the central canal (the intestine), and 
that it was only in following the course of great masses of nu- 
triment that he himself had been able to trace it. 

This is not what was first stated, and still less what had 
been represented in the figures of 1830 reproduced in 1838. 
But it is at present seen, from the very confession of the in- 
ventor, that the whole theory of the inner structure of the In- 
fusoria rests on ideal figures and on observations impossible 
to be verified on those very Infusoria on which they had been 
founded+. And be it well remembered, these observations,— 
this discovery of the intestine,—were made previous to 1838, 
with instruments evidently less perfect than those since em- 
ployed by the author, and which have allowed him to discover 
the armature of the mouth of Nassula and of Chilodon, and re- 


* In the Athenzeum, No. 567, p. 635. 

[The report in the Atheneum contained several erroneous statements, 
some of which were corrected in a reply to Prof. Jones from Dr. Ehrenberg 
inserted in vol. ii. p.121. of this Journal.—Epir. ] 

+ We certainly must say that we cannot see all this, and think it very pos- 
sible that M. Dujardin will have at some future day to do, what he has so 
frequently done already,—namely to announce that many of his present as- 
sertions are trop hazardées.—Eptrt. 


M. F, Dujardin on the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. 175 


cognise the generative organs in all the Infusoria, and the 
locomotive filament of the Monadine and the Euglene, &c. 
Now would not a fact as important as that which served as 
basis to the physiology and classification of the Polygastrica 
deserve, not only ten, but even a hundred confirmations ? 
Ought it not to have been confirmed a hundred times with 
the means of observation, which the author informs us has 
become more and more powerful in his hands? Ought it not 
to be especially clearly expressed in most of his figures so as 
to be capable of being verified? Far from this, the fact, di- 
minished and almost entirely disappearing in the vast extent 
of the grand treatise on Infusoria, is limited to the same ex- 
amples previously cited and become in some sort superan- 
nuated by the very deed of the author. And M. Ehrenberg, 
not condescending to reply to the objections made to him al- 
ready for many years since, traverses the continent to go and 
hear at Newcastle in presence of the British Association ob- 
jections no less forcible. 

I attempted in 1835 (Ann. Sc. Nat. Dec.) to prove the non- 
existence of the intestine in Infusoria by this sole fact;—that to 
be so extensible and contractile as supposed, it ought to con- 
tain in its tissue at least some fibres which would remain and 
become visible when the animalcule decomposed by diffluence. 
Now I said that in this kind of dissolution not one single 
trace of intestine can be perceived, and this phenomenon of 
diffuence moreover tends to prove in every way the simplicity 
of the organisation of the Infusoria. Having seen in 1836 
several Nassule swallow some long fragments of Oscillatoria 
which were curved in the interior and distended the animal- 
cules in the form of a sac, I cited this fact in a subsequent 
memoir, as proving, it is true, the deglutition which I was wrong 
in previously denying, but also as quite incompatible with the 
hypothesis of an intestine and true stomach. In fact I no- 
ticed other vesicles containing fragments of Oscillatoria at the 
same time entirely independent one of the other; and the large 
vesicle excavated by the elasticity of the Oscillatortum com- 
municated in its entire breadth with the mouth and not by a 
tube or branch of the central canal. The objection which I 
then made against the existence of an intestine, the fibres of 


176 M. ¥. Dujardin on the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. 


which ought to have been persistent, J] now again repeat, and 
the more so, as M. Ehrenberg insists more strongly on the 
great contractibility* of this intestine to explain the reason 
why it is never seen in a large number of species: “ it is,” he 
observes,“ because this canal, like the cesophagus of larger ani- 
mals, serves merely for the passage of the aliments, and not 
to contain or digest them, which takes place solely in the 
stomachic vesicles: it dilates at will for the passage of the nu- 
triment like the small mouth or throat of a serpent when swal- 
lowing a rabbit, and contracts immediately afterwards and 
becomes entirely invisible if not in action.” But, it may be 
said, if the indefinite contractibility of the stomachic vessels 
and their digesting action be admitted, we may suppose them, 
with greater reason, to have a rather complex membrane, and 
containing as many, if not more fibres, than the intestine ; now 
these vesicles on their decomposition by diffluence never show 
any fibres. We must therefore conclude either that the con- 
traction is effected without fibres, or that these fibres are 
really invisible in the vesicles as in the intestine. I shall pre- 
sently show that the vesicles must be regarded as vacuities 
excayated at will in the gelatinous substance of the interior, 
and that consequently they are without any peculiar mem- 
brane, and contract by the approximation of the mass; I shall 
state that the alleged diaphanous vesicles observed at the ex- 
terior of the body of the Infusoria are nothing more than glo- 
bules of sarcode, expelled by expression, or by laceration, or 
by the diffluence of the body of the animalcule, as proved by 
their refraction and by their faculty of decomposing in exca- 
vating vacuoles; but there is a single fact mentioned by Dr. 
Ehrenberg in his third memoir in 1833, and which I had not 
been able to understand in 1836, ‘Ann. Sc. Nat.’ April 1836, 
any more than at present. It relates to a stomachic vesicle 
expelled from Bursaria vernalis decomposing by diffluence, 
and which still contained two fragments of Oscillatoria. It 
is in this manner, at least, that he then represented it (PI. III. 
fig. 4 v.), and he has reproduced the same figure, consequently 
the same fact, in his large work. 


* Die Infusionsthierchen, 1838, p. 362. 


Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 177 


M. Ehrenberg* considers the separation and isolation of 
the stomachic vesicles as surprising only to those who have 
not observed earth worms cut into pieces. These pieces, he 
observes, let them be ever so minute, contract at each extre- 
mity in such a manner that but very little of the contained 
juices escape, and a similar effect is produced by the contrac- 
tion of the isolated stomachs of the Infusoria. One fact un- 
doubtedly is more forcible than all arguments ; and I only re- 
eret that that ofa vesicle containing fragments of Oscallatoria 
has not presented itself several times to the observer ; for with 
respect to the alleged stomachs without contained aliments, 
even when they appzar slightly coloured, the false comparison 
with the pieces of earth worms will not suffice to prove to me 
that the globules are not part of the gelatinous substance of 
the Infusoria, since I have frequently seen these globules co- 
loured, either from their having a tinge of their own, or that 
this effect was the result of an optical illusion or of a phzeno- 
menon of accidental colours. 


XXI.—Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By Francis WALKER, 
F.L:S. 


[Continued from vol. ii. p. 355. ] 


Sp. 45. Cirrospilus Murcia, Mas. Cyaneus, abdomen cupreum, antenne 
nigro-picee, femora nigra, tibie picee, tarsi fusci, protibie fulve, ale 
sublimpide. 

Obscure cyaneus: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz nigro-picez ; articuli 1"s 
et 2"S nigro-cyanei, hic apice piceus ; abdomen cupreum: pedes fusci; coxe 
nigre ; femora nigra; tibiz pice ; genua fulva; propedum femora apice 
fulva : alz sublimpide ; squamule pice; nervipallide fusci. (Corp. long. 
ling 2... alar. lin. 1.) 

Found near London. 

Mas. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum : caput 
transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex sat latus; frons 
abrupte declivis: oculi mediocres: antennz filiformes corporis fongitudine, 
pilis longis vestite ; articulus 1" gracilis, sublinearis ; 2"* longicyathiformis ; 
3"5 brevis; 4", 5¥S et 6" longi, lineares; clava longifusiformis, acuminata, 
articulo 6° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax brevissimus, 
supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius; parapsidum 
suture remote, bene determinate; scutellum breviconicum: metathorax 
transversus, mediocris: peticlus brevissimus: abdomen sublineare, planum, 


* Die Infusionsthierchen, 1838, p. 361. 
Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No. 16. May 1839. O 


178 Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 


horace brevius, fere angustius ; segmentum 1"™ magnum, 2"™ et sequentia 
breviora, transversa : sexualia exerta: pedes graciles, simplices, subaequales ; 
tarsis articuli 1° ad 3"™ curtantes, 4"* 3° longior ; ungues et pulvilli parvi : 
alis nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus 
ad ale apicem propensus stigma parvum fere bimucronatum fingens. 

Fem. Antenne subclavate, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 4"* 3° 
brevior ; 5"* adhuc brevior ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 5° duplo 
longior : abdomen longiovatum, thorace longius, vix latius, supra planum, 
subtus carinatum, apice acuminatum. 


Sp. 46. Cirr. Athyrte, Mas et Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, cupreo-varius, an- 
tenne fusce aut nigra, pedes flavi, femora piceo- aut viridi-varia, ale 
sublimpide. 

Fem. Cyaneo-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz fusce ; articulus 1™* 
viridis ; 2"* piceus, apice fulvus: gula flava: abdomen cupreo-varium : ovi- 
ductus vagine nigre: pedes flavi; cox virides; tarsi apice fusci; protarsi 
fulvi; mesofemora piceo-cincta ; metafemora viridia, apice flava: alz sub- 
limpide ; squamulz fulvz; proalis nervi fulvi, metalis flavi. 

Mas. Antennis articulus 2" viridis, apice fulvus; gula picea: abdomen 
cupreum : sexualia picea: femora flava, basi supra picea. (Corp. long. lin. 
4—1; alar. lin. 1—14.) 

Var. 8. Fem.—Abdomen cupreun, apice cyaneo-viride cupreo-varium : 
propedum femora basi viridia, tibize extus fulve : meso- et metatibiz fulve, 
apice et basi flave. 

Var. vy. Fem.—Thoracis discus cupreo-varius. 

Var. 6. Fem.—Var. v. similis : pro- et mesofemora flava, basi supra picea. 

Var. «. Fem.—Alez limpide. 

Var. ¢. Fem.—Abdomen cupreum: meso- et metafemora flava, piceo 
vittata: ale limpide. 

Var. 4. Fem.—Viridi-cyaneus : abdominis discus cupreo-varius: femora 
flava, piceo-cincta; ale limpide. 

Var. 6. Fem.—Cyaneus: abdomen cupreum : femora flava, piceo-cincta ; 
alz limpide. 

Var. «. Fem.—Femora omnia basi viridia. 

Var. x. Fem.—Cupreus: caput et mesothoracis scutellum viridia. 

Var. »~. Fem.—Antenne nigre ; articuli 1"° et 2° virides: abdomen su- 
pra cupreum: pro- et meso-femora basi viridia. 

Var. w. Fem.—Cyaneo-viridis eneo-varius: antennis articuli 1"° et 25 vi- 
rides, hic apice subtus fulyus: abdomen cupreum: femora flava, basi vi- 
ridia. 

Var. y. Fem.—Obscure viridis: antenne picee ; articuli 1"° et 2" virides, 
hic apice fulvus: thoracis discus cupreo-varius: abdominis discus cupreus: 
femora flava, basi viridia; propedes tibiis et tarsis fulvis. 

Var. o. Fem.—Var. v. similis: thorax omnino viridis: femora viridia, 
apice flava. 

May to September; near London, Hampshire. Found by Mr. Haliday, 
on willows, near Belfast, Ireland. 


Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 179 


Sp. 47. Cirr. Bunus, Mas et Fem. Precedenti simillimus, at minor et 

gracilior. 

/£neo-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi; antennz fuscz; articulus 1"° viridis : 
2" fulvus, basi piceus: abdomen cupreum: sexualia picea: pedes flavi; 
coxe virides ; tarsi apice fusci, metafemora basi picea; protarsi fulvi: ale 
sublimpidz ; squamulz pice; nervifusci. (Corp. long. lin. +—%; alar. 
lin. 3—12.) 

Var. 8. Fem.—Antennis articulus 2"° piceus: abdomen viridi-varium. 

Var. y. Fem.—Caput viride : thorax concolor : antennis articulus 2" pi- 
ceus, apice fulvus: femora basi picea; metafemora viridia, apice fulva. 

Var. 0. Fem.—Cyaneo- viridis: antenne pallide fuscz ; articuli 1"* et 2" 
virides, hic apice subtus fulvus: abdomen viridi-cyaneum; discus cupreo- 
varius; femora basi picea ; alis squamulz fulve, nervi flavi. 

Var. «. Fem.—Var. 6 similis: thorax cupreo-viridis: abdomen cyaneo- 
cupreum. 

Var. €. Fem.—Cyaneo-viridis, eneo-varius: antenne nigro-picee ; arti- 
culi 1“* et 2"* virides: abdomen cupreum : femora nigra, apice flava; pro- 
pedum femora flava, basi nigra, tibize pallide fulvz, tarsi obscuriores. 

September; near London, Devonshire. Ireland, Mr. Haliday. 


Sp. 48. Cirr. Abantidas, Mas. Nigro-viridis precedentibus simillimus, 
at longior ; abdomen cupreum, antenne fulve, pedes flavi, ale limpide. 
Nigro-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: os fuseum: antenne fulve ; articulus 
1"* viridis; 2"* basi piceus: abdomen cupreum: pedes flavi; coxze virides ; 
femora picea, apice flava; tarsi apice fusci; protarsi fulvi: ale limpide ; 
squamule picez; nervi fusci, basi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. #; alar. lin. 14.) 
Found near London. 


Sp. 49. Cirr. Menius, Mas. C. Buno simillimus, antenne densius pilose. 

Obscure viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz nigro-picez ; articuli 1% et 
2's virides, hic apice et subtus piceus: abdomen nigro-cupreum: sexualia 
picea: pedes flavi; coxz virides; femora basi nigra; tarsi apice fusci; pro- 
tibize fulvze ; meso- et metatibie pallide fusce, apice et basi flave ; protarsi 
fulvi: ale sublimpidze; squamule picee; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 
3—4; alar. lin. 3—+.) 

Var. 8.—Meso- et metatibiz flave, fusco-cincte. 

Found near London. 


Sp. 50. Cirr. Enagoras, Mas. Nigro-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenne 

picee, pedes fusci, ale subfusce. 

Nigro-viridis : oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne pice; articuli lus et 2" vi- 
rides: abdomen cupreum: sexualia picea: pedes fusci; cox virides ; tro- 
chanteres fulvi ; femora viridia, apice flava; tarsi basi fulvi; protibie fulve: 
alz subfuscze ; squamule picee ; proalis nervi fusci, metalis fulvi. (Corp. 
long. lin. 2; alar. lin. 1.) 

Found near London. 

Sp. 51. Cirr. Molo, Fem. Cyaneus, viridi- et eneo-varius, antenne fusce, 

pedes flavi, femora viridia aut cyanea: ale limpide. 
02 


180 Mr. Walker on the British Chaleidites. 


Cyaneo-viridis: oculi et ocellirufi: antenna fusce; articuli 1" et 2" vi- 
rides, hic apice et subtus fuscus: abdomen cyaneum eneo-varium : pedes 
flavi; cox virides; femora basi viridia; tarsi apice fulvi; metafemora vi- 
ridia; propedum tibie et tarsi fulva: alz limpidz ; squamule fulvz ; nervi 
fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. +—%; alar. lin. 3—+#.) 

Var. 8.—Cyaneus: abdomen eneo-varium : femora cyanea. 

Var. y—Var. 3. similis: abdomen omnino cyaneum: profemora flava, 
basi cyanea. 

Found near London. 


Sp. 52. Cirr. Epicharmus, Fem. Nigro-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenne 
nigr@ aut fusce, femora viridia, tibia picee aut fusce, tarsi flavi, ale 
late limpide. 

Nigro-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz nigro-picee ; articuli 1"* et 
2°s virides: abdomen cupreum: pedes picei; cox virides; femora viridia; 
genua fulva; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci; propedum tibie subtus fulve, tarsi 
fusci: ale limpide ; squamule pice ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 3—Z; 
alar. lin. 1—14.) 

Var. 8.—Antenne fuscz; articuli 1% et 2"* virides, ille basi et hic apice 
fusci: abdomen cyaneum ; discus cupreus: pedes flavi; coxz virides: femora 
viridia; tibize fuscze ; tarsi apice fusci. 

Var. y.—Antenne nigre ; articuli 1"* et 2"§ virides: pedes virides; tro- 
chanteres picei; genua fulva; tibiz picee; tarsi fiavi, apice fusci; pro- 
tarsi fulvi. 

Found near London. 


Sp. 53. Cirr. Endemus, Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen cupreo-varium, 
antenne picee, pedes fusci, femora viridia, ale late limpide. 


Cyaneo-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne picez; articuli 1"* et 2" 
virides; abdomen cyaneum, basi cupreum: pedes virides ; trochanteres fusci ; 
genua fulva; tibiz picez ; tarsi fusci, basi fulvi; propedes tibiis et tarsis 
fulvis; mesopedum tibize fusce, tarsi flavi, apice fusci; metatibie picee: 
ale limpide ; squamulecyanez ; nervifulvi; stigmafuscum. (Corp. long. 
lin. 2—,; alar. lin. 1—14.) 

Var. @.—Abdomen cupreum, apicem versus cyaneo-viridi-varium ; tibize 
fuscze ; tarsi fusci, basi fulvi; propedum tibiz fulvz, tarsi obscuriores. 


May, September; near London; Hampshire, Isle of Wight. 


Sp. 54. Cirr. Chares, Fem. Viridis aut viridi-cyaneus, abdomen cupreum, 
antenne fusce, pedes flavi, femora viridia: anguste ale sublimpide. 


Viridis: oculi et ocellirufi: antenne fusce; articulus 1" viridis; 2"S su- 
pra piceus: abdomen cupreum: pedes flavi; coxz virides ; femora viridia, 
apice flava; tarsi apice fulvi; protibiz et protarsi fulva: alz sublimpide ; 
squamule fulve : nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 4; alar. lin. 3.) . 

Var. 8.—Ceput viridi-cyaneum: thorax concolor: femora viridi-fusca, 
apice et basi flava. 

Found near London. 


Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 181 


Sp. 55. Cirr. Beroé, Fem. Nigro-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenne 

picee, pedes flavi, metafemora picea, ale late limpide. 

Nigro-viridis : oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz picee, articuli 1"° et 2° vi- 
rides, hic apice fuscus : abdomen cupreum : pedes flavi; coxe virides ; tarsi 
apice fusci; metafemora picea; propedum tibie et tarsi pallide fulva; ale 
limpide ; squamule picee; nervi fulvi. (Corp. Jong. lin. 2; alar. lin. 1.) 

Found near London. 

Fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: 
caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antenne extror- 
sum crassiores, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"S gracilis, sublinearis ; 
2"s longicyathiformis ; 4"° 3° brevior; 5" adhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, 
acuminata, articulo 5° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus; prothorax 
brevissimus, supra Vix conspicuus : mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius ; 
parapsidum suture bene determinate; scutellum brevi-conicum: meta- 
thorax transversus, mediocris : petiolus brevissimus ; abdomen longiovatum, 
thorace longius vix latius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice acumina- 
tum: proalz latz, nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis vix ullus, cubi- 
talis sat longus. 


Sp. 56. Cirr. Rhacius, Fem. £neus aut viridi-cyaneus, antenne fusce, 
pedes flavi, femora basi fusca aut enea, ale limpide. 


fEneus: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne fuscz; articuli 1" et 2"° cenei, hic 
apice fuscus: abdomen cupreo-zneum: pedes flavi; coxe nigro-enee ; 
femora nigro-znea, apice flava; tarsi apice fusci; propedes tibiis et tarsis 
fulvis: ale limpide; squamule fusce; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 3; 
alar. lin. 1.) 

Var. @.—Thorax viridi-zeneus. 

Var. y.—Viridis : abdomen viridi-zneum. 

Var. 6.—Viridi-cyaneus: antennis articuli 1"% et 2" virides: abdomen 
cupreum: oviductus fulvus; vagine pice: coxe virides; femora flava, 
basi fusca; alis squamule fulve ; nervi flavi. 

Found near London. 


Sp. 57. Cirr. Ega, Fem. Cyaneus, abdomen cupreo-viride, antenne 
picee, pedes flavi, femora cyanea, tibie fuseo-cincta, ale sublimpide. 


Cyaneus: oculi et ocelli rnfi: antenne picee ; articuli 1" et 2"° cyanei: 
abdomen cupreo-viride: pedes cyanei; femora apice flava; trochanteres 
picel; tibiz fusce, apice et basi flave; tarsi flavi, apice fusci; protarsi 
fulvi: alz sublimpide; squamule picez ; nervi flavi. (Corp. long. lin $ ; 
alar. lin. 1.) 

Found near London. 

Fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum : ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antenne clavate, 
corporis dimidio paullo breviores ; articulus 1"° gracilis, sublinearis; 2°5 lon- 
gicyathiformis ; 4"° 3° brevior, 5"Sadhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, acuminata, 
articulo 5° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax brevissimus, 
supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius ; parapsidum 


182 W. Thompson on the Effects of the Hurricane 


suture bene determinate; scutellum brevi-conicum: metathorax trans- 
versus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus : abdomen fusiforme, thorace angus- 
tius et multo longius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice acuminatum : 
pedes graciles: ala mediocres; nervus ulnaris humeralilongior, radialis vix 
ullus, cubitalis sat longus. 


Sp. 58. Cirr. Anticlea, Fem. Véiridis, cyaneo- et e@neo-varius, abdomen 
cupreum, antenneé nigre aut picee, pedes picei aut fulvo-fusci, femora 
viridia, tarsi flavi, ale limpide. 

Viridi-cyaneus: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne nigro-picee ; articuli 1" et 
2"s virides, hic apice fulvus: abdomen cyaneum; discus cupreus: pedes 
virides ; trochanteres picei; genua flava; tibie fusca, apice flave ; tarsi 
pallide fusci, basi flavi; propedum tibiz et tarsi fulva; alz limpide; squa- 
mule picez; nervi fulvi, basi flavi; metalis nervi flavi. (Corp. long. lin. 
3—3; alar. lin. 1—14.) 

Var. §.—Viridi-eneus: antenne nigre; articulus 1"* fulvus, apice pi- 
ceus: abdomen cupreum, basi cyaneo-viride: pedes fulvi; coxz virides ; 
femora viridia ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci; protarsi apice fusci ; 
proalis nervi fusci. 

Var. y.—Nigro-viridis ; antenne picez ; articulus 1"* niger, 2" apice ful- 
vus: abdomen nigro-cupreum: pedes nigro-virides; trochanteres fulvi; 
genta fulva; tibie picez, apice fulve; tarsi flavi, basi fulvi ; protarsi fusci. 

July ; near London, Isle of Wight. 

Mas. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum : antenne filiformes, 
hirte, corporis longitudine; articulus 1" gracilis, sublinearis; 2"* longicya- 
thiformis ; 3"° brevis; 4", 5¥° et 6"§ subzquales, latitudine longiores; clava 
longifusiformis, acuminata, articulo 6° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, con- 
vexus: prothorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum 
latitudine longius ; parapsidum suture bene determinate ; scutellum brevi- 
conicum: metathorax transversus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus: abdo- 
men sublineare, planum, thorace angustius, non brevius: pedes graciles : 
proalz late ; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat 
longus. 

Fem. Antennz subclavatze, corporis dimidio longiores; articulus 4"° 3° 
brevior; 5"* adhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 5° duplo 
longior: abdomen longiovatum, thorace longius, vix latius, supra planum, 
subtus carinatum, apice acuminatum. 

[To be continued. ] 


XXII.—Note on the Effects of the Hurricane of January 7, 
1839, in Ireland, on some Birds, Fishes, &c. By W1LLIAM 
Tuompson, Esq. 


I sHatu here record the very few particulars on this subject that 
have as yet become known to me. As may be conjectured, stormy 


of Jan. 7, 1839, on some Birds, Fishes, &c. 188 


petrels (Thalassidrome) were taken in many parts of the country; 
and chiefly during the latter part of the day of the 7th after the hur- 
ricane had ceased. At two o'clock, p.m. or just about its termina- 
tion, one of these birds was picked up alive, but in a very exhausted 
state, in one of the streets of Belfast. On the 10th inst. two others, 
one of which I saw, and found to be the T. pelagica, were taken— 
the one alive, the other dead—beside a spring-well at Seymour Hill, 
about four miles from Belfast. Near Saintfield in the county of 
Down, distant about ten miles from this town, I have heard that a 
petrel was obtained after the hurricane. 

Mr. Glennon, bird preserver, Dublin, states that a specimen sent 
him to be preserved was procured on the 7th in one of the streets of 
the town of Cavan, and that on the same day another was found at 
Brown Hall, county of Carlow. C. Carleton L’Estrange, Esq. in- 
forms me, that when out woodcock shooting in the plantations at 
Colonel Eniry’s demesne some miles from the town of Cavan, about 
a week after the 7th of January, he found two petrels which had evi- 
dently been dead for a few days or from about the time of the hur- 
ricane; they were too much injured by exposure to the weather to 
be preserved. In the possession of my friend R. Ball, Esq, of Dublin, 
I have seen a Thal. pelagica which was sent him from Kells, county 
of Meath, where it was procured on the 7th—on the same daya 
petrel picked up near Mullingar, county of Westmeath, was sent to 
a gentleman of my acquaintance in Dublin; and on this day like- 
wise I have been informed that one was found dead near the town 
of Wicklow. Of all these specimens I have seen but the two no- 
ticed as T. pelagica ; of two or three others I could not obtain inform- 
ation sufficiently satisfactory to enable me to judge whether they 
were this or the fork-tailed species, Thal. Bullockii, but the remainder 
were described in such a manner as to leave no doubt on my mind 
as to their being the T. pelagica. Of the petrels which I have be- 
fore seen and which were obtained at various times and places 
throughout Ireland, about as many were of the T. Bullockii as of the 
other, which is considered the more common species. There have 
been different conjectures as to the cause of the petrels’ appearance 
on land, but in this instance when more of these birds were found 
scattered over the country than on any previous occasion imme- 
diately after the greatest hurricane that has within the memory of 
the oldest persons swept over Ireland, we are compelled to attribute 
their presence to its agency alone. From several of these birds ha- 
ving been found in the extreme east as well as the more central por- 
tion of Ireland, it would seem from the fact of the hurricane ranging 


184 On the Effects of the Hurricane of Jan. 7, 1839. 


from the north-west to the south-west, that some of them had been 
blown from the Atlantic*, almost entirely across the island, a cir- 
cumstance which, strange as it may appear, is less singular than the 
occurrence of these birds on a more ordinary occasion in the very 
centre of England. 

Of the great northern diver (Colymbus glacialis), a species which 
naturally keeps far out from the shore, I saw a specimen in Dublin, 
that was shot in a dock at Ringsend near that city, after the subsi- 
dence of the hurricane. 

In a letter from Viscount Cole, dated Hazelwood, Jan. 14, 1839, 
is the following passage—‘‘I mention underneath a curious fact 
hardly to be believed, but which two decent men would testify by 
affidavit—that on the morning after the hurricane a great quantity 
of perch} fry were found thrown up high and dry two yards, and 
some more, on the grassy shore of Church Island in Lough Gill or 
Hazelwood. Lake, in the county of Sligo.” In a note with which I 
was subsequently favoured, Lord Cole remarked, that he had ‘‘ heard”’ 
of several roach{| being thrown up on an island in Lough Earn on 
the night of the great storm. On the 24th of January, Robert Ball, 
Esq. wrote me from Dublin to the effect—that after the late hurricane 
the dead bodies of rooks§ to the amazing number of 33,000 (as a 
matter of curiosity the number was reckoned by some boys) were 
picked up on the shores of a lake some miles in extent and with ex- 
tensive rookeries on its borders, in the county of Westmeath; and 
that in the same locality numbers of perch were thrown to some 
distance into the fields. The almost incredible mortality of rooks 
induced me to make further inquiry, when I was informed that 
Dean Vignolles (on whose property the circumstance occurred), 
states that the number of these birds above-mentioned were cer- 
tainly destroyed. This gentleman likewise submitted to Mr. Ball’s 
inspection a more than ordinarily strong panel of a new window 
shutter which was driven in and broken through by a rook dash- 
ing, or perhaps rather from being dashed against it on the night in 


* At all times of the year they are met with off the western and northern 
coasts—they breed in a few of the islands, from Tory in the north, to the 
Skeligs in the south, inclusive. 

+ In the Magazine of Natural History for 1832, (p. 283.) two petrels are 
recorded to have been found dead at Birmingham in December 1831; one 
was discovered in a street of the town, the other at a few miles distance. 
The Rev. Mr. Bree of Allesly, who saw the former specimen in Weaver's 
Museum, has informed us that it is the Fork-tailed species, 7. Bullocku— 
loc. cit. p. 738. t Perca fluviatilis. 

| The fish so called in Ireland is the rudd, Leuciscus erythrophthalmus. 

§ Corvus frugilegus. 


On a Meteoric Paper composed of Conferve & Infusoria. 185 


question—he further mentioned that some of the perch were found 
as far as fifteen yards from the edge of the lake. 

Benjamin J. Clarke, Esq. of Merrion Square, Dublin, in a letter to 
a friend here, states“that at La Bergerie in Queen’s county, where 
he was on the 7th of January, he found lying under the branches of 
an ash-tree which had been blown down, two of the large titmice 
(Parus major) ; and that in Dublin he saw a specimen of the pere- 
grine falcon (Falco peregrinus) that met with its death on the same 
occasion. 

From a newspaper report of the devastation committed by the 
hurricane at Downhill, in the county of Londonderry, it appeared 
that a slab blown from the mausoleum, cut completely in two a poor 
hare that was sheltering beneath it. Thus far only have I heard of 
the effects of this terrific night upon the lower animals. 


Belfast, March 5, 1839. 


XXIII.—On a Meteoric Paper which fell from the Sky in the 
year 1686 in Courland, composed of Confervee and Infusoria. 
By Prof. Enrenspere of Berlin*. 


On the 31st January 1687, a great mass of a paper-like black 
substance fell with a violent snow-storm from the atmosphere 
near the village of Rauden in Courland ; it was seen to fall, and 
after dinner was found at places where the labourers at work 
had seen nothing similar before dinner. This meteoric sub- 
stance, described completely and figured in 1686, 1688, was 
recently again considered by M. v. Grotthus, after a chemical 
analysis, to be a meteoric mass; but M. v. Berzelius, who also 
analysed it, could not discover the nickel said to be contained 
in it; and Von Grotthus then revoked his opinion. It is men- 
tioned in Chladni’s work on Meteors, and noticed as an aéro- 
phyte in Nees von Esenbeck’s valuable Appendix to R. Brown’s 
‘ Botan. Schriften.’ I examined this substance, some of which 
is contained in the Berlin Museum (also in Chladni’s collec- 
tion) microscopically. I found the whole to consist evidently 
of a compactly matted mass of Conferva crispata, traces of a 
Nostoc, and of about twenty-nine well-preserved species of 


* Translated from the Berichte der Academie der Wissenschaften zu 
Berlin, 1838. 


186 Bibliographical Notices. 


Infusoria, of which three only are not mentioned in my large 
work on Infusoria, although they have since occurred living 
near Berlin; moreover, of the case of Daphnia Pulex? Of the 
twenty-nine species of Infusoria, only eight have siliceous 
shields, the others are soft or with membranous shields. Se- 
veral of the most beautiful exceedingly rare Baccillarie are 
frequent in it. These Infusoria have now been preserved 152 
years. The mass may have been raised by a storm from a 
Courland marsh and merely carried away, but may also have 
come from a far distant district, as my brother Carl Ehrenberg 
has sent from Mexico forms still existing near Berlin. Seeds, 
leaves of trees, and other things of the kind scattered through 
the mass, were, on the examination of larger portions, easily 
visible. The numerous native Infusoria and the shells of the 
common Daphnia Pulex seem to speak thus much for the sub- 
stance, that its original locality was not the atmosphere nor 
America, but most probably either Kast Prussia or Courland. 
The substance and drawings of all the constituent parts were 
laid before the Academy. 


4 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 


The London Flora. By A. Irvine, of Marischal College, Aberdeen, 
London, 1838. 12mo. 


It has been commonly supposed that the London district did not 
extend to more than a few miles, twenty-five at most, from St. Paul’s, 
but the author of this book extends it to the English Channel, South- 
ampton, Oxford, Buckingham, and parts of Lincolnshire and Der- 
byshire. 

He proposes, but does not adopt, numerous alterations in nomen- 
clature, many of which would doubtless be improvements, and it is 
much to be wished that they had been made by Linneus. Allsuch 
changes are, in the present day, greatly to be deprecated as only in- 
troducing confusion into the synonymy; similar alterations were 
attempted by Gray in his Natural Arrangement, Salisbury, and others; 
but there is not, we believe, a single instance of their being adopted 
im a work of authority. The author objects to the formation of spe- 
cific names like Smithii, Michelii, &c., and proposes that they should 
always terminate in ana, not probably knowing that the most correct 


Bibliographical Notices. 187 


nomenclators of plants use the genitive of the substantive when 
expressing the connection of discovery or original description be- 
tween the plant and the person commemorated ; and the adjective 
when no such connection exists, and the name is only a compliment. 

The earlier part of this book is occupied by short accounts of 
Classification, Geographical Distribution, and Vegetable Organiza- 
tion and Physiology, and then follows a long exposition of the Na- 
tural Orders. These dissertations may be of use to the medical 
student preparing for examination, but are far too superficial for the 
botanist. 

We now come to the “ descriptive Botany,’’ which we suspect 
has been written several years, for the author is manifestly unac- 
quainted with the third volume of the ‘ Suppl. to Eng. Bot.,’ the 
later volumes of the ‘ Linnzan Transactions,’ and the ‘ Magazine of 
Zoology and Botany.’ The descriptions are probably sufficient for 
the mere English botanist who is quite satisfied if he can reduce a 
plant to some species of Smith or Hooker, not suspecting that it can 
have been omitted by those excellent authors ; but we hope that that 
class is rapidly becoming extinct, and that British botanists will soon 
take their station upon an equality with those on the continent of 
Europe. This remark does not of course apply to our leading bota- 
nists, who have long been celebrated for their deep and careful re- 
search. 

In the Appendix distinguishing marks are requested between Ha- 
benaria bifolia and chlorantha (plants which appear to be confounded 
by the author): we would refer him either to an early number of 
this Journal or to the ‘ Suppl. to English Botany,’ where they will 
be found carefully pointed out. We suspect that Mr. Borrer will be 
not a little surprised to learn that Isnardia palustris grows ‘‘ spa- 
ringly on the south side of the bog on Henfield common; more 
plentiful on the other side.’’ We have several times had the advan- 
tage of examining that bog, with Mr. Borrer, but have never seena 
trace of this plant. 

The book concludes with a Glossary and very copious Index. 


The Little English Flora, or a Botanical and Popular Account of all 
our common Field Flowers. By G. W. Francis. 


We spoke with commendation in the ‘Companion to the Bota- 
nical Magazine,’ of Mr. Francis’s little ‘Manual of the British 
Ferns.’ The success of that work has induced him to undertake the 
present; his object being, first, ‘‘ to invite the young to the ex- 


188 Bibliographical Notices. 


amination of the flowers of the field,”’ by pointing out the beauties 
they are likely everywhere to meet with, that thus an additional 
charm may be added to their rambles over the meads and commons; 
and secondly, to induce a love for the science itself, by showing that 
it is easy of acquirement, and that it yields instruction and delight, 
not merely in our after progress, but even from our first commence- 
ment of its study. ‘This object we think the author has fully at- 
tained. The descriptions are entirely popular, accompanied by re- 
marks and by poetical extracts, which will be read with pleasure by 
the young student. The plates are numerous and executed by Mr. 
Francis on the same size and plan with those of his ferns. We 
could have wished that, if not the plants themselves, yet that the de- 
tails were represented upon a larger scale, so as to exhibit more 
clearly the generic and specific distinctions. 


We should hardly do justice to our feelings, did we not introduce 
in our list of botanical publications, and did we not refer to a recent 
work of Mr. Loudon’s as one of the highest importance and of the 
greatest utility to the arboriculturist ; to every nobleman and gentle- 
man of landed estate, who is desirous of improving his property and 
enlarging the resources of his country ; and to every botanist and cul- 
tivator who wishes to become acquainted with the trees and shrubs, 
whether indigenous or exotic, which will bear the climate of Great 
Britain: we allude to the ‘‘ Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, or 
the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, native and foreign, hardy and half- 
hardy, pictorially and botanically delineated, and scientifically and 
popularly described ; with their propagation, culture, and manage- 
ment, and uses in the arts, in useful and ornamental plantations, and 
in landscape gardening ; preceded by a historical and geographical 
outline of the trees and shrubs throughout the world,” by J. C. Lou- 
don, F.L. and H.S., &c., author of the ‘ Encyclopedia of Gardening 
and of Agriculture,’ and conductor of the ‘ Gardener’s Magazine’ : in 
eight volumes ; four of letter-press, illustrated by above 2500 engra- 
vings, and four of Svo and 4to plates. And in this ample and cha- 
racteristic title there is nothing promised that is not fully and skil- 
fully performed—so skilfully, that we will venture to say, there is 
not a naturalist in Europe who could have executed the task with 
anything like the talent and judgement and accuracy that is here 
displayed by Mr. Loudon. The first volume contains the history, 
geography, science, and descriptions (arranged according to the 
system of DeCandolle,) from Ranunculacee to Staphyleacee inclusive; 


Bibliographical Notices. 189 


the second volume, descriptions from Celastracee to Apocynacee in- 
clusive ; the third volume, descriptions from Asclepiadacee to Cory- 
lacee inclusive ; the fourth volume, from Garryacee to the end. ‘The 
fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth volumes are entirely occupied with 
plates of portraits of trees, and representations of their leaves and 
flowers and fruits. These are copper-plates ; but we must confess, 
that in point of execution we give the preference to the very nume- 
rous wood-cuts which so beautifully illustrate the descriptions they 
accompany—and these are not confined to representations of plants 
and their analyses, but include landscapes and scenery of various 
kinds, where certain trees form a characteristic feature ; and insects 
and parasitic vegetables which do injury to their plants are faithfully 
exhibited and described, and the best modes of their destruction are 
recommended. In short, nothing is omitted, either in the descriptive 
or pictorial matter, which can tend to illustrate the history and uses 
of trees and shrubs; and when it is considered that these vegetables 
include the most valuable materials for our ships and dwellings and 
implements of various kinds, the greatest ornaments of our parks, 
our gardens, and pleasure-grounds, and most of the fruits which are 
cultivated in the open air with us, it will be at once seen of what 
vast importance must such a work be to this country, to every part 
of Europe and the temperate parts of North America; and we may 
even say, to all the temperate parts of the civilized world. Weare 
sorry that the nature of our Journal does not allow us to make such 
copious extracts as would give an idea of the execution of the histo- 
rical and scientific department of the work—but this is the less to 
be regretted, since other Journals have not been backward in doing 
justice to its great merits, and since it has received the highest 
encomiums from an able writer in the Quarterly Review for Oc- 
tober 1838, (an honour not often accorded to works on Natural Hi- 
story,) with whose concluding words we shall terminate our brief 
notice. ‘‘ Let us warmly congratulate our author on having finished 
his herculean task ; a task which few men except himself would have 
had the courage to begin, and still fewer the perserverance to com- 
plete. The Arboretum Britannicum is unique in its kind, and it 
must become a standard book of reference on all subjects connected 
with trees.” 


Enumeratio Plantarum quas in Nove Hollandie ora Austro-occidentah 
ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber 
Baro de Hiigel. 


Under this title, has appeared at Vienna the first number of a 


190 Bibliographical Notices. 


work on the plants of the Swan river and King George’s Sound, col- 
lected during the voyages and travels of Baron von Hiigel, an Au- 
strian nobleman, of which we gave some account in the second vo- 
lume of the ‘Companion to the Botanical Magazine,’ p. 190. Fol- 
lowing, with some trifling alterations, the arrangement of De Can- 
dolle, this fasciculus comprises from the Ranunculacee to Primulacee 
inclusive. Besides containing full descriptions of the new and rare 
species of the localities just mentioned, it includes, in the notes, re- 
marks on other Australasian species; as for example, of Candollee, 
Rhamnee, Brachycome, &c. The authors of the different portions 
of this work are, Mr. Bentham of the Leguminose, and all the orders 
of Gamopetale ; Edward Fenyl of the Paronychiee, Rhamnee, Halo- 
ragee, Portulacee, Loranthacee, Restiacee and Cyperacee; Henry 
Schlott of the Cryptogamia; and of the rest Stephen Endlicher. 


The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Conducted by Professor 
Jameson. Number for April 1838. Edinburgh, A. Black and 


Co. §Svo. 
[Continued from vol. i. p. 398.] 


ApriL 1838. Zoology. 


There are not many papers purely zoological in this number; at 
the same time, there are several very interesting, and which touch, 
to a certain extent, on various points intimately connected both with 
Zoology and Botany :—On the cause of the Temperature of Hot and 
Thermal Springs, &c.; by Professor Gustav Bischof of Bonn. Re- 
marks on the geographical position of some points on the west coast 
of Scotland; by William Galbraith, Edinburgh. Observations on 
the Hurricanes and Storms of the West Indies, and the coast of the 
United States—and, on the Differences of the Laws regulating Vital 
and Physical Phenomena; by William B. Carpenter, will be found 
worthy of perusal. I, Observations on Rabies or Madness in Dogs, 
Oxen, Horses, Pigs and Sheep; by Dr. Wagner, Medico-Forensic 
Censor of the Schieben District. ‘‘ Jn Dogs”? a dread of water is 
not an invariable symptom attending rabies, several instances ha- 
ving occurred to the author where this was not exhibited. ‘In Oxen” 
the author has met with the most numerous instances of madness. 
Two states of it appear to prevail; one in which there is no apparent 
loathing of water, and where the animal pines and loses condition, 
but seems to be urged by no vicious propensity ; life is terminated 
between the sixth and the ninth day; the animals sink on one side 
(mostly on the left), the head stretched backwards; the trunk con- 


Bibliographical Notices. bib 


tinues motionless, while the legs undergo a constant but languid 
movement to and fro, until the animal has ceased to exist. The 
other state is more violent, with periodical paroxysms; about 
the fourth day they will snap every kind of fastening, and attack 
and gore all who approach them, and continue thus until palsy of 
the joints supervenes. On dissection the gall-bladder is discovered 
filled to excess with muddy yellowish-green coloured bile. <“‘ In 
Horses”’ the rabies increases to such an extent on the second or 
third day, that no person or creature can approach them without 
being bit and kicked in the most frightful manner. ‘‘ In Pigs” only 
one instance was known, and the symptoms were very violent; an 
end was put to existence; and by the disgraceful conduct of a 
butcher, the carcase was exposed for sale, and cut up and disposed 
of ; no mischief, however, was heard of as arising from the consump- 
tion of it. ‘Jn Sheep” also, only one instance was known arising 
from a bite; the animal kept quiet and dejected, but it was killed 
before the termination of the disease was seen. The author has 
known the milk of rabid animals taken, and in two instances the 
flesh of rabid oxen eaten, without any bad effects. He has also 
known the bite of decidedly rabid animals not to produce any bad 
effects, and he argues from this, that with mankind a predisposition 
to Hydrophobia very rarely exists. (This paper is a translation from 
Hecker’s Annalen.) 
Botany. 

I. An attempt to ascertain characters of the Botanical Alliances ; 
by Sir Edward Ffrench Bromhead, Bart. Il. Description of several 
new or rare Plants which have lately flowered in the neighbourhood of 
Edinburgh, chiefly in the Royal Botanic Garden; by Dr. Graham, 
Professor of Botany. Three plants only are mentioned, Aristolochia 
saccata, Batemannia Calleyi, and Rhododendron albiflorum, the last 
reared from seed sent from British America by Mr. Drummond. In 
speaking of the Aristolochia, Dr. Graham notices a curious property 
in the pouches, the reason of which is left undetermined, and which 
would be well worthy of the attention of those who delight in tracing 
design in the structures of natural productions. ‘‘'The ensnaring of 
insects by plants is observed in many cases, its use disputed, some- 
times I think misunderstood, and its benevolence in the arrangement 
of Nature considered equivocal. One thing is obvious, it demon- 
strates premeditation and design in the configuration of parts. The 
large heavy pouch in the middle of the tube necessarily keeps the 
flower pendulous, and its throat erect. Having removed from the 
plant one of the racemes for examination, I laid this down on the 


192 Bibliographical Notices. 


table, and was surprised to see a crowd of small flies immediately 
rush out at the throat; I raised the flowers into their natural po- 
sition again, and though I saw, by placing them between me and 
the light, that very many flies were still in the tube, all very restless 
and attempting to escape, not one could climb up the now erect 
throat. I could not discover with the microscope any cause for this, 
and am forced to suppose that there may be a particular condition 
of the surface in the upper part of the tube from secretion or some 
other cause, which prevents the adhesion of the feet of the insects, 
though they are able to walk along it when horizontal.” 


Microscopic Illustrations of Living Objects, &c.; with Researches con- 
cerning the most eligible method of constructing Microscopes and 
Instructions for using them. By Dr. C. R. Goring and A, Pritchard. 
Svo. Whittaker and Co. 1838. 


The present work may be divided into two parts, the first by Mr. 
Pritchard on the natural history of several aquatic larve, which on 
account of their great transparency are well suited for the micro- 
scope; forming as they do objects of great amusement to the general 
observer, and of research to the inquiring naturalist. Among these 
are the larve of a species of gnat, of Hphemera marginalis, and of a 
species of Hydrophilus, each being illustrated by several wood-cuts, 
and a highly finished coloured engraving. The second part, the me- 
chanical and practical part, is, with the exception of the Introduc- 
tion, from the pen of Dr. Goring,—on the terms employed in micro- 
scopic science, method of constructing and using microscopes, prac- 
tical remarks on viewing and drawing of microscopic objects, illus- 
trated by numerous wood-cuts and a well-executed copper-plate. A 
great portion of this has been rewritten on account of the great pro- 
gress made in this department of science since the appearance of the 
first edition. Mr. H. F. Talbot’s memoirs on the optical phenomena 
of crystals, which appeared in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 
1837, and observations on Swammerdam’s method of dissecting and 
preparing objects for the microscope, extracted from ‘Adam’s Essays 
on the Microscope,’ are added as an Appendix, and give additional 
interest to the volume. 

The style is popular without being diffuse, and the matter on the 
whole exceedingly well arranged. We have no doubt that the work 
will meet with a favourable reception both from the general lover of 
science and from those more deeply engaged in unveiling some of 
the wonderful mysteries with which nature abounds. 


Linnean Society. 193 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 


LINNZAN SOCIETY. 


February 5.—Edward Forster, Esq., V. P., in the Chair. 


Read, a paper entitled ‘‘ A Note upon the Anatomy of the Roots 
of Ophrydee.” By John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R. and L.S., Prof. Bot. 
University College. 

The object of the author in this paper was to show that salep, the 
prepared roots of certain Ophrydee, is not a substance consisting 
principally of starch, as is the common opinion among writers of the 
present day, but is composed of a bassorine-like matter, organized 
in a peculiar manner. 

After stating the opinions of recent authorities, the author gives 
the results of his own microscopical examination of the tissue of re- 
cent and prepared roots, by which it appears that the tubercles of 
Ophrydee universally contain large cartilaginous nodules of a muci- 
laginous substance, not coloured by iodine, and a small quantity of 
the grains of starch, lying in the usual manner in the parenchyma 
which surround the nodules, and readily susceptible to the usual ac- 
tion of iodine. The tubercles of many South-African Ophrydee pre- 
sent when dried the appearance of bags filled with small pebbles, as 
if the epidermis had contracted over hard bodies in the inside. Ifa 
fresh root of Satyrium pallidum be divided transversely the cause of 
this appearance is explained, for with its soft parenchyma are mixed 
tough nodules, clear as water, and often twenty times as large as the 
cells which surround them. ‘These nodules are easily separable, are 
tough like horn, and on being sliced appear to be perfectly homo- 
geneous. They are scarcely soluble in cold water ; when boiled they 
become tumid and partially dissolve into a transparent jelly. If ex- 
posed to the air they rapidly dry and become brown. The aqueous 
solution of iodine has no sensible effect upon them in their natural 
state. 

On charring slices of some salep procured at Covent Garden, a 
coarse preparation of wild Ophrydee, the author found that the no- 
dules apparently homogeneous were composed of extremely minute 
transparent cells, filled, as he supposed, with a secretion of the same 
refractive power as themselves, and adhering naturally to each other 
firmly ; the double walls of the cells and intercellular spaces being 
only made apparent by the charring process. The author explains 
the error of those who have considered salep to consist chiefly of 
starch, by allusion to the mode of its preparation. ‘The tubercles 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 16. May 1839. P 


194 Linnean Society 


are first parboiled and then dried, the effect of which is to dissolve 
what starch exists in the cells surrounding the nodules. ‘The dis- 
solved starch flows over the surface of the nodules, from which when 
dried it is undistinguishable, and consequently when iodine is ap- 
plied to salep the mass appears to become iodide of starch. If the 
nodules, however, after this action of iodine, be removed, they are 
seen to retain their original vitreous lustre. > 

The author remarks that these nodules of Ophrydee are, as far as 
his observations extend, absent in the tubercles of the other tribes 
of Orchidaceae. 


Read, a paper entitled ‘Some Data towards a Botanical Geogra- 
phy of New Holland.” By Dr. John Lhotsky, late of the Civil Ser- 
vice, Van Diemen’s Land. Communicated by Prof. Don, Libr. L.S. 

The author commences his paper with the observation, that it was 
the lot of Mr. Brown to become connected in an almost exclusive 
way with the Flora of New Hoiland, he having been the first to illus- 
trate its vegetable riches im an extensive and philosophic manner. 
Notwithstanding the important discoveries since made, his re- 
marks, and especially those upon the botanical geography of that 
country, (published nearly twenty years ago,) have been confirmed 
by subsequent observations. ‘The great approximation towards the 
European Flora, in that part of the country first explored by the 
author, agrees perfectly with the following observation of Mr. Brown: 
‘It appears that a much greater proportion of the peculiarities of the 
Australian Flora exist in this, which | have therefore called the prin- 
cipal parallel (between 33° and 35° S. latitude), and that many of 
them are nearly confined to it.*” The author proposes the follow- 
ing geographical division of the Flora of the south-eastern part of 
New Holland. 

Ist. The coast vegetation.—This class of vegetation clothes the 
almost moveable sand of the coast, and the rocks of sandstone of the 
coal formation, or skirts the ponds of salt or brackish water. Hpa- 
cris, Boronia, Lambertia, Astroloma, Xanthorrhea, Hakea, Banksia, 
&c. are the most characteristic genera, forming usually a dense 
shrubbery of stiff and harsh plants. Of trees, scarcely any but 
species of Hucalyptus are to be met with. 

2nd. Vegetation of the rocky gullies near the sea coast.—-Such lo- 
calities are generally characterized by small creeks or springs of fresh- 
water, of which the localities of the former class are mostly devoid. 


* General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the Botany of 
Terra Australis, p. 586. 


Linnean Society. 195 


Two palms, Corypha australis and Seaforthia elegans, and the won- 
der of Australian forests, Doryanthes excelsa, adorn these localities. 

3rd. The Argyle vegetation characterizes those park-like spots, with 
their stately Eucalyptus trees growing at some distance from each 
other, with very little underwood, which have attracted the notice of 
travellers, from Tasman down to those of our times. The geological 
features of this region consist of various rocks, the sandstone of the 
coal formation excepted, which last never yields a good soil. The 
genera of this class of vegetation are various grasses, Thlaspi, Cera- 
stium, Thymus, Scandiz, Hydrocotyle, Dianella, Exarrhena, Silene, 
Hypericum, &c., many of them European forms, and soft juicy 
plants. Where this vegetation occurs are to be found some of the 
most advantageous parts of the colony for the purposes of grazing. 

4th. The Mencro vegetation comprehends the Flora of those exten- 
sive downs which extend on the east side of the Alps to the extent 
of more thana hundred miles, and which are capable of maintaining 
vast numbers of sheep and other cattle. These downs present a dif- 
ferent aspect in different seasons, being in some covered with the 
most luxuriant herbage, which at other times is parched and dried 
up. Many genera of the preceding class occur in these localities, 
besides Lythrum, Epilobium, Potentilla, Leuzea, Rumex, and other 
European genera. ‘The author regrets that the season was too far 
advanced to examine the Graminee and Cyperacee, which abound 
in this region. 

5th. Alpine vegetation —This was traced by the author to the 
summit of Mount William the Fourth.* These mountains being very 
extensive, will yield a great harvest to future travellers. ‘The few 
plants collected by the author in this first investigation were two 
species of Gentiana, Mniarum, Sphagnum, Dracophyllum, Azeroe, Co- 
prosma, Podolepis, some of the latter genus being three feet high. 


February 19.—The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. 


Read, ‘‘ Extracts from Letters addressed to Dr. Royle, V.P.R. & 
F.L.S., Prof. Mat. Med., King’s College.” By Dr. Falconer, Super- 
intendent of the Hon. E. I. C.’s Garden, Saharunpore. 

Under date of January 24, 1837, from Saharunpore, Dr. Falconer 
gives a general report of the state of the garden. 

«« The Bixa Orellana,” he remarks, ‘‘ now flowers and fruits freely. 


* According toa recent calculation, made from the degree of temperature 
at which water boiled on the top of this mountain (viz. 196°), it possesses an 
absolute height of 5000 feet, being by far the highest point reached hitherto 
by any traveller in Australia. , 

P2 


196 Linnean Society. 


‘The umbelliferous flowered Panaz, near the cinnamon tree, is now 
a large and lofty tree, and there are numbers of it all over the gar- 
den. The Bombay Mangoes and Leechees are abundant with us. 
The medicinal garden still gives the annual supply of Hyoscyamus, 
and the Canal nursery turns out about 2000 teaks. The Otaheite 
sugar cane, brought up by Colvin, is likely soon to spread all over 
the district; it has succeeded famously here, and I have now in pre- 
paration about a couple of beegahs of ground outside the garden for 
it. Iam also preparing for sowing about twenty beegahs with up- 
land Georgia cotton seed, which will undoubtedly be most success- 
ful; it ripens before the Bourbon cotton comes into flower. This 
last season I got a few pods of Egyptian cotton, of the garden 
growth ; the seed only reached me on the 15th of July, six weeks at 
the least too late, and it did not all ripen before the frosts, but what 
did ripen was long, fine, and strong in the staple, and the pods 
large. I expect to have a better account of it at the end of this 
season. I have also some Peruvian seed to experiment on. 

«The herbarium has been largely added to. The family of all others 
that has yielded most additions perhaps is the Orchidee. There 
are upwards of thirty epiphytous species growing on the trees in the 
garden, and many more in the herbarium ; some of them are most 
interesting additions: one of them is a triandrous Dendrobium, 
D. normale, Fal. The three anthers are not the only singularity 
about it. The flower is perfectly regular; the three sepals being 
exactly equal, as are also the three petals, which, although of the 
same length, are twice as broad as the sepals. ‘The colfimn is also 
symmetrical; and as there is no labellum, it is difficult when the 
flower is removed from the axis to find out which of the petals re- 
presents the lip. Further, and what is most interesting of all, it 
clearly shows what is the normal position of the supplementary an- 
thers in the family. Lindley makes them alternate with the lateral 
petals ; while Brown, from the structure of Apostasia and Cypripe- 
dium, states that they alternate with the lateral sepals, and belong 
to a different whorl from the fertile anther. In my plant it is most 
distinctly evident, both by a decurrent ridge on each filament 
and by transverse sections of the column at all heights down to 
its base, that the supplementary anthers have the same relative 
position as the usual fertile one, and in harmony with Lindley’s for- 
mula. Further, I have another variety of the species, in which the 
column is sliced off in front as is usual in the genus, and then the 
labellar petal is invariably developed into a spurred lip, so that it 
would appear that in the family the irregularity of the lip is a state 


Linnean Society. 197 


of anamorphosis consequent on the imperfect development of the 
column, or vice versd; in fact, that the deficiency of the one is abs- 
tracted to make up the excess of the other. Next I discovered an- 
other genus of the tribe Gastrodia, with a monophyllous perianth, the 
segments, sepals and petals being united for two-thirds of their length 
into a tube. I found it on Dhunoultee, and have called it Gamo- 
plexis ; it has the habit and look of an Orobanche. I have found 
also a magnificent Malaxideous genus, standing, when in flower, 9 
feet. You never saw a more superb affair, with rich yellow flowers 
like the Cyrtopera. I have called it Thysanochilus. ‘The seed-vessel 
has no ribs, and in one flower of it I found a plurality of stamens. 
I have several other new genera, which it would tire you to de- 
scribe. Talking of Dhunoultee, I found Wallich’s Fravinus flori- 
bunda growing on the ridge half-way between it and Landour, close 
to the road. You remember the description you give of the irregu- 
larity of the Paris polyphylla in Wallich’s Plantz Asiaticee,—I found 
the Podophyllum Emodi growing intermixed with it, and strange to 
say, as if bewitched with the same turn for vagaries, with every 
number of stamens from 6 to 10, and in almost every flower one 
filament bearing two anthers, and that filament invariably the one 
opposite the petiole of the flower-bearing leaf. In one flower I found 
the following irregularities: 6 petals, 10 anthers, 7 filaments, or 
stamens if you like; on one filament 3 anthers, on another 2, and the 
remaining 5 regular. Singular that it and the Paris should grow 
together and both so irregular.” 


Under date of January 26, 1838, from Cashmere, whither he had 
proceeded on a Botanic mission in connexion with Sir Alex. Burnes’s 
Expedition, Dr. F. says, ‘‘ 1am now wintering in Cashmere, with the 
prospect before me of pushing across through Little Thibet towards the 
Kuenlun Mountains when the snow clears. I started from Loodiana, 
where, by the by, I got the Butomus umbellatus in flower and fruit, 
new, I believe, to the plains of India ; and after a few days at Lahore, 
I marched on through the Punjab to Attock in the month of July ; no 
rains and fearful heat in the sandy plains I went along. From the want 
of rain and my route being through an open plain I did not glean much 
in my march. The Flora is exactly that of the neighbourhood of Delhi; 
Peganum Harmala everywhere, with Capparidee, Crotolaria Bushia, 
Calotropis Hamiltonii, Alhagi Maurorum, Tamarix, Acacia modesta, 
&c. &c. Near Lahore I got what I believe to be anew Asclepiadeous 
genus exactly intermediate between Calotropis and Paratropis, with 
the angular and saccate sinued corolla, membrane lipped anthers and 


198 Linnean Society. 


corona of the former, but the coronal leaflets cleft and the pollen 
masses oval and ventricose as in the latter, with other peculiar cha- 
racters besides. It is alow, twining, small, fleshy, lance-leaved under- 
shrub. I havecalled it provisionally Lutropis. It is in great abundance 
in the Punjab. I met with the Dhak (urea frondosa) as far as the west- 
ern bank of the Jhelum. The Flora begins to change at Rawul Pindee, 
which is elevated and continuous so on to the plain of Chuch, along 
the banks of the Attock. Here I first came on the famous Zuetoon, 
the wild olive, Olea ? and further on, at Hussan Abdal, I found 
Himalayan Rubi and a Cashmeer Dianthus, white flowered and new 
to you. Near Attock I joined the party, having marched hitherto 
alone. We halted at Attock, the dry arid hills of which have a pecu- 
liar vegetation. We crossed the noble Indus at Attock; a fearful 
ferry, in the rains the river running eight knots an hour. The 
lower part of the plain of Peshawur, where we now were, is sandy, 
and has exactly the Flora of the arid tracts of the Punjab; Salsolas, 
Chenopodee, Alhagi, Calotropis, Peganum, Tamariz, &c. But when 
we got to Peshawur, so much do the seasons differ that peaches 
were coming into fruit the 15th of August, and the Kurreel (Cap- 
puris aphylia) out of flower only lately. From Peshawur I made an 
excursion to Cohaut, and from thence to the Salt Hills and the 
valley of Rungush. Ia the Salt Hills I got 2 Stapeliaceous Asclepiad, 
unfortunately neither in flower nor fruit, very probably one of Wight’s 
Carallumas or Boucerosias. Also the Cassia obovata, the Egyptian 
senna in flower. I had previously got the same plant from near Delhi, 
no doubt about the species; certainly not the obtusa of Roxb.; the 
legumes always crested over the bulge of the seeds. I got numerous 
other plants. From Peshawur Burnes started for Cabul, and Mackeson 
and I for Cashmeer. From Attock, Mackeson went by the straight 
military road, as he was on a military survey, while I made an 
attempt to run up the Indus into the hills. I got on three marches 
and was forcibly stopped at Durbund (look at Burnes’s map) and 
threatened with rather rough usage. I then turned across the hills 
and rejoined my companion in the nobie valley of Huzara. The vege- 
tation along the banks of the Indus from Attock to Durbund surprised 
me much. It is quite that of the characteristic forms of the Deyra 
Dhoon, and taking difference of latitude and altitude into account, 
with the great distance westward, this might not have been looked for: 
Grislea tomentosa, Rottlera tinctoria, Hastingia coccinea, Acacia Ca- 
techu, Holostemma, &c. On the banks of the Indus, in the valley lead- 
ing up to Cashmeer from Huzara, I found the Dodonwea Burmanaiana. 
You remark in your notice of the Sapiadacee its absence from the 


Linnean Soerety. 199 


Bengal and Hindoostan region. Its occurrence with a leap further 
north is remarkable. From Huzara we marched on by the Paklee 
road to Mosufferabad. Near Drumbur I came on the Hovenia dulcis. 
At Mosufferabad I got on a high ridge, and followed it on to Cash- 
meer, where we arrived early in October. It was now too late in 
the season to exhaust the Flora of the valley and neighbourhood, so 
I made up my mind to winter here and make a fresh start in spring. 
It would take pages to contain what I have observed about the Flora 
here, late as I came. It has several anomalies; few if any oaks de- 
scend on the northern side of the Peerpunjal into the valley. I have 
not seen one yet. I have selected oaks as a very characteristic type. 
The same holds with respect to the plants that are associated with 
the oaks, &c. about Mussourie. In the lake you see Nelumbium 
and Euryale ferox, growing along with Menyanthes trifoliata; and 
cotton, a poor sort, growing on the banks, while the sides of the 
bounding hills are skirted with pines. I got Staphylea Emodi grow- 
ing along with Ribes Grossularia (your Himalense ?), while it grows 
as you know at Mussourie on low slopes near Budraj. The Prangos 
pabularia grows in the valley. I found it most abundant on Ahatoong, 
a low trap hill on the valley, but it is not so vigorous a plant as in 
its Thibetian habitat. I expect in the summer to get as far north 
as lat. 36° at the least on the Kuenlun or Kara Korun range, a 
most desirable tract to explore, as it will be clear beyond Hima- 
layan vegetation, partly characteristic of that of central Asia. I have 
already seen enough to convince me from a trip to the Thibet 
frontier to near Durass, that the Flora ahead will bear a close re- 
semblance in many general relations to that of the Altai Mountains 
shown by Ledebour and yourself.” 


“ Deosir, Cashmeer, June 20, 1838. 


‘‘T have written to you twice from Cashmeer. I have been going 
leisurely all round the valley, and into all the subordinate valleys 
which radiate on all sides from the great one. I have made many 
acquisitions. Among Ranunculacee I have got species of Hepatica, 
Ceratocephalus, and Callianthemum, all of which I believe to be new, 
and making up the very blanks you notice in your ‘ Illustrations.’ 
Of Callianthemum, I have no knowledge, besides your quotation, but 
my plant has leaves with umbelliferous habit, 8 white strap-shaped 
clawed petals, with the nectariferous pore high up on the claw, and 
a pendulous ovulum. It cannot therefore be a Ranunculus, nor your 
R. pimpinelloides. Further, I have got anew Ranunculaceous genus, 
new unless Jacquemont has got it, having the habit of Trodlius in its 


200 Linnean Society. 


leaves and mode of inflorescence, 8 herbaceous sepals, 24 strap- 
shaped petals, plane with no fovea at the claw, and solitary trans- 
versely attached ovula, being neither pendulous nor erect. It forms 
a transition from Adonis to the Ranunculee. This is another 
blank filled up in the desiderata so pointedly mentioned by you. I 
have called the genus Chrysocyathus. It grows intermixed with 
Trollius, ‘ inter nives deliquescentes,’ and till I examined it I took it 
for a Trollius. I have got a new species of Adowa, forming I believe 
the second of the genus, A. inodora (mihi), a larger plant than 
the A. Moschatellina, and with the lateral flower 12-androus, and 
6 segments in the flowers. I have also a new Epimedium, a large 
handsome leaved herb, EL. hydaspidis (mihi), and two species of Al- 
chemilla, Fritillaria imperialis, the Crown Imperial of English gardens, 
grows wild in the lofty shady forests of Cashmeer. ‘The Cashmerees 
regard it to be unlucky, and grow it only near musjids and over graves. 
Fothergilla involucrata (mihi), belonging to the Hamamelideae, exists 
in vast abundance in Cashmeer, forming whole tracts of low jungle ; 
—strange that it should not have been brought before either to you 
or tome. It occupies the place that the hazel (Corylus Avellana) 
does in England, and at a little distance does not look unlike it. 
Thus, Hamamelidee are found at opposite ends of the Himalaya 
range, Bucklandia and Sedgwickia in Assam, and Fothergilla in Cash- 
meer, but none of the family have yet been met with in the interme- 
diate tracts. Prangos pabularia I have found in vast abundance in 
several directions, but the Cashmerees do not know it for any useful 
purpose, except as a plant highly prized by Europeans. They some- 
times use the roots to destroy worms, by steeping them in Dhaun 
fields as Calamus (butch) is used in Hindoostan. The Umbellifere 
have not come into fruit yet, so I do not know much of my new ac- 
quisitions, but I have got among others a species of Turgenia, a genus 
which I believe is new to the Himalayas. My brother wrote me 
that you were inquiring about Koot and Amomum. Koot is ex- 
ported from Cashmere: it is a plant of the natural family of Compo- 
site, which has not yet come into flower, but I shall let you know 
about it hereafter. Amomum, Humama, or Amamoon, is not known 
in Cashmeer nor to be had at the Piensarees. I have got a magni- 
ficent species of Ornithogallum ?, with ascape 7 feet high: the Cash- 
merees call it Prustereen, and prize it highly asa culinary vegetable. 
I have had Dodonea brought to me from above Jummos in the heart 
of the hills, growing along the banks of the Chenab. I mentioned 
to you in a former letter some of the anomalies I had met with in 
the absence of forms common elsewhere ; not an oak, nor Andromeda, 


Zoological Society. 201 


Rhododendron arboreum, Mahonia nepalensis, &c., have I yet found, 
though so common in the hills elsewhere. I have got Sparganium 
(carinatum, mihi), Butomus and Villarsia Nymphoides from the jhils. 
A species of Sagittaria is used here as a Cashmeeree Salep, the natives 
collecting the roots as inChina. The Conifere are, as to the east- 
ward, 3 pines, 2 or 3 firs and Deodar, but I have not seen the Cu- 
pressus torulosa, the lofty cypress of the Mussourie hills.” 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
July 24, 1838.—Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair. 

A letter, addressed to the Secretary, was read, from Walter Paton, 
Esq., accompanying a donation to the Museum of an Indian Fowl, 
remarkable for having had one of its spurs engrafted upon its head. 
The spur, in consequence of its removal to a part in which the supply 
of arterial blood was_ greatly increased, had grown to an unnatural 
size, and hung down in crescentic shape, presenting a very singular 
appearance. 

Mr. Martin brought before the Meeting a collection of Snakes 
procured by the Euphrates Expedition, which, at the request of the 
Chairman, he proceeded to notice in detail. 

The first, he observed, appeared to be referable to the Coluber 
Cliffordii; it agreed in every respect with specimens of that snake 
from Trebizond, procured by Keith Abbott, Esq., except that its co- 
lours were more obscure. Of this species there were several speci- 
mens, young and adult. 

The others he regarded as new, and described them as follows : 

Cotuser Cuesnet. This species is allied to Col. “Hippocrepis, 
but differs in the shape of the muzzle, (which is more acute,) in the 
figure and extent of the nasal and labial plates, and in the disposition 
of the markings. 

The labial plates are small and numerous, and in one specimen 
several are divided. 

The posterior frontals are small, and in one specimen are divided 
into two. 

The anterior frontals are contracted. 

The superciliary plates are convex ;—the eyes are small. 

The scales of the trunk are small, imbricate, and without a keel. 

The head is pale yellowish brown, the plates beautifully freckled 
or finely marbled with dark brown: a brown band traverses the 
superciliary and vertical plates from eye to eye, and then descends 
on each side obliquely to the angle of the mouth. The labial plates 
are bordered with dusky brown or deep gray. 


202 Zoological Society. 


The ground colour of the body above is yellowish brown ; a series 
of square spots of a brown, or olive brown colour, extend from the 
back of the neck, above the median dorsal line, to the end of the 
tail. On the sides of the neck begins a line of the same colour, 
which soon breaks into elongated narrow marks, which towards the 
middle of the body become confused, broken, and irregular. 

The superior margins of the abdominal plates are tinged with 
gray or dusky brown. 

The whole of the under surface of head, body, and tail, pale 
yellow, 

Caudal plates, 69 pairs in one specimen, and 57 in another. Length 
of head and body, 1 foot 11 inches; of tail, 44 inches. 

CoronELLA MULTICINCTA. Allied to the ‘‘Couleuvre a capuchon’ 
but has the muzzle much shorter and rounder; it differs also in the 
distribution of the colours. 

The head is broad, the eyes very small, the muzzle very short 
and blunt. 

The head is gray, finely and closely marbled, and dotted with 
black; a ring of which colour encircles the neck. The ground 
colour of the trunk above is pale cinereous gray, barred with trans- 
verse marks of black, broadest in the middle, and having a disposition 
to assume the arrow-head form; they unite with the black of the 
abdomen alternately, so that their direction across the back is not 
directly transverse but obliquely so. Length of head and body, 1 
foot, 15 inches; of tail, 24 inches. 

CoRoNELLA MoDEsTA. Head small; muzzle short, but moderately 
pointed ; eyes small. Scales of upper parts smooth and small; uni- 
versal colour yellowish gray. A black band passes from eye to eye; 
a second crosses the occiput; and a third of a more decided tint en- 
circles the back of the neck. In a specimen from Trebizond, pro- 
cured by K. Abbott, Esq., the marks on the head are more obscure. 
Length of head and body, 9 inches; of tail, 25 inches. 

CorongeLua PuLcHRA. Head long, flat, and pointed at the muzzle ; 
eyes moderate. 

Scales small and smooth. 

General ground colour ashy gray; the head above beautifully 
marbled and mottled with black; an irregular mark crosses each 
superciliary plate and extends upon the vertical; and a mark of the 
same character traverses each occipital, and extends upon the sides 
of the occiput. A black mark runs below the eye to the margin of 
the lips, and a second to the angle of the mouth; a series of black- 
ish spots begins on the back of the neck, and runs down the back, 


Zoological Society. 203 


where they become larger, and often broken iato a double alternating 
series; a line of smaller and deeper black spots runs along each 
side, and the upper margins of the abdominal plates also are irregu- 
larly mottled with black. The plates of the abdomen are minutely 
and obscurely freckled with dusky black. Length of head and body, 
1 foot 14 inch; of tail, 34 inches. 

Vipera Evenratica. Allied to Vipera elegans, but differs in the 
. disposition of the plates around and between the nostrils, and in the 
style of its colourmg. A large fossa indicates, as in Vip. elegans, 
the aperture of the nostrils, and within this a valve, only to be 
seen when the fossa is opened, stretches obliquely across, forming 
the posterior margin of the nasal canal, as it extends from the bot- _ 
tom of the fossa. 

The rostral plate is large and rounded above; the muzzle is large 
and swollen; the eyes sunk, but are not overshadowed, as in V. 
elegans, by a single superciliary plate; the scales, however, which 
occupy its place, are somewhat larger than those covering the top 
of the skull between the eyes. A large elongated scale intervenes 
between the nasal cayity and the rostral plate. The scales between 
the nostrils are larger than those which succeed them; the labials 
are rather small, the fourth from the rostral being the largest—their 
number on each side is ten. The scales on the top of the head are 
small, keeled, subacute at the points; those of the trunk are large, 
flat, elongated, with rounded points, and narrowly keeled. 

Subcaudal plates 47 pairs. 

Body stout and robust, gradually tapering tc the ape of the tail. 
The general colour of the upper surface is brownish gray, minutely 
freckled with black, the dots of which are more clustered on the 
sides, in some places, and at regular intervals, giving the appearance 
of obscure clouded fascia, or nebule. 'The plates of the under surface 
are pale yellow, obscurely mottled and dotted with dusky gray. 
Length of head and body, 4 feet 5 inches; of tail, 74 inches. 

Two other snakes, one from India, the other from Antigua, were 
also described as follows : 

CotuserR Cantor. Eyes large; head broad; muzzle moderate ; 
vertical plate broad, as are also the two occipital plates, and the an- 
terior ocular on each side. Scales of body small, smooth, and 
closely imbricate. 

Body deep, somewhat compressed and tapering. 

General colour of upper surface glossy brownish black ; a black 
spot below each eye, on the meeting edges of the 5th and 6th labial 
plates; a black line from the back of the eye to the angle of the 


204 Geological Society. 


mouth, and a black band from the side of each occipital plate to the 
sides of the neck, where it ends abruptly. 

Along the sides, for the anterior half of the body, a small whitish 
spot occurs at regular intervals, with a broad black spot below it ; 
these marks become fainter and fainter, and at length disappear. 
The central line of the back, from the neck to the middle of the 
body, pale brown. 

Abdomen yellowish white, becoming dusky as it proceeds ; the 
posterior portion and the under surface of the tail being a little 
paler than the ground colour of the upper surface. Length of head 
and body, 1 foot 1 inch; of tail, 34 inches. 

Mr. Martin observed, that Dr. Cantor, in honor of whom he named 
this Snake, had observed it in India; and, according to the observa- 
tions of this gentleman, it did not attain much larger dimensions 
than those of the specimen exhibited. 

Inhabits India. 

The exact locality of the specimen exhibited unknown. 

HERPETODRYAS PUNCTIFER. Head narrow, scarcely distinct from 
the body; muzzle short and pointed; eyes small; body stout and 
gradually tapering. Scales smooth, short, broad, and imbricate. 

General colour pale brown. A dark brown line runs down the top 
of the head; a riband of dark brown, made up of diamond-shaped 
marks joined together, commences at the occiput, and runs down 
the middle of the back to the end of the tail, on which last it is a 
simple line ; a brown riband, little darker than the ground colour, 
but narrowly margined with dark brown, begins behind each eye, 
but soon loses itself on the sides of the body. Every scale at its 
apex has two minute dots of chalk-white, which, if not examined 
through a lens, might lead to the idea of their being the indications 
of pores ; they are, however, simply round little dots of opake white. 
Plates of abdomen pale yellowish white, irregularly and obscurely 
marked with a dusky tint. 

The specific term punctifer is given io allusion to the two white 
points at the apex of each scale. 

Inhabits Antigua. 


GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Dec. 9, 1838.—A paper on the ‘ Phascolotherium,” being the 
second part of the ‘‘ Description of the Remains of Marsupial 
Mammalia from the Stonesfield Slate,” by Richard Owen, Esq., 
F.G.5., was read. 

Mr. Owen first gave a brief summary of the characters of the 


Geological Society. 205 


‘“ Thylacotherium,”’ described in the first part of the memoir*, and 
which he conceives fully prove the mammiferous nature of that 
fossil. He stated, that the remains of the split condyles in the spe- 
cimen demonstrate their original convex form, which is diametrically 
opposite to that which characterizes the same part in all reptiles 
and all ovipara ;—that the size, figure and position of the coronoid 
process are such as were never yet witnessed in any except a 
zoophagous mammal endowed with a temporal muscle sufficiently 
developed to demand so extensive an attachment for working 
a powerful carnivorous jaw;—that the teeth, composed of dense 
ivory with crowns covered with a thick coat of enamel, are every where 
distinct from the substance of the jaw, but have two fangs deeply im- 
bedded in it ;—that these teeth, which belong to the molar series, 
are of two kinds ; the hinder being bristled with five cusps, four of 
which are placed in pairs transversely across the crown of the teeth, 
and the anterior or false molars, having a different form, and only 
two or three cusps—characters never yet found united in the teeth 
of any other than a zoophagous mammiferous quadruped ;—that the 
general form of the jaw corresponds with the preceding more essen- 
tial indications of its mammiferous nature. Fully impressed with 
the value of these characters, as determining the class to which the 
fossils belonged, Mr. Owen stated, that he had sought in the next 
place for secondary characters which might reveal the group of 
mammalia to which the remains could be assigned, and that he 
had found in the modification of the angle of the jaw, combined 
with the form, structure and proportions of the teeth, sufficient 
evidence to induce him to believe, that the Thylacotherium was a 
marsupial quadruped. 

Mr. Owen then recapitulated the objections against the mammi- 
ferous nature of the Thylacotherian jaws from their supposed imperfect 
state ; and repeated his former assertion, that they are in a condition 
to enable these characters to he fully ascertained : he next reviewed, 
first the differences of opinion with respect to the actual structure 
of the jaw; and, secondly, to the interpretation of admitted appear- 
ances. 

1. As respects the structure.—It has been asserted that the jaws 
must belong to cold-blooded vertebrata, because the articular sur- 
face is in the form of an entering angle; to which Mr. Owen 
replies, that the articular surface is supported on a convex condyle, 
which is met with in no other class of vertebrata except in the 
mammalia. Again, it is asserted, that the teeth are all of an uni- 


* An abstract of the first part of Prof. Owen’s memoir was given at p. 61 
of the present volume.—Ebit. 


206 Geological Society. 


form structure, as in certain reptiles; but, on reference to the fos- 
sils, Mr. Owen states, it will be found that such is not the case, and 
that the actual difference in the structure of the teeth strongly sup- 
ports the mammiferous theory of the fossils. 

2. With respect to the argument founded on an interpretation of 
structure, which really exists, the author showed, that the Thylaco- 
therium, having eleven molars on each side of the lower jaw is no 
objection to its mammiferous nature, because among the placental 
carnivora, the Canis Megalotis has constantly one more grinder on 
each side of the lower jaw than the usual number; because the 
Chrysochlore among the Insectivora has also eight instead of seven 
molars in each ramus of the lower jaw; and the Myrmecobius, 
among the Marsupialia, has nine molars on each side of the lower 
jaw ; and because some of the insectivorous Armadillos and zoopha- 
gous Cetacea offer still more numerous and reptile-like teeth, with all 
the true and essential characters of the mammiferous class. ‘The ob- 
jection to the false molars having two fangs, Mr. Owen showed 
was futile, as the greater number of the spurious molars in every 
genus of the placental fere have two fangs, and the whole of them 
in the Marsupialia. Ifthe ascending ramus in the Stonesfield jaws 
had been absent, and with it the evidence of their mammiferous 
nature afforded by the condyloid, coronoid and angular processes, 
Mr. Owen stated, that he conceived the teeth alone would have 
given sufficient proof, especially in their double fangs, that the 
fossils do belong to the highest class of animals. 

In reply to the objections founded on the double fangs of the 
Basilosaurus, Mr. Owen said, that the characters of that fossil not 
having been fully given, it is doubtful to what class the animal be- 
longed; and, in answer to the opinion, that certain sharks have 
double fangs, he explained, that the widely bifurcate basis support- 
ing the tooth of the shark, is no part of the actual tooth, but true 
bone, and ossified parts of the jaw itself, to which the tooth is an- 
chylosed at one part, and the ligaments of connexion attached at the 
other. The form, depth and position of the sockets of the teeth in 
the Thylacothere are precisely similar to those in the small opos- 
sums. The colour of the fossils, Mr. Owen said, could be no ob- 
jection to those acquainted with the diversity in this respect, which 
obtains in the fossil remains of Mammalia. Lastly, with respect to 
the Thylacothere, the author stated, that the only trace of compound 
structure is a mere vascular groove running along its lower margin, 
and that a similar structure is present in the corresponding part of 
the lower jaw of some species of opossum, of the Wombat, of the 
Balena antarctica, and of the Myrmecobius, though the groove does 


Geological Society. 207 


not reach so far forwards in this animal; and that a similar groove 
is present near the lower margin, but on the outer side of the jaw, 
in the Sorex Indicus. 

Description of the Half Jaw of the Phascolotherium—This fossil 
is a right ramus of the lower jaw, having its internal or mesial sur- 
face exposed. It once formed the chief ornament of the private 
collection of Mr. Broderip, by whom it has since been liberally pre- 
sented to the British Museum. It was described by Mr. Broderip 
in the Zoological Journal, and its distinction from the Thylacothe- 
rium clearly pointed out. The condyle of the jaw is entire, stand- 
ing in bold relief, and presents the same form and degree of con- 
vexity as in the genera Didelphys and Dasyurus. In its being ona 
level with the molar teeth, it corresponds with the marsupial 
genera Dasyurus and Thylacynus as well as with the placental zoo- 
phaga. The general form and proportions of the coronoid process 
closely resemble those in zoophagous marsupials; but in the depth 
and form of the entering notch, between the process and the condyle, 
it corresponds most closely with the Thylacynus. Judging from the 
fractured surface of the inwardly reflected angle, that part had an 
extended oblique base, similar to the inflected angle of the Thy- 
lacynus. In the Phascolotherium the flattened inferior surface 
of the jaw, external to the fractured inflected angle, inclines out- 
wards at an obtuse angle with the plane of the ascending ramus, 
and not at an acute angle, as in the Thylacyne and Dasyurus ; but 
this difference is not one which approximates the fossil in question 
to any of the placental zoophaga; on the contrary, it is in the 
marsupial genus Phascolomys, where a precisely similar relation of 
the inferior flattened base to the elevated plate of the ascending ramus 
of the jaw is manifested. In the position of the dental foramen, 
the Phascolothere, like the Thylacothere, differs from all zoophagous 
marsupials, and the placental fere ; but in the Hypsiprymnus and 
Phascolomys, marsupial herbivora, the orifice of the dental canal is 
situated, as in the Stonesfield fossils, very near the vertical line 
dropped from the last molar teeth. The form of the symphysis, 
in the Phascolothere, cannot be truly determined ; but Mr. Owen is 
of opinion that it resembles the symphysis of the Didelphys more 
than that of the Dasyurus or Thylacynus. 

Mr. Owen agrees with Mr. Brederip in assigning four incisors to 
each ramus of the lower jaw of the Phascolothere, as in the Didelphys; 
but in their scattered arrangement they resemble the incisors of the 
Myrmecobius, In the relative extent of the alveolar ridge occupied by 
the grinders, and in the proportions of the grinders to each other, espe- 


208 Geological Society. 


cially the small size of the hindermost molar; the Phascolothere resem- 
bles the Myrmecobius more than it does the Opossum, Dasyurus or 
Thylacynus ; but in the form of the crown, the molars of the fossil re- 
semble the Thylacynus more closely than any other genus of marsupials. 
In the numberof the grinders the Phascolothere resembles the Opossum 
and Thylacine, having four true and three false in each maxillary 
ramus; but the molares veri of the fossil differ from those of the Opos~ 
sum and Thylacothere in wanting a pointed tubercle on the inner side 
of the middle large tubercle, and in the same transverse line with it, 
the place being occupied by a ridge which extends along the inner 
side of the base of the crown of the true molars, and projects a little 
beyond the anterior and posterior smaller cusps, giving the quin- 
quecuspid appearance to the crown of the tooth. This ridge, 
which, in Phascolotherium, represents the inner cusps of the true 
molars in Didelphys and Thylacotherium, is wanting in Thylacynus, 
in which the true molars are more simple than in the Phascolo- 
there, though hardly less distinguishable from the false molars. 
In the second true molar of the Phascolothere, the internal ridge is 
also obsolete at the base of the middle cusp, and this tooth presents 
a close resemblance to the corresponding tooth in the Thylacine ; 
but in the Thylacine the two posterior molars increase in size, 
while in the Phascolothere they progressively diminish, as in the 
Myrmecobius. As the outer sides of the grinders in the jaw of the 
Phascolothere are imbedded in the matrix, we cannot be sure that 
there is not a smaller cuspidated ridge sloping down towards that 
side, as in the crowns of the teeth of the Myrmecobius. But, 
assuming that all the cusps of the teeth of the Phascolothere are 
exhibited in the fossil, still the crowns of these teeth resemble 
those of the Thylacine more than they do those of any placental 
Insectivora or Phoca, if even the form of the jaw permitted a com- 
parison of it with that of any of the seal tribe. Connecting then the 
close resemblance which the molar teeth of the Phascolotherium bear to 
those of the Thylacynus with the similarities of the ascending ramus 
of the jaw, Mr. Owen is of opinion that the Stonesfield fossil was 
nearly allied to Thylacynus, and that its position in the marsupial 
series is between Thylacynus and Didelphys. With respect to the 
supposed compound structure of the jaw of the Phascolotherium, 
Mr. Owen is of opinion that, of the two linear impressions which have 
been mistaken for harmonieé or toothless sutures, one, a faint shallow 
linear impression continued from between the antepenultimate and 
penultimate molars obliquely downwards and backwards to the 
foramen of the dental artery, is due to the pressure of a small 


Geological Society. 209 


artery, and that the author possesses the jaw of a Didelphys Virgi- 
niana which exhibits a similar groove in the same place. Moreover, 
this groove in the Phascolothere does not occupy the same relative 
position as any of the contiguous margins of the opercular and den- 
tary pieces of a reptile’s jaw. The other impression in the jaw of 
the Phascolotherium is a deep groove continued from the anterior 
extremity of the fractured base of the inflected angle obliquely 
downwards to the broken surface ofthe anterior part of the jaw. 
Whether this line be due to a vascular impression, or an accidental 
fracture, is doubtful ; but as the lower jaw of the Wombat presents an 
impression in the precisely corresponding situation, and which is 
undoubtedly due to the presence of an artery, Mr. Owen conceives 
that this impression is also natural in the Phascolothere, but equally 
unconnected with a compound structure of the jaw; for there is 
not any suture in the compound jaw of a reptile which occupies a 
corresponding situation. 

The most numerous, the most characteristic, and the best marked 
sutures in the compound jaws of a reptile, are those which define the 
limits of the coronoid, articular, angular, and surangular pieces, and 
which are chiefly conspicuous on the inner side of the posterior part of 
the jaw. Now the corresponding surface of the jaw of the Phascolo- 
there is entire; yet the smallest trace of sutures, or of any indication 
that the coronoid or articular processes were distinct pieces, cannot be 
detected; these processes are clearly and indisputably continuous, 
and confluent with the rest of the ramus of the jaw. So that 
where sutures ought to be visible, if the jaw of the Phascolothere 
were composite, there are none; and the hypothetical sutures that 
are apparent do not agree in position with any of the real sutures 
of an oviparous compound jaw. 

Lastly, with reference to the philosophy of pronouncing judg- 
ment on the saurian nature of the Stonesfield fossils from the 
appearance of sutures, Mr. Owen offered one remark, the justness 
of which, he said would be obvious alike to those who were, and 
to those who were not, conversant with comparative anatomy. The 
accumulative evidence of the true nature of the Stonesfield fossils, 
afforded by the shape of the condyle, coronoid process, angle of the 
jaw, different kinds of teeth, shape of their crowns, double fangs, 
impiantation in sockets,—the appearance, he repeated, presented 
by these important particulars cannot be due to accident; while 
those which favour the evidence of the compound structure of the 
jaw may arise from accidental circumstances. 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 16. May 1839. Q 


210 Geological Society. 


Jan. 9, 1839.—-A paper was read, entitled, ‘‘ Observations on the 
Teeth of the Zeuglodon, Basilosaurus of Dr. Harlan,” by Richard 
Owen, Esq., F.G.S. 

During the recent discussions respecting the Stonesfield fossil 
jaws, one of the strongest arguments adduced and reiterated by 
M. de Blainville and others in support of their saurian nature, was 
founded on the presumed existence in America of a fossil reptile 
possessing teeth with double fangs, and called by Dr. Harlan the 
Basilosaurus. ‘To the validity of this argument, Mr. Owen refused 
to assent, until the teeth of the American fossil had been subjected 
to a re-examination with an especial view to their alleged mode of 
implantation in the jaw; and until they had been submitted to the 
test of the microscopic investigation of their intimate structure 
with reference to the true affinities of the animal to which they be- 
longed. The recent arrival of Dr. Harlan in England with the fossils, 
and the permission which he has liberally granted Mr. Owen of 
haying the necessary sections made, have enabled him to determine 
the mammiferous nature of the fossil. 

Among the parts of the Basilosaurus brought to England by Dr. 
Harlan, are two portions of bone belonging to the upper jaw ; the 
larger of them contains three teeth; the other, the sockets of twoteeth. 
In the larger specimen, the crowns of the teeth aremore or less perfect, 
and they are compressed and conical, but with an obtuse apex. The 
longitudinal diameter of the middle, and most perfect one, is three 
inches, the transverse diameter one inch two lines, and the height 
above the alveolar process two inches and a half. The crown is trans- 
versely contracted in the middle, giving its horizontal section an 
hour-glass form; and the opposite wide longitudinal grooves which 
produce this shape, becoming deeper as the crown approaches the 
socket, at length meet and divide the root of the tooth into two se- 
parate fangs. ‘The two teeth in the fore part of the jaw are smaller 
than the hinder tooth, and the anterior one appears to be of a sim- 
pler structure. 

A worn-down tooth contained in another portion of jaw, Mr. Owen 
had sliced, and it presented the same hour-glass form, the crown 
being divided into two irregular, rounded lobes joined by a narrow 
isthmus or neck. The anterior lobe is placed obliquely, but the 
posterior parallel with the axis of the jaw. The isthmus increases 
in length as the tooth descends in the socket until the isthmus finally 
disappears, and the two portions of the tooth take on the character 
of separate fangs. 

The sockets in the anterior fragment of the upper jaw are indistinct 


Geological Society. 211 


and filled with hard calcareous matter, but a transverse horizontal 
section of the alveolar margin proves, that these sockets are single, 
and that the teeth lodged therein had single fangs. ‘This fragment 
of the lower jaw thus confirms the evidence afforded by the frag- 
ments of the upper jaw, that the teeth in the Basilosaurus were of 
two kinds, the anterior being smaller and simpler in form and fur- 
ther from each other than those behind. 

Mr. Owen then proceeds to compare the Basilosaurus with those 
animals which have their teeth lodged in distinct sockets, as the 
Sphyreena, and its congeners among fishes, the Plesiosauroid and Cro- 
codilean Sauria, and the class Mammalia; but as there is no instance 
of either fish or reptile having teeth implanted by two fangs in a 
double socket, he commences his comparison of the Basilosaurus 
with those Mammalia which most nearly resemble the fossil in other 
respects. Among the zoophagous Cetacea the teeth are always si- 
milar as to form and structure, and are invariably implanted in the 
socket by a broad and simple basis, and they never have two fangs. 
Among the herbivorous Cetacea however, the structure, form, num- 
ber and mode of implantation of the teeth differ considerably. In 
the Manatee, the molars have two long and separate fangs lodged 
im deep sockets, and the anterior teeth, when worn down, present 
a form of the crown similar to that of the Basilosaurus, but the 
opposite indentations are not so deep; and the entire grinding sur- 
face of the molars of the Manatee differs considerably from those of 
the Basilosaurus, the anterior supporting two transverse conical 
ridges, and the posterior three. The Dugong resembles more nearly 
the fossil in its molar teeth; the anterior ones being smaller and 
simpler than the posterior, and the complication of the latter being 
due to exactly the same kind of modification as in the Basiloraurus, 
viz. a transverse constriction of the crown. The posterior molar 
has its longitudinal diameter increased, and its transverse section 
approaches to the hour-glass figure, produced by opposite grooves. 
There is in this tooth also a tendency to the formation of a double 
fang, and the establishment of two centres of radiation for the calci- 
gerous tubes of the ivory, but the double fang is probably never com- 
pleted. The teeth in the Dugong moreover are not scattered as in 
the Basilosaurus. 

Mr. Owen then briefly compared the teeth of the fossil with 
thuse of the Saurians, and stated that he had not found a single 
instance of agreement in the Basilosaurus with the known dental 
peculiarities of that class. From the Mosasaurus the teeth of 
the American fossil differ in being implanted freely in sockets and 

Q2 


212 Geological Society. 


not anchylosed to the substance of the jaw ; from the Ichthyosaurus 
and all the lacertine Sauriain being implanted in distinct sockets, and 
not in a continuous groove; from the Plesiosaurus and crocodilean 
reptiles from the fangs not being simple and expanding as they de- 
scend, but double, diminishing in size as they sink in the socket, 
and becoming consolidated by the progressive deposition of dental 
substance from temporary pulp in progress of absorption. In the 
Enaliosauria and the Crocodilia, moreover, there are invariably two 
or more germs of new teeth in different stages of formation close to 
or contained within the cavity of the base of the protruded teeth ; but 
the Basilosaurus presents no trace of this characteristic Saurian 
structure. From the external characters only of the teeth, Mr. Owen 
therefore infers, that the fossil was a Mammifer of the cetaceous 
order, and intermediate to the herbivorous and piscivorous sections 
of that order, as it now stands in the Cuvierian system. 

In consequence however of the Basilosaurus having been re- 
garded as affording an exceptional example among Reptilia of teeth 
having two fangs, though contrary to all analogy, and as the other 
characters stated above may be considered by the same anatomists 
to be only exceptions, Mr. Owen procured sections of the teeth for 
microscopic examination of their intimate structure and for com- 
paring it with that of the teeth of other animals. 

In the Sphyreena and allied fossil fishes which are implanted in 
sockets, the teeth are characterized by a continuation of medullary 
canals, arranged in a beautifully reticulated manner, extending 
through the entire substance of the tooth, and affording innumerable 
centres of radiation to extremely fine calcizerous tubes. 

In the Ichthyosaurus and Crocodile the pulp cavity is simple and 
central, as in Mammalia, and the calcigerous tubuli radiate from 
this centre to every part of the circumference of the tooth, to which 
they are generally at right angles. The crown of the tooth in these 
Saurians is covered with enamel, while that part of the tooth which is 
in the alveolus is surrounded with a thick layer of cortical substance. 
In the Dolphins which have simple conical teeth like the higher 
reptiles, the crown is also covered with enamel and the base with 
cementum. But in the Cachalot and Dugong the whole of the 
teethis covered with cementum. In the Dugong this external layer 
presents the same characteristic radiated purkingian corpuscles 
or cells as in the cementum of the human teeth, and those of other 
animals ; but the cementum of the Dugong differs from that of the 
Pachyderms and Ruminants in being traversed by numerous calcige- 
rous tubes, the corpuscles or cells being scattered in the interstices 


Geological Sociely. 213 


of these tubes. Now the crowns of the teeth of the Basilosau- 
rus evidently exhibit in many parts a thin investing layer of a 
substance distinct from the body or ivory of the tooth, and the mi- 
croscopic examination of a thin layer of this substance proves it to 
possess the same characters as the cementum of the crown of the 
tooth of the Dugong. ‘The entire substance of the ivory of the teeth 
consists of fine calcigerous tubes radiating from the centres of the 
two lobes, without any intermixture of coarser medullary tubes 
which characterize the teeth of the Iguanodon ; or the slightest trace 
of the reticulated canals, which distinguish the texture of the teeth 
of the Sphyreena and its congeners. The calcigerous tubes undulate 
regularly, and also communicate with numerous minute cells ar- 
ranged in concentric lines. 

Thus, the microscopic characters of the texture of the teeth of the 
great Basilosaurus are strictly of a mammiferous nature, and con- 
firm the inference respecting the position of the fossil in the natural 
system drawn from the external aspect of the teeth. 

Mr. Owen then adduced further proofs of the mammiferous and 
cetaceous character of the Basilosaurus, from the structure of the 
vertebre, from the great capacity of the canal for the spinal chord, 
and from the form and position of the transverse processes, which 
however present a greater vertical thickness than in the true Cetacea, 
and approach in this respect to the vertebrze of the Dugong. 

With respect to the other bones of the Basilosaurus, Mr. Owen 
stated, that the ribs in their excentric laminated structure are pecu- 
liar, and unlike those of any Mammal or Saurian. The hollow 
structure of the lower jaw of the Basilosaurus, which has been ad- 
vanced as a proof of its saurian nature, Mr. Owen showed occurs 
also in the lower jaw of the Cachalot, and is therefore equally good 
for the cetaceous character of the fossil. 

In the compressed shaft of the humerus, and its proportion to the 
vertebre, the Basilosaurus again approximates to the true Cetacea, 
as much as it recedes from the Enaliosaurians ; but in the expansion 
of the distal extremity and the form of the articular surface, this hu- 
merus stands alone; and no one can contemplate the comparative 
feebleness of this, the principal bone of the anterior extremity, with- 
out agreeing with Dr. Harlan, that the tail must have been the main 
organ of locomotion. 

Mr. Owen proposes to substitute for the name of Basilosaurus that 
of Zeuglodon, suggested by the form of the posterior molars, which 
resemble two teeth tied or yoked together. 


214 Miscellaneous. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
ON THE NATURE OF POLYPIDOMS. 

M. H. Milne Edwards, in a valuable paper on the nature and 
growth of Polypidoms, published in the December number of the 
‘Ann. Scienc. Nat.’, after relating numerous observations on the 
structure of the polypidoms in various tribes, concludes his able ar- 
ticle in the following words :—‘‘ The various facts which we have ex- 
amined seem to prove that the current opinion relative to the nature 
and to the mode of formation of the polypidoms is inaccurate, and 
that these bodies, far from always being external incrustations and 
without any organic connexion with the animals which produce 
them, are integral parts of these beings, and consist of an organized 
tissue, the substance of which becomes charged more or less with 
corneous or calcareous matter deposited at its base, and the nutrition 
of which is effected by intus-susception. In all these animals there 
is a tendency in the tegumentary and reproductive portion of the 
body to harden, but the degree this solidification reaches varies much, 
and this alone determines the differences which exist betweeen the 
species distinguished by zoologists under the names of naked Polypes, 
Polypes with flexible polypidom, fleshy Polypes, and Polypes with 
stony polypidom. ‘The cartilaginous or stony polypidom of a Sertu- 
laria or of a Zoanthus, is not, as is usually stated, a habitation which 
these animals build; it is in some measure their membrane which 
forms the solid structure of their body, and which, in the same man- 
ner as the skeleton of vertebrate animals, assumes at one time a 
membranous form, at another a cartilaginous texture, and some- 
times a condition in some degree osseous.” 

[A contrary opinion is taken by Dr. Johnston in his article on 
British Zoophytes, in the ‘Mag. Zool. and Bot.’ vol. i. p. 440. 
“‘ Now when we trace the formation of this axis through the various 
genera, from its first appearance in the form of scattered crystalline 
spicula until it graduates into a solid continuous rod, we can scarcely 
doubt its inorganic and extravascular character; it is the crystalli- 
zation of calcareous matter excreted by the living polypiferous bark, 


and once excreted, beyond their power to change it, excepting by 
the addition of material of the same quality.’’—Epir. } 


COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE OF SUCCULENT PLANTS WITH THE 
SIGILLARIZ. 


M. Link exhibited at the meeting of the Berlin Academy on the 
23rd of July, 1838, some drawings showing the structure of the 
stem of arborescent succulent plants, with reference to the alleged 


Meteorological Observations. 215 


similarity between them and the Sigillarie of a former world. It is 
certainly remarkable that numerous layers of bark are deposited one 
on the other, far more so than in all other trees, and one consequence 
of this is that they compress each other into a flattened shape, and 
that the outer bark falls off. The cells, however, of the new layers are 
flatter than in general. The ligneous bundles pass from the wood 
to the scars of the leaves; and such a difference in the form of these 
scars on the outer bark and beneath it, as that observed by Ad. Bron- 
gniart in the Sigillarie, was not perceptible. ‘The wood is very thin, 
even in the thickest stems of succulent plants; the bark and pith 
very thick ; they remain a long while succulent and then rot, so that 
their preservation among fossil bodies is very improbable.—From the 
Bericht tiber Verhandlungen der kinigl. Preuss. Akad. zu Berlin. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR MARCH, 1839. 


Chiswick.—March 1. Cloudy. 2% Very fine. 3. Foggy: fine. 4. Cold 
haze. 5. Bleak and cold. 6. Frosty. 7. Sharp frost. 8. Cloudy and cold. 
9. Frosty: fine. 10. Frosty: cloudy. 11. Dry haze. J2. Frosty: hazy. 
13. Hazy. 14,15. Rain. 16. Fine. 17. Overcast. 18. Cold haze. 19. 
Cloudy: frosty at night. 20. Rain. . 21. Cloudy: fine: rain. 22. Cloudy. 
23, 24. Fine. 25. Overcast. 26. Dry haze. 27, 28. Showery. 29. Fine. 
$0. Cold dry haze. 31. Overcast: rain. 

Boston.— March 1—3. Cloudy. 4. Fine. 5. Cloudy. 6. Cloudy : hail and 
snow early a.M.: more snow p.m. 7. Cloudy: snow early a.m. 8. Stormy with 
snow. 9—12. Fine. 13—15. Rain: rain early a.m. 16. Cloudy: rain early 
a.M. 17. Cloudy. 18. Cloudy: snowa.m. 19, 20. Cloudy. 21. Cloudy: 
rain a.m. 22—24. Cloudy. 25, 26. Fine. 27. Cloudy: rain early a.m.: rain 
a.m. 28. Cloudy: rain, hail, and snow with thunder and lightning p.m. 29— 
31. Fine. 

Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire.—March 1. Occasional showers a.m. : heavy 
rain aud wind r.m. 2. Fine spring day: little raw frost morning. 3. Clear 
day: wind rather piercing. 4. Cold and ungenial. 5. Cold: dry a.m.: slight 
snow e.M. 6. Calm cold day: frost keen. 7. Thesame: showers of snow P.M. : 
frost. 8. Cold and bleak: hills white: frost continued. 9. Frost continuing: 
mod. barometer falling. 10. Still frosty: fine day though cold. 11. Snow 
two inches deep: frost giving way. 12. Snow gone: very chill and slight frost. 
13. Temperate: wet afternoon. 14. Damp day: rain in the evening. 15. 
Calm moist day: drizzlingr.m. 16. Spring day, though somewhat raw: rain 
p.M. 17. Cold and stormy: hills white: frost rpm. 18. Quietday: frost gone: 
drizzling p.m. 19. Frosty morning: moderate: cloudyr.m. 20. Moist all 
day: rain heavy r.m. 21. Mild spring day: occasional slight showers: wind. 
292. Boisterous morning, with severe snow showers, 25. Unsettled weather : 
slight showers, with wind. 24. Still very changeable : occasional showers. 25. 
Showery : unsettled: snow on the hills. 26. Hoar-frost morning: ice a quarter 
ofan inchthick: raine.m. 27. Heavy rain a.m.: cleared up: rain again P.M. 
28. Rainy morning: cleared up and was fine. 29. Cold drying day : threaten - 
ing frost p.m. 30. Very cold anddry: cloudyr.m. 31. Cold: threatening 
rain came on P.M. 


Sun, 25 days. 

Rain, i5 days. 

Frost, 10 days. 

Snow, 6 days. 

Wind southerly, 13 days. 
easterly, 9 days. 
northerly, 7 days. 


Wind westerly, 2 days. 
Calm, 9 days. 
Moderate, 9 days. 
Brisk, 8 days. 

Strong breeze, 3 days. 
Stormy, 2 days. 


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lISQQ) 10918070409} 2 JY 


ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


XXIV.—Remarks on the Generic Distribution of the British 
Hydromyzide (Diprpra). By A. H. Hauipay. 


THE multitude of genera and species contained in the family 
Muscide makes it convenient to employ some intermediate 
divisions between the family and the genera. At the same 
time their affinities are so multiplied and intricate that few of 
the divisions which have been proposed can be considered as 
generally recognised. This is more particularly the case 
with the subdivisions of the third grand section Acalyptere. 
Meigen has omitted all such intermediate steps, but the order 
of succession in which his genera are disposed supplies in 
part the deficiency. Fallen, R. Desvoidy, Macquart and La- 
treille have each proposed a general arrangement, but their 
methods vary considerably, and especially in this section of 
the family. Of the groups instituted, Fallen’s tribe of Hy- 
dromyzide may be considered as one of the most established, 
being adopted by Latreille with very little alteration. None 
of this tribe, except the singularly formed Musca Mantis of 
DeGeer, had been described before the appearance of Fallen’s 
Essay in the Stockholm Transactions for the year 1813,in which 
the tribe first assumed a distinct character and definite limits. 
The author has here described nineteen genuine species, and 
characterized most of the genera ultimately admitted. The 
Dolichopide were included with this tribe in the first sketch 
of his arrangement of Diptera, published three years before. 
How great an advance was made in the interval is evident. 
Latreille adds to the tribe the exotic genus Ropalomera, and 
excludes from it the type of Fallen’s genus Hydromyza, Musca 
livens of Fabricius, referred to the Cordylure in accordance 
with Meigen’s arrangement. There seems no reason to doubt 
that such is the true affinity of this insect, and it is only un- 
fortunate that the typical generic name was appropriated by 
Fallen to the only extraneous species which he has admitted. 
Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 17. June 1839. R 


218 Mr.A. H. Haliday on the generic distribution 


It is remarkable, that R. Desvoidy, who was not likely to be 
influenced by too much deference for the authority of his pre- 
decessors, has also placed with his Hydrellidee a group of 
Cordylure less aberrant (than C. livens) from the ordinary cha- 
racter; the type of his genus Nupharia being the C. fraterna 
of Meigen. In other respects his method to some extent cor- 
roborates the distinction of this tribe, as his seventh family 
Napeelle comprises, in addition to Fallen’s Hydromyzide, 
only the Spheroceride and some osculant species allied to 
these last, and is again divided into two groups. It is true, 
that he has drawn the line of separation between these so as 
to include in the latter the genus EKphydra of Fallen, disjoined 
from its more natural affinities—the remainder of the Hydro- 
myzide constituting his first tribe Hydrellidee. The origin 
of this discrepancy is to be sought in the principles of Des- 
voidy’s system, which give a preference to partial knowledge 
or conjecture concerning habits and economy, as the basis of 
arrangement, over the study of (at least external) structure; 
with the exception of this particular, and of his habitual dis- 
regard of the labours of previous writers, this portion of 
Desvoidy’s Essay is executed with judgement and precision, 
and as a generic arrangement of this tribe is second only to 
Fallen’s. Macquart, remanding Hydromyza and Nupharia to 
their proper place among the Cordylure, has further limited 
the Hydromyzide, by rejecting all the species which have not 
the arista pectinate. These he has placed in his family Pio- 
philide, im conjunction with many genera of diversified cha- 
racter and remote affinity. 

I here employ the tribe as defined by Fallen in his ‘ Diptera 
Suecie,’ removing Hydromyza to the Scatomyzide, and re- 
jecting the addition of Ropalomera. ‘The tribe thus limited 
is one of the most remote from the Calyptrate section, and 
can scarcely be confounded with any other group, unless it be 
with certain species of the Geomyzid@, which appear to offer 
the nearest affinity. Nevertheless from these the Hydromy- 
zide may be distinguished, either by the form of the head and 
mouth, the characteristic imperfection of the cells of the wing, 
or the total concealment of the ovipositor. The greater num- 
ber frequent the neighbourhood of waters, a destination indi- 


of the British Hydromyzide. 219 


cated by the satiny lustre of the minute scales which clothe 
the face and sides. I consider as the type of the group the 
Ephydra riparia, the feet of which are formed peculiarly for 
resting on the surface of pools. The larvee of most Ephydre 
live among the semi-fluid green matter, which mantles on the 
surface of stagnant waters, or in the mud at the bottom. 
Desvoidy assumes, that the other genera of the family in their 
larva state are nourished by the living tissue of phanerogamous 
plants; but this view rests on conjecture and a solitary fact 
observed regarding a species of Notiphila. The firm and ho- 
mogeneous texture of the face indicates but little sensibility to 
smells, from which we may probably conclude that the larvee 
are not eminently saprophagous. 


* Fam. MUSCID. 


et 


io 


AREOLETS or CELLS. NERVES. 
a, humeral. 1° Excurrent or Main Nerves. 
6, subcostal. 1, costal. 
d, radial. 3, mediastinal. 
f, cubital. 4, radial. 


y, radical. 
e, preebrachial. 
2, pobrachial. 
0, anal. 
u, discoidal. 
g, h, k, external. 
J, m, axillary. 
n, axillary lobe. 


5, cubital. 

7, preebrachial. 
10, pobrachial. 
12, anal. 

13, axillary. 
2° Recurrent or Cross Nerves. 
14, humeral. 

6, preebrachial. 

8, pobrachial. 

9, discoidal. 
11, subanal. 


2 
ce, mediastinal or ulnar. | 2, subcostal. 


Tribe Hypromyzip#, Fail. 
Calyptra auricula interiore quasi nulla*. Nervus media- 
stinus cum subcostali connaius, ale 4 longitudinem via per- 


tingens. 
* A little more apparent in Ochthera, 


R2 


220 Mr. A. H. Haliday on the generic distribution 


Areole pobrachialis et analis perparve, modo non semper 
incomplete *, 

Antenne breves, articulo 1™° inconspicuo. 

Arista quasi exarticulata, non nisi dorso pectinata. 

Facies convexa, absque foveolis membranaceis. Peristoma 
rotundatum. Mentum breve incrassatum. Tibie antice 
et postice setis lateralibus expertes. Ovidepositorium 
Semine plane reconditum +. 

Fallen in his ‘ Diptera Sueciz’ has divided this tribe into 
four genera, exclusive of Hydromyza. 'This number has 
been greatly multiplied by authors. All the genera added by 
Meigen appear to represent natural groups, but others equal- 
ly distinct remain confounded among the numerous Notiphile 
and Ephydre. Ihave therefore retained the groups proposed 
by him as well as by Desvoidy, adding a few which seem to 
be denoted by characters of equal importance. I have not 
thought it necessary to give all these the rank of genera, but 
have reverted to the limited number employed by Fallen. 
One of his (Psilopa) has been degraded, as not materially dif- 
fering from Notiphila. On the other hand, I have adopted 
the genus Hydrellia of Desvoidy, comprehending with it two 
allied groups unnoticed by him. I have not had occasion to 
refer much to Macquart ; as his arrangement, where it departs 
from those before named, does not seem to be improved in 
consequence. It is rarely that this can be objected to any 
portion of his classical work. For the determination of the 
species, aere as elsewhere, the Diptera of Europe by Meigen is 
the standard of reference. Macquart has added some to the 
number, and Desvoidy has described several Notiphile, Hy- 
drelie and Hydryne, apparently unnoticed by either. 


Generum Synopsis. 
Femora antica. 


OVALA ANCTASEAIA. 45:27: asc siesbnue's oh paphwemnee aeoeaee ne talieeaces 1. Ochthera. 
subeequalia ; 


* For an exception see Ephydra nasica. ‘The imperfection of the same 
areolets is a character of the Oscinide also; but in that tribe they become 
incomplete after attaining their full development in the Loxoceride. This 
appears as well from the indication of their limit in the thickening of the 
nervures and the corresponding divarication of the radial and cubital nerves, 
as from the analogy of the last named tribe. 

+ There is a slight exception in the subgenera Glenanthe and Teicho- 
MBA. 


of the British Hydromyzide. 221 


Oculj MPPOGRO-PLOST, ”. 1. coc ce ange seek aae ve nedente ons an seaaes 3. Hydrellia. 
glabri s. vage 
: eee neey wnowiculato, 10 see secacvedssess canes eas 2. Notiphila. 
ticulo 2d CXUNSWICHIALO, 9-22.05 e0ads ons eeccensws 4. Ephydra. 


Gen. 1. OCHTHERA, Latr. 


Pedes antici femoribus crassis ovatis, tibilis arcuatis acutis. Me- 
tatarsus posticus incrassatus. Areola prima exterior apice attenuata. 
Nervus discoidali-recurrens obliquatus. Corpus vix nisi nudum. 
Caput subtus attenuatum, subtrigonum: vertex impressus: oculi 
magni protuberantes: clypeus exertus, suborbiculatus. Palpi ex- 
erti dilatati. Arista dorso ciliis perpaucis pectinata. Abdomen de- 
planatum. 


Sp. 1. Mantis, O: nigra submetallica, abdominis margine albo- 
punctato. 


Latr. Hist. Nat. xiv. 391. Gen. Cr. Ins. iv. 347. tab. xv. fig. 10. 
Meig. D. Eur. vi. 78. tab. 58. fig. 1S—21. Macq. S.aB. ii. 519. 
pl. xxi. fig. 7.—Musca id. DeGeer. Mém. vi. 143. pl. viii. fig. 15, 
16.—Musca manicata. Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 334.—Tephritis id. 
Fabr. Antl. 323.—Ochthera id. Fallen Act. Holm. 1813. p. 244.— 
Hydrom. 2. Desv. Myod. 787. 

In marshes, from Dorsetshire to the Isle of Skye, and westward 
to the wilds of Connemara. 


Gen. 2. NOTIPHILA, Fail. 


Caput oblatum. Oculi subglabri. Antenne articulo 2° incras- 
sato unguiculato; arista dorso pectinata. Mentum parum incrassa- 
tum. Ale plerumque unguiculate. 


Subgenerum Synopsis. 
Nervus costalis 
alze apicem ambiens ; ale 
plane ; proboscis 
unigeniculata ; abdomen 
5-annulatum; antenne articulo 3° 


GUIODED, vsnesceseviasuccasaendae 5. Hygrella. 
suborbiculato, sist <cecacssece 6. Discocerina. 

quasi 3-annulatum, ........-.se00e 4, Trimerina. 

A IRICIIAL Ay avg cee one coens-cnnmeeealss 7. Hecamede. 
AEC OCH ORE an onan sine seins oolcnananeeednensa es 3. Discomyza. 


in alz apice desinens ; abdomen 
HAA APCS SPIN OSU, cence seo saantennses one 2. Dicheta. 
CAR ean ee aye sdanbavecss<cedscddes sovst ede 1. Notiphila. 


222 Mr. A. H. Haliday on the generic distribution 


Subg. 1. Norreurta. 


Nervus costalis in alz apice evanescens. Tibie mediz extrorsum 
spinose. Facies perpendicularis lateribus ciliata. Palpi dilatati. 
Abdomen depressum inerme. 

Sp. 1. cierea, N: thorace ferruginoso, abdomine cinereo ni- 
gro-maculato, facie fulvescente, palpis tibiis tarsisque ferrugi- 
neis. 

Fallen Act. Holm. 1813. p. 250.—Hydrom. 8. Meig. Dipt. Eur. 
vi. 65. Macq. 8S. a B. ii. 521. pl. xxi. fig. 9.—Keratocera palustris, 
Desy. Myod. 88.—K. trape & fulvicornis, Ibid. 78. 9. 

Everywhere abundant in marshes. Desvoidy has observed 
that it deposits its eggs in the flowers of Potamogeton. 

Sp. 2. riparia, N: thorace ferruginoso, abdomine cinereo nigro- 
maculato, facie cinerea, palpis tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis, tibiis 
annulo nigro. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi.65. Macq. S.aB. ii. 522. 

Found on the borders of the lake at Blarney Castle, county Cork. 

Sp. 3. wliginosa (Curtis App.), N: thorace ferruginoso, abdomine 
cinereo nigro-maculato, facie fulvescente, palpis pedibus nigris, 
tarsis ferrugineis; m. f. 2 lin. 

In a marsh between Glengariff and Adrighoule; banks of the 
Shannon at Tarbert ; shores of Belfast Lough, much less common 
than the first species. 

Antenne and palpi black. Face tawny yellow. Frontals 
dull black. Vertex, orbits, and thorax rusty brown. Abdo- 
men cinereous, with a blackish spot at the sides of each seg- 
ment. Legs black, the tarsi (at least the two hinder pair) 
ferruginous. Halteres yellowish. Wings obscurely hyaline. 


Subg. 2. Dicuzata, Meig. 

Abdomen maris convexum, apice bispinosum segmento penultimo 
margine pectinato. Characteres reliqui fere quales Notiphile. 

Sp. 4. caudata, N: D: nigra obscura, facie fulvescente, tarsis fer- 

ruginels. . 

Fallen Act. Holm. 1813. p. 249. Hydrom. 8.—Dichetaid. Meig. 
Dipt. Eur. vi. 62. tab. 58. fig. 1—6. Macq. S.aB. ii. 521. pl. xxi. 
ie. 3. 

Found in England. Communicated by F. Walker, Esq. 

Subg. 3. Discomyza, Meig. 


Ale abdomen non superantes, postice decurve. Tibi mediz 


of the British Hydromyzide. 223 


nisi apice nud. Corpus depressum. Facies latissima rugosa. Ab- 
domen 4-annulatum, orbiculatum, planum, subdeflexum. 


Sp. 5. incurva, N: Discom: nigra tarsis posterioribus antennisque 
luteis. 
Psilopa id. Fallen, Hydrom. 6.—Discomyzaid. Meig. Dipt. Eur. 
vi. 76. tab. 58. fig. 14—17. Macq. 8.aB. ii. 529. pl. xxi. fig. 138. 
Found on the wooded cliffs about Isle-oronsay in Skye; Septem- 
ber. Runs swiftly, but scarcely flies. 


Subg. 4. Trimerina, Macq. 

Tibiz medize nisi apice inermes. Ale plane abdomen non supe- 
rantes. Abdomen marginatum quasi 3-annulatum, 7.,e. segmentis 
1° et 5° minimis, tribus intermediis magnis. Facies perpendicularis. 
Antenne articulo 3° oblongo. 

Sp. 6. Madizans, N: Tr: nigricans submetallica, antennis femo- 

ribus anticis pedibusque posterioribus rufis. 

Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813. p. 252. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi.74. Ent. 
Mag. 1. 178.—Psilopa id. Fallen, Hydrom. 7.—Trimerina id. Macq. 
m. a B. i. 529. 

Not uncommon on grassy banks, running actively and flying little. 


Subg. 5. Hyerevpa. 

Tibiz mediz nisi apice nude. Abdomen immarginatum segmentis 
5 subzequalibus. Ale abdomen superantes. Facies perpendicularis, 
lateribus ciliata. Antenne articulo 3° oblongo deflexo. 

Sp. 7. nitidula, N: H: obscure enea, antennis tiblis tarsisque po- 

sterioribus ferrugineis, alis hyalinis. 

Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813. p. 252. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 75.—Ps?- 
lopaid. Fallen, Hydrom. 7.—WNotiphila comta. Meig. Dipt. Eur. 
vi. 68.—Hydrellia id. Macq. 8.aB. ii. 524.—Keratocera viride- 
scens. Desv. Myod. 790? 

England; communicated by F. Walker. 


Sp. 8. leucostoma, N: H: obscure znea, antennis pedibusque fer- 
rugineis, alis hyalinis nervo transverso fusco-cincto. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 68. tab. 58. fig. 12.—Hydrellia id. Macq. 
8.aB. i. 524. 

Common among aquatic plants. 

Subg. 6. Discocerina, Macq. 

Tibize mediz nisi apice nude. Ale plane. Facies medio con- 

vexa lateribus ciliata. Antenne articulo 3° suborbiculato. Probos- 


cis basi tantum geniculata. 


224 On the British Hydromyzide. 


* Clypeus subexertus brevissimus. 
Sp. 9. obscurella, N : Discoc: nigricans, fronte thoraceque cine- 
rascentibus, facie exalbida, tarsis ferrugineis. 
Notiphila nigrina. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 69.—Hydrellia id. Macq. 
S.aB. ii. 524, 
Var. 3. Antennis subtus et fronte antice ferrugineis. 
Notiphila obscurella? Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813. p.251. Hydrom. 
10. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 73. 
Var. y. Minor, thorace fusco, pedibus fere totis nigris. 
Common in moist grassy places; var. /3. rare. 


Sp. 10. calceata, N: Discoc: nigra subnitida, tarsis basi flavis, scu- 

telli disco subglabro. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 69. 

Not rare about streams. 

Sp. 11. pulicaria, N: Discoc: nigra, tarsis fuscis, scutello pube- 

scente; nervo pobrachiali non abbreviato. 1 lin. 

A minute species, with the wings scarcely exceeding the 
abdomen; the base of the costal nerve more bristly and the 
radial rather shorter than in the others: the pobrachial 
scarcely abbreviate. Arista with only four or five hairs. Tho- 
rax and scutellum pubescent. Extremity of the abdomen 
glossy. Club of the halteres white. Wings obscure hyaline. 

Not common; mostly found on windows. 

** Clypeus exertus inflexcus subquadratus. 

Sp. 12. glabra, N : Discoc: nigra nitida, tarsis basi flavis, alis hya- 

linis, halteribus fuscis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 69.—Discocerina id. Macq. S.aB. i. 528. 

England. Communicated by F. Walker. 


Subg. 7. Hecamens, Curt. Guide, App. 

Tibiz nisi apice nude. Facies tuberculata. Oculia peristomate 
distantes. Proboscis bigeniculata. Antenna articulo 8° orbiculato. 
Abdomen planum subdeflexum 4-annulatum, ventre toto coriaceo 
haud insecto. Ale abdomen non superantes. 

“Sp. 13. albicans, N: Hec: albida, facie puncto nigro antennis 
tibiis tarsisque flavis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 65. Macq. S.aB. ii. 522. 

On sandy coasts, especially on fresh marine rejectamenta; runs 
fast and does not fly readily. 

[To be continued. ] 


Mr. Charles C. Babington on Ranunculus aquatilis. 225 


XXV.—On Ranunculus aquatilis of Smith. By Cuarues 
C. Basineron, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. 


Owine to the respect in which Sir J. E. Smith is justly held 
by English botanists, the plants included in the Batrachian 
section of the Ranunculi have been considered as forming only 
two species by all our native authors whose works have ap- 
peared since the publication of his ‘ Flora Britannica.” In 
that work, following the example of Linnzeus, he describes R. 
hederaceus and aquatilis as distinct species, including under 
the latter four species of Ray (Syn. 249.) and Sibthorp (FI. 
Oxon. 175.) ; and it is not a little surprising, that so bold an 
undertaking, as the destruction of three species, of authors so 
well known for their attention to the living plants, and for their 
discrimination of species (although, owing to the low state of 
descriptive botany, they may not have clearly defined their 
distinctive characters) should not have attracted more atten- 
tion from the practical botanists of this country. 

For several years I have taken every opportunity of study- 
ing these plants in their native waters, and am now fully con- 
vinced that R. aquatilis, circinatus and fluviatilis of Sibthorp 
are truly distinct species, having excellent and clearly distin- 
guishable characters when examined in a living state, although 
the pressure required in their preparation causes their differ- 
ences to be less remarkable when preserved in the herbarium. 
Upon reference to foreign books, it will be found that nearly 
all the more modern writers have divided the R. aquatilis of 
Smith into two or more species, but that owing to the diffi- 
culty of determining upon what characters dependence could 
be placed, it is only of late years that they have been correctly 
defined; and the sceptical have been strongly confirmed in 
their doubts by observing that the learned DeCandolle, who 
described two species (R. aquatilis and pantothriz) in his 
‘Systema’, has again formed them into only one in his ¢ Pro- 
dromus’. This result might have been confidently predicted 
by any person who was well acquainted with the plants; for 
he has not mentioned a single character which is not extremely 
variable, founding his distinctions upon some of the leaves 
being tripartite, or all of them multifid, and upon the gla- 


226 Mr. Charles C. Babington on Ranunculus aquatilis. 


brous or hispid carpels; points in which each of the plants 
described below is found to vary, except that tripartite leaves 
have never been noticed in R. circinatus. 

The idea that the different forms concerning which we are 
treating are caused by the plants being placed in stagnant or 
swiftly flowing water, or upon nearly dry land, was first, I be- 
lieve, started by Mr. Woodward in Withering’s arrangement, 
and adopted by Smith, DeCandolle, and others; but I have 
constantly observed R. aguatilis and circinatus inhabiting, side 
by side, the same stagnant muddy water, or the same pure 
and swiftly flowing brook, and yet remaining totally unaltered 
and remarkably different ; I have also gathered R. fluitans in 
perfectly stagnant ditches, quite preserving its specific distinc- 
tion, and am convinced that the form and mode of division of 
the leaves will be found to constitute plain and constant spe- 
cific characters. I am confirmed in this view by Wallroth, 
who appears to have studied these plants with peculiar care, 
and by Gaudin, Mertens, Koch, Schlechtendal, Sturm, and 
others, who have kept the plants separate, and recorded ob- 
servations similar to my own. 

In R#. aqguatilis the submersed leaves (and sometimes, when 
erowing upon mud, all the foliage) are divided into numerous 
capillary segments, which spread in all directions, so as to form 
a more or less spherical mass; in R. circinatus they are divided 
into capillary segments, but spread only in one plane, so as to 
present a thin flat surface with a well-defined circular outline, 
as if an additional quantity of parenchyma only was wanting to 
form them into an entire circular leaf, and they have not the 
slightest tendency to a spherical arrangement; they are also 
invariably sessile, that is, have only the amplexicaule sheath 
between their limb and the stem, whilst in KR. aquatilis they have 
usually a distinct petiole interposed which.is often much elon- 
gated. In R. fluitans the leaves are upon long petioles, and very 
much elongated, and repeatedly dichotomous, with a long in- 
terval between the forks, the divisions taking a parallel direc- 
tion and not spreading into a spherical mass, nor yet remaining 
in one plane surface. 

The persistent style also and the shape of the carpels ought 
to be attended to; in R. aquatilis the carpel is usually ovate, 


Mr. Charles C. Babington on Ranunculus aquatilis. 227 


and tipped by the short straight blunt persistent style; in R. 
circinatus the same part is semi-obovate, and the style is twice 
or three times the length of that of R. aquatilis, and is acute 
and placed upon the extreme point of the nearly straight side 
of the carpel, towards which it curves over; in R. fluitans it is 
more regularly ovate than in either of the others, and bears 
the short straight persistent blunt style below the top upon 
the straighter side of the carpel. 

R. hederaceus is distinguished from these by the total want 
of capillary divided leaves, by having a truly creeping stem 
giving out roots from every joint, and its few (5—10) sta- 
mens; its flowers are usually very small, and the petals nar- 
row and scarcely as long as the calyx ; but I possess specimens 
which were floating upon deep water and whose roots did not 
reach the ground, in which the petals are broad and much 
longer than the calyx, yet agreeing in all other respects with 
this species. 

I now proceed to the description of the species. 


1. R. aquatilis, Linn. Caule natante, foliis submersis capillaceo- 
multifidis laciniis divergentibus undique patentibus, natantibus 
reniformibus tripartitis partitionibus lobatis, carpellis trans- 
versim rugosis subhispidis imequaliter ovatis apicula terminali 
obtusa instructis. 

R. aquatilis, Wallr. Sched. 282. Gaud. Fl. Helv. iii. 522. Mer- 
tens et Koch, Deut. Fl. iv. 148. Koch, Syn. 11. Bluff. et Fing. 
(ed. 2.) t. i. p. 2.285. Reich. Fl. excurs. 719. Dreger. Fl. Hafn. 
191. 

a. heterophyllus, Wallr. Foliis emersis reniformibus. 

R. aquatilis, Raii Syn. (ed. 3.) 249. Eng. Bot. 101. 

R. aquatilis, a, Linn. Sp. Pl. 781. Sm. Fl. Br. ii. 596. Eng. 
FI. iii. 54. Hooker, Br. Fl. (ed. 4.) 218. DC. Syst. 1.234. Prod. 
i. 26. 

. heterophyllus, Sith. Fl. Oxon. 175. 

. pantothrix. Foliis omnibus capillaceo-multifidis. 

. aquatilis omnino tenuifolius. fay, 249. 

. aquatilis, y, Lison. 782. 

. aquatilis, Szbth. 175. 

. aquatilis, 8. Sm. Fl. Br. 11.596. Engl. Fl. i. 54. 
. aquatilis, e et €, Koch, Syn. 11. 

a. capillaceus, Wallr. Caule natante. 


marr nea 


228 Mr. Charles C. Babington on Ranunculus aquatilis. 


. pantothrix, a, capillaceus, DC. Sys. i. 235. 
. aquatilis, 3, capillaceus, DC. Prod. i. 26. 
. capillaceus, “‘ Thuil.”” Lois. Fl. Gall. i. 391. 
cespitosus. Caulibus erectis brevibus. 
pantothrix, 3, ceespitosus, DC. Sys. i. 236. (Syn. Sibth. excl.) 
. aquatilis, y, ceespitosus, DC. Prod. i. 26. 
. cespitosus, “ Thuil.’”’ Lois. i, 391. 
. Bauhinii, Tausch in Ann. Sc. Nat. (1835.) p. 57? 
a and (3, a. Frequent in ponds, ditches and streams. 
B, 6. On mud in places where water has stagnated, but after- 
wards disappeared. 


bd bd bo ES by od oe 


Stems long, floating upon or near to the surface of the 
water, throwing out fibrous roots from its lower joints; in 
var. 8. 6. the stems are numerous, short, erect, much branched, 
slightly decumbent and rooting at the base, and thereby form- 
ing small dense upright tufts. Leaves all more or less stalked 
with a sheathing stipule-like base, when below the surface of 
the water divided into very numerous capillary segments, 
spreading in all directions from their base so as to form a 
spherical mass; when floating they are three-lobed, the lobes 
being two or three crenate, or divided into a similar number 
of segments, which are usually obtuse but sometimes acute ; 
the intermediate lobe has usually three simple divisions, and 
the lateral ones two, each of which is often again slightly di- 
vided into two or three parts; in var. 8. a. the leaves are all 
capillaceo-multifid, and in var. 8. 6., from growing wholly 
in the air, the segments have a much greater tendency up- 
wards, but still retain the divergent character of the species 
forming part of a sphere. In var.aasomewhat similar struc- 
ture is sometimes noticed in the intermediate leaves, when 
growing in water, which is liable to great differences of level, 
so as to leave the plant at times nearly dry, but in that casé 
the segments are flattened and linear with parallel sides, or 
slightly narrowed towards their point, and not setaceous. 
Flowers white, rising above the surface of the water, very 
variable in size. Petals white, with the base yellow, broad 
and blunt, with a naked nectariferous pore at their base, al- 
ways longer than the sepals, which are deciduous, smooth, 
pale green, elegantly marked with numerous slender dark lines 


Mr. Charles C. Babington on Ranunculus aquatilis. 229 


near to their diaphanous white margins. Stamens numerous. 
Carpels in dense roundish heads, unequally ovate, tipped with 
the short obtuse persistent straight style, transversely wrinkled, 
usually, together with their torus minutely bristly. 


2. R. circinatus, Sibth. Caule natante, foliis omnibus sessilibus 
capillaceo-multifidis laciniis in planum orbiculare dispositis te- 
retiusculis abbreviatis 2—3-furcellatis, carpellis transversim ru- 
gosis glabriusculis gibboso-obovatis apicula laterali elongata ar- 
cuata acuta instructis. 

R. aquaticus albus, circinatis tenuissime divisis foliis ex alis longis 

pediculis innixis. Ray, 249. 

R. aquatilis, 8. Linn. 781. 

R. circinatus, Sibth. 175. Reich. 719. Drejer, 192. 

R. aquatilis, y. Sm. Fl. Br. ii. 596. Eng. Fl. iii. 54. (Syn. DC. 
excl.) Hook. 218. — 

R. aquatilis, 6. stagnalis, DC. Prod. i. 27. 

R. stagnatilis, Wallr. 285. (Syn. DC. excl.) 

R. pantothrix, 3. Gaud. iii. 524. 

R. divaricatus, Koch, 12. Bluff. et Fing. 285. 

In still water and also in brooks and rivers, probably frequent. 
I have gathered it in the canal near Bath; in Henfield level, Sussex ; 
in the river Soar near Leicester; in Reche load and near Cherry 
Hinton, Cambridgeshire. 

Stems long, ascending, seldom spreading much near the 
surface of the water, throwing out a few long fibrous roots 
from the lower joints, after branching at all the joints, ex- 
cept a few of the upper ones. Leaves small, sessile, always 
immersed, having a brassy tinge, terminating below in a short 
slightly sheathing stipule-like base; the limb is divided into 
numerous, rigid, two, three, or four times forked, short, terete, 
capillary segments, all lying exactly in one plane, which has a 
very regular orbicular outline. Flowers large, similar to the 
last, but the sepals are much more deciduous, blunter, and 
have much narrower diaphanous margins. Carpels in dense 
roundish heads, semiobovate, laterally tipped by the long acute 
persistent incurved style, transversely wrinkled, usually gla- 
brous, sometimes slightly bristly. 

3. R. fluitans, Lam. Caule fluitante, foliis longe petiolatis repe- 

tito di- vel trichotomis, laciniis longissimis linearibus parallelis, 
f. superioribus subsessilibus, carpellis transversim rugosis gla- 
bris obovatis apicula laterali brevi obtusa recta instructis. 


230 Mr. Charles C. Babington on Ranuncults aquatilis. 


R. sive Polyanthemo aquatili albo affine, Millefolium, Maratri- 
phyllon fluitans. Ray, 376. 

R. aquatilis, 6. Linn. 782. Sm. Fl. Br. ii. 596. Eng. Fl. iii. 55. 

R. fluitans, Lam. Fl. Fr. i. 164. Reich. 719. Koch, 12. Gaud. 
ii. 525. Bluff. et Fing. 286. Drej. 192. 

R, fluviatilis, Sibth.176. Walir.284. St. Amans, Fl. Agen. (var.a.) 

R. pantothrix, y. peucedanifolius, DC. Syst. i. 236. 

R. aquatilis, e. peucedanifolius, DC. Prod. i. 27. 

R. peucedanifolius, ‘‘ All. Ped. No. 1469?” Schlech. in Linnea 
(1831) 576. Host. u. 118? Lois. 1.392. 

In rivers and also in stagnant water. I have seen it in a perfectly 
stagnant ditch at Mildenhall, Suffolk. 

Stems thick, very long, sometimes even twenty or thirty 
feet in length, floating near to the surface of the water, pro- 
ducing a few fibrous roots from the lower joints, branched; the 
internodes very long. Leaves, including their long petioles, 
from three inches to a foot or more in length, divided at long 
intervals in a di- or trichotomous manner, the segments very 
long, linear, rather flat and nearly parallel to each other ; the 
upper leaves are often nearly sessile, and sometimes but rarely 
divided into a few short segments which are dilated towards 
their points, not linear or narrowed towards the point as in 
R. aquatilis when this structure occurs: very rarely upper 
floating leaves are found which are “ half trifid, truncate, and 
broader than long”: usually all the leaves have the same di- 
vided structure. ‘The stipules are narrow, elongated, and in- 
conspicuous, except in the upper part of the plant, where they 
are broad and sheathing. Flowers large, resembling those of 
R. aquatilis. Carpels obovate, slightly gibbous, laterally 
tipped by the short obtuse persistent straight style, trans- 
versely wrinkled, usually, as well as the torus, slightly bristly. 

R. fluviatilis, Bigelow, ‘ Boston Flora,’ 139, which Smith 
notices as a totally different species from this, is now referred 
by Torrey and Gray, ‘Fl. of N. Amer.’ i. 20. to R. Purshii, 
Rich., in * Hook. Fl. Br.-Amer.’ 

It is probable that this species ought to have been called 
R. peucedanifolius after Allioni; but not being certain of the 
correctness of that synonym, I have adopted R. fluitans, Lam., 
as the next oldest and the most generally employed name. 


St. John’s Coll., Cambridge, March 18, 1839. 


Mr. Patterson on the Common Limpet. 231 


XXVI.—On the Common Limpet (Patella vulgaris), considered 
as an article of food in the North of Ireland. By Ropert 
PatrerRson, Ksq., Treasurer for the Belfast Museum. 


In the month of May 1835, I passed some time in the vici- 
nity of the sea-port town of Larne, county of Antrim, and 
could not avoid noticing the number of persons who were en- 
gaged at low water in collecting limpets. On inquiry I found 
that they were sought by many as an addition to their ordi- 
nary food; while others were employed in procuring them for 
sale. These people informed me, that ten women, inhabitants 
of the town of Larne, were thus occupied, and sold on an 
average four quarts of “the fish” daily. The word “ fish” 
was invariably employed by them to designate the animal 
when removed from the shell; and about five pints of limpets 
as gathered from the rocks were required to produce one 
quart of “the fish,” which was sold in Larne for twopence. 
Their average earnings would at this rate have amounted to 
about eight pence per day. At particular seasons, these peo- 
ple collect dullesh (Rodomenia palmata), and sloke or laver 
(Porphyra vulgaris, &c.), which are either sold in Larne or 
carried to other towns. 

In the month of July 1837, I was again in the same locality, 
and renewed my inquiries on the subject. At this time very 
great and general distress prevailed in many parts of the king- 
dom, and the neighbourhood of Larne had not escaped. Those 
whose means did not enable them to purchase bread, were 
driven to extremities to procure food, and the productions 
offered by the beach, formed a natural, though very precarious 
resource. 'To some of these poor people the sabbath was not 
always a day of rest. Necessity drove them forth to collect 
the scanty repast which an examination of the rocks about 
the coast might afford. Of this I saw no instance at Larne, 
but further northward on the morning of Sunday the 25th of 
June 1837, I observed many persons thus occupied on a ledge 
of low rocks, lying between Cairnlough and Drumnasole. 
The absence of other employment and the scarcity of food, 
occasioned, as might be supposed, a great increase of the 


232 Mr. Patterson on the Common Limpet. 


limpet gatherers about Larne. Some of them stated their 
entire number to be above forty, and none estimated it at 
less than thirty. One ferryman assured me that nineteen 
people had in one day crossed in his boat to “ Island Magee,” 
to collect limpets on the more retired shores of that peninsula. 
They also seized with avidity any opportunity of visiting the 
Maiden Rocks, on which, as they are some miles distant from 
the coast, the limpets were plentiful, and were allowed to at- 
tain their full size. 

From the greater number of persons employed about Larne 
and Island Magee, in searching for limpets, they were be- 
coming towards the end of July difficult to be obtained, and 
that woman considered herself fortunate who could then earn 
by collecting them sixpence per day. The average of their 
earnings at that period would not, I was assured, much ex- 
ceed fourpence. A rather anomalous circumstance must how- 
ever be mentioned. Though the limpets were in greater de- 
mand than ever, the price did not advance; on the contrary, 
from the increased competition of the sellers, it fell from two- 
pence to three halfpence per quart. 

Some persons in the spring of 1837, were employed in 
gathering limpets so early as February, but few do so until 
the month of March is far advanced. In May “the fish” are 
in their prime, and on some parts of the County Down shore, 
the plumpness which they assume in this month is with great 
simplicity attributed to “the May dew.” ‘The season is over 
by the middle of August*. It may be regarded therefore as 
lasting for five months; or as the beginning and ending do 
not afford employment to the same number of people as the 
time when it is at its height, four months may be computed 
as the period of active exertion. 

It would be difficult, or rather it would be quite impossible, 
to form any correct estimate of the quantity of limpets col- 
lected this season about Larne and the adjacent peninsula of 
“Tsland Magee.” Some rude approximation to the result 
may however be obtained. | 


* On the 10th of Sept. 1838, when spending a day at Larne, I met one 
of my old friends the limpet gatherers, with her bag filled with limpets, 
which she had just been collecting for sale. ‘The trade is therefore carried 
on later in the autumn than stated above. 


Mr. Patterson on the Common Limpet. 233 


It may be remarked, that almost no limpets are collected 
there on the Sundays or during severe weather. On the other 
hand, there are women and children who are in the habit of 
coming frequently to the rocks and collecting for their own 
use. The extra quantity withdrawn in the latter way, may 
fairly counterbalance the diminished consumption occasioned 
by the recurrence of the former causes; so that all these con- 
siderations may perhaps, without much error, be excluded 
from the following calculation. 

Assuming that the smaller number of persons is the more 
correct, we have this year (1837) thirty individuals employed 
for four months or one hundred and twenty days, and selling 
daily four quarts of limpets. The total quantity thus sold 
would be 14,400 quarts, which at three halfpence per quart 
would amount to 83/. 15s. As however the rate at the com- 
mencement of the season was two pence, and that price was 
always obtained for “ horned*” limpets, and for those sold in 
the country, the money actually realized would exceed 100/. 

Three quarts of the boiled limpets were found by a friend 
to weigh 5 lb. 2.0z. Five quarts weighed in my presence gave 
9 lbs. The average of our two trials gave a weight of 1 lb. 1202. 
to each quart. According to these data, the actual weight sold 
this season, would be 25,200 lbs, or eleven and a quarter tons. 

The weight as carried from the beach is however much 
greater, for in addition to that of the animal, there is that of 
the shell, and of a small quantity of sea-water which it con- 
tains. I found that while five quarts of limpets weighed 9 lbs. 
the shells of the same “ fish” weighed 13 lbs. making the total 
weight of the animals and their shells 22 lbs. If therefore 9 lbs. 
of the limpets amount with their shells to 22 lbs., the total 
quantity as before stated, 25,200 Ibs. would give an aggregate 
of 61,600 lbs., or twenty seven and a half tons. 

If we wish to know however the actual weight of the mol- 
lusca and their shells removed from the coast, we must recol- 
lect that whelks or periwinkles (Turbo littoreus, Linn.) are col- 
lected along with the limpets. ‘These are sold in their shells 


* The process of “ horning”’ consists in seizing the head, from which, when 
boiled, the tentacula or “ horns” invariably project, and pulling it from the 
body with the intestinal canal attached, thus freeing “ the fish” from all im- 
purities. 


Ann. Nat. Mist. Vol.3. No.17. June 1839. s 


234 Mr. Patterson on the Common Limpet. 


at one penny per quart*. In a large-sized can containing 
twenty quarts, the weight of the lmpets was 22 lbs., that of 
the whelks 12 lbs. Whether the proportion of “ whelks” may 
not have been greater than usual is uncertain. If however 
they constituted as in this case more than one third of the en- 
tire, we shall perhaps not be far wrong in stating, that the 
weight of whelks and limpets, as removed from the shore this 
season, could not have been less than forty tons. 

As a natural sequel to the preceding observations, it may 
be interesting to glance at the consumption of some marine 
testacea as food in the adjoining county of Down. At Holly- 
wood, four miles from Belfast, the coast is destitute of rocks, 
and consequently of limpets, but their absence is amply com- 
pensated by very extensive beds of muscles (Mytilus edulis), 
which supply an important article of diet to the poorer classes 
in the village. The shells are in general allowed to accumulate 
about their habitations until they become sufficiently nume- 
rous to fill a cart. They are then sold to lhme-burners, who 
spread them on the lime at the top of their kilns, and consider 
that when thus placed they facilitate the combustion. Large 
quantities of muscles are carried by the poor venders into Bel- 
fast ; and sometimes a boat laden at the muscle-bank, will dis- 
charge her cargo on one of the town wharfs, whence it is carted 
off and prepared for market. 

At Bangor, six miles nearer to the entrance of the Lough, 
the shore becomes rocky with the occasional intervention of 
sandy bays. No one here makes a business of selling limpets, 
but many poor people are glad to collect them, to eke out 
their scanty repast. At Donaghadee, four miles distant, they 
are found in large quantities. Nor are they used merely as 
an article of human food; they become of some importance 
in the economy of the farm-yard as feeding for swine. After 
being removed from the shells, they are thrown back into 
the water in which they have been boiled; and with the ad- 
dition of a little oaten meal, are regarded as nutritive and 
highly salutary. To such an extent does this conviction pre- 
vail among the small farmers living along the coast, that even 

* Ten large sacks filled with “ whelks” were lately landed on the quay 


at Belfast. My informant did not inquire from what part of the coast they 
had been collected. 


M. Lund on Fossil Mammifera discovered in Brazil. 235 


when the limpets are retained as food for their household, 
“the brew” is carefully laid aside for their swine, especially 
if the animals appear at all sickly. 

From Donaghadee to the entrance of Strangford Lough, 
limpets furnish to the humbler classes a valuable supply of 
food, and their general use is attested by the vast quantity of 
shells which may occasionally be seen about their dwellings. 
In conclusion it may be remarked, that oysters (Ostrea edulis) 
and cockles (Cardium edule) are found in such abundance in 
some parts of the County Down shore that they cannot be 
overlooked in any notice, however slight, of the marine tes- 
tacea of that coast. 

Additional Note.—By Robert Ball, Esq. of Dublin, I am 
informed that limpet shells are seen lying in prodigious heaps, 
about the very old round houses, in the south island of Arran. 
He does not think that limpets are consumed to the same ex- 
tent by the present inhabitants of the island ; they are in com- 
mon use among the very poorest people on the coasts of Water- 
ford and Cork. 


XXVII.—Exztract from a Letter of M. Lunp on the Fossil 
Mammifera discovered by him in Brazil*. 
Lagoa Santa, Nov. 5, 1838. 

EVER since my arrival in Brazil, five years ago, I have continued te 
devote my particular attention to the fossil vertebrate animals which 
abound in the caverns. You will have some idea when I tell you 
that I have already collected 75 distinct species of Mammifera alone, 
belonging to 43 genera, that is to say, equaling in number of spe- 
cies, and exceeding in genera, the animals which actually inhabit the 
same country. The portion of Brazil which I have most carefully 
investigated is comprised between the rivers of Rio das Velhas and 
the Rio Paraopeba. This country forms an elevated plain 2000 feet 
above the level of the sea, and is traversed in its centre by a chain 
of mountains 8300—700 feet in height, which is formed of secondary 
limestone stratified in horizontal beds, and possessing all the charac- 
ters of the Zechstein or Hohlen-Kalkstein of the Germans (cavern 
limestone). It is entirely perforated with caverns and traversed in 
all directions by fissures which are more or less filled with the red 
earth identical with that forming the superficial stratum of the di- 


* From an extract given by Victor Audouin, to whom the letter was ad- 
dressed, in the Comptes Rendus, No. 15, Avril 1839. 


pS pe 


236 Mr. E. Forbes’ Botanical Excursion to 


strict. This bed, which varies from 10 to 50 feet in thickness, covers 
indiscriminately and without interruption the plains, valleys, hills, 
and even the gentle slopes of the mountains. It consists principally 
of clay containing subordinate strata of gravel and quartz pebbles, 
and is frequently ferruginous to such a degree, that the particles of 
iron are converted into pistholitic iron ore resembling that which 
fills the fissures of the Jura. 

The soil which fills the caverns has undergone some modifications, 
arising from its introduction and sojourn in them; lst, it contains 
angulose or rounded fragments of limestone; 2nd, it is hardened by 
the particles of lime deposited in its interior by the waters charged 
with this substance filtrating through the fissures of the rock; 3rd, 
it is impregnated with saltpetre, and is on this account explored by 
the inhabitants of the country. 

It is in this soil that the fossil bones are found; they are deposited 
pell-mell, are fragile, very white in their fracture, and adhere 
strongly to the tongue. Frequently they are petrified, more often 
converted into calcareous spar. In general they are broken or mu- 
tilated, and, lastly, they frequently bear the impressions of teeth, 
leaving no doubt that the animals to which they belonged had been 
dragged into these caverns by ferocious animals then inhabiting 
them. The larger ones have been introduced by various carniyo- 
rous Mammifera and the smaller ones by a diurnal bird. 

At the present day not a single ferocious animal of the Mammi- 
fera sojourns in these caverns, and none accumulate masses of bones 
comparable to those we find in the diluvial deposits. At the utmost, 
we find in the modern excavations bones of small animals scattered 
at the surface, which had served as prey to a nocturnal bird, the 
Terror (Effraie) of Brazil, Strix perlata, Licht. 

[We shall give the list of the fossils in one of our next numbers. 
—EpIr. | 


XXVIII.—Notices of a Botanical Excursion to the Mountains 
of Ternova in Carniola. By Epwarp Forses, M.W5S.; 
For. Sec. B.S., &c. 

In the chain of the Julian Alps, nearly opposite Goritzia, is a 

district called the Forest of Ternova, reserved by the Austrian 

government for the use of its navy, on account of the fine tim- 
ber therein found. It consists of a group of well-wooded 
mountains, of from 4000 to 5000 feet above the level of the sea. 

The highest summits are bare and rocky, but the general form 

of the hills is round-backed. They rise from an elevated plain, 


the Mountains of Ternova. 237 


which itself is the summit of an extended elevation raised as 
it were on the high plain of the Karst. 

My distinguished friend Mr. Tommasini, of Trieste, has for 
some time past been occupied with a Flora of Illyria, and 
these mountains have furnished him with some of its richest 
ornaments, they having been scarcely examined since the days 
of Scopoli. There still remained several elevations of the 
group to be explored, and as the promise of a good harvest 
was great, I gladly accepted the invitation of M. Tommasini 
to join him in an excursion to the unexplored part. Accord- 
ingly I met him at Goritzia on Tuesday, the 26th of June, and 
on the same day, with a proper stock of materials, botanical 
and gastronomical, vascula and bottles, boards, plates, bread 
and paper, we set off in a wicker cart for the mountains, our 
first object being ‘to reach the village of Chapovano, in the 
heart of the forest (a distance of about 30 miles), by night. 
After following the course of the river Izonzo, remarkable for 
the white colour of its waters, we commenced ascending the 
mountains at about6 miles from Goritzia. The point of ascent is 
the locality given by Reichenbach for the true dthamanta Mat- 
thiol of Wulfen,the only known locality, and there we found it. 
But assuredly it does not specifically differ from the dihaman- 
ta rupestris of Scopoli, which I had gathered the week before 
at its recorded habitat near Trieste. The differences arise from 
situation, and are in themselves scarcely sufficient to consti- 
tute a variety, much less a species. Had Reichenbach seen the 
two plants in their native stations he would doubtless have 
recognized their identity ; but he has probably in this case, as 
in many others, been deceived by the fallacious experiment of 
cultivation ; assuredly no test of specific character, as the fleet- 
ing difference of the field not unfrequently becomes (abnorm- 
ally) permanent in the garden. Along with the dthamanta grew 
the Phyteuma Scheuchzeri and the Dianthus monspeliacus. 

After rattling up and down several steep hills in our basket- 
like vehicle we changed it for ponies at a village a few miles 
beyond the church of Monte Santo, and commenced ascend- 
ing again. On the way the Flora gradually changed from that 
of the Karst to a more alpine character, and the vegetation 
assumed a more northern aspect. Phyteuma nigra, certainly 
only a variety of Phyteuma spicata, which grew along with tt, 


238 Mr. E. Forbes’ Botanical Lacursion to 


ornamented the road side in company with Cirsiwm serratu- 
loides. My companion was delighted to find Scrophularia 
verna, a plant much prized in his country. At Chapovano, 
our destination for the night, we found a tolerable village inn, 
and after a hearty supper of omelettes we slept soundly until 
4 o'clock on Wednesday morning, when we proceeded to 
ascend the neighbouring mountain of the Stoddar. Our way 
lay up a steep slope, so covered with rare and beautiful plants 
that it resembled a garden run wild. All the colours of the 
rainbow were represented amid the grass, for the richest plants 
were in full flower. There were Lilium carniolicum and bul- 
biferum, with their gorgeous flame-coloured petals ; the modest 
pink of Hieracium incarnatum; the bright yellow Biscutella 
and Cineraria ; the blue of Campanula carnica; Veronica pro- 
strata and the Gladiole, with its brilliant purple blossoms. 
Here and there Cytisus angustifolius waved its golden flowers 
above our heads, whilst Aquilegia Sternbergii flourished in its 
shade. Most of the plants I saw around me were new to me; 
for though the vegetation resembled generically that of the Va- 
lerian Alps of Switzerland, specifically it almost entirely differed. 
Every now and then however some well-known acquaintance, 
such as Rhododendron ferrugineum or Tofieldia palustris, re- 
minded me of my alpine rambles. One of the rarest flowers 
which there grew was Primula carniolica, but its time of flower- 
ing was nearly over, and most of the specimens were in fruit. 
After recovering from the first shock of the novel and beauti- 
ful florabefore me,my Polygala-hunting propensities came inte 
full action. I sought and I found: for among quantities of 
Polygala vulgaris | discovered a few stalks of Polygala austri- 
aca, and higher up the pretty plant grew in great plenty. It 
delighted my friend as much as myself, being an addition to the 
Flora of Carniola. Near the summit we found a new locality 
for one of the rarest plants in Europe, the Pleurospermum Go- 
laka, a native of these mountains only; its time of flowering 
had not yetcome. The summit itself was covered with bushes 
of Rosa alpina and Spartium radiatum, which only flourishes 
on mountain tops where the winds prevail. The view from 
the Stoddar is truly magnificent: in front the valley of Idria; 
behind the gigantic mountains of the Terglon, capped with 
perennial snows; far beneath and around, the thick forests of 


the Mountains of Ternova. 239 


Ternova and the fearful precipice of the Budanowitz, a moun- 
tain of great height, cleft as it were from its summit to its base, 
adds not a little to the grandeur of the scene. From the Stod- 
dar we traversed the forest at a considerable elevation (about 
3500 feet) to the Budanowitz, but had no small trouble with 
our guides and porters on the way. The peasantry of these 
mountains are Sclavonian and speak a dialect of that language; 
a very few know some words of Italian. 

Much is said about travellers corrupting the virtue of the 
Swiss mountaineers, but certainly in knavery the Carniolian 
peasants excel them; they must be born knaves, as no travel- 
lers visit these mountains, and certainly no Englishmen. Yet 
although M. Tommasini spoke their language and knew their 
habits, they contrived to cheat, lie, beg, and annoy us through- 
out our excursion. They are as ugly as they are roguish. 

In the forest we found Cardamine bifolia and sylvatica, 
three species of Dentaria, Aremonia Agrimonioides, Omphalodes 
verna, Atragene alpina, Paederota Ageria, Carex firma, pedata, 
tenuis and mucronata. The rare Euphorbia carniolica was also 
extremely abundant. On the Budanowitz we gathered Gentiana 
Frolichii, assuredly distinct from Gentiana acaulis, and not to 
be confounded with the variety of the latter called angustifo- 
lia, in Switzerland. Here also we obtained Achillea Clavenne, 
Saxifraga crustata,Orobus flaccidus, Kernera saxatilis, Astran- 
tia carniolica, Salix Wulfenii, Apargia incana, Betonica Alope- 
curus and Polygala alpestris. It is of importance to observe 
that in these mountains Polygala alpestris, P. austriaca and 
P. vulgaris all grow at the same elevation and never pass into 
each other. I regard them as truly distinct species. 

We descended to a hamlet called Lagua, where we dined. 
On our way down we found Sambucus racemosa, Primula ela- 
tior (the true plant) in fruit, Spirea ulmifolia, and Arnica 
austriaca; also a Myrrhis regarded by M.'Tommasini as un- 
described. From Lagua we journeyed on ponies through the 
forest to Doll, a small village distant 12 miles. Except Pyrola 
uniflora, here very rare, nothing of interest occurred on the 
way. Both Lagua and Dollare situated on the elevated table 
land of the forest. This table land is about 3000 feet and up- 
wards above the level of the sea. At Doll we stopped and slept. 

The object of our Thursday’s excursion was to ascend the 


240 Botanical Excursion to the Mountains of Ternova. 


highest mountains of the forest, namely the Golaks (385 
toises high). Our guide was an old forester, but missing his 
way he misled us sadly, and I have seldom been obliged to 
scramble so much or so inconveniently as during the ascent 
of the Maligolak. Our scratched faces and torn clothes (tra- 
vellers carry few coats) bore evidence of our toil for some 
time afterwards. The general aspect of the vegetation was 
similar to what we had seen the two preceding days, but se- 
veral plants of great interest and novelty diversified it. In the 
wood we found Lonicera cerulea and nigra, Hacquetia Epi- 
pactis and Salix Kitaibeliana. Towards the summit of the 
Golaks Pinus Mughus grew in great plenty ; also Silene guadri- 
dentata, Carex capillaris, Apargia fetida, and that variety of 
Gnaphalium dioicum which Don named Gnaphahum hyperbo- 
reum. ‘Though the weather was warm and the month June, 
in consequence of the lateness of the season, much snow lay 
around us, which we turned to good account by manufacturing 
ice-punch, being well provided with materials, wherewith to 
drink the health and happiness of Queen Victoria with all the 
honours, this being the coronation day. The snow was use- 
ful in another respect also, for in its neighbourhood we found 
Gentiana angulosa in beautiful flower, a great gratification to 
myself, as I had despaired of seeing its blossoms; hitherto 
all the specimens I had found were in fruit. We found no 
other plants of interest before descending to the Karst, when 
we gathered the beautiful Campanula spicata in fine condition, 
also Geranium macrorrhizon and Anthriscus fumarioides. The 
botanical part of our excursion was now at an end; and once 
more reclining in a wicker car, we jogged on to Goritzia, well 
loaded with treasures, and arrived there at midnight. 

During this excursion I found but few land shells. Helix 
verticellus and H. planospira were common in the woods. Se- 
veral good species of Clausilia, Vitrina elongata, and Cyclo- 
stoma elegans also occurred. ‘The greatest rarities were a few 
specimens gathered on the summit of the Maligolak of two of 
the scarcest and most interesting Kuropean Pupe, viz. Pupa 
pagodula and Pupa Kokeilii. 'The latter is a trochiform Pupa 
with a ringent mouth, and forms a natural link between Pupa 
and Helix ; 1t was first described by Rossmassler, who received 
it from Carinthia about a year and a half ago. 


Sir P. Grey Egerton on the Wild Cattle of England. 241 


XXIX.—On the Wild Cattle of England. By Sir Puixie 
Grey Ecerton, M.P., F.R.S., &c. 


To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History. 


Gentlemen, 
As no mention was made in Mr. Hindmarsh’s communication 
to the British Association at Newcastle, “ On the Wild Cattle 
of Chillingham Park*,” of the existence formerly of a breed of 
wild cattle at Bishops Auckland, the following extract may 
be worthy of record :—It is copied from a MS. in my posses- 
sion, entitled, “ The Second Yeares Travell. thorow Scottland 
and Ireland, 1635.” The writer passes a few days on his road 
to Scotland “att Bishoppe-Auckland wt® Dr. Moreton, Bi- 
shoppe of Durham: who maintaines great hospitalitie, in an 
orderly well-governed house, and is a verye worthy Reverend 
Bishoppe.” After describing the palace, “ chapples,” &c., he 
mentions “ A daintie stately parke : where-in I saw wild bulls 
and kine: w* had 2 calves rufers; there are about 20 wild 
beasts all white: will nott endure yo" approach : butt if they 
bee enraged or distressed, verye violent and furious: their 
calves will bee wonderous fatt.” 
I have the honour to be 
Your obedient servant, 
Puitie Grey EGERTON. 


XXX.—On three undescribed Species of the Genus Cimex, 
closely allied to the Common Bed-Bug. By the Rev. Lro- 
NARD JENYNS, M.A., F.L.S., &c.+ 


{ With a Plate. ] 


I am not aware that any entomologist has described more 
than one species of the genus Cimez, as restricted at the pre- 
sent day, although Latreille has alluded to a second, found on 


* See Mr. Hindmarsh’s paper, vol. ii. p. 282, which also contains notices 
of the existence of this breed at Hamilton, Lynn Park, Chartley Park; and 
formerly at Burton Constable, and Drumlanrig, with ancient descriptions of 
them from Hector Boethius and Bishop Leslie. 

+ Read to the Natural History Section of the British Association at New- 
castle, August 23, 1838 ; and communicated by the Author. 


242 Rev. L. Jenyns on three undescribed species of Cimex. 


swallows*, which he thought would prove to be distinct from 
the common bed-bug+. A year or two since I had occasion 
to destroy a great number of martins’ nests, when I found 
them swarming with the species just alluded to, which on 
being compared with the C. lectularius of authors, offered se- 
veral obvious differences. A short time afterwards I obtained 
a third species, equally distinct and equally well characterized, 
from the Pipistrelle bat, to which I can find no allusion what- 
ever. And very lately I have been favoured by Mr. West- 
wood with specimens of a fourth species found on pigeons, 
which though often met with before, has not been generally 
considered as distinct from the one found in houses. I beg 
to draw the attention of entomologists to these three unde- 
scribed insects, which acquire an interest from their parasitic 
habits, beyond what they might possess on other accounts. 
As they are all closely allied to the common bed-bug which 
is so well known, I shall not enter into a detailed account of 
their characters ; but merely point out the differential marks 
by which each is distinguished from the others as well as from 
the C. lectularius of authors. And I shall commence with 
the species found on pigeons, from its bearing a closer resem- 
blance to the one just mentioned than either of the two others. 


C. columbarius, Nob. 


On comparing this species with the common house-bug, it 
will be found to be smaller and of a more orbicular form. The 
antenne are shorter, and the jomts not quite so slender; and 
the difference in length between the third and fourth joints 
not so considerable. The thoraz is rather less hollowed out 
in front, the anterior angles less produced, and the sides less 
reflexed. The abdomen more nearly approaches to round, 
the lateral margins being very much curved, and the greatest 
breadth exactly in the middle; whereas in the house-bug the 
lateral margins are at first but little curved, and the greatest 
breadth rather behind the middle. The colours, as well as the 

* Reg. Anim. (2nd edit.) tom. v. p. 201. 

+ There is also allusion to “ the discovery of a new and winged species of 
Cimea (C. domestica)” by M. Schilling, in the ‘Journal of Proceedings of 


the Entomological Society of London,” (vol. i. p. 4.) but neither its cha- 
racter nor its habitat are annexed. 


Rev. L. Jenyns on three undescribed species of Cimex. 243 


punctures and the degree of pubescence, are similar in the 
two species. 
C. Hirundinis, Nob. 


This species is rather less than the C. columbarius, and in 
respect to form, different from both that and the C. lectularius. 
The antenne are comparatively short, and the third joint is 
scarcely, if at all, longer than the fourth. The eyes are not 
soprominent. The thorax is much less hollowed out in front, 
the anterior angles but little produced, and the sides scarcely 
at all reflexed. The scutellum is wider at the base or more 
transverse, and does not project so far backwards. The elytra 
are less coarsely punctured. The abdomen is not so broad, 
and more rounded at the apex; the sides regularly curved. 
The whole insect is more pubescent. The colour is ferrugi- 
nous inclining to testaceous, darker than in the common bed- 
bug ; and the head and thorax are much clouded with fuscous. 
In one specimen the legs are spotted, at or near the joints, 
with this last colour. There are also some fuscous spots on 
the abdomen. 

The young, or pupe, have the abdomen much narrower 
than the perfect insect, inclining to oblong. 


C. Pipistrelli, Nob. 


The antenne of this species are of an intermediate length 
between those of the C. lectularius and those of the C. colum- 
barius ; and the third joint is obviously longer than the fourth. 
The eyes are prominent. The ¢horax has a moderately deep 
excavation in front, and the sides are partially reflexed. The 
abdomen is narrower than in either of the above-named spe- 
cies, and much more attenuated posteriorly, the greatest 
breadth being rather before the middle. The thighs are more 
incrassated. The whole insect is very pubescent, approaching 
to hispid; and rather coarsely punctured. The colour is dark 
ferruginous-ochre, glistening with a faint metallic or sub- 
geneous hue, not perceptible in any of the other species. The 
legs and antenne are a shade paler than the abdomen, and as 
well as this last, without spots. 

I shall annex a synoptic view of the specific characters of 


244 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


all the four species drawn up with reference to the above dif- 
ferences. 

1. C. lectularius.—Ferrugineo-ochraceus : thorace profunde emar- 
ginato, lateribus reflexis : abdomine suborbiculato, apice acuto : 
antennis articulo tertio quarto longiore. 

Long. 2} lin. Hab. In domibus. 

2. C. columbarius. — Ferrugineo-ochraceus : thorace profunde 
emarginato, lateribus reflexis: abdomine orbiculato, apice sub- 
acuto: antennis articulo tertio quarto paulo longiore. 

Long. vix 24 lin. Had. In Columbis. 

3. C. Hirundinis.—Fusco-ferrugineus : thorace leviter emarginato, 
lateribus planis: abdomine ovato, apice subacuto: antennis 
brevibus, articulis tertio et quarto subzequalibus. 

Long. 14 lin. Hab. In nidis Hirundinis urbice. 

4. C. Pipistrelli—Ferrugineo-ochraceus, nitidus: thorace pro- 
funde emarginato, lateribus paulo reflexis: abdomine ovato, 
postice attenuato : antennis articulo tertio quarto longiore. 

Long. 2 lin. Hab. In Vespertilione Pipistrello. 


I have only to add, that the last two species were both 
taken in Cambridgeshire. Of the C. Pipistrelli I have seen 
but one specimen. 


REFERENCE TO PLATE V. 


Fig. 1. C. columbarius. Fig. 2. C. Hirundinis. Fig. 3. C. Pipistrelli. 
a. One of the antenne. All the figures are highly magnified. ‘The line 
above each denotes the natural size. 


Swaffham Bulbeck, April 6, 1839. 


XXXI.—Flore Insularum Nove Zelandie Precursor; or a 
Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By 
ALLAN CuNNINGHAM, Esq. 


[Continued from p. 115.] 
ROSACEA, Juss. 


Acana, Vahl. 


566. A. Sanguisorbe. Vahl Enum.i. p.294. DC. Prodr.ii. p.592. Roem. 
et Sch. Syst. Veg. i. p. 268.—Ancistrum Sanguisorbe. L. Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 
p. 154.—A, diandrum. Forst. Prodr. n. 52. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 341. 

New Zealand (Middle Island). Dusky Bay.—1773, G. Forster. Cook’s 
Strait—1827, D’Urville. (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. In 
dry exposed situations, Bay of Islands, —1826, 4. Cunningham. 


— 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 245 


Rusus, L. 


567. R. australis, caule glabro teretiusculo, aculeis ramorum secundis re- 
curvis, foliis ternatis quinatisve petiolatis, foliolis ellipticis ovatisve extra 
medium argute serratis, serraturis acuminatis coriaceis venosis utrinque 
glabris, floribus axillaribus racemosis dioicis, laciniis calycinis obtusis paten- 
tibus, pedunculis ramulisque tomentosis, Forst. Prodr. n. 224. DC. Prodr. 
i. p. 556. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 340. 

Tataramora, indigenis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Margins of 
forests, Wangaroa.—1826, 4. Cunningham. (Middle Island).—1773, G. 
Forster. 

568. R. Schmidelioides, canle glabro tereti, aculeis ramorum brevissimis 
sparsis revurvis, foliis ternatis petiolatis, foliolis ovalibus lato-ellipticisve 
coriaceis rugosis venosis extra medium serratis acutis basi rotundatis sub- 
cordatis supra viridibus leevibus, subtus pedunculis ramulisque-ferrugineo- 
tomentosis, racemis axillaribus conferti floris brevibus paniculatis, floribus 
divicis, calycibus obtusis lanatis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Forests at Wangaroa and Bay of 
Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 

Obs. Habitus preecedentis, sed differt foliolis omnino ternatis rugosis ve- 
nosis subtus (discoloribus) valde ferrugineo-tomentosis, racemoque multo 
breviore. 

569. R. cissoides; caule glabro tereti ramoque inermi, foliis ternatis 
quinatisve elliptico-lanceolatis lanceolatisve peticlatis acuminatis serratis 
basi rotundatis utrinque levibus, petiolis costisve mediis retrorso-aculeatis, 
paniculis axillaribus terminalibusve glabriusculis laxis elongatis pendulis, 
calycinis laciniis ovatis obtusiusculis refiexis tomentosis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Dense forests of Wangaroa.—1826, 4. 
Cunningham. 

Obs. Habitus omnino Cissi. Folia presertim quinata longe petiolata, 
valde nitida et pulcherrime venosa, serraturis acuminatis. Panicula ramosa 
pedalis. 

LEGUMINOSAE, Juss. 


1. Epwarpsta, Salisb. 


570. E. microphylla, foliolis 33—41, obovatis subrotundis villiosiusculis, 
carine petalis ellipticis, margine dorsali uncinato. DC. Prodr. ii. p. 97. 
A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 344.—Sophora microphylla. it. Hort. Kew. ed. 
1. v. ii. p.42. Jacg. Hort. Scheenb. iii. t. 269. Bot. Mag. t. 1442. 

Kowhy or Kongi, indigenis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Bay of Islands. 
1826, A. Cunningham. 

571. E. grandiflora, foliolis 17—21 oblongo-linearibus sublanceolatis vil- 
losiusculis carine petalis late faleatis. DC. Prodr. ii. p. 97.—Sophora te- 
traptera. dit. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. v. ii. p.43. Curtis Bot, Mag. t. 167. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. 


246 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


Quid £. microphylla, Wenderoth in Linnea, vy. p. 202. ex nova Zelandia, 
sec. Endl.? 

2. Crrantuus, Sol. mss, in Bibl. Banks. 

Calyx late campanulatus subzequalis 5-dentatus. Vexillum acuminatum 
reflexum, alis parallelis longius; Carina scaphiformis, vexillo alisque 
multo longior, omnino monopetala. Stamina manifeste perigyna, dia- 
delpha, omnia fertilia. Stylus staminibus duplo longior, versus apicem 
hine leviter barbatus, stigmate simplicissimo. Legumen pedicellatum, 
coriaceum, acuminatum, ventricosum, polyspermum, intus lanulosum 
sutura dorsali recta, ventrali convexa. Semina reniformia, funiculis 
longiusculis aflixa. 

572. C. puniceus, suffruticosus diffusus glaber, foliolis alternis oblongis 
subemarginatis racemis pendulis multifloris, calyce quinquedentato, legu- 
mine glabro. Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1775. Sol. mser. in Mus. Brit. A. Cunn, 
in Hort. Lond. Trans. v. i. (new series) p. 521. t. 22.—Donia punicea. G. 
Don. Syst. of Gard. ii. p. 468. 

Kowainguta Kaka, indigenis Anglice Parrot’s-bill. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shores of Mer- 
cury Bay, 1833, Missionaries. 

Suffrutex diffusus ramosus, quinquepedalis, ramis viridibus parum lignosis. 
Folia 8-juga cum impari. Racemi penduli, multiflori, floribus speciosissimis 
coccineis. Legumen fere tripollices longum, atro-fuscum, venosum. Se- 
mina reniformia, fusca, atro-nebulosa. Lindl. loc. cit. 


3. Guinanpina, Juss., L. 

573. G. Bonduc, L. DC. Prodr. ii. p. 480. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 
348.—G. Bonducella, L.—Forst. Prodr. n. 185. Rumph. Amb. t. 48. and 
49. 
New Zealand (Middle Island).—1773, G. Forster. 


4. Carmicuacg.ia, &., Br. 

Calyx cyathiformis quinquedentatus. Ovarium dispermum. Stigma sim- 
plex. Legumen oligospermum (1-3 spermum) replo post lapsum valvularum 
persistente. 

574. C. australis, ft. Br. in Bot. Reg. 912.—Lotus? arboreus. Forst. 
Prodr. n. 278. Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. p. 13892. A. Rich, Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 345. 
DC. Prodr. ii. p.214.—Bossizea Scolopendrea. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 
345. non Brownii atque exel. syn. Andrewsii Ventenatisque.—Genista com- 
pressa. Sol. ms. in Bibl. Banks. : 

New Zealand (Northern Island). On the east side.—1769, Sir Jos. 
Banks. Frequent in dry woods and open sandy shores among underwood. 
—1826, A. Cunningham.—( Middle Island). Dusky Bay.—1773, G. Forster. 

Frutex ramosissimus (sexpedalis) sub statu florescentiz szepius aphyllus. 
Caulis ramique primarii teretes, tenuiores v. plano-compressi v. ancipites, 
stipulis minutis alternatim dentati. Folia e dentibus ramorum fruticis 
junioris ternata v. pinnata (foliolis 3—7, obcordatis). Racemi simplicissimi 
e denticulis ramorum. lores parvi albo-purpurei. Petala longitudine 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 247 


subzequalia, vexillum lamina latiore quam longiore basi absque callis auri- 
culisve, carina obtusa. Filamenta 1—9 fida. Ovarium lineare, 5—6-sper- 
mum. Stylus subalatus. Stigma obtusum, imberbe. Semina reniformia, 
sinu clauso, umbilico nudo. &. Br. 


This very remarkable plant seems to have been but imperfectly 
understood until Mr. Brown ably defined the true structure of its 
pod. Forster, with an expression of doubt, referred it to Lotus, in 
which genus it was retained by Willdenow, notwithstanding that he 
appears to have been acquainted with its fruit; and by DeCandolle 
in the 2nd vol. of his ‘ Prodromus,’ which appeared in 1825, who 
could not have been aware of its having been erected into a new 
genus by Mr. Brown; and from the MSS. of that eminent botanist, 
published in the ‘ Bot. Reg.’ in September of that year. But the 
blunders of M. Ach. Richard, respecting this very curious plant which 
had been living in the English gardens antecedent to the publication 
of his ‘ Essai d’une Flore de la Nouv. Zélande’ in 1832, (and one 
might have supposed it would at that time have got into the Paris 
gardens from us) appear wholly inexplicable. Apparently altogether 
ignorant of Mr. Brown’s name, and evidently without an idea cf what 
Forster meant by Lotus? arboreus, he not only inserts this latter in 
his work from Forster’s MSS. at some length, but on finding speci- 
mens in fruit of the Carmichaelia in the collections formed during the 
voyage of the Astrolabe by Capt. D’Urville (who had gathered them 
in the Bay of Islands in 1827), he confounds them with Bassiea 
Scolopendria, a common Port Jackson plant ; and thus our genus ap- 
. pears, in his volume on the Botany of New Zealand, under two 
names, viz. the above one of Bassiea, and that of Lotus. 


_ RHAMNEA, &. Br, 
1. Carropetus, Forst. Gen. t. 17. 


575. C. serratus. Forst. Prodr.n. 11. Char. Gen. t. 17. DC. Prodr. ii. 
p. 29. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 366. 

Piri-piri-water ab incolis dicitur. 

New Zealand (Middle Island).—1773, G. Forster. (Northern Island.) 
On the alluvial banks of rivers, occasionally in salt-water marshes, Wanga- 
roa, &c. bearing fruit in December.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 

Arbuscula 10—20 pedalis, ramosa, ramis foliosis sparsis divaricatisve, 
foliorum casu tuberculatis. Folia alterna, ovalia, oblonga, acuta, petiolata, 
glanduloso-serrata, superne puberula, subtus discolora, glabra, reticulata. 
Racemi axillares, terminalesve corymbosi. Calyx turbinatus ovario adna- 
tus, limbo 5-partito, laciniis linearibus deciduis. Corolla 5-petala, pe- 
talis albis, zestivatione valvatis, calycis limbo duplo longioribus. Stamina 5, 
filamentis subulatis cum petalis alternantibus. Stylus simplex, erectus, 


248 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


staminibus longior. J’ructus coriaceus, subglobosus, quasi zona cinctus ex 
margine calycis adnato, 5-locularis. Semina plura, angulata rugulosa. 


2. PennantiA, Forst., Gen. 67. 


Calycis sepala 5, lanceolata, acuta, zstivatione imbricata, in anthesi pa- 
tentissima. Stamina 5, hypogyna, sepalis alterna; filamentis liberis, 
antheris introrsus bilocularibus, dorso aflixis. Ovarium sessile, ovato- 
oblongum, 3 loculare, loculis biovulatis, ovulis ex apice loculi pendulis. 
Stigma sessile, discoideum, obsolete 3-lobum. /’ructus drupaceus, mo- 
nospermus, semine inverso. Endl. 

576. P. corymbosa. Forst. Prodr.n. 379. Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. p. 1122. 
Endl, Prodr. Fl. Norf. p. 80. Roem, et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. 5. p. 569. A. 
Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 868. Icon. Ferd. Bauer, illustr. Pl. Norf. Ins. t. 
165. 

New Zealand (Middle Island).—1773, G. Forster. 

Arbor 40-pedalis, et infra cortice albo. Sami teretes, albo-punctati, fistu- 
losi. Folia alterna, petiolata, elliptico-oblonga v. obovata, integerrima (vel 
extra medium serrata) emarginata, venosa, glabra. Flores hermaphroditi, 
pentandri, paucissimis abortu masculis intermixtis, corymbosi. Corymba 
cymosi, 4-pollicares, in ramis ramulisque terminales. Ovarium 3 loculare, 
loculis biovulatis, ovulis pendulis superpositis. Druwpa atro-purpurea stigmate 
coronata, semine unico inverso feeta. 


38. Pomaperris, Labill. 
* Flores petaliferi. 

577. P. Kumeraho, cymis densifloris umbellato-paniculatis, foliis ellipticis 
coriaceis valde obtusis super glabris subrugulosis margine tenuiter crenulatis 
integrisve subtus alte costatis ramulisque albo-tomentosis. 

Kumeraho nom. vernaculum. &. Cunningham. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Banks of the Keri-Keri river, &c., 
Bay of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham.—18338, R. Cunningham. 

Obs. Valde afiinis P. elliptice que differt foliis preesertim acutioribus, pa- 
nicula multo minore et laxiore, floribusve perquam minus confertis. 


The flowering of this shrub, which takes place in the month of 
September, the spring of New Zealand, is the signal for the natives 
to plant their Koomeras or sweet potatoes ; hence doubtless origin- 
ates the name by which they call this plant in the present day. 


** Flores apetali. 

578. P. ericifolia, foliis linearibus pubescenti-scabris marginibus condu- 
plicato-revolutis subtus cinereo-hirsutissimis, cymis parvifloris axillaribus 
folio vix longioribus, stipulis subulatis ramisque oblongis. Hooker, Journ. 
Bot. i. p. 257. 

Tuturnai incolarum. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). On hills among fern, Bay of Islands, 
—1826, 4. Cunningham. 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 249 


The above character accords so fully with the plant from New Zea- 
land, as to leave no doubt of its identity with that from Van Diemen’s 
Land, recently described by Sir Wm. J. Hooker in the work above 
quoted. 

Fruticulus incanus, erectus, ramosissimus. Rami stricti, numerosi. Folia 
linearia, obtusa, petiolata, 3—4 lineas longa, supra convexa, margine valde 
revoluta. Flores parvi apetali cymosi, pedunculati, folia subequantia. Pe- 
rianthium 5-fidum, laciniis ovatis acutis. Stamina 5, inclusa, segmentis pe- 
rianthii alterna. Stylus apice trifidus staminum longitudine. Stigmata tria. 


Genus novum Rhamneis affine, — 
CorokIa. 

Flores dioici. Mas. . Foem. Calycis tubus ovario adherens limbo 5- 
fido persistente, per zestivationem valvato. Petala 5, lanceolata, lobis 
calycis alterna, decidua. Discus carnosus, glandulosus, epigynus. 
Stylus 1. Stigma capitatum lobatum. Ovarium inferum biloculare, 
loculis 1-ovulatis pendulis. Drupa 2-locularis, loculis 1-spermis. 

579. C. Buddleioides. 

Korokia-taranga, appellatio incolarum est. R. Cunn. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Margins of woods, on the shores of the 
Bay of Islands, Wangaroa, &c.—1826, 4. Cunningham.—1834, R. Cun- 
ningham. 

Caulis fruticosus, 10 pedalis, ramis ramulisque strictis albo-tomentosis 
instar Buddleie. Folia alterna, lanceolata, acuta, petiolata, coriacea, supra 
plerumque glabra, valde lucida, subtus dense albo-lanata. Flores parvi, sub- 
paniculati, paniculis brevibus szepius axillaribus v. terminalibus cano-pilosis. 
Corolle petala alba, oblongo-lanceolata, reflexa, segmentis calycis ter lon- 
giora, extus incano-villosa, intus glabra. Drupa spherica, pisi magnitudine 
(epicarpio fragili, nigro, nitido) apice umbilicato villosa. 

Nomen hujus generis ad nomen vernaculum refert. 


Genus novum Ordinis manifeste intus 
Brextaceas et CELASTRINEAS. 
TxXERBA. 

Calyx inferus, 5-phyllus, persistens, zestivatione imbricata. Petala 5, mem- 
branacea, unguiculata, disco hypogyno inserta, decidua, fere zstiva- 
tione imbricata. Stamina 5, hypogyna, petalis alterna. Anthere 
ovate acuminate, adnate, biloculares, longitudinaliter dehiscentes. 
Discus hypogynus, carnosus, 5-lobatus, lobis inter bases staminum re- 
tusis integris. Sty/us.1, angulatus, continuus, versus apicem attenuatus. 
Stigma simplex. Ovarium superum 5-lobum, 5-loculare, loculis 2-ovu- 
latis, ovulis collateralibus suspensis. Fructus nondum vidi. 

Nomen Brezie anagramma est, cui generi nostra planta certe maxime 

affinis. 

580. I. Bresioides. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). A tree on the skirts of woods at Wan- 

garoa, Nov. 1828. 4. Cunningham. 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No.17. June 1839. 4 


250 Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


Arbor elegans sempervirens, viginti pedalis et infra; ramis teretibus gla- 
bris, cortice rugose. Folia (4—5 uncialia) alterna, petiolata, exstipulata, ad 
summitatem ramulorum spe verticillato-conferta, elongato-lanceolata, acu- 
minata, obtusiuscula, coriacea remote calloso-serrata, utrinque glabra, su- 
perne nitida, subtus pallidiora. lores albi, terminales, corymbosi, pedun- 
culis (uncialibus) plerumque trichotomis. 

One of the most remarkable plants of New Zealand, where, however, 
it is of very rare occurrence, and in affinity approaching nearer to 
Brexia of M. du Petit Thouars than to any other published genus. 
With it our plant accords in the estivation and forms of the calyx 
and petals, in its hypogynous stamens and the figure of the anthers, 
and in its superior pentagonal quinquelocular ovarium with a disk at 
its base. In the form of these latter, however, our genus differs es- 
sentially ; having neither, in the one, an indefinite number of ovules 
attached in two rows to placente in the axis, nor in the other the 
toothed or fringed lobes between the bases of the stamens, as bota- 
nists have described the genus of M. du Petit Thouars. The ma- 
tured fruit of Iverba has not yet been examined, so that the structure 
of the seeds remains to be ascertained. Its nearest affinity appears 
with Celastrinee, with which it agrees in the estivation of the floral 
envelopes, the number of the stamens, and their alternating with the 
petals, but differing in the insertion of the stamens ; these, in that 
family being perigynous, and the ovules, for the most part, ascend- 
ing from the axis of the ovarium. 


[To be continued. } 


XXXII.—Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


Mr. Gardner’s Journeys in Brazil. 


Tue following extracts of letters lately received from Mr. Gardner 
cannot fail to give pleasure to those who take an interest in his tra- 
vels and collections, which promise to throw great light on the hi- 
story of the vegetable productions of a very extensive and hitherto 
little explored region of tropical South America.—En1r. 


Villa do Icé, Sertao of the Province of Seira, 
August 25, 1838. 

About the middle of last month I did myself the pleasure of writing 
to you from Pernambuco, stating that it was my intention to pass 
into the interior from Aracaty, a sea-port in this province, and pro- 
bably to try to reach the mountains to the west of the province of 


Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 251 


Piauhy, which, from Von Martius’ account to Mr. Bentham, must 
offer a good field for botanical research. I quitted Pernambuco on 
the 17th of July, in a coasting schooner, for Aracaty. Previous to 
my departure I was introduced to two gentlemen, brothers, named 
Pinto, very respectable merchants belonging to Icé, who visit Per- 
nambuco to make purchases about once in two years. ‘The vessel in 
which I sailed was freighted by them, and I considered myself fortunate 
in having such companions. Besides ourselves there were about a 
dozen more passengers ; and as the cabin was filled with goods, we 
were all obliged to sleep on deck without shelter, a most uncomfort- 
able position, as we were four days at sea and it rained heavily 
nearly all that time. During our meals we more resembled wild 
beasts than civilized beings, and to crown my misery I was dreadfully 
sea-sick for two days. An illness succeeded for three days after 
landing owing to my-exposure to the wet. 

The town of Aracaty is situated on the east side of the Rio Jagua- 
ride (Ounce river), about three leagues from the sea. The only 
British merchant there is a young man from Ayrshire, with whom I 
lived during my stay, and who kindly assisted me in making prepa- 
rations for the inland journey. Icé is distant from Aracaty about 
200 miles, and the intervening country being level, it is customary 
to convey all goods in large waggons, generally drawn by twelve 
oxen. In one of these I forwarded all my travelling trunks and bun- 
dles of paper, so that I had only to buy two horses, one for myself, 
the other to carry provisions and a few indispensable articles for the 
journey. It was about twelve days before the brothers Pintu were 
ready to depart, and I occupied this time in making excursions 
around Aracaty, which produced a few species that I had not seen 
before, among them Angelonia procumbens (Martius). ‘The country 
is uninteresting, especially to a botanist, from its arid and level na- 
ture: except one small hill to the south-west and a few sand hills 
towards the sea, it is a continued plain, covered with abundance of 
Carnahuba palms (Corypha cerifera of Martius), but nothing else 
worthy the name of a tree. ‘This palm is one of the finest I have 
seen in the north of Brazil, and I regret that I could not meet with 
it in flower. Its stem, which is quite straight, rises to a height of 
about 40 feet, while its fan-shaped leaves are so arranged as to form 
a sort of round ball at the summit. I have never before seen a palm 
occurring in such quantities as this does, the road from Aracaty to 
Icé passing through a dense forest of it, more than 20 leagues in 
length ; its foliage shelters a great multitude of parrots, parakeets, 


pigeons, woodpeckers, and hosts of other small birds. Of the wax, 
wD 


252 Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


which the young leaves produce and which gives origin to the spe- 
cific name, I have obtained some good specimens for you. 

On the morning of the 3rd of August I started for Icé, in company 
with the MM. Pinto, but by an awkward mistake of my black servant 
I only travelled with them for one day. On the second morning, 
setting off before daybreak and in the hurry of departure, the man 
caught a mare of the same size and colour as my riding horse, and it 
was 9 o'clock before the mistake was discovered. It was then necessary 
to halt and send back for my beast, a distance of 3 leagues; but I 
was not sorry for this, as the Pintos travelled at full speed, thus pre- 
venting me from gathering several plants which I saw by the way- 
side. ‘hey accomplished the distance in five days and a half, and 
lin eight. I however travelled more at ease, and made a small col- 
lection of plants. At this season the road is as good as the common 
roads in England. For the first two-thirds of the way the ground is 
level, but the latter part is more undulating and rocky, in conse- 
quence of being traversed by several small sierras. Nearer Aracaty 
the vegetation consists chiefly of Carnahuba palms, mixed occasion- 
ally with small trees, such as Patagonula americana, Linn., called 
Pao-branco, from its large clusters of white flowers, a species of Z72 
zyphus, several Mimosas, and a small tree to which the natives give 
the name of Pereira. The latter I did not see in flower, but it has 
a superior fruit, formed of two woody valves, dehiscent from top to 
bottom, one-celled, many-seeded, the seeds broadly winged and sus- 
pended from the summit of the valves. The fruit is of an obovate 
form, nearly 3 inches long and 14 inch broad. The country further 
up, which as I before remarked is more undulating, consists of large 
open places (vargems) almost destitute of vegetation, extensive tracts 
being, however, covered with small trees and shrubs (Catingas), all 
of which are deciduous, the heat and drought producing the same 
effect on foliage here as the cold does in the north of Europe. 

On my arrival at Icd I found that my friends the Pintos had pre- 
pared an empty dwelling belonging to them for my reception. In 
consequence of the non-arrival of my trunks, which were delayed by 
the breaking down of the waggon which conveyed them, I was how- 
ever detained here, as they only came three days ago. The town of 
Icé is of considerable size, containing about 7000 inhabitants, and 
situated in a plain, from which all vegetation has already disappeared, 
though it is not long since the rains have ceased. Of course there is 
little for me to do here, but I am assured by everyone that the case is 
quite otherwise at Crato, about 100 miles higher up the country, a 
town situated at the foot of the mountains which divide this province 


Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 253 


(of Leira) from that of Piauhy, and where there is verdure all the year 
round. Should these accounts prove correct I will stay there a short 
time to botanize, if otherwise I shall push on immediately to Oceiras, 
picking up all I can by the way. The first rains (primeiras aguas) 
fallin Piauhy in October, andI shall try if possible to reach Occiras 
before the end of that’month, and remain there till the rains are over, 
so as to be ready to start immediately for the westward. Should all 
proceed according to my wishes, I hope to spend some months in 
Piauhy, and then proceed to the Rio Tocintins, descending this river 
to Para. I have met with several persons who have been to Oceiras 
and beyond it, and especially an old man, who tells me that he has 
made the journey twenty-eight times. All represent the country as 
well-watered and fertile, but they add that fevers of a malignant and 
intermittent character prevail there, which are peculiarly fatal to 
strangers from other provinces. Such reports will not however pre- 
vent my undertaking the journey ; my only fear being lest my col- 
lections should not cover the expense, which threatens to be consi- 
derable, though my constant endeavour is to spend as little as pos- 
sible. My four horses have cost about 40/., and it is very proba- 
ble that when I start for Crato 1 may require another. My servant, 
an active and useful fellow, costs about 2/. 10s. a month, and it is 
often needful to have the assistance of another person, who may lend 
occasional help and act as a guide. While travelling, I always start 
at day-break, and about 10 o’clock, when the sun begins to get hot, 
I rest at some place where grass and water can be obtained for the 
beasts, and remain stationary till about 3, when I set out again, and 
continue proceeding till 6 or 7. When a house can be seen in the 
neighbourhood I take advantage of the shelter of its verandah, 
otherwise my hammock is slung under a tree. Nothing can be 
simpler than my diet; a basin of tea and two biscuits for break- 
fast, dried beef and farinha of mandiocea for dinner, varied some- 
times by a stew of such parrots or pigeons as I can shoot, and my 
supper at night is of the same fare as my breakfast. Wine or spirits 
I never taste, having found by experience that they are rather inju- 
rious than otherwise when travelling. During the middle of the day, 
while the horses are resting, I shift and arrange my plants, and ge- 
nerally walk a little way to add something to my collections. 

The following isa list of a few of those plants which I gathered be- 
tween Aracaty and this place :—Angelonia procumbens, Mariius ; and 
another large and beautiful species of this genus, which I believe to be 
new ; Patagonula americana, in fruit and flower ; a very fine Herpestes, 
and a beautiful Avolvulus, growing about a foot high, very much re- 


254 Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


sembling Linum usitatissimum in the arrangement, size and colour of its 
blossoms ; Pithecoseris pacourinoides (of Martius in DC. Prodr. v. 5.) ; 
an undescribed species of Martius’ new genus Stilpnopappa (DC. 
Prodr. v. 5.); Triplaris mevicana, with both male and female flowers ; 
two fine Polygale; alarge yellow-flowered Utricularia; a Villarsia, 
with white inflorescence ; and a Combretum, perhaps C. micropetalum, 
DC. ; besides a number of other things, of which I am sorry not to 
have got complete sets, owing to the small quantity of paper that 
I took, not anticipating the leisurely manner in which I performed 
the journey between Aracaty and this place. I gathered the other 
day, in this neighbourhood, a species of Hyptis, that appears to me 
an anomaly in the tribe to which it belongs. So faras I am aware, 
all the Labiate have square stems, but the stem and branches of 
this one are quite round. It appears to be abundant here; the heat 
and drought, however, have so destroyed all vegetation, that I could 
only procure two wretched specimens, with a few flowers on them. 
The blossoms are large and light blue. I however gathered a few of 
its seeds. 

As respects Cactee, | have seen nothing different from what I 
sent from the Rio San Francisco, but if I find any between this place 
and Oceiras I shall endeavour at least to obtain seeds of them; while 
if this tribe inhabits the vicinity of the Tocantius it will be easy so to 
transport the living specimens to Para. It is of course out of the 
question to expect Orchidee in such a country as this. The province 
of Para may perhaps afford some, and their seeds at least I shall se- 
cure, for they are easily conveyed from place to place. 

On quitting Pernambuco, I requested Mr. Harrison’s house to for- 
ward nothing after me, neither letter nor parcel; thus for a long 
time to come I shall be deprived of all intelligence of my friends in 
England. The hope that good tidings will await my return to Per- 
nambuco must cheer me during my wanderings. If I have not the 
pleasure of addressing you again from Crato I will certainly do so 
from Oceiras, and give you a full detail of my past and present pro- 
ceedings. 

It is confidently stated that within a few months large steam-boats 
will have arrived from Britain, which will ply constantly between 
Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro, and in one of these I can easily re- 
turn to the former place, and thence to Rio on my way to Monte 
Video. I only hope that health and strength will be granted to 
me to accomplish the journey to Para, and then I shall think no- 


thing of the dangers, toils and difficulties that I must expect to en- 
counter. 


Bibliographical Notices. eae 

Not a single beetle have I seen since quitting Pernambuco ; the 
country is too arid and barren for them. 

I much regret that the few instruments which I wrote about some 
months ago did not arrive before I left Pernambuco, especially the 
Sympiesometer. It is always useful and interesting to ascertain the 
height of mountains in little-known localities, and I hope to find 
them on my return to that country. The thermometer here, at this 
time, never stands under 86°, and often so high as 93° at noon, but 
during the night it falls about 10°, so that the mornings and eve- 
nings are delightfully cool. 

There is alittle, and but a very little, cotton cultivated between this 
place and Aracaty; most of the country people being engaged in 
rearing cattle. The cotton is more grown further up, along the base 
of the mountains. 

[A subsequent letter from Mr. Gardner will be given in our next 
Number.—Epir. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


Synopsis Flore Helvetice; Auctore J. Gaudin; Opus posthumum 
continuatum et editum a J. P. Monnard, Turici, 1836. 24mo. 


The ‘ Flora Helvetica’ of Gaudin, which extends to seven octavo 
volumes, is too well known and appreciated to require any praise 
from us, but we believe that this little work has not attracted any 
attention in Britain. It stands in the same relation to the ‘ Fl. Helv.’ 
that Smith’s ‘ Compendium’ does to his ‘ Flora,’ except that it enters 
more into detail. Generic and specific descriptions of 2313 Swiss 
flowering plants are given, and generally a few observations in ad- 
dition : the arrangement is Linnean, and we can strongly recom- 
mend the book to botanists intending to visit Switzerland or re- 
quiring short descriptions of the plants of that country. 


Flora Cestrica ; or an Attempt to enumerate and describe the Flower- 
ing and Filicoid Plants of Chester County, in the State of Pennsyl- 
vania ; with brief Notices of their Properties and Uses in Medicine, 
Domestic and Rural Giconomy, and the Arts. By William Darling- 
ton, M.D., &c. 

Botany is indeed making rapid progress in the United States. 
Practical and experienced botanists are now resident in the Northern, 
the Middle, and Southern States, busily engaged in investigating the 
riches of the vegetable kingdom in their respective districts, and 
communicating to each other and to foreigners the well-dried spe- 


256 Bibliographical Notices. 


cimens, the result of their discoveries. The name of Dr. Darlington 
has been long known as the author of a little work under the unas- 
suming title of ‘ Florula Cestrica,’ or an Essay towards a Catalogue 
of the Phznogamous Plants of West Chester (1826); containing 
many valuable and original observations, which have in the present 
work been greatly extended. Accompanying every species in the 
‘Flora’ there is a full description and remarks, an excellent glossary, 
and a very neat map of the county, coloured so as to indicate the 
geological structure ; all, in short, that a botanist can wish who is 
studying the plants of that inland district. ‘The arrangement in the 
body of the work is the Linnean, and the author remarks, that 
‘“‘ whilst he freely admits that the true science of vegetables can only 
be attained by a well-disciplined and philosophical investigation of 
their structure, functions, and natural affinities, he cannot help think- 
ing, that even the superficial knowledge of genera and species, which 
is so readily acquired by the Linnean system, may be advantageous 
to the cause, by exciting an early interest in learners, and facilita- 
ting the first steps of the uninitiated. When the young recruits are 
once securely enlisted, we may venture to exact a more rigid disci- 
pline.” 

An appendix contains a list of the genera and the number of spe- 
cies comprised in the work, arranged according to the natural affi- 
nities ; from which it appears, that there are (exclusive of Cellulares) 
128 orders, 482 genera, and 1073 species in West Chester County. 
But of these there are 


CalLIVnECI. tie haces. ck be bee Gok ee 
Introduced and naturalized, about.. 138-———230 
Fave Wtes 1161) 1 pee A PAD Ar RH 843 
ORAL, baa tee Ree! 5. 


Novitiarum Flore Suecice Mantissa prima. E. Fries, Lunde, 
1832. Svo. 

We have only recently obtained a copy of this pamphlet, which 
we consider well worthy of its excellent author; but although it has 
been now published for some years, it is scarcely, if at all, known in 
this country. In it he has followed up the plan which he had adopted 
jn the two editions of his ‘ Novitie ;’ taking as his text the ‘ Flora 
Suecica’ of Wahlenberg, he has written a commentary upon it in- 
troducing as he proceeded numerous recent discoveries. The first 
and shorter part of the present publication is chiefly occupied by the 
description of plants newly added to the Swedish Flora, and the 


Linnean Society. 257 


second division (from page 21 to p. 80.) is entitled ‘Commentatio de 
Salicibus Suecie.’ 

Under Scirpus multicaulis, Sm., is given a very detailed account of 
the mode of growth and structure of that plant and of Sc. palustris, 
pauciflorus, and cespitosus. A new species of Cuscuta, considered as 
intermediate between C. europea and epilinon, which has been disco- 
vered by Mr. Blyth of Christiania, parasitical upon Chenopodiacee on 
the sea-shore of Norway, is described under the name of “ C. halo- 
phyta, caule simplici, florum glomerulis multifloris subbracteatis, co- 
rollz tubo globoso limbum zquante.”’ We have seen specimens of 
this plant from Norway in the Herbarium of Mr. R. B. Bowman of 
Newcastle, and itis much to be wished, that that gentleman, or some 
other botanist, who may have the opportunity, would examine the 
structure of the scales in the interior of the corolla, as no notice is 
taken of that part by Fries. 

Zannichellia pedunculata and polycarpa are separated from Z. pa- 
lustris : the former we suspect is only a variety, but the latter ap- 
pears to be a good species, characterized by its very short styles. 

In the ‘Commentatio de Salicibus’ our author first endeavours 
to determine the species contained in ‘ Linn. Fl. Lapp.’ and then pro- 
ceeds to enumerate and describe all the Swedish species; and the syn- 
onyms of Linnzus, Smith, Willdenow, Wahlenberg, and Koch are 
quoted throughout. It would occupy too much of our space to go 
in detail through this part of the book before us, nor indeed is it at 
all necessary, as we doubt not that it will soon be in the hands of all 
students of this very difficult genus. 


A new number of Reichenbach’s ‘ Icones Flore Germanicz’ has 
just reached us: it contains 23 plates, figuring 56 species and va- 
rieties of German Violets. The plates are executed with the usual 
care, and will be found most useful in determining the different forms 
in this genus. 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 


LINNZAN SOCIETY. 


March 5, 1839.—Edward Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. 
Read, ‘‘ Observations on some Fungi or Agarici, which by de- 
liquescence form an inky fluid, drying into a bister-coloured mass, 
capable of being used as a water-colour for drawings, and of a very 
indestructible nature by means of common agencies.” By John 


258 Linnean Society. 


Redman Coxe, M.D., formerly Professor of Materia Medica in the 
University of Pennsylvania. Communicated by the Secretary. 

Dr. Coxe having gathered a Fungus and placed it on a sheet of 
white paper, leaving it until the next day, found several drops of an 
inky fluid, slowly trickling from the inner surface, which had as- 
sumed a black appearance ; by placing the Fungus in a glass, the 
whole except the outer skin liquefied. ‘The colour of the fluid was 
rather a deep bister than black, and being left in the glass, in a few 
hours it separated into a solid sediment, with a lighter coloured fluid 
swimming above. Having afterwards collected a considerable quan- 
tity of fluid from the same species, he obtained by drying an extract 
of a pretty deep black colour of both parts conjoined, which would 
otherwise have separated. This on trial formed an admirable bister- 
like water-colour, well adapted for drawing when mixed with a little 
gum. 

Dr. Coxe used the “fresh inky fluid as ink, and from such fresh 
fluid the accompanying drawings were made ;” but it was soon found 
that its change was too rapid to think of depending on it for sucha 
purpose, he therefore was led to dry it as quickly as possible by 
spontaneous evaporation, and then to use it diluted with water. 
Having exposed various portions of writing thus made to the direct 
rays of the sun for several months with little change, he tried the 
effects of chlorine and euchlorine gas, muriatic acid, and ammoniacal 
gases : from these but a trifling change ensued, except from the mu- 
riatic acid gas, which destroyed very considerably the dark tint of 
the writings. He also placed some small and recent specimens of the 
Fungus in a solution of corrosive sublimate, which preserved them 
and prevented any deliquescence : the same effect was produced by 
alcohol. 

The ink is fully formed and escapes in about three or four days. 
When received into a phial, in a short time the heavier and blacker 
matter was found to settle as a sediment ; the lighter brownish amber- 
coloured fluid surmounts it, and may be poured off from it to dry them 
separately. From a good-sized specimen nearly half an ounce of 
fluid has been obtained. | 

The following chemical experiments among others were made :— 

1. Two drachms of the fluid added to Z 1 of hydrate gave a clear 
brown transparent solution, to which in separate glasses was added 

2. Nitrate of Silver: no effect at first, but in a few minutes dark 
brown flocculi subsided, leaving a transparent fluid above. 

3. Muriate of Baryies: no effect at first, finally a subsidence of 
dark brown flocculi. 


Linnean Society. 259 


4. Acetate of Lead. Immediate dark brown flocculi, leaving a 
clear liquid above. 


5. Carbonate of Potash. Transparency destroyed ; a trifling brown 
deposit in a few hours. 

6. Alcohol. Noapparent change from it. 

7. Solution of Corrosive Sublimate. An apparent diffusion of brown- 
ish hue, gradually subsiding in dirty brown flocculi. 

8. Dilute Muriatic Acid. The same, but much smaller in amount. 

10. Lime Water. Light brown flocculi in a few hours. 

11. Liquor Ammonie. No effect. 

12. Succinate of Ammonia. Deep brown deposit in a few hours. 

13. Prussiate of Potash. No effect. 

14. Oxalate of Ammonia. Clouds form and settle in a dirty brown 
sediment. 

From these experrments Dr. Coxe is disposed to think that an ex- 
cellent India Ink might be prepared for drawing; perhaps its dried 
deposit mixed with oil might answer for engravings; and as an ink, 
indestructible from any common agents, it might be well to try it in 
the filling up of bank notes and other papers of consequence, as he 
believes it cannot be extracted by any means without destroying the 
paper itself. 

The Fungus described, and on which the above experiments were 
tried, is referred with some hesitation to Agaricus ovatus, Scheffer, 
‘Icones Fungorum,’ fig. 7. A. eylindricus, fig. 8. A. porcellaneus, 
fig.46.and 47. The drawings are named Agaricus ovatus*. 


March 19.—Edward Forster, Esq., V. P., in the Chair. 


Read, ‘‘ A Notice of the Birds of Iceland, accompanied by speci- 
mens.” By George Townshend Fox, Esq., F.L.S. 

It is perhaps not generally known that the Durham University 
has established a Museum as one of the necessary appendages of an 
academical institution; the subcurator of which, Mr. Wm. Proctor, 
requested and obtained permission to go out to Iceland in the summer 
of 1837 to procure a collection of the birds of that island. Three 
months were passed on the most northern part of Iceland, this local- 
ity being chosen by Mr. Proctor as one least visited by naturalists, 


* The drawings evidently represent Agaricus fimetarius, Linn. and Curtis ; 
A. comatus, Mull. and Berkeley ; 4. cylindricus, Sowerby ; to which A. cy- 
lindricus, Scheeff. f.8. and 4. porcellaneus, figs. 46 & 47. belong; it is not 
so clear that 4. ovatus, fig. 7. (the name adopted by Dr.Coxe) does. In the 
subgenus named by Berkeley Corrinus every species is deliquescent. Curtis 
observes, under his 4. ovatus, which is 4. atramentarius, Bull. and Berk., 
that the seeds may be seen in the black liquor if magnified. 


260 Linnean Society. 


and therefore the most likely to repay his labours by the number or 
rarity of the specimens to be obtained. Skins of fifty-two species of 
birds were brought home, besides skins of six Rein Deer, three spe- 
cies of Seals, two large Fishes (Anarrhicas), and a Porpoise. 

Frederick Faber in his Ornithology of Iceland, published at Copen- 
hagen in 1822, enumerates eighty-four species of birds; of which 
about twenty are land birds, and sixty water birds. Faber adopted the 
nomenclature of Linneus, but an examination of the skins brought 
home by Mr. Proctor has led to the belief that several of Faber’s 
birds are not identical with the Linnean species. The Iceland 
Falcon is considered by Mr. Hancock* as distinct from the whiter 
falcon of Greenland. ‘The Iceland Grouse is correctly considered 
by Faber as peculiar to that island. The Bridled Guillemot, Uria 
lacrymans, Lapyl., is for various reasons believed to be a species 
distinct from the Common Guillemot, Uria Troile, Lath. Clangula 
Barrovii was found breeding on the ground in a nest formed of 
its own down, and placed among aquatic plants a little above high- 
water mark. Some rare eggs were also obtained, namely, those of 
the Iceland Falcon, Little Auk, Bridled Guillemot, and Sclavonian 
Grebe. 


Read also a paper, ‘‘ On the Structure and Development of 
the Reproductive organs of Pilularia globulifera.” In a letter to 
R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S. and L.S. By William Valentine, Esq., 
F.L.S. 

The author observes, that the involucrum of Pilularia globulifera 
contains two kinds of bodies, which, however, occupy distinct sacs ; 
one kind are round, very numerous, and minute, not larger than the 
460th part of an inch; they are found principally in the upper part 
of the involucrum, and are about forty in each sac. The other kind 
are of an oblong pyriform shape, a little constricted near the middle, 
with a conical projection at one extremity, and are much less nu- 
merous, about sixty, and occur singly in each sac; they are about 
the 80th part of an inch broad, and have the power of germination, 
which the former kind do not appear to possess. Both kinds are 
loose in their sacs, and have an opake, pure white, minutely granular, 
testaceous covering, and are imbedded in a kind of gelatin, which 
softens and expands by the action of water, but is not completely 
dissolved. The larger bodies, the undoubted sporules, after a very 
slight maceration in water, (less than a minute is sufficient,) are en- 


* See Mr. Hancock’s paper on this subject in the ‘ Annals of Natural 
History,’ vol. 11. p. 241, 
! 


Linnean Society. 261 


veloped by a well-defined covering of gelatinous matter, which be- 
fore the maceration existed in a concrete state. Further macera- 
tion does not appear to affect this gelatinous covering, as it remains 
unchanged long after germination, and gives to the sporule the ap- 
pearance of having a very delicate transparent border, whose breadth 
is about the 4th part of the diameter of the sporule. 

The sporule consists of three coats, the outer of which is white, 
opake, somewhat brittle, more or less incomplete at the conical ex- 
tremity, but much thickened about the upper third of the sporule, 
where it exhibits traces of cellularity. The middle coat is mem- 
branous, elastic, of a light yellowish brown colour, and perforated at 
the apex of the conical projection which is essentially formed by 
this coat, the outer coat being gradually lost upon its surface, or in 
some instances being scarcely continued on to it, in which case the 
sporule appears truncated, the middle membrane not having sufficient 
firmness of itself to support the conical form. This conical projec- 
tion is more or less plicated, and in those instances in which the outer 
coat is very deficient the middle membrane exhibits lines radiating 
from the aperture. The third coat, or internal membrane, is similar 
in colour to the middle, differing from it however in being inelastic, 
and not being continued into the cone, but forming a short cavity, 
by passing directly across the base of the cone, at which point it is 
not in contact with either of the other membranes, and is marked 
by three lines, which radiate from the centre of the unsupported 
portion, and indicate a valvular structure to allow of the protrusion 
of the growing matter in germination. ‘The cavity of the sporule is 
occupied by a quantity of grumous fluid and particles, which are of 
_various sizes, the larger ones being mostly of an ovoid shape, but 
altering by pressure. 

I found many of these sporules in a germinating state, the major- 
ity having escaped from the involucrum, but in several instances I 
found them considerably advanced in germination before the rupture 
of the involucrum and whilst they were yet inclosed in their sacs. 
The first external sign of germination is either the appearance of 
four cells projecting through the apex of the conical projection 
or a general swelling of that part. By dissection, however, we 
can observe this process at an earlier period, and | find upon re- 
moving the conical projection that the first evidence of germination 
having commenced is an appearance of cellularity within the unsup- 
ported or valved portion of the internal membrane, which is transpa- 
rent; and I now find for the first time a very delicate pellucid mem- 
brane lining the whole cavity of the sporule, and having the cells 


262 Linnean Society. 


which give the appearance just mentioned either lying on its exter- 
nal surface or forming that portion of it which lies beneath the valves. 
From the appearances and impossibility of separating the cells from 
the membrane I am inclined to believe that the cavity formed by this 
membrane is completed by the cells, or, in other words, that the 
sac is partly membranous and partly cellular. It is possible that 
this last described membrane may exist before germination begins, 
notwithstanding the numerous unsuccessful dissections which I 
have made to discover it, the failure being owing to its extreme de- 
licacy ; but I am pretty well satisfied that it is a product of germi- 
nation, because I have not the slightest difficulty in demonstrating 
it after that has commenced, nor is there the slightest trace of it in 
any stage of the development of the sporule. However this may be, it 
is quite certain that fresh cells are gradually formed on the external 
surface of the cellular part of the sac, and that the valves of the 
third membrane are very soon ruptured and gradually turned back 
by the growth and protrusion of this button-like cellular germ. 
The enlarging cellular mass then distends the conical projection, 
unfolding the plice of that body, and at length appears externally, 
with four of its cells projecting beyond the general mass and com- 
pressed into a quadrangular form, I fancy by the pressure of the apex 
of the cone, the aperture in which is quadrangular. ‘These projecting 
cells soon harden and acquire a reddish brown hue, and in the ad- 
vanced stage of germination appear like a brown quadrangular space, 
which I should have little hesitation in referring to the above cause 
did I not find several similar spaces on the germinating sporules of 
Isoetes lacustris, which I could not refer to such an origin: it must 
be observed however that I have not seen the earlier stages of germi- 
nation in Jsoetes. Soon after the exposure of the entire germ, which 
is effected by the reflexion of the valves and conical membrane over 
the side of the sporule, where they hie quite concealed by the germ, 
little fibrille or rootlets begin to shoot from one side. ‘They are 
simply articulated tubes or elongated cells applied end to end with 
frequently a bulbous extremity, and each is produced from one of 
the cells of the germ. They differ much in length in different 
sporules; in some they are not longer than the sporule, whilst in 
others they are three or four times that length, and, in common with 
the cells of the germ, contain granules which in these are colourless 
but in the germ green. The cluster-like appearance of the cells 
which form the germ, soon after the appearance of these fibrille be- 
gin to change, the cells becoming flatter and more intimately con- 
nected with each other. At the same time an internal change is taking 


Linnean Society. 263 


place, for by a gradual arching or receding upwards of that part of 
the germ which closes the cavity of the sporule the germ becomes 
hollow, the hollow communicating with the cavity of the sporule, 
which is of course proportionably enlarged. ‘The germ now gra- 
dually points in two places, which are by no means fixed, but occur 
in various situations according to the position of the sporule in rela- 
tion to the light. The direction of the first leaf is generally in the 
direction of the axis of the sporule, or rather a little inclined, and 
that of the first root at right angles or lateral, but very soon chan- 
ging to an opposite direction to that of the leaf. This would be the 
constant direction if the sporules were always left to themselves free 
from entanglements, on account of the peculiar structure of their 
outer coats; the spongy fibro-cellular texture of the superior third 
of which, causing that end to be the most buoyant in the water, ex- 
poses the superior surface of the germ to the direct action of the 
light; but as it cannot always happen that the sporules should be 
free, the direction of the leaf and root is sometimes quite the reverse, 
and at others both leaf and root are lateral, but proceeding from 
opposite sides of the germ. ‘These two points gradually lengthen, 
and if dissected each will be found to consist of a closed sheath, con- 
taining in one instance the leaf, in the other the root in the form of 
a conical process like a finger in a glove. ‘The young leaf, which is 
taper and its cells crowded with green granules, being in advance of 
the root, which is obtuse and destitute of green granules, bursts 
through the summit of its sheath when it has become rather longer 
than the sporule, whilst the root, although more backward in its de- 
velopment, pierces its sheath before it is as long as the sporule. The 
sheaths are not distinct, but communicate with each other; and the 
only point of connexion between the sheath (there being in fact but 
one) and the germ is around its base close to the sporule, so that 
nearly the whole of the germ is inclosed in this sheath. Besides 
this sheath which embraces the upper part of the root, there is an 
exceedingly delicate expansion, which so closely embraces the ex- 
tremity of the root like a cap, that it is only by a careful examina- 
tion that it can be discovered. I am not aware that this has ever had 
any connexion with the sheath through which the root bursts, but, 
on the contrary, I believe it to be a distinct formation. After the 
leaf has grown many times the length of the sporule, or about 2 
lines long, another leaf grows from the germ close to the first, to 
which it is in all respects similar, and then a bud begins to be de- 
veloped from some indefinite part of the germ, but like the leaves 
and root from within the sheath, which is now frequently much lace- 


264 Linnean Society. 


rated. This bud is covered bya peculiar kind of jointed hairs, whose 
attachments are lateral, at a short distance from their bases, and 
they contain a few colourless granules. This bud sometimes appears 
after the first leaf, in which case there is no second primordial leaf 
formed, and is the rudimentary stem, the first growth from it being 
a leaf which exhibits, although in a small degree, the first evidence 
of gyration, and shortly after a root which is furnished with its own 
sheath. As I have not seen more advanced specimens, I am unable 
to describe the succeeding steps; but as, up to this point, my obser- 
vations were made upon several hundred examples, I may safely 
affirm that the instances were sufficiently numerous for my purpose. 

All the leaves after the primordial ones, or those which grow direct 
from the germ, are developed in a similar manner to ferns, and even 
the running stem partakes in a slight degree of the same gyrate evo- 
lution. The roots are all formed in sheaths, through the apices of 
which they ultimately burst; the sheath continuing to embrace the 
base of the root, whilst a distinct and far more delicate sheath 
closely embraces its point. Transverse sections of the stem, root, 
and leaves show them all to be hollow with the cavity divided longi- 
tudinally into separate channels. In the stem these longitudinal par- 
titions are about fifteen or sixteen in number, and in the leaf and 
root they are about ten or twelve, which in the latter are arranged 
in pairs. These partitions radiate from a central column of enlarged 
cells which surround a bundle of minutely dotted ducts that may be 
unrolled spirally, and the channels between these partitions are fre- 
quently divided by transverse partitions or diaphragms. The cells 
which form these partitions are curiously arranged—they are flat- 
tened on two opposite sides, and connected with each other by their 
narrow sides and extremities, but only at intervals, so that there are 
numerous holes formed which afford a free communication between 
all the channels. In the partitions of the root the intervening holes 
are so large in proportion to the breadth of the cells that these have 
the appearance of a string of beads. Another peculiarity of the 
root is, that, in addition to the diaphragms formed of this tissue, 
which are also found in the stem and leaf, a peculiar body is fre- 
quently met with occupying a similar position to the diaphragms. 
These bodies (for they are sometimes numerous) are each formed of 
one or more cylindrical cells coiled up in a gyrate manner. They 
grow from the angle formed by the partition and the cuticle, and 
are developed subsequent to the other tissue, for they may be found 
in various stages of advancement in the same root. Their nature I 
have not been able to ascertain. 


Linnean Society. 265 


The author then proceeds to describe the development of the spo- 
rules. A transverse section of the involucrum when about the size 
of a small pin’s head shows it to consist of four integuments, con- 
taining a mass of very delicate spongy compressible cellular tissue, 
subdivided into four equal triangular portions by four lines radiating 
from the centre. In the centre of each of these portions is a cavity, 
and projecting into each of these cavities are a number of nipple- 
like processes which are attached in each cavity to a common recep- 
tacle, whilst this again is connected with an open rigid cellular 
tissue that lies between the spongy tissue before described and the 
involucrum, and serves as a connexion between the two. As the 
involucrum advances, the spongy tissue recedes all round the four 
cavities, which consequently become larger and afford more space 
for the growth of the nipple-like processes. This recession of the 
spongy tissue is nof caused by the pressure of the growing pro- 
cesses, for it is frequently in advance of them ; but it is produced by 
a gradual condensation inherent to the tissue around the cavities 
and along the radiating dividing lines, which, in fact, are nothing 
more than this condensation, which at maturity is so complete that 
the whole of the spongy tissue is condensed into four dissepiments, 
dividing the cavity of the involucrum into four equal loculi. The 
nipple-like processes are found upon a careful examination to be 
hollow sacs with obscurely cellular walls—those which occupy the 
lowest part of the involucrum being considerably in advance of the 
upper ones. ‘These sacs contain a quantity of grumous matter, and 
a number, perhaps about ten, of soft rather opake pulpy bodies, 
which are evidently compounded of four closely connected parts so 
placed on each other as to form a cone with a triangular base. 


April 2.—The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Owen read a Paper on a New Species of the genus Lepido- 
siren of Fitzinger and Natterer. The author commenced by advert- 
ing to the first announcement of that anomalous animal, the Lepido- 
siren paradoxa, as the type of a new genus of Perennibranchiate 
Reptiles by Fitzinger at the meeting of the German naturalists at 
Prague in 1837, and to its subsequent description by its discoverer 
Dr. Natterer, the well-known South American traveller. 

With the generic characters assigned by these able German na- 
turalists to their Lepidosiren, the species described by Mr. Owen 
fully and closely agreed; but it differed specifically in the greater 
relative length of the head and rudimental extremities, and its much 
smaller size. 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 17. June 1839. U 


266 Linnean Society. 


Mr. Owen observed, that since the time of the discovery of the 
Ornithorhynchus there had not been submitted to naturalists a spe- 
cies which proved more strongly the necessity of a knowledge of its 
whole organization, both external and internal, in order to arrive at 
a correct view of its real nature and affinities, than did the Lepidosiren, 
and as he had felt a reluctance to bring before the Society an in- 
complete description, which might only have served to raise new 
doubts in the minds of naturalists with regard to this animal, he had 
deferred since June 1837 the completion and communication of the 
present paper. He had however at that time prepared a brief descrip- 
tion of the specific characters of the specimen in question, under 
the name of Protopterus, and had referred it in the Catalogue of the 
Museum of the College of Surgeons to the Class of Fishes, on ac- 
count of its scaly covering and the condition of its nostrils as plicated 
sacs, and to the abdominal family of the Malacopterygian order 
of that class, in which it seemed to present an extreme modification 
or rudimental condition of the fins indicative of a transition from the 
abdominal to the apodal families. 

The anatomical details which formed the principal part of the present 
communication, confirmed the propriety of referring the Lepidosiren 
to the class of fishes ; but they also led, Mr. Owen observed, to a con- 
siderable extension in his original views of its affinities in that class. 

A minute description was then given of the external characters 
and peculiarities of the present species, which differed from the Le- 
pidosiren paradoxa in the greater relative length of the head and ru- 
dimental fins as compared with that of the trunk; and in its general 
size, which is three-fourths smaller. 

The chief peculiarities of the skeleton consist in its imperfect, or 
rather partial ossification, and in the green colour of the ossified 
parts ; in which it resembles that of the gar-pike (Belone vulgaris). 
The parts which continue permanently in the cartilaginous condition 
are the petrous elements of the temporal bones containing the acoustic 
labyrinth, a portion of the articular pedicle of the lower jaw, the 
branchial arches, and the bodies of the vertebre : these, moreover, are 
not separated to correspond with the neurapophyses and ribs, as in 
Plagiostomous Cartilaginous Fishes, but retain their primitive con- 
fluent condition as around continuous chord, extending from the oc- 
ciput to the end of the tail: this vertebral chord consists of an ex- 
ternal firm, elastic, yellowish capsule, enveloping a softer subgelati- 
nous material, as in the Cyclostomous Fishes. ‘The corresponding 
parts or basilar elements of the cranial vertebrze were ossified: and 
Mr. Owen then entered upon a detailed description of the skull. 


Linnean Society. 267 


The ribs are thirty-six pairs, and consist of short, slightly curved, 
slender styles, encompassing, with the spine, about one-sixth part of 
the cavity of the abdomen. These ribs are attached to the lower part 
of the side of the fibrous sheath of the central vertebral chord ; their 
pointed free extremities are cemented to the intermuscular ligaments. 

The superior spines are throughout separated from the neurapo- 
physes, and these are not anchylosed together at their upper extre- 
mities. Hzemapophyseal spines are developed in the caudal region, 
and both these and the neurapophyseal spines have articulated to 
them dermo-osseous spines, of equal length, with their distal extre- 
mities expanded, and supporting the transparent elastic horny rays 
of the caudal fin. The rudimental filiform pectoral and ventral 
fins were supported each by a single cartilaginous ray composed of 
many joints. 

The muscles of the head, jaws, hyoid and branchial apparatus 
were then described: the muscular system of the body consists of 
subvertical layers of oblique fibres separated at brief intervals by 
aponeurotic intersections. 

The following peculiarities of the Digestive system were then 
pointed out ;—two long, slightly curved, slender, sharp-pointed 
teeth project from the intermaxillary bones, which are moveable. 
The upper maxillary bones support each a single dental plate divi- 

-ded into three cutting lobes, by two oblique notches entering from 
the outer side: the lower jaw is armed witha single dental plate si- 
milarly modified, the produced cutting edges fitting into the notches 
above : these maxillary teeth somewhat resemble the dental plate of 
the extinct Ceratodus of Agassiz. ‘The fleshy and sensitive parts of 
the tongue are more developed than in fishes generally. The jaws 
are adapted to minutely divide and comminute alimentary substances; 
the pharyngeal opening is contracted; the entrance to the pharynx 
guarded by a soft semicircular valvular process. Gullet short, straight, 
narrow, but longitudinally plicated. Stomach simple, straight, with 
thick walls, in capacity corresponding with the cesophagus; termi- 
nating by a valvular pylorus projecting with a scalloped margin into 
the intestine. No pancreas or spleen. Liver well-developed, partly 
divided into two lobes. A gall-bladder, and large ductus choledochus, 
opening by a valvular termination close to the pylorus. Intestine 
round, straight, at first of equal diameter with the stomach, but gra- 
dually contracting to the vent, with thick parietes ;_ traversed inter- 
nally by a spiral valve describing six gyrations; the first of which is 
the longest. 

The respiratory organs consist of branchie, and a double elon- 

U2 


268 Linnean Society. 


gated air-bladder, with the usual vascular and cellular structure of 
the lungs of a reptile. 

The branchie consist of elongated, sub-compressed, soft, pendu- 
lous filaments, attached to cartilaginous branchial arches; these 
arches are not joined together, or to the os hyoides by an interme- 
diate chain of cartilages or bones below, nor are they articulated to 
the cranium above. There are six branchial arches on each side, 
and five intervals for the passage of the water from the mouth to the 
branchial sac. All the branchial arches do not support branchial 
filaments ; but only the first, fourth, fifth, and sixth. The first and 
last branchial arches each support a single row, the fourth and fifth 
each a double row of branchial filaments. The second and third 
branchial arches have their full proportions, but offer not the slight- 
est trace of gills. The branchial sac is pretty large, and opens ex- 
ternally by a small vertical fissure immediately anterior to the ru- 
dimental pectoral extremities. 

The heart is situate below the cesophagus, in a strong pericardium ; 
it consists of a single auricle and ventricle and a contorted bulbus 
arteriosus, with a longitudinal valvular process as in the Siren. The 
two branchial arteries, which wind round the gill-less arches, after- 
wards unite together on each side, and give off branches which form 
the pulmonary arteries, or those which go to the air-bladders. 

The apparatus for aerial respiration commences by a short, single, - 
wide and membranous trachea, or ductus pneumaticus, which com- 
mences by a longitudinal laryngeal sht, one line in extent, situated 
three lines behind the orifice of the pharynx: a single plate of car- 
tilage is continued from this laryngeal opening forwards to that of 
the pharynx: the plate is as broad as the floor of the pharynx, and 
its office seems to be to prevent the collapse of the parietes of that 
tube, and to keep a free passage for the air to the trachea. This tube 
dilates at its lower end into a sac with very thin parietes, which com- 
municates directly with each division or lobe of the air-bladder. 
These lobes or lungs are partially subdivided into small lobes at their 
anterior and broadest part; and then continue simple and flattened, 
gradually diminishing to an obtuse point situated behind the poste- 
rior extremity of the cloaca. The whole of the parietes of the lungs 
is honey-combed : the cells are largest, deepest and most vascular 
and subdivided at the anterior and broader end of the lung. The. 
lungs are situated behind the ovaria, the kidneys, and the perito- 
neum, which is in contact with merely that part of their ventral 
flattened surfaces, not covered by other viscera. 

The two kidneys are quite distinct, very long and narrow, but 


Linnean Society. 269 


broadest towards the cloaca: the ureters communicate with the back 
part of the common termination of the oviducts. There were not 
any suprarenal bodies, nor any spleen. 

The ovaria are two long, flattened bodies, with ovisacs and ova of 
different sizes: many between 2 and 3 lines in diameter, scattered 
among clusters of other ova of smallersize. The oviducts are distinct 
tortuous tubes, which commence by a very wide and thin-coated 
portion, opening by a slit, 3 lines widé at their anterior extremity, 
and not communicating with each other before opening into the pe- 
ritoneal cavity, as in the Plagiostomes. The oviduct contracts and 
performs many short undulations, adhering to the ovarian capsule 
as it descends : its coats become thicker, and oblique spiral folds are 
developed from the inner surface; the capacity of the oviduct in- 
creases before its termination, which is by a single prominent open- 
ing, common to the two oviducts in the posterior part of the cloaca. 

A small Allantois is situated between the oviduct and rectum. 
The cloaca receives the above parts in the following order,—first, or 
most anteriorly, the common opening of the peritoneal canals; se- 
condly, the anus; thirdly, the Allantoid bladder ; fourthly, the ovi- 
ducts, with the ureters, which open into the back part of the ovi- 
ducts. 

The drain consists of two elongated subcompressed distinct cere- 
bral hemispheres ; a single elliptical optic lobe, or representative of 
the bigeminal bodies ; a simple transverse cerebellar fold, not cover- 
ing the widely-open fourth ventricle ; largely developed pineal and 
pituitary glands; and a single corpus mammillare. 

The nerves given off from the brain, were the olfactory ; the optic, 
which arose from the same point at the middle line between the 
crura cerebri, and did not decussate ; the fifth pair ; the acoustic ; the 
pneumogastric ; and lingual nerves : there were no traces of the third, 
fourth, or sixth nerves; there being no muscles to the eyeballs. 

The eyes are very small, and adhere to the skin, which passes over 
them without forming any projection: they have a small spherical 
lens, and no choroid gland. 

The organ of hearing consists of a vestibule enclosed in a thick 
cartilaginous case, without external communication except for the 
foramina transmitting the portio mollis: it consists of two large 
otolithic sacs, containing each a white chalky mass; the external one 
being six times the size of the one next the brain: above these sacs 
are three small semicircular canals. No trace of tympanic cavity or 
Eustachian tube. 

The organ of smell consists of two oval membranous sacs, pli- 


270 Royal Irish Academy. 


cated internally, and having each a single external aperture upon 
the upper lip; but without any communication with the mouth,—a 
structure which the author observed was perhaps the only single 
character which unexceptionably proved the Lepidosiren to be a true 
fish. The remaining evidence of its ichthyic nature reposed rather 
upon the concurrence of many less decisive characters. 

These characters were stated to be, its covering of large round 
scales; the mucous ducts of the head and lateral line; the many- 
jointed soft ray supporting the rudimental pectoral and ventral fins ; 
the gelatinous vertebral chord, united anteriorly to the whole of the 
basi-occipital, and not to two condyles as in Batrachia; a pre- 
opercular bone, the intermaxillary bone being moveable ; the lower 
jaw having each ramus composed simply of a post-mandibular and 
dentary piece ; the double row of spinous processes, both above and 
below the vertebral chord; the green colour of the ossified parts of 
the skeleton ; the straight intestine, with its spiral valve ; the absence 
of pancreas and spleen; the single peritoneal outlet; the position 
of the anus; the single auricle of the heart ; the number of branchial 
arches, and the internal position of the gills; a long lateral nerve ; 
acoustic labyrinth with large otolithes. These characters, with the 
nasal sacs opening only externally, prove satisfactorily the Lepido- 
siren to be a true Fish, and not a Perennibranchiate Reptile. 

In the class of fishes, Mr. Owen pointed out the interesting rela- 
tions of the Lepidosiren as a link connecting the Cartilaginous fishes 
with the Malacopterygians, and especially with the Sauroid genera, 
Polypterus and Lepidosteus, and at the same time making the near- 
est approach in the class of fishes to the Perennibranchiate Reptiles. 

For the species here described Mr. Owen proposed the name of 
Lepidosiren annectens. It is a native of the river Gambia, Africa. 


ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY. 


January 28.—Sir Wm. R. Hamilton, A.M., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Ball read a Paper on the Remains of Oxen found in the Bogs 
of Ireland. | 

Having alluded to the occurrence of fossil remains of oxen in 
Britain, and the existence of the Auroch or Wild Ox, in some parks 
in that country, he remarked on the old and generally received opi- 
nion, that Ireland could not furnish any evidence of having ever pos- 
sessed an indigenous ox; and he stated, that a specimen which he 
received from the sub-marine forest, in the Bay of Youghal, seemed 
to have been the core of a horn of the fossil ox, often found in Bri- 


Royal Irish Academy. 271 


tain, and supposed to have been the Urus; but this specimen having 
been lost, he alluded to it, to direct the attention of the Academy to 
the subject, in the hope of having his view confirmed. He then en- 
tered upon the principal object of his paper, which was to show, that 
the remains of oxen found at considerable depths in bogs in West- 
meath, Tyrone, and Longford, belonged to a variety or race, differ- 
ing very remarkably from any noticed in Cuvier’s ‘ Ossemens Fos- 
siles,’ or any other work with which he was acquainted. He con- 
cluded by expressing a conviction, that Ireland had possessed at least 
one native race of oxen, distinguished by the convexity of the upper 
part of the forehead, by its great proportionate length, and by the 
shortness and downward direction of the horns. As this fact seems 
to have escaped altogether the notice of British and continental na- 
turalists, and as analogy in the case of other Irish mammals justified 
the view, he urged the great probability of the race in question pro- 
ving to be one peculiar to Ireland. 

Mr. Ball exhibited specimens and drawings, and solicited the co- 
operation of Members of the Academy in effecting a perfect eluci- 
dation of the subject, by collecting specimens from the bogs of the 
country. 

April 8.—Dr. Wilde, a visiter, by permission of the Academy, 
read a paper on some Discoveries he had made at Tyre, relating to 
the manufacture of the celebrated Purple Dye. 

Dr. Wilde stated, that having been engaged in investigating the 
ruins of Tyre, he discovered several circular apertures or reservoirs 
cut in the solid sandstone rock close to the water’s edge along the 
southern shores of the Peninsula. ‘These in shape resembled a large 
pot, and varied in size from two to eight feet in diameter, and from 
four to five deep; some were in clusters, others isolated, and several 
were connected in pairs by a conduit about a foot deep. Many of 
those reservoirs were filled with a breccia solely composed of broken 
up shells, bound together by carbonate of lime, and a small trace of 
strontian ; large heaps of a similar breccia were found in the vicinity 
of the pots. ‘This mass, a portion of which Dr. Wilde exhibited to 
the Academy, is exceedingly heavy, of adamantine hardness, and the 
shells of which it is composed appear to be all of one species, and 
from the sharpness of their fracture, were evidently broken by art 
and not worn or water-washed. The portions of shell were examined 
by eminent naturalists, and are pronounced to be the Murez trun- 
culus, which most conchologists agree was one species from which 
the Tyrian dye was obtained, but until now, no proof could be given 
of its being the actual shell. 


272 Botanical Society of London. 


Dr. Wilde is of opinion that the reservoirs he discovered were the 
vats or mortars in which the shells were broken up, in order to ob- 
tain the dye (which lies in a sac in the neck of the mollusc inhabit- 
ing them,) and showed that it accurately accords with the descrip- 
tion of Pliny, who states, that the smaller shells (of which those in 
the specimen are examples) were broken in certain mills. 


BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LUNDON. 


October 5th.—J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Daniel Cooper, the Curator, exhibited a specimen of the natural 
living fence mentioned at a former meeting, vol.ii. p. 234. Mr. James 
Rich communicated a translation from the French ‘‘ On the Forma- 
tion of Crystals in the Cellules of Plants.” 


November 2nd.—The President in the Chair. 

Dr. F. Bossey read a paper, being the results of an excursion from 
Woolwich to Cobham, Kent, made in company with several members 
of the Society. At the commencement of the paper Dr. B. alluded 
to the general imperfect manner in which the habitats of uncommon 
species were in general described, and proposed the use of the com- 
pass in defining particular habitats. Particular attention was directed 
to the habitat of Polypogon monspeliensis and P. littoralis, which 
were discovered in the marshes east of Woolwich, particularly in 
front of the south of the butt or mound in the Plumstead practice 
ground. 

On ditch banks, forming the east border of the practice ground, Poa 
distans, P. procumbens, and P. maritima, were observed, and in the 
water Zanniciellia palustris, Potamogeton pectinatum and Scirpus la- 
custris with the Polygonum maritimum of Ray, see vol. il. p.234. In the 
hedge banks towards Plumstead a small patch of Hrysimum cheiran- 
thoides was noticed. Passing over Plumstead Common to a road 
called the King’s Highway, Dr. B. found in a little wood on the 
right the Orobus teauifolius of Roth. This plant, which Willdenow, 
Smith, and Hooker agree in regarding as a narrow-leaved variety of 
O. tuberosus, is considered by Don and others as a distinct species. 
The characters which are permanent in cultivated plants are given 
by Mr. D. Don in the 3rd volume of the Memoirs of the Wernerian 
Society, and sufficiently distinguish it from the common species. 
In fields, near Darne Wood, the following plants were met with— 
Linaria minor, Elitine and spuria, Adonis autumnalis, Ajuga Chame- 
pitys, Anagallis cerulea, Galium tricorne, Papaver hybridum and som- 


Botanical Society of London. 273 


niferum. In Darne Wood, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Asperula Cynan- 
chica, and Rubus cesius. Towards Cobham Brachypodium pinnatum, 
Althea hirsuta, Salvia pratensis, &c. &c. 


November 16th.—The President in the Chair. 


Specimens of the fruit, bark, and liber of Bertholletia excelsa were 
announced, presented by R. H. Schomburgk, Esq. now in British 
Guiana. Mr. Chatterley read a paper on the importance of “ Bota- 
nical Statistics,’ illustrated by the order Conifere, which led to 
much interesting discussion. 


November 29th.—The President in the Chair. 


This being the second Anniversary of the Society, the Secretary 
read the report of the Council, from which it appeared that the pre- 
sent number of Members is 100, of which 42 are Resident, 34 Corre- 
sponding, and 24 Foreign, 47 having been elected since the last An- 
niversary. In the Treasurer’s report it was stated that the receipts 
amounted to 71/. 16s. 6d., and the expenditure to 667. 16s. 10d., lea- 
ving a balance in the hands of the Treasurer of 4/. 19s. 8d. exclusive 
of subscriptions for the ensuing year. The President congratulated 
the Society on its present condition as contrasted with the report of 
the state of the funds at the last Anniversary, when the Society were 
351. 17s. 6d. in arrears. Donations to the library were announced 
from 13 Members, and to the herbarium from 42. The number of 
British plants received amount to 18,592 specimens, including a va- 
luable collection of British Salices from Mr. W. Baxter, A.L.S., of the 
Botanic Garden, Oxford. The number of foreign specimens received 
amount to upwards of 10,000, including 4000 species, principally 
received from H. B. Fielding, Esq., F.L.S., Baron Macedo, A. White, 
and the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. ‘The report also announced 
that the Council had opened a correspondence with the Botanical So- 
ciety of Edinburgh, and that an exchange of specimens will annually 
take place between both Societies. ‘The Council have also caused 
to be published a list of the Natural Orders and Genera of DeCan- 
dolle, together with the Linnzan Classes and Orders, in such a form 
as to allow of cutting out to paste on the labels of collections: this, 
together with the Edinburgh Societies’ list of species, will form a 
complete printed index to British Herbaria. The report was una- 
nimously adopted. Ballot then took place for the officers of the 
ensuing year: J. G. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., was re-elected President, who 
appointed J. E. Children, V.P.R.S., &c., and Dr. D. C. Macreight, 
F.L.S., Vice-Presidents ; John Reynolds, Esq. was re-elected Trea- 
surer, together with Daniel Cooper, Esq., A.L.S., Curator, and George 


274 Dublin Natural History Society. 


E. Dennes, Esq., F.L.S., Secretary. The President then delivered 
an address, in which he expatiated on the advancement the Society 
had made since the last year, and gave a brief sketch of the pro- 
gress of Botanical Science for 1837. 


DUBLIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 


We have received the first annual report of the above-named As- 
sociation, established in March 1838, ‘‘ for promoting the Investi- 
gation of the Natural History of Ireland,” and were gratified to see 
the attempt made to institute a society of this character in the me- 
tropolis of Ireland. It already consists of one hundred and thirty-six 
members, and a museum and library have been founded. ‘The rules 
are very ample, consisting of thirty-eight articles, which a little 
further experience in their wording may perhaps condense, while the 
chief aim of the society is stated to be ‘‘ undivided attention to the 
study of the natural history of Ireland by forming a standard collec- 
tion of species ;”” and the reading of papers at the evening meetings, 
‘‘ when a free and unrestrained communication of facts would be en- 
couraged.” The report above alluded to is unassumingly drawn up, 
and relates rather to statistics than to the transactions of the meetings. 
It is to be continued annually, we trust in the form of an address to 
the members ; and we would recommend a little detail being entered 
into of the proceedings of the bygone year, both as a useful sum- 
mary to the members themselves, and as valuable to persons at a di- 
stance interested in the zoology of the British Islands, and who could 
scarcely otherwise become acquainted with what discoveries had been 
made or what additional information had been obtained. 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY FOR THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. 


Henry Denny, Esq. of Leeds, the author of a History of the British 
Pselaphide*, is at present attempting to establish a Society in the 
West Riding of Yorkshire, for the promotion of the local Natural 
History, and we trust he may be successful. This is one of the ob- 
jects which has been recommended by the British Association, as 
tending in an eminent manner to render our knowledge of the zo- 
ology and botany of the country complete, and the additions which 
have been made of late years both of new species and of valuable in- 
formation regarding some previously accounted rare or little known 
by the researches of local investigators, is ample testimony that the 


* We would anxiously recommend the work which Mr. Denny has at 
present in preparation on the British Nirmide. 


Zoological Society. 975 


recommendation should be attended to. The plan proposed is nearly 
that acted upon by the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, which has 
now continued for several years, holding five meetings annually, 
examining the adjacent country during the days of assembling, and 
bringing together after a frugal but always well-relished dinner the 
results of the different excursions. There is no subscription, and a 
few shillings from each member suffices to defray the expense of 
printing the Transactions and annual address, which already hold 
an important place in the literature of our natural history. Mr. 
Denny remarks, ‘<I feel confident, that if such an association were 
formed for the West Riding, (than which no district of equal extent 
in the kingdom is richer for varieties of soil, suitable localities, di- 
versity and abundance of its productions,) a large mass of highly 
valuable materials might be collected, our knowledge of the organised 
beings surrounding us increased, and much friendly and scientific 
intercourse carried on, to the mutual benefit of all parties.” It will 
give us satisfaction to learn that Mr. Denny’s project has been realised. 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
August 14, 1838.—William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. 

A series of skins, belonging to species of the genus Sciurus, in- 
cluding, with one or two exceptions, all which are known to in- 
habit North America, were upon the table; and the Rev. Dr. Bach- 
man, of S. Carolina, brought them severally before the notice of the 
Members. Six of the species exhibited were new, and for these he 
proposed the specific names of Texianus, lanuginosus, fuliginosus, 
subauratus, Auduboni, and Richardsoni. Dr. Bachman’s manuscript 
notes upon the habits and characters of the North American Squir- 
rels, with descriptions of the newly characterized species, were also 
jaid before the Meeting. 

The first species noticed by Dr. Bachman is the Sciurus capi- 
stratus of Bosc, or Fox Squirrel; vulpinus of Gmel.; niger, Catesby ; 
variegatus, Desm.; the Black Squirrel of Bartram. Its essential 
characters consist in its large size, in having the tail longer than 
the body, the hair coarse, and the ears and nose white. The dental 
formula is inc. > can. = mol. re 

Sciurus Texianus. Texian Squirrel. This name is proposed by 
Dr. Bachman for an apparently undescribed species which he saw in 
the Museum at Paris. It was said to have been received from 
Mexico. Inthe Museums of Berlin and Zurich, he also found what 
he conceives to be the same species; and in the British Museum 


276 Zoological Society. 


there is a specimen obtained at ‘Texas by Mr. Douglas, agreeing with 
the others in almost every particular. Dr. Bachman also states that, 
among his notes there is a description of a specimen received by a 
friend from the south-western parts of Louisiana, which, on a com- 
parison with memoranda taken from the other specimens, does not 
appear to differ in any important particular. Hence, he thinks it 
probable that this species has a tolerably extensive range extending 
perhaps from the south-western portions of Louisiana, through 
Texas, into Mexico. 

The Texian Squirrel is about the size of the Fox Squirrel. On 
the upper surface there is a mixture of black and yellow, and on the 
under parts deep yellow. ‘The under sides of the limbs, and also the 
parts of the body contiguous, are whitish. Fore-legs externally, 
and the feet, rich yellow: ears, on both surfaces, yellow, with in- 
terspersed white hairs: nose and lips, brownish white : hairs of tail, 
rich rusty yellow at base, with a broad black space near the ex- 
tremity, and finally tipt with yellow. 


Dimensions. in. lines. 
Lengsthror body oS... ee oe, 
Lail-te end of hair 407 eee Sh Bee 
POSS. io ce Jalan eis Vie eee ee ee 
Height of ears to endof fur .......... 0O,- 62 


The Texian Squirrel bears some resemblance to the Sciurus ca- 
pistratus. The latter species, however, in all the varieties hitherto 
examined by Dr. Bachman, has uniformly the white ears and nose. 

This species would appear to replace the Capistratus in the south- 
western parts of America. 


Scrurus suBpAuratus. Sei. corpore supra cinereo, flavo lavato, 
infra austere aureo, caudd corpore longiore. Dentes, inc. 3, mol. 

The designation ‘‘ Golden-bellied Squirrel,’ and the specific term 
subauratus, are given by Dr. Bachman to a species, of which two 
dead specimens were procured in the markets of New Orleans by 
Mr. Audubon. ‘Their size was between that of the Northern Gray, 
and the Little Carolina Squirrel. There was no trace of the smail 
anterior upper molar generally found in the species of the genus 
Sciurus. The upper incisors are of a deep orange brown colour, and 
of moderate size: under incisors a little paler than the upper; the 
head is of moderate size; whiskers longer than the head; the ears 
are short and pointed, and clothed with hair on both surfaces. The 
body seems better formed for agility than that of the small Carolina, 
in this respect approaching nearer to the Northern Gray Squirrel. 


Zoological Society. 277 


The tail is broad and nearly as long as that cf the last-named spe- 
cies. 

The colour of the§whole upper surface is gray, with a distinct 
yellow tint. The hairs, which give this outward appearance, are 
grayish slate colour at their base, then very broadly annulated with 
yellow ; then black, and near the apex annulated with yellowish 
white. The sides of the face and neck, the whole of the inner side 
of the limbs, feet, and the whole of the under parts, of a deep golden 
yellow ; on the cheeks and sides of the neck, however, the hairs are 
obscurely annulated with black and whitish; the ears are well 
clothed on both surfaces with tolerably long hairs of the same deep 
golden hue as the sides of the face; hairs of the feet are mostly 
blackish at the root, and some are obscurely tipped with black ; 
hairs of the tail black at the roots, and the remaining portion of a 
bright rusty yellow; each hair three times in its length annulated 
with black; the under surface of the tail is chiefly bright rusty yel- 
low; whiskers longer than the head, black. 


Sciurus magnicaudatus, Harlan’s Fauna, p. 170. S. macrourus, Say. 
Long’s Expedition, vol. i. p. 115. 

Of this species Dr. Bachman remarks, that although he has seen 
many specimens labelled under the above name, yet the only true 
S. macrourus which has come under his own observation, is one in the 
Philadelphia Museum. 


Sciurus aureogaster, F.Cuv. et Geoff. Mamm. Californian Squirrel. 
Habitat Mexico and California. 


Sciurus cinereus. Gmel. Cat Squirrel, Pen. Arct. Zool. i. 137. 
A little smaller than the Fox Squirrel; larger than the Northern 
Gray Squirrel; body stout; legs rather short; nose and ears not 


white; tail longer than the body. Dental formula, incis. = can. — 


mol. =, = 20): 

“This squirrel has many habits in common with other species, 
residing in the hollows of trees, building in summer its nest of 
leaves in some convenient crutch, and subsisting on the same va- 
riety of food. It is, however, the most inactive of all our known 
species. It mounts a tree, not with the lightness and agility of the 
Northern Gray Squirrel, but with the slowness and apparent reluc- 
tance of the little Striped Squirrel (Tamias Lysteri). After ascend- 
ing, it does not mount to the top, as is the case with other species, 
but clings to the body of the tree on the side opposite to you, or 
tries to conceal itself behind the first convenient limb. I have never _ 
observed it escaping from branch to branch. When it is induced in 


278 Zoological Society. 


search of food to proceed to the extremity of a limb, it moves cau- 
tiously and heavily, and returns the same way. On the ground it 
runs clumsily and makes slower progress thag the Gray Squirrel. 
It is usually fat, especially in autumn, and the flesh is said to be 
preferable to that of any other of our species. 

«The Cat Squirrel does not appear to be migratory in its habits. 
The same pair, if undisturbed, may be found taking up their resi- 
dence in a particular vicinity for a number of years in succession, 
and the sexes seem mated for life.” 


Sciurus leucotis. Northern Gray Squirrel. 

Gray Squirrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. vol. i. p. 1385. Hist. Quad. 
No. 272. 

Sci. Carolinensis. Godman non Gmel. 

Sci. leucotis. Gapper, Zoological Journal, vol. v. p. 206, pub- 
lished in 1830. 

Larger than the Carolina Gray Squirrel’; tail much longer than 
the body; smaller than the Cat Squirrel; subject to many varieties 
of colour. 

Dental formula, incis. a mol. = A == 22) 

Sciurus Carolinensis, Gmel. Little Carolina Gray Squirrel. 

This species is smaller than the Northern Gray Squirrel, and has 
the tail, which is the same length as its body, narrower than in that 
species. ‘The colour above is rusty gray, beneath white, and not 
subject to variation. 

Sciurus Colliei. For a description of this species, of which the 
original specimen is in the Collection of the Zoological Society, 
Dr. Bachman refers to Dr. Richardson’s Appendix to Capt. Beechey’s 
Voyage. 

Sciurus nigrescens. A species described by Mr. Bennett, in the 
Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. for 18338, p. 41. 

Sciurus niger, Linn. non Catesby. The Black Squirrel. 

A little larger than the Northern Gray Squirrel; fur soft and 
glossy. Ears, nose, and the whole body, pure black ; A few white 
tufts of hair interspersed. Incis. £ , canines =, molars + —p=20. 
Scrurus Aupusoni. Larger Lees Black Squirrel. 

Sciurus corpore supra nigro, subtis fuscescente ; caudd corpus lon- 

gitudine equante. 

A new species, for which Dr. Bachman is indebted to Mr. Audu- 
bon. It has the fur very harsh to the touch, and is rather less in 
size than the Sciurus niger. 

Scrurvus Futiernosus. Sooty Squirrel. 
Sciurus corpore supra nigro et fuscescenti-flavo irrorato, subtis 


Zoological Society. 279 
Juscescente ; caudd corpore valde longiore: dentes inc. 3, 
mol, = , 

Dr. Bachman remarks of this species, ‘“‘ I am indebted to J. W. 
Audubon, Esq., for a specimen of an interesting little Squirrel ob- 
tained at New Orleans on the 24th March, 1837, which I find 
agreeing in most particulars with the specimen in the Philadelphia 
Museum, referred by American authors to Sciurus rufiventer. 

** Dr. Harlan’s description does not apply very closely to the spe- 
cimen in question, but seems to be with slight variations that of 
Desmarest’s description of Sciurus rufiventer. 

** The following description is taken from the specimen procured 
by Mr. Audubon. It was that of an old female, containing several 
young, and I am enabled to state with certainty that it was an adult 
animal. 

“TI have given to this species the character of 22 teeth, from 
the circumstance of my having found that number in the specimen 
from which I described. The animal could not have been less than 
a year old. ‘The anterior molars in the upper jaw are small; the 
inner surface of the upper grinders is obtuse, and the two outer 
points on each tooth are elevated and sharper than those of most 
other species. In the lower jaw the molars regularly increase in 
size from the first, which is the smallest, to the fourth, which is the 
largest. Head short and broad; nose very obtuse ; ears short and 
rounded, slightly clothed with hair; feet and claws rather short and 
strong ; tail short and flattened, but not broad, resembling that of 
- the Sc. Hudsonius. The form of the body, like that of the little 
Carolina Squirrel, is more indicative of strength than of agility. 

« The hairs on the upper part of the body, the limbs externally 
and feet, are black, obscurely grizzled with brownish yellow. On the 
under parts, with the exception of the chin and throat, which 
are grayish, the hairs are annulated with brownish orange and 
black, and a grayish white at the roots. ‘The prevailing colour of 
the tail above is black, the hairs however are brown at base and some 
of them are obscurely annulated with brown, and at the apex pale 
brown. On the under side of the tail the hairs exhibit pale yellowish 
brown annulations.”’ 

Sciurus Douglasii, Gray. Oppoce-poce, Indian name. 

A species about one-fourth larger than the Hudson’s Bay Squirrel ; 
tail shorter than the body. Colour: dark brown above, and bright 
buff beneath. Dental formula ; incis. z, can. ao? mol. = 20. 

Sciurus Hudsonius, (Pennant). The Chickaree Hudson’s Bay 

Squirrel. Red Squirrel. 


280 Zoological Society. 


The Hudson’s Bay Squirrel, a well-known species, is a third 
smaller than the Northern Gray Squirrel; tail shorter than the 
body; ears slightly tufted. Colour, reddish above, white beneath. 
Dental formula : incis. ae can. as mol, p= 20. 

Sciurus Richardsoni. Columbia Pine Squirrel. 

Small Brown Squirrel. Lewis and Clarke, vol. iii. p. 37. 

Sciurus Hudsonius, var. (3. Columbia Pine Squirrel. Richardson, 
Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 190. 

Smaller than Sc. Hudsonius; tail shorter than the body ; rusty 
gray above, whitish beneath; extremity of the tail black. 

This small species was first noticed by Lewis and Clarke, who 
deposited a specimen in the Philadelphia Museum, where it still 
exists. I have compared it with the specimen brought by Dr. 
Townsend, and find them identical. Dr. Richardson, who appears 
not to have seen it, supposes it to be a mere variety of the Sciurus 
Hudsonius. 


RT —0 
Dental formula: incis. “ 


2 can. 0—0’ 


‘“« The body of this most diminutive of all the known species of 


4—4 
mol. 7—, = 20. 


genuine squirrel in North America, is short, and does not present 
that appearance of lightness and agility which distinguishes the © 
Sciurus Hudsonius. Head large, less elongated, forehead more 
arched, and nose a little blunter than Sc. Hudsonius ; ears short ; 
feet of moderate size. ‘he third toe on the fore-feet but slightly 
longer than the second; the claws are compressed, hooked and 
acute; tail shorter than the body; the thumb-nail is broad, flat and 
blunt. 

«The fur on the back is dark plumbeous from the roots, tipped 
with rusty brown and black, giving it a rusty gray appearance. 
It is less rufous than the Sc. Hudsonius, and lighter coloured 
than the Sc. Douglasii. The feet on their upper surface are 
rufous: on the shoulders, forehead, ears, and along the thighs, 
there is a slight tinge of the same colour. ‘The whiskers, which are 
a little longer than the head, are black. The whole of the under 
surface, as well as a line around the eyes, and a small patch above 
the nostrils, smoke-gray. The tail for about one half its length 
presents on the upper surface a dark rufous appearance, many of the 
hairs being nearly black, pointed with light rufous: at the extremity 
of the tail, for about an inch and three-fourths in length, the hairs 
are black, a few of them slightly tipped with rufous. ‘The hind-feet, 
from the heel to the palms, are thickly clothed with short adpressed 
light-coloured hairs; the palms are naked, The sides of the body 
are marked by a line of black commencing at the shoulder and ter- 


Zoological Society. 281 


minating abruptly on the flanks: this line is about two inches in 
length and four lines wide. 
Scrurus Lanucinosus. Downy Squirrel. 

Sciurus corpore supra flavescenti-griseo, lateribus argenteo-cinereis, 
abdomine albo: pilis mollibus et lanuginosis: auribus brevibus : 
palmis pilis sericeis crebré instructis ; caudd corpore breviore. 

“A singular and beautiful quadruped, to which I have conceived 
the above name appropriate, was sent to me with the collection of 
Dr. Townsend. He states in his letter, ‘ Of this animal I have ne 
further knowledge than that it was killed on the North-west coast, 
near Sitka, where it is said to be common: it was given to me by 
my friend W. F. Tolmie, Esq., surgeon of the Hon. Hudson’s Bay 
Company. I saw three other specimens from Paget’s Sound,. in 
the possession of Capt. Brotchie, and understood him to say that 
it was a burrowing animal.’ Sitka is, I believe, the principal set- 
tlement of the Russians on Norfolk Sound and Paget’s Sound, a few 
degrees North of the Columbia River. 

«The head is broader than that of the Sc. Hudsonius, and the fore- 
head much arched. The ears, which are situated far back on the 
head, are short, oval, and thickly clothed with fur; they are not 
tufted as inthe Se. Hudsonius and Sc. vulgaris of Europe, but a quan- 
tity of longer fur, situated on the outer base of the ear, and rising 
two or three lines above the margins, give the ears the appearance 
of being somewhat tufted. In the Squirrels generally, the posterior 
margin of the ear doubles forward to form a valve over the auditory 
opening, and the anterior one curves to form a helix; in the present 
species the margins are less folded than those of any other species I 
have examined. The whiskers are longer than the head; feet and toes 
short; rudimental thumb armed with a broad flat nail ; nails slender, 
compressed, arched and acute; the third on the fore-feet is a little the 
longest, as in the Squirrels. The tail bears some resemblance to that 
of the Flying Squirrel, and is thickly clothed with hair, which is a 
little coarser than those on the back. On the fore-feet the palms 
are only partially covered with hair; but on the hind feet, the under 
surface, from the heel even to the extremity of the nails, is thickly 
clothed with short soft hairs. 

«The fur is softer and more downy than that of any other North 
American species, and the whele covering of the animal indicates it 
to be a native of a cold region. : 

‘Dental formula: zncis. = can. = mol, a = 20. 

‘The upper incisors are smaller and more compressed than those 
of Sc. Hudsonius; the lower ones are a little longer and sharper than 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 17. June 1839. ¥ 


982 Miscellaneous. 


the upper: the upper grinders, on their inner surface, have each an 
elevated ridge of enamel; on the outer crest or edge of the tooth, 
there are three sharp points instead of two obtuse elevations, as in 
the Squirrels generally, and in this particular it approaches the 
Spermophiles. In the lower jaw, the grinders, which are quadrangu- 
lar in shape, present each four sharp points. 

‘‘On the back and tail there are so many white hairs inter- 
spersed, the white spot on the head being merely occasioned by 
a greater number of hairs nearly or wholly white, that there is great 
reason to believe that this species becomes much lighter, if not 
wholly white, during winter. 

‘‘In the shape of the head and ears, and in the pointed projec- 
tions of the teeth, this species approaches the Marmots and Sper- 
mophiles ; but in the shape of its body, its soft fur, its curved and 
acute nails, constructed more for climbing than digging in the earth, 
and in the third toe being longer than the second, it must be placed 
among the Squirrels.” 

Mr.Ogilby pointed out the characters of a new species of Muntjac 
Deer, which lately died at the Gardens. This species is about the same 
size as the common Indian Muntjac, but has a longer head and tail; 
has less red, and more blue in the general shade of the colouring, 
and is readily distinguished by the want of the white over the hoofs, 
which is so apparent in its congener. The specimen, a male, was 
brought from China by J. R. Reeves, Esq., to whom the Society is 
already indebted for many rare and valuable animals, and to whom 
Mr. Ogilby proposed to dedicate the present species by applying the 
name of Cervus Reevesi. A female specimen which accompanied 
that here described, is still living and has lately produced a fawn, 
which is interesting from exhibiting the spotted character common to 
the generality of the young in this extensive group. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


FORMATION OF INDIGO IN POLYGONUM TINCTORIUM, 


Prof. Morren of Liége in a memoir read before the Academy of 
Sciences at Brussels, on the culture of, and method of obtaining the 
indigo from Polygonum tinctorium, makes the following statement with 
respect to the formation of the indigo in the leaves of this plant :— 
«The indigo,” he observes, ‘‘ is contained in the mesophylle of the 
leaf especially. It is dissolved originally in a hquid which fills the 
cells, and in which float pure granules of chlorophylle either inclo- 


Miscellaneous. 283 


sing nuclei of cells or bundles of crystals. The formation of the 
indigo is in connexion with the non-development of the fecula, so 
that the more there is of this substance the less there is of the blue 
product. Whence it follows that the young leaves being less feculi- 
ferous than the old ones, are more useful. 

“The chlorophylle is a formation prior to the fecula, which is 
developed in separate nuclei in the green granules; but there is 
nothing to prove that the indigo is influenced by the chlorophylle, 
or that it is the anthocyan, the blue principle of the chlorophylle, 
which has any connexion with the indigo, so that the leaves of a 
bright and uniform green are also those which are best adapted for 
the extraction of indigo; for the greener and more healthy a leaf is, 
the more it contains of the blue principle.””—F tract from the Bul- 
letin de 1 Académie de Bruxelles, 1838. 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF CYRENA. BY H. NYST. 


The species of this genus formed by Lamarck at the expense of 
Cyclas of Bruguiére, and belonging like those to his Conchiféres di- 
myaires lamellipéedes, are all inhabitants of rivers. They are at pre- 
sent all exotic, but formerly they must have been widely spread 
through Europe, since they are found in a fossil state with Melanie, 
Melanopsides, and Paludine, in layers of considerable extent: such 
is, amongst others, the Cyrena semistriata, Desh., which we have 
discovered in abundance at Kleyn Spauwen, near Maestricht, and 
which is figured in our ‘“ Inquiries on the Fossil Shells of Housselt 
and of Kleyn Spauwen,” Pl. III. fig. 13. 

The genus Cyrena has been subdivided by Lamarck into two 
sections, the one containing the species with lateral serrulated 
teeth, of which Megerle afterwards made his genus Corbicula; the 
other comprehending those with entire teeth, which constitute the 
genus Pridonta, established by Schumacher. The shell under con- 
sideration belongs to the first of these sections. It should take its 
place by the side of the Cyrena cor, Lamk., if indeed it be not its 
fossil representative. 

Cyrena Duchastelii, Nob.—Testa cordata, subeequilatera, tumida ; 

scalariter sulcata ; natibus fere conjunctis. 

Shell cordiform, nearly equilateral, thick, probably grooved, 
traces of grooves visible towards the hinges in the injured speci- 
men which we have before us. The hinges are very near each 
other. 

We dedicate this species to M. F. Duchastel, who was so obliging 


Go 


284 Miscellaneous. 


as to present us with the second specimen, which he possessed from 
the Crag of the County of Norfolk, where Mr. Wood, an English 
geologist had found it.—Budletin de l’ Académie de Bruxelles, 1838. 


ON A NEW EXOTIC SPECIES OF POLYPORUS. BY PROF, J. KICKX. 

Polyporus myrrhinus, Nob.—Graveolens, suberoso-coriaceus , pi- 

leo rufescente, strigoso-velutino, zonato, basi subtus tubercu- 
loso ; poris rotundis lutescentibus. 

Hab. Cuba. 

Sessile, unilateral, obliquely and irregularly reniform, plane, thin 
(its greatest thickness not surpassing 7 mill.), nearly 11 centim. long 
to 17 centim. broad. Pileus marked with zones of various colours ; 
some brownish-red with short hairs, very dense and soft, giving the 
surface a velvety appearance; others alternating with the first, nar- 
rower, greyish, with stiff erect hairs. Lines of growth deep. Base in- 
feriorly tuberculous. Margin thin, straight, presenting now and then 
small perforations arising from foreign bodies inclosed by the plant 
during its growth. Hymenium yellow, of a deeper tint towards the 
outer margin. Pores very small, approximate, rounded, entire, de- 
current along the basal tuberosities of the pileus. Sporidia white. 

The Polyporus myrrhinus belongs therefore to the group of annual 
and coriaceous Apodes, and should take its place by the side of P. 
hirsutus, Schrad., Lundii, Fr., and Polyzonus, Pers. The odour which 
this species diffuses is that of myrrh. It is impossible to mistake it. 
Besides, there is a method which I have had recourse to more than 
once for the diagnosis of vegetable emanations, and with which I 
have almost always succeeded. It consists in passing the object over 
a bottle containing ammonia for some minutes. The experiment 
proves that by this process (the theory of which however I do not 
take upon myself to give), we strengthen without altering the aromas, 
the weakness of which would otherwise have hindered their being 
recognised. 

A character so easy to prove as the existence of the resinoso- 
balsamic odour, which we have mentioned, seemed to merit being ex- 
pressed in the specific name.—I0. 


ON THE VERNATION OF THE CYCADACEZ. BY F. A. W. MIQUEL. 


In all botanical works, we find quoted, as one of the characters of 
the Cycadacee, the circinate arrangement of the young leaves, and 
from this at one period was inferred their affinity to Ferns. ‘The au- 


Miscellaneous. 985 


thor’s researches have shown that this fact is not general. Ona spe- 
cimen of Encephalartos affinis, Lehm., he found a bud composed of 
young leaves shortened, the points of which converged at their 
summit, and the leaflets on each side of the rachis were imbricate 
(on account of the shortening of the latter), and they were applied 
one against the other by their front surface. The same phenomenon 
is seen in the F#. Altensteinii and horridus, Lehm. The terminal bud 
in the species of this genus is not in general developed except at 
intervals of two or even of several years : inthe young plants and the 
lateral buds of great stems very often only a single leaf or a very 
small number of leaves is developed at a time. ‘The growth of the 
young leaves is caused by the extension of the rachis and of the 
leaflets. The L£. spiralis, Lehm., likewise presents the same cha- 
racters. 

In the Zamia, Lehm. the leaves present a development altogether 
different. In the Z. pumila, media, the young rachis in the bud is 
bent in the form of the head of a crosier, but the two series of leaf- 
lets are imbricated on each side and applied one against the other, 
so that their summit is directed downwards by the gyrate arrange- 
ment of the rachis. 

Another disposition of the young leaves is noticed on Cycas circi- 
nalis and revoluta, Thunb. Their rachis as well as the leaflets are 
bent like the head of a crosier, each one having its own axis of in- 
volution as in the Ferns. 

These different characters in the disposition of the leaves appear 
to merit consideration with respect to their use in defining the ge- 
nera; and M. Miquel, notwithstanding the small number of species 
which he has been able to observe, is induced to attribute some im- 
portance to these differences which have hitherto escaped most bo- 
tanists.— Extract from the Bulletin des Scienc. Phys. de Néerlande, 
t.1. p. 129. 


ON THE SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE CHRYSIDIDE, 

M. Klug has given a systematic arrangement of the family of in- 
sects called Chrysidide. He first separates the genus Cleptes, which 
is sufficiently distinguished from Chrysis by the abdomen, arched be- 
low and above, terminating in a point and consisting of more than 
four segments, whilst in the latter the abdomen is flat beneath, blunt 
at the point, often broad, consisting only of three, or at the most of 
four segments: hence Cleptes might be separated as a sub-family, 
Cleptide, and might then be considered as following Chrysis, and 


286 Miscellaneous. 


thus the Oxryuri would be connected with Cleptes, as Chrysis is with 
the Chalcidites, and form a commodious transition to the Formi- 
carie. 

Among the Chrysidide M. Klug first distinguished those which are 
cheracterized by the difference of the number of abdominal segments 
in the two sexes. ‘The disappearance of the submarginal and dis-— 
coidal cells in the fore wing here indicates an approach to the second 
chief division of the Chrysidide, yet it appears more suitable to 
place them not at the end but at the head of the first division, and 
thus entirely at the head of the Chrysidide. Only one genus belong- 
ing to that section Parnopes, which is distinguished by the porrect 
linear mouth, is yet known. To this a new genus is now added, An- 
thracias, a female, with two abdominal segments and with a short 
mouth more like that of Chrysis. The Chrysidide with an equal num- 
ber of abdominal segments in both sexes are divided from the form 
of the body into oblong and round, the first with distinct lower mar- 
ginal and discoidal cells in the fore wing and simple claws, the last 
with obsolete cells and cleft claws. In the divisions themselves the 
generic characters should be taken from the formation of the mouth 
alone, according to whether it, or especially the ligula as in Par- 
nopes, be linear and porrect or not, and at the apex emarginate or 
rounded, or lastly short and almost conical. In the first division 
with simple claws, next to Parnopes, or rather Anthracias, anew ge- 
nus Leptoglossa should follow, not dissimilar to Euchroeus, with a 
porrect ligula and emarginate at the apex; then Pyrochloris, also 
with a porrect ligula and rounded at the apex ; after which Euchroeus, 
subdivided according to whether the apex of the abdomen (as is usu- 
ally the case here) is serrated, or indented, or quite unarmed; and then 
the genus Sti/bum, which hardly differs sufficiently from Euchroeus. 
The conclusion of the first division would be formed by the genus 
Chrysis, which is the most abundant in species, and which might be 
much subdivided from the structure of the mandibles, completeness 
of the marginal cells in the superior wings, and the direction of the 
nerves forming them, projection of the scutellum, and the armature 
of the apex of the abdomen, but is nevertheless well characterized 
by the short nearly conical ligula. In the section of Chrysidide with 
divided claws, the difference between the genera Klampus and Hedy- 
chrum consists either, as in Chrysis, in the short or conical ligula, or 
as in Huchroeus and Stilbum, only in the more projecting ligula 
emarginate at the apex and without regard to the projection of the 
scutellum.—From the Bericht der Berliner Akademie, &c., for 1839. 


Meteorological Observations. 287 


British Coleoptera Delineated, consisting of Figures of all the Genera 
of British Beetles. Drawn in outline by W. Spry, M.E.S. Edited 
by W. E. Suucxarp, Librarian to the Royal Society. 


Wehave just seen the first two numbers of this work, which promises 
to be of considerable assistance to the British Entomologist ; it is to 
consist of a series of figures in outline of all the genera of British 
Coleoptera, drawn by Mr. Spry and edited by Mr. Shuckard. As 
the distinctions of form are sometimes so peculiar that it is scarcely 
possible for the most elaborate description to convey a correct idea 
of them, we consider this work a very happy conception; and as we 
have no doubt that the execution will continue in the spirit and with 
the care with which it commences, we certainly think that it deserves 
the patronage of all who cultivate the delightful science of entomo- 
logy, for its very moderate price must meet the means of all. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR APRIL, 1839. 


Chiswick. ~ April 1. Rain. 92 Overcast. 3, 4. Bleak and cold. 5. Snow- 
ing. 6. Cloudy andcold. 7. Fine. 8. Snowing. 9. Bleak and cold. 10, 
11. Fine but cold. 12-14. Cloudy andcold. 15. Overcast. 16. Very fine. 
17. Showery. 18. Boisterous with rain. 19, Very fine. 20. Showery. 21. 
Fine. 22. Very fine. 25. Rain. 24—26. Fine. 27. Dry haze. 28—g0, 
Very fine. 


Boston.—April1. Fine. 2. Stormy. 3—7. Cloudy. 8. Cloudy: sleet early 
a.m. 9. Cloudy. 10. Fine. 11—15. Cloudy. 16. Fine. 17, 18. Rain. 
19. Fine: rain early a.m. 20,21. Fine: rain a.m.and p.m. 22. Fine: rain 
early a.m. 23. Rain. 24—26. Cloudy. 27. Cloudy: vaina.m. 28—30. Fine. 


Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire.— April 1. A most inclement day; snow on 
hills.) 2. The same: snow on hills melting. 3. Thesame: bitterly cold. 4, 
Another piercing day: cloudy p.m. 5. Still extremely cold: snow showers. 6, 
Wind fallen : more temperate. 7. Moderate day: stillno vegetation. 8. Pier- 
cingly cold and withering. 9. Dry and cold: frosty mornings. 10. Sun warm, 
but wind cold and withering. 11. Milder, but still no spring. 12. Great in- 
crease of temperature. 13. Sun warm: wind moderate but parching. 14. Mo- 
derate day: vegetation commencing. 15. The same: temperature’ lower : 
cloudy. 16. Threatening rain: showery: very wet p.m. 17. Showers: rain: 
hail: cleared p.m. 18. Frequent showers: rainand sleet: snow. 19. Violent 
wind : showers of hail. 20. Dry and cold: vegetation ata stand. 21. Dry: 
temperature rising. 22. Foggy morning: drizzlingday. 23. Clear: tempera- 
ture increasing. 24. The same: cool evening. 25. Temperature increasing : 
clearsun. 26. Cloudy: threatening: cleared up »y.m. 27. Clear and fine: 
hoar frost morning. 28. The same: cloudyr.m. 29. Finespringday. 30. 
Remarkably fine spring day. 


Sun 25 days. Rain 4 days. Snow 2 days. Hail2days. Frost 3 mornings. 

Wind easterly 13 days. Southerly 12 days. Northerly 2days. Westerly 3 
days. 

Calm 11 days. Moderate 7 days. Strong breeze 4 days. Stormy 5 days. 
Brisk 3 days. 

Mean daily range of barometer 0°092. Mean nightly range 0:°080. Mean 
range of 24 hours 0°172, 

Mean daily range of thermometer 10:4, 


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ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


XXXII1.— Miscellanea Zoologica. By GEorGE JOHNSTON, 
M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edin- 
burgh. With Plate VI.*. 


VII. Tue Britisu NEREIDEs. 
Class ANNELIDES. Order ERRANTES. 


CuHaracter. Head usually distinct and antenniferous : pro- 
boscis very large, with one or two pairs of jaws in most: seg- 
ments numerous, co-ordinate; the feet highly developed, fur- 
nished with spines and bristles: branchie either obsolete or 
in the form of lobules or papilla inserted generally at the apex 
of the feet: the tentacular cirri rarely wanting. 


1. Nereis, Linneus. 

Cuar. Head antenniferous, the antenne small; palpi two, 
larger, mammillate; proboscis with two horny falcate jaws ; 
segments numerous, the first with four tentacular cirri on each 
side ; feet bizamous, variously lobulated, furnished with a dor- 
sal and ventral czrrus. 

Observations. The body of the Nereis is always vermiform, 
insensibly tapered towards the tail, somewhat truncate in front, 
and composed of numerous narrow segments : the back round- 
ish, but the ventral surface is flattened, and marked down the 
middle with an impressed line. The head is distinct, a little 
contracted in front, and furnished with two pairs of eyes placed 
on the occiput, the one before the other. The small subulate 
antenne are inserted on its frontal margin (Plate VI. fig. 1 a, 
a.); and, in general, we find two of these organs, which are 
guarded, on each side, by a thick palpus distinctly formed of 
two articulations, the apical capable of being retracted within 
the other (fig. 1a, p). The large cylindrical exsertile pro- 
boscis is divided into two rings, and its surface is roughened 
with minute corneous prickles, more or less numerous in the 

* This plate will form part of the SuppLemEnr to the present volume. a 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 18. July 1839. ‘3 


290 Dr. Johnston on the British Nereides. 


various species, and distributed in annular rows or limited 
patches: the orifice is destitute of tentacula, but armed with 
two powerful jaws curved like a sithe and serrulated on the 
inner margin (fig. 1 a, pr.). The first segment of the body 
(fig. cit. s.) is often larger than the following; and from its 
anterior margin four pairs of tentacular cirri arise (¢), which 
spread out on each side of the head in the form of tapered 
filaments. The feet are homologous throughout and protu- 
berant, formed of two branches coalescent at their insertion 
with the trunk ; and each branch is furnished with a spine, 
or sometimes with two or three spines, and one or two bun- 
dles of bristles (fig. 1 4.) : the latter are two-jointed, the basilar 
portion being thickened towards its extremity, which is deeply 
cleft to receive the termmal piece into a sort of socket (fig. 
1 c.): this piece is sometimes long, straight, and subulate, at 
other times short, flattish, and slightly curved. The cirri are 
always slender and tapered ; we find one at the base of each 
branch of the foot, and that of the ventral branch is invariably 
shorter than the one pertaining to the dorsal (fig. 1 J, ¢.). 
The branchiz, according to Savigny, are constituent parts of 
the feet, consisting of three fleshy papille which occupy their 
extremity (fig. 1 4, 6.). Two of these lobe-like appendages are 
fixed to the dorsal branch, one under the superior cirrus and 
one under the setigerous tubercle; and the third is situated 
under the ventral branch, between the setigerous tubercle and 
inferior cirrus. The form of these papilla, as well as their 
relative size, often varies on the different parts of the body, 
but they are found on all the feet, excepting, sometimes, on the 
second and third pairs, where they are more or less rudiment- 
ary. Audouin and Milne Edwards deny their branchial cha- 
racter, since they are not more vascular than the other lobules 
of the foot; but at the base of these organs there is a vascular 
net-work, which appears to the naturalists mentioned to be 
the principal seat of respiration. The anal segment is always 
terminated with two styles. 

1. N. pelagica, body brownish, more or less tinted with 
green ; post-occipital segment nearly twice as large as the fol- 
lowing ; cirri shorter than the pa illary processes of the feet. 

Plate VI. fig. 1. 


Dr. Johnston on the British Nereides. 291 


Nereis pelagica, Linn. Syst.1086. Bast. Opusc. Subse. ii. 133. tab. 6. fig. 
6. Turt. Gmel. iv. 86.—N. verrucosa, Mull. Zool. Dan. prod. 217. 
no. 2628.—N. ccerulea, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 93. tab. 27. fig. sup. (edit. 
1812.). Zurt. Gmel. iv. 88. Turt. Brit. Faun. 1385. Stew. Elem. i. 
390. Bosc. Vers, i. 170.—Lycoris viridis, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 
419.—L. margaritacea, Zbid. 420; and in Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 230. 


fig. 42. 
Hab. Under stones, between tide marks, common. 


Desc. Body from four to six, or, when fully extended, even 
eight inches long, semicylindrical, of the thickness of a large 
quill, tapered towards the tail, of a brown colour more or less 
deeply tinted with metallic green, particularly near the head 
and on the anterior margins or sides of the segments, and in cer- 
tain lights iridescent. Head square, with four eyes, pointed 
in front, on which are two small antenne; palpi much larger, 
two-jointed, the apical joint minute: ¢entacular cirri in four 
pairs, greenish, setaceous, the superior reaching to the margin 
of the fourth segment and longer by a third than the second 
pair, which again are nearly twice the length of the inferior 
pairs: mouth inferior, with a large cylindrical protrusile pro- 
boscis divided into two portions by a circular fold, armed 
with two strong jaws, around which are placed, on as many 
swellings, six distinct patches of small black prickles, the side 
patches larger than the others; two still smaller patches are 
situated just under the projecting lobe of the head, while at 
the very base of the proboscis we find a band of similar 
prickles, some larger than others, arranged in several irregu- 
lar series: jaws falcate, horn-coloured at their insertions, the 
upper half dark brown with six strong serratures on the inner 
edge, the apex forming a seventh: first segment footless, twice 
as large as the following, scored with faint whitish lines or 
sometimes spotted ; and oblique lines of the same kind may 
be seen, with a magnifier, on the sides of the other seg- 
ments, of which, in a large specimen, there were 123, smooth, 
excepting that across the front margin of a few of the anterior 
segments a line of minute granules is very often visible: feet 
nearly all alike, the civ7i short, the terminal or branchial lo- 
bules conical, nearly equal on the anterior feet, but towards the 
middle of the body the superior becomes larger and more pro- 
minent than either of the others; setigerous tubercles small, 

y 2 


3892 Dr. Johnston on the British Nereides. 


the dristles of the superior fewer and more slender than these 
of the inferior, all of them two-jointed, the terminal piece ob- 
liquely set, setaceous, smooth, liable to be broken off: spines 
one to each bundle of bristles, acute, dark-brown: tail termi- 
nated with two short styles. 

I have seen specimens which were of a uniform grass-green 
colour, tinted only with fuscous-brown about the head. At 
some seasons of the year, in autumn especially, the body is 
often blotched with large irregular yellow patches, and traversed 
with red lines, occasioned by the viscera appearing through the 
skin. A red vessel may be always traced down the middle of 
the back, giving off, to each foot, a small branch, which is 
again slightly ramified ; and a similar vessel runs along the 
flat ventral surface, which is marked with a median furrow. 
But after being macerated in spirits the colours entirely dis- 
appear, the worm becoming of a uniform dead yellowish white 
with a pearly gloss, most distinct on the belly, and a tinge of 
brown sometimes remains on the back. When allowed to die 
gradually in sea-water, the animal often pushes forth its well- 
armed proboscis, which is marked with pale anastomosing 
lines in a longitudinal direction, probably of a muscular cha- 
racter. In dying it relaxes considerably. Fresh water is an 
immediate poison to such individuals as are taken from the 
sea-shores ; yet a partial mixture is not unfavourable to its 
habits, for the species 1s to be found abundantly burrowing, 
like an earth-worm, in mud in the brackish water of our tide 
ways and littoreal marshes. 

The figure in the ‘ Magazine of Natural History’ is too short 
proportionably, and does not give a good idea of the worm. 
That either of Basten or of Pennant is sufficient to identify 
their species with the one before us: and I have taken these 
figures as my guide to the synonyms quoted, for the descrip- 
tions do not always tally; but to expect a coincidence between 
the descriptions of Linnzeus or Muller and those drawn up by 
naturalists of the present day would be unreasonable. I can- 
not refer Nereis pelagica to any species described by Audouin 
and Milne Edwards. Their description and figure of N. Beau- 
coudrayt show that it is very nearly allied, but it differs in 
having only 100 segments, though of equal or rather superior 


Dr. Johnston on the British Nereides. £93 


size; in the first segment not being larger than the others ; 
in the jaws having ten serratures; and in the greater elonga- 
tion of the tentacular cirri. 

The changes which the Annelides pass through, from the 
egg state to their maturity, have not been traced by any one, 
and the general belief appears to be that none of the class un- 
dergoes any metamorphosis, proceeding from the egg with all 
the characters and lineaments of the parents. I have no di- 
rect observation to oppose to this belief, which, however, I 
have been led to think is questionable. In Plate VI. figure 2. 
represents what seems to me to be the young of a Nereis, 
probably of N. pelagica, and the differences between it and the 
adult are not inconsiderable. The tentacula and tentacular 
cirri, it will be observed, are wanting, while the head is large 
and well developed ; and there is a pair of large clavate organs 
at its junction with the first segment, by the aid of which the 
little creature appears to move through the water, for in this 
stage of its life it is an excellent swimmer as well as a swift 
creeper. There is a prominence at the base of each, perhaps 
the buds of future tentacular cirri; and here we observe un- 
derneath some minute ciliated organ, by whose play a current 
of water is driven violently along the sides. By the play of 
ether ciliated organs at the tail, similar currents are there 
created and kept up; and the whole process forcibly recalls to 
memory the mechanism by which respiration is carried on in 
many of the edriophthalmous Crustacea. The eyes are ina 
straight line, and not less distinct than in the adult. The feet 
are well developed, bizamous: the caudal segment rounded, 
of a dark colour, and ciliated all round. I found these sup- 
posed young inthe beginning of September amongst Conferve: 
they were about two lines in length, and very active. 

The luminous animalcule sometimes to be seen on the shells 
of oysters, and delineated by Baker, ‘Employm. for the 
Micros.’ p. 399. pl. 15 A.) seems to be the same worm, a little 
further advanced. The tentacula are now developed, as well 
as a single pair of the tentacular cirri. “ This little insect, 
says Baker, “ can emit or conceal its light ; and sometimes its 
lustre is so bright as to be discoverable even in open daylight, 
especially on being touched or disturbed. Its light is bluish 
like that of the glowworm, or a spark of burning brimstone.” 


294 Dr. Johnston on the British Nereides. 


Prate VI. fig. 1. Nereis pelagica, of the natural size; 1 a. The head and 
proboscis magnified ; 1 b. A lateral view of one of the feet; 1 ¢. Two bris- 
tles. Fig. 2. The young? of Nereis pelagica. 

2. N. margaritacea, of a uniform mother-of-pearl colour, 
post-occipital segment equal in breadth to the two following ; 
jaws with five or six serratures, the apex plain ; superior cirrus 
elongate, the inferior lobed at the base; bristles numerous, 
the dorsal brush with two, and the ventral with four spines. 
Plate VI. fig. 3. 


Nereis margaritacea, Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit.i.451. pl. 26. Au- 
douin and M. Edwards in Ann. des Sc. Nat. xxviii. 217. Wilson in 
Encyclop. Brit. (last edit.) xi. 220.—N. margarita, Montagu in Lin. 
Trans. vii. 82. Turt. Brit. Faun. 135.—Lycoris margaritacea, Lam. 
Anim. s. Vert. v. 312. seconde édit. v. 550. Stark, Elem. ii. 139. 

Hab. Amongst the rocks at Milton, rare, Montagu. Coast of Berwickshire, 

also rare. Mr. Wilson informs us that “ this species is common near the 
Bell Rock, and is subject to great variation of colour,” but the latter remark 
probably flows from a confounding of more than one species together. 


Desc. Body, about four inches long, vermiform, rounded 
dorsally and flattened on the belly, of a uniform mother-of- 
pearl colour, iridescent, the feet tinted with a dusky pale green. 
Head corneous, brown, subquadrangular: eyes four, very di- 
stinct, occipital, blackish: antenne and palpi similar to those 
of N. pelagica, nor is there any material difference in the pro- 
boscis, but the yaws are armed with only five or six denticu- 
lations, and the point is longer and smooth: tentacular cirri 
subequal, reaching to the posterior margin of the post-occi- 
pital segment, which is twice as broad as the following: seg- 
ments rather narrow; the anterior with small feet, which be- 
come gradually larger as we reckon backwards, attaining their 
maximum of development behind the middle, whence they 
again lessen: superior cirrus longer than the branchial? lo- 
bules; the inferior cirrus of the anterior feet simple, that of 
the more developed feet with a lobe and short filament at its 
base: bristles in two considerable brushes, colourless, jointed, 


the terminal piece long and setaceous ; spines conical, corneous, 
some darker than others. 


Prats VI. fig. 3 a. The head of Nereis margaritacea, with the proboscis 
protruded; 3 6. A jaw separated and highly magnified; 3 c. An anterior 


foot (from the twelfth segment); 3 d. A foot from near the middle of the 
body, viewed laterally. 


mR 


Dr. Johnston on the British Nereides. 29 


3. N. bilineata, body tile-red with two white lines down the 
back ; segments about 120; feet uniform with conoid papillary 
processes, the dorsal longer and larger than the others ; supe- 
rior cirrus elongated. Plate VI. fig. 4. 

Hab. In old shells, Berwick Bay. 


Desc. Body from three to four inches long, ;4,ths or ith 
broad, semicylindrical, tapered towards the tail, of a tile-red 
colour marked along the back with two suow-white lines, the 
narrow space between them being of a fine dark red colour, 
glossed with a pearly purple lustre, more especially on the 
ventral surface. Head small, the front as usual pointed with 
two conical antenne longer than its own diameter, and fur- 
nished at each side with a large bi-articulate palpus: eyes four, 
black and very distinct: mouth inferior, the proboscis roughened 
with black prickles: jaws falcate, rather small and slender, 
corneous, crenulate on the inner edge, the crenulations four 
or five and not deep, the brown curved extremity plain: fen- 
tacular cirri four on each side, setaceous, of unequal lengths : 
segments 118, very narrow, the first broader than the following 
but not equal in breadth to two united, convex dorsally, 
smooth ; feet uniform, the superior cirrus elongate, surpassing 
the dorsal branchial ? papilla, which is longer and much larger 
than the others: bristles of the upper tubercle few, those of 
the lower bifasciculate, two-jointed, the apical jomt smooth, 
often broken away from the lowermost bristles: spines brown, 
acute ; ventral surface flat: tai/ with two short styles. 

When macerated in spirits the lines and red colour are com- 
pletely removed, and the body becomes of a uniform pearl- 
grey. 

I have occasionally found this beautiful species concealed in 
old univalve shells brought up, with other rubbish, on the 
lines of our fishermen; one individual was taken from a shell 
of Fusus corneus, which appeared at first to be fully occupied 
with a Hermit-lobster. 

Prate VI. fig. 4. A side view of the foot of Nereis bilineata, from about 
the middle of the body. 

[To be continued. } 


296 Capt. S. E. Cook on Pinus and Abies. 


XXXIV.—On the Pinus and Abies, with remarks on a New 
Species. By Caprain S. E. Cook, R.N. 


In the paper which was given in a preceding Number (vol. i. 
p- 163.) the general distribution of the genera through Europe 
was stated, as faras my observations and information at that 
period enabled me to do. Since that time an addition to our 
knowledge of this branch has been made by the ascertaining a 
species which was first announced by me to exist in the moun- 
tains of Ronda, the bearings of which on the positions laid down 
as to the piology of Europe are too important not to require 
its introduction into the system. My information respecting it 
was too vague, except as to the locality, and that it differed 
from all the species in the vicinity, to enable me to do more 
than suppose, that, as I had found the upper parts of the Sierra 
de Cuenca, which bear some analogy to the mountains of 
Ronda, clothed with P. sylvestris, that it might possibly be 
that species; but having only conjecture to guide me, I pub- 
lished the notice with the view of drawing the attention of 
other travellers to the subject—‘ Sketches in Spain,’ vol. i. 
p. 239. 

It was the more mortifying to me to leave this point un- 
determined, owing solely to the late period which my infor- 
mation was obtained, because I had previously planned and 
actually commenced a section of the district which would have 
carried me quite through the centre of the forest, when the 
death of the horse I rode at Antequera obliged me to return 
to Malaga, and I had no opportunity of again undertaking it. 
We are indebted to M. Boissier, who is, I believe, a na- 
turalist of Geneva, for the information that the tree in ques- 
tion is a new and undescribed species of the silver fir. 

Great as the interest is to those engaged in the study of 
this subject by the discovery or observation of a new species, 
it is enhanced in this instance by its bearing on and connexion 
with the pinal vegetation of Europe; and we shall now pro- 
ceed to place the Pinsapo*, by which provincial name it is 
most properly designated, in its true position, in which it 


* The term I believe to mean literally gummy, exuding resins. 


Capt. S. E. Cook on Pinus and Abies. 297 


affords beautiful proofs of the order and harmony with which 
the operations of nature are found to be conducted whenever 
they are closely investigated. 

The Serrania de Ronda is a mountainous region rising ab- 
ruptly from the shores of the Atlantic and Mediterranean and 
from the newly raised plains of Western Andalusia, which 
bound it on three sides, its eastern boundary being continuous 
chains connecting it with the great mountainous system of the 
interior of the Peninsula. It thus forms the bulwark of Spain 
to the Atlantic, the vapours of which are arrested by its higher 
summits, giving the region a character of comparative humi- 
dity, and imparting to its valleys extreme fertility. The height 
of S. Cristobal and the Sierra de la Nieve, the most elevated 
summits, may be taken at six to seven thousand feet, and high 
upon their flanks is placed the Pinsapo, where it forms a zone 
above the P. Pinaster, which was stated in the last paper to 
occupy the lower valleys of the same district. 

The resemblance of this Hesperian region to the Pelopon- 
nesus, with which it very nearly corresponds in latitude, alti- 
tude, and relative situation, both to the adjacent continent and 
the adjoining sea, is too striking not to require notice; and as 
we have seen in a preceding paper the flanks of Mount Taygetus 
are covered with a silver fir, we have the new and curious in- 
formation that this genus forms three grand divisions, extend- 
ing from the Altaian Chain through central Europe, and end- 
ing at a moderately high elevation at its southern extremities 
of Greece and Western Spain. 

The next point to determine is the connexion of these lo- 
calities with the central zone, and the demarcation or limits 
of the extension. There is little doubt that that of the Grecian 
division must be sought for in the Apennines, and if, as I 
believe, the genus is found to be indigenous at Camaldoli in 
Tuscany, it requires examination, and the attention of those 
who reside in or may visit the district is earnestly called to 
the subject. If not found there it must be sought for in the 
Southern Alps, and especially where a zone of beech, which is 
met with in the Abruzzi, points out in that latitude the silver 
fir as the next superior member of the forest. 

In Spain we pass at once from the extreme south to the 


298 Capt. S. E. Cook on Pinus and Abies. 


valleys of Navarre and the Western Pyrenees, and it requires 
close examination to ascertain whether the species which is 
found in those comparatively genial valleys belong not to the 
southern division, and if so, whether, as is possible, it be iden- 
tical with that which occupies the great zone in the highest 
valleys of the range at the back of the Maledetta and Mont 
Perdu. 

From the description of the localities above mentioned, it 
might be inferred, that the natural habitats of the silver fir are 
rather characterized by humidity. I have no doubt it is so, 
and in attentively considering its natural position in Europe, 
we find that in the regions where dryness of atmosphere pre- 
dominates, it is replaced by its congeners the Pinus of the 
corresponding zone. This observation is of material import- 
ance as to the ceconomic value of the tree, because it would 
point out the species as particularly suited to most parts of 
these islands, of which the climate seems peculiarly fitted to 
its cultivation on an extended scale. 

That the Pinsapo should have remained so long unnoticed 
is less singular than that of many other points connected with 
the natural history of the same country, which have been left 
equally unobserved. The locality which it occupies is of 
small extent; and it is not only unnoticed by the Moorish 
writer of Arab agriculture who wrote in the twelfth century, 
and was well acquainted with the arboreal vegetation of An- 
dalusia, but I believe it was unknown in the Arsenal at Cadiz, 
where, from the dearth of timber, it would have been invalu- 
able, though its total destruction would have probably been 
the result of the discovery. The order of position of the 
pine in that portion of Spain, by observation of the Sierra de 
Macael and other ranges to the east and west of the same di- 
strict, is, ascending, P. halepensis and Pinea, P. Pinaster, P. 
Pinsapo. 

On the Division of the Genus Abies. 

The division of this portion of the great family of Pinus ap- 
pears to have been proposed in the observation that some of 
the members of it had the cones placed vertically on the tree, 
whilst in others they are pendent. Some other differences in 
the structure of the cone have been noticed, a recent one, 


Capt. S. E. Cook on Pinus and Abies. 299 


and the most important, being that in the section to which 
the name of Picea is affixed; the scales are arranged round a 
spindle, which remains on the tree after the scales have dropped 
off. As no real distinction in the great family of Pinus exists, 
and properly speaking it in reality forms one whole, as pro- 
posed by our great progenitor Linnzus, therefore all divisions of 
it being merely matters of convenience, it remains to be decided 
whether the additional section of Picea be required or not. 
Granting fully all the points of difference which have been set 
forward, and supposing, which is by no means clear, that they 
are hereafter to be found uniform in the various species which 
are scattered over the globe, it will then remain to be deter- 
mined whether the members so distinguished properly form a 
genus or merelyagroup. Some limit must unquestionably be 
put to the crowding our catalogues with useless names of ge- 
nera, quite as much or even more than species, and it does, on 
mature consideration, appear that the subdivision of Adies will 
lead to this. ‘There are good and substantial reasons (conve- 
nience solely being understood) for the admitting the Adies 
section, which is a well-defined division, as is also the Larix 
or deciduous portion of the family; but it certainly does 
seem, that by allowing the establishment of this genus we 
shall open the way to other subdivisions to the hindrance ra- 
ther than the advance of science, by making demarcations 
where none exist, and denominating genera what are in fact 
only groups. Should further and more extended observations, 
however, make it expedient to adopt this separation, it is to be 
hoped a better word will be found to designate it than Picea, 
which of course means “ pitch,” and would lead to the infer- 
ence that the members composing it were distinguished by af- 
fording that substance in greater quantity than the congeners, 
such conclusion being quite erroneous, and any step leading 
to such should be avoided in the affixing of terms connected 
with science. 
On the Pinus hispanica. 

In describing this remarkable species in the preceding pa- 
per, it ought to have been noticed that my observations were 
entirely made in the Sierra de Segura, in the South of Spain. 
This magnificent forest, which in 1804 contained 62,000,000 


300 Capt. S. E. Cook on Pinus and Abies. 


of trees, was traversed by me in its greatest extent, and from 
it my descriptions are taken and the cones were brought which 
through the Horticultural Society and other channels have 
been circulated through England. Those which are now sold 
and figure under the inappropriate name of pyrenaica are from 
a forest of much less extent in Upper Aragon, at the south 
foot of the Pyrenees. The reason for not conferring a spe- 
cific name upon the species of Segura when introduced by me 
was, that having previously seen the forest of Aragon I be- 
lieved the species to be formed of the same pine, and having 
information on which I could rely that those of an extensive 
district in the Sierra de Cuenca was probably identical with 
these, and knowing that the species was confined to Spain, the 
appropriate name of Aispanica was proposed, in order to pre- 
vent the multiplication of names as much as possible, and at 
the same time give the clearest idea of the arboreal vegetation 
of the country, which no one had before attempted. The tree 
then as introduced and described by me is the Pine of Segura ; 
and that known in the catalogues as P. pyrenaica is from Ara- 
gon, which I believe and have assumed to be identical with it, 
but do not positively assert that it is so. The points of di- 
stinction between this species and its neighbour the Laricio as 
indicated were sufficiently numerous, but two others were 
omitted: the P. Laricio is so resinous that it was used at 
Toulon for masts; the P. hispanica is so dry in its texture as 
to be quite unfit for that purpose, and could only be used, even 
in their direful scarcity of native timber, in the arsenals of 
Cadiz and Carthagena for decks and similar uses which do not 
require elasticity, and the timber for which is quite of a dif- 
ferent quality from that used for masts. 

In my original account of the species it was stated, that the 
cones, after being some time shut up in a box, exhaled a deli- 
cious perfume, which quickly evaporated. Whilst writing this 
paper it occurred that the same quality might distinguish the 
buds of the species, and on rubbing them I found that the tur- 
pentine of the Laricio is strong and coarse in flavour, like 
those of the northern species, its scent remaining long on the 
fingers, whilst that of the hispanica is light, aromatic, and 
highly volatile. I have no doubt that a fine and peculiar bal- 


Capt. S. E. Cook on Pinus and Abies. 301 


sam might be prepared from it. Owing to its dryness and to 
its not bleeding in consequence, the hispanica bears the knife 
better than any of the genus which have come under my ob- 
servation. 

There is no doubt whatever, from the reasons above stated, 
that for economic purposes the Laricio isthe better tree, though 
I believe that in hardiness and quickness of growth they are 
about equal. The French government have, owing to its great 
value, caused the Laricio to be extensively grafted, with P. 
sylvestris (see ‘ Arb. Brit.’), a process of doubtful utility, cer- 
tainly so in this country, where, in soil and situations suited to 
it,itwould grow faster than the Scotch fir. As ornamental trees, 
both, differing totally in character, are equally desirable in the 
park. There is a very just observation of M. Vilmorin, that 
the P. hispanica has more resemblance to the Pinaster than 
to the Laricio. The trees in the Landes I believe, by tapping to 
extract the turpentine, have a glaucous hue, and in form are 
not at all unlike the P. hispanica; but of course the cones and 
other peculiarities distinguish them quite as much as from the 
Laricios, and forbid the supposition of any connexion between 
them. 

On Pinus uncinata. 


The distinction between this species and sylvestris is not 
great, but in my opinion quite sufficient not only to justify 
the separation, but in fact make it necessary, it being equally 
imperative to form good distinctions of genera and species as 
to reject those which are insufficient. For instance, the rudra 
and alba, the rigensis and genevensis, are merely varieties of 
sylvestris. The first point of distinction is in the cone, and 
was given by the French botanists who noticed the form of 
the scales; and from a peculiar hook or knob at the extre- 
mity, which is most remarkable when the cone is full formed, 
before it begins to dry, gave it the name of “ Pin a crochets.” 
It is really a good designation and has nothing to do with the 
general form of the cone, which is often curved or bent, as are 
those of sylvestris, Pinaster, and many others. Besides this 
form of the hooks, the cone is more rugged in texture and in 
form than that of its congener, and they are easily distin- 
guished by those who have studied them in the forest, as well 


302 Capt. S. E. Cook on Pinus and Abies. 


as the appearance of the foliage, which is more dark in co- 
lour, and stronger in the spicule, which stand out in a pecu- 
liarly rigid form like the spokes of a bottle brush, if such a 
comparison may be used*. Those which were brought to this 
country by me were chiefly from the forests of the Spanish 
Pyrenees, which are still of vast extent, very few trees now 
existing on the French side. 

I have no doubt that the Mughus of the catalogues is 
synonymous with the wncinata, and if the species, as there 
is reason to believe, occurs on Mount Cenis, it is probable 
that wncinata has been applied to the Pyrenean and Mughus 
to the Alpine tree. 

P. Pumilio is completely distinct from either Mughus or un- 
cinata, with both of which it has been confounded. It is de- 
scribed in the French books as being found in the “ Marais tour- 
beux du Jura.” I have never seen it in any part of the Jura I 
have visited, but from the difficulty of establishing it in hard 
ground it is probably the case, and I have heard that it exists 
in Hungary. There are two varieties, one red and the other 
white in the flower, both which may be seen in great beauty 
at Dropmore. The peculiar habit of the tree is to trail on the 
ground and extend itself laterally, the branches being curved 
upwards; the cone is small and something like that of P. un- 
cinata. 

In assigning the species which have come under my obser- 
vation in this and in the preceding paper, the cones and fruc- 
tification are the points principally attended to. I have 
given the characters as clearly as I could commit them to pa- 
per. There are others as to the port and bearing of the trees 
which can only be fairly judged by much practice and the ha- 
bit of seeing the trees in their native forests and in masses, 
where both species and individuals are fully developed. 


* It is quite erroneous to suppose that individuals with these characters 
are to be found in the common woods of sylvestris, as any one may satisfy 
himself by visiting a forest of this species and studying the foliage and form 
of the trees. 


Mr. E. Newman on the Synonymy of Passandra. 303 


XXXV.—Supplementary Note to the Synonymy of Passandra. 
By Epwarp Newman, F.L.S.* 


I HAVE just received from Mr. Melly of Liverpool his spe- 
cimens of the Passandra, together with two other highly cu- 
rious Coleoptera: one of the Passandre and both the others 
are undescribed, and I therefore hasten to avail myself of that 
gentleman’s kind permission to lay descriptions of them be- 
fore the public. 

Genus CaroGenus, Westwood. 

Sp. 5. Cato. decoratus. Niger, nitidus ; elytrorum fascia lata pone 
medium, abdomineque subtus ferrugineis : prothorax punctatus disco 
postice obscure bifosso, lineaque longitudinali utrinque impresso : 
elytra striata. (Corp. long. ‘275 unc.; lat. -75 unc.) 

Black, shining ; the elytra having a broad ferruginous band 
rather behind the middle, and the abdominal segments beneath 
being of the same colour : the head is sculptured as in the other 
species of the genus, having a deep posterior transverse fur- 
row, on each side a longitudinal marginal furrow, two deep 
oblique frontal impressions, and a somewhat circular impres- 
sion on the clypeus: the prothorax is deeply punctured, pos- 
teriorly it has a somewhat double longitudinal impression com- 
posed of deep and confluent punctures; on each side it has 
an obvious but not deep longitudinal furrow: the elytra are 
striated, the sutural stria and the 7th on each elytron being the 
deepest and being united at the apical angle; the 2nd, 3rd, 
and 4th are distinct, and continue nearly to the apex ; the 5th 
and 6th are abbreviated and terminate in an indistinct series 


of punctures. 
Inhabits the island of Chiloé. A single specimen taken on the 
west coast of that island is in the cabinet of Mr. Melly. 


Genus Oma, Newman. 


Caput exsertum, porrectum, cum oculis prothorace paullo angus- 
tius ; oculi rotundi, prominentes, laterales; antennz submoniliformes, 
prothorace breviores, 11-articulate, articulus 1S czeteris crassior, 2US 
brevior, 8" longior. Mandibule valid, curvate, apice tridentate ; 


* The paper alluded to was published in the second volume of this Jour- 
nal, page 388. 


304. Mr. E. Newman on the Synonymy of Passandra. 


maxillarum lacinia brevis subacuta, pilosa; galea mihi invisa ; maxi- 
palpi 4-articulati ; articuli 1—3 subzquales, 4" longior, crassior, 
apice oblique truncatus ; labium angustum, ligula brevi rotundata ; 
labipalpi 3-articulati, articuli 1"° 2"Sque breves, subaquales, 3" 
longior, crassior, obovatus; clypeus et mentum porrecta, maxillas 
labiumque tegentia. Prothorax complanatus, subquadratus, postice 
paullo angustior, angulis anticis rotundatis. Elytra prothorace duplo 
latiora quintuplo longiora. Pedes mediocres, tarsi 5-articulati; ar- 
ticulus 1"5 elongatus; ungues simplices. 


Sp. 1. Omma Stanleyi. Totum fuscum, obscurum, lanugine aurea 
sparsim tectum ; omnino verrucosum ; elytra seriebus 10 punc- 
torum profundorum fere conjunctorum impressa. (Corp. long. *85 
unc.; lat. *25 unc.) 

Brown without gloss, sparingly covered with a short golden 
pilosity; all parts of the insect are rugose, resembling shagreen ; 
in size and habit, the form being very depressed, the insect 
much resembles some of the heteromerous beetles, particularly 
Plateia orientalis of De Haan, (the Tenebrio complanata of 
Dalman,) and it possesses a superficial similarity to the nor- 
mal Cucuji, but from both of these families it is at once distin- 
guished by its very distinctly 5-jointed tarsi, the 1st joint 
being elongate and all of them fully developed : the structure 
of the mouth will be found to approach that of the anomalous 
genus Rhysodes of Latreille (the Clinidium of Kirby) ; the si- 
milarity is particularly observable in the structure of the max- 
ille and in the mentum, which is very broad, porrected, and 
covering the labium: the tarsi and the lateral and nearly sphe- 
rical eyes are those of the genus Cupes of Fabricius. The 
prothorax has a deep transverse impression posteriorly. The 
elytra have five double rows of very deep and nearly conti- 
guous impressions: at the bottom of each impression the 
elytron is thin and semitransparent: between each pair of 
rows is a slightly elevated ridge. 

Inhabits Australia; a single specimen brought to this country by 
Lady Parry is in the cabinet of Mr. Melly. ‘The insect will not 
range with any described family of Coleoptera. 


Genus Cupgs, Fabricius. 


Sp. 1. Cupesleucophzus. Squamosus, leucopheus, fusco variega- 
tus ; antenne compresse, fusce, articulis 1° 2° canis; prothoraxr 


Prof. Ch. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 305 


utringue dente magno emarginato armatus. (Corp. long. ‘7 unc. ; 
lat. -175 unc.) 

The general colour gray ; the antennz stout, much com- 
pressed, brown with the exception of the two basal joints, 
which are gray ; the head is gray, the eyes being large, round, 
distant, lateral, very shining, and of a darker colour than the 
crown of the head which has four tubercles, two nearly erect 
and rather acute, each situated about equi-distant from a me- 
dian line and the margin of the eye; the other two are less 
prominent, directed forwards and situated between the first 
pair and the base of the antenne. The prothorax is of a pale 
whitish ash-colour, the centre of the disk being darker and 
having a slender impressed black longitudinal line; the lateral 
margins are produced into a bifid porrected tooth, the anterior 
lobe of which is rather acute. The elytra have five ridges, 
one sutural, two dorsal, one lateral and one marginal: the mar- 
ginal interstice has a triple row of deeply impressed punctures, 
the other interstices have a double row: the elytra are ash- 
coloured, with various brown shades, the ridges nearly white 
interrupted with dark brown. 


Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; a single specimen is in the ca- 
binet of Mr. Melly. 


XXXVI.—On the Morphology of the Ascidia of Plants. By 
M. Cu. Morren, Professor of Botany at Liége, Member 
of the Royal Academy of Brussels. 


Wirnour doubt there are few persons who have not admired, 
whilst passing through the hot-houses of our horticulturists, 
the singular structure of the ascidia of Nepenthes, Sarracenia, 
Cephalotus, Marcgravia and Norantea. The three first of 
these genera evidently have lids to their pitchers, which are 
formed at the expense of the foliaceous organs ; but is the na- 
ture of these reservoirs of water properly viewed by morpho- 
logists ? is it well understood? Many authors confine them- 
selves to describing them, and few like Lindley, DeCandolle 
and Link have hazarded an opinion as to their origin. I have 
been fortunate enough to meet with two ascidia developed by 
Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No. 18. July 1839. Z. 


306 Prof. Ch. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 


a case of monstrosity upon two plants, the leaves of which 
generally offer no similarity at all; and the examination of these 
two vegetable monstrosities, which I would rather term simple 
anomalies, afford me an opportunity of putting forth some new 
ideas on the formation of the ascidia. In fact, the question 
is to know whether the ascidia are modifications of the pe- 
tiole or whether they are derived from the blade of the leaf; 
whether they are petioles which are become hollow, or whe- 
ther they are the blades of leaves cohering at their margins 
in the form of pitchers. Mr. Lindley thinks that they are 
hollow petioles, although he himself admits, whilst declaring 
this principle, that the ascidia are fistular bodies oecupying 
the place and performing the functions of leaves. 

The pitcher is the true petiole according to him, and the 
operculum which covers the hollow part is the blade of the 
leaf in an extraordinary state of transformation. This illus- 
trious English botanist arrives at this idea by the analogy 
which he finds between the structure of the leaves of Dionea 
muscipula and those of Nepenthes and Sarracenia, having found ~ 
another between the three families, the Sarracenia, the Dro- 
seracee@, and the Nepenthee, to which these plants belong*. 
In the Dionea muscipula he says, the leaf consists of a broad- 
winged petiole, articulated with a collapsing blade, the mar- 
gins of which are pectinate and inflexed. Let us suppose, he 
continues, the broad-winged petiole to collapse also, and that 
its margins, when they meet, as they would in consequence of 
a collapsion, cohere ; a fistular body would then be formed 
just like the pitcher of the Sarracenia; and in this case there 
will be no difficulty in identifying the acknowledged blade of 
the Dionea with the operculum of Sarracenia. From Sarra- 
cenia the transition to Nepenthes would perhaps not be con- 
sidered improbable +. 

We see then that Mr. Lindley views the ascidia of Ne- 
penthes and of Sarracenia as a deviation of form of a winged 
petiole, the upper surface of which is become the outer surface 
of the pitcher; the under surface of the petiolar blade would 


* Natural System of Botany, p. 152—155. 
¢ Introduction to Botany, p. 118—119. 


Prof. Ch. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 307 


be represented by the inner surface of the ascidium. Let us 
attend to this fact because we shall return to it by and by. 

Dr. Lindley, however, with the skill which characterizes all 
his literary productions, adds, that it would be wrong to sup- 
pose that all pitchers are by nature petioles; he even figures 
Dischidia Raffiesiana, the leaves of which are evidently united 
at their margins to form the singular hollow organs of this 
plant. In Marcgravia and Norantea it is no longer the leaves, 
properly so called, which form the ascidia, but the bracts 
united likewise by their margins. In this last case it is the 
blade which constitutes the organ. 

There would then be two systems of ascidia, petiolar, and 
lamellar or limbar, the latter formed by the cohesion of the 
margins of the blade, the former by the cohesion of the mar- 
gins of the wings of a petiole. In none of these cases would 
it be a petiole hollowed in the interior and rendered fistular, 
being at the same time open; in like manner as the pedicels and 
the leaves of the garlics are, remaining closed. M. Alphonse 
DeCandolle also thinks that it is the petiole which unites toge- 
ther the two margins of its wings to form the ascidium in Ne- 
penthes and in Sarracenia*. This opinion was moreover con- 
formable to the theory of M. DeCandolle, senior, who also 
regards the lid as the representative of the blade, and the 
pitcher as a dilatation of the petiole; but adds, that in the 
present state of the science, it will always be difficult to form 
a decided opinion with respect to this subjectt. M. DeCan- 
dolle, senior, however mentions small cups formed at the ex- 
pense of the tendrils in Vicia, and others which arose from the 
expansion of the medial nerve prolonged beyond the blade of 
the leaf in cabbages. 

That which M. DeCandolle says of the Vicia naturally brings 
back the question to where it was left by Willdenow f, who con- 
nects the pitchers to the ochrez of Polygonee, to the spathes, 
to the ramenta, and to the stipules on one hand, and on the 
other hand to the aeriferous vesicles of the Utricularia, to the 
ligula, the involucra and other analogous organs. But this 


* Introduction & l'étude de la botanique, suites 4 Buffon, t. i. p. 88. 
+ Organographie, vol. i. p. 320. 
t Grundriss der Krauterkunde, § 52. p. 94. (ed. 1802). 


Zz 2 


308 Prof.Ch. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 


author does not explain the genesis or the morphology of 
these aquiferous organs. 

M. Link proposes quite a different system. He first lays 
down this principle, that the blade of a leaf is never developed 
after the petiole, but always before (nunquam lamina post pe- 
tiolum, sed semper ante ipsum explicatur), which I shall take 
the liberty of denying; for if we observe the development of 
the leaves with large reniform blades of Hydrocharis morsus- 
rane, we shall see precisely the contrary; the petiole is first 
developed without a trace of blade and sometimes becomes 
more than a foot long, then at its free extremity it expands at 
first into two auricles which unite to form an oval; this grows 
larger and larger to elongate finally into a great kidney- 
shaped blade. There the subsequent origin of the blade is a 
thing quite evident. I have also observed it on Sagittaria 
sagittifolia, &c. M. Link however, setting out from this fact 
as from an incontestable principle, afterwards observes, that 
in Nepenthes the leaves have at first no ascidia which origin- 
ate subsequently ; and he further remarks, that the inferior 
leaves are without the ascidiferous petiole, which is only pre- 
sent on the upper leaves. He thus takes the lanceolate organ 
which terminates the lower part of the ascidiferous apparatus 
of Nepenthes for a true leaf, and the pitcher with its cirrhose 
support appears to him to be an appendix of the inflorescence, 
which is confirmed in his opinion by what happens in the 
bracts of Norantea (Ascium*). This idea of comparing the 
pitcher to a floral organ, of reducing its origin to a state of the 
flower, appears to me a first step towards the correct appre- 
ciation of the true nature of the ascidium. This is the state 
of the discussion between the principal English, French, and 
Prussian botanists who have treated of organography at the 
present period. I cannot agree with them, however great in- 
fluence their authority may have upon my opinions. In the 
first place, there is a great difference between the ascidium of 
Nepenthes and those of Sarracenia. Upon Nepenthes distilla- 
toria as upon N. cristata, two species which I have before me, 
the moveable lid is articulated and its system of nervation 


* Elementa Philosophiz Botanice, 1837, vol. 1. p.474. § 115. 


Prof. Ch. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 30% 


differs from that of the pitcher. Upon the operculum there 
is a palmate nervation, on the pitcher a parallel nervation. 
Let us first examine Nepenthes distillatoria: the pitcher has 
three principal nerves, two in front and one behind, parallel, 
but diverging at the extremity of the inferior cirrhus ; between 
these nerves there are other smaller ones parallel with these 
and with each other. The operculum ends at the posterior 
nerve, and bears two nerves which terminate angularly at its 
base and then radiate like two fingers of the hand. Now this 
posterior nerve of the pitcher is the elongation of the ascidi- 
ferous cirrhus which is the elongation of the medial nerve of 
the inferior foliaceous organ. And moreover, upon Nepenthes 
créstata, each of the two front nerves bears a ridge which evi- 
dently represents the two margins of a foliaceous blade co- 
hering so as to form a pitcher. 

In fact, the pitcher is in my opinion a true blade, and the 
inferior foliaceous organ is a winged petiole. Let us first re- 
collect that in the phyllodia a compound leaf may unite its 
leaflets into one body, and that it is not unusual to meet with 
these halves, quarters, and fifths of these phyllodia, bodies 
simple at the lower part, leaves compound superiorly, and 
there bearing a smaller or larger number of leaflets, even from 
a single leaflet up to a great number. The phyllodia are per- 
pendicular to the direction of the common plane of all the leaf- 
lets in a state of waking, and the plane of the phyllodium is 
in the same direction as the leaflets which are dormant; as if 
the cohesion having taken place in their youth, the leaflets had 
the situation of sleeping organs (the sense in which I use this 
word sleeping (endormi) here is known.). But these direc- 
tions, respectively perpendicular the one to the other, are not 
indispensable when the leaflets of a compound leaf cohere with 
one another to form the appearance of a simple leaf. I have 
before me, at this moment, a Schinus Molle raised from seed, in 
which the young leaves present their leaflets cohering side by 
side and occupying the same plane as a simple leaf, that is to 
say, the direction parallel with the horizon. I have in the 
Museum of Vegetable Anatomy at Liége, a decidedly com- 
pound leaf of Epimedium macranthum, where there is a simi- 
lar cohesion of the leaflets, side to side. I suppose now that 


310 Prof. Ch. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 


all the leaflets of an impari-pinnate leaf cohere with the ex- 
ception of the odd one, a thing which is very possible; this 
condition, with a winged petiole, will represent the first mor- 
phological phase of Nepenthes, where the operculum will be 
the free leaflet. Mr. Lindley supposed that the wing of Dio- 
nea was folded back to cohere, so that the upper had become 
the outer surface of the pitcher of Nepenthes. This appears to 
me contrary to all analogy. I said above that I possessed two 
monstrous ascidia. One is on Vinca rosea, the other ona 
Polygonatum multifiorum. Now, upon these two ascidia, it is 
the blade which has cohered and not the petiole which is be- 
come hollow, and the cohesion has taken place in such a man- 
ner that the under surface of the blade is become the outer of 
the pitcher and the upper the inner surface. The pitcher of 
Polygonaium resembles that of a Sarracenia so closely that it 
might be easily mistaken for it. 

This mode of cohesion and this direction of the folding 
were all to be foreseen. Wolff, Goethe, DeCandolle, and 
Turpin have all proved by the unitarian theory of morphology, 
that for a carpel to be produced, the leaf, the generating ele- 
ment of all the appendicular organs, is not differently circum- 
stanced, that it coheres above and not below; and thence arises 
that the ovules are produced by the secreting surface of the 
leaf, the upper surface, while the stomata are on the outside of 
the ovarium, and while the absorption is carried on by this 
same outer surface. The same philosophic mode of reasoning 
has proved the anther also to be the blade of a leaf cohering 
above and producing (this antherian leaf) by its secreting sur- 
face (or surface of production, which is one and the same 
thing) the pollen, as upon several anthers there are stomata 
on the under surface, that is to say, on the outer surface 
of the leaf which produced them. 

It is on this account that Link’s idea of the ascidium o 
Nepenthes being a floriform organ, appeared to me fruitful in 
consequences, although they seem as yet to have struck no one. 

From the manner of thinking above expressed it will now 
be perceived that the functions of the ascidia are quite natu- 
rally explained, and as simple deductions from a well-esta- 
blished fact. Indeed up to the half of the pitcher it exhibits 


Prof. Ch. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 311 


its surface inwardly covered with those glands, so well de- 
scribed by M. Meyen in his excellent memoir on the glandu- 
lar system of vegetables*, glands which, according to the ob- 
servations of Turner, secrete a liquid, which by ebullition ac- 
quires a smell of baked apples and deposits crystals of the 
super-oxalate of potash+. These glands evidently represent 
the ovules of the carpels, the pollen of the anther, the necta- 
riform fluid of the ascidimorphous bracts of Norantea and of 
Marcgravia, that is to say in one word, the secretions of the 
upper surface of the leaf, the typical organ. Upon the oper- 
culum of the pitcher in Nepenthes cristata, on that surface 
which faces the cavity of the pitcher, there are similar glands. 
Now this is the upper surface of the leaflet which constitutes 
the operculum. 

The outer surface of the pitcher is then in our opinion the 
under part of the leaf which has formed the ascidium. We 
also find upon it the stomata which abound on the corre- 
sponding surface of the leaves. Upon Nepenthes distillatoria 
the lower surface of the winged petiole offers the same dull 
aspect as the outer surface of the urn, and within this, upon 
a dry specimen, gathered in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, 
I perceive in the zone above the glandular region a waxy 
velvet, of a varying violet colour, like the bloom which covers 
grapes and plums, globules of wax which hinder the urn from 
becoming wet within, and which moreover, favouring my sy- 
stem, indicate the existence of a glandular excretion. 

In the same manner, upon the ascidium of Polygonatum the 
inner surface was covered with a gum, like the upper surface 
of the leaves of this plant, and its outer superficies dull like 
the under surface of the leaves. 

Lastly I will add, that upon Nepenthes cristata the crests 
which imitate the two margins of the ascidimorphous leaf are 
pectinated with flattened and stiff hairs, like the blade of Dio- 
nea muscipula. 

If we look at the ascidia of Sarracenia we see nothing which 
authorizes us to take them for petioles. Upon Sarracenia 


* Berlin, 4to, 1837, p. 88. tab. v. fig. 11—27. 
+ Graham, Botanical Magazine, 2798. 


312 Prof. Ch. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 


purpurea, rubra, variolaris and flava, which I have particu- 
larly examined, there is everywhere a prominent crest which 
imitates a phyllodium perfectly ; it is very decided upon Sar- 
yacenia purpurea and variolaris ; then come the rubra and the 
flava, where it is least developed. Upon the variolaris, at 
the aperture of the urn, on the side opposite to the opercular 
lamella, we see that the crest is formed of two cohering 
blades, which diverge or separate to form the urn. Moreover 
there is upon the urn, on the side opposite to the crest, a 
principal nerve which evidently represents the medial nerve 
of the blade of the leaf; the crest is merely the junction of the 
margins of the blade, and the urn is the cavity which results 
from this cohesion. It is here a simple leaf of which the two 
lateral portions of the blade are conjoint. This seems to me 
to be so true that the accidental ascidium of Polygonatum of- 
fered the greatest affinities with the permanent ascidium of 
Sarracenia rubra, only that the crest and the struma were 
not present, but the opercular lamella presented equally the 
same form and the same arrangement. This opercular la- 
mella is not articulated as in Nepenthes, and does not differ 
in the system of neuration from the rest of the apparatus ; it 
represents then simply the extremity of the ascidimorphous 
leaf, the margins of which extremity do not cohere. Upon 
the accidental ascidium of Vinca rosea the operculiform la- 
mella was much larger in proportion to the size of the hollow 
cavity. 

When we examine the origin of the ascidium of Sarracenia 
purpurea we see that it is the crest which first forms and 
grows quickly; towards its principal nerve there is a cylin- 
drical hollow tube which is subsequently developed into a 
pitcher. This tube is at first closed by the circinate disposi- 
tion of its extremity, and in this species two small lateral la- 
mellae separate to form the opening of the pitcher. These two 
lamellze become in the purpurea the two lips which serve as 
an operculum to shut the pitcher like two lateral valves. Their 
junction, instead of being elongated into an opercular blade as 
in the other species mentioned, is on the contrary grooved. 
There is here an organic compensation; the substance of the 


Prof. Ch. Morren on the Morphology ef the Ascidia. 313 


lips has carried away that of the blade. Thus Sarracenia flava 
represents the intermediate state; there is a blade and the lips, 
each half developed. Sarracenia variolaris has small lips and 
a larger blade, and Sarracenia rubra has a large blade with- 
out any lip. Moreover the same antagonism exists between 
the struma and the lips; in Sarracenia purpurea a struma 
which occupies but the third of the aperture of the pitcher, 
and great lips; in Sarracenia variolaris a semi-struma and 
small lips, and in Sarracenia rubra a struma almost circular 
without lips. The Sarracenia flava deviates somewhat from 
this law. 

From all these considerations it appears to me, Ist, that 
since all the ascidimorphous bracts of Norantea and of Marc- 
gravia are the blades of bracteal leaves joined at their mar- 
gins so as to form hollow pitchers; 2nd, that since the Di- 
schidia Raffiesiana evidently presents leaves with the blade co- 
hering to form an ascidium; 3rd, that since in monstrous 
states we see blades of leaves become ascidia, and that petioles 
are not hollowed to produce this form accidentally, and that 
when they are winged we do not see their wings cohere at 
their free margins; 4th, that since the structure of Sarracenia 
proves very decidedly that it is a leaf which forms the asci- 
dium, retaining the apex of the blade in its non-coherent state ; 
5th, that since the ascidia of Nepenthes have already at the 
lower part a winged petiole, and that the crests of their pitcher 
are traces of foliaceous blades ;—it must be allowed that the 
ascidia have, wherever they have been observed hitherto, a 
similar organic composition, and that all are metamorphoses 
of the leaf and particularly of the blade of this organ. 

It must be admitted that to give rise to this production na- 
ture has folded in the blade of the leaf above, by uniting its 
margins so that the upper surface of the organ becomes the 
inner side of the pitcher; that thus there is a great analogy 
between a carpel and an ascidium, that this is invested with a 
floral condition, that it has advanced a step further in organi- 
zation,—but that with all these changes the functions remain 
the same, because the anatomy of the organs has not been af- 
fected, and that thus it was necessary that the ascidium should 
secrete a fluid in its cavity; as the nectary, another united or 


314 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


modified leaf, secretes nectar; as the anther, also a united leaf, 
forms the pollen; as the carpel, also a united leaf, produces 
ovules: and thus it is that a well-understood law, the unity 
of organic composition, explains phenomena about which there 
was only disagreement, uncertainty and error. 


—$——— 


XXXVII.—Flore Insularum Nove Zelandie Precursor; or 
a Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. 
By ALLAN CunnineuaM, Esq. 


[Continued from p. 250. ] 


CORIARIEX, DC. 
1. Corraria, Niss., Linn. 

581. C. sarmentosa. Forst. Prodr.n.377. D.C. Prodr.i. p.739. A. Rich. 
Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 364. Bot. Mag. 2470. 

Tupakihi ab incolis dicitur. Wine berry shrub of the Missionaries. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Abundant on 
the hills around the Bay of Islands, Wangaroa, &c.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 
(Middle Island.)—1773, G. Forster. 

Frutex dumosus, diffusus, procumbens, ramis elongatis, glabris. Folia 
cordato-ovata, acuminata, integerrima, glabra, 5-nervia, breviter petiolata. 
Racemus axillaris, elongatus, pendulus, folio multo longior. Flores masculi : 
numerosi, breviter pedicellati, pedicellis basi bracteatis. Calyx 5-fidus, laciniis 
obtusis. Petala nulla, glandulez 5 segmentis calycis alterne. Filamenta 
staminum filiformia. Anthere purpure 2-loculares. Flores foeminei: Calyx 
et glandulé uti in masculis, etiam absque petalis. Stamina 10 effceta. Ova- 
ria 5. Stigmata 5 patentia. Carpella 5, coherentia (ad maturitatem sub- 
discreta approximata) monosperma, glandulis grandifactis cincta. 


The expressed juice of the fruit of this shrub, which is a berry, is 
very palateable, and is drunk by the natives or used with their fern 
root, which, when baked, is soaked in it. The Missionaries also 
make a wine (Tuta) from the fruit, which, in flavour, bears great 
resemblance to that usually prepared in England from the berries of 
the elder. As the natives are well aware that a highly poisonous 
property resides in the seeds, they are careful to strain the juice of 
them ; for if they are eaten in any quantity, violent convulsions and 
delirium have been brought on, and sometimes even death has been 
known to ensue. M. DeCandolle tells us, that by eating the fruit 
of another species (C. myrtifolia), several soldiers of the French army 
in Catalonia were affected, of whom fifteen were stupified and three 
died. 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 315 


RUTACEA, Juss. 
1. Meuicors, Forst. 

582. M. ternata; foliis oppositis petiolatis trifoliatis, foliolis (biuncialibus) 
obovato-oblongis obtusis integerrimis subcrenulatisve glabris, racemis erectis 
subpaniculatis axillaribus petiolo longioribus. Forst. Prodr.n. 166. Char. 
Gen. t. 28. DC. Prodr.i. p. 723. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.293.—Ento- 
ganum levigatum. Sol. Ms. Gert. Fr. i. p. 331. t. 68. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Hills round the 
Bay of Islands, &c.—1828, 4. Cunningham. 

Arbuscula 12—15 pedalis, ramis teretibus glabris. Folia: foliola elliptica 
v. obovata, obtusa, subintegra. Cyma paniculata, axillaris. Corolla: pe- 
tala 4 ovata, subacuminata, albida, calyce triplo longiora. Stamina 8 co- 
rolla minora. Ovaria 4, superne mediante stylo connexa. Stigma con- 
caviusculum. Carpella 4, subcoriacea, venosa, divaricata, superne dehis- 
centia. Semina in loculis solitaria, obovata, atra, valde nitida. 

583. M. simplex, foliis oppositis simplicibus petiolatis rhombeo-obovatis 
subrotundisve obtusis bicrenatis glabris, racemis simplicibus axillaribus pau- 
cifloris petiolum zequantibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Forests near the sources of the Ho- 
kianga river.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 

Frutex gracilis, glaber, orgyalis, ramulis elongatis virgatis fascibus teretibus. 
Folia simplicia, opposita, semiuncialia, longe petiolata, pellucido-punctata, 
petiolis leviter alatis canaliculatis apice articulatis. lores parvi albi, in 
racemis simplicissimis ad axillas dispositi. Calyx brevis 4-partitus persistens, 
Petala 4, ovata, concava, patentia, decidua. Stamina 8, quorum 4 breviora, 
petalis opposita, filamentis basi complanatis. -dnthere biloculares. Ova- 
rium disco brevi hypogyno 8-lobato impositum. Stylus brevissimus. Stigma 
4-lobatum. Fructus: Carpella 4, bivalvia, divaricata. Epicarpium coria- 
ceum, nervoso-venosum, villosum, ab endocarpio cartilagineo elastico facile 
solubile. Semina in loculis solitaria. Z'esta venosa, brunnea, nitida; cha- 


laza prope hilum. 
OXALIDE, DC. 
i Oxanis. i: 
* Folis palmato-trifoliatis. 

584. O. Urvillei, caulibus erectis ramosis, foliis longe petiolatis, foliolis 
obcordato-bilobis, lobis patentibus calycibusque strigoso-hirtis, paginis viridi 
cinereis, marginibus subdenticulatis pedunculis elongatis 2—4 floris, petiolis 
foliis duplo longioribus stylis stamina longiora zquantibus, foliolis calycis 
ovato-lanceolatis longitudine dimidii corolle.—O. ambigua. 4. Rich. Fl. 
Nov. Zel. p. 296. non Jacq. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). River Thames.—1827, D’Urville. 
Among fern at the Bay of Islands.—1833, A. Cunningham. 

585. O. Cataracte ; ceespitosa, caulibus ramosis decumbentibus, foliis 
longe petiolatis, foliolis sessilibus obcordato-lobatis, lobis subdivergentibus, 
adultis utrinque caulibusve glabris venosis, subtus albido-glaucis, marginibus 


316 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


revolutis subintegris petiolis (uncialibus) membranaceis, basi dilatatis sca- 
riosis semivaginantibus, pedunculis elongatis unifloris, petiolo longioribus, 
pilis albis conspersis, calycibus (pilosis) corollis fere triplo brevioribus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). On rocks beneath the Great Fall of the 
Keri-Keri river.—1826, 4. Cunningham.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

Flores albi. 

586. O. propinqua; incano-pilosa, caulibus procumbentibus ramosis, 
foliis filiformi-petiolatis, foliolis subsessilibus obcordatis venosis, marginibus 
tenuissime scabris, pedunculis (14—2 uncialibus) unifloris petiolo longiori- 
bus, calycibus villosis, dimidium corollz subzequantibus, bracteis a calyce 
remotis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). In bogs at Hokianga.—18383, #. Cun- 
ningham. 

587. O. exilis; caule debili ramoso decumbente sulcato, cortice spadiceo 
membranaceo laxo levi, foliis longe petiolatis, foliolis brevissime pedicellatis 
late obcordatis venulosis, marginibus integris, pedunculis, petiolis ramulis- 
que cinereo-pilosis, pedunculis unifloris petiolo brevioribus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Bay of Islands.—1333, R. Cunningham. 

588. O. divergens, caulibus procumbentibus adscendentibus angulatis ra- 
mosis pilis cinereis patulis tenuiter sparsis, foliis petiolatis, foliolis curto-pe- 
dicellatis apice dilatatis bilobo-obcordatis, lobis divergentibus rotundatis, 
subtruncato-retusisve, petiolis, pedunculis, calycibusve cinereo-villosis, pe- 
dunculis (medio bibracteatis) unifloris petiolo fere duplo longioribus, sepalis 
angusto-oblongis obtusis dimidium corolla zquantibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). On the sea-shore near Matauri, oppo- 
site the Cavallos Isles. —1833, R. Cunningham. 

589. O. tenuicaulis; caulibus procumbentibus tenuissimis, pilis laxis pa- 
tentibus sparsim instructis foliis tenuissime petiolatis, foliolis late bilobo-ob- 
cordatis, membranaceis, venosis integris ciliatis, pedunculis axillaribus uni- 
floris longitudine petiolorum, foliolis calycis linearibus dimidium capsulze 
zequantibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Among fern, on the shores of the Bay 
of Islands.—1833, A. Cunningham. 

590. O. lacicola; caulibus erectis angulatis tenuiter parceque pilosis, 
foliis filiformi-petiolatis, foliolis sessilibus spatiose bilobo-obcordatis integris 
cinereis, pedunculis axillaribus uni- szpius bifloris, petiolis plus duplo lon- 
gioribus, laciniis calycis albo-villosis ovatis obtusis, dimidium corolle fere 
zequantibus. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Margins of the lake near Waimaté, 
Bay of Islands.— 1833, R. Cunningham. 

591. O. ciliifera, pilosa, pilis laxis patentibus, caulibus debilibus adscen- 
dentibus sulcatis, foliis longe petiolatis, foliolis subsessilibus bilobo-obcor- 
datis integerrimis ciliatis, ciliis patentibus, lobis rotundatis subapproximatis 
venosis, sinu obtuso, pedunculis unifloris petiolo parum brevioribus, foliolis 
calycis dimidium corollz fere zquantibus, siliquisve duplo brevioribus, semi- 
nibus obovatis pulchre transversim sulcatis. 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 317 


New Zealand (Northern Island). Shores of the Bay of Islands, between 
Waimaté and Keri-Keri.—1833, R. Cunningham. 

592. O. crassifolia; caulibus numerosis (ex eadem radice) latissime cz- 
spitosis, pilis valde raris conspersis, foliis petiolatis, foliolis obcordatis car- 
nosis integerrimis minutissime scrobiculatis utrinque petiolisque cinereo- 
pilosis, pedunculis 1-floris axillaribus petiolo subzequantibus, corollze foliola 
calycis angustato-oblonga vix superantia. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Shores of the Bay of Islands,—1833, 
R. Cunningham. 


GERANIACEA, DC. 
1. Geranium, L’ Hérit. 


593. G. pilosum. Forst. Prodr. n. 531. DC. Prodr. i. p. 642. A. Rich. 
Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 295. Sweet Geran. ii. t. 119. 

Pouhou-Poukou indig. D’Urville. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Low moist places in the valley of 
Wangaroa.—1826, 4. Cunningham. (Middle Island).—1773, G. Forster. 
Astrolabe Harbour.—1827, D’ Urville. 

Petala obovata, subemarginata, pallide purpurascentia. DeCand. 

594. G. retrorsum (L’Hérit. Mss.) foliis quinquepartitis, lobis trifidis sub- 
linearibus, lobulis tridentatis obtusis, pube caulis retrorsum adpressa, petalis 
obtusis, calyce aristato vix longioribus, carpellis villosis, seminibus reticu- 
latis. DC. Prodr. i. p. 644.—G. patulum. Sol. Ms. ex Forst, Prodr. n. 530. 
conf. Endl. in Ann. Wien. Mus. i. p. 182. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Valley of Wan- 
garoa, &c.—1828, 4d. Cunningham. 


2. Pevarconium, L’Hérit. 


595. P. clandestinum; caulibus herbaceis erectis, foliis subglabris reni- 
formibus obsolete lobatis denticulato-crenatis, umbellis multifloris capitatis, 
pedunculis ramulisque pilosiusculis petiolo longioribus, petalis calycis pilosi 
acuminati long!‘idine. L’ Hérit. Geran. med. n. 29.—P. Acugnaticum. Du 
Pet. Thouars, Fl. Acugn. p. 44. t.18. DC. Prodr.i. p. 860. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Valley of Wangaroa.—1828, 4. Cun- 
ningham. 

Petala cuneata, rubella. 


HYPERICINE, DC. 
1, Hyrericum, LZ. Chois. 


596. H. pusillum, caule debili prostrato tetragono, foliis ovatis obtusis pel- 
lucido-punctatis, calyce lanceolato, petalis rectis stigmatibus capitatis. Chois. 
Prodr. Hyp. p.50. DC. Prodr. i. p.549.—Ascyrum humifusum, Labill. 
Nov. Holl. ii. p. 33. t. 175. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). Hills among fern, Keri-Keri river, Bay 
of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 


318 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 


MELIACE, Juss. 
1. Harticusia, Ad. de Juss. 

Calyx 4—5 dentatus, v. partitus. Petala 5 basi inter se et cum tubo sta- 
mineo coalita, valvata. Filam. 8—10, in tubum cylindricum 8—10 
crenatum, fauce antheriferum coalita. Anthere incluse, cum tubi in- 
cisuris alternantes, erectze. Discus ovarium vaginans, integer v. crenas 
tus. Stylus simplex, staminum longitudine v. subnullus. Stigma dis- 
coideum. Capsula 3—5 locularis, loculis 1—2 spermis, loculicido 35—5 
valvis. Semina arillata. 

597. H. spectabilis (melius Banksii) foliis impari-pinnatis, foliolis trijugis 
ovatis obovatisve obtusiusculis integerrimis subundulatis glabris subtus dis- 
coloribus, racemis (e ramis vetustioribus) axillaribus paniculatis elongatis 
pendulis paucifloris, floribus quinquefidis, ovario 3—4 loculari, stigmate 
breviter pedicellato, caule arboreo. dd. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xxix. p. 227.— 
Trichilia spectabilis. Forst. Prodr.n. 188. DC. Prodr. i. p.623. A. Rich. 
Fl. Nov. Zel. p.306.—T. cauliflora. Sol. Ms. in Bibl. Banks. 

Koa-Koa incolarum. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. A tree 30 to 
40 feet high, in damp forests on the banks of rivers, Bay of Islands, &e.— 
1826, A. Cunningham. 

SAPINDACEX, Juss. 
Doponzacez, Thunb. 
1. ALeprRyoN, Gert. Fr. 1. p. 216. t. 46. 

Calyx 5-phyllus, zstivatione imbricata. Petala 0. Stamina 8, hypogyna. 
Anthere incurvate, biloculares, filamentorum longitudine. Stylus 1. 
Stigma 3-fidum. Ovarium 3-loculare. acca sicca abortu 1-locularis 
margine aut apice alata. Semen exalbuminosum, arillo in completo 
cinctum, basi loculi adfixum, erectum. Cotyledones spiraliter convolute, 
et radicula deorsum spectans. 

598. A. excelsum, fructu apice ala cristato, foliis alternatim pinnatis sub 
4-jugis, foliolis (sesqui 2-uncialibus) ovato-oblongis obtusis acuminatisve 
supra glabris, subtus parallelo-venosis, ramulisque tomentosis, racemis axil- 
laribus terminalibusve. DC. Prodr.i. p.617. Gert. Fr. i. p. 216. t. 46.— 
Euonymoides excelsa. Sol. Ms. in Bibl. Banks. 

Tetoki, indig. RK. C. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Str Jos. Banks, Shady forests 
of Wangaroa.—1826, 4. Cunningham. On the banks of rivers and shores 
of harbours, frequently within the range of the tide.—1833, 2. Cunningham. 

Formerly an oil was extracted by the natives from the fruit of this 
tree. Of late years, however, the constant visits of whalers to their 
ports, have enabled them readily to obtain, by way of barter, abun- 
dance of fish oil, which they now prefer to that of vegetable extrac- 
tion, wherewith to anoint their persons. R. Cunningham. 


2. Dovonza, L. 
599. D. spathulata; dioica, foliis oblongo-linearibus subspathulatis basi 


Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 319 


sensim in petiolum attenuatis, apice obtuso apiculatis emarginatisve viscidis, 
sepalis ovatis acutis nudis, fructibus bi-trialatis. Sm. in Rees Cycl. DC. 
Prodr. i. p.616. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.308.—D. viscosa. Forst. Prodr. 
n. 27. non Linn. 

Heakeé, indig. R.C. 

New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Dry woods, 
flowering in October, Bay of Islands, &c.—1826, 4. Cunningham. 


BOMBACEA, Kunth. (s. Malvacez.) 


1. Houertra. 

Calyx inferus monophyllus, cyathiformis, persistens, zqualiter 5-dentatus, 
dentibus acutis triangularibus per cestivationem valvatis. Petala 5, 
hypogyna, unguiculata, segmentis calycis alterna subintegra basi unita, 
wstivatione imbricata. Stamina numerosa (20—24) filamentis basi in 
tubum coalitis et cum basibus petalorum concretis. Anthere reniformes, 
adnatz, 1-loculares, longitudinaliter dehiscentes. Stylus 1, supra basiti 
5-partitus. Stigmata 5, dilatata, depressa, lobata. Ovarium 5-angu- 
lare.—Arbuscula biorgyalis, spectabilis, sempervirens et maxime ornata 
in sylvis natalibus tis. Folia alterna, petiolata, ovata valde acuminata, 
grosse duplicato-serrata, membranacea, penninervia, venosa, stipulata ? 
stipulee caduce ? Flores albi magnitudine. Pruni, pedunculati facie. 
Philadelphi, ex axilla foliorum fasciculati umbellative, pedunculis ple- 
rumque 1-floris, subuncialibus medio articulatis. Calyx monosepalus, 
persistens, corolla dimidio brevior. Petala, 5, equalia, dentibus calycis 
alternantia, calycem bis superantia, concava, obovata, acuminata, ner- 
vosa, cxtus villosa, pube stellata, intus glabra basi incrassata, pube ci- 
nereo instructa. Stamina circa 24 antherifera equalia. Filamenta ima 
basi connexa. Antherez peltate, uniloculares, medio longitudinaliter de- 
hiscentes. Ovarium superum, 5-lobatum, dense villosum, 5-loculare. 
Fructus 

600. H. populnea. 

Hoheri ab incolis vulgo vocatur, unde nomen Generis. 

New Zealand (Northern Island). A large shrub, of agreeable aspect and 
very ornamented growth, inhabiting the banks of rivers and skirts of forests, 
on the shores of the Bay of Islands. —1825, C. Fraser.—1833, R. Cunn. 

A very distinct genus, whose place in the system appears to be in 
the vicinity of Tiliacee, Malvacee, and Bombacee. From the first 
order its monadelphous stamens and unilocular anthers sufficiently 
remove it, in which particulars, however, it agrees with the two latter, 
as well as in the valvate estivation of its calyx, its alternate stipu- 
late leaves (the stipules here being deciduous at an early period) and 
the stellated pubescence. It may therefore rest where it is here placed, 
until its fruit, which has not yet been detected in its native country, 
has been examined, and its structure determined. 


(To be continued. ] 


320 Profs. Kersten and Ehrenberg on 


XXXVIII.—On a Leather-like Substance found formed upon 
a Meadow. By Cuarues Kersten, Prof. of Chemistry 
in Freiberg, Saxony, and Prof. EarenBere, of Berlin*. 


IncLoseED I send you an interesting vegetable production, 
having a deceptive resemblance to white dressed glove-leather, 
and which was found by M. Lindner on a meadow above the 
wire-factory at Schwartzenberg in the Erzgebirge. 

A green slimy substance grew on the surface of the stag- 
nant waters inthe meadow, which, the water being slowly let 
off, deposited itself on the grass, dried, became quite colour- 
less, and might then be removed in large pieces. The outside 
of this natural production, as you will observe, resembles soft 
dressed glove-leather, or fine paper, is shining, smooth to the 
touch, and of the toughness of common printing-papert. On 
the inner side, which was in contact with the water, it has a 
lively green colour, and one can still distinguish green leaves, 
which have formed the leather-like pellicle. I dare say a bo- 
tanist could still determine the species to which they belong. 

I have made the following experiments on the leather-like 
substance, having separated it from the green inner coat. 

It catches fire very easily, burns with a wax-yellow flame, 
leaving a pale-red rough light ash. When heated in a small 
retort dense white fumes are evolved, an odour of burnt paper 
is perceived, and simultaneously drops of a yellow empyreu- 
matic oil are deposited on the neck of the retort. ‘Somewhat 
later, water, having a strong acid action, is given off, which 
evaporates without leaving any residue. A light charcoal re- 
mains in the bottom of the retort. 

Water, alcohol, «ther, nitric acid and aqua regia have no 
action on it, nothing being dissolved, nor does its texture alter 
when heated with these re-agents. A solution of hydrate of 
potassa dissolves it to a brown slimy fluid; caustic ammonia 
has at first only a slight action, but after some days it swells 
out, becomes like wet printing paper, and is partially altered. 

If the substance is gradually heated with hydrate of potassa, 

* We are indebted for this communication, and for a specimen of the sub- 
stance described, to the kind attention of Prof. Kersten. The original ap- 


peared in Poggendorff’s ‘ Annalen,’ Part I. 1839.—R. T. 
+ Unsized paper.—Ebpir. 


a Leather-like Substance composed of Infusoria. 321 


and the gas then given off conducted into a solution of nitrate 
of mercury, there is no black precipitate, neither are white 
fumes observable when the gas is brought into contact with a 
glass rod dipped in acetic acid: consequently no ammonia is 
Jormed when the substance is burnt, and, therefore, i¢ can con- 
tain little or no nitrogen. The ash of itself, or when moistened 
with sulphuric acid, does not colour the oxidizing flame of the 
blowpipe. In borax it is dissolved, giving a gloss which while 
warm is of a deep yellow, when cold of a pale yellow colour. 
With the double salt phosphate of soda and phosphate of am- 
monia it gives a pale yellow glass, leaving a thin scale of si- 
lica. Fused with soda and saltpetre on a platinum plate the 
ash gives a deep green mass. It has no alkaline action, does 
not effervesce with acids, nor does it contain any salt soluble 
in hot or cold water. 

Thus the ash of the substance in question is composed es- 
sentially of silica, oxide of manganese and oxide of iron. The 
substance itself appears to be an aggregation of leaves, from 
which the green colouring matter, the extractive matter, and 
also the organic matters have by some organic process entirely 
disappeared. 

I shall endeavour to find out the circumstances under which 
this complete discoloration of the ligneous matter of the 
leaves takes place, for this is interesting in a technical point 
of view. 

Postscript by Prof. Ehrenberg. 

The very meritorious attention of Prof. Kersten to this 
leather-like substance has recalled to my mind the subject 
formerly touched upon p.119 of my work on Infusoria, but 
particularly so in relation to the meteoric paper of Courland * 
that I could not omit submitting it to a microscopic exami- 
nation. With regard to this meadow-leather of Schwarzen- 
berg, it consists most distinctly of Conferva capillaris, Con- 
ferva punctalis and Oscillatoria limosa, forming together a 
compact felt, bleached by the sun on the upper surface, and 
including some fallen tree leaves and some blades of grass. 
Among these conferve lie scattered a number of siliceous in- 


* A translation of Dr. Ehrenberg’s notice on the meteoric paper of 1686 
was given at p. 185 of the present volume.—Enpir. 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 18. July 1839. 2A 


322 Rev. M. J. Berkeley on the Flora of Van Diemen’s Land. 


fusoria, chiefly Fragilarie and Meridion vernale. I have ob- 
served sixteen different sorts of such siliceous infusoria, be- 
longing to six genera; besides these I have found three sorts 
of infusoria with membranous shields, and dried specimens of 
Anguillula fluviatilis. 

Thus the silica is quite explained, as well as a part of the 
iron, of which last another part, as also the manganese, may 
arise from a little dust which les in irregular particles with the 
infusoria among the conferve. I have treated more circum- 
stantially, before the Academy of Sciences, of the meteoric pa- 
per of 1686, which I found to be similar to this in composi- 
tion. 


XXXIX.—Contributions towards a Flora of Van Diemen’s 
Land; from collections sent by R. W. Lawrence and 
Ronald Gunn, Esgqrs., to Sir W. J. Hooker. By the Rev. 
M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S. 

(A sequel to Sir W. J. Hooker’s Paper; Journal of Botany, p. 258.) 

[ With a Plate. ] 
FuNGI. 

1. Lentinus villosus, Kl). in Linn. Found also in Mauritius. 

2. Favolus pusillus, Fr., Linn. vol. v. p. 511. tab. xi. fig. 2. 
var. pallidus, Nob. Minute, not + an inch broad. Pileus 
horizontal, reniform, smooth, of a tough fleshy substance, 
brittle when dry, ochraceous, furnished with a short lateral 
cylindrical stem of the same colour as the pileus. Hymenium 
pale. Alveoli at length elongated, flexuous; gills vein-like ; 
their edges pruinose. 

On bark. This pretty fungus accords exactly with that 
brought by Beyrich from Brazil, except in being paler in every 
part. Montagne refers to the same species Boletus papulatus, 
Bertero, MSS. n. 1680, gathered in Juan Fernandez, May, 
1830, but I am inclined to think that it is quite distinct and 
may therefore bear the name of Favolus papulatus, Kl, in 
Hook. Herb. The alveoli, as Montagne remarks, are rounder; 
they are besides 4—6-sided, and much more distinct. The 
whole plant when fresh is apparently white and of a softer 
texture. In the dry state it is minutely pruinose. It may be 
thus characterized :— 


Rey. M. J. Berkeley on the Flora of Van Diemen’s Land. 323 


Gregarious, minute, dirty white, pruinose. Pileus membra- 
naceous, reniform; stem distinct, lateral; alveoli roundish 
4—6-sided. 

3. Polyporus (Favolus) vesparius, n.s. Pileus 2—3+ inches 
across, 1—1} broad, 13 inch high, stemless, subungulate, 
sometimes imbricated, smooth or slightly scabrous, wood- 
coloured, slightly zoned towards the margin; flesh browner, 
corky but soft. Pores very large, }—1 of an inch in diameter, 
5—6-sided, of the same colour as the pileus. 

On bark, Mr. Gunn. 

8. corticosus. This variety appears at first sight very di- 
stinct, but amongst the specimens sent is one which unites 
the two forms. The pileusis grey, obliquely ungulate, rugose 
and cracked, and resembles the bark so much that it would 
scarcely be discerned did not the hymenium project beyond 
the margin. 

4. Polyporus (Mesopus) rudis, n. s. Stem 3—2} inches 
high, nearly central, rooting into the wood, even, brown, co- 
vered with coffee-coloured bloom, shining when rubbed. Pi- 
leus 35—41 inches broad, convex, not at all depressed in the 
centre, orbicular, brown like the stem, and covered with coffee- 
coloured bloom or very minutely velvety, rugged, wrinkled as 
if from the contraction of the flesh; margin obtuse. Pores 
brown, nearly orbicular, middle-sized. Substance light, pale, 
soft and spongy. 

On rotten wood, Mr. Gunn. Its nearest ally is probably 
P. rugosus, which has however extremely minute pores. 

5. P. lucidus, Fr. 

6. P. frondosus, Fr. The specimens are not in a good state, 
but they are apparently referable to this species. 

7. P. sulphureus, Fr. Mr. Gunn. 

8. P. velutinus, Fr. Thicker than the usual state, but ac- 
cording with specimens from Mougeot. 

9. P. (Ap. Coriacei) radiato-rugosus, n. s. Densely imbri- 
cated. Pilei 23 inches across, horizontal, rather thin, at length 
- smooth, radiato-rugose, dirty white or grey. Flesh white, 
fibroso-coriaceous, but rather brittle. Tubes longer than the 
flesh, middle-sized, white within, irregular ; orifice often jagged. 
Resembling some states of P. versicolor, but certainly distinct. 

2A2 


324 Rev. M. J. Berkeley on the Flora of Van Diemen’s Land. 


10. P. sanguineus, Fr. 

11. P. cinnabarrinus, Fr. Mr. Gunn. 

12. P. (Ap. Bienn.) lilacino-gilvus, n. s. Subimbricated, 
suberoso-coriaceous, horizontal, thin. Pilei 3 inches broad, 14 
inch long, rugged with raised subfibrous lines, more or less 
zoned towards the margin, reddish grey tinged with lilac espe- 
cially towards the margin, which is thin and acute; older 
parts tinged with brown. Hymenium lilac-grey ; pores of the 
same colour within, middle-sized, irregular, very shallow to- 
wards the margin, which is without pores. Flesh lilac-grey, 
spongy, about equal to the length of the tubes. 

On charred wood, Mr. Gunn. Allied to Pol. gilvus. 

13. P. australis, Fr. Mr. Gunn. 

14. P. igniarius, Fr. Besides the more common form there 
is one frosted with a ferruginous bloom; and a very distinct 
variety sent by Mr. Lawrence, which occurs also in Mauri- 
tius. This may be distinguished asa variety under the name 
of P. igniarius var. scaber. Pileus 3} inches broad, 24 inches 
high, stemless, ungulate, dark brown, here and there tinged 
with red, cracking in age into coarse scale-like scabrous plates. 
Hymenium hollowed out or convex; pores minute, round. 
Heavy ; flesh not very hard. 

15. P. (Ap. Bienn.) rubiginosus, n. s. Horizontal, hard, 
stemless, rather thin, zoned, rugose, minutely velvety, espe- 
cially when young, ferruginous. The older parts acquire a 
brown tinge, and the margin is occasionally reddish-grey. 
Substance ferruginous. Hymenium uneven, ferruginous ; 
pores minute, round. 

On charred wood. Nearly allied to Pol. Ridis. 

16. P. (Resup.) orbicularis, n.s. Exactly orbicular, 3 inches 
in diameter; 3 of an inch thick in the centre, dark brown, 
margin barren, membranaceous, covered with strigose pubes- 
cence. Hymenium confined to the centre, very much cracked 
when dry; pores shallow, with three or four partitions minute 
sinuated, orifice toothed, dissepiments very thin. 

On living bark, Mr. Gunn. A very remarkable species with 
the habit of a lichen representing in the resupinate division 
Polypori allied to P. vulpinus. On examination of the hyme- 
nium under a high magnifier, the pores are found to be stra- 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on the Flora of Van Diemen’s Land. 325 


tose, indicating the growth is interrupted, though probably 
the fungus is annual. 

17. P. (Resup.) latus,n.s. Resupinate but with the mar- 
gin here and there free; 8 inches across, following all the 
inequalities of the matrix. Above obscurely zoned dingy- 
brown pruinoso-velvety ; flesh of the same colour as the pi- 
leus, with a slight ferruginous tinge, suberoso-coriaceous. Hy- 
menium wood-coloured, even; pores round, regular ; dissepi- 
ments thin. 

On branches, Mr. Gunn. A very distinct species, perhaps 
better placed near P. sanguineus, amongst Api Biennes. The 
colour is peculiar, like that of the flocci of Lycoperdon pyri- 
Sorme. 

18. P. (Resupinati) dedaleoides, n.s. Altogether resupi- 
nate, 3—4 inches across; suborbicular, flesh very thin tan- 
coloured ofa close cottony texture. Hymenium weod-coloured, 
pores large, rather deep, round, angular, =,th of an inch broad, 
pale within ; dissepiments thin, at length splitting, in conse- 
quence of which some portions of the hymenium put on the 
appearance of a Dedalea. 

On charred wood. The pores are large, otherwise it might 
be supposed to be a resupinate state of P. velutinus. 

19. Thelephora rubiginosa, Fr. 

20. Thel. hirsuta, Fr. 

21. Thel. lobata, Kze. in Linn. 

22. Exidia Auricula Jude, Fr. 

23. Spheria concentrica, Bolt. 

24. Mitremyces fuscus, n.s. Deep brown. Simple or 
cespitose. Calyptra hemispherical, pale red-brown within, 
margin denticulate. Peridium thick, horny, granulato-squa~- 
mose above, supported below by the anastomosing, subcylin- 
dric cartilaginous processes of the stem-like mycelium; teeth 
4—6, lined and bordered with bright vermillion, sometimes 
partially frosted with yellow meal. Internal peridium white. 
Sporidia forming a solid ball, broadly oval, dirty white. 

Epping forest, Van Diemen’s Land, in gravelly shady places, 
Mr. Lawrence. Greatly resembling Mitremyces lutescens, but 
the colour, which reminds us of Peziza melastoma; is altoge- 
ther different, and the peridium thicker and more horny. 


326 Rev. M. J. Berkeley on the Flora of Van Diemen’s Land. 


Mitremyces coccineus, has the processes of the root coarser and 
much less distinct ; and the sporidia*, instead of being broadly 
oval, are oblong. I have had no opportunity of examining 
those of M. lutescens. I do not find any flocci amongst the 
sporidia in M. fuscus, but in M. coccineus they are abundant. 
In an authentic specimen of M. lutescens before me the inner 
peridium is inverted as in Spherobolus and hangs out at the 
orifice. The inner peridium, the upper border of which is 
scolloped, in an early stage clearly lines the outer, and the 
void space arises from its ceasing to grow sooner than the 
outer. The teeth leave within the calyptra a bright vermillion 
impression. The stem, which must be regarded as a highly 
developed mycelium, is sometimes obconic, but more fre- 
quently there is a large knob of gravel at the base. The my- 
celium is composed of extremely minute filaments, which are 
much curled, so that in a fresh state it is probably highly 
elastic. Plate VII. fig. 1. 

25. Aithalium septicum, Fr. 

26. Stemonitis fusca, Roth. 

27. Mylitta australis, n.s. Globose, 3} inches in diame- 
ter, solid covered with a rugged black bark, beneath which is 
a white mealy vesiculoso-floccose substance, which traverses 
the central yellowish nucleus, dividing it into sinuous veins, 
which consist of a dense mass of extremely minute flexuous 
filaments, portions of which are swollen and distorted. When 
dry the veins are extremely hard and horny, and so transpa- 
rent that the white substance is seen through them. When 
moistened it becomes rather gelatinous. I can find nothing 
like sporidia. 

This is the species of Tuber mentioned by Mr. Backhouse 
in his account of the esculent plants of Van Diemen’s Land, 
‘Comp. Bot. Mag.’ vol. ii. p. 40. It is called native bread, 
and is said to grow on rotten trees. To the specimen before 
me one or two root-like extraneous fibres are attached. I 
have no doubt that it is congeneric with Mylitta Pseudacacie, 
as it agrees with the description of that species in everything 


* The sporidia of AZ. coccineus are minutely wrinkled in the direction of 
their larger axis as those of Ascobolus furfuraceus. Possibly this may be 
the case in less advanced individuals of M. fuscus. 


Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 327 


except size and colour. The structure is very different from 
that of Pachyma Cocos, Schwein, Plate VII. fig. 2. 


ALGA. 


1. Scytonema arenarium, n.s. Forming a thin uniform 
yellow brown stratum for some inches over sand, which it 
binds together by means of numerous transparent colourless 
rooting filaments. Threads obtuse, flexuous, here and there 
slightly branched at the base, and rooting ;_ border thick trans- 
parent gelatinous; sporangia obscure, seldom visible, occupy- 
ing only about a half of the central tube. Plate VII. fig. 3. 

The specimens described above are in the rich collection of 
Sir W. J. Hooker, who has kindly lent me all the fungi he 
possesses. Out of the twenty-seven species sent by Messrs. 
Lawrence and Gunn it will be observed that twelve are com- 
mon European fungi. Amongst them is a specimen of Par- 
melia parietina on an apple twig, on which perhaps it had 
been introduced from England. 


REFERENCES TO PLATE VII. 

Fig. 1. Mitremyces fuscus, with its calyptra; one of the individuals is 
cut open to show the inner peridium; a. sporidia; 0. a horizontal section 
of one of the processes of the mycelium very highly magnified ; c. sporidia 
and flocci of M. coccineus. 

Fig. 2. Flocci of Mylitta australis from the transparent veins, very highly 
magnified. 

Fig. 3. Scytonema arenarium; a. filaments and rootlets; 6. a filament 
more highly magnified; c. a portion of a filament with sporangia. 


XL.—Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


Mr. Gardner’s Journeys in Brazil. 


Villa do Crato, Sertao of the Province of Ceara, 
December 5, 1838. 


Wuen I had the pleasure of writing to you from the Villa do Icé I 
expressed myself doubtful as to the success which might attend my 
visit to this neighbourhood. After a residence, however, of nearly 
three months in this town, I am happy to inform you that my fears 
have been agreeably disappointed, and before proceeding to give an 
account of the nature of the country or its vegetation, I hasten to 
inform you that yesterday I despatched six cases of plants for Eng- 


328 Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


land. Four of these contain a collection of dried specimens, amount- 
ing to 470 species, for you; and the two others are filled with living 
Orchidea, &c., for Mr. Murray. The boxes are to travel from this 
place to Icé, a distance of 100 miles, on horseback ; and from thence 
they will be forwarded in an ox-waggon to Aracaty, through the 
kindness of a Portuguese friend, to whose care I have addressed them. 
Mr. Miller, the only Englishman in Aracaty, has promised to send 
them by a vessel to England, if there be one in the river bound for 
London or Liverpool when they arrive ; if not, and if none is shortly 
expected, they will be transmitted to the city of Ceara, whence there 
is oftener a direct intercourse with my native island. I have been 
obliged to let these plants go en masse, and only arranged according 
to their natural orders, my chief reason for doing so being the great 
run that the subdivision of such a collection would cause upon my 
stock of paper, to recruit which will be impracticable till I again 
reach the coast; where, if all is well, I do not expect to arrive for at 
least twelve months. At one time I had some thoughts of despatch- 
ing this collection to Pernambuco, there to remain till my return from 
Par4, but as it includes a larger number of new species than any that 
I have previously sent, and as I am aware that you are always anxious 
to obtain undescribed plants as quickly as possible, I have decided 
on forwarding it immediately to Glasgow. Well knowing the great 
labour and loss of time that the distribution of the late Mr. Drum- 
mond’s plants cost you, I cannot ask you to undertake the like task 
for me; but as the species are already in a state fit to be sent away, 
I think it is possible you may be able, from time to time, to get some 
of them forwarded to their respective destinations. If so, when you - 
choose your own set, be so kind as to select one for me also; ob- 
serving that where there is only one specimen of a species, such sin- 
gle plant belongs to your own set; if two, then the best is for you 
and the other for myself. As however there are more specimens 
than enough for my subscribers of many kinds, I will thank you to 
reserve the surplus for me, after having liberally supplied your own 
herbarium; for on my return to England such duplicates may be 
very useful for effecting exchanges with the plants of other coun- 
tries. 

In two of the boxes you will find a few packets of seeds, which 
you will be so kind as to send to Mr. Murray; alsoa small parcel of 
the wax produced by the Carrahuba palm (Corypha cerifera, Mart.), 
which grows abundantly in the plains between Aracaty and Icé, and 
of which Dr. Christison, of Edinburgh, may perhaps like to have a 
portion. Some shells, addressed to my own name, may be handed 


Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 329 


to my father. There is also a collection of mosses, gathered in this 
neighbourhood : the species are few in number, as the country is low, 
but among them I think you will find a new Bryum, allied to B. ro- 
seum, and an undescribed Hookeria, which seems to approach your 
H, pallescens. Along with these articles I have sent a short me- 
moir, which I lately drew up, on the establishment of the genus 
Mouriria, Juss., as the type of a new natural order, with a few ob- 
servations on one or two other genera. If you deem this paper worth 
publishing in the Magazine it is very much at your service; if not, 
be kind enough to lay it aside for me, as I have not kept a copy. 

The collection now sent differs very materially from that which I 
transmitted from the Organ mountains, in its paucity of Orchidee and 
Ferns. If, however, it affords you the same pleasure in examining 
the plants that I derived from collecting them, it will not be small ; 
a pleasure heightened to me by anticipating your gratification. I 
will thank you to ascertain whether the beautiful leguminous shrub 
which I have named in honour of my excellent friend J. E. Bowman, 
Esq., does not belong, as I suspect, to anew genus. Some observa- 
tions on the structure of the flower accompany my paper on the 
genus Mouriria, and I am anxious that the facts should be ascer- 
tained before Mr. Murray distributes the seeds, of which I have sent 
him an abundant supply. I may also mention that the composite 
plant (No. 1732), which I took to be a new genus when arranging 
the collection; I have since found to be an undescribed species of 
Ichthyothere, Mart. (vide DeCand. Prodr. vol. v. p. 504.) 

Having told you thus much respecting the collections, I proceed 
to give you some account of my journey from Icé hither, and of my 
residence here. Having purchased two horses more than I had 
brought with me from Aracaty, I started from Ico at half-past seven 
in the morning of the 4th of September, and after a journey of six 
days arrived here. The distance is 30 leagues, or somewhat more 
than 100 miles, and the country through which I passed differs re- 
markably from that which lies between Aracaty and Icé, both in the 
nature of its surface and its vegetation. The former is of a hilly un- 
dulating character, exhibiting none of those large plains which are 
seen further down, but on the contrary it is all wooded with small 
trees and shrubs, nearly the whole of which are deciduous. As it 
was the beginning of the dry season when I started from Icé on my 
way hither, there was scarcely a leaf to be seen; a circumstance which, 
to a botanist particularly, makes a journey in such a country very 
monotonous and uninteresting. The most abundant tree is that 
which is called by the natives Arocira (Schinus Arocira, of St. Hi- 


330 Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


laire); it flowers before the foliage appears, and in this state much 
resembles the alder of Europe when loaded with its catkins. Its 
mode of growth is upright, and it attains a height of 30 or 40 feet. 
Large Ingas or Mimosas, and the Triplaris Americana are also com- 
mon; of the latter the female plant when in flower is recognizable 
at a great distance, as well as the Chrysobalanus, that I formerly 
mentioned as abounding below Icé, and which also grows in plenty 
here. In passing along the eye is sometimes relieved from the flower- 
less monotony of the woods by seeing here and there a solitary pur- 
ple or yellow Bignonia, or an azure-blossomed Jacaranda, destitute 
of foliage, but rearing its therefore more conspicuous and magnifi- 
cent diadem of flowers above the other denizens of the wood; or 
an occasional plant of Cochlospermum serratifolium, loaded also with 
its large and beautiful yellow bloom, attracts the attention of the 
traveller. On dry hilly places there are abundance of small shrubs. 
The only ones, however, that I recognized were two or three species 
of Lantana and Krameria Ivina. Within a day’s journey of Crato I 
collected the only orchideous plant that I have seen since quitting 
the coast, a new Oncidium, which I have called O. urophyllum. The 
natives of the Sertao call it Rabo de Tat’u (armadillo’s tail). It 
grows in great plenty on the soft bark of a species of Geoffroya. 

It was not until I came within a few leagues of Crato that the 
country became more verdant, and large tracts of land planted with 
cane gave the assurance that I was approaching a place better suited 
to my pursuits than any that I had seen since my arrival in the Ser- 
tio. It is impossible to express to you my delight on entering into 
this comparatively rich and smiling district, after a ride of more than 
300 miles through one which is little better at this season of the year 
than a desert. The evening on which I approached this town was 
one of the most beautiful I ever remember to have seen. The sun 
was setting in great splendour behind the Serra de Araripe, a long 
range of hills about a league to the westward of the villa, but the 
freshness of the country deprived his rays of that burning heat which 
shortly before sunset is so oppressive to the traveller further down. 
The beauty of the night, the cool and reviving feeling of the atmo- 
sphere, and the richness of the landscape, so different from what I 
had lately seen, all tended to produce a buoyancy of spirit such as 
only the lover of nature can experience, and which I vainly wished 
might prove enduring, as I felt not only at ease with myself, but 
‘at peace with all the world.” 

During the journey I had added but little to my stock of speci- 
mens. The mostremarkable of them is a small Jungermannia-look- 


Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 331 


ing plant, which I found on the first day, growing on rocks, stones, 
and among gravel in the bed of the Rio Salgado, about 5 leagues 
from Icd. As it was in seed, the flowers having all passed away, I 
could not positively ascertain the genus, but I suspect it to belong 
to Mniopsis, Mart., at all events to the natural order Podostemacee. 
From Icé I brought several letters of recommendation to this place ; 
but before I left the former town, one of my fellow-travellers from 
Pernambuco having written to a friend here that I was about to visit 
his neighbourhood, I found that an empty house had been obligingly 
procured for my reception. 

Crato is a small and sufficiently miserable town, situated in the 
hollow part of a large valley, several leagues in extent, and bounded 
by the Serra de Araripe on the south and west. In case you should 
consult a map of Brazil to find the place where I now am, I may 
mention that the one which I possess, and which I believe to be the 
last published, is very incorrect as regards the situations of the towns 
in this province: for instance, Icé is placed where the Serras de 
Mangabeira ought to be, and vice versd, and the distance between them 
ought to be 10 leagues. Crato, instead of being 10 leagues to the 
S.W. of Icé, is 30, thus bringing it exactly to the Serra de Araripe, 
its proper position; and Barra de Jardim (not Bomjardin) is 16 
leagues to the south of Crato. Sugar cane, mandiocea, rice and to- 
bacco are the principal articles of culture in the vicinity of Crato. 
From the juice of the cane a kind of sugar is prepared called rapa 
dura, and made into hard cakes about the size of half bricks. This sub- 
stance is used all over the Sertao as a substitute for sugar, and forms 
the great article of commerce between Crato andIcé6. Almost all the 
fruits which are sold in the towns near the coast are obtainable here : 
such as the orange, lime, lemon, mango, papau, banana, plantain, 
grape, pine-apple, melon, and water-melons. The first of these are 
vended at about ld. the dozen, pine-apples double that price, and I 
purchased to-day a remarkably fine-flavoured melon, as big as my 
head, for about 2d. of our money. There are a few small planta- 
tions of cocoa-nuts, which appear to thrive well and bear abundantly, 
and in the woods are great numbers of cashew trees, but their fruit 
(or rather the thickened peduncle, which is the esculent part) is small, 
not bigger than a cherry: probably it is a different species, of whigh 
you may judge, as I send you a specimen in flower and leaf, and to 
Mr. Murray a few of its seeds. In the Catingas, or deciduous fo- 
rests, a fruit abounds called mangaba, of which you received speci- 
mens from Pernambuco; it belongs to the Apocynee, and the flavour 
is, in my opinion, very superior to that of any native fruit that I have 


332 Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


tasted. Araca and Grava are also common. Another fruit is also 
much spoken of, the marangaba, but it is not yet ripe ; the tree which 
produces it is a new species of Psidium, to which I have given the 
name of P. nanum, as the shrub does not rise a foot high. It grows 
plentifully on the top of the Serra de Araripe. The neighbouring 
woods produce a fruit belonging to a new species of Mouriria, the 
berry of which is black, and about as big as a middle-sized goose- 
berry. In appearance and taste it much resembles the fruit of Hu- 
genia cauliflora, DC. (the Jaboticaba of the south of Brazil). This is 
called by the natives Pusd, a name which I have retained as its spe- 
cific appellation, as I am ‘an advocate for the retention of native 
names to new plants. 

The great cause to which the fertility of this part of the Sertao 
may be attributed exists in the numerous springs which rise from 
the base of the Serra de Araripe, and which are again divaricated in 
a thousand directions for the purpose of urigation. At present but 
little land is cultivated in comparison with what would amply repay 
such labour; the vicinity being but thinly populated and the habits 
of the natives very indolent. With very little trouble they raise 
as much as wil support life, and seem to care for nothing else. Their 
dress is of the simplest kind, and not expensive. When, however, 
the population becomes more numerous, and civilization shall have 
multiplied their wants, this district will assuredly prove a rich and 
valuable part of the province. 

During my residence here I have made many excursions, but the 
Serra de Araripe has afforded my best field. I have spent several 
days in exploring its ravines, sides and summit, every trip yielding 
me large supplies of new and rare plants, as the collections now sent 
home will abundantly testify. The greater proportion of the wooded 
districts around Crato consists of deciduous trees and shrubs, here 
called Catingas; but in low moist localities, and along the base of the 
Serra, a great many of the trees are evergreen. AsI am aware that 
you feel particularly interested in knowing what are the large trees — 
of the countries which I visit, I shall now give a list of such as are 
most abundant or remarkable in this vicinity. One of the common- 
est denizens of the Catingas is Moghania glabrata, St. Hilaire, and it 
is the only truly gregarious exogenous tree that I have met with in 
Brazil, covering large tracts for miles, to the exclusion of almost 
everything else. In general it is a tree of 30 or 40 feet high; but 
old individuals often attain a much greater stature. Like many of the 
other inhabitants of the Catingas, its flowers appear before the leaves. 
The blossoms are produced in large panicles, they are of a greenish- 


Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 333 


yellow colour, and very sweet-scented. The natives of the Sertao call 
this tree Ting? and apply it to many useful purposes. An infusion of 
the bark of the root is employed to poison fish, and that of the stem 
to cure old ulcers, while an excellent soup is afforded by the large 
cotyledons of the seeds. Another tree, which grows in the same si- 
tuations, is a species of Caryocar, and makes a fine appearance when 
covered with its large racemes of yellow flowers. The fruit, which 
is not yet ripe, is said to be excellent when cooked, and the hard 
wood is used in mill-work. This tree is called Piki by the natives 
of the Sertao. Two large ingas are also common in the woods, and 
I have sent specimens of both; one is called Timbahuba and the other 
Visgéira. ‘The former is the smaller; the Visgéira presents a most 
remarkable appearance when its flowers expand, these being of a 
dark purple colour, and suspended on a peduncle a foot in length. 
The Jatoba is another large tree, which I have not yet seen in flower, 
but suspect it to be a species of Hymenea. The cashew also reaches 
a considerable height in this neighbourhood, and grows more upright 
than the variety from the coast. There is also the Angelina, a beau- 
tiful and large species of Andira; good specimens of it in flower are 
in this collection ; and some of the fruits, which I am at present dry- 
ing, shall follow by the next opportunity. There are also two large 
Bignonias growing here, one with purple and the other with yellow 
flowers ; but owing to the durability and hardness of their woed, 
which is much sought for by workers in mill- and cart-work, they 
are not allowed to attain any great size near the town of Crato. 
Besides these which I have enumerated, there are many others, but, 
though of considerable size, they can hardly be called large trees. 
Among them I may mention the Pao de Jungada (Apeiba Tibourbow, 
Aubl.), as of frequent occurrence, and conspicuous from its large 
prickly capsules. Its wood affords the material of the raft-boats, 
called jungadas, so much used on the coast. A species of Byrsonima, 
very lovely when in blossom, and another of Callisthene, also remark- 
ably beautiful, grow here ; the latter, being distinct from the three 
species described by Martius, I believe to be new, and in allusion to 
its great masses of charming yellow flowers, I have called it C. flori- 
bunda. 

I have now examined the stamens of species belonging to four 
different genera of the tribe Vochystace@, and find them all, as Mar- 
tius describes them, 4-celled. 

Many other trees of course exist in this vicinity, but the want of 
flowers prevents my determining them. On the Serra de Araripe 
are several species that do not occur in the plains below. This 


334 Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 


Serra, which does not rise above 1500 feet higher than the level of 
the town, is the commencement of a large table-land (tabuleira), 
stretching far to the south and west, and on which the cashew, Piké, 
and Mangaba grow very abundantly, as well as a kind of Gomphia, 
that rises to a height of 20 or 30 feet. Under the shade of these may 
be found several herbaceous plants and humble shrubs. Of the latter, 
the small Psidium (Mangaraba) already mentioned, is the most com- 
mon. On the sloping ascent an extremely beautiful Vochysia and a 
Qualea abound, as well as a new arborescent species of Albertinia, 
that grows 25 or 30 feet high. Of palms, only three species are 
found here; the carnahuba (Corypha cerifera, Mart.), so common 
below Icé, and which still straggles up to within two days’ journey 
of this place, not being among them. ‘The largest of these three 
palms is a very beautiful tree, probably an Attalea, but I have not 
seen its inflorescence. It rivals the cocoa-nut tree in height of stem, 
and far excels it in the size of its head of fronds. The fronds are 
thrown up almost vertically, and their great length and deep green 
colour give the tree a most magnificent appearance ; while the fruit 
is about the size of an apple, 3-celled, and borne in large racemes. 
I send Mr. Murray a few of them, with directions to let you have 
one. The second species is the Acrocomia sclerocarpa of Martius, 
very striking from its fusiform prickly stem. The third of the 
palms, much smaller than the two others, is only remarkable from 
its being the sole kind of tree on which the solitary epiphyte that 
this neighbourhood produces will grow. The first-mentioned spe- 
cies is called Palmeira by the natives, the second Macahuba, and the 
third Catolé. 

Cacte@ are very scarce here: I have only met with four species, 
all of them similar to those that I had already despatched to Eng- 
land from the Rio San Francisco. Orchidee are still more rare. 
Two kinds only can I find to send home alive, but of both you will 
receive an abundant supply: they are the Oncidium already men- 
tioned, and the Epiphyte that grows on the Catolé. ‘The latter I have 
not seen in flower, it being in a dormant leafless state at this season ; 
the general appearance is that of a Catasetum, and I have no doubt 
it will prove to be new. Here the Epiphytal Orchidee of South 
Brazil are represented by Loranthacee, which, in the shape of Viscum, 
exist on almost every tree, and being evergreen give a remarkable 
appearance to the deciduous forests. Of this tribe you will find a 
rich variety in the present collection. Ferns are rare, but I have 
added to my previous stores a few from the Serra de Araripe; one 
of them being that beautiful tree-fern Cyathea aculeata. Ina few 


Information respecting Botanical Travellers. 335 


days I go to Barra de Jardim, 16 leagues to the south, where I mean 
to spend three or four weeks, according as I find it to be a good or 
bad botanizing ground. Thence I return to this place, in order to 
await the setting in of the rainy season, when it is my intention to 
proceed to the city of Oeiras, 400 miles to the west, the capital of 
Piauhy. Since my arrival here I have gained better information re- 
specting the road, which is said to be utterly impracticable at this 
season, for want of grass and water for the horses. But this will 
make little difference to me on my arrival there, as I shall have to 
remain in Oeiras till the end of May, when the rains cease. On my re- 
turn from Barra de Jardim I will again make a few more excursions 
in this neighbourhood, and before starting will send you what I may 
have collected :—perhaps about the end of January. At Barra de 
Jardim there is a large deposit of fossil fish, and it is probable I shall 
send a box of them also. It is still my plan to make my way to 
Para via, the Rio Tocantius ; but on this subject I shall write to you 
more fully from Oeiras, where I expect to obtain fuller information 
respecting the route. 

Since coming here I have enjoyed excellent health, except for 
eight days, during which I was confined to the house from a slight 
attack of ophthalmia, a very common malady in this neighbourhood. 
I have been visited by many persons suffering from the disease in 
a chronic state, and have gained no little reputation from having 
either cured or much alleviated the symptoms in all those whom I 
treated, even when the complaint has been of long standing. The 
people among whom I am now thrown are far from being a good set. 
They are remarkably revengeful, and their frequent quarrels are com- 
monly settled by the treacherous use of the long sharp knife (faca de 
ponta), which every one carries at his side. My servant, my man 
Friday as I call him, a negro of very superior character and abilities, 
had a narrow escape the other day; for having involved himself, I 
know not how, in a dispute with a fellow who was in a house whi- 
ther he had gone for the inoffensive purpose of getting his hair cut, 
his opponent drew his knife and attempted to stab him. My servant 
fortunately caught the blade in the hand which he had raised to 
ward off the blow, by which he prevented his body from being struck, 
but nearly lost two of his fingers. The assassin fled, leaving his wea- 
pon behind him, and has not since been heard of. For my own part 
I find it necessary to be very cautious as to what I say or do among 
them. They scarcely know what to make of me, or to imagine to 
what purpose I intend to apply the ‘‘ many leaves,” as they call them, 
which I am collecting. Those ‘who still would seem the wisest,” 


336 Bibliographical Notices. 


aver that they are to serve as patterns for printed cottons; an opi- 
nion worthy of a native of my ‘‘auld toon of Glasgow.” 

By the boxes I wrote you a few lines, but I expect this letter will 
reach you first, as I forward it to Pernambuco by a person whom 
I am sending thither to bring me my letters or anything that may 
be lying there for me, as I begin to feel anxious about my friends, 
from whom J have had no news for nine whole months. It will take 
him more than a month to go and return, but he will still be back 
before I start for Piauhy. 

I had great difficulty in obtaining wood wherewith to make the 
boxes which I have just despatched, and as to any help in the way 
of making them, it was needful, after I had bought up at great ex- 
pense all the old boxes in the town, to put them together with my 
own hands, which are now so blistered with the use of the hammer 
and saw that I canhardly holdmy pen. Necessity hasnolaw; from 
cooking downwards I have to do almost everything. Insects are 
very rare here. I had collected a few dozens and laid them on the 
house-top at night to dry in a sheet of paper, as the weather had, 
been damp ; but in the morning I had the mortification to find them 
all gone except some of the legs and wings, which vexed me the more 
as many of them were new. I shall recommence collecting imme- 
diately. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 
De Pinubus Taurico-Caucasicis. Auctore Steven*. 


In a preceding paper the propriety of considering the Caucasian 
pines as a separate group was suggested, under the idea that they 
would be found to differ from those of Europe, and that united with 
those of Northern Asia they might prove to be of sufficient import- 
ance to require a separate classification in the pinology of the globe. 
These views have been completely confirmed by the work we are 
about to examine, and at a much more recent period than we had 
ventured to anticipate. We are indebted to M. Steven for bring- 
ing together at one view the results not only of his own researches, 
but those of Nordmann, Wittman, Sovitz and others ; a course which 
cannot be too much commended from its superiority to the usual 
practice in this sort of publication of giving the isolated discoveries 
or observations of the writer, whilst those of others are carefully 
withheld from notice. 


* For this review we are indebted to the kindness of Capt. S. E. Cook, 
R.N.—Eoir. 


Bibhographical Notices. 337° 


The original work appears to have been published by the Imperial 
Society of Natural History at Moscow, we rather believe since the 
death of the author, which has taken place recently. Not having 
seen the paper itself, we have made use of the copy which is given 
in the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles’ of January 1839. 

M. Steven is of opinion that the Pinus should be preserved en- 
tire as proposed by Linneus, and accordingly calls all the species 
Pinus. Having mentioned this subject in the preceding paper we 
have nothing to add at present ; but we must observe that, agreeing 
perfectly with M. Steven in his principal position, we think he is 
unnecessarily and most inconveniently tenacious about species, as 
we shall see in the examination of his work. 

The first species described is a variety of A. pectinata, or silver 
fir, which differs from it in having the branchlets smooth which in 
the congener are pubescent, and the name of /ezoc/ada is proposed to 
be affixed to it. Tournefort, who noticed it near Trapezas, consi- 
dered it to be absolutely identical with the common species of the 
‘Alps and Pyrenees. It was found on the higher range of the Cau- 
casus by the author of the ‘ Flora Caucasica,’ though he has not given 
the locality, and branches were sent by Sovitz, which he had ga- 
thered on the range of Adshar, above Guriel, where it was also seen 
by Nordmann. Although it cannot be positively asserted, the in- 
ference may be drawn, that its place is below that of the following 
species. 

No. 2. Abies Nordmanni is anew silver fir, which was discovered in 
1836 on the range of the Adshar, at an elevation of 6000 feet, by M. 
Nordmann, whose name has been most justly conferred upon it. It 
was also seen by Wittman on the southern slope of the range be- 
tween Cartalinia and Achalziche, near Azchur, as high as the alpine 
region, where it was mixed with the A. orientalis. It attains the 
height of 80 feet in the stem, and is above 3 feet in diameter. Cones 
are produced in from fourteen to sixteen years, at first near the sum- 
mit, from which they descend in the adult tree, covering the branches 
to within a fourth part of their height, growing upright, single, bi- 
nary and ternary, and exuding quantities of resin. The seed ripens at 
the end of September, when the cone immediately falls to pieces, 
leaving the spindle or axis, which sometimes remains for the whole 
year. The wood is harder than that of P. ortentalis, and is not so 
liable to be attacked by the larve of insects as that species. 

From the description of this most noble tree it would appear to be 
connected with A. Pichta, or the silver fir of the north of Asia. The 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No. 18. July 1839. 2B 


338 Bibliographical Notices. 


altitude at which it was discovered proves it to be very hardy, and 
the early period at which the seed ripens, which I noticed and de- 
scribed as a peculiarity of the P. uncinata in my original descrip- 
tion of that tree, I consider to indicate the same quality. We must 
for these reasons, as well as the size the tree attains and the quality 
of its timber, assign it the very first rank in the family, and its in- 
troduction to our parks and forests, both for ornament and utility, 
is most desirable. 

No. 3 appears to be a variety of spruce, to which the inappro- 
priate name of P. orientalis has been given; why not caucasica? 
The author first noticed it in the loftiest mountains of Imeritia, and 
Nordmann has since observed it in Upper Mingrelia, and forming 
whole forests between Guriel and the Adshar mountains. 

The foliage is shorter by one half than that of the common spruce, 
and the spicule are quadrangular like those of that species ; sharp, 
but not prickly ; not binary as Tournefort asserts, but grow singly 
as in the common spruce. 

It is a lofty, and, from the elevated sites at which it was observed, 
is no doubt a hardy and desirable tree, but from the observation of 
the timber, compared with that of A. Nordmanni, must be considered 
as less valuable than that magnificent species. Neither the Pinus 
Abies (Lin.) nor any species of larch have yet been discovered in the 
Caucasus. 

Pinus. 

1. Is the P. maritima of Lambert, one of the varieties of P. halepen- 
sis,and that which I consider to be the more hardy of the three; it grows 
on the shores of Abshasia, near Pezundan, the ancient Pithyus. 

2. ‘‘P. Laricio constitutes forests on the western summits of 
Tauria, descending even to the shores, but never passing to the north- 
ern declivities. The author also has specimens from Gelindshik, a 
port on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, 100 leagues distant from 
the mouths of the Hypanis.” 

We cannot say that the observations on this species are at all sa- 
tisfactory. P. Pallasiana, or taurica of our. catalogues, would seem 
to be considered as identical with P. Pinaster, and with the species 
we have under the name of P. Laricio. Such however appears to 
be the meaning of the text, and as he considers that P. austriaca 
is another synonym, we shall have Laricio, Pinaster, P. taurica and 
austriaca as one species, a position which is not only inadmissible, 
but so extraordinary as only to be accounted for by the want of op- 
portunities for studying the respective species. 


Bibliographical Notices. 339 


If we admit any portion of the forests he describes to be composed 
of the true Laricio it leads to an important observation on the habitat 
of the species. Between Tauria and Corsica there is a difference of 
three to four degrees of latitude, which is a considerable space, but 
is increased exceedingly by the relative climate of the two seas. 
Accordingly, whilst the tree is placed in Corsica at an elevation of 
2000 to 3000 feet, it descends to the shore of the Black Sea, and 
whilst it resists the milder climate of the western slopes of Tauria it 
is unable to face the Boreal blasts of the steppe which assail the 
northern face of the chain. 

There is no mention made of P. taurica, and it seems clear that the 
tree mentioned inhabiting Tauria as Laricio, is that species which 
the author considers synonymous, but which are quite distinct. The 
question is, are there two, or are we to consider that the P. taurica 
is that which takes the place above the halepensis in Caucasus? It 
is very probable that both species exist and that the Caucasian may 
be the true Laricio, the Taurian being our ¢aurica or Pallasiana. In 
case there be only one species, it takes the middle rank in this re- 
gion and represents the Laricio and P. hispanica of the south of 
Europe, being a little hardier than those species. I have little doubt 
that this is the true state of the case, and it must be repeated that 
it is next to impossible to decide a species of Pinus from specimens 
of branches in herbals, on which testimony part of this report seems 
to be founded. 

P. sylvestris. We have a description of two or three species 
under this head, owing to the habit of the writer of generalizing, and 
his reluctance in admitting species: that which he mentions as being 
found, though rarely, on the highest summits of Tauria, the ele- 
vation of which range is barely within its natural zone, whilst it forms 
entire forests on the central Caucasus, appears to be our uncinata 
of the Pyrenees. ‘That mentioned as inhabiting the subalpine re- 
gions of the Terek, which is also the P. szbirica of Ledebour, must 
be referred to the same species, thus confirming our view in placing 
it above the common P. sylvestris. 'The differences he mentions in 
the foliage constantly occur in these trees, and are not sufficient 
either to cause the removal from one, or the constituting another 
species upon them, the only real difference being in the cones. 

A variety called by him Aamata, but which he considers a P. syl- 
vestris, appears by the description to be quite distinct from that spe- 
cies. It has the cones three inches long, and was found by Witt- 
man in Lasisthan, and by Nordmann in the subalpine regions of 
Mount Adshar. 

2B 2 


340 Bibliographical Notices. 


Another most curious variety belonging to the same group is given _ 
under the name of argentea. It is described as having the cones, 
and foliage of a splendid silvery hue, A single tree was found 
by Wittman near the village of Artamin, two days journey from 
Batum in Lasisthania. So remarkable is the account of this tree, 
that had it depended on the single specimen, we should have been 
inclined to assign its appearance to some accidental circumstance, 
but Nordmann also saw trees corresponding in colour on the Adshar 
range. 

We are not informed if the whole range of the Caucasus has been 
examined, and neither the absolute or relative elevations at which 
the species are found are perfectly given in this work. ‘The diffi- 
culty of forming a correct judgement on these points as well as that 
ascertaining the exact extent of the ranges mentioned is increased 
by the want of good maps. From the correctness with which the 
species are described, however, and the care which has been taken 
to place them before the reader, an approximation may be made 
to the attainment of this object. In commencing by the south- 
ern coast of the Black Sea, and following the ascending series, 
we have successively P. halepensis, P. Laricio (Auctorum), Abies 
leioclada (var. of Common Silver Fir), A. Nordmanni, A. orientalis, 
P. uncinata and varieties. This arrangement corresponds very nearly 
with that of the Pyrenees, the upper zone being formed of the 
hardier species of the group of P. sylvestris, with which are mixed 
the A. orientalis and A. Nordmanni, which attains a very high ele- 
vation, and is succeeded by A. leioclada, P. Laricio, and P. hale- 
pensis, that of the Pyrenees in running a line across Catalonia 
being P. uncinata and sylvestris, A. pectinata, P. hispanica, P. Pi- 
naster, and P. halepensis. ‘The chief difference is in the existence 
of the spruce, which is wanting in the Pyrenees, and the substitu- 
tion of P. Laricio (or probably taurica), for the! hispanica in the 
middle region. In both chains the Silver Fir predominates over the 
other species, and in both the larch is wholly wanting. 

In addition to more accurate information as to the actual zones 
or order of superposition, we should have been glad to know what 
tree forms the next parallel to the region of firs. In the correspond- 
ing region of Europe the beech holds that place, and it would be in- 
teresting to ascertain whether in that part of Asia it retains its posi- 
tion or is replaced by some other genus. 

The observation of these writers on the wood of 4. Nordmanni is 
extremely valuable, and indicates a point which ought to be attended 
to in all descriptions of new species when it is possible to obtain it. 


Bibliographical Notices. 341 


The power of resisting the gttacks of insects which most probably 
proceeds from the nature of the sap, is of immense importance in the 
economic value of the tree. I think the wood of P. Cembra possesses 
the same quality. A remark has been made to me respecting the 
softness of this latter species as affecting its durability. Neither 
hardness nor softness of texture in timber are positive proofs either 
of durability or of the contrary. Some oaks, as the Ilex, and some 
American species are both hard and heavy, yet are valueless as to 
duration. It may be doubtful whether the heart wood of P. Cembra 
would bear much exposure to damp, but with the outer layers which 
contain the turpentine it is of very great durability. I suspect the 
same qualities belong to the Cedar of Lebanon, while the testimony 
is positive that it was used for the roof of the ‘Temple, and there 1s 
no doubt that in a dry climate, protected from the vicissitudes of 
weather, it might last during periods, for which its texture appa- 
rently makes it quite unfit when exposed to a humid atmosphere. 

It is to be hoped that means will be taken by those individuals as 
well as bodies who have correspondents at Odessa, to procure the 
introduction of seed of these species, more especially of the A. Nord- 
manni, which appears to be the most valuable of them. 

It is impossible to close this subject when the variety of species 
are called into question, without remarking on the neglect with 
which this important subject is still treated by the Government. With 
the most ample means, of every kind, with gardens and parks, of 
which the extent and capabilities are the admiration of every one, 
we do not possess a common public botanical garden or arboretum for 
study or for reference. This circumstance we cannot but consider as 
disreputable and disgraceful to the Government and to the country, 
immense sums being annually expended in the department to which 
it properly belongs without a thought being cast on the advancement 
of science. 


Primitie Flore Sarnice, or an Outline of the Flora of the Channel 
Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Serk, &c. By Charles 
C. Babington, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. &c. Longmans, and 
Bailliére, 1839. 


This little book is far superior in value to many a work of higher 
pretensions, and will not fail to interest the general student of Euro- 
pean botany, as well as to find a place in the pocket of every hota- 
nical visitant of the district to which it has especial reference. In 
all probability too it will increase the number of such visitants to a 


342 Bibliographical Notices. 


group of islands now, by the regular steam communication, so easy of 
access, and here shown to be so rich in botanical productions. ‘The 
species enumerated amount “ to 848,” omitting (perhaps needlessly) 
as probably escaped from cultivation, 26 of those included in a cata- 
logue by Professor La Gasca, lately published in a Report of the 
Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Cryptogamous plants 
also are excluded, with the exception of Ferns and Characee; the 
notice of the other orders of that class being almost confined to a 
bare list of Lichens, and a similar one of Algze, in which last Cysto- 
seira barbata, a very doubtful British species, is mentioned. The 
arrangement is according to the natural orders. Perhaps the Lin- 
nean form might have proved more convenient to the majority of 
those likely to use the book as a vade-mecum. It has been the com- 
piler’s endeavour, he says, ‘‘ to combine brevity with clearness ; he 
has therefore only introduced descriptions or observations where 
either of them appeared to be really requisite, or where he conceived 
that he had some information to give.” Thus the bulk of the volume 
is not increased, as is too commonly the case in local Floras, by cha- 
racters and descriptions of well-known plants, often mere copies 
from standard works ; but of such plants the trivial name alone, or 
with a few synonyms where they appeared requisite, is given with 
the localities; ‘“‘ the island in which a plant has been noticed being 
invariably mentioned,” and under the more rare species the parti- 
cular spots where they have occurred, together with the authority 
for the stations when the author himself has not gathered the plants. 
By far the greater number have been gathered by himself, in two 
visits to the islands in the summers of 1837 and 1838. Twenty-two 
of the species mentioned have not been published as British. Some 
of these however are now known to be natives of England. 

The occasional remarks and descriptions are numerous, and of 
such a nature as to be interesting, as before intimated, to botanists 
in general, and not merely to those who have an opportunity of visit- 
ing the islands. ‘They include critical remarks on differences, cor- 
rections of erroneous descriptions, investigations of synonyms, &c. ; 
and throughout much regard for accuracy and much acuteness of 
observation are demonstrated, and much sound information is con- 
veyed. 

The preface contains, with other matters, an historical sketch of 
the little that had previously been done in the botany of the islands, 
beginning with the time of Ray, a short geographical notice of them, 
and a sketch of their geological structure; the last from the pen of 
F. C. Lukis, Esq. of Guernsey. It concludes with an expression of 


Zoological Society. 343 


hope, in which we concur, that the attention of botanists may be at- 
_ tracted to a field probably far from being exhausted, and a request 
that those who may be so fortunate as to add new species or to ob- 
serve new localities will communicate them to the author at his pub- 
lisher’s, that they may be employed in the preparation of a new edi- 
tion. Whenever this appears, and we should expect it to be soon 
called for, we trust that one blemish, against which, at the risk of 
appearing hypercritical, we must protest, will be removed, namely, 
the commencing of substantive trivial names, and those formed from 
the proper names of persons, contrary to usual custom, with a small 
letter. 

Mr. Babington has also recently published a Supplement to his 
‘Flora Bathoniensis,’ containing numerous additions te that little 
work. 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species of Hare from the collec- 
tion made for the Society by the late Mr. Douglas, and pro- 
posed to characterize it under the name of Lepus Bachmani: he 
thought it probable that the species had been brought from Cali- 
fornia. It was thus described : 


Lerus Bacumant. Lep. intense fuscus, pilis fuscescenti-flavo ni- 
groque annulatis ; abdomine sordide albo : pedibus supra pallidis, 
subtus pilis densis sordid? fuscis indutis : caudd brevi, albd, supra 
nigricante, flavido adspersd: auribus externe pilis brevissimis 
cinerescenti-fuscis, interne albidis, ad marginem externum, et 
ad apicem flavescentibus obsitis: nuchd pallidé fuscescentt- 


flava. 


«Fur long and soft, of a deep gray colour at the base ; each hair 
annulated near the apex with pale brown, and black at the points ; 
on the belly the hairs are whitish externally ; on the chest and fore- 
part of the neck the hairs are coloured as those of the sides of the body; 
the visible portion is pale brown, each hair being dusky at the tip; 
chin and throat gray-white. The hairs of the head coloured like those 
of the body ; an indistinct pale longitudinal dash on the flanks just 
above the haunches: the anal region white. The general colour of 
the tarsus above is white ; the hairs, however, are grayish-white at the 
base, and then annulated with very pale buff colour (almost white), 
and pure white at the points; the sides of the ¢arsus are brown ; 
the long hairs which cover the under part of the tarsus, as well as 
that of the fore-feet, deep brown. The fore-feet above very pale 


344 Zoological Society. 


brown, approaching to white ; the hairs covering the toes principally 
white : the claws are slender and pointed, that of the longest toe 
very slender. Ears longer than the head, sparingly furnished with 
hair, the hairs minute and closely adpressed; externally, on the 
forepart, grizzled with black and yellowish white, on the hinder 
part grayish-white; the apical portion is obscurely margined with 
black ; at the base the hairs are of a woolly nature, and of a very 
pale buff colour ; the hairs on the occipital part of the head, and ex- 
tending slightly on to the neck, are of the same colour and of the 
same woolly character; the ears internally are white, towards the 
posterior margin obscurely grizzled with blackish, at the margin 
yellowish. 


Dimensions. in. lines. 
Deng 403 eves aes Gs Lik 
fh ga AND erg ie 3 0 
Lan ane 20r- sea 1--3 
Far Externally O63.) 8 
Nose to’ eat i 2 5.4h. rae 


Habitat S.W. coast of N. America, probably California. 

‘«This animal may possibly not be adult; but neither in the teeth, 
so far as can be ascertained from a stuffed specimen, nor in the cha- 
racter of the fur, can I see any reason for believing it young, excepting 
that it is much under the ordinary size of the species of the genus to 
which it belongs ; and although it may not be adult, it certainly is not 
a very young animal. Compared with Lep. palustris, with which spe- 
cies it was sent over by Mr. Douglas, it presents the following points 
of distinction. Although the present animal is not above one-third of 
the size of that species, the ears measure nearly a quarter of an inch 
more in length: in fact, they are here longer than the head, whereas 
in Lep. palustris they are much shorter. The next most important 
difference is in the feet,—which instead of having comparatively 
short and adpressed hairs which do not conceal the claws, are in 
Lep. Bachmani long and woolly, especially on the under part, and not 
only conceal the claws, but extend upwards of a quarter of an inch 
beyond their tips. ‘The claws are more slender and pointed, espe- 
cially those of the fore-feet. Besides these differences there are 
some others, which perhaps may be considered of minor importance: 
the fur is much softer and more dense; the longer hairs are extreme- 
ly delicate, whilst in Lep. palustris they are harsh. As regards the 
colour, Lep. palustris has a very distinct rich yellow tint, which is not 
observed in the present species, the pale annulations of the hairs 
which produce the yellow tint, being replaced by brownish white or 
pale brown.” 

Mr. Owen concluded his memoir on the anatomy of the Apteryx 


Zoological Society. 345 


by a description of the general structure and peculiarities of its os- 
seous system. 

The bones of the Apteryx are not perforated for the admission of 
air, nor do they exhibit the pure white colour which characterizes the 
skeleton in other birds; their tough and somewhat coarse texture 
resembles rather that of the bones of the lizard tribe. 

The spinal column was found to consist of 15 cervical and 9 dorsal 
vertebre, and 22 in the lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions. The third 
to the sixth, inclusive, of the dorsal vertebre, are slightly anchylosed 
together by the contiguous edges of their spinous processes; but Mr. 
Owen supposesthat notwithstanding this anchylosis, a yielding, elastic 
movement may still take place between these vertebre. 

The cervical vertebre present all the peculiarities of the type of 
Birds ; the inverted bony arch for the protection of the carotid ar- 
teries, is first seen developed from the inner side of the inferior trans- 
verse processes of the twelfth cervical vertebra, but the two sides of 
the arch are not anchylosed together. 

The sternum is reduced to its lowest grade of development in the 
Apteryx. In its small size, and in the total absence of a keel, it re- 
sembles that of the struthious birds, but differs in the presence of 
two subcircular perforations, situated on each side of the middle 
line, in the wide anterior emargination, and in the much greater ex- 
tent of the two posterior fissures. ‘The anterior margin presents 
no trace of a manubrial process, as in the Ostrich, the interspace 
between the articular cavities of the coracoid being, on the con- 
trary, deeply concave. 

After concluding the description of the osteology of the Apteryz, 
of which the preceding is an abstract, Prof. Owen proceeded to ob- 
serve, “‘ that so far as the natural affinities of a bird are elucidated by 
its skeleton, all the leading modifications of that basis of the organi- 
zation of the Apteryx connect it closely with the struthious group. 
In the diminutive and keel-less sternum it agrees with all the known 
struthious species, and with these alone. The two posterior emar- 
ginations which we observe in the sternum of the Ostrich are present 
in a still greater degree in the Apteryr; but the feeble development 
of the anterior extremities, to the muscles of which the sternum is 
mainly subservient, as a basis of attachment, is the condition of a 
peculiarly incomplete state of the ossification of that bone of the Apte- 
ryx; and the two subcircular perforations which intervene between 
the origins of the pectoral muscle on the one side, and those of a 
large inferior dermo-cervical muscle on the other, form one of seve- 
ral unique structures in the anatomy of this bird. We have again 


346 Zoological Society. 


the struthious characters repeated in the atrophy of the bones of the 
wing, and the absence of the clavicles, as in the Emeu and Rhea*. 
Like testimony is borne by the expansively developed iliac and sacral 
bones, by the broad ischivm and slender pubis, and by the long and 
narrow form of the pelvis: we begin to observe a deviation from the 
struthious type in the length of the femur, and a tendency to the 
gallinaceous type in the shortness of the metatarsal segment; the 
development of the fourth or inner toe may be regarded as another 
deviation, but it should be remembered that in the size and position 
of the latter the Apteryzx closely corresponds with the extinct stru- 
thious Dodo. The claw on the inner toe of the Apteryr has been 
erroneously compared with the spur of certain Galline, but it scarcely 
differs in form from the claws of the anterior toes. 

«In the broad ribs (see the Cassowary), in the general freedom of 
anchylosis in the dorsal region of the vertebral column, and the nu- 
merous vertebre of the neck, we again meet with struthious charac- 
ters; and should it be objected to the latter particular, that some 
Palmipeds surpass the Ostrich in the number of cervical vertebra, yet 
these stand out rather as exceptions in their particular order ; while 
an excess over the average number of cervical vertebre in birds is 
constant in the struthious or Brevipennate order. ‘Thus in the Cas- 
sowary 19 vertebre precede that which supports a rib connected with 
the sternum, and of these 19 we may fairly reckon 16 as analogous 
to the cervical vertebre in other birds. In the Rhea there are also 
16 cervical vertebre, and not 14, as Cuvier states. In the Ostrich 
there are 18, in the Emeu 19 cervical vertebre. In the Apteryr we 
should reckon 16 cervical vertebre if we included that which sup- 
ports the short rudimental but moveable pair of ribs. Of the 22 
true grallatorial birds cited in Cuvier’s Table of the Number of Ver- 
tebrz, only 9 have more than 14 cervical vertebre ; while the Apte- 
ryx with 15 cervical vertebre, considered as a struthious bird, has 
the fewest of its order. The free bony appendages of the ribs, and 
the universal absence of air-cells in the skeleton, are conditions in 
which the Apteryx resembles the Aptenodites, but here all resemblance 
ceases : the position in which the Apteryx was originally figured is 
incompatible with its organization. 

«The modifications of the skull of the Apteryz, in conformity with 
the structure of the beak requisite for obtaining its appropriate food, 


* In the Ostrich the clavicles are undoubtedly present, though anchylosed, 
with the scapula and coracoids, and separate from each other. In the Cas- 
sowary they exist as separate short styliform bones. 

{+ Shaw’s Miscellany, xxiv. pl. 1075. 


Zoological Society. 347 


are undoubtedly extreme; yet we perceive in the cere which covers 
the base of the bill in the entire Apteryzx a structure which exists in 
all the struthious birds; and the anterior position of the nostrils in 
the subattenuated beak of the Cassowary is an evident approach to 
that very singular one which peculiarly characterizes the Apteryz. 
With regard to the digestive organs, it is interesting to remark, that 
the thickened muscular parietes of the stomach of the most strictly 
granivorous of the struthious birds do not exhibit that apparatus of 
distinct Musculi digastrici and laterales which forms the characteristic 
structure of the gizzard of the gallinaceous order: the Apteryz, in 
the form and structure of its stomach, adheres to the struthious type. 
It differs again in a marked degree from the Galline, in the absence of 
a crop. With respect to the cecal appendages of the intestine, though 
generally long in the Galline, they are subject to great variety in 
both the struthious and grallatorial orders : their extreme length and 
complicated structure in the Ostrich and Rhea form a peculiarity only 
met with in these birds. In the Cassowary, on the other hand, the 
ceca are described by the French academicians as entirely absent. 
Cuvier* speaks of ‘un ceecum unique’ in the Emeu. In my dissec- 
tions of these struthious birds I have always found the two normal 
ceca present, but small; in the Emeu measuring about five inches 
long and half an inch in diameter; in the Cassowary measuring 
about four inches in length. ‘The presence of two moderately de- 
veloped ceca in the Apteryz affords therefore no indication of its re- 
cession from the struthious type: these c@ca correspond in their 
condition, as they do in the other struthious birds, with the nature 
of the nutriment of the species. It is dependent on this circum- 
stance also, that in the grallatorial bird (Jdzs), which the Apteryxr 
most resembles in the structure of its beak, and consequently in the 
nature of its food, the ceca have nearly the same relative size; but 
as regards the Gralle, taken as an order, no one condition of the 
ceca can be predicated as characteristic of them. In most they are 
very small; in many single. 

«« What evidence, we next ask, does the generative system afford of 
the affinities of the Apteryr? A single, well-developed, inferiorly 
erooved, subspiral, intromittent organ attests unequivocally its rela- 
tions to the struthious group; and this structure, with the modifi- 
cations of the plumage, and the peculiarities of the skeleton, lead me 
to the same conclusion at which I formerly arrivedt, from a study 
of the external organization of the Apteryz, viz. that it must rank as 


* Lecons d’ Anat. Comp. 1836. iv. p. 291. 
+ Art. Aves, Cycl. of Anat. and Phys., i. 1836, p. 269. 


348 Zoological Society. 


a genus of the cursorial or struthious order; and that in deviating 
from the type of this order it manifests a tendency in one direction, 
as in the feet, to the gallinaceous order; and in another, as in the 
beak, to the Gral/e ; but that it cannot, without violation of its na- 
tural affinities, be classed with either.” 

A living specimen of the Gymnotus electricus, from the Amazon, 
was exhibited by Mr. Porter. 


September 11th, 1838.—Lieut. Col. Sykes, in the Chair. 


Some notes were read by the Chairman upon three skins of digi- 
tigrade carnivora, which were on the table for exhibition: one of 
these was a beautiful skin of the Aguara Guazu of Azara, (Canis 
jubatus, Desm.) and the other two, those of the Felis Pardina, Temm., 
in an adult and nonadult state. Respecting the first of these Col. 
Sykes offered the following observations : 

‘« Azara in his preliminary notices of the two species of Canis, C. ju- 
batus and C. Azare, says, I prefer for the family the Spanish names 
of Zorro or Fox to the Guaranese name Aguara, which also means 
fox; and he accordingly heads the notices with the words ‘ Zorros 
or Foxes.’ The C. jubatus, measuring 5 feet to the tail, and the tail 
of which is 19 inches, is certainly a Brobdignag Fox. I mention 
this circumstance in illustration of the fact, that Azara, in his classi- 
fication, appears to have overlooked analogies. And this remissness 
I hope will authorize me, without the imputation of presumption, in 
venturing upon the remarks I am about to make. 

«The skin I put before the Society is that of Azara’s Canis jubatus, 
and as it and a fellow skin in my possession are the only specimens of 
the kind in England (indeed I believe there are only two other speci- 
mens in Europe, one in Paris, the other in Cadiz), and as it will most 
probably have been seen but by few of the gentlemen present, I shall 
be happy to find that its exhibition is acceptable. Azara states that 
the Canis jubatus has 6 incisors in the upper jaw, then on either 
side of a vacant space follow 2 canines and 6 molar teeth, three of 
which, however, look more like incisors than molars ; the lower jaw 
is in all respects similar to the upper, except that the interval is 
wanting between the canine teeth and the incisors, and there is one 
additional molar tooth ; in other respects the form and general cha- 
racter of these animals are those of the Dog: they differ, however, 
chiefly in being wnsociable and nocturnal. ‘The tail is much thicker 
and more bushy, and they never raise or curl it; the body and neck 
are shorter and covered with longer fur; the neck is also thicker ; the 
hair too is thicker; the eye is smaller, the face flatter; the head 


Zoological Society. 349 


rounder and more bulky as far as the front of the eyes, where the 
thick part diminishes more speedily and terminates in a sharper 
muzzle, furnished with whiskers; the ear is broader at its origin, 
and thicker and stiffer, and when they are on the look-out they pre- 
sent the hollow part forwards and approximate their ears much 
more than Dogs. They do not bark nor howl like Dogs, nor is their 
voice heard often; in fact they so cry but seldom, and submit to be 
killed without uttering a sound. Other discrepancies between his 
two ‘ Zorros’ and Dogs are added, but it is unnecessary to specify 
them. I perfectly agree with Azara that he has afforded sufficient 
proofs of the wide difference between the Canis jubatus and Dogs 
(the most striking part of which difference, however, he has omitted 
to characterize, viz. the long mane), but here my coincidence in 
opinion ceases, for it is evident that the animal of which the skin 
lies upon the table has not the slightest approximation to the cha- 
racter of a Fox, which Azara would make it. A question is thus 
opened, to what genus or subgenus of the second division of digitz- 
grada does the animal belong? Unfortunately the skins in my pos- 
session do not afford the means of fixing definitively its place in the 
family, there being neither skull nor teeth, no toes, and no means 
of determining whether or not an anal pouch existed. Azara’s 
dental characters are applicable to the genus Canis, but he has 
omitted to notice those minute points which might constitute sub- 
generic differences. One fact mentioned, that the canines of the 
only adult he examined were ten lines long, although they were 
very much worn, would apply rather to Hyena than to Canis. 
The number of toes is omitted. Buffon calls the Canis jubatus the 
Red Wolf; but, were not its solitary and nocturnal habits and its 
predilection for certain fruits and vegetables sufficient to separate it, 
the remarkable mane at once prevents the alliance. Apparently, 
therefore, being neither fox, dog, nor wolf, it may be permitted us to 
look to a neighbouring genus, to see whether or not there are more 
characteristics common to the animal under consideration and species 
of that genus than we have yet met with. 

«‘ While residing with my family at Cadiz during the spring, three 
beautiful skins were imported from Buenos Ayres; they were quite 
unknown to the owner and his friends, and learning that I took an 
interest in natural history, I was asked to examine and give my opi- 
nion upon them. The heavy head, the large ears, the bulky body and 
comparatively slender hind-limbs, the short neck, the shaggy hair, 
but particularly the singular mane, fixed my attention; and in the 
absence of primary generic characters, I would have pronounced the 


350 Zoological Society. 


skins to be those of a beautiful species of Hyena: but the few natu- 
ralists who have examined the New World have not yet discovered 
the Hyzena, and it would have been rash, with the slender data before 
me, to have expressed a definitive opinion. Nevertheless on returning 
to England and deliberately examining Azara’s description of the 
form and habits of the Canis jubatus, my original opinion is so much 
strengthened that I am induced to submit the whole question to the 
consideration of naturalists, in the hope that on an opportunity occur- 
ring it may be taken advantage of to determine the primary generic 
characters, with a view to the allocation of the animal into its exact 
place in the digitigrade family. But to me it is a matter of indiffer- 
ence whether or not the animal has the technical characters of Canis 
or Hyena. Nature, in her wondrous chain of animated beings di- 
spersed over the world, is never defective in a link (at least on the 
great continents), for if the identical species of one continent be 
wanting, in another we surely find its analogue. The Ostrich of 
Africa has its analogue in America in the Rhea, and in the Hmu and 
Cassowary of Australia: the Liama replaces the Camel, and the Fe- 
lis concolor, the Lion in America; but the numerous cases are fami- 
liar to all naturalists and need not be enumerated ; and with respect 
to the Aguara Guazu (Canis jubatus), if it be not an Hyena, it is at 
least the analogue of the Hyena. The multitudinous reasons of Azara 
already quoted against his two Zorros being Dogs, may be applied 
almost verbatim in proof of one of them being an Hyena; and in his 
detailed description of the Aguara Guazu he mentions many of its 
habits that are common to the Hyena vulgaris—its walk with long 
paces, its absence of a predal disposition on living animals ( Azara in- 
stances poultry not being touched while passing within reach of the 
animal he had chained up) in its wild state, not committing havock 
amongst herds or lesser flocks, and its indifference to a meat or 
vegetable diet, indeed its predilection for fruits and sugar cane. An 
Hyena I brought from India with me, and which is now living in the 
Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, London, and which is as affec- 
tionate to me as a spaniel dog would be, was. fed during the whole 
voyage from India on boiled rice and a little ghee (liquid butter ;) 
and these instances of a community of habits between the Hyena and 
Canis jubatus could be greatly multiplied. If Azara’s dental formula 
be right, the Aguara Guazu cannot technically be an Hyena, and 
it may be desirable to constitute it a subgenus; but as I before said, 
it will suffice if my speculations assist in any way to rivet a link in 
the chain of nature.” 

With respect to the skin of Felis Pardina Col. Sykes remarked, 


Zoological Society. 351 


“ Although Temminck, in his Monographie de Mammalogie, p. 116, 
in a note, says the skin of this European Felis is well known amongst 
the furriers as the Lynx of Portugal, I have nowhere been able to 
meet with a specimen in London; and as amongst my friends scarcely 
any one appeared to be aware of the existence of a Spanish Lynx, I 
thought it might be acceptable to the members to exhibit specimens 
in a state of maturity and nonage. In Andalusia, whence the speci- 
mens come, it is called Gato clavo (clavo meaning the pupil of the 
eye), illustrative of the spotted character of the skin. Some pea- 
sants in Andalusia make short jackets of the skins. The animal 
inhabits the Sierra Morena. I bought both skins at Seville for thirty 
reales, about 6s. 3d. Neither the British Museum nor the Zoological 
Society have specimens. 

*«'Temminck describes the Pardina as ‘ Toutes les parties du corps 
lustre, 2 peu prés de la méme teinte que dans le caracal.’ This is 
certainly not the description of my animal, the colour of the adult 
being reddish gray, and that of the non-adult light fawn; never- 
theless there are so many other points common to both, that it would 
be unadvisable to consider them distinct.” 


A specimen of the Alauda Calandra, Linn., from Andalusia, was 
afterwards exhibited by Col. Sykes, accompanied with the following 
notice: 

“I brought two specimens of these delightful singing-birds from 
Andalusia with me this spring; and on comparing them with the 
type of the genus, I am satisfied they approximate more closely to 
the genus Mirafra than to that of Alauda. The bill is infinitely 
more robust than that of Alauda. ‘The size of the bird is larger, 
and its ensemble rather that of Mirafra than Alauda, and the inter- 
nal organization has a close resemblance to the former, in the propor- 
tional length of the intestines and the colon, in the form of the lobes 
of the liver, in the spleen, in the size of the gizzard and substance of 
‘the digastric muscles, and particularly in the form and position of 
the ceca. Mr. Yarrell very justly remarks, that the bird in depart- 
ing from the type of Lark approaches to that of Plectrophanes of 
Meyer; but differs from the latter in not having a curved long hind 
claw, and also in its more robust character ; in short, it has a station 
between the Larks and the Finches; it differs also slightly from Mi- 
rafra in its hind claws being those of a Lark, while its bill and other 
external and internal characters are those of Mirafra. On the whole, 
therefore, it appears desirable to divide the genus A/auda into sub- 
genera, and constitute the Londra a new subgenus, to which the 


352 Zoological Society. 


name of Londra may be given. The Andalusian bird would thus be 
the Londra Calandra, and an undescribed species from China, now in 
the gardens of the Society, appears to form a second example of this 
genus. The generic characters of Londra are as follow: 


Lonpra. Genus novum. 


Rostrum crassum; capitis longitudinem equans; basi altum, sub- 
compressum ; maxilla arcuata; tomiis integerrimis. 

Nares plumis anticum versus tecte. 

Ale corpore longiores, acuminate ; remigibus, prima sub-abbreviata, 
tertia longissima, secunda et quarta fere squalibus ; reliquis gra- 
datim brevioribus. 

Cauda cuneata. 

Pedes robusti; unguis hallucis rectus elongatus. 

Typus est, Alauda Calandra. 

“ The specific characters of Londra Calandra as published are suffi- 
ciently accurate. 

“The following are the measurements of a male bird; and as I 
have seen many scores of them, I think I may say they would apply 
to the generality of individuals of the species. 

“‘ Length, from the tip of the bill to the rump, 5 inches; bill, +2; tail, 
24 inches ; tzbia, 1 5; tarsi, including nail, 1~,; hind claw, 44 inch ; 
liver of two lobes, one much longer than the other; gall-bladder 
fully developed ; spleen cylindrical, 5%, inch ; intestines, 9 +3, inches ; 
duodenum very wide; small intestines narrow ; ceca, +5, little more 
than oblong specks; colon, = inch long ; gizzard very small; but di- 
gastric muscle, =; inch thick; testes very large, nearly globular ; 
irides black. These birds are fed upon canary seed in Andalusia, but 
in Lisbon they are fed upon wheat; nevertheless they are fond of 
raw meat, flies, and worms. They are soon accustomed to confine- 
ment, and they sing unconcernedly, although surrounded by spec- 
tators; their notes, some of which are a kind of double-tongueing 
in the phrase of flute players, are remarkably rich and full.” 

Mr. Blyth made some remarks on the plumage and progressive 
changes of the Crossbills, stating that, contrary to what has ge- 
nerally been asserted, neither the red nor saffron-tinted garb is in- 
dicative of any particular age. He had known specimens to acquire 
a second time the red plumage, and that much brighter than before; 
and he exhibited to the Meeting two individuals recently shot from 
a flock in the vicinity of the metropolis, which were exchanging their 
striated nestling feathers for the saffron-coloured dress commonly 
described to be never acquired before the second moulting. 


Zoological Society. 353 


He also exhibited a Linnet killed during the height of the breeding 
season, when the crown and breast of that species are ordinarily 
bright crimson, in which those parts were of the same hue as in 
many Crossbills; and observed that the same variations were no- 
ticeable in the genera Corythraix and Erythrospiza. Mr. Blyth called 
attention also to the fact, that in the genus Linota the females oc- 
casionally assumed the red breast, supposed to be peculiar to the 
other sex, and that they continue to produce eggs when in this 
livery; a circumstance very apt to escape attention, as most natu- 
ralists would at once conclude such specimens to be males without 
further examination. 


October 9, 1838.—Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair. 


The reading of a paper by Richard Owen, Esq., on the Osteology 
of the Marsupiaha, was commenced. 

Mr. Martin drew the attention of the Meeting to the crania of 
the Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys, Cercopithecus fuliginosus and 
C. Aithiops, which were placed upon the table, and upon which he 
proceeded to remark as follows : 

“Tt is now some years since I stated to the late Mr. Bennett that 
in the skeleton of a Sooty Monkey I had discovered the presence of a 
distinct fifth tubercle on the last molar of the lower jaw; recently I 
have observed the same fact in the skull of the Collared or White- 
eyelid Monkey (C. Zthiops), circumstances of some interest, as this 
tubercle appears to be always absent in the Cercopithect, and also in 
such as the Malbrouck, Grivet, and Green Monkeys, &c., which have 
been separated from the Cercopithect under the subgeneric title 
Cercocebus, Geoff., the Sooty and the White-eyelid Monkeys being 
included ; though, as far as we can see, on no feasible grounds, dif- 
fering from the foregoing species, as they do, in physiognomy and 
also in style of colouring. However this may be, the Sooty and 
White-eyelid Monkeys approximate to their supposed congeners ina 
more remote degree than has hitherto been supposed. Now with re- 
gard to the genera Semnopithecus and Macacus, both of which are from 
India, and the African genera Jnuwus and Cynocephalus, this fifth tu- 
bercle is a constant character and accompanied by the presence of 
laryngeal sacculi; and in another African genus, viz. Colobus, a fifth 
tubercle also exists, but whether accompanied or not by laryngeal 
sacs is still to be determined. May not this fifth tubercle, it may 
here be asked, bring the Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys within the 
pale of the Macaci? and the question will bear considering. Our 
reply, however, would be in the negative; for as we have ascertained 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No.18. July 1839. ‘2c 


354 Tweedside Physical and Antiquarian Society. 


by dissection, the Sooty Monkey, at least, is destitute of laryngeal 
sacs, (but has large cheek pouches) and we may readily infer the 
same of the other species, its immediate ally. The relationship, as 
it appears to us, between these two animals and the Indian Macaci, 
is that of representation. ‘They have not indeed the muzzle so pro- 
duced and the supra-orbital ridge so developed as in the Macaez ; 
but in these points they exceed the African Guenons generally, and 
are also we think stouter in their proportions. They appear, indeed, 
to constitute a form, intermediate between the Macaci and Cercopi- 
theci, on the one hand; as are the Colobi between the Semnopitheci 
and Cercopithect on the other. What the Colobi of Africa are to 
the Semnopitheci, these two monkeys (and others have perhaps to 
be added) are to the Macaci. With respect to the genus Cercocebus, 
I should be inclined to restrict it, excluding from it the Grivet and 
Green Monkeys, and modify its characters accordingly, taking the 
Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys as its typical examples, a plan 
which, it appears to me, is preferable to the creation of a new ge- 
neric title, which often leads to confusion.” 

Mr. Owen. exhibited a preparation of the ligamentum teres in the 
Coypou, which he had received from Mr. Otley of Exeter. 


TWEEDSIDE PHYSICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. 


A stated Quarterly meeting of this Society, the establishment of 
which we mentioned in vol. i. p. 159, was held at Kelso on Monday 
last, Major Watson, Woodside, in the Chair. The donations re- 
ported as received since last meeting, and those announced as now 
on their way from various contributors, were of a description equally 
interesting and valuable with any that have been noticed at the pre- 
vious meetings of the Society. 

From Mr. Herman, London.—Magnificent tiger skin. The ani- 
mal, when alive, must have measured fully 11 feet from tip to tip. 

From Mr. Wilkie of Ladythorn.—Three fine specimens of foreign 
shells (Pearl Nautilus and Leopard Cowries). 

It was announced to the meeting that Mr. Selby of Twizel, one 
of the most distinguished of our native naturalists, had signified his 
intention of presenting to the Society the appropriate and valuable 
donation of a collection of Scottish insects. 7 

Specimens of native birds have been received from the Rey. Joseph 
Train; Mr. Gilbert Bruce; Mr. John 8S. M‘Dougal, Coldstream ; 
Mr. Johnston, Todrig, &c. Of these we may mention the follow- 
ing :— 


Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 355 


The Shieldrake (Tadorna Bellonii), M. and F. 

Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax cristatus), M. and F. 

Little Grebe (Podiceps minor), M. 

Jack Snipe (Scolopar Gallinula), M. 

Long-tailed Titmouse (Parus caudatus), M. and F. 

Black-headed Bunting (Hmberiza Scheniculus), M. and F. 

Mountain Finch (Fringilla Montifringilla), M. and F. 

Common Linnet (Ff. cannabina), M. and F. 

Contributions towards the ornithological department of the collec- 
tion are received with gratitude, and we are glad to perceive that 
the friends of the Institution do not weary in their exertions. 

It is always agreeable for us to dwell upon the continued pros- 
perity of the Institution whose proceedings we are now noticing. 
We have stated, that even the attempt to establish it was creditable 
to the district, and that it is doubly creditable that it should have 
been hitherto constantly supported in so efficient a manner by nearly 
every grade of the community. 

We ought to mention that the prospect of the Society’s being able 
to present the new building to the public, free of debt, is daily im- 
proving, though not yet fully realized; but as the Institution conti- 
nues to find additional friends, in proportion as it shows more sure 
tokens of permanence and usefulness, we do not doubt that at the 
period of our next report we shall have it in our power to state that 
the whole of the necessary funds have been collected. 


BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 
April 11, 1839.—Prof. Graham, President, in the Chair. 

His Majesty Frederick William III. King of Prussia, was elected 
a Foreign Honorary Member, by unanimous acclamation. 

The President read the conclusion of his report on the Progress 
and State of Botany in Britain during the last twelve months, which 
we have already had occasion to notice at p. 53 of the present volume. 

The Secretary read a communication from Mr. William Gardi- 
ner, jun., of Dundee, accompanying a specimen of Mucor new to 
the British Flora, found in the neighbourhood of Dundee in 1836, 
and supposed by Sir William Hooker to be Phycomyces splendens of 
Fries, or perhaps the Ulva nitens of Agardh. 

Mr. Brand read a communication from Mr. George Dickie, of 
Aberdeen, on the Vegetation of Davis’ Straits, in which the author 
noticed various circumstances, and suggested some inquiries of an 
interesting nature connected with the range and distribution of spe- 
cies in that region. 

Mr. Thomas Wood Morrison laid before the Society engravings 

2c2 


356 Miscellaneous. 


of some rare plants, splendidly figured in Audubon’s great work on 
North American Ornithology, viz. Platanus recemosus, Columbia ri- 
ver; Cornus Nuttali, Columbia river ; Iris cuprea, Louisiana; Nym- 
phea flava, Florida. The President requested Mr. Morrison to con- 
vey to Mr. Audubon the thanks of the Society for his kindness in 
allowing the engravings to be exhibited. 

Mr. Edward Forbes read a second notice on certain Continental 
plants allied to British species. Specimens of the following were 
exhibited, and their alliances and synonyms amongst British species 
pointed out. 1. Silene Pseud-Otites, Bess, from Monte Spaccato ; 
2. Silene livida, Willd., from Monte Spaccato; 3. Gentiana angulosa, 
Bieb., from Carniola; 4. Plantago carinata, Schrad., from Adelsberg 
in Carniola; 5. Plantago altissima, Jacq., from Gaule, near Trieste ; 
6. Holoschenus australis, Reich., near Trieste; 7. Bupleurum pro- 
tractum, Link, from Istria; 8. Lotus ciliatus, Ten., from Trieste; 9. 
Onobrychis arenaria, Kitt, near Trieste. 

The Society then adjourned till Thursday, the 9th of May, when 
the summer meetings at the Royal Botanic Garden will be resumed. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
ON THE WILD CATTLE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 

As an addition to the notices of the wild cattle of Great Britain, 
for which our Journal is indebted to the contributions of Mr. Hind- 
marsh, the Earl of T'ankerville, and Sir Philip Grey Egerton *, the 
following passage from Matthew Paris may be of some interest, as 
showing that herds of these ‘‘ boves sylvestres +’’ existed not only in 
the forests of Caledonia and the north of England, but in the mid- 
land districts. In his account of Leofstan, one of the abbots of St. 
Albans in the time of Edward the Confessor, he says : 

“‘Opaca nemora que a limbo Ciltrie usque Londoniam fere, a 
parte septentrionali ubi precipue strata regia qua Watlingestrata 
dicitur, fecit resecari, salebras explanari, pontes fabricari, et abrupta 
viarum in planitiem redigi tutiorem. Abundabant enim eo tempore 
per totam Ciliriam nemora spatiosa, densa et copiosa, in quibus habi- 
tabant diverse bestie, lupi, apri, tauri sylvestres, et cervi, abun- 

danter.”—Vite Sancti Albani Abbatum, p. 28. 
' These great forests of the Chiltern district of Buckinghamshire, 
Herts, &c., were those in which the Saxon chieftains, aided by some 
of the citizens of London, for a long time held out against the Norman 
conqueror, under the countenance of Abbot Fretheric ; and where, in 
subsequent times, the citizens maintained their right of hunting, 
* Vol. ii. p. 274; iii. 241. 
+ See the passage from Bishop Leslie, vol, ii. p. 282. 


Miscellaneous. 357 


which was thus recognised in the charter of Hen. I. and those of se- 
veral succeeding reigns: ‘“ et cives London” habeant fugaciones suas 


ad fugandum sicut melius et plenius habuerint antecessores eorum, 
sc. in Chiltre, &c.”—R. T. 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF SEPIOLA, 

MM. Gervais and Vanbeneben have lately presented to the Acad. 
des Scienc. de Bruxelles a memoir on the genus Sepiola, and ina 
subsequent note have described a new species under the name of 
macrosoma from the Bay of Naples, and figured in Della Chiaje’s 
‘Memorie sugli animali senza vertebre,’ pl. 71. fig. 1—2. The most 
remarkable fact found by the authors in examining this species was 
the existence of an inferior eyelid, which in a certain degree calls 
to mind the principal character on which R. Owen established his 
Rossia palpebrosa. 'The Sep. macrosoma has moreover in common 
with this a very extraordinary size. It would perhaps be necessary, 
did we not place entire confidence in the accurate descriptions of the 
learned Englishman, to compare individuals of the two species. How- 
ever their geographical distribution alone would authorize their se- 
paration, the one having been discovered by Capt. Ross at the Arctic 
Pole, while our species inhabits the Bay of Naples. 

The body is globular and perfectly rounded at its posterior part. 
The arms are placed about middle way, they are by some lines closer 
together beneath than above. The mantle does not present any point 
of adhesion with the body in its inferior or anal portion; it is only 
at the nuchal or superior part that a junction of a small extent is 
perceived. The dorsal plate is larger in front than behind, and gra- 
dually becomes narrow. It is undoubtedly the largest species of the 
genus. If we compare it with the S. palpebrosa we first see the 
eye-ball protected by a palpebral fold in both species, but in the 
northern one the eyelids completely hide the eyes, and there exists 
one above and one below, although the latter is the largest. In 
our species we cannot find a trace of any superior eyelid, conse- 
quently the eye is not completely closed. 

R. Owen supposes that these eyelids serve the species inhabiting 
the cold countries to protect the eye-ball against the fragments of 
ice, but the existence of eyelids in a Neapolitan species necessarily 
destroys this supposition. 

The body is much less elongated in our species, and the arms are 
not inserted so near the front margin of the mantle, they are also 
perfectly rounded. ‘The arms have the same proportions in the two 
species, with this exception, that in the northern species the third 
pair surpasses the fourth considerably. The tentacula are longer in 
the Neapolitan species. 


358 Miscellaneous. 


— 
rr 
— 
eal 


inch. 


Length of body and head without the arms . 3 0 
of the ‘longestarms . .. .'o....s.:0 a6 9 

Of tae tentacwla (, g:65e%s.<8 5. se yee 4 5 

OF tue Gersal plete |... o'. 6k as et 0 8 
Breadth at the root of the arms .......... ] 0 
—— Of the arms, ..,.... oiSig . - 9 


M. Delle Chiaje possesses one double the size of this.—Bulletin 
de l Acad. de Bruzelles, Jan. 1839. 

[We do not see how the existence of a Cephalopod in the Medi- 
terranean with one eyelid inadequate to protect the eye-ball is con- 
clusive against the use assigned by Mr. Owen to a peculiarly perfect 
defensive palpebral organization in a Cephalopod inhabiting seas 
which in the summer are crowded with spicular crystals of ice.— 
Epit. | 

ON THE NEMATOIDEA, BY DR. CREPLIN. 

I take this opportunity of drawing the attention of naturalists to a 
law which from many years’ personal observations, as well as from 
those of others, I have constantly found to hold good: viz. that a 
Nematoidean living singly in a cyst, inclosed on all sides, or enve- 
loped closely in a membrane, never possesses sexual organs. 

Rudolphi everywhere states, when speaking of Nematoidea so in- 
closed, that he had never been able to discover generative organs in 
any of them. It is true that he mentions in his ‘ Entoz. Hist. Nat.’ 
ii. p. 152. a sexual difference in Ascaris (e mesenterio Cotti scorpii) 
angulata, but he does not prove by his remarks the accuracy of his as- 
sertion ; and when Zeder ‘ Naturgeschichte,’ § 53, 54 talks of an ova- 
rium and probable seminal vessels in his Capsularia, he by no means 
proves that the organs observed possess the functions he ascribes 
to them. I confine myself at present to this short notice without 
enumerating those species which I have examined, as I think of 
describing them elsewhere, and take the liberty of requesting hel- 
minthologists to be so kind as to give public:ty to their observations, 
with a view to the confirmation or refutation of the universality of the 
above law.— Wiegmann’s Archiv, vol. iv. part V. 

[We may observe that the organization of the incysted micro- 
scopic Entozoon (Trichina spiralis, O.), discovered by Mr. Owen in 
the human muscles, accords with the generalization enunciated by 
Dr. Creplin.—Epir. } 

ACTION OF PROST ON PLANTS. 

M. Morren has recently laid before the Academy of Brussels an 
account of his investigations relative to the action of cold on plants, 
the results of which are, that however delicate the organization of the 
plants, not one of their elementary parts is ruptured by the action 
of the frost, but the functions are entirely deranged ; thus the organs 
of respiration are filled with water, and those of nutrition with air; 
so that the natural order is perverted, and death is the consequence. 


Meteorological Observations. 359 


BIRTH OF A GIRAFFE AT THE GARDEN OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The following particulars of the birth of the young Giraffe were 
communicated to the Zool. Soc. at the Meeting on Tuesday evening 
last by Professor Owen. 

“The Giraffe brought forth a young male June 19th, after a 
gestation of 15 lunar months. The young animal was able to stand 
a few hours after birth, and could reach the height of six feet. He 
was capering about the day after he was born, and shows a remark. 
able degree of development and strength, as might be expected from 
the long period of gestation. The mother, though not unkind to her 
offspring, refuses to suckle him; but there seems to be no difficulty 
in bringing him up by hand. Admeasurements of the different parts 
of the young animal were given, and the anatomy of the foetal mem- 
branes and cotyledons described. Drawings of the mother and her 
young, by Mr. Hills, the well-known animal painter, were exhibited 
to the meeting.” 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY, 1839. 


Chiswick.—May 1—6. Very fine. 7. Clear and dry. 8. Fine: much thun- 
der and lightning at night. 9,10. Cloudyand cold. 11. Fine, but cold. 12. 
Cloudy: rain. 13. Clear. 14. Cold rain. 15,16. Clear: cloudy and cold : 
frosty at night. 17. Fine: frosty at night. 18. Very fine. 19. Overcast. 20. 
Very fine. 21. Dry haze. 22—25. Coldanddry. 26. Dry haze: fine. 
27—31. Fine.—The weather at the commencement of the month was very fine, 
but after the thunder on the 8th it became cold and unseasonable. The nights 
were generally cold, and between the 14th and 17th they were successively frosty. 


Boston.—May 1. Fine. 2. Cloudy: rainr.m. 3. Cloudy. 4—8. Fine. 9, 
Cloudy: rain a.m.and p.m. 10. Stormy: rain early a.m. 11. Cloudy: rain 
pM. 12. Rain: rain early A.M.: raina.m. 13. Cloudy. 14. Cloudy: rain 
and hail p.m. 15. Cloudy. 16—18. Fine. 19. Cloudy: rainearly a.m. 20. 
Fine. 21. Cloudy. 22. Rain. 25. Fine. 24. Rain. 25. Cloudy. 26, 27. 
Fine. 28. Cloudy. 29. Fine. 30, 31. Cloudy. 


Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire—May 1. Beautiful summer day: heavy 
dew. 2. The same, but droughty. 3. Still fine, though getting cloudy. 4. 
Gentle rain all day: everything refreshed. 5. Moist a.m.: cleared up p.m. 6. 
Fine day: evening cool. 7. Hoar frost early a.m.: clear andcalm. 8. Very 
warm : air electrical: cool p.m. 9. Dry and parching: very chill. 10. Wither- 
ing day: wind piercing. 11. Wind changed to N.W.: returned to E. p.m. 
12. Calm and warm: cool p.m. 13. Cloudy: veryslight showers. 14. Frost: 
ice on the pools: slight snow showers. 15. Strong frost a.m.: getting cloudy : 
slight showers. 16. Temperature rising, but still cold. 17. Getting cloudy, 
but barometer still rising. 18. Fine soft rain nearly all day. 19. Warm and 
sunny throughout. 20. Beautiful summer day. 21. Very droughty, though 
one or two slight showers. 22. Withering day. 2%. Boisterous weather and 
withering. 24. Temperature improving: cool p.m. 25. Quiet day: bright sun- 
shine. 26. Thesame: rather showery p.m. 27. Droughty in the extreme. 
28. Atmosphere highly electrical. 29—31. Nota cloud visible. 


Sun shone 29 days. Rain fell 4days. Frost 2days. Snow 1 day. 

Wind northerly 13 days. Southerly 11 days. Easterly 5 days. Westerly 2 
days. 2 
Calm weather ll days. Brisk 6 days. Moderate 9 days. Boisterous $ days, 
Strong steady breeze 2 days, 


———————— 


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ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


XLI.—The Fauna of Twizell. By P. J. Suisy, Esq., 
FR.S.E., F.L.S., &e. &e 


[Continued from the ‘ Magazine of Zoology and Botany,’ vol. ii. p. 387.] 


In the ‘ Magazine of Zoology and Botany’ the attention of 
naturalists was directed to the advantage that the zoology of 
our own islands could scarcely fail to derive from local Faunas, 
provided they were undertaken and conducted with accuracy 
and care; and an attempt was made to point out the precau- 
tions necessary to be observed in order to render such Faunas 
of the greatest possible utility to science. Upona plan of the 
kind proposed, the investigation of a small district was under- 
taken by the writer, and lists of the animals, birds, reptiles 
and fishes* were given in a second communication in the same 
work, with a few observations upon the ceconomy of such spe- 
cies as seemed to require additional notice. Asacontinuation 
of this Fauna may not be altogether useless or devoid of inter- 
est to some of the readers of the ‘ Annals of Natural History,’ 
it is proposed to continue it at intervals so as to embrace the 
various divisions of the invertebrate animals. 

In the present communication catalogues of the coleopterous 
and lepidopterous insects already found within the precincts 
of the district subjected to investigation are given; and, as these 
two divisions have been assiduously attended to for the last 
three years, it is expected that they contain a great majority 
of the species inhabiting the district, at the same time the 
writer is aware that many must have escaped his notice and 
search, particularly those of minute size, belonging to the N7- 
tidulide, Anisotomide, &c., as wellas those of rare occurrence 
in the groups of the Pselaphide, Tachyporide, Stenide, &c. 
The catalogue of the coleoptera, so far as they have been veri- 


* In the list of fishes the eels were omitted ; we have the two species 
Anguilla acutirostris and latirostris. 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No.19. Aug. 1839. 2_B 


362 Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 


fied, enumerates upwards of six hundred species, being in the 
proportion of nearly one sixth to the whole of the British co- 
leoptera contained in Stephens’s Nomenclature, a list of tole- 
rable extent, taking the small size of the district and its north- 
ern latitude into consideration. As might be expected, we 
find the list to be most deficient in those forms whose pa- 
bulum either in the larva or perfect state is wanting, or only 
to be found in very diminished quantity within the district, 
or in such insects as are restricted within distribution to the 
southern and warmer parts of the kingdom. Thus of the Lon- 
gicornes, whose food in the larva state consists of wood in 
progress of decay, we only possess three species, two of which, 
Leptura 4-fasciata and Rhagium inquisitor, live upon the de- 
cayed trunks and roots of the birch, one of our indigenous 
trees; the other, the Rhagium bifasciatum, prefers the rotten 
fibre of the Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris), though it is sometimes 
met with in the rotten sap or white wood of the oak. No ex- 
ample of the Buprestide has yet been detected, and the same 
may be added in regard to the Tenebrionide, Melandryade*, 
LHdemeride, Pyrochroide, and a few other families. Of the 
Pselaphide only one species has yet been met with; but as the 
habits of these curious insects are very retired, others in all pro- 
bability remain to be added, and this we also take to be the 
case with the Tachyporide, Stenide, and Omalide, in which 
our list is comparatively very deficient. In the first division, 
or Geodephagous beetles, we have species of the majority of the 
genera, and of those that are wanting some are inhabitants of 
maritime districts, or restricted by something peculiar in their 
ceconomy to confined localities. The same may be said of 
the Hydradephagous division, as well as of the Phylhydrida 
and Necrophaga. Of the Varicornes or Helocera, examples 
of the genera Cistela, Onthophilus and Hister only have been 
met with, and among the Lamellicornes we possess no repre- 
sentatives of the Lucanide, Scarabeoidet, Trogide, Dunas- 
tyde or Cetoniadet. Of the Rhincophore or Curculionide our 

* Lagria hirta, belonging to this group, is common upon the coast near 
Bamburgh. 

+ Agialia globosa occurs plentifully upon the sea coast. 


{ Cetonia aurata has however been met with in nearly the same parallel, 
having been taken by Dr. Greville in Galloway. 


Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 363 


list boasts of a considerable number of generic forms as well 
as species, and if our researches extended to the coast several 
others might be added, such as Cleonus sulcirostris, Philope- 
don geminatus, and plumbeus, Otiorhynchus tenebricosus, &c. &c. 
Few species of the numerous genus Apion have been deter- 
mined, but we have many more which require further investi- 
gation and are therefore not included in the list. Cryptorhyn- 
chus Lapathi has only once occurred, the larvae were found in 
the stem of a black poplar, and were first detected by the saw- 
dust produced by the grub, and which was observed protru- 
ding from the holes in the bark of the tree. Among the Bos- 
tricide it will be observed that we have several species of the 
' genus Hylurgus, and among them Hyl. piniperda and H. ater, 
insects which have been considered as very destructive and fre- 
quently the cause of the death of the Pinus sylvesiris. Of the 
truth of this accusation we from the first entertained doubts, 
which further observations for several years past have fully 
confirmed, and we now feel convinced that the Hylurgus is not 
the cause of the decay or death of the plant, but that it is in- 
duced to deposit its eggs beneath the bark of the tree in con- 
sequence of a prior disease from some other cause, and which 
has brought it into that condition, in which it becomes the ap- 
propriate nidus or breeding receptacle of these insects. I have 
never found a healthy tree infected or attacked by them in the 
larva state, every instance having occurred in such as had 
previously shown decisive indications of ill health and decay, 
a fact plainly exhibited in the colour of their leaves and stinted 
growth. That they do some injury in the perfect state by 
boring into and eating away the internal part of the slender 
shoots in summer is not denied, but we never met with a 
plant so severely injured in this way as to be the cause of its 
death or indeed of any permanent injury. The catalogue of 
the Lepidoptera amounts at present to 370 species and up- 
wards, or full one-fifth of the whole order recorded as British, 
and we think it not improbable from the number of species, 
particularly the smaller yet to be added, that the proportion 
may be increased to a fourth, an amount which would scarcely 
be expected in so limited a tract of country ; had our confines 
however been extended a few miles further, so as to embrace 
2D 2 


364 Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 


the coast and that tract of thin trap formation which prevails 
to such an extent round Bamburgh and Belford, several ad- 
ditions both of diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera might have 
been added to the list, amongst which may be noted Sphinx 
Convolvuli, Hipparchia Semele, Polyommatus Artaxerxes, Agro- 
tis lunigera, Heliothis Peltigera, &c. Of the Papilionide it 
will be observed that Pap. Machaon, Gonepteryx Rhamni, the 
species of the genus Colias and Pieris do not reach so high a 
latitude, and the same holds good as to Vanessa Polychloros 
and Antiopa, Apatura Iris, and Limenitis Camilla. Among 
the Nymphalide no instances of Hipparchia Galathea and Ti- 
thonus have been found so far north, and though the Thecla 
Rubi possesses a more extensive geographical distribution, 
having been found by us upon the confines of Sutherland, it 
has not been detected in this neighbourhood. Of the beautiful 
genus Polyommatus, P. Alexis and P. Alsus are the only spe- 
cies found upon Twizell, and Thymele Tages (the only exam- 
ple we have of the Hesperide), though some years abundant, 
is confined to a particular field, where the Lotus corniculatus, 
the plant upon which the larva subsists, constitutes the princi- 
pal herbage. Of the Sphingide we boast of the Acherontia 
Atropos and Deilephila Gali, the latter an insect of great ra- 
rity even in the south of England. Deilephila Elpenor has 
once occurred, and is one among the very few instances in 
which it has been met with in so northern a latitude. Dei. 
Porcellus is not uncommon, and it is sometimes bred from the 
larva which is found feeding upon the Gallium verum. 'The 
only species of the Aigeriade is the Trochilium Crabroni- 
Sorme, whose larva is reared in the lower part of the trunks 
of the Salix caprea, and there is scarcely atree of this species 
to be found that has not been bored by the caterpillar of this 
beautiful insect; it is probable also that another species is yet 
to be detected which breeds in the alder, a common tree upon 
the margin of our brooks, as specimens have been obtained 
by Sir Wiliam Jardine in Dumfries-shire, from trees on his 
plantations. Among the Notodontide, Pterostoma palpina 
and Notodonta Dromedarius have but rarely occurred, and the 
specimens we possess have mostly been reared from the larvee. 
Lasiocampa Rubi abounds upon the heaths and adjoining 


Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 365 


erassy fields, and in some autumns the caterpillars are seen in 
hundreds feeding upon the heath, willow, &c. It is, however, 
an insect we have rarely succeeded in rearing from the larva, 
as in despite of every attention they generally die before as- 
suming the pupa state. The extensive list of the Noctuide, 
which amounts to 132 species, is to be attributed to the suc- 
cess which has attended our mode of enticing and securing 
them during their early nocturnal flight; this is effected by 
the free use of honey, smeared upon some receptacle which is 
placed in situations supposed to be favourable to the flight of 
the moths. An old bee-hive, or as it is called in the north 
‘a skep’, is preferred to any other article, as it offers a larger 
surface, and from its circular form allows the moths when set- 
tled upon it to be easily captured by the flappers. By this 
device we have sometimes taken several dozen specimens in 
an evening, many of them considered of great rarity, and which 
but for this irresistible trap would probably have remained 
undiscovered ; for although we had paid considerable attention 
to the nocturnal Lepidoptera before this plan was adopted, not 
a fourth part of the species had been obtained which a single 
season afterwards brought to light. But besides the certainty 
of attracting the various species of the Noctuide and affording 
in a good season an abundant supply of fine specimens for the 
cabinet, this plan is attended with other results, interesting as 
connected with their natural history ; thus it shows the periods 
of duration of the various species, and the apparent influence 
which season has upon their longevity, as well as the general 
proportion of the sexes to each other. In summer and the 
early autumnal months we find that three weeks is about the 
average duration of a species, reckoning from the first appear- 
ance of the insect till it ceases to visit the honeyed skep, and as 
it does so in all appearance fresh from the chrysalis no mis- 
take can be made. Later in autumn the time becomes ex- 
tended, and the few species that fly in the milder evenings of 
the winter months continue to be taken from November to the 
end of February, as we have captured examples of Calocampa 
exoleta, Glea Satellitia and Glea Vaccinii during all the in- 
termediate months. In March Orthosia stabilis appears, 
and is soon succeeded bySemzophora gothica and one or two 


366 Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 


others, which continue to the beginning of May, from which 
period till the 8th or 10th of June very few species of Noc- 
tuide@ are on wing ; but the scene is changed as soon as mid- 
summer approaches, as it is ushered in by a vast variety of 
forms, which come forth in rapid and daily succession. None 
of the Sphingide have yet been attracted by this device, nor 
have any of the Bombycide or other groups in which the ci- 
barian organs are small and imperfectly developed been seen 
upon it. Many of the Geometride and Tortricide however 
have been captured, and among them some of our rarest spe- 
cies. The Geometride amount to nearly 100 species, and 
among these will be found several which have been considered 
as only locally distributed or rare. To this division several 
additions may be expected to be made, as also to those which 
follow it, as the same degree of attention has not yet been be- 
stowed upon them which has been given to the larger though 
not more beautiful or extraordinary forms of these gems of 
nature. 


A List of Coleopterous Insects taken upon the Twizell Estate. 


i: Geodephaga. _ Platynus angusticollis. 
Gh ee Agonum parumpunctatum. 
J és ve viduum. 

C. campestris. Gemini 

2. BRACHYNID&. leve. 
Dromius linearis. anh et 

eee Calathus melanocephalus. 

— agilis : Cisteloides. 
—— melanocephalus. mollis. 


Argutor pullus. 
Peecilus cupreus. 
—— rufifemoratus. 
versicolor ? 
Omaseus aterrimus ? 


3. SCARITIDZ. 
Clivina fossor. 

4, CARABID&. 
Cychrus rostratus. 


a pe on 


nigrita. 
Carabus catenulatus. ‘aetanites 
monilis. Steropus madidus 
granulatus. Ethiops ? 
—— violaceus. Stomis pumicatus. 
ae ined Patrobus rufipes. 
2 eae Platysma niger. ; 
Helobia brevicollis. ais ites ‘e 
nivalis aut Gyllenhalii. similata. 
Leistus fulvibarbis. —— vulgaris. 
rufescens. trivialis. 
5. HARPALIDA. —— plebeia. 
Loricera pilicornis. —— communis. 
dadister bipustulatus. familiaris. 


Anchomenus prasinus. 
wwe albipes. 


Bradytus apricarius. 
Harpalus rufimanus. 


hres PS 


Harpalus limbatus. 
eeneus. 
ruficornis. 
Ophonus puncticollis. 
Trechus fulvus. 
collaris. 

—— minutus. 
Blemus longicornis. 


6. BEMBIDIADZ. 
Tachys binotatus. 
vittatus ? 
—— immunis. 
— biguttatus. 
Guttula. 
Peryphus femoratus. 
littoralis. 
—— viridi-zneus. 
—— agilis. 
— tibialis. 
Lopha 4-guttata. 
Tachypus celer. 
properans. 
— chalceus. 
Bembidium paludosum. 


7. ELAPHRID. 


Notiophilus aquaticus. 
—— biguttatus. 
palustris. 
Elaphrus cupreus. 
riparius. 


II. Hydradephaga. 


1. DyTIscIDz. 


Haliplus ferrugineus. 
lineato-collis. 
—— ruficollis. 
Hygrotus inzequalis ? 
—- scitulus. 

pictus. 
Hydroporus frater. 
depressus. 
lineatus. 
dorsalis. 

—— 6-pusiulatus. 
deplanatus. 
—— melanocephalus. 
— erythrocephalus. 
flavipes. 
holosericeus ? 
pubescens. 
fuscatus. 

piceus. 
Laccophilus interruptus. 
Colymbetes fuscus. 
guttatus. 
chalconotus. 
maculatus. 
—— 2-pustulatus. 


Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 


—— Sturmil. 


367 


Ilybius fuliginosus. 
—— fenestratus. 
Dyticus punctulatus. 
Acilius sulcatus. 


2. GYRINID. 
Gyrinus natator. 

3. PARNIDA. 
Parnus prolifericornis. 

4, LIMNIID22. 


Elmis Volekmari. 
tuberculatus. 
— lacustris. 

—— parallelipipedus. 
eeneus. 


5. HELOPHORID. 


Helophorus aquaticus. 
granularis. 

—— griseus. 

—— viridicollis. 
fennicus. 

nubilus. 
Enicocerus viridi-ceneus. 
Gibsoni. 

Hydreena riparia. 


6. HyDROPHILID £. 


Hydrobius fuscipes. 
— chalconotus. 
orbicularis. 
—— 2-punctatus. 
— Colon. 
minutus. 


7. SPHARIDIIDE. 


Cercyon littorale. 

—— apicale. 
obsoletum. 

—— piceum. 

—— melanocephalum. 
conspurcatum. 
—— atomarium. 

—- convexiusculum. 
minutum. 

—— quisquilium. 
Spheeridium scarabeoides. 
—— 2-pustulatum. 


8. ANISOTOMIDA. 


Leiodes testacea. 
—— ferruginea. 
—— humeralis. 


III. Necrophaga. 


1. ScAPHIDID:. 


Ptomaphagus truncatus. 
Catops fornicatus. 
chrysomeloides. 


368 Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizeit. 


Catops Leachii? 
Choleva angustata. 


2. SILPHID®. 


Necrophorus Humator. 
vestigator. 
Mortuorum, 
Vespillo. 
Necrodes littoralis. 
Oiceoptoma rugosa. 
Silpha obscura. 
— iristis. 

—— nigrita. 

—— opaca. 
Phosphuga atrata. 


3. NITIDULID. 


Nitidula discoidea. 
—— 2-pustulata. 
oblonga. 

zestiva. 
Strongylus fervidus. 
Campta lutea. 
Meligethes viridescens. 
— cceeruleus. 

—— subrugosus ? 
erythropus. 
Cateretes Urticz. 
nitidus. 
pedicularius. 
Micropeplus porcatus. 
—— tesserula. 


4. ENGIDA. 


Trichopteryx atomaria. 
pusilla. 
minuta. 
Atomaria castanea. 
ruficornis. 
atra. 
Typhza fumata ? 
Antherophagus pallens. 
silaceus. 
Cryptophagus Populi. 
humeralis. 
: fumatus. 

—— Ulicis. 
—— Abietis. 
Byturus tomentosus- 
Tetratoma Fungorum. 
Ips ferruginea. 
Rhyzophagus ferrugineus. 
-~— cylindricus. 
rufus. 
—— dispar. 
2-pustulatus. 
Silvanus dentatus. 
Corticaria crenulata. 
Latridius lardarius. 
transversus. 
testaceus. 
Dermestes yulpinus. 


1V. Varicornes. 
HELOCERA. 


1. BYRRHIDA. 
Byrrhus Pilula. 
—— sericeus. 


2. HisTeRIp#-. 
Onthophilus striatus. 
Hister unicolor. 
cadaverinus. 
carbonarius. 

— nitidulus. 


LAMELLICORNES. 
1. GEoTRUPIDZA. 


Geotrupes sylvaticus. 
punctato-striatus ? 
—— stercorarius. 


2. APHODIIDZ- 
Aphodius Fossor. 
— hemorrhoidalis 
—— fimetarius. 
— scybalarius. 
ochraceus. 
— terrestris. 
rufipes. 
nigripes. 
luridus. 
contaminatus. 
prodromus. 
—— sphacelatus. 
—— merdarius. 


3. MELOLONTHIDA. 
Serica brunnea. 
Melolontha vulgaris. 
Phyllopertha horticola. 


STERNOXEI. 


4. ELATERIDZ. 


Cataphagus limbatus. 
acuminatus. 
Dolopius marginatus. 
Agriotes sputator. 
obscurus. 
lineatus? 
Limonius aterrimus. 
Hypnoidus riparius. 
rivularis. 
Clenicerus cupreus. 
Caloderus Equiseti. 
Aplotarsus testaceus. 
rufipes. 

Athous niger. 
nigrinus. 

— hemorrhoidalis. 
elongatus. 
subfuscus. 
vittatus. 

—— angularis. 
Campylus linearis. 


Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 


MALACODERMA. 
1, CEBRIONID. 
Atopa cervina. 


2. CyPHONID. 
Cyphon melanurus. 
assimilis. 
obscurus. 
—— marginatus. 
—— griseus. 
—— immunis. 
Lamppyris noctiluca. 


3. TELEPHORID. 
Telephorus ater. 
flavilabris. 
testaceus. 
pallidus. 
—— melanurus. 
—— pilosus. 
—— nigricans. 
pellucidus. 
ae soa ee } one species. 
lituratus? 
—— bicolor. 


4. TILLIDZz. 
Necrobia quadra. 

5. Prinip#&. 
Ptinus germanus ? 
6-punctatus. 
See Fur. 
crenatus. 
Anobium castaneum. 
striatum. 
molle. 


6. BosTrRicip#. 
Hylesinus Fraxini. 
Hylurgus piniperda. 
ater. 
angustatus. 
rufus. 
— rhododactylus. 


V. Helminthomorpha. 


RHINCOPHORA. 
1. CuRCULIONID. 
Cionus Scrophulariz. 
Ceutorhynchus melanocephalus. 
Geravili. 
—— didymus. 
—— guttula. 
Nedyus assimilis. 
obstrictus. 
—— Erysimi. 
chloropterus. 
contractus. 
—— floralis. 


Nedyus pollinarius. 
Troglodytes. 
Rhinonchus Pericarpius. 
Cryptorhynchus Lapathi. 
Orchestes Quercus. 
Calcar. 
Tachyerges Saliceti. 
Anthonomus fasciatus. 
Hydronomus Alismatis. 
Grypidius Equiseti. 
Erirhinus Arundineti. 
Notaris acridulus. 
2-maculatus. 
Dorytomus Tortrix. 
melanophthalmus. 
majalis. 

Procas picipes. 
Orthochetes setiger. 
Hypera punctata. 
Polygoni. 

Arator. 

canescens. 

—— picicornis. 

Pollux. 

murina. 
nigrirostris. 
Plantaginis. 

— hemorrhoidalis. 
elongata. 

Ellescus 2-punctatus. 
Leiosoma punctata. 
Hylobius Abietis. 
Alophus 3-guttatus. 
Barynotus Mercurialis. 
Merionus obscurus. 
elevatus. 
Leiophlceus nubilus. 
Otiorhynchus sulcatus. 
notatus. 

ovatus. 
tenebricosus. 
caliginosus. 
piceus. 

scabrosus. 
scabridus. 

—— rugicollis. 

raucus. 
Philopedon geminatus. 
Strophosomus Coryli. 
squamulatus. 
Sciaphilus muricatus. 
Brachysomus hirsutulus. 
Sitona Ulicis, 
Spartii, 
—— femoralis, 
hispidula. 
lineata. 
—— grisea? 
ruficlavis. 
canina, 
flavescens, > one species. 
—— puncticollis, 


} one species. 


369 


370 Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 


Sitona tibialis. 
humeralis. 
— Pisi. 
crinita. 
lineella. 
Polydrusus ceryinus. 
undatus. 
Nemoicus oblongus. 
Phyllobius Pyri. 
Alneti. 
maculicornis, 
—— argentatus. 
— Mali. 
—- uniformis. 
parvulus. 
viridicollis. 
Tanymecus palliatus. 
Apion Pomone. 
Limonii. 
—— Spartii. 
—— curtirostre. 
violaceum. 
— velox. 
sanguineum. 
— hxmatodes. 
bifoveolatum. 
— Radiolus. 
zeneum. 
— Pisi. 
—— pallipes. 
—— flavipes. 
—— assimile. 
—— estivum. 
subsulcatum, 
—— punctigerum. 
vorax. 
virens. 
— foveolatum. 
intrusum. 
nigritarse. 
Oxystoma Ulicis. 
Betule. 
cupreus. 
—— curculionoides. 
2. SALPINGID. 
Salpingus ruficollis. 
planirostris. 
Spheeriestes ater. 
LONGICORNES. 
1. CERAMBYCIDZ. 
Clytus Arietis. 
2. LEPTURIDA. 
Rhagium inquisitor. 
—- bifasciatum. 
Leptura 4-fasciata. 


VI. Anoplurimorpha. 


EUPODA. 
1. CriocERID», 
Donacia Proteus. 


Donacia linearis. 
Crioceris cyanella. 
—— obscura. 
—— melanopa. 


CYCLICA. 


1. GALERUCID&. 


Galeruca Tanaceti. 
—— Capree. 
—— Crategi. 
—— Nymphee. 
Calmariensis, 
—— Lythri. 
lineola. 
—— tenella. 
Luperus rufipes. 
flavipes. 
Haltica Nemorum. 
nigro-znea. 
—— cerulea. 
— Pseudacori. 
—— striatula. 
— brunnicornis. 
—— ferruginea. 
flava. 

——— Tifipes, 

— Helxines. 
— oleracea. 
—— indigacea. 
Thyamis tabida. 
—- atricilla. 
—— picipes. 
atriceps. 
— Nasturtii. 
fuscicollis. 
livida. 

—— castanea. 
— leta. 

—— parvula. 
— Pulex. 
Holsatica. 


- Macrocnema Hyoscyami. 


—— Napi. 

—— apicalis. 

picina. 

Mantura semi-anea. 
eenea. 
Chzetocnema concinna. 
Sphzroderma testacea. 
—— Cardui. . 
Mniophila Muscorum. 


2. CHRYSOMELID. 


Phedon Armoraciz. 
— Betule. 
tumidula. 
aucta. 

—— marginella. 
—— Vitellinz. 
—— unicolor. 
Polygoni. 
—— fastuosa. 


Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 371 


Chrysomela pallida. 
—— Litura. 
marginata. 
Staphylea. 
polita. 
Helodes Phellandrii. 
Beccabunge. 


3. CASSIDIID. 
Cassida rubiginosa. 
equestris. 


TRIMERI. 


1, CocctNELLID&. 
Chilochorus 2-pustulatus. 
Coccinella 12-punctata. 
14-punctata. 

—— 10-guttata. 
oblongo-guttata. 
ocellata. 
—— 7-punctata. 
—— 22-punctata. 
variabilis. 
—— dispar. 

—— 11-punctata. 
—— 18-guttata. 
13-punctata. 
Rhyzobius Litura. 
Cacicula pectoralis. 
scutellata. 


2. ENDOMYCHID2. 
Endomychus coccineus. 


VII. Heteromera. 


1. BLAPSID. 

Blaps mortisaga. 
Cistela castanea. 
murina. 
—— maura? 

2. MorRDELID. 
Anaspis ruficcllis. 
melanopa. 
pallida. 
—— fasciata. 


3. CANTHARIDA. 
Proscarabzeus vulgaris. 
4, NoToxiD&. 
Anthicus fuscus. 


VIII. Brachelytra. 


1. TACHYPORID, 
Autalia impressa. 
Zyras Haworthii? 
Bolitochara lunulata. 
tricolor. 
nigripalpis. 
corticalis. 
nigrofusca. 


Bolitochara cinnomomea. 
atriceps. 
Aleochara concolor. 
2-punctata. 
— fuscipes. 
Megacronus merdarius. 
Mycetoporus splendens. 
Bolitobius atricapillus. 
3-maculatus. 
—— apicalis. 
2-guttatus. ¢ 
Tachyporus nitidus. 
atriceps. 

—— nigripennis. 
chrysomelinus. 
marginellus. 
obtusus. 

analis. 

—— marginatus. 
nitidulus. 

— Hypnorum. 
lateralis. 

Cypha rufipes. 
Tachinus Silphoides. 
collaris. 

—— marginellus. 
—— brunnipennis. 
—— apicalis. 

rufipes. 

cinctus. 
subterraneus. 
aterrimus. 

— elongatus. 


2. STAPHYLINIDZ. 


Creophilus maxillosus. 
Trichoderma nebulosa. 
murina. 
Staphylinus erythropterus. 
castanopterus. 
stercorarius. 
—— ericeps. 

—— eneocephalus. 
Cantianus ? 
Goerius olens. 

Ocypus similis. 
picipes. 
compressus. 
Tasgius rufipes. 
Quedius tristis. 
picicornis. 

—— lateralis. 

—— hemopterus. 
——— impressus. 
rufitarsis. 

—— piceopennis. 
caliginosus. 
Philonthus laminatus. 
splendens. 
ceratus. 

—— puncticollis. 
—— politus. 


372 Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna Ff Twizell. 


Philonthus cognatus. 
melanopterus. 
microcephalus. 
maculicornis, 
decorus. 
carbonarius. 
—— pilipes? 
chalcopterus. 
——- fimetarius. 
subfuscus. 
—— marginatus? 
varians. 
intaminatus. 
—— rubripennis. 
—— sanguinolentus. 
micans. 

—— Watsoni? 
punctus. 
Bisnius cephalotes. 
rotundiceps. 
simplex. 
Gabrius suaveolens, 
pygmeeus. 
pallipes. 
Othius fulgidus. 
alternans. 
glabricornis. 
angustus. 
Gyrohypnus longicollis. 
cruentatus, 
—— affinis. 

— tricolor. 
linearis. 
punctulatus. 


Gyrohypnus parumpunctatus. 
Lathrobium brunnipes. 
atriceps. 

rufipenne. 

Cryptobium fracticorne. 


3. STeNIDA, 
Stenus oculatus. 
nigriclavis. 
unicolor. 
—— picipes. 
circularis. 
nitidiusculus. 
subrugosus. 
tenuicornis. 
— Aceris. 
brunnipes. 
—— pubescens. 
punctatissimus. 
—— melanarius. 
nitidus. 
pusillus. 
bipunctatus. 
Platystethus morsitans. 
Oxytelus rugosus. 
fuscipennis. 
sculpturatus. 
depressus. 

4. OMALIDA. 
Anthobium Sorbi. 
tectum. 

Lesteva caraboides. 
obscura. 
Omalium cesum.,. 


List of Lepidopterous Insects taken upon the Twizell Estate. 


PAPILIONIDZ. 


Pontia Brassice. 
Rape. 

Napi. 

— Sabellice. 
Cardamines. 
Argynnis Aglaia. 
Vanessa Urtice. 
Io. 

Atalanta. 
Cynthia Cardui. 
Hipparchia Egeria. 
— Megera. 
Janira. 

—— Hyperanthus. 
Pamphilus. 
Lyczna Phleas. 
Polyommatus Alexis, 
Thymele Tages. 


ZYGANIDA. 
Anthrocera Filipendule. 

SPHINGIDA. 
Smerinthus Populi. 


Acherontia Atropos. 
Deilephila Galii. 
Elphenor. 
— Porcellus. 


SESTADAL. 
Macroglossa Stellatarun. 


EGERIADA. 
Trochilium Crabroniforme. 
HEPIALIDA. 


Hepialus Hectus. 
Lupulinus. 
— Humuili. 
— Velleda. 
carnus, 
—— sylvinus. 


NOTODONTID. 


Pygzera bucephala. 
Clostera reclusa. 
Episema cceruleocephala. 
Cerura Vinula. 
Notodonta ziczac. 


Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 


Notodonta Dromedarius. 
Leiocampa Dictza. 
Ptilodontis palpina. 
Lophopteryx Camelina. 


BOMBYCIDA. 


Saturnia Pavonia. 
Lasiocampa Rubi. 
Roboris. 
Eriogaster Lanestris. 
Odonestis Potatoria. 


ARCTITIDA. 
Demas Coryli. 
Orgyia antiqua. 
Lelia Salicis. 
Euthemonia Russula. 
Arctia Caja. 
Nemeophila Plantaginis. 
Spilosoma Menthastri. 


LITHOSHUIDE. 


Callimorpha Jacobzee. 
Lithosia griseola. 


NOCTUID. 


Triphzena orbona. 
subeequa ? 


— fimbria. 
Janthina. 
Cerigo texta. 
Lytea umbrosa. 
Charzas fusca. 
nigra. 
graminis. 
corticea. 
—— equa? 
segetum. 
suffusa. 
sagittifera. 
vitta. 
Tritici. 
Hortorum. 
—— nigricans. 
exclamationis. 
Graphiphora pyrophila. 
Augur. 
—— brunnea. 
baja. 
festiva. 
— C. nigrum. 
plecta. 
Semiophora Gothica. 
Orthosia sparsa. 
stabilis. 
— miniosa? 
litura. 
—— limosa. 
lota. 
flavilinea. 
—— macilenta. 


pronuba e¢ innuba (1 species). 


Othosia Upsilon. 
Mythimna grisea. 
conigera. 
Grammesia trilinea. 
bilinea. 
Segetia Zanthographa. 
neglecta. 
Caradrina Alsines. 
implexa e¢ levis. 
Sepii? 

— Cubicularis. 
superstes. 
glareosa. 

Glea rubricosa. 
Vaccinii. 
spadicea. 
Satellitia. 
Pyrophila Tragopogonis. 
tetra? 

Neenia typica. 
Calocampa exoleta. 
Xylophasia lithoxylea. 
sublustris. 
rurea. 
polyodon. 
combusta. 
Hadena adusta. 
satura? 
remissa. 

— Thalassina. 
— Geniste. 
Plebeia. 
Capsincola. 
Heliophobus popularis. 
Mamestra Pisi. 
oleracea. 
Suasa. 
Brassice. 
Chenopodii. 
Euplexia leucipara. 
Hama aliena. 
basilinea. 
Apamea nictitans. 
secalina. 

— didyma. 
oculea. 

—— I. niger. 

—— furca. 
Ophiogramma. 
Miana literosa. 
strigilis. 

—— Athiops? 
humeralis. 
rufuncula. 
minima. 
Scotophila Porphyrea. 
Miselia Oxyacanthe. 
aprilina. 
compta. 

Polia bimaculosa. 
occulta. 
herbida. 


373 


374 Mr. P. J. Selby on the Fauna of Twizell. 


Polia Chi. 
Acronycta Psi. 
Menyanthedis. 
— Rumicis. 
Euphorbiz ? 
Thyatira Batis. 
Calyptra libatrix. 
Bombycia Viminalis. 
Xanthia fulvago. 
flavago. 
gilvago. 
Gortyna micacea. 
Leucania Comma. 
-—— impura. 
arcuata. 
pallens. 
ochracea. 
pallida. 
neurica. 
Phlogophora Meticulosa. 
Cucullia Tanaceti. 
lucifuga, 
Absinthii. 
Abrostola Urtice. 
Plusia Iota. 
percontationis. 
— Gamma. 
circumflexa ? 
chrysitis. 
Festucze. 
Mormo Maura. 
Euclidia Mi. 
glyphica. 


GEOMETRIDA.. 


Bupalus Piniarius. 
Fidonia atomaria. 
carbonaria. 
Anisopteryx leucophearia. 
Hybernia capreolaria. 
Lampetia prosapiaria. 
defoliaria. 

Biston Betularius. 
Himera pennaria. 
Crocallis elinguaria. 
Odontopera bidentaria. 
Geometra illunaria. 
Rumia Crategata. 
Campa margaritaria. 
Ellopia fasciaria. 


2 


Alcis repandaria e¢ muraria (1 species.) 


Halia Vauaria. 
Numeria pulveraria. 
Cabera pusaria. 
rotundaria. 
Ephyra pendularia. 
Larentia cervinata. 
Chenopodiata. 
bipunctaria. 
Cidaria Didymata. 
munitata. 
unidentaria. 


Cidaria latentaria. 
salicata, 

—— Miaria. 

olivata. 
montanata. 
— fluctuata. 
Harpalyce fulvata. 
ocellata. 

— tristata. 

— subtristata. 
biangulata. 
silaceata. 
Corylata. 
Polyphasia immanata. 
amoenata. 

—— marmorata. 
concinnata. 
comma-notata. 
centum-notata. 
Steganolophia Prunata. 
Lampropteryx suffumata. 
badiata. 
Anticlea derivata. 
Electra comitata. 
populata. 
testata. 
Achatma. 
Pyraliata. 
Anaitis preformata. 
Abraxas Grossulariata. 
Melanippe hastata. 
Zerene rubiginata. 
Euthalia miata. 
Psittacata. 

—— impluviata. 
elutata. 
Lozogramma petraria. 
Triphosa cinereata. 
Camptogramma bilineata. 
Chesias Spartiata. 
Thera simulata. 
variata. 

fulvata. 
Oporabia dilutata. 
Cheimatobia brumata. 
rupicapraria. 
Eupithecia rectangulata. 
exiguata. 

— abbreviata. 
albipunctata. 
innotata. 

Minoa Cheerophyllata. 
Emmelesia decolorata. 
rivularia. 
albulata. 
Ptychopoda dilutaria. 
cinereata. 
immutata. 
Acidalia inornata. 
aversata. 
remutata. 

—— lactata. 


—- — 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 375 


Peecilophasia marginata. 
Macaria liturata. 


PLATYPTERICIDZ. 
Cilix impressa. 


PYRALIDA. 


Hypena proboscidalis. 

Simaéthis Fabriciana. 

Hydrocampa Potomogeta. 

Mesographe forficalis. 

fimbrialis. 

—— institialis. 

sericealis. 

olivalis. 
TORTRICIDA. 


Hylophila prasinana. 
Tortrix viridana. 
pullidana. 
Lozotenia Corylana. 
leevigana. 

oporana. 

Rosana. 

Holmiana. 
Antithesia Betuletana. 
Spilonota Cynosbatella. 
Sylvana. 
trigeminana. 
sticticana. 
quadrana. 
Pseudotomia lunulana. 
aurana. 
Steganoptycha cineraria. 
Anchylopera Lundana. 
siculana. 
Cnephasia Penziana. 
interjectana. 
Orthotcenia striana. 
Sericoris micana. 
politana. 
pulchellina. 
Pcecilochroma communana. 
Lophoderus ministranus. 
Peronea variegana. 
Schalleriana. 
Gnomana. 


Peronea tripunctulana. 
Glyphisia effractana. 
—— caudana. 
Dictyopteryx ciliana. 
Forskaleana. 
Cheimatophila castaneana. 
Argyrotoza Conwayana. 
Daldorfiana. 
Argyrolepia Bentleyana. 
Xanthosetia Zeegana. 
Hamana. 
diversana. 


YPONOMEUTID. 


Depressaria Heracleana. 
gilvella. 

aplana. 

—— Sparmanniana. 
curvipunctosa. 
albipunctilla. 
—— Alstroemeriana. 
costata. 
Anacampsis aleella. 
Diurnea Fagella. 
Yponomeuta Evonymella. 
comptella. 
Argyrosetia Geedartella. 
semitestacella. 
Argyromiges Rajella. 
(Zcophora Reesella. 
Ilithya sociella. 
Eudorea lineola. 
murana. 
Phycita Abietella. 
hybridalis. 
Crambus pratellus. 
angustellus. 
horticellus. 
cespitellus. 
montanellus. 
marginellus. 
culmellus. 
petrificellus. 
aquilellus. 
Harpipteryx dentella. 
Cheetochilus vitellus. 


[To be continued. j 


XLII.—Descriptions of Exotic Fungi in the collection of Sir 
W. J. Hooker, from Memoirs and Notes of J. ¥. Klotzsch, 
with Additions and Corrections. By the Rev. M. J. BeERKE- 


LEY, M.A., F.L.S. 


[ With a Plate.) 


THE memoirs on which the present paper is founded appeared 
in the ‘ Linnea,’ vol. vii. p. 193, and vol. vill. p. 478*. The 


* Mycologische Berichtungen zu der nacligelassenen Sowerbyschen Samm- 


376 Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


notes are appended to the several species in their place in the 
Herbarium. It seems desirable that the record of so many 
interesting species existing in a British collection should not 
be confined to a foreign journal, and there is the greater rea- 
son for giving the results of M. Klotzsch’s labours in an Eng- 
lish form, since the species in the Herbarium, which from its 
richness and the extreme liberality of its possessor, may al- 
most be regarded as national, appear frequently under per- 
fectly different names, and in some instances the specific 
names have been transferred from one species to another. I 
have made corrections where they appeared necessary, and 
have taken the opportunity of describing some species either 
received subsequent to the completion of M. Klotzsch’s revi- 
sion or left by him undetermined. It has been thought right 
to add descriptions of a few of the species collected by M. 
Humboldt, where the specific phrases given in the ‘ Synopsis 
Plantarum ezquinoctialium orbis nove’ are too short. It has 
been found almost impossible to mark the additions which it 
has been thought right to make in any case to the descriptions 
already published. I am anxious however to state that I have 
no wish to rob the learned author of the slightest portion of 
the praise which is due to his labours, or to put forth his de- 
scriptions as my own. 
AGARICUS. 


1. Agaricus (Leucosp. Clit. Rhizop.) rheicolor, Berk. Rhu- 
barb-coloured. Pileus thin, striate, wrinkled in the centre, at 
length umbilicate ; gills rather broad, adnato-decurrent, beau- 
tifully connected by strong veins, their bases velvety. Stem 
long, slender, more or less grooved, slightly thickened at the 
base, clothed with fine velvety, obscurely fasciculate pube- 
scence. 

Pileus scarce 1 inch broad, more or less wrinkled especially 
in y centre, as in Ag. radicatus, from the contraction of the 
substance of the pileus; margin grooved and striate. Gills 
rounded, velvety at the base from running down for a very 
short distance into the pubescence of the stem, most beau- 
lung, so wie zu der wenigen im Linneischen Herbarium vorhandenen Pilzen, 


nebst Aufstellung einiger auslindischen Gattungen und Arten, 1832. 
Fungi exotici e collectionibus Britannoruin auctore Klotzsch, 1833. 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 377 


tifully connected by strong veins, as in the section Calodontes. 
Stem 3 inches high, about two lines thick. 

Apparently nearly related to A. velutipes, but I believe truly 
distinct. The stem is not always rooting, but neither is this 
constantly the case in that species. 

On trunks of trees. Brazil. Hook. Herb. 

2. Agaricus (Leucosp. Myc. Hygrocyb. (Leuc. Omph. Myc. 
Kl.)) umbraculum, Kl. in Linn. vol. vii. p. 478. Ag. (Colly- 
bia) umbracuiatus, Kl. in Hook. Herb. 

Fasciculate. Pileus convex, umbilicate, slightly striate, 
membranaceous, somewhat tawny (/fuscescente-albo, K1.) ; gills 
when dry tan-coloured decurrent; stem fistulose, bay, ex- 
tremely viscid, confluent at the base and blackish. 

Stem 2—2+ inches high, even. Pileus submembranaceous, 
3—4 lin. broad, tough. Gills rather distant, sometimes di- 
chotomous near the margin. 

On trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

This species belongs clearly, as to habit, to the section Hy- 
grocyboidee of the subgenus Mycena. M. Klotzsch appears 
not to have suspected this and therefore did not moisten the 
stem, which drips when wet with pellucid slime like Ag. ro- 
ridus. The pileus has rather a tawny than fuscous hue; the 
gills in the recent plant are probably nearly white. It appears 
very nearly allied to Ag. roridus, f. stillans. 

3. A. (Omphalia) strigéilus, Berk. Pileus tough, entire, 
infundibuliform, red-brown, sprinkled, especially towards the 
margin with minute setulose scales; margin slightly waved, 
thin, subinvolute. Gills narrow, decurrent, entire, scarcely 
anastomosing at the base. Stem short, clothed with coarse, 
velvety, fawn-coloured pubescence. 

Pileus 23 inches broad, nearly of the same colour as Ag. vac- 
cinus, apparently very obscurely zoned; gills crisp when dry 
and wood-coloured, running down till they are lost amongst 
the down of the stem. Stem 1 inch high, 3 thick, rather 
swollen at the base. This species appears to be nearly allied 
to Ag. velutinus, Fr. in Linn., and for the same reason is 
placed in the subgenus Omphalia, though its affinities are with 
Pleuropus. The gills are crisp when dry and entire ; the habit 
too removes it from Lentinus. 

Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No.19. Aug. 1839. 25 


378 Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Evotic Fungi. 


On trunks of trees. Brazil. Hook. Herb. 

4, A. (Pleur. Conch.) pycnoticus, Kl. 1. c. p.479. A. pye- 
nosus, Kl. in Hook. Herb. Czespitose. Pileus entire, pulvi- 
nate, subinfundibuliform, excentric, reddish in consequence of 
being frosted with a grey-lilac bloom. Gills broad, dirty white, 
decurrent. Stem smooth. 

Substance extremely tough. Stem dirty white. Pil. 1—2 
inches broad, smooth. Gills entire. 

On trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. One speci- 
men in the herbarium exceeds the above dimensions, the 
pileus when expanded being more than three inches across. 
The stem in this is scarcely half an inch thick, and indeed in 
any case can scarcely be called thick in proportion to the pi- 
leus. The colours in the specific character are to be under- 
stood of the dry plant. The grey-lilac bloom is very remark- 
able. 


LENTINUS. 


1. L. (Mesop.) nigripes, Fr. in Litt. Kl.l.c. p.479. L. Ber- 
tiert, Kl.in Hook. Herb. ZL. villosus, Kl.in Hook. Herb. Cer- 
vino-ferruginous ; pileus coriaceous, infundibuliform, clothed 
with curled hairs; gills denticulate, terminating together ; 
stem firm, solid, tomentose, blackish at the base. Solitary; 
stem almost 2 inches high, 2 lines thick, dilated above. Gills 
crowded, narrow, denticulate. Pileus 2 inches broad, deeply 
umbilicate ; margin involute. 

On trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. Brazil, Gui- 
ana. 

2. L. (Mesop.) villosus, Kl. 1.c. Brown; pileus coriaceous, 
infundibuliform, clothed with very dense straight hairs; gills 
narrow, entire, very distant, decurrent, all ending together 
abruptly ; stem firm, villous, dilated at the apex. Stem hir- 
sute, 2 inches high, 3—4 lines thick. Pileus 2 inches broad 
with the margin involute, clothed with straight, not squarrose, 
nor curled hairs. 

On trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

3. L. (Mesop.) stupeus, K1. l.c. p.480. Bay; pileus deeply 
umbilicate, clothed with very crowded squarrose hairs ; margin 
involute ; gills crowded, denticulate, decurrent, all interrupted 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 379 


together; stem slender, subtomentose, fawn-coloured, with 
longer bay hairs intermixed. 

Pileus 2 inches broad, squamuloso-pilose. Stem scarcely 
exceeding 1 line in thickness, very much dilated above, in age 
quite smooth. 

On trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

4. L. (Mesop.) crinitus, Fr. Syst. Myc. vol. i. p. 175. 

On trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

5. L. ewilis, Kl. MSS. in Hook. Herb. Pileus thin, of a 
tough fleshy substance, smooth, ochraceous-tawny; gills equal, 
decurrent, distinct, entire; stem even, smooth. Pil. 2—4 
inches broad, margin lobed. Gills crowded. Stem } an inch 
high ; 3—4 lines thick. 

On rotten wood. - Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 


FAVOLUS. 


1. F. (Pleuropus) Humboldt, Berk. Stem short, lateral, 
gradually expanding into the thin, obovate, somewhat lobed, 
smooth, tawny, pileus ; alveoli small, elongated, of the same 
colour as the pileus; dissepiments thin. Pileus with the stem 
12 inch long, 11 inch broad, with three rounded lobes. Stem 
not 2 an inch long. 

The specimen from which the above character is drawn up 
is clearly a Favolus, but it is unfortunately not in a good state of 
preservation. It is marked in Sir W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium, 
Humb. No. 179. The alveoli are far smaller than in either of 
the two following species, to which it is closely allied. In form 
and colour it is much like Favolus braziliensis, Fr., which how- 
ever differs in several respects. From F. flaccidus it differs in 
being stipitate, and from F. tenuicaulis in not being reniform. 

2. F. (Pleuropus) hepaticus, Kl. in Linn, vol. vil. p. 197. 
Of a tough fleshy substance; pileus reniform, liver-coloured, 
smooth, lobed in free-growing specimens; stem extremely 
short, lateral ; alveoli 6—4-angled, elongated, dirty white ; dis- 
sepiments very thin. Fovolus canadensis and Polyporus cel- 
lulosus, K\. in Hook. Herb. 

Solitary, variable but more or less reniform. The colour of 
the pileus is darker towards the base. Pil. 2—5 inches broad, 
11—3 inches long, smooth. Stem very short, 3 lines thick. 

2E2 


380 Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


Alveoli 1 line broad, 2 lines long, 2—3 lines deep. The most 
obvious mark of distinction between this and the following 
species resides in the less rigid dissepiments. I think it very 
doubtful whether the living plant is at all liver-coloured. I 
suspect, it is rather ochraceous. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

3. F. (Pleuropus) canadensis, KI. 1. c. Nearly sessile, with 
only the rudiment ofa stem, of a tough, fleshy substance, rigid; 
pileus reniform, at first minutely squamose, tawny; margin 
entire ; alveoli deep, 6-sided, elongated, dirty white; disse- 
piments rigid. Pileus 1} inch broad, # inch long. 

Canada. Messrs. Shepherd and Pursh. 


CANTHARELLUS. 


C. (Mesopus) canadensis, Kl. MSS. in Hook. Herb. Pi- 
leus, together with the stem, turbinate, fleshy, smooth, even, 
white, deeply infundibuliform ; folds forming elongated alveoli, 
dichotomous above; stem confluent with the pileus, compact, 
smooth. Pileus nearly 2 inches high, } an inch thick. 

Canada. Hook. Herb. 

It is impossible to say what the colour ofthe folds may have 
been in the fresh plant. When dry the pileus is pallid; the 
folds are darker and run for some distance down the stem. 
The nearest affinities of this species appear to be with C. cla- 
vatus. If it were not so much depressed it would form an ad- 
dition to the section Gomphus. 


D2DALEA, 


1. D. (Pleuropus) levis, Hook. in Kunth. Syn. vol. i. p. 9. 
Stem short, thick, lateral. Pileus thin, suberoso-coriaceous, 
expanded, reniform, emarginate, quite smooth, zoneless, even; 
margin acute. Gills broader than the flesh, straight, ex- 
tremely close, anastomosing. Stem 3 of an inch long, and 
broad. Pileus 13 inch long, 23 inches broad, scarce } of an 
inch thick. Sinuli mostly linear. Colour in the dry plant yel- 
low brown, in the fresh plant it is probably pallid ochraceous. 

Andes, between Popayan and Almaguer. Humboldt, Hook. 
Herb. Specimen unicum. Allied to D. applanata, K1., and 
D. polita, Fr. in Linn. 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 381 


2. D. (Apus) betulina, var. velutina, Berk. Pileus hard, 
sessile, dimidiate, lobed, deeply zoned, tawny, velvety. Gills 
rather thick. : 

New Orleans and other parts of North America, Hook. 
Herb. The pileus is by no means tomentose, but clothed 
with short close velvety pubescence. Vertex sometimes 
lengthened out into a sort of stem, Thelephora lobata varies 
in the same way. 

3. D. (Apus) aspera, Kl. in Linn. vol. vii. p. 480. Pileus 
sessile, dimidiate, coriaceous, zoned, rough, pale; gills very 
broad, white, straight, with shorter ones intermixed. Pileus 
horizontal or somewhat pulvinate, obsoletely downy, 3 inches 
broad, 21 inches long. Gills coriaceous, thin, distant, 1 inch 
broad towards the base, narrower in front, rarely anastomosing. 

On trunks oftrees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

8. alutacea, Kl. in Hook. Herb. Darker; gills thick, fre- 
quently anastomosing. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

4. D. (Apus) applanata, Kl. 1. c. p. 481. Stem central, la- 

teral, or altogether wanting; pileus rather thin, reniform, 
smooth, dirty white, sometimes papillate; margin somewhat 
zoned ; gills dirty white, very narrow, close, repeatedly dicho- 
tomous, anastomosing towards the base. 
_ D. applanata, Fr. in Hb. Willd. an D. polita, Fr. in Linn. 
vol. v. p. 514? D. candida, Kl. MSS. in Hook. Herb. Size 
very variable. Puileus thin, 16 inches broad, generally plane, 
rarely imbricated. Margin thin, straight, substance coriaceo- 
suberose. 

On trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. Brazil. This 
species has very much the habit of Dedalea gibbosa, Fr. 

5. D. (Apus) sanguinea, Kl. 1. c. Pileus thin, slightly 
wrinkled, smooth, zoned, blood-coloured ; margin obtuse, pale, 
minutely velvety ; hymenium dull wood-coloured ; sinuli mi- 
nute, labyrinthiform, mixed with elongated pores. Substance 
coriaceous. Pileus subreniform, sometimes spotted and losing 
its colour, 3 inches broad, 2 inches long. Sinuli towards the 
margin poriform. 

Kast Indies. Dr. Wight. 

Klotzsch does not seem to have noticed the extremely strong 


382 Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


resemblance of this species to Boletus angustatus, Sow., t. 193. 
whose figure would be an excellent representation of it in every 
respect if the pores were smaller. Fries’s character of Deda- 
lea angustata conveys an entirely wrong notion of the species, 
which is one of the most beautiful of Kuropean Fungi. The 
colour is not, as characterized by Fries, who had only seen the 
figure, “ fuscescenti-cinereus,” but as figured and described by 
Sowerby, “ dull crimson, somewhat satiny on the edges, which 
are of a silvery brown.” 

6. D. (Apus) discolor, Fr. El. Fung. p. 68. D. albida, 
Schwein. Car. n. 851. 

On trunks of birch. North America. Dr. Richardson. 

7. D. (Apus) striata, Fr. Syst. Myc. 1. p. 334. 

On trunks of trees. North America. Hook. Herb. 

8. D. (Apus) unicolor, Fr. Syst. Myc. 1. p. 336. 

On trunks of trees. North America. Dr. Richardson*. 

9. D. (Apus) corrugata, Kl. l.c. Pileus carnoso-coriaceous, 
zoned, longitudinally corrugate, smooth, pale; sinuli unequal, 
flexuous, at length torn, brownish. Imbricated, sessile. Pileus 
1—2 inches broad, margin much dilated, 2—3 lines thick; 
zones of the same colour. Gills thin, labyrinthiform, poriform 
near the margin. 

Trunks of trees. North America. Dr. Richardson. 

10. D. (Resup.) latissima, Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 340. 

D. microsinulosa, Kl. MSS. in Hook. Herb. Wood-coloured, 
effused, corky, margin obscurely lobed, minutely byssoid, 
more or less free; silky above, at length nearly smooth, rather 
rough with radiating branched raised lines. Pores at first 
round, at length sinuous ; edges entire. 

_ East Indies. Dr. Wight. 

Forming elongated effused patches, evidently arising from 
many distinct confluent peltate individuals. A new layer is 
formed from the dead subjacent plant. 


POLYPORUS. 


1. P. (Favolus) tenuis, Hook. sub Bol. Kunth. Syn. vol. i. 
p- 10. Bol. reticulatus, l.c. p.9. B. Favus, Linn. Herb. not 


* The Fungi from Dr. Richardson are the result of his own and Mr. 
Drummond’s labours in Franklin’s Second Journey to the Polar Sea. 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 383 


of Spec. Plant. Effuso-reflexed or resupinato-affixed. Pileus 
2—3 inches in diameter, subcroso-coriaceous, suborbicular, 
zoned, quite smooth, sometimes longitudinally rugulose, thin, 
greyish wood-coloured, blackish towards the margin. Pores 
cinereous, 6-sided, those towards the margin imperfect and 
pale. 

Andes between Popayan and Almaguer, Humboldt. Mau- 
ritius, Mr. Telfair. Calcutta, Dr. Wight. 

Klotzsch has very rightly referred Bol. reticulatus, Hook., 
to this species. The reticulated appearance arises from the 
specimen having been accidentally reversed, and in conse- 
quence a new hymenium is in the act of formation on the pi- 
leus, while on the other hand many of the pores are stopped 
up with a new incipient pileus. The plant from Calcutta is 
somewhat different, the pileus being dark brown. The size of 
the pores is very variable. 

2. P. (Favolus) Klotzschii, Berk., P. sinensis, Kl. 1. c. and 
MSS. Hook. Herb. not Fr. Syst. Myc. Pileus subreniform, 
zoned, brown black, clothed with compressed branched bristles, 
pores brown, rather large, rotundato-hexagonal. Allied to 
Polyporus hynoideus, but differs in the larger hexagonal pores, 
which are however many times smaller than in the next spe- 
cies. The vertex is sometimes lengthened out into a short 
spurious stem. Pileus 5 inches long, 7 inches broad, 3—3 of 
an inch thick at the base, thin in front, vaulted, not flattened 
as in the next species, margin acute. Much more strongly 
zoned than Pol. sinensis, Fr., and more hispid. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

3. P. (Favolus) sinensis, Fr., Pol. (Scenidium) Wightii, K1. 
Linn. vol. vii. p. 200. tab. 10. Sessile, thin, mostly reniform ; 
pileus flat, brown shaded with reddish-grey ; margin zoned ; 
bristles compressed, dichotomous at their apices, fastigiate, 
brown; alveoli 6-sided, elongated, pinkish-brown. Pileus 
sometimes effused at the base, 21 inches long, 5 inches broad, 
emarginate, in an early stage of growth crested with the rigid 
recurved bristles; these at length are more scattered, com- 
pressed, wedge-shaped, or palmate, incised above, fastigiate, 
brown, vanishing towards the margin. Alveoli 3 lines long, 
2 lines broad, those in the centre deepest, shallow towards the 


384 Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Lwotic Fungi. 


margin ; dissepiments thin, very rigid, clothed with scattered 
solitary bristles. Substance brown, ferruginous, fit for tinder. 

East Indies. Dr. Wight. 

This is probably the true Pol. sinensis, Fy., and conse- 
quently Pol. Favus, Linn. Sp. Pl. It is certainly quite distinct 
from the foregoing, which is marked Pol. sinensis in Sir W. J. 
Hooker’s Herbarium, and is published under that name in the 
‘Linnea,’ having, besides other points, the pores nearly ten 
times larger. As Scentdium of Klotzsch appears to be in- 
tended merely as the name of a tribe, the name of sinensis 
should have been retained. In the following year the Mau- 
yitius plant was published as the P. sinensis, Fr. without any 
reference to P. Wightit. I have endeavoured to do away with 
the consequent confusion by giving the former the name of 
the learned German mycologist. 

4. P. (Favolus) sericeo-hirsutus, K1., Linn. vol. viii. p. 483. 
Pileus effuso-reflexed, very thin, coriaceous, sericeo-villous, 
zoned, pale tawny ; pores rather large, angular, unequal; dis- 
sepiments very thin, sometimes torn. Pileus very often fixed 
by the centre, 2—3 inches across, suborbicular, emarginate. 
Perfectly free specimens are beautifully sericeo-strigose, with 
the flocci more or less matted and fasciculate, so as to give it 
a shaggy appearance. Some specimens are merely velvety. 

On bark. New Orleans. Hook. Herb. 

5. P. (Mesopus) gracilis, Kl.in Hook. Herb. Small. Pileus 
carnoso-coriaceous, orbicular, very thin, quite smooth, even, 
pallid ; pores extremely minute, suborbicular but more or less 
sinuous ; stem exactly central, very slender, flexuous, equal, 
pruinose. Pileus 3} an inch broad, so thin that the pores are 
visible through it, pale dull ochre. Pores deep in proportion 
to the thickness of the pileus; dissepiments thin, waved. 
Stem 1 inch high, 4th of an inch thick. | 

India Occid. Probably from Rev. L. Guilding. Allied to 
Pol. flecipes, Fr. in Linn. The above description is drawn up 
from two individuals in Sir W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium, marked 
by Klotzsch P. gracilis, Kl. ‘The base of the stem is broken 
off, therefore I cannot state whether it is blackened. 

6. P. (Mesopus) parvulus, Kl. Linn. 1. c. Pileus thin, co- 
riaceous, obsoletely silky, obscurely zoned, striato-rugose ; 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 385 


margin jagged ; pores rather large, at length torn, cinnamon ; 
stem cinnamon, slender, subtuberous, velvety. Pileus 4—8 
lines broad, deeply umbilicate, subcyathiform, shining, some- 
times confluent. Pores irregular, angular, torn, very shallow 
towards the margin; dissepiments very thin. Stem }—1 inch 
high. 

Amongst moss. North America. Dr. Richardson. Allied 
to Pol. perennis, but very distinct. 

7. P. (Mesopus) perennis, Fr. var. canadensis, KI. in Hook. 
Herb. Deeply infundibuliform, zoneless. 

8. P. (Mesopus) umbraculum, Fr. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

9. P. (Mesopus) xanthopus, Fr. Bol. Katui, Ehr. Hor. 
Phys. Ber. t. 19. f. 12. Hook. in Kunth. Syn. vol. i. p. 9. 

Kast Indies, Dr. Wight. Near Acapulco, Humboldt. 

10. P. (Pleuropus) spathulatus, Hook. in Kunth. Syn. vol. 1. 
p- 9. sub Boleto; small, tawny. Pileus convex, broadly ob- 
ovate, coriaceous, rather hard, minutely velvety ; pores minute, 
punctiform, subangular; dissepiments extremely thin, their 
borders minutely downy ; stem lateral, velvety, rather stout, 
elongated. Pileus about 3 lines broad, sometimes very obso- 
letely zoned, in one specimen lobed from the confluence of two 
individuals. Stem 3—% of an inch high, } thick, clothed with 
a dense spongy down. 

Near Loxa in Peru. Humboldt. Resembling in colour 
and substance Pol. perennis. 

11. Pol. (Pleuropus) coffeatus, Berk. Czespitose. Pileus 
hard, corky, suborbicular, oblique, even, dingy red-brown ; 
margin paler, tawny; substance wood-coloured ; pores mi- 
nute, punctiform, dirty white; stem elongated, nearly even, 
dingy brown frosted with coffee-coloured bloom. Pileus 3 of 
an inch broad, not lacquered, at least in the specimens before 
me. Stem 2} inches high, 3 of an inch thick, lateral. Hy- 
menium decurrent. 

On rotten trees, rare. St. Vincent’s. Rev. L. Guilding. 

The specimen before me consists of a group of three, of 
which the larger pileus is unfortunately broken off. 

12. P. (Pleuropus) lucidus, Fr. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 
Confluent, umbilicate, concentrically undulato-rugose, with 
the stem central, resembling in habit Polyp. rugosus, Nees, but 


386 Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


much larger and thicker. Pores more or less yellow. In Sir 
W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium there is a curious stemless ungu- 
late pitch black variety with brownish pores gathered in North 
America by Dr. Scouler. Dr. Richardson also gathered an 
extraordinary form at the Slave Lake on the white spruce 43 
inches long, 7 inches broad, 23 inches thick at the base, en- 
tirely stemless, decurrent at the base, with a strongly raised 
convex border. Surface veiny, varnished ; the older portions 
dull and slightly cracked. Substance, hard, corky, pale, not 
at all red. Pores very minute, dirty white. 

13. P. (Pleuropus) Amboinensis, Fr. Mauritius. Mr. Tel- 
fair. Some states of this species approach so near to P. lu- 
cidus that it 1s difficult sometimes to believe it distinct. There 
are specimens in Sir W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium almost ex- 
actly intermediate. 

14, P. (Pleuropus) flabelliformis, K\.1.c. Pileus rigid, thin, 
obsoletely tomentose, zoned, tawny-bay, at length blackish ; 
margin acute ; pores extremely minute, dirty white ; stem very 
short. Pilei 2—4 inches broad, sometimes laterally connate, 
flabelliform, coriaceous-rigid, elegantly zoned, the interstices 
coarsely velvety, emarginate, plane or depressed, very variable 
in colour, generally brown variegated with chestnut. Hyme- 
nium pale tan. Pores perfectly round or elliptic. Stem ab- 
ruptly black at the base, where it is sometimes dilated. 

Mauritius, where it appears to be a common species. Mr. 
Telfair. Analogous to Pol. versicolor. 

15. P. (Merisma) discolor, K\. 1. c. Imbricated, confluent, 
subsessile. Puilei flabelliform, connate at the base, longitudi- 
nally rugulose, plicate, lobed, dirty white; pores brown-olive, 
plane, extremely minute, subrotund, sometimes torn. Sub- 
stance fleshy, white, when brittle old. Pilei irregular, lobed, 
erowing together at the base, longitudinally rugose, 3—6 
inches broad. 

On trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

16. P. (Merisma) Telfairii, Kl. 1. c. p. 484. Imbricated, 
confluent, sessile; pilei minutely tuberculoso-rugose, obso- 
letely zoned, white, subpubescent ; pores minute, plane, some- 
what toothed, of the same colour. Substance carnoso-coria- 
ceous. Pilei subpubescent, sometimes sericeo-striate and shi- 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 387 


ning, densely imbricated, lobed, thin, 2—3 inches broad, 1 
inch long, white or wood-coloured; dissepiments extremely 
thin. Pores sometimes strongly toothed. Margin sometimes 
very thin, torn, and inflexed when dry. 

Trunks of trees. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

17. P. (Merisma) cristula, K\. in Hook. Herb. Dull ver- 
milion, imbricated, confluent, coriaceous. Pilei zoned towards 
the margin, irregular, smooth. Pores shallow, minute, irre- 
gular, angular, dissepiments thin, torn. Pulei confluent, 3—1 
inch broad, their disk crested with numerous smaller pilei, 
many of which are cylindrical and abortive; margin thin, acute, 
barren. Pores of the smaller pilei decomposed into hydnoid 
bristles, so that some parts of the mass appear bristly. Sub- 
stance firm with a slight ferruginous tinge. 

On decaying Bamboo. Dr. Wight. Allied to Pol. cinna- 
barinus, which does not appear to occur in the tropics. The 
colour however is much duller. 

18. P. (Apus. Perenn.) ligneus, Berk. Wood-coloured. Pi- 
leus convex, ungulate, hard, ponderous, rugose, zoned; hyme- 
nium narrower with age ; pores extremely minute, round. Pi- 
Jeus 33 inches long, 54 inches broad, 24 inches thick. Sub- 
stance wood-coloured, very hard, but velvety like cork. Mar- 
ginal zones very narrow; those in the centre about three, 
much raised, brown. Hymenium becoming narrower every 
year. Sometimes cylindrical from the elongation of the vertex. 

St. Vincent’s, Rev. L. Guilding. Mauritius, Mr. Telfair. 

19. P. (Apus. Perenn) australis, Fr. P. fomentarius, 8. ap- 
planatus, Kl. in Hook. Herb. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. A very extraordinary fungus oc- 
curs in Mauritius which I think is clearly referable to this 
species. It is furnished with a long lateral stem. Pileus much 
longer than broad. Hymenium narrow with a broad sulcate 
sterile border. Pores pale. Some specimens are altogether 
stipitiform, pointed with an oblique abortive hymenium. I 
have gathered Polyporus fomentarius more than once with a 
long, distinct, lateral stem. Plate VIII. 

20. P. (Apus. Perenn.) fomentarius, Fr. North America. 
Dr. Richardson. 

Var. excavatus, Berk. Hard, ungulate. Hymenium hol- 


388 Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


lowed out. Pileus 14 inch across, 14 high, dirty white, banded 
with brown; bands scarcely at all depressed, quite smooth, 
nearly even. Margin rather obtuse. Pores small, perfectly 
round, fawn-coloured, cinnamon within. Old specimens have 
four or five smooth, even, convex, black-brown ridges. Sub- 
stance cinnamon coloured. 

On birch. Isle 4 la Crosse. Dr. Richardson. 

21. P. (Apus, Perenn.) nigricans, Fr. On dead birch. Isle 
a la Crosse, Jan. 1827. Dr. Richardson. 

22. P. (Apus. Perenn.) igniarius, Fr. On birch. North 
America. Dr. Richardson. 

A resupinate state of this species with a very narrow dark 
border was found April 1830, by Bertero in Juan Fernandez, 
marked No. 1682. 

23. P. (Apus. Perenn.) pectinatus, Kl. 1. c. p.485. Small. 
Pileus triquetrous, imbricated, bay, crested with concentric 
thin velvety folds ; pores short, minute, yellow. Pol. indicus, 
Kl. MSS. in Hook. Herb. Pileus effused at the base, scarce 
one inch broad. Substance of the colour of turmeric. The 
folds arise from the successive reflexed borders of the pileus, 
calling to mind Cytherea Dione. 

East Indies. Dr. Wight. Nearly allied to the last. 

24, P. (Apus. Perenn.) spadiceus, Berk. Hard, coriaceo- 
suberose. Pileus thin, bright brown, minutely velvety, closely 
zoned. Hymenium ferruginous-cinnamon ; pores very mi- 
nute, subrotund, cinnamon within. Pileus 14 inch long, 24 
inches broad. Substance rhubarb-coloured. A very neat spe- 
cies, resembling P. tabacinus. Allied to the last. 

Kast Indies. Dr. Wight. 

25. P. (Apus. Perenn.) rhabarbarinus, Berk. Horizontal, 
heavy, hard. Pileus flattened, broad, rugose, deeply and re- 
peatedly zoned, black-brown, almost lacquered. Hymenium 
cinnamon-brown. Pores round, extremely minute, almost in- 
visible to the naked eye. Substance rhubarb-coloured. Pileus 
5 inches long, 8 inches broad, 2 of an inch thick. There is a 
rudiment of a lateral stem. The species is clearly related to 
P. igniarius. This fine species has unfortunately no label at- 
tached to it. It is probably from Brazil. 

26. P. (Apus. Perenn.) sanguinarius, Kl. 1. c. p. 484. Corky, 


Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 389 


hard. Pileus thin, sometimes papillose, brown-blood-coloured, 
at length pale, effused at the base; pores extremely minute, 
pale, with a brownish tinge. Very like P.igniarius. Pileus 
effuso-reflexed, rather thin, zoneless, tuberculated, smooth, 
margin subacute, brown-blood-coloured, 3—4 inches broad. 

Mauritius, Mr. Telfair. Of this I have seen no specimens. 

27. P. (Apus. Perenn.) marginatus, Fr. On birch. North 
America. Dr. Richardson. 

28. P.(Apus. Perenn.) fraxineus, Fr. On ash. North Ame- 
rica. Dr. Richardson. 

29. P. (Apus. Perenn.) hydnoides, Fr. Pol. ursinus, P. vul- 
pinus, Link in Berl. Mag. 

Mauritius, Mr. Telfair. St. Vincent’s, Rev. L. Guilding, 
Demerara, Mr. Parker. The hymenium of this species varies 
very much. The pores are sometimes close and angular with 
thin dissepiments; sometimes they are perfectly round and 
distant as represented by Bosc under Bol. hydnatinus, with 
the dissepiments thicker in consequence of the cellular sub- 
stance of the fungus beginning to grow again after the perfec- 
tion of the hymenium, and thus partially obliterating the 
pores. There is a triquetrous variety from Brazil. 

30. P. (Apus. Perenn.) fibrosus, Hook. in Kunth. Syn. vol. i. 
p- 10. sub Boleto. Subreniform, somewhat lobed, undulated. 
Pileus brown shaded with reddish-grey, zoned, clothed with 
scattered branched concentrically disposed fibres, sericeous 
beneath; margin very thin, acute, fimbriated; pores minute, 
subangular, umber; dissepiments very thin. Pileus 13 of an 
inch long, 32 broad, flattened, thin; substance much softer 
than in the last, which is hard and woody, ferruginous-umber. 
Pores not stratose. Certainly distinct from the foregoing. 
This is placed next to P. hydnoides on account of its close 
affinity, but I doubt whether either is truly perennial. With 
P. tenuis, Humboldt. Demerara, Mr. Parker. 

31. P. (Apus. Bienn.) gilvus, Fr. Suberoso-coriaceous. 
Pileus reniform, obscurely zoned, rugoso-striate, subsericeous, 
red grey ; substance rhubarb-coloured; pores small, subfer- 
ruginous. 

Var. scabro-rugosus, Berk. Imbricated; pileus dimidiate, 
more or less zoned, radiato-rugose and coarsely scabrous, red- 


390 Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Evotic Fungi. 


dish-grey, here and there ferruginous ; substance rhubarb- 
coloured ; pores small, greyish-umber. Pilei }—# of an inch 
thick, 4 inches broad, 2} inches long, suberoso-coriaceous, 
wrinkled, coarsely scabrous, in parts as if overgrown with a 
small Jsidium, reddish-grey ; margin paler; extreme margin 
and base sometimes ferruginous. 

New Orleans. I have drawn up a character for P. gilvus, 
from an original specimen of Schweinitz, as Fries’s specimens 
appear to have been very imperfect. The New Orleans plant 
is certainly the same as the Pennsylvanian, but it acquires a 
much larger size. 

32. P. (Apus. Bienn.) calvescens, Berk. Fawn-coloured, 
rather thin, hard, suberoso-coriaceous. Pileus dimidiate, sub- 
imbricate, rather rugged, older part naked; border bright 
zoned, beautifully velvety. Hymenium uneven ; pores rather 
minute, angular, dissepiments thin ; margin abruptly barren. 

New Orleans. Pileus 12 inch long, 2} inches broad. Al- 
lied to the foregoing. 

33. P. (Apus. Bienn.) cinnabarinus, Fr. Carlton House. 
North America. Dr. Richardson. 

34. P. (Apus. Bienn.) ulmarius, Fr. North America. Dr. 
Richardson. 

35. P. (Apus. Ann. Suberosi) suaveolens, Fr. North Ame- 
ricaj Mr. Drummond in Capt. Franklin’s expedition. 

36. P. (Apus. Ann. Suberosi) obtusus, Berk. Pileus thick, 
pulvinate, fleshy, spongy, soft, tomentose, white; margin very 
obtuse; pores unequal, rather large, irregular, subgyrose, 
tawny when dry. Pol. Drummondii, Kl. MSS. in Hook. Herb. 
Pileus 4—6 inches across, 2 inches thick at the base, minutely 
tomentose; substance soft but tough, white. Hymenium 
rather convex; dissepiments jagged, often projecting like 
teeth ; pores very unequal, % line broad, 1 inch deep. Allied 
to Pol. suaveolens, but the habit is different, and the pores 
much larger and more irregular, and the substance denser. 

North America. Mr. Drummond. 

37. P. (Apus. Ann. Sub.) leoninus, KI. 1. c. p. 486. Pileus 
effuso-reflexed, fleshy, spongy, fibroso-hairy, tawny; pores 
rather large, deeply jagged and sinuated, dissepiments deeply 
toothed. Pileus effused for several inches, zoneless, clothed 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 391 


with dense strigose tawny pubescence. Pores brownish, with 
large acuminate teeth, giving the hymenium an hydnoid ap- 
pearance. 

Kast Indies. Dr. Wight. It is allied to Pol. suaveolens. 'The 
specimen before me is resupinate, with the margin broadly 
reflexed. The portion of the pileus next to the tubes, which is 
very thin, is corky ; the rest consists of aspongy mass of fibres 
like Ozonium auricomum of authors. 

38. P. (Apus. Ann. Sub.) betulinus, Fr. On birch. North 
America. Dr. Richardson. 

39. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) caperatus, Berk. Hard, ligneo- 
coriaceous, thin, effused at the base. Pileus zoned, variegated 
with brown, at first velvety, at length quite naked, some- 
times shining. Hymenium pale fawn-coloured ; pores minute, 
nearly round, dissepiments thin. Pileus 4—5} inches across, 
3 inches long, sessile with the vertex sometimes prominently 
marked with narrow concentric fascize, some of which as the 
fawn-coloured down disappears become wrinkled. Substance 
hard, brownish bay. Very smooth specimens have a sericeous 
gloss. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. This species is more properly 
biennial, but it accords, though hard and woody, better with 
the coriaceous section than any other allied to P. gilvus. 

40. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) glabrescens, Berk. Suberoso-co- 
riaceous, rather thick. Pileus pale ochre, very minutely vel- 
vety, zoned; pores minute, round, pale cinnamon ; dissepi- 
ments thin. Pileus 6 inches broad, 4 inches long, sessile or 
furnished with a short lateral stem, much incurved when dry. 
Substance wood-coloured. Much thicker than most of the 
species in its section, in which it is placed on account of its 
zoned pileus. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

41. P.(Apus. Ann. Cor.) subcinereus, Berk. Effuso-reflexed, 
suberoso-coriaceous, imbricated ; pileus dirty white, minutely 
downy ; margin acute, obsoletely zoned, barren ; pores minute, 
short, cimereous. Forming longitudinally effused imbricated 
masses, with the margin more or less reflexed. Pileus 3 of an 
inch long, sometimes, but rarely, quite free and reniform, soft 
to the touch, minutely downy, with two or three indistinct 


392 Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


zones, gencrally confined to the margin. Often quite resupi- 
nate. Pores cinereous, perhaps tinged with violet when fresh. 
Substance corky, dirty white. 

On Populus balsamifera, Carlton House. North America. 
Dr. Richardson. 

42. P. (Apus. Ann. Coriacei) versicolor, Fr. Juan Fernan- 
dez. Bertero, No. 1686, May 1830. An ochraceous variety. 
This is not in Montagne’s ‘ Flora Fernandesiana.’ 

43. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) pavonius, Hook. in Kunth. Syn. 
vol. 1. p. 10. sub Boleto. Coriaceo-membranaceous. Pileus 
flabelliform, lobed, fusco-ochraceous, elegantly zoned, velvety ; 
hymenium of the same colour as the pileus; pores very mi- 
nute, angular. Pileus 2 inches long and broad, very much 
narrowed towards the base, very thin, spreading out from the 
substipitiform vertex. 

New Granada. Humboldt. 

44, P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) striatus, Hook. |. c. p. 11. sub 
Boleto. Small, subimbricated, coriaceo-membranaceous ; pi- 
leus dark brown, zoned, radiato striate; pores cinereous, 
brown, angular. Pileus 3 an inch broad. 

Near Loxa. Humboldt. A very curious and distinct species. 

45. P. (Apus. Ann.) abietinus, Fr. Isle 4 la Crosse. North 
America. Dr. Richardson. 

46. P. (Apus. Ann. Coriacez) biformis, Fr. in litt. Pileus 
effuso-reflexed, coriaceous, villous, white, zoned; pores mid- 
dle-sized, toothed, dirty white. Imbricated. Pileus 2—4 
inches broad, 1—2 inches long. Pores irregular, sometimes 
brown tinged with violet. 

On birch. North America. Dr. Richardson. 

B. Popul balsamifere. Pileus obsoletely villous, white; pores 
rather large, brownish. Pileus constantly thicker at the base, 
towards the margin void of pores. . 

Isle 4 la Crosse. Dr. Richardson. Nearly allied to Pol. 
abietinus. The pubescence sometimes vanishes in great mea- 
sure, and it then resembles Pol. versicolor. 

47. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) laceratus, Berk. Effuso-reflexed, 
thin, zoned, smooth, rugoso-striate, wood-coloured. Pores 
rather large, angular, soon torn, brownish. Dissepiments thin, 
toothed. Pileus 2 inches broad, ? of an inch long, allied to 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 393 


the two last, but differing in the characters of the pileus. The 
pores are probably tinged with purple when fresh. <A very 
pretty species. The pileus when young is probably tomen- 
tose as in the allied species. 

New Orleans. Hook. Herb. 

48. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) occidentalis, K\.1.c. Effused at 
the base, thin, coriaceous, yellow-brown. Pileus zoned, reni- 
form, villous, at length velvety. Hymenium even. Pores 
nearly round, shallow. Nearly of the same tawny yellow 
throughout. Pileus 4—6 inches broad, 2—3 inches long, 
with zones of the same colour. Klotzsch describes the disse- 
piments as very thick, which is the case in some specimens, 
but when perfect they are thin and the pores middle-sized 
and angular. The. same remark indeed is applicable here 
asin Pol. hydnoides. Some specimens are perfectly resupinate 
and have the pores arranged concentrically. 

St. Vincents, where itis acommon species. Rev. L. Guild- 
ing. 

49. P. (Ap. Ann. Cor.) cupreus, Berk. Thin, coriaceous, 
flexible. Pileus rounded, efiused at the base, slightly lobed, 
zoned, smooth, coppery-ferruginous. Substance ferruginous. 
Hymenium ferruginous-cinnamon. Pores very minute, shal- 
low; margin barren. Pileus 24 inches broad, 2 inches long, 
very thin, of the same sort of glaucous coppery tint as the 
hymenium of Thelephora rubiginosa. 

Kast Indies, Dr. Wight. 

50. P. (Ap. Ann. Cor.) tabacinus, Mont. Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 
n. 8. vol. iil. p. 349. 

Mauritius, Mr.Telfair. Differing from the Juan Fernandez 
plant in being a little less zoned. The substance of this is 
rich brown, very different from that of Pol. spadiceus de- 
scribed above. 

51. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) pruinatus, Kl.1.c. Pileus effused 
at the base, gilvo-fuscous, pruinose ; margin obsoletely zoned ; 
pores extremely minute, round, fuliginous. Imbricated. Pi- 
leus 1 inch long and broad, sometimes tuberculated. Pores 
2 lines long. Substance thin, leathery. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

52. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) Friesii, Kl. l.c. p. 487. tab. 11. 
Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No. 19. Aug. 1839. 2F 


394 Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


Pileus coriaceous, thin, reddish-grey, silky, elegantly zoned, 
flabelliform, lobed ; margin incised ; pores brown, deeply torn, 
towards the margin plane, entire. Pileus obsoletely zoned, 
22 inches long and broad, narrowed behind, at length smooth. 
Margin very thin, sometimes toothed. Dissepiments forming 
long ligulate processes. 

In the warmer parts of North America. It is also marked 
Polyp. amenus, Klotzsch, from the Cape of Good Hope. Mr. 
Muller. 

53. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) Drummondii, Kl. 1. ce. Pileus im- 
bricated, obsoletely zoned, white tinged with red-brown, thin, 
subpapyraceous, attenuated at the base; margin dilated, in- 
cised, pendulous ; pores of the same colour, unequal, toothed, 
plane towards the margin. Pilei 3—6 lines broad, 8—15 lines 
long, obsoletely zoned, longitudinally rugulose, often laterally 
connate, attached at the base by a few byssoid fibres. Disse- 
piments very thin, inciso-dentate. 

New Orleans. Mr. Drummond. 

54. P. (Ap. Ann. Cor.) palmatus, Hook. |. c. sub Hydno. 
Pileus palmate, deeply incised and fimbriate,rufescent, slightly 
zoned, smooth, shining; pores middle-sized, shallow; disse- 
piments thin, toothed. Pileus 17 inch long, 2 inches wide. 
A very elegant species. By an error of the press lines have 
been substituted for inches in Kunth’s synopsis. The colour 
of the pileus is rufescent rather than yellow-brown. 

New Granada. Humboldt. 

55. P. (Apus. Ann. Cor.) thelephoroides, Hook. i Kunth. 
Syn. vol. i. p.10. sub Boleto. Flabellate, plicate, very thin, 
longitudinally rugose, somewhat flexuous, brown; pores of 
the same colour, microscopic. Pileus 2 inches long, 4 inches 
broad. Hymenium even. Pores quite invisible to the naked 
eye, so that it looks like a Thelephora. 

Near Loxa. Peru. Humboldt. A most distinct species, 
resembling none with which I am acquainted. Without more 
perfect specimens it 1s not easy to say what are its nearest af- 
finities. 

56. P. (Resup.) arenarius, Kl. 1l.c. Very widely effused ; 
pileus resupinate, dirty white with a slight rufous tinge; pores 
rather distant, plane, unequal, sinuous. 


Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 395 


Running over grass, and in consequence having the hyme- 
nium rugged, with variously shaped protuberances. Pileus 
6—8 inches broad and long, } an inch thick, of the same co- 
lour within. | 

On sandy soil. East Indies. Dr. Wight, No. 85. 

57. P. (Resup.) vulgaris, Fr. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. Carlton House, North America. 
Dr. Richardson. Juan Fernandez. LBertero. 


HypNuUM. 


H. (Resup.) delicatum, Kl. in Hook. Herb. Orhicular, 
effused, with the border slightly reflexed ; tomentose above, 
ochraceous ; hymenium dirty-white; prickles purplish-grey, 
scattered, simple, short, conical, with sub-clavate tips. 

On decaying Jatropha Curcas. Madras. Dr, Wight. 


IRPEX. 


1. I. (Effuso-ref.) fusco-violaceus, Fr. Irpex Richardsonit, 
Hook. Herb. On pine trunks. North America. Dr. Ri- 
chardson. 

2. I. (Effuso-ref.) lacteus, Fr. North America. Dr. Ri- 
chardson. 

3. I. (Resup.) flavus, Kl. l.c. p. 488. Pileus resupinate, 
yellow, of a soft spongy texture, margin villous, slightly re- 
flexed, teeth oblique, compressed, unequal, incised, connected 
by a network of veins, widely effused, confluent, often thickly 
clothing the branchlets of trees. My specimens have the mar- 
gin slightly reflexed, on which account I am inclined to con- 
sider them imperfect, and referable to the preceding tribe. 

North America. Dr. Richardson. 


THELEPHORA. 


1. T. (Apus) striata, Fr. North America. Dr. Richardson. 

2. T. (Apus) lobata, Kze. Fr.in Linn. T. affinis, KI. in 
Hook. Herb. North America. Dr. Richardson. New Or- 
leans. Mr. Drummond. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 

3. Th. (Apus) complicata, Fr.in Linn. T. delicatula, KI. 
in Hook. Herb. Resupinate, free, pendulous, papyraceous ; 
margin lobed, often crisped and plicate, sericeo-striate, deli- 
cately zoned, red-brown; hymenium smooth. At first gene- 

2¥F2 


396 Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


rally forming orbicular resupinate patches which soon. be- 
come confluent, with the border free almost to the centre, lobed, 
often multipartite, crisped and plicate; sometimes flabellate, 
adhering only by the vertex, which assumes the form of a stem. 
The older portions are clothed with whitish down, the newer 
are smooth and shining bright red-brown, elegantly zoned. 
On twigs. New Orleans. Fries appears not to have seen 
orbicular roundly-lobed specimens in which the pileus is 
closely and most elegantly zoned. In plicate individuals the 
zones are obscure. New Orleans. Mr. Drummond. Klotzsch 
says N. A., Dr. Richardson, but I suspect this is a mistake. 


GEOGLOSSUM. 


G. hirsutum, var. hirsutiusculum, Berk. 

A smaller plant than the European, but differing m no re- 
spect from it except in the bristles being shorter. The ana- 
lysis of both is similar, the asci being shorter and stouter than 
in G. glabrum. The sporidia in both species are very di- 
stinctly septate. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 


PEZIZA. 

1. P.anomala, Pers. P. solenia ? videtur diversa et for- 
tassen. sp. Bertero. No. 1701. 

On bark and Spherie. Juan Fernandez. 1830, May. 
Not in Fl. Fern. 

2. P. (Phial. Hymenosc.) utriculus, Bert. Mss. No. 1702. 
Scattered; cups white, hemispherical, membranous, smooth, 
crisped; stem slender, rather long. 

On dead wood. Juan Fernandez. Bertero. 1830, May. 
Not noticed by Montagne. Resembling Peziza Campanula, 
but much smaller. 

Exipia. 

1. E. hispidula, Berk. Globoso-campanulate, oblique, ses- 
sile within, brown-black, externally fawn-coloured, clothed 
with short bristly down. Peziza nigricans, Hook. in Kunth. 
Syn. vol. 1. p. 13. 

New Granada. Humboldt. Mauritius. Mr. Bojer. St. 
Vincents. Rey. L. Guilding. Nearly allied to E. auricula 
Jude, but the down is longer and more bristly. 


Rev. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 397 


NIDULARIA. 

N. striata, Bull, var. pusilla, Berk. Smaller, only } an 
inch high. Furfuraceousabove. Striz confined tothe mar- 
gin. Colour dull umber, not bright brown. Very near to 
N. plicata, Fr., a Brazilian species. That however appears 
to be even more strongly grooved than N. striata. 

West Indies. 


SPHERIA. 

1. S. (Cordyceps) digitata, Fr. Negapatam. Dr. Wight. 

2. S. (Cordyceps) allantodia, Berk. Corky; stem ex- 
tremely short, almost obsolete, smooth; stroma clavate, ob- 
tuse, thick, coated with a thick rigid brown-black bark; _pe- 
rithecia small, globose ; ostiola minute, prominent; about 4 
inches high, 1 inch thick, attenuated below, often curved, at 
first solid throughout, with the inner substance firm and pale 
brown, at length more or less hollow, resembling closely a 
small black-pudding. Some specimens are more elongated 
and thinner. Outer coat black, with a brown bloom like that 
of some exotic Polypori, very hard and rigid, distinct from the 
substance, in old plants sometimes contracted. Perithecia 
small, crowded. Ostiola minute, rather prominent. 

Brazil. 

3. S. (Cordyceps) Telfairii, Berk. Corky, club-shaped, more 
or less obtuse above, clothed with very brittle fawn-coloured 
bark dotted with the black orifices of the rather large peri- 
thecia. About 23 inches high, $ an inch thick; solid; bark 
extremely brittle, black coated with a thin distinct fawn-co- 
loured coat, apt to become involute. Perithecia rather large, 
subglobose. Ostiola black, slightly prominent. Asci long, 
linear, slender, containing eight segmentiform sporidia, which 
occasionally contain a single central sporidiolum. 

Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. This is marked by Klotzsch S. 
involuta, spec. nov. I have thought it best not to adopt the 
manuscript name, as the bark in other allied species is often 
involute. 

4, S.(Cordyceps) obovata, Berk. Stem short, smooth, gra- 
dually swelling out into a short obovate club, hollow, lined 
with a papyraceous coat; bark black ; perithecia rather large, 
scattered; ostiola very minute. Whole plant not ? of an inch 


398 Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


high, 3 an inch thick above, extremely obtuse ; bark brittle, 
black ; ostiola not visible to the naked eye; perithecia rather 
large, globose. Asci and sporidia as in S. Telfairii. Nearly 
allied to S. papyracea, but differing in size and form. 

St. Vincents. Rev. L. Guilding. 

5. S. (Cordyceps) gracilis, K).in Hook. Herb. 8. digitata, 
Hook. in Kunth. Syn. vol.i. p.7. Corky; stem smooth, 
forked, fastigiate, slender, subacute, barren at the apex. In- 
termediate between S. digitata and S. multiplex, Kz. About 
13 inch high, 1 line thick, dull black; bifid or trifid, caespi- 
tose. Perithecia extending sometimes below the origin of the 
forks. 

Andes. Humboldt. 

6. S. (Connate) pruinata, Kl. in Linn. |. c. p.489.  Peri- 
thecia globose, effused, growing together, emersed, clothed 
with white meal, black within; ostiola black, prominent. S. 
Jarinosa, Kl.in Hook. Herb. Forming small round pruinose 
patches, dotted with the black ostiola. Allied to S. serpens. 
Certainly not belonging to the tribe Concrescentes. 

North America. On poplar. Dr. Richardson. 

7- S. (Globose) nummularia, Dec. 

On dead branches. Juan Fernandez, No. 1726. May, 
1830. Not in Fl. Fern. 

8. S. (Depazea) Drymidis, Berk. Epiphyllous, spots white, 
orbicular, with a distinct brown raised border; perithecia 
black, mostly disposed in a single ring near the margin. 

On dead leaves of Drymis. Juan Fernandez, May, 1830. 
No. 1727. Not in Mont. Fl. Fern. A very pretty species. 


DorTuHIDEA. 


1. D. (Erumpentes) granulosa, K\.in Hook. Herb. Hypo- 
phyllous, suborbicular, confluent, very thin, depressed, black, 
most minutely granulose with the superficial cells. Forming 
little patches, scarcely 1 line broad. 

On leaves of Hugenia Temu, Hook. and Arn. Valparaiso in 
Chili. 

2. D. (Xyloma) Muse, Kl. 1.c.  Epiphyllous, black, con- 
sisting of distinct cells, either scattered or collected in round 
spots. Spots 1 line broad. Cells very minute, shining. 


Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 399 


On leaves of Musacee. East Indies. Dr. Wight. Cells 
arranged in lines, following the nervation of the leaf. 

3. D. (Asteroma) conspurcata, Berk. Flat, membranous, 
uniform, orbicular, dull pitch-brown; perithecia few, scattered, 
hemispherical, of the same colour. Forming small brown 
spots on the under and upper side of the leaf, exactly like fly- 
specks. The margin though irregular is not the least fimbri- 
ate, or it would more properly be placed in the genus Asfe- 
roma. 

_ On the leaves ofa myrtle called Zuma, in hilly woods. Juan 
Fernandez. Bertero. May,1830. No.1728. Not in Mont. 
Fl. Fern. ; 

PHACIDIUM. 

P. depressum, Hook. Mss. Sph.? depressa, Hook. in 
Kunth. Syn. vol.i. p.7. Scattered, orbicular, depressed, 
opening with 5—6 black acute lacinisx:; disk black, at length 
naked, bordered by the excipulum. About the size of P. co- 
ronatum. sci short, linear, obtuse. I do not find curved 
paraphyses as in that species. 

Andes, with S. gracilis. Humboldt. 


EXCIPULA. 
E. gregaria, Fr.in Linn. l.c. p.552. On petioles of Ca- 
rica Papaya. Mauritius. Mr. Bojer. 


GEASTER. 

1. Geaster plicatus, Berk. Geaster striatus, y plicatus, K1. 
Mss. in Hook. Herb. Outer peridium soft, papyraceous, pale 
umber, smooth; laciniz about 7, acute; inner peridium seated 
on a long peduncle, globose, dark umber, smooth, strongly 
plicate at the base ; orifice seated in a circular depression, co- 
nical, plicato-sulcate. Sporidia brown. 

Madras. Dr. Wight. Nearly allied to G. striatus, 8. mi- 
nimus, but certainly distinct. The folds at the base of the 
inner peridium are very remarkable. 

2. G. limbatus, Fr. North America. Dr. Richardson. 

3. G. minimus, Schwein.! North America. Dr. Richardson. 

4. G. rufescens, Pers. G. fimbriatus, Kl.in Linn. North 
America. Dr. Richardson. 

5. G. hygrometricus, Pers. North America. Dr. Richardson. 


400 Rey. M. J. Berkeley on Exotic Fungi. 


BovisTa. 

B. argentea, Berk. Oval, depressed; inner peridium ex- 
tremely thin, papyraceous, shining, silvery without; within 
as well as the minute sporidia and capillitium of a pale dingy 
red-brown. Larger diam. 2% inches, smaller 24; depth about 
linch. Inner peridium resembling very thin paper which 
has been washed with silver. The sporidia and flocci resem- 
ble in colour coffee and cream. 

Madras. Dr. Wight. Inthe herbaria of Sir W. J. Hooker 
and N. B. Ward, Esq. 

LYCOGALA. 

L. epidendrum, Fr. St. Vincents. Rev. L. Guilding. Both 

the common state, and one with grey-green sporidia. 


DIAcHEA. 

D. elegans, Fr. On the leaves of a Paulinia. Brazil. Mr. 
Boog. 

STEMONITIS. 

S. fusca, Roth. Tilostylus jungermannioides, Kl. Mss. in 
Hook. Herb. 

Mauritius. Mr. Bojer. Carlton House. North America. 
Mr. Drummond. 

ONYGENA. 

O. eguina, Pers. On buffaloes’ horns. North America. 
Dr. Richardson. 

TESTICULARIA. 

Pseudoperidia aggregate, forming a dense mass. Sporidia 
more or less mixed with simple flocci. 

T. Cyperi, KI. in Linn, vol. vii. p. 202. 

Parasitic on Cyperi, occupying the place of the seed, soli- 
tary or two together, ovate or oblong, about the size of a large 
pea or acorn. Outer coat white, papyraceo-corneous, brittle, 
at length bursting at the apex, farinoso-floccose, filled with 
naked black pseudoperidia resembling gunpowder. Sporidia 
globose, accompanied by simple flocci. 

On Cyperi. North America. 

This extremely curious genus is considered by Klotzsch as 
uniting the Angiogastri with the Trichospermi. I cannot con- 
cur in this notion. I feel little doubt that its proper situation 


On the British Hydromyzide. 401 


is amongst the epiphytous Coniomycetes, and that it is indeed 
nearly allied to Uredo urceolorum, &c. It will be seen, on look- 
ing at Corda’s figure, Ic. Fung. tab. 8. fig. 12, that the spo- 
ridia in that species are clothed with a cellular integument. 
Testicularia is a compound Uredo, the cellular integument of 
its globules being a pseudoperidium, and the contained gra- 
nules sporidia. I have not been able to see the flocci as di- 
stinctly as they are represented by Klotzsch. There are traces 
of flocci in U. urceolorum. 
ARCIDIUM. 
44. Euphorbia, Dec. Mauritius. Mr. Telfair. 


XLIII.—Remarks on the Generic Distribution of the British 
Hydromyzide (Diptera). By A. H. Haurpay, Esq. 
[Continued from p. 224. ] 


Gen. 3. HYDRELLIA. 

Caput oblatum. Oculi confertissime pilosi, quasi velutini. Men- 
tum parum incrassatum. Antenne articulo 2° exunguiculato. Ale 
exunguiculate. 

Every facet of the compound eyes appears to produce a 
short erect hair from its centre, which gives a velvety pile to 
the whole, and an indefinite outline when viewed by a mag- 
nifier, unless in the direction of a row of the lenses. 


Subgenerum Synopsis. 


Arista ( dorso pectinata 
| meses { CONVEXA seveserseeeeeeeeseees 1. Hydrellia. 
ea ai rueS. HUPECSSA “cocecnnsscussescease 25; eMESEee 
subtilissime pubescens .....ecccceccsseccsccccccesece 3. Glenanthe. 


Subg. 1. Hyprexuia, Desv. 

Antenne articulo 3° ovato aut orbiculato, compresso, deflexo ; 
arista dorso pectinata. Facies convexa, superne attenuata, squamu- 
loso-micans, puncto lucido antennarum basin superante. Palpi sub- 
dilatati. Ale apice rotundate. Nervus discoidali-recurrens ab ale 
margine parum distans. 

As the species of this group are subject to some variation 
in the colour of the face, antennz and mouth, a more parti- 
cular examination of the specific characters is required. This 
will not be difficult, as they generally occur in great profusion 


402 Mr. A. H. Haliday on the generic distribution 


in their favourite localities. The general colour of the body 
is rather uniform, ranging from a dull olive or cinereous shade 
to a shining black. ‘The halteres are sulphureous, with the 
base black in the dark-coloured species, brown or tawny in 
the others. 

Sp. 1. cardamines, H. nigro-znescens, antennis subtus facie ore 
palpis coxis et tibiis anticis totis tibiis posterioribus apice tar- 
sisque basi fulvis; m. f. 3—14 lin. 

Var. 3. Facie albo-micante. 

Var. y. Antennis et mento nigris. 

Among aquatic plants, Hollywood ; local but not rare. 

Sp. 2. flaviceps, H. obscure viridis antennarum articulo 3° tibiis 
tarsisque fuivis, tibiis posticis annulo fusco, ore palpisque flavis, 
facie flava albo-micante. 

Notiphila flaviceps. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 72.—Discocerina id. 

Macq. S. a B. il. 527.—Hydrellia aurifacies. Desy. Myod. 791. 

In marshes about Hollywood; June; rare. 

Sp. 3. hydrocotyles,H. obscure viridis tibiis anterioribus et posti- 
carum apice palpis tarsisque fulvis, facie albissima: f. 1 lin. 

Hydretlia communis. Desv. Myod. 791? 

Hollywood; extremely rare. 

Sp. 4. porphyrops, H. nigricans antennarum articulo 3° tibiis apice 
tarsis basi fulvis, facie ore palpis flavis, puncto frontali albo, ocu- 
lis hyacinthinis ; m. # lin. 

This distinct and beautiful species has occurred but once at 
Hollywood among Mentha sylvestris in a ditch. The eyes are 
large and of an exquisite purple tint, and the face remarkably 
small. The eyes are dark green or brassy in most other 
species. 

Sp. 5. thoracica, H. thorace cinereo obsolete lineato, facie alba, 

palpis nigris, tarsis posterioribus ferrugineis; m. f. 1+ lin. 

On the sea-coast, Hollywood ; June; rare. 

A very distinct species, of robust form, and the only one 
which has any vestige of markings on the body. The middle 
and hind tibize are evidently thicker than the fore pair. The 
discoidal recurrent nerve is very near the margin. 

Sp. 6. Ranunculi, H. nigro-olivacea facie alba, tarsis posterioribus 

basi palpisque ferrugineis, nervo transverso subobliquo: m. f. 
1 hin, 
Abundant in meadows and marshes. This is probably the 


of the British Hydromyzide. 403 


variety of H. griseola with a white face, of which Fallen makes 
mention, but he is mistaken in considering it as a sexual di- 
stinction. 

Sp. 7. griseola, H. viridi-cinerea, subtus schistacea, facie flavi- 
cante, puncto frontali albissimo, tarsis posterioribus basi palpis- 
que ferrugineis, alis hyalinis nervo transverso perpendiculari. 

Macq. S. a B. ui. 523. pl. 21. fig. 10.—Notiphilaid. Fallen, Act. 
Holm. 1813. p.250. Hydrom. 9. Meigen, Dipt. Eur. vi. 66. 

The most abundant species in meadows. The wings and 
legs are particularly long. The palpi usually dusky at the 
base. The distinct white dot above the antenne is rarely 
wanting. 

Sp. 8. chrysostoma, H. nigro-olivacea facie flavicante palpis fer- 

rugineis, nervo transverso subobliquo. 

Notiphila id. Merg. vi. 67.—Hydrellia viridescens. Desv. Myod. 
793? 

Not rare in marshes. 

Sp. 9. tarsata, H. nigro-olivacea facie palpisque flavis ; femoribus 
anticis validis, tarsis iisdem subtus flavo-tomentosis, onychiis 
longiusculis rufescentibus ; m. 14 lin. 

Distinguished particularly by its onychii ; those of the other 

species being short and white in both sexes. 

Found but once at Hollywood. 

Sp. 10. albiceps,H. nigro-znescens facie alba, palpis ferrugineis, 
alis obscuris, halteribus basi nigris. 

Variat labellis ferrugineis et antennarum articulo 3° subtus vel 

etiam toto fulve. 

Macq. S. a B. ii. 526.—Notiphila id. Meigen, Dipt. Eur. vi. 68. 
HAydrina fuliginosa. Desv. Myod. 793? 

Common in marshes. 

Sp. 11. erythrostoma, H. nigro-znescens antennarum articulo 3° 
facie palpisque fulvis, puncto frontali albissimo, alis obscuris, 
halteribus basi nigris. 

Variat puncto frontali flavicante ; etiam antennarum articulo 3° 

fusco. 

Macq. S. a B. ii. 526.—Notiphila id. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 69. 

Common on moist grassy slopes of mountains and in marshes. 

Sp. 12. Cochlearie, H. nigro-znescens facie flavicante, palpis ni- 
gris, alis obscuris, halteribus basi nigris ; f. 1 lin. 

Very like the last, but I am inclined to consider it a distinct 

species. 

Hollywood ; June ; rare. 


404 Mr. A. H. Haliday on the generic distribution 


Sp. 13. albilabris, H. nigra nitida facie alba, antennarum arti- 

culo 8° fulvo, halteribus basi palpisque nigris. 

Notiphila id. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 71.—Discocerina id. Macq. 
S. a B. ii. 528.—Hydrellia argyria. Desv. Myod. 793. 

The third joint of the antennz is more orbiculate than in 
the rest, and the wings nearly lanceolate, with the radial nerve 
shorter. 

In meadows; Hollywood; very rare. 


Subg. 2. Arissa, Curt. Guide App. 

Antenne articulo 3° spheroideo subcompresso, arista dorso brevi- 
ter pectinata. Facies brevis sub antennis utrinque impressa margine 
infero prominulo. Ale lanceolate. Nervus discoidali-recurrens a 
margine remotus. 


Sp. 14. pygmea, H. A. cinerea facie albida, antennis tarsisque 

ferrugineis. 3 lin. 

Ephydraid. Ent. Mag. i. 174. 

In a salt marsh, Hollywood. 

Subg. 3. GLENANTHE. 

Antenne articulo 3° orbiculato compresso, arista brevi subtilissime 
pubescente. Facies sub antennis utrinque impressa, medio longi- 
trorsum convexa. Oculi inferne attenuati, subangulati. Nervus 
discoidali-recurrens ab ale margine distans. Fem. Abdomen apice 
rima longitudinali tuberculum muricatum includente. 

Sp. 15. ripicola,H. G. cinerea fronte thoraceque ferruginosis, 

antennis tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis, facie albida; m. f. 1 lin. 

On the muddy sea-coast, Hollywood. 


Gen. 4. EPHYDRA, Fallen. 
Oculi glabri s. vage pubescentes. Antenne articulo 2° exungui- 
culato. Proboscis magis incrassata. Femora subzequalia. 
Subgenerum Synopsis. 
Areole probrachialis et analis 


parvee completa, c.sssesssecsee eovececeeecs einai Saurs ste 11. Canace. 
incompletz ;—ungues 
subrecti onychiis obsoletis, ..... spapecey ane semen seen 10. Ephydra. 


curvati onychiis hirsutis ;—caput 
parum depressum :—nervus transversus 


prope marginem alz, ......scsssee0» eae rccgeevases 4. Pelina. 
a margine remotus ;—facies 
lateribus, ciliata, 0. ccceesbeansee © *pseacsccecess 1. Hydrina. 
vix nisi nuda ;—nervus costalis 
ale apicem ambiens, ......csscsecesessens ee. 2. Hyadina. 


in alee apice CesiNENS, ..ss..ecncecnssesesnasés sn UKYBIG: 


of the British Hydromyzide. 405 
[Caput] depressum ;—clypeus 


PREG: 60 ne cndteate biw og peteeakave eb cbsibsnccsestosscceccers 5. Napa. 
reconditus ;—peristoma margine 
MGW, oWie a ateussecesevese aces peau scacewocupenddady ... 6, Ilythea. 
villosum s. pectinatum :—uarista 
WOTEO. PCHRD, Mate odeiee cece coteenadseacsae eee 7. Coenia. 
PUDCECEHS, (5-055 doves odes eW0yasuowscbwacahecskeewceees 8. Scatella. 
BlabT ay. iv ssscaeetn cnet nwacio th setae eveceiame na seeps 9. Teichomyza. 


Subg. 1. Hyprina, Desv. 

Facies proclivis subtriangularis convexa, lateribus subtiliter ciliata. 
Antenne mediocres articulo 3° subdeflexo, oblongo, dorso subim- 
presso: arista pubescens aut dorso pectinata. Palpi parum dilatati. 
Abdomen 5-annulatum convexum, apice glabrum. Nervus discoi- 
dali-recurrens ab ale margine distans. 

* Arista dorso longe villosa s. pectinata, 

The minute species belonging to this section are remark- 
able for the distinct variegation of their colours. The only 
European species described is the following: 

Sp. 1. picta, E. Hydr. thorace fusco utrinque linea alba, scu- 

tello aterrimo, antennis subtus pedibusque testaceis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 125.—Notiphila id. Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813. 
p. 254. Hydrom. ii. 


Variat femoribus nigris, aut pedibus nigris tarsis basi rufescen- 
tibus. 


Common on grass in shady places. 


** Arista pubescens. 

Sp. 2. punctato-nervosa, E. Hydr. thorace cinereo, antennis pe- 
dibusque flavis, alis seriatim fusco-punctatis, nervis transversis 
fuscis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 123.—WNotiphila id. Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813. 

p. 254. Hydrom. 12. 

In sandy places; Portmarnock ; Hollywood. 

Sp. 3. flavipes, E. Hydr. thorace cinereo, facie antennis pedibus 
flavis ; nervis transversis fuscis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 123. Fallen, Hydrom. 12. 

Not rare in meadows. 

Sp. 4. stictica, E. Hydr. thorace cinereo fusco-vittato, facie an- 
tennis pedibus flavis, alarum nervis transversis et puncto fuscis. 
Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 121. Macq. S. a B. 1. 539, 

Common in meadows. 


Sp. 5. interstincta, E. Hydr. thorace fusco-cinereo, tibiis tarsis- 
que ferrugineis, alarum nervis transversis et punctis 6 fuscis, 


406 Mr. A. H. Haliday on the generic distribution 


Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 122. Macq. S. a B. il. 539.—WNotiphila id. 
Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813. p.254. Hydrom. 12.—Hydrina maculi- 
pennis. Desy. Myod, 795. 

Common on grass. 

Sp. 6. interrupta, E. Hydr. thorace cinereo fusco-vittato, facie 
antennis tarsisque flavis, alis fuscis disco hyalinis nervis trans- 
versis fuscis. 

Ent. Mag. 1. 176. 

Sandy shore of Killiney bay, county Dublin; Hollywood; rare. 

Sp. 7. posticata, E. Hydr. cinerea abdominis apice nigro, facie 
antennis tarsisque flavis, alis hyalinis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 124. Macq. S. a B. ui. 539. 

Not uncommon. 


Subg. 2. Hyapina, Curtis, Guide, App. 

Facies perpendicularis superne parum angustata vix nisi nuda. 
Arista pubescens, Abdomen 5-annulatum segmento 5° magno gla- 
berrimo. Nervus costalis ale apicem ambiens. Nervus discoidali- 
recurrens ab ale margine distans. Nervi brachiales ibidem sinu ap- 
proximati. 

Sp. 8. guttata, E. Hyad. nigra subnitida scutelli lateribus ater- 

rimis, antennis subtus pedibusque testaceis, alis albo-biguttatis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 125.—Notiphila id. Fallen, Act. Holm. 
1813. 253. Hydrom. 11.—Ephydra nitida. Macq. S. a B. 1.539. 
Hydrina vernalis. Desv. Myod. 795. 

Varies, with the legs dusky, also with the face silvery-white 
or straw colour. The clear dot above and below the trans- 
verse nerve is not very evident unless when the wings over- 
lap. 

Common in swampy spots. 

Sp. 9. scutellata, E. Hyad. nigra subnitida scutello aterrimo, an- 
tennis subtus pedibusque testaceis, alis albo-biguttatis.—vix 1 
lin. 

Hollywood ; very rare. 

Subg. 3. AxysrTa. 

Facies perpendicularis medio subconvexa, superne parum angus- 
tata, vix nisi nuda. Arista pubescens. Abdomen quasi tri-annula- 
tum, i.e. segmentis 1° et 5° minimis, basi marginatum. Nervus 
costalis in alee apice evanescens: nervus discoidali-recurrens ab alz 
margine distans: nervi brachiales ibidem sinu approximati. 

Sp. 10. viridula, E. A. nigra nitida abdomine punctatissimo cya- 
nescente, facie albida vitta nigra. 


of the British Hydromyzide. 407 


Hydrina viridula. Desv. Myod. 795?—Ephydra cesta. Ent. 
Mag. i. 177.—Trimerina ceruleiventris. Macq. 8. aB. ii. 529. pl. 21. 
fig. 12? 

On grass; Hollywood; rare. 


Subg. 4. Pexina, Curt. Guide, App. 

Facies latissima perpendicularis lateribus tenuissime ciliata; cly- | 
peus subexertus. Arista subtilissime pubescens. Abdomen depres- 
sum. Nervus discoidali-recurrens prope marginem ale. 

Sp. 11. enea, E. P. obscure enea facie albicante, tarsis flavis, 

alis hyalinis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 124.—Notiphila id. Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813. 
p- 253. Hydrom. 11.—Ephydra glabricula. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 
121. Macq. 8S. a B. u. 538. 

Common among aquatic plants. 

Subg. 5. Napza, Desv. 

Caput depressum : facies proclivis latissima vix nisi nuda ; clypeus 
exertus. Mentum valde incrassatum. Arista basi pubescens. Corpus 
pedesque subglabri. Abdomen depressum suborbiculatum. Nervus 
prebrachialis-recurrens fere in medio ale. 

* Nervus radialis apice appendiculatus. 

Sp. 12. coarctata, E. N. fusco-zenea tarsis basi ferrugineis, alis 
fuscanis nervis transversis obscuris, arista nisi basi nuda. 

Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813, p. 247. Hydrom.4. Meig. Dipt. Eur. 
vi. 116.—Eph. rufitarsis. Macq. 8. a B. il. 536. pl. 22. f. 2,—Na- 
pea stagnicola major. Desv. Myod. 800. 

Abundant on pools. 

Sp. 13. litoralis, E. N. obscure znea tarsis basi ferrugineis, alis 
fuscanis, nervis transversis obscuris utrinque hyalino-guttatis, 
arista villosa. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 116. tab. 60. fig.8. Macq. 8. a B. ii. 536. 

Less common than the preceding. 


E. 4-punctata, M., also belongs to this group. 


** Nervus radialis simplex. 

Sp. 14. Aquila, E. N. fusco-znea alis fuscanis, nervis transversis 
obscuris, tibiis basi apiceque albis, tarsis ferrugineis. 

Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813, 247. Hydrom.4. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 

117. Macq. S. a B. ii. 537. 

Not rare on pools at Hollywood. 

Sp. 15. fossarum, E. N. fusco-znea tarsis basi ferrugineis, alis 
fuscanis, nervis transversis obscuris. 


408 Mr. A. H. Haliday on the generic distribution 


Ent. Mag. i. 175.—Napea stagnicola minor. Desv. Myod. 800 ? 

Abundant on pools. 

Sp. 16. hecate, E. N. fusco-znea tarsis basi ferrugineis, alis fus- 
canis, nervis transversis obscuris utrinque hyalino-guttatis. 

Ent. Mag. i. 175.—Eph. fuscipennis, Macq. 8. a B. i. 540. 

Hollywood: very rare. 

Sp. 17. pusilla, E. N. nigro-znea facie albicante, pedibus nigris, 
alis fuscanis nervis transversis obscuris. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 126.—Eph. infecta. Ent. Mag. i. 175. 

Hollywood, &c., rare. 


Subg. 6. InyruEa, Curt. Guide, App. 
Caput depressum, facie convexa inter antennas elevata, nisi late- 
ribus nuda; clypeo recondito. Mentum incrassatum. Labella crassa, 
retro-producta obtusa. Arista dorso pectinata. 


Sp. 18. Spilota, E. 1. nigra facie ferruginosa, tarsis flavis, alis 
nigro-punctatis. 

Curtis, Brit. Ent. 413. 

Not rare about pools and ditches. 


Subg. 7. Canta, Desv. 
Caput depressum facie protuberante et margine peristomatis vil- 
losis aut setosis; clypeo recondito. Arista dorso pectinata. Men- 
tum valde incrassatum. 


* Antenne articulo 3° obtuso. 


Sp. 19. albula, E. Coen. thorace obscure eneo, abdomine glauco 
incisuris obscuris, facie cinerascente, halteribus albidis. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 115. 

Loch Fad, Isle of Bute; August. 


Sp. 20. palustris, E. Coen. nigro-zenea facie setosa, capite pedi- 
busque nigris, halteribus fuscanis. 
Fallen, Hydrom. 4. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 115.—Cenia, id. Macq. 
S. a B. ii. 530. pl. 21. fig. 14.—Cenia caricicola, Desv. Myod. 800. 
Common in marshes. Erroneously cited as Eph. curvicauda in my 
list of Diptera occurring about Hollywood, ‘ Ent. Mag.’ i. 150. 
Ephydra obscura, Meig., which has been found in England 
by Mr. F. Walker, belongs to the same section. 
** Antenne articulo 3° subconico. 
Sp. 21. defecta, E. Coen. nigro-znea scutello cyanescente, an- 
tennis subtus tarsisque luteis, alis obscuris hyalino-guttatis. 
Ent. Mag. 1. 174. 
Common in swampy spots. 


of the British Hydromyzide. 409 


Subg. 8. ScaTeiya, Desv. 
Caput depressum facie buccata et margine peristomatis villosis 
aut setosis; clypeo recondito. Arista arcuata pubescens. Antenne 
articulo 3° obtuso. Ungues curvati divaricati. Onychii manifest. 


Sp. 22. sibilans, E. S. ferruginosa abdomine zenescente, facie 
flavida setosa, alis obscuris. 

Ent. Mag. i. 175. 

Very common on the sea-coast, Hollywood. 


Sp. 23. leuwcostoma, E. 8. olivacea facie villosa albicante, alis ob- 
scuris nervo transverso a margine remoto. 

Meig. Dipt. Eur. 121. 

Not uncommon on marine rejectamenta. 


Sp. 24. sorbdillans, E. S. olivacea facie pubescente alba, alis ci- 
nerascentibus indistincte hyalino 5-guttatis, m. f. 14 lin. 

Not rare on the sea-coast. 

Sp. 25. estuans, E. S. cinerea fronte thoracisque dorso ferruginosis, 
facie flavida, tarsis ferrugineis, alis ferruginosis guttis 5 albis 
anteriore majore quadrata. 

Ent. Mag. 1.176. 

Common on fuci. 

Sp. 26. buccata; E.S. nigra fronte thoraceque fuscis, facie fla- 
vicante, alis fuliginosis hyalino 5-guttatis. 

Scatella buccata, Desvy. Myod. 801.—Ephydra stagnalis? Fallen. 
Act. Holm. 1813, p. 248. Hydrom.5? Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 118? 
Macq. 8. a B. ii. 537? 

The most abundant species. Fallen has probably con- 
founded with his #. stagnalis all the species with hyaline dots 
on the dark ground of the wings; and though Meigen has 
very fully distinguished many species of this character, I can 
scarcely identify any of mine exactly with his descriptions. 

Sp. 27. lutosa, E. 8. fusco-cinerea fronte thoraceque ferruginosis, 
facie flavicante, tarsis ferrugineis, alis infumatis hyalino 5-gut- 
tatis. . 

Ent. Mag. 1. 176. 

Found along with the last and almost equally abundant. 

Sp. 28. despecta (Curt. App.), E. 8. cinerea thorace fusco li- 
neolis albidis, facie albida, alis cinerascentibus obsolete hyalino- 
guttatis, m. f. femoribus mediis subtus basi pectinatis, m. 1 lin. 

On the sea-coast and in sandy places: not common. 

Sp. 29. noctula, E. S. nigricans thorace fusco lineolis albidis, 
facie flavicante, tarsis ferrugineis, alis fuscanis hyalino guttatis. 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No.19. Aug. 1839. oe 


410 On the British Hydromyzide. 


Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 119. Macq. S. a B. ii. 587. 
Common in moist places. 
Sp. 30. comta, E. S. nigra thorace fusco, facie albida, alis fus- 


canis hyalino guttatis. 
Ent. Mag. i. 176.—Scatella cinerea. Desy. Myod. 801 ? 


Generally one half less than the last species, of which it may 
be a variety. 


Sp. 31. quadrata, E. S. nigricans thorace fusco lineolis albidis, 
tarsis ferrugineis, alis fusco nubeculosis margine antico nigro- 
tessellato. 

Fallen, Hydrom. 5. Meig. Dipt. Eur. vi. 119. Macq. S. aB. ii. 
538.—Notiphila id. Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813, 255.—Eph. gramit- 
num. Ent. Mag. i. 176. 

Common. Varies with the face yellowish or whitish. 

To the same group belong EL. paludum, E. lacustris, and E. 
4-guttata, Meigen. 


Subg. 9. Tr1cHomyza, Macq. 

Caput depressum, facie longe porrecta fornicata setosa, sub an- 
tennis impressa ; clypeo recondito. Peristomatis margo pectinatus. 
Antenne arista elongata glabra tenui. Ungues validi curvati, ony- 
chiis conspicuis hirtis. Abdomen feminze apice subcompressum 
rima verticali. 

Sp. 32. fusca, E. 'T. fusco-olivacea thorace lineolis 2 anticis ci- 
nereis, alis fuliginosis, m. f. Femoribus mediis subtus pecti- 
natis, metatarso antico incrassato, m. 

Teichomyza fusca. Macq. S. a B. ii. 535. 

On the walls of damp outhouses, in winter; where the larve (as 

observed by Macquart) are fed among the decomposed mortar. 


Subg. 10. Epuypra. 

Caput depressum, facie porrecta fornicata villosa ; peristoma mar- 
gine pectinatum. Mentum canaliculatum, labella in quiete retrocus- 
pidata excipiens. Antenne articulo 3° conico; arista basi villosa. 
Ungues subrecti. Onychii obsoleti. 

The singular larve of this group are figured by Bouché. 
The posterior spiracles are placed each at the extremity of a 
slender conical shaft, springing from a common stem, and with 
it longer than the rest of the body. 

Sp. 338. riparia, E. obscure nea alis fuscanis, facie alba aut fla- 

vicante, arista villosa. 


Prof. C. Morren on the Morphology cf the Ascidia, 411 


Var. a. tibiis tarsisque basi testaceis. 

Var. (3. thoraceque ferruginoso. 

Var. y. pedibus nigris. 

Fallen, Act. Holm. 1813, p. 255. Hydrom. 5. Meig. Dipt. Eur. 
vi. 117. Macq. S. a B. ii. 537.—Ephydra salinarum. Bouché, Na- 
turg. Ins. i. 99. tab. 6. fig. 13 —14, larva and pupa. 

Sp. 34. micans, E. obscure viridis pedibus nigris, alis fuscanis, 

arista nonnisi basi pubescente, facie alba aut flavicante. 

Ent. Mag. i. 175. 

This may be a mere variety of the last species; as such 
Fallen has considered it. 


Subg. 11. Canace, Curt. Guide, App. 

Caput depressum. Facies transversa, perpendicularis, subimpressa, 
lateribus ciliata; clypeus exertus; peristoma magnum. Oculi ellip- 
tici transversi. Arista pubescens. Abdomen conicum, 7-annulatum, 
segmento 2° maximo. Areole przbrachialis et analis parvee complete. 

Sp. 35. nasica (Curt. App.), E. Can. cinerea fronte thoraceque 

ferruginosis, facie albida, tarsis basi ferrugineis. 14 lin. 

England ; communicated by F. Walker. 


Authors cited or referred to. 

DeGeer, Mémoires.—Fabricius, Entomologia Systematica; Sy- 
stema Antliatorum.—Latreille, Histoire Naturelle Générale, &c.; 
Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum; Régne Animal, Ed. 24.— 
Fallen, Diptera Suecize, Hydromyzides; Methodus Dipterorum; Act. 
Holm. 1813, Hydromyzides Suecie.— Meigen, Europaischen Zwei- 
fligeligen Insekten.—Macquart, Suites 4 Buffon, Insectes Diptéres. 
—Robineau Desvoidy, Myodaires.—Entomological Magazine, vol, i.: 
Catalogue of Diptera, &c.—Bouché, Naturgeschichte der Insekten.— 
Curtis’s Guide, 2nd Edition, Appendix. 


XLIV.—Further Remarks on the Morphology of the Ascidia 
of Plants. By M. Cu. Morren, Professor of Botany at 
Liége, Member of the Royal Academy of Brussels. 


From the notice on the morphology of the ascidia which I re- 
cently presented to the Academy* it may be seen that I con- 
sider the cuculliform pitcher of plants as a variation in form 


* A translation of which appeared in No, XVIII. of this Journal. 
2G 2 


412 Prof. C. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 


of the blade of the leaf. The leaf coheres by its margins and 
above, absolutely as in the formation of carpels, which made 
me say that the ascidium is a tendency to the floral form. 
Since this period new facts have confirmed this theory. Du- 
ring my stay at Newcastle in Northumberland, at the Meet- 
ing of the British Association, I had an opportunity of study- 
ing the different preparations of monstrosities which the Rev. 
W. Hincks of York, known by his ‘ Monograph of the Gino- 
there, had brought there. Amongst these specimens were 
two of the most remarkable accidental ascidia, and which per- 
mit us to classify these extraordinary deviations. One was on 
a specimen of Tulipa gesneriana. 'The leaf which, as is well 
known, sheaths the peduncle in this plant, had cohered at its 
free margins along its whole length, so that the outer surface of 
the pitcher thus formed was always the under surface of the 
leaf. But it resulted also from the complete cohesion of the 
margins of this organ that no aperture allowed of any communi- 
cation between the outward air and that inclosed in its cavity. 
Nevertheless a flower and its peduncle were inclosed in this ca- 
vity, and the perianth was not less finely coloured through this 
envelope than are the petals of Papaver rhocas under the 
thick tunics of their caducous calyx. As the flower deve- 
loped, it was necessary that the peduncle should grow larger, 
which it did to a greater degree than the ascidimorphous leaf, 
which remained small; but then it was also necessary that the 
peduncle should twist itself or that the ascidium should burst. 
The peduncle prevailed, and the ascidium opened ; but not, as 
would have been supposed, by a longitudinal rupture occasion- 
ed by a dislocation of the cohering margins, but by another 
very curious way of dehiscence. The ascidium formed an elon- 
gated bag, tumid in the middle, tapering at its two extremi- 
ties, above and below: now this bag was split across with 
a horizontal rupture, just as in the ascidium the lid is de- 
tached from the pitcher, or rather as in mosses the calyptra 
falls off from the urn. The flower indeed carried this cap with 
it and could not rid itself of it, so that the perianth remained 
curled up beneath and within. At sight of this tulip, having 
at its base a conical foliaceous hollow body, from the centre 
of which arose a long peduncle, terminating in its turn in 


Prof. C. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 413 


another cone, which disclosed the organs of fecundation, I 
could not help comparing it to a large moss armed with its 
calyptra. 

In Nepenthes and Sarracenia the ascidia also are at first 
shut up, and at Edinburgh, upon the beautiful plants of 
Nepenthes, cultivated with so much skill by Mr. MacNab, I 
was able to learn how their dehiscence takes place. The part 
which the circular struma acts, with its numerous small trans- 
verse ribs, then becomes very easy to understand. Before 
the operculum is detached its thin margins are folded round 
this struma, which holds them very strongly fixed, as a bladder 
is fastened over the opening of a vessel by the inflected margin. 

When once the operculum is freed it cannot again fasten 
itself above the struma. This dehiscence of the lid is therefore 
horizontal or in a small degree oblique, like the direction of the 
struma itself, and it is nearly the same in all ascidia. On that 
of the tulip formed by monstrosity, the opening, although in 
this case it was an actual rupture caused by internal violence, 
took place notwithstanding in the same manner. This com- 
parison deserves some attention, especially if further observa- 
tions tend to confirm it. 

The other accidental ascidium which I had the pleasure of 
seeing among the preparations of the Rev. Mr. Hincks, was 
of a kind altogether singular. It belonged to the Polygonatum 
multifiorum ; but it had not shown itself, like that which I had 
myself gathered upon the same species of plant, at the upper 
part of the plant, but at the lower part of it. It was an en- 
casing of three ascidia one in the other, through the centre 
of which passed the stalk, which when once free above them had 
become covered with its usual leaves and flowers in their nor- 
mal form. Imagine therefore a foliaceous pitcher ending in 
two lateral and opposite auricles, serving as a case to two other 
pitchers which also have two opposite auricles, and above them 
a bunch of leaves and flowers, and we shall have a represen- 
tation of this beautiful monstrosity, of this curious anomaly, 
Here again the outer surfaces of the ascidia were the under 
surfaces of the leaves, so that this condition never contradicts 
itself, and thus it acquires the value of a well-established law. 
It is always the carpellary state which is repeated, the floral 


414 Prof. C. Morren on the Morphology of the Ascidia. 


structure which is shown, and thus the ascidium is always a 
dependence, a result of the retrograde metamorphosis. It ap- 
pears to me that these are facts irrevocably added to the study 
and science of vegetable monstrosities. 

But what rendered the ascidium of the Polygonatum of Mr. 
Hincks to me extremely curious, was to see it composed of 
two leaves instead of one. The two terminal auricles, which 
were in extent about a quarter of the total length of the asci- 
dium, are in fact the tops of the two leaves, which by their 
cohesion had formed these ascidia; each of these auricles cor- 
responded with a principal nerve. The leaves of the Polygo- 
natum, instead of originating at different heights, are here al- 
most perfectly opposite; they have then cohered two by two 
at their margins, which were primitively and normally free, so 
as to make a common cavity of their upper surfaces. This 
same fact is repeated in three successive pairs. 

This binary origin of the ascidium is, I believe, unique in 
the known cases of monstrosity, and in spite of its apparent 
deviation it comes within the general law in the most com- 
plete manner: the lower surface of the leaf remains the out- 
side; it is the blade which has formed the pitcher; and the 
latter is only owing to a cohesion of the margins. These three 
circumstances, which are in perfect accordance with what I 
have before established, are worthy of remark. 

Hence it is evident that the following classification may be 
established amongst the anomalous ascidia hitherto observed : 

The ascidia are either formed of one leaf only or of several ; 

The monophyllous are the first ; 

The polyphylious the second. 

A. The monophyllous ascidia, are, 1. either sarraceniform 
when they are formed by a leaf cohering at.its margins to form 
a pitcher, so that the blade exceeds the aperture of the urn at 
its summit as the opercular blade does in Sarracenia. 'The 
ascidia of Vinca rosea and Polygonatum mentioned in my 
former paper belong to this class of ascidia. 

2. Or calyptrimorphous, when they are formed by a leaf 
cohering at its margins, but the upper part of which is de- 
tached horizontally, as in the Tulipa gesneriana of Mr. Hincks. 
This form, instead of reminding us of the Sarracenia, ap- 


Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 415 


proaches nearer to Nepenthes, where the dehiscence of the 
operculum and of the pitcher is also horizontal or very nearly 
so. Only here the operculum continues, whilst elsewhere it 
is removed. 

B. The polyphyllous ascidia are formed of several leaves. 
Up to the present time diphyllous alone have been observed, 
but the study of the conditions in which they arise evidently 
proves that there is great probability of our finding triphyllous, 
tetraphyllous, pentaphyllous, and in short polyphyllous, espe- 
cially in plants where the leaves are verticillate. 

It is thus that a just appreciation of things anticipates ulte- 
rior discoveries, and it is the best proof that a science of obser- 
vation is quite as exact as a science of calculation. 


XLV.—Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By Francis WALKER, 
F.L.S. 


[Continued from p. 182. |] 


Sp. 59. Cirrospilus Rapo. Viridis aut cyaneus, abdomen cupreum, an- 
tenne nigre aut picee, pedes picei, tarsi pallidiores, femora cyanea, ale 
limpide. 

Mas. Viridi-cyaneus: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz nigre ; articuli 1" et 
2"s nigro-cyanei: abdomen nigro-cupreum: pedes picel; coxe virides; ge- 
nua fulva; tarsi flavi, apice fusci; propedum tibiz fusce, tarsi fulvi: ale 
limpide ; squamulz pice; proalis nervi fusci, metalis fulvi. 

Fem. Cyaneus: antenne nigro-picez; articuli 1" et 2"° cyanei: pedes 
coxis et femoribus nigro-cyaneis. (Corp. long. lin. 2; alar. lin. 1.) 

Var. @. Fem.—Meso- et metatarsi fusci, basi fulvi. 

Var. y. Fem.—Abdomen cyaneo-varium: pedes nigro-cyanei; trochan- 
teres picei; genua flava; tibiz picee; tarsi fusci; protibize fuscze, basi su- 
pra fulve. 

Var. 3. Fem.—Obscure viridis: antennz nigro-picez; articuli 1° et 2" 
virides: abdomen cyaneo-cupreum; trochanteres fulvi, tarsi fulvi, apice 
fusci; protarsi obscuriores. 

Found near London. 

Fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antennz clavate, 
corporis dimidio breviores; articulus 1" gracilis, sublinearis; 2%* longicya- 
thiformis ; 4° 8° brevior ; 5°° adhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, acuminata, 
articulo 5° duplo longior: thorax brevi-ovatus, convexus: prothorax brevis- 
simus, supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius ; par- 
apsidum suture bene determinate ; scutellum brevi-conicum: metathorax 
transversus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen longiovatum, tho- 


416 Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 


race multo longius vix latius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice acumi- 
natum : pedes graciles: proalz late; nervus ulnaris humerali Jongior, ra- 
dialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus. 

Sp. 60. Cirr. Aristeeus, Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenne 

picea, pedes fusco-picei, femora viridia, ale limpide. 

Cyaneo-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne picee ; articuli 1" et 2" vi- 
rides: abdomen cupreum, apice viridi-varium: pedes virides; trochanteres 
fulvi; genua fulva; tibiz pice; tarsi pallide fusci; protibie fulve: ale 
limpidee ; squamulz picez ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 3; alar. lin. 1.) 

Var. 8.—Tibiz fuscx ; protibiz pallide fulve. 

May ; Hampshire. 

em. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antennz subcla- 
vat, corporis dimidio non longiores; articulus 1"* gracilis, sublinearis; 2" 
Jongicyathiformis; 4"° 3° brevior; 5"8 adhuc brevior ; clava fusiformis, acu- 
minata, articulo 5° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax bre- 
vissimus, supra Vix conspicuus : mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius; par- 
apsidum suturze bene determinate; scutellum breviconicum: metathorax 
transversus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen fusiforme, thorace 
mu!to longius, fere angustius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice attenu- 
atum: pedes graciles: proalz mediocres; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, 
radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus. 

Sp. 61. Cirr. Rhipheus, Fem. Viridis @neo-varius, abdomen cupreum, 

antenneé picee, pedes picet, tarsi fulvi, ale limpide. 

Nigro-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz picez; articuli 18 et 2" vi- 
rides: abdomen cupreum: pedes picei; coxze virides; genua fulva; tarsi 
fulvi, apice fusci; propedum femora apice fulva, tibize fulve, tarsi obscu- 
riores: alz limpide ; squamulz picez ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 3—%; 
alar. lin. 1—14.) 

Var. @.—Antenne nigro-piceze: femora viridia. 

Var. y.—Var. @. similis: abdomen viridi-varium. 

Var. 6.—Var. @. similis: thorax eneo-viridis. 

Found near London. 

Fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antenne subcla- 
vatse, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"* gracilis, sublinearis; 2"* lon- 
gicyathiformis ; 4" 3° brevior; 5"8 adhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, acumi- 
nata, articulo 5° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus : prothorax brevis- 
simus, supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius; par- 
apsidum suture bene determinate ; scutellum breviconicum: metathorax 
transversus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus : abdomen longiovatum, tho- 
race angustius et multo longius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice at- 
tenuatum ; segmentum 1" magnum; 2"™ et sequentia breviora, transversa : 
pedes graciles; tarsis articuli 1° ad 3¥™ curtantes, 4"° 3° longior: proalz 
late ; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat lon- 
gus. 


Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 417 


Sp. 62. Cirr. Sotades, Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenne 
picee, femora viridia, tibia fulve, tarsi flavi, ale limpide. 


Cyaneo-viridis : oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne picez; articuli 1" et 2" vi- 
rides: abdomen cupreum: pedes virides ; trochanteres fulvi; genua flava; 
tibiz fulvee; tarsi flavi, apice fusci; protarsifulvi: ale limpide; squamule 
piceze; nervi pallide fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 3; alar. lin. 1.) 

Found near London. 

Fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antennz subcla- 
vatz, corporis dimidio non longiores ; articulus 1"* gracilis, sublinearis; 2"s 
longicyathiformis ; 4"° 3° brevior; 5"8 adhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, acu- 
minata, articulo 5° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax bre- 
vissimus, supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius; par- 
apsidum suture bene determinate ; scutellum brevi-conicum: metathorax 
transversus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen fusiforme, thorace 
angustius et multo longius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice attenua- 
tum: pedes graciles: proalz mediocres; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, 
radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus. 


Sp. 63. Cirr. Anyta, Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenne 
Jusce, pedes picei, femora viridia, ale limpide. 


Cyaneo-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: anteunz pallidz fusce ; articuli 1" 
et 2% virides: abdomen cupreum: pedes picei; coxz virides; femora vi- 
ridia; genua fulva; tarsi basi fulvi; propedum tibiz obscure fulve, tarsi 
fusci: ale limpide; squamule picee; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 4; 
alar. lin. 3.) 

Var. 8.—Antenne obscure fuscze. 

Found near London. 


Fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antenne subcla- 
vate, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"S gracilis, sublinearis ; 2" lon- 
gicyathiformis; 4" 3° brevior; 5° adhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, acumi- 
nata, articulo 5° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax bre- 
vissimus, supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius; 
parapsidum suture bene determinatz ; scutellum breviconicum : metathorax 
transversus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen fusiforme, thorace 
longius et angustius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice attenuatum et 
acuminatum: pedes graciles: proalz late ; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, 
radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus. 


Sp. 64. Cirr. Rheesus, Fem. Viridis cupreo-varius, antenne picee, pedes 
fulvi, femora viridia, ale limpide. 


Obscure viridis cupreo-varius: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz picez ; arti- 
culi 1S et 2*§ virides, hic apice et subtus fuscus : abdomen cupreum, cyaneo- 
viridi-varium : oviductus vagine nigrze: pedes fulvi; coxz virides ; femora 
viridia, apice flava; tarsi apice fusci; protarsi obscuriores: alz limpide ; 


418 Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 


squamule pice; nervi proalis fusci, metalis flavi. (Corp. long. lin. 1 
alar. lin. 13.) 
Found near London. 


Sp. 65. Cirr. Alcithoe, Fem. Viridis aut cyaneus, precedente minor gra- 
cilior, abdomen cupreum, antenne picee, pedes fusci aut fulvi, Femonn 
cyanea, ale limpide. 


Nigro-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz picee; articuli 1" et 2"9 ni- 
gro-cyanei: abdomen nigro-cupreum: pedes cyanei; trochanteres fulvi; 
genua fulva; tibiz fuscz, basi fulve ; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci ; propedum ti- 
bize fulvze, tarsi fusci: alee sublimpidz ; squamulz picez ; proalis nervi fusci, 
metalis flavi. (Corp. long. lin. 3; alar. lin. 1.) 

Var. 8.—Antenne nigro-picee ; articuli 1" et 2"° nigro-znei: pedes 
fulvi; coxze nigre; femora nigra; metatibice fusce ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : 
protarsi fulvi. 

Var. y.—Nigro-cyaneus : pedes nigro-cyanei ; trochanteres fusci; genua 
flava; tibize fulvee; tarsi flavi, apice fusci; protarsi fulvi. 

July ; near London. 


Sp. 66. Cirr. Phalis, Fem. Nigro-cupreus, antenne fusce, pedes picei, 
femora cuprea, ale limpide. 


Nigro-cupreus: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz fusce ; articuli 1" et 2" ni- 
gro-cuprei: abdomen cupreum: oviductus vagine nigre: pedes cuprei; 
trochanteres fulvi; genua fulva; tibiz pice; tarsi fusci: alz limpide ; 
squamule pice; nervifulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 3; alar. lin. 1.) 

July ; near London. 

Fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: caput 
transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antenne clavate, cor- 
_ poris dimidio longiores; articulus 1"° gracilis, sublinearis ; 2"° longicyathi- 
formis; 4"° 3° brevior; 5"% adhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, acuminata, ar- 
ticulo 5° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax brevissimus, 
supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius ; parapsidum 
suture bene determinate; scutellum brevi-conicum: metathorax trans- 
versus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen longiovatum, thorace 
longius vix latius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice acuminatum : pro- 
ale Jatee; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis vix longior, cubitalis sat 
longus. 


Sp. 67. Cirr. Zenocia, Fem. ter, abdomen cupreum, antenne fusca, 

pedes nigri, tarsi pallidiores, ale limpide. 

Ater: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennze fusce; articuli 1"* et 2" atri, hic 
apice fuscus: abdomen nigro-cupreum: pedes nigri: trochanteres fulvi; 
genua fulva; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci; propedum femora apice fulva, tibice 
fulvee, tarsi fusci: ale limpide; squamule picez; proalis nervi fusci, 
metalis flavi. (Corp. long. lin. 3; alar. lin. 1.) 

Var. %.—Tarsi picei, basi flavi. 

July; near London. 


Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 419 


Sp. 68. Cirr. Lysippe, Fem. Ater precedente multo minor, abdomen cu- 

preum, antenne fusce, pedes fusci, tarsi fulvi, ale sublimpide. 

Ater: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz fuscz ; articuli 1"8 et 2" picei: ab- 
domen nigro-cupreum : pedes fusci; coxz nigre ; trochanteres fulvi; genua 
fulva ; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci; protarsi obscuriores: alz sublimpide; squa- 
mulz fulvz ; proalis nervi fulvi, metalis flavi. (Corp. long. lin. —+; alar. 
lin. 3—4.) 

July; near London. 

fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antenne clavate, 
corporis dimidio longiores; articulus 1" gracilis, sublinearis; 2"* longicya- 
thiformis; 4"° 3° brevior; 5"° adhuc brevior; clava fusiformis, acuminata, 
articulo 5° duplo longior: thorax breviovatus, convexus: prothorax brevis- 
simus, supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius; parap- 
sidum suture bene determinate; scutellum brevi-conicum: metathorax 
transversus, mediocris: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen longiovatum, tho- 
race multo longius vix latius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice acumi- 
natum: pedes graciles: proalz late; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, ra- 
dialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus. 


Sp. 69. Cirr. Achemenes, Fem. £neus aut viridis, abdomen cupreum, 

antenne picee, pedes fusci, femora enea, tarsi flavi, ale limpide. 

Nigro-zneus: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne picez ; articulus 15 nigro- 
zeneus: abdomen cupreum: pedes flavi; coxe nigro-znex; femora nigro- 
zenea; tibize fuscze ; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci; propedum femora apice flava, 
tibize fulvee, tarsi pallide fusci: ale limpide; squamule picez; nervi fulvi. 
(Corp. long lin. 2; alar. lin. 1.) 

Var. 8.—Nigro-viridis, abdomen cupreum. 

Var. y.—Mesotibiz basi flave. 

Found near London. 

Mas. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- 
put transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum : antenne filiformes, 
corporis longitudine, pilis longis vestite ; articulus 1"S longiovatus, latus ; 
2"s Jongicyathiformis; 3"5 brevis; 4"8, 5¥° et 6" longi, lineares ; clava longi- 
fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 6° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus : 
prothorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitu- 
dine longius; parapsidum suture bene determinate ; scutellum breviconi- 
cum : metathorax mediocris, transversus: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen 
sublineare, planum, thorace brevius fere angustius: pedes graciles: proale 
angustz ; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat 
longus. 


[To be continued. ] 


420 W.H. Harvey on two new Genera of Passifloree. 


XLVI.—On two South African Genera of the Natural Order 
Passifloreee, with two Plates, from Drawings made by The 
Hon. W. H. Harvey, of the Cape of Good Hope. 


Since the publication of his very useful ‘Genera of South 
African Plants,’ our valued friend Mr. Harvey has not ceased 
to collect and draw and make notes upon new or rare species 
of plants of that interesting country, and we have now before 
us many excellent representations and remarks which he has 
kindly communicated to us. ‘Two of these, which appear 
particularly deserving of a place in these ‘Annals,’ are the 
Acharia tragoides, Thunberg, and Ceratiosicyos Hchloni of 
Nees yon Esenbeck. 
1. ACHARIA TRAGOIDES, Th. 
(PuateE IX.) 

We shall give the generic character of this in the words of 
Dr. Arnott, who has examined with great attention specimens 
lately sent to him, and which it will be seen differ remarkably 
from that of Thunberg. 


Grey. Cuar.—Flores monoici. Masc. Perianthium tubuloso- 
campanulatum, 3-lobum, basi bracteolis tribus parvis cinctum. Sta- 
mina 6, triadelpha. ilamenta subulata, apice dilatata, et ibi anthe- 
ras duas 2-loculares anticas ferentia. Fam. Perianthium paullo 
ultra medium trifidum, basi tribracteolatum, in fructu increscens. 
Ovurium uniloculare, rostratum. Styli 3 (potius 1, tripartitus) bifidi. 
Stigmata _6, flabelliformia, membranacea. Capsula (brevi-pedicellata) 
1-Jocularis, 3-valvis, 1- (vel rarius 2- aut 8-) sperma, valvis margine 
(post dehiscentiam) involutis, rostro styloque acuminatis. Semen 
ovoideum, arillo parvo unilaterali basi instructum. mbryo cylin- 
dricus, in axi albuminis carnosi et dimidio brevior. Cotyledonus ra- 
diculaque equilonge. Arn. Mst. 

Herba erecta gracilis. Folia alterna petiolata, exstipulata, pro- 
Sunde trifida, lobis oblongo-lanceolatis, acutis, cuneatis, incisis. Flores 
axillares, subbini, cernut, brevi-pedunculati. 

Acharia tragoides. Th. Fl. Cap. p.37. Harv. Gen. 8. Afr. PL., 
App. p. 409. 

Hab. Uitenhage, Thunberg, Zeyher. 


Mr. Harvey, in his ‘South African Flora’, judging from 


Thunberg’s description alone, thought this genus might belong 
to Euphorbiacee or Urticee; but now that he has received spe- 


W. H. Harvey on two new Genera of Passiflorea. 421 


cimens from Mr. Zeyher, he is satisfied it should be referred to 
Passifloree, in which Dr. Arnott agrees, but remarks, that if 
this and Ceratosicyos and Paschanthus and Modecca be united 
to Passifloree, the definition of the order will require to be 
modified and enlarged. The parts of the flower in Acharia, 
Mr. Harvey observes, vary from 3 to 4; and it may be stated, 
that what Dr. Arnott calls involucral dracteas, Mr. Harvey 
considers a calyx. 

Plate IX. Acharia tragoides. Fig.1. male flower; 2. front view 
of the same; 3. involucre; 4. perianth laid open; 5. glands from 
the base of the perianth; 6.7. stamens; 8. singleanther; 9. female 
flower; 10. pistil with glands; 11. stigmas; 12. pedicellate cap- 
sule; 13. opening capsule; 14. valve with seeds; 15. seed, mag- 
nified. : 

2. Ceratosicyos Ecuuont, N. ab E. 
(PiatE X.) 

Ceratosicyos Echlonii. Nees ab Esenb. in Enum. Pl. Afr. Austr. 
p: 281. Harv. Gen. S. Afr. Pl. p.107. 

Hab. Woods, Krakakamma, Adom and Oliphants-hook, also in 
Albany and Kafrland, ehlon and Zeyher. 

As the learned Professor Nees von Esenbeck has, in the 
work above quoted, given a full generic and specific descrip- 
tion of this plant, we shall here content ourselves with men- 
tioning the particulars in which Mr. Harvey finds a differ- 
ence from what is related by the German author. “The 
glands,” Mr. Harvey remarks, “ are outside the staminal cup, 
as in all the order, and the stamens are always as numerous 
as the clefts, sometimes, as represented in our figure, com- 
bined in pairs irregularly. I have dissected off the ring of 
the stamens, leaving the glands still attached to the calyx, a 
pretty good proof that I am not deceived. The parts are 
often only four, as in Acharia. The glands are surely in both 
flowers abortive stamens, exactly similar to those of Modecca 
and the rays of Passiflora.” 

Plate X. Ceratosicyos Echlonii. Fig.1. male flower; 2. corolla 
of the same laid open; 3. stamen; 4. section of anther; 5. cap- 
sule; 6. female flower; 7. corolla of the same laid open; 8. pistil; 
9. stigma; 10. portion of an ovary laid open to show the attach- 
ment of the ovules: magnified. 


422 M. Lund on Fossil Mammifera discovered in Brazil. 


XLVII.—List of Fossil Mammifera from the Basin of the Rio 
das Velhas, with an extract of some of their distinguishing 
Characters. By Dr. Lunp*. 


EDENTATA. 

M. Lund describes a Myrmecophaga of the size of an ox (Myrm. 
gigantea.) }. 

EFFODIENTIA. 

Two species of Dasypus ; one allied to D. octocinctus, but with the 
mouth shorter; and the other twice as large as the living species, 
with the plates of the shield deeply punctuated (D. punctatus). 

Xenurus, Wagl. A species allied to X. nudicaudis, a living species 
established by M. Lund. 

Eurodon, Lund, An extinct genus of Armadillo, characterized by 
the teeth being transversally compressed. M. Lund is only acquainted 
with a single species, of the size of a small pig. 

A Heterodon, Lund., another lost genus of the same family, distin- 
guished from all the living Armadillos by the proportion of its teeth: 
the species which served as the type was of the size of a rabbit. 

A Chlamydotherium, Lund., a new genus of the same family. 
Nearly all the parts of the skeleton have been investigated by the 
author, and it proves to be very interesting from its establishing con- 
nexions between the various groups of existing Armadillos, and also 
by the affinities it presents to the Bradypoda. 

The Chlamydotherium represents on a grand scale the genus Hu- 
phractus, Wagl. M. Lund is acquainted with two species, one de- 
dicated to M. von Humboldt of the size of a Tapir; the other, named 
giganteum, equaled in size the largest Rhinoceros. 

An Hoplophorus, a genus very extraordinary from the heavy pro- 
portions of its species and their gigantic size, as well as from the re- 
markable combination of different types of organization: their cha- 
racters however bring them more and more near to the Bradypoda. 
These curious animals were provided with a shield, which covered all 
the upper parts of the body, and which consisted of small hexagonal 
plates, except towards the middle of the body, where these plates 
take a square form and are arranged in fixed transversal bands. The 
bones of the trunk as well as the large bones of the extremities are 

* From an extract given by Victor Audouin, to whom the letter was ad- 
dressed, in the Comptes Rendus, No. 15, Avril 1839. The first or introduc- 
tory part of this paper appeared at p. 235 of the present volume. 

¢ Among the fossils brought to England from South America by Mr. Dar- 
win there is a fragment of the cranium of an animal as large as an ox, and 
which Mr. Owen has described under name of Glossotherium, considering it 


to have had the same habits and food as the Anteaters, to which it was very 
closely allied, but not generically identical.—Ep. 


M. Lund on Fossil Mammifera discovered in Brazil. 423 


moreover very similar to those of the Armadillos, but especially to 
those of the Cachicames, but the bones composing the feet are short- 
ened to such a degree, and present so considerable a flattening of the 
articular surfaces, that nothing similar is found to occur in any animal 
skeleton ; and it is difficult to conceive how such feet could serve to 
burrow in the earth: moreover the form of the teeth indicates that 
these curious animals fed solely on vegetable substances, and we 
must suppose that they grazed in the same manner as the large 
Pachydermata. Be this as it may, the Hoplophorus, two species of 
which are distinguished, offer this peculiarity, that their zygomatic 
arch is furnished with a descending branch—a character hitherto re- 
garded as belonging exclusively to the Bradypoda. Both species 
were of the size of an ox. Fragments of these skeletons have already 
been described by Prof. Weiss of Berlin*. M. Lund has also disco- 
vered some fragments belonging to a genus allied to the preceding 
one, and to which he assigns the name Pachytherium. Its propor- 
tions are still heavier and its size larger. He calls this species Pachy- 
therium magnum. 
BrapDypopa. 

M. Lund thus comes to the family of the Bradypoda, which in 
these countries performed a very important part during the antedi- 
luvian epoch from the number and variety of its forms and the large 
size attained by the species. 

The first genus examined is the Megalonyz, which is related to the 
Armadillos by the osseous plates which covered a portion of the 
body ; but these plates, besides being of an immense size, and far from 
forming a continuous shield as in them, are separated by great in- 
tervals from each other. 

The Megalonyz offers the greatest relations to the Megatherium 
principally in the structure and composition of the feet; but the 
hinder ones present the same torsion as the feet of Bradypus tridac- 
tylus, although arising from a different cause. In the Ai this torsion 
is produced by the peculiar mode of articulation of the leg with the 
astragalus ; in Megalonyx, according to M. Lund, this articulation is 
formed in the usual way, and itis the carpian [tarsal] surface} of the 


* Mr. Owen has described in detail the structure of the dental organs and 
the bones of the extremities of a species of this genus, to which he assigned 
the name of Glyptodon, in reference to the sculptured form of the teeth. As 
this description was read before the Geological Society in March, 1839 (see 
‘ Proceedings of the Geological Society’, No. 62.), the name of Glyptodon must 
take precedence of that proposed by Dr. Lund for the same extinct genus in 
his memoir, of which the present extract was not published until the follow- 
ing month.—Ep. 

+ We presume that the term “la face carpienne” is an oversight in the 
original Memoir.-—Ep. . 


424 M. Lund on Fossil Mammifera discovered in Brazil. 


latter bone which by its anomalous conformation produces the con- 
tortion of the plane of all the rest of the foot. 

The molars, to the number of 5 above and 4 below, are not fur- 
nished with roots as in the animals of the order of Edentata; thus 
differing from those of the Megatherium, which are described as 
having two roots. 

The species of Megalonyx were provided with an excessively strong 
tail, and probably prehensile, which together with the contortion of 
the plane of the hinder feet and the enormous length of the claws, 
must lead to the belief, observes M. Lund, that these animals, not- 
withstanding the great weight of their body, were destined to climb, 
like their representatives in the present creation. 

This genus appears to have been very rich in species; M. Lund 
already distinguishes five; one of them, M. Cuvierii, was of the size of 
a large ox, and this was not the largest species. 

A new genus would arrange itself by the side of Megalonyx, under 
the name of Sphenodon, which was of the size of a hog. 

A new genus, designated by M. Lund by the name of Cyclodon, and 
containing one species, would come still closer to the Bradypoda. 

Returning to the animals above enumerated, and which are com- 
prised in Cuvier’s order Edentata, M. Lund observes: 1. That the 
family of the Myrmecophaga, that of the Dasypoda, and that of the 
Bradypoda, which, at the present period, are peculiar to America, also 
existed there at the preceding epoch. 2. That at that period these 
families were peculiar to this portion of the globe exclusively, as 
they are at present, and the cause of this opinion is that no species 
of these three families has been hitherto discovered in the diluvian 
deposits of other portions of the earth. 3. That this large order of 
Edentata was at that time more numerous both in genera and spe- 
cies than at the present day. 4. That most of these mammiferous 
genera which formerly inhabited the country have disappeared. 
5. That all then existing species have been destroyed, only two 
species presenting some affinity, but not a perfect identity with living 
species. 6. And lastly, that the animals of this order at this period 
attained dimensions far more considerable than at present occurring. 

The family of the Bradypoda have disappeared entirely from the 
basin of the Rio das Velhas, which would be accounted for by the 
absence of primeval forests, all the country being occupied by that 
form of vegetation termed by the Brazilians Campos. It is probable 
that at the period during which these large animals lived it was 
quite different, and that the country was then covered with immense 
forests: still, however, everything leads us to suppose that they led 
the same kind of life as their representatives of the present period, 


M. Lund on Fossil Mammifera discovered in Brazil. 425 


i.e. that notwithstanding their colossal dimensions they sought their 
food in trees. 


PACHYDERMATA. 
This family was more numerous at those times than at present. 
M. Lund mentions a species of Tapir, four species of Pecari, and 
moreover a Mastodon, equaling in size that of an Elephant. 


RuMINANTIA. 

The family of Ruminants, which is represented in this country by 
the sole genus Cervus, possessed at this ancient period, besides the 
genus Cervus, of which two fossil species are met with, an antelope 
and two generic types which have no representatives ; they are di- 
stinguished by the names of Auchenia* and Leptotherium. M. Lund 
is acquainted with two species of each of these genera. 


Frera. 

The Carnivora were not less numerous or varied in those times 
than the Ruminants. There were three species of Felis, two species 
of Canis, a bear, and what is most remarkable, a species belonging 
to the genus Cynailurus of Wagler, or Guepardus of M. Dumortier, 
which is peculiar to the old world, and which at that period occurred 
in the new world. M. Lund also notices a jackal, which will con- 
stitute a new genus under the name of Speothos, one species of Coati, 
another of the genus Kirara, and lastly, what will appear most sur- 
prising, a hyena, which to his great astonishment he found with re- 
mains of Pacas, of Agoutis, of Pecari, of Megalonyx, and other Ame- 
rican forms. The species which he calls H. Neog@a equals in size 
the largest living species of hyzena. 

MarsvPliaLia. 

The diluvian deposits of the caverns of Brazil are filled with frag- 
ments of Marsupials of the genus Didelphys, amongst which seven 
species may be distinguished, five of which bear more or less analogy 
to recent species of this country, while the two others exhibit not a 
trace of resemblance. A new genus will arrange itself by the side of 
Didelphys which appears to have been of the size of a Jaguar, and 
seems to represent the great species Dasyurus of New Holland. M. 
Lund assigns the name of Thylacotheriumf to it. 

GLIRES. 
This family was not less remarkable than the former by the va- 


* The term duchenia, having already been applied by Illiger to the ex- 
isting Llamas, and Vicuguas, cannot be retained for the extinct genus dis- 
covered by Dr. Lund.—Eprr. 

+ This term has been applied to one of the extinct Marsupial genera of 
the Stonesfield oolite. See the present volume of ¢ Annals’, p. 61.—Epir. 


Ann. Nat. Mist. Vol.3. No.19. Aug. 1839. 2u 


426 M. Lund on Fossil Mammifera discovered in Brazil. 


riety of forms and by the large size of the species. M. Lund notices 
and describes, in this family alone, twenty-one species, several of 
which constitute new genera; he states that he possesses a vast 
number of fossil remains, which he has not had time hitherto to study 
in detail. 

All the families hitherto passed in review have shown a superi- 
ority in number of species, and especially of genera, in favour of the 
antediluvian period. This is not the case for the two remaining fa- 
milies, the Cheiroptera and the Simie. 

CHEIROPTERA. 

With regard to the Cheiroptera, says M. Lund, it is but recently 
that I succeeded in discovering some few remains among the mil- 
lions of bones of small animals contained in the deposits of some 
caverns. ‘The heaps of recent bones which are frequently found in 
the caverns, arising as I have above observed from remains of animals 
dragged into them by the Striv perlata, contain bones of Cheiroptera 
in greater number, and it might lead one to conclude that this family 
was in fact less numerous in the ancient periods than it is at pre- 
sent. However, as several circumstances lead me to believe that it 
was by a diurnal bird of prey that the heap of the small fossil bones 
was formed, this explains, as I shall subsequently show, why the 
bones of animals of the family in question are more rare amongst 
them than in the heaps of recent bones. 

SIMIZ. 

The existence of Simie at periods previous to the present order of 
things was a fact yet new to science, when I discovered in the month 
of July 1836, the first fossil remains of an animal of this family. Since 
then I have learnt that their presence has been confirmed in Europe 
and in Asia. I possess fossil bones of two species of this family, one 
of which, that will not come under any of the existing genera, at- 
tained the height of four feet (Protopithecus brasiliensis) : the other 
approaches considerably to the genus Callithriz, exceeding it by a 
height of twice that of the species living at the present day (Calli- 
thrix primevus). 

I shall conclude by observing that hitherto I have found no trace 
of the existence of man at this period. 

This rapid glance will suffice to show that the torrid zone of our 
globe, far from having been uninhabited during the period preceding 
the now existing state of things, possessed, on the contrary, an ani- 
mal creation more numerous, more varied, and more gigantic, than 
that which it sustains at present. 

We also see that South America possessed at that period the same 


Planis collected by Mr. Schomburgek tn British Guiana. 427 


animal forms which now characterize it: the Myrmecophaga, the 
Armadillos, the Pecari, the Coati, the Opossums, the Loncheres, the 
Coendous, the Agontis, the Pacas, the Capibaras and others. But, 
notwithstanding this analogy in the general type, it appears that the 
species of the two periods are different ; at least M. Lund knows at 
present but of one single exception to this rule (Loncheres elegans). 

If we combine, says M. Lund in concluding, this fact with the 
geological facts above alluded to; if we remember that all the coun- 
try in question, elevated 2000 feet above the level of the sea, is co- 
vered with a continuous and great stratum of loose soils which ex- 
tend equally and without any interruption over plains, valleys, and 
hills, and which is not missing even on the table lands and gentle 
slopes of the highest mountains (5000 to 6000 feet); if we consider 
that this stratum contains subjacent beds of gravel and stones which 
fill all the fissures and caverns of the limestone rocks, and, that lastly, 
it contains numerous remains of animals differing from those which 
at the present day inhabit this country; if, I say, we combine these 
facts, we can hardly refuse seeing proofs the most irrefragable of a 
great irruption of waters, which, covering all this portion of the 
globe, put an end to the beings then inhabiting it. 


XLVIII.—Enumeration of Plants collected by Mr. Schom- 
burgk, British Guiana. By Greorce Bentuam, Esq., 
PLS: 

[Continued from vol. ii. p.451.*] 
LEGUMINOSZ. 
Tribe Lotez, DC. 

Ir we commence the long series of Leguminose with the Papilio. 

nacee@, the tribe of Podalyriee might be placed first, removing the 

true Sophoree to the end, as forming the intermediate link between 

Papilionacee and Cesalpiniee. ‘The vast tribe of Lotee might come 

next, divided into sub-tribes nearly in the order proposed by DeCan- 

dolle, but with a few modifications of detail. 


Sub-tribe GenistEx, DC. 

Monadelphous stamens, and simple or palmate leaves, are the 
chief characteristics of this group, and admit of few if any excep- 
tions. The anthers are also frequently dissimilar, five being oblong 
and attached near the base, and five alternate ones shorter and at- 
tached towards the centre. ‘There do not appear ever to be either 
stipellz to the leaves, a vaginal disk round the ovarium, nor trans- 


* The plant erroneously described in the last paper as a new Baccharis, 
under the name of Baccharis erioptera, is the Pterocaulon spicatum. DU. 
Prod. v. p. 454. 


An 5 ie 


428 Mr.G.Bentham’s Enumeration of the Plants 


verse dissepiments to the pods. They are usually low shrubs or 
perennial herbs, occasionally annuals, but seldom trees. 

85. Crotalaria stipularia. Desv. Journ. Bot. 1814. ii. p. 76. DC. Prod. 
ii. p. 124.—C. Espadilla, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. p. 398. 
DC. 1. ¢. Folia inferiora late ovalia, stipulis minimis breviter decurrenti- 
bus, superiora multo minora, ovali-oblonga v. lanceolata, stipulis maximis 
semi-sagittato-decurrentibus, parte libera triangulari falcata. In C. sagit- 
tale stipularum superiorum pars libera recta est lanceolata et divergens.—Sa- 
vannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n.62.—French Guiana. Leprieur. 
Herb. Par. n. 9.—Brazil. Pohl.—Gardner, n. 959, &c. 

86. Crotalaria genistella. Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. p. 398. 
DC. Prod. ii. p. 124.—C. pterocaula. Desv.i.c. DC. 1. c. Stipulee supe- 
riores, parte libera brevissima obtusa, seepe per internodia duo decurrent, 
et caulis sic anguste quadrialata est.—Moist Savannahs of the Rupunoony, 
British Guiana. Schomburgk.—Brazil. Pohl.—Peru. Mathews, n. 1935. 


These two species belong to a section of Crotalaria, which may 
be called Anarthrophyllum and thus characterized : 

Folia simplicia, sessilia v. in petiolo brevi non articulata. Flores racemosi. 
Calyces nunc profunde bilabiati bibracteolati, nunc subzequaliter 5-fidi 
nudi v. minute bibracteolati. Legumen calyce longius v. rarissime 
subbrevius. 

For the arrangement of the numerous species the section contains, 
the groups proposed by Wight and Arnott (Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind. - 
Or. p. 101 et seq.) appear to be natural, although they run much 
into one another. Most of the species of their five first groups and 
some of those of the sixth have a deeply bilabiate calyx, with the 
lips sometimes scarcely divided, and bracteole on each side often 
nearly equal to the calyx itself; whilst those of the remaining groups, 
with some species of the sixth, have a campanulate calyx, nearly 
equally five-cleft, and the bracteole very minute, often placed on the 
peduncle below the calyx ; but the passage from the one to the other 
is too gradual and too unconnected with habit to be made use of in 
characterizing the groups. 

To the Alate, to which both the above species belong, I should 
also refer several new Brazilian species, of which I subjoin the spe- 
cific characters, reserving fuller descriptions for the ‘ Legumino- 
sarum Genera et Species’ which I am preparing. 

C. Pohliana, fruticosa, rufo-villosa, foliis sessilibus ovalibus, stipulis supe- 
rioribus decurrentibus, apice oblique truncatis, racemis terminalibus multi- 
floris.—Rio Uruhu and Villa Boa. Pohl. 

C. bracteosa, fruticosa elata, ramis glabris, stipulis superioribus latis 
petiolo adnatis decurrentibus, foliis ellipticis supra glabris subtus sericeo- 
villosis, racemis terminalibus multifloris, bracteis plerisque stipulatis.—Bra~ 
zil. Lhotsky. 


> 


collected by Mr. Schomburgk in British Guiana. 429 


C. otoptera, elata, paniculato-ramosa, rufo- v. subsericeo-villosa, stipulis 
lanceolato-linearibus subfalcatis angustissime decurrentibus supra folium in- 
ferius in appendicem latam triangularem falcatam dilatatis, racemis subop- 
positifoliis multifloris.—Oliveira and Caldas Novas. Pohl. 

C. Vespertilio, elata, paniculato-ramosa, glaberrima, stipulis superioribus 
maximis late decurrentibus semi-ovatis cuneiformibusve, racemis lateralibus 
multifloris—Ourofino and Santa Cruz, in Goyaz. Pohl. 

C. divergens, herbacea, adpresse pubescens, divaricato-ramosa, foliis sub- 
sessilibus ovatis, stipulis plerisque anguste decurrentibus, apice rotundatis, 
nonnullis abortivis v. minimis, racemis oppositifoliis terminalibusque pluri- 
floris.—Ourofino, in Goyaz. Pohl. 

C. velutina, herbacea, erecta v. adscendens, pilis longis mollibus vestita, 
foliis sessilibus oblongis lanceolatisve basi subcordatis, stipulis superioribus 
parvis lanceolatis breviter decurrentibus, pedunculis oppositifoliis 1—2-floris. 
—Rio Uruhu, and between Bomfin and Caldas in Goyaz, Pohl. 


The following new ones from the same country belong to the 
group of Erecte: 

C. virgata, erecta, elata, paniculato-ramosa, preter paginam inferiorem 
foliorum sericeam glabra, foliis exstipulatis oblongo-ellipticis utrinque an- 
gustatis, racemis multifloris, bracteis bracteolis segmentisque calycinis lato- 
lanceolatis acuminatis, leguminibus longe stipitatis glabris.—Minas Geraes. 
Pohl, Langsdorff. 

C. foliosa, suffruticosa? erecta, tota pilis rufis subsericeis vestita, foliis 
subsessilibus exstipulatis obovatis oblongisve obtusis, racemis subtermina- 
libus multifloris, bracteis bracteolisque lanceolatis acuminatis, corollis legu- 
minibusque glabris.—Claros mountains. Pohl. 

C. flavicoma, suffruticosa? erecta, tota pilis longis rufis vestita, foliis ses- 
silibus ovatis subcordatis exstipulatis, racemis subterminalibus multifloris, 
bracteis bracteolisque lanceolatis acuminatis, corollis ovarioque glabris.— 
Serra da Chrystais. Pohl. 

C. grandiflora, fruticosa? erecta, elata, pilis adpressis pubescens, feliis 
ovato- v. oblongo-ellipticis basi longe angustatis, racemis axillaribus termi- 
nalibusque plurifloris, bracteis bracteolisque lanceolatis acuminatis, calycibus 
amplis corollam zquantibus.—Near Cercado. Pohl. 

C. divaricata, fruticosa, ramosissima, rufo-pubescens, foliis breviter petio- 
latis ovalibus, pedunculis brevibus axillaribus 1—2-floris, bracteis bracteo- 
lisque lineari-acuminatis, calycibus corolla parum brevioribus.—Rio Reazon. 
Pohl. 

The genus Chrysocalyz, of Guiiiemin and Perottet, would much 
more naturally come in as a second section of Crotalaria, and the 
species with palmately-compound leaves, already referred to Crota- 
laria, would form the third section, which, containing the greater 
number of Linnzan species, may be called Hucrotalaria. I should 
exclude from it, however, several of E. Meyer’s species which have 
not a truly inflate pod, and perhaps also those with a biovulated ova- 
rium forming the genus Clavulium of Desvaux. 


430 Mr. G. Bentham’s Enumeration of the Plants 


To the section Lucrotalaria belongs the following : 


87. Crotalaria leptophylla, suffruticosa?, glabriuscula, foliis petiolatis 
trifoliolatis, foliolis oblongo-linearibus utrinque longe angustatis, racemis 
subterminalibus paucifloris laxis, bracteis bracteolisque minutis deciduis, 
calycibus corolla triplo brevioribus late campanulatis subaequaliter quinque- 
fidis, laciniis lateralibus utrinque apice connatis, leguminibus glabris.—Sa- 
vannahs of the Rupunoony. Schomburgk.—On the Rio Preto, in Brasil. 
Pohl. Petiolus semipollicaris v. interdum pollicaris. Foliolum intermedium 
2—3-pollicare, lateralia breviora v. in foliis supremis nulla. Flores ampli 
C. arborescentis. Vexilli unguis appendiculatum villosum. Alz valde pli- 
cate. Ovarium tenuiter pubescens. 

Among the Brasilian species of this section, Pohl’s collection, be- 
sides the above and the C. incana and vitellina, contains six new ones, 
and I have two or three others from other collectors. ‘The most re- 
markable is the following : 

C. unifoliolata, suffruticosa, glabravel tenuissime adpresso-pubescens, foliis 
exstipulatis, foliolo unico ad apicem petioli articulato oblongo-elliptico, ra- 
cemo terminali multifloro, bracteis minutissimis, calyce campanulato ebrac- 
teato semi quinque-fido, leguminibus sericeo-villosis.—Brasil. Schiicht. 
Near Oretiro. Pohl. 

It is impossible not to admit, with the younger Agardh, the close 
affinity to Crotalaria of the genus Lupinus, which indeed differs in 
nothing but the form of the pod. Among the simple-leaved species 
the L. integrifolius, Linn., and L. Cochinchinensis, Lour., must cer- 
tainly be removed as not belonging to the genus, and the following 
three new Brasilian ones may be added, all allied to L. villosus, but 
specifically distinct : 

L. velutinus, perennis, erectus v. basi decumbens, molliter et adpresse 
lanuginoso-villosus, foliis breviter petiolatis stipulatis oblongis ellipticisve 
acutis, basi angustatis, floribus dense spicatis, calycis bibracteolati labiis sub- 
integris.—On the Rio San Francisco. Pohl. 

L. subsessilis, perennis, decumbens, molliter et adpresse lanuginoso-villo- 
sus, foliis subsessilibus stipulatis ovali-oblongis acutis basi angustatis, floribus 
laxe spicatis, calycis bibracteolati labio superiore bifido inferiore subintegro. 
—Sierra da Chrystais. Pohl. 

L. coriaceus, suffruticosus? ramis suberectis hirsutis, foliis exstipulatis 
sessilibus oblongo-linearibus basi angustatis subglabris coriaceis, spica laxi- 
uscula, calycis bibracteolati labio superiore breviter bifido inferiore subinte- 
gro.—Near Tejuco, and in the Serra Frio. Vauthier, n. 141 and 142. 


Subtribe InpIGOFERS. 

Having removed Clitoria and most of the genera included by De 
Candolle in his subtribe of Clitoriee to Phaseolee, Chetocalyx being 
now known to be a Hedysarea, and Psoralea forming, with Dalea, 
Petalostemon and some others, a distinct subtribe under the name of 


collected by Mr. Schomburgk in British Guiana. 431 


Psoralea, there remains Indigofera, which cannot well be associated 
with any other group of Lotee. Asat present constituted the genus 
would include Hemispadon, Endl., Oustropis, Don, and the Cape spe- 
cies of Reichenbach’s Bonjeania. A revision however of the very 
numerous species contained in Indigofera may suggest the separa- 
tion of some groups, especially the Onobrychioidei of Wight and Ar- 
nott, including J. echinata of those authors, and J. acanthocarpa of 
Lindley. Cyamopsis appears also to be referable to Indigofere. 

88. Indigofera pascuorum, suffruticosa, erecta, canescens, foliis plerisque 
unifoliolatis nonnullis pinnatim 3—7-foliolatis, foliolis oppositis minute sti- 
pellatis oblongis mucronatis basi angustatis, racemis elongatis laxifloris, ca- 
lycibus breviter pedicellatis corolla dimidio brevioribus, legumine recto con- 
tinuo subtereti polyspermo, juniore canescente.—British Guiana. Schom- 
burgk, n. 96. St. Domingo, Herb. Mus. Petrop.—Caules e basi crassa ra- 
mosa erecti, bipedales, tenues, paucifoliati. Racemi elongati. Flores me- 
diocres, rosei. 

The only other American species known to me with so small a 
number of leaflets are the following: 

I. gracilis, Bongard MS., suffruticosa, erecta, canescens, foliis (omnibus ?) 
unifoliolatis, foliolo elongato anguste lineare acuto, racemis elongatis laxi- 
floris, calycibus breviter pedicellatis corolla dimidio brevioribus, legumine 
recto continuo subtereti polyspermo juniore canescente.—San Paulo, Bra- 
silie. Herb. Mus. Petrop. 

I. asperifolia, Bongard MS., suffruticosa, procumbens v. adscendens, sub- 
canescens, foliis simplicibus 3—5-foliolatisve, foliolis oppositis stipellatis ob- 
longis linearibusve mucronatis basi angustatis, racemis longe pedunculatis 
elongatis multifloris, calycibus subsessilibus laciniis corolla vix dimidio bre- 
vioribus, legumine continuo subtereti polyspermo, juniore canescente.—In 
campis ad Rio Pardo Brasiliz. Herb. Mus. Petrop. 

I. Pohliana, fruticosa? erecta, canescens, foliis 3—7-foliatis, foliolis oppo- 
sitis vix stipellatis oblongis obovatisve mucronatis basi angustatis, racemis 
densis folio brevioribus, legumine continuo subtereti polyspermo juniore ca- 
nescente.—In campis glareosis Brasiliz. Pohl, Langsdorff, &c. 


Subtribe GaLteces, DC. 

89. Tephrosia toxicaria. Pers. Syn. ii. 8328. DC. Prod. ii. 249.—Legu- 
men constanter sessile vidi. Stamen vexillare basi et apice liberum, medio 
in tubum integrum cum ceteris coalitum. Stylus lateraliter barbatus. Stig- 
ma vix brevissime penicillatum.—Dry Savannahs on the Rupunoony, where 
it is called Yarro conalli, and usedfor poisoning the fish Yarro, which will not 
eat the Hiarry. Schomburgk, n.173.—Panama. Cuming, n.1170. St. 
Vincent’s, Anderson. 

90. Tephrosia (Brissonia) penicillata, caule herbaceo decumbente rufo- 
pubescente, foliolis 5—9 oblongis obtusis mucrone recurvo adpresse pube- 
scentibus, racemis elongatis oppositifoliis, calycis villosi dentibus e basi lati- 
uscula subulatis tubo suo vix zquilongis, vexillo villoso, stylo glabro, stig- 
mate longe penicillato, legumine rufo-villosulo—Habitu 7. hispidule ap- 


432 Mr. G. Bentham’s Hnumeration of the 


proximatur, Stipulz lineari-subulate. Stipellze nullz. Foliola pollicaria, 
alterna v. opposita, terminali latiore et longiore. Racemus semipedalis v. 
longior. Flores secus rhachin fasciculati, fasciculis 2—3-floris remotis. Pe- 
dicelli inferiores calyce sublongiores, superiores breviores. Bractez subu- 
late. Bracteolz nulla. Corolle calycem ter superantes, roseze. Vexillum 
intensius coloratum, orbiculatum, emarginatum, longe unguiculatum, basi 
exappendiculatum. Alz vexillo aquilonge, transversim plicate. Carina 
parum brevior, vix unguiculata, petalis a basi dorso connatis. Stamina 7. 
toxicarie. Ovarium sessile, villosum. Stylus subcorneus glaberrimus. Stig- 
ma terminale-—Near the brook Akalaurie, on the Upper Rupunoony. 
Schomburgk, n. 678. 


A larger Brazilian species, closely allied to the preceding, was ga- 
thered by Dr. Pohl in the desert pastures of S. Isabel, and has also 
been sent to me by the Academy of Petersburgh, gathered in the dry 
pastures of the Minas Geraes. It may be thus distinguished : 


T. adunca, caule herbaceo ? decumbente rufo-pubescente, foliolis 7—13 ob- 
longis obtusis adpresse pubescentibus mucrone recurvo, racemis elongatis 
oppositifoliis, calycis villosi dentibus e basi latiuscula subulatis tubo longio- 
ribus, vexillo villoso, stylo glabro, stigmate longe penicillato, lezumine rufo- 
villosulo.—Corolla paullo minor, calyx major dentibus multo longioribus 
quam in 7’. penicillaia. 

91. Tephrosia (Brissouia?) brevipes, suffruticosa?, ramis erectis dense 
rufo-velutinis, foliolis 1—3 brevissime petiolatis anguste oblongis supra gla- 
bris subtus argentea-sericcis, pedicellis axillaribus 1—3 brevissimis unifloris, 
calycis velutini dentibus tubo longioribus infima duplo longiore, vexillo alis- 
que extus adpresse villosis, legumine rufo-velutino.—Foliola 14—2 polli- 
caria, intermedio longiore, supra lineata, siccitate nigricantia. Stipule parve ; 
stipellee subnulle. Calycis dens inferior 3 lin. longus, incurvus, corollam sub- 
zquans. Petala ccerulea (teste Schomb.), uti filamenta maculis oblongis sic- 
citate nigris crebris notata. Alz oblongee, vexillo et carina parum breviores. 
Stamina medio monadelpha, filamento vexillari basi et apice libero. Ova- 
rium sessile villosum. Stylus glaber. Stigma pilis longis penicillatum. Le- 
gumen fere bipollicare.—Savannahs about Anna-y. Schomburgk, n. 66. 

92. Lonchocarpus? floribundus, foliolis 7 ovatis acuminatis coriaceis supra 
glabris subtus tenuissime sericeis, racemis folio duplo longioribus nodosis, 
floribus fasciculatis, calycibus vexilloque sericeis.—Foliola 2—3-pollicaria. 
Racemi pedales. Flores fere Z. sericez, paullo minores, petalis tenuioribus. 
Calyx evidenter dentatus. Corolla lilacina (teste Schomb.). Stamina mo- 
nadelpha. Ovarium sessile, villosum, 4-ovulatum. Stylus glaber. Legu- 
men ignotum.—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 238. 

93. Lonchocarpus? rufescens, foliolis 9 oblongo-ellipticis acuminatis supra 
glabris subtus rufo-sericeis, racemis folio longioribus nodosis caule petiolis- 
que rufo-tomentosis, floribus fasciculatis, calycibus rufo-pubescentibus, vex- 
illo leviter sericeo.—Frutex. Foliola 83—5-pollicaria. Racemus 1—11-pe- 
dalis. Flores L. floribundi, at glabriores. Legumen ignotum.—British Gui- 
ana. Schomburgk, n. 745. 

94, Lonchocarpus ? 


Plants collected by Mr. Schomburgk in British Guiana. 433 


94. Lonchocarpus? densiflorus, scandens, foliolis 7—9 oblongo-ellipticis 
acuminatis supra glabris subtus pallidis tenuissime sericeis, petiolis cauleque 
glabriusculis, racemis ferrugineis folia subeequantibus nodosis, floribus fasci- 
culatis, calyce pubescente, vexillo leviter sericeo.—Foliola 14—2-pollicaria. 
Racemi vix semipedales, densi. Calyx obsolete dentatus. Carina valde in- 
curva acuta. Stamina et ovarium precedentium.—Banks of the Upper Esse- 
quibo, where the pounded stem is used for poisoning fish under the name of 
Bastard Hiarry. Schomburgk, n. 52. 


The genus Lonchocarpus, though numerous in species, and some 
of them common in tropical America, is as yet so imperfectly known 
that it is not easy to trace its immediate affinities. It appears to 
connect the Galegee with the Dalbergiee. The flowers are very nearly 
those of Tephrosia and Robinia, in which latter genus the early 
writers comprehended many of the species, but the pod is said, in 
most cases where it is known, to be indehiscent. If this be really 
the case it should probably be removed to Dalbergiee. Among the 
supposed species of Lonchocarpus the L. Amerimnum seems to be a 
Platymiscium, and Kunth’s genus Clyciridia should perhaps be 
adopted for the L. sepium. The L. violaceus and L. punctatus are 
remarkable from the mixture of round and oblong glandular dots in 
their leaves, and form a separate section if nota genus. ‘The three 
new species enumerated above differ from most others by their inflo- 
rescence, which is that of many Phaseolee, but the flowers are pre- 
cisely those of Lonchocarpus, and in the absence of the fruit it does 
not appear advisable to separate them. 


Tribe Hepysarez, DC. 


95. Aischynomene sensitiva, Linn. DC. Prod. ii. p. 320.—British Guiana. 
Schomburgk, n. 603.—French Guiana. Herb. Par. n. 45. 

96. Aischynomene paniculata, Willd. Vogel, Linnea, xii. p. 95.—British 
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 181. 

97. eschynomene (Ochopodium) conferta, ramis pubescentibus foliosis, 
foliolis 8—12-jugis parvis confertis oblongis utrinque adpresse et sparse pi- 
losis, racemis folio brevioribus subsex-floris flavo-hirtis, leguminibus profun- 
dissime partitis biarticulatis pilosis——Herba bipedalis sequentibus affinis.— 
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 187. 

98. ischynomene hystrix, Poir. Dict. Suppl. iv. p.77. DC. Prod. ii. p. 
321.—French Guiana. Herb. Par. n. 27. 

99. Aeschynomene paucijuga, DC. 1, c—French Guiana. Herb. Par. n. 10. 

100. Zornia reticulata, Sm. DC. Prod. ii. p. 316.—Arid Savannahs of 
the south chain of the Conocon Mountains, British Guiana. Schomburgk. 

101. Zornia latifolia, DC. Prod. ii. p. 317.—British Guiana. Schom- 
burgk, n. 257. 

102. Stylosanthes gracilis, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. p. 567 


Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.3. No.20. Aug. 1839. 21 


434 Mr. G. Bentham’s Enumeration of the Plants 


—507. DC. Prod. ii. 318.—Dry Savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, 
n. 240. 

103. Stylosanthes guianensis, Swartz. DC. Prod. ii. -p. 318.—French 
Guiana. Leprieur, Herb, Par. n. 20. 

104. Stylosanthes viscosa, Swartz. DC. Prod. ii. p.317—Savannahs, Bri- 
tish Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 178 or 278. 

105. Stylosanthes angustifolia, Vogel, Linnza, xii. p. 63.—Spice tenues, 
sepe ultrapollicares, basi subinterrupte. Flores inferiores 4—8 foeminei, 
incompleti, stylo multo longiore quam in czeteris speciebus, superiores pauci 
eompleti steriles.—French Guiana. Herb. Par. n. 18. 

106. Nicholsonia cayennensis, DC. Prod. ii. p. 325.—British Guiana. 
Sehomburgk, n. 19.—French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 15. This 
and the N. venustula are probably mere varieties of N. barbata. 

107. Desmodium pachyrrhizum, Vogel, Linnea, xii. p. 97.—British Gui- 
ana. Schomburgk, n. 657. The specimens agree both with Vogel’s de- 
scription and with others gathered by Pohl in Brazil. 

108. Desmodium elatum, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. p. 527. 
DC. Prod. ii. p. 328.—British Guiana, Schomburgk. Gardner’s n. 971. 
from Pernambuco appears to be the same species though less hairy. 

109. Desmodium asperum, Desv. DC. Prod. ii- p. 333. Folia nonnun- 
quam, presertim inferiora, unifoliolataa—French Guiana. Leprieur. 

110. Desmodzum rubiginosum, caule herbaceo obtuse tetragono erecto pe- 
tiolisque rufo-villosis, stipulis basi dilatatis stipellisque striatis longe acumi- 
natis, foliolis 3 ovatis obtusis mucronatis crassis utrinque tomentoso-villosis 
rufescentibus, racemis paniculatis terminalibus, floribus parvis numerosis, 
Jeguminibus moniliformibus pluriarticulatis hispidulis. Affine D. aspero, at 
satis distincta videtur. Foliola minora, mollius et densius villosa.— British 
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 217. 

111. Desmodium ancistroearpum, DC. Prod. ii. p.331. Species a D. in- 
eano parum diversa.—French Guiana, Leprieur; and in various Brazilian 
collections. 

112. Desmodium cajanefolium, DC. Prod. ii. p. 351.—Hedysarum caja- 
neefolium, Hwmb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. p. 525. t. 598. var.? foliis 
supra pilis minutis sparse hirtellis—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 648. 


Tribe Frasrotes, DC. 

113. Clitoria Poitei, DC, Prod. ii. p. 234.—British Guiana. Schomburgk. 
Panama or Western Columbia. Cuming, n. 1141. 

In this species the bracteole are much shorter than the calyx, yet, 
on account of its habit, it must be referred to the section Bractearia, 
which would remain characterized by the frutescent stem and trifo- 
hiolate leaves only. Iam informed also that the name Bractearia 
has been given to a genus of Rubiacee and to a section of Cheto- 
gastra, and although it does not seem strictly necessary that the 
same sectional name be not used in different genera, yet as Bractearia 


collected by Mr. Schomburgk in British Guiana, 435 


is now moreover inappropriate, it may be changed to Dendrocya- 
mus. 

To the same section belongs the following new species rie Clitoria 
from the Petersburgh herbarium. 


C. mucronulata, caule fruticoso glabro, ramis junioribus petiolis racemise 
que minute puberulis, foliolis oblongo-ellipticis vix acuminatis glabris vel 
subtus margineque sparse puberulis, racemis pauciflovis folio brevioribus, 
bracteolis ovali-oblongis calycem subeequantibus.—-Ad Rio Madeira et Borba 
in Brasilia.—Stipelle petiolulo breviores. Foliola omnia mucronulata. 
Vexillum leviter adpresse pubescens. Legumen junius villosum. 

114. Neurocarpum longifolium, Mart. in Benth. Ann. Mus. Vind. ii. p, 
116. var. longifolium. MW. frigidulum, ejusd. 1, c.—British Guiana. Schom- 
burgk. 

Since I described the above two plants I have seen intermediate 
specimens which convince me that they are but varieties of each other. 
The species has an extensive range from the Essequibo to the pro- 
vince of Minas Geraes in Brazil. 

115, Neurocarpum cajanefolium, Presl. Symb. Bot. p. 17. t. 9.—Savan- 
nahs at Anna-y. Schomburgk, n. 58. It appears to be a common plant 
from the Spanish Main to Rio Janeiro, It is Gardner’s n, 960. from Per- 
nambuco. 

The N. guianense, DC., or Crotalaria guianensis of Aublet, was by 
mistake omitted in my memoir above-quoted. I have not seen it, 
but from the figure and descriptions it appears to be near the two 
preceding ones, but different from both. 


116. Centrosema vexillatum, caule herbaceo glabro, ramulis junioribus 
pedunculisque puberulis, foliolis oblongo-ellipticis ovalibusve obtusis, pedun- 
culis petiolo longioribus apice racemosis paucifloris, bracteolis ovalibus am- 
plis calyce triplo longioribus extus puberulis, ealycis dentibus superioribus 
brevissimis.—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 378,—Foliola 2—4-pollica- 
ria. Stipellz setacew. Bracteole 10 lin. longw. Vexillum sesqui-pollicare, 
Jatissimum. 

117. Centrosema brasilianum, Benth. in Ann. Mus. Vind. ii. p. 118.— 
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 239. 


Allied to the above, but differing in inflorescence and form of 
leaves, is the following from Sumadoris in Brazil, received from the 
Academy of Petersburgh, 

C. brachypodum, ramis petiolisque pubescentibus, foliolis ovatis acumi- 
natis, basi subcordatis rotundatisve supra glabris subtus ad venas puberulis, 
pedunculis brevissimis apice dense multifloris, bracteolis ovatis obliquis acu- 
minatis calyce longioribus, dentibus calycinis superioribus brevissimis. 

The (. angustifolium was gathered by Salzmann at Bahia, and is 


in the Herbarium of the Academy of St. Petersburgh from Tejuco ; 


212 


436 Mr.G. Bentham’s Enumeration of the Plants 


the same collection contains also a remarkable variety of C. arena- 
rium with almost emarginate leaflets. 

Allied to C. arenarium, but belonging to the second division of the 
genus, is the following species gathered by Salzmann at Bahia. 


C. Salzmanni, caule glabro, ramulis pedunculisque pubescentibus, foliolis 
oblongo-ovatis acuminatis vix coriaceis supra glabris subtus ad venas pube- 
rulis demum glabris, pedunculis petiolo brevioribus vel vix longioribus apice 
umbellato-plurifloris, bracteolis ovatis obliquis acuminatis calycis dente in- 
feriore brevioribus, calycibus puberulis quadrifidis, dentibus superioribus latis 
tubo zquilongis, supremo bidentato, infimo longissimo lineari. 

Blanchet’s n. 2705. from the Serra Jacobina in the province of 
Bahia is a curious little species, allied to C. rotundifolium, but with 
five to seven smaller and narrower leaflets. My specimen however 
is not good enough to establish the diagnosis satisfactorily. 

118. Centrosema macrocarpum, caule juniore petiolisque pilosis demum 
glabrato, foliolis ovatis breviter acuminatis vix coriaceis supra vel utrinque 
glabris, pedunculis petiolum subzequantibus apice dense plurifloris, bracteolis 
dentibus calycinis subbrevioribus, calycibus latissimis 4-fidis, laciniis tubo 
longioribus divaricatis, suprema bidentata, inferioribus approximatis.—Bri- 
tish Guiana. Schomburgk. 


This species differs chiefly from C. grandiflorum by its thinner 
leaves perfectly glabrous, or with only a few hairs along the midrib. 
Its beans, according to Schomburgk, are eaten by the Indians, under 
the name of Commawisst. He adds, that the pods are uncommonly 
large ; in the single specimen sent by him the young ones are already 
nine inches long. 

Gardner’s n. 173. from Rio Janeiro is Centrosema decumbens, 
Mart.; his n. 356. from the Organ Mountains is a new species be- 
longing to the same division and may be thus characterized :— 

C. dasyanthum, caule glabro vel ramulis petiolisque junioribus puberulis, 
foliolis ovali-oblongis acuminatis vix coriaceis utrinque glabris, pedunculis 
brevibus apice paucifloris, bracteolis dentibus calycinis brevioribus rufo-vil- 
losis, calycibus 4-fidis laciniis lato-lanceolatis tubo sublongioribus rufo-vil- 
losis supremo bifido, vexillo extus rufo-villosissimo. 

Blanchet’s n. 2721. from the Serra Jacobina is a slight variety of 
Periandra dulcis, Mart., and his No. 2555. from the same chain is 
P. coccinea, Benth. 

119. Stenolobium ceruleum, Benth. in Ann. Mus. Vind. ii. p. 125.—Bri- 
tish Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 218. 

This is a widely diffused and apparently common plant; besides 
the numerous specimens gathered by Pohl, Martius, Salzmann, and 
others in various parts of Brazil, it is found in the Isle of St. Vin- 


collected by Mr. Schomburgk in British Guiana. 437 


cent’s and in Central America. It is Cuming’s n. 1097. from Pa- 
nama. 

The name of Stenolobium had been given by Deon to a genus of 
Bignoniacee, and I have therefore in some herbaria given the name 
of Cyanostremma to my genus; but as it now appears that Don’s Sie- 
_nolobium is not adopted, mine may retain that name. The following 
gathered by Salzmann at Bahia is a fourth species :— 

S. velutinum, foliolis concoloribus, calycibus querufo-velutinis, legumini- 
bus piloso-hispidis.—Calyces 4 lin. longi, tubuloso-campanulati. Corolla 
intense colorata, 8 lin. longa. 

120. Galactia velutina, volubilis, mollissime villosa, foliolis 3 ovalibus 
obtusis basi subcordatis supra velutino subtus subsericeo-villosis, pedunculis 
brevissimis paucifloris, laciniis calycinis tubo subtriplo longioribus corolla 
parum brevioribus.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 649. 

A somewhat coarse species with larger leaves than most of the 
American species. They somewhat resemble in form those of G. ca- 
nescens (Texas, Drummond, 2nd Coll. n. 81. 3rd Coll. n. 146.), but 
the species is readily known by the soft down of the whole plant. 

Cologania heterophylla of Gillies, judging from Tweedie’s speci- 
mens, is a Galactia very near to, if not identical with, G. marginalis, 
which is Drummond's n. 145 of his third Texas collection. 

121. Collea rosea, caule suffruticoso erecto? tomentoso-villoso, foliolis 
3 ovali-ellipticis utrinque obtusis submucronatis coriaceis supra pubescen- 
tibus subtus molliter villosis, pedunculis folio subbrevioribus interrupte ra- 
cemosis, calycis villosi laciniis lanceolatis tubo parum longioribus, vexillo 
glabro, leguminibus cano-velutinis.—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 261. 

Near C. Neesii and C. Martii. Flowers much smaller than in the 
former and racemes much shorter. Ido not possess specimens of 
C. Marti, but the present plant does not agree with the descriptions 
of it. 

122. Dioclea lasiocarpa, Mart. Benth. in Ann. Mus. Vind. il. p. 1388. 
—French Guiana. Herb. Par. n. 39 and 48. It is also Gardner’s n. 970 
from Pernambuco, and perhaps Dolichos comosus of Meyen’s Essequibo 


Flora. 
123. Dioclea guianensis, Benth. 1. c. p. 134.—British Guiana. Schom- 


burgk, n. 83.—46. villosior, foliolis supra pubescentibus, subtus dense seri- 
ceis, venis petiolisque rufescentibus.—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 629. 
Gardner’s n. 353 from the Organ Mountains is Cleobulia multi- 
flora, Mart., his n. 355 from the same chain is Canavalia picta, Mart., 
var. longiracemosa. Cuming’s n. 1204 from Panama is a slight va- 
riety of Canavalia obtusifolia, DC. Blanchet’s n. 2748 from Utinga 
in the province of Bahia is Canavalia brasiliensis, Mart., which spe- 
cies is also in Salzmann’s Bahia collection. 


~ 


438 Capt. DuCane on the Metamorphoses of Crustacea. 


124, A single imperfect specimen of a very fine Phaseolea allied to Ca- 
navalia, and in some respects to Vewillaria, probably forming a new genus, 
but which with the present materials I am unable to characterize. 

125. Phaseolus lasiocarpus, Mart, in Benth. Ann. Mus. Vind. ii. p. 140. 
—British Guiana. Schomburgk. 

126. Phaseolus longipedunculatus, Mart. in Benth. Ann. Mus. Vind. ii. 
p- 141. var. inter « et @ fere media, foliolis fere omnibus integris.—French 
Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 46 and 49, 

127. Phaseolus linearis, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. p. 445? 
—Arid Savannahs at the foot of the$Conocon Mountains, Schomburgk. 

128. Phaseolus gracilis, Pépp. in Benth. 1. c.?—Arid Savannahs about 
Anna-y. Schomburgk. The single specimens sent by Schomburgk of these 
three Phaseoli are 80 imperfect that I am unable to determine them with 
certainty. 

129. Eriosema lanceolatum, caulibus basi procumbentibus appresse pilosis 
apice ascendentibus rufo-barbatis, stipulis in unum lanceolatum oppositi- 
folium connatis, petiolis brevissimis, foliolo unico late lanceolato obtuso mu- 
cronato basi subcordato supra glabro subtus ad venas appresse ferrugineo, 
racemis brevibus paucifloris.—British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 651.— 
French Guiana. Herb. Par. n.16. Flowers yellow (Schomburgk.). 

130. Eriosema violaceum. Rhynchosia (Eriosema) violacea, DC. Prod. 
ii, p. 388. Cytisus violaceus, dubl. Fl. Guian. ii. p. 766. t. 306.— British 
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 642. 

131. Eriosema crinitum. Rhynchosia (Eriosema) crinita, DC. Prod. ii 
p. 889, Glycine crinita, Humb, et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi, p. 421. t. 
573. 

132. Eriosema pulchellum, Rhynchosia (Eriosema) pulchella, DC. 1. ec. 
Glycine pulchella, Humb. et Kunth, l. c. p. 422. 


The two last species were sent together by Schomburgk and num- 
bered in my set 245, but from his list there is reason to think there 
is some mistake of label. I am not certain of having referred the 
last one rightly to Kunth’s species, althoughit agrees tolerably well 
with his description. 

[To be continued. } 


XLIX.—On the Metamorphoses of the Crustacea. By Carr. 
C. DuCang, R.N. 
(With a Plate.] 


Havine since my last communication to the Rev. L. Jenyns 
on the subject of the metamorphoses of the Crustacea, pub- 
lished in the Ninth Number of the ‘ Annals of Natural Hi- 
story,’ had an opportunity of making some observations on the 
larva of a small species of the common crab (Carcinus Menas)> 


Capt. DuCane on the Metamorphoses of Crustacea. 439 


I bee to trouble you with the following particulars and ac- 
companying drawings of this animal, which I believe has not 
hitherto been figured, and is otherwise interesting, as con- 
firmatory of the fact of some species of the Brachyurous, as 
well as the Macrourous Decapods, being subject to a succession 
of changes before they reach their adult state. 

The crabs from which this larva was obtained were brought 
to me carrying their ova under their abdomen as early as the 
latter end of December last, but it was the beginning of 
March before one of them began to produce its larve, and 
even then, and indeed during the whole of the month of March 
and great part of April, comparatively few of the ova were 
hatched. The form of the larva up to this period is shown in 
fig. 1.; it exhibited-no other symptoms of life than merely 
slight movements of the limbs and antenne, and although fully 
developed, was from this circumstance, and the extreme trans- 
parency of its different organs, exceedingly difficult to deli- 
neate. Towards the end of April however, after the crabs had 
been carrying their ova for a period of four months, I had 
the satisfaction to find the larvee alive in great abundance, a 
large mass lying at the bottom of the vessel in which the 
crabs were kept, still of the same ferm I had found them pre- 
viously, but vast numbers of others swimming about the surfi.ce 
ef the water of the form shown in Plate XI. fig. 2. 

I was much surprised at thus finding myself suddenly in 
possession of apparently two different animals ; but the fact is, 
as I soon discovered, the larva is scarcely excluded from the 
ege of the form PI. XI. fig. 1., before it casts off this enve- 
lope, and assumes the appearance represented by Pl. XI. 
fig. 2.; indeed the animal, as it appears in this latter state, is 
distinctly visible through the delicate and highly transparent 
envelope which incloses it in its first condition, as I have en- 
deavoured to show both in fig. 1. and in the equally highly 
magnified sketches of the tails, figs. 5 and 6. 

As the ova continued to be hatched in great abundance du- 
ring many successive days, I had repeated opportunities of ob- 
serving this change effected ; it is accomplished as follows :— 
On its first liberation from the egg, the larva lies on its side, 
and seems to be only capable of progressing through the water 


440 Mr. George Dickie on the Fumariacee. 


by contracting and again expanding the abdominal section of 
its body. These movements soon detach its large tail, and with 
it the whole abdominal envelope; after which the animal uses 
the most violent exertions, by means of the now strong spines 
of its tail, doubling it under its thorax, and throwing it back 
straight again, with all the force it is capable of, to tear away 
the covering of the legs. The great majority of the larvee ex- 
haust themselves and fall victims to their fruitless efforts to ac- 
complish this portion of the moult; but having effected it, 
the antennz and corselet come away also; the dorsal spine, 
which is seen in fig. 1. reclining towards the head, rises up and 
takes an inclination in the opposite direction ; the frontal spine, 
which has hitherto been doubled up and concealed under 
the thorax, unfolds itself; and the little animal swims away 
with an awkward short movement of its natatory legs, some- 
times on its back as represented in fig. 3, sometimes on its 
face as in fig. 4; but always with its tail bent under it, ap- 
proximating to the situation it is destined to be carried in 
when the animal has attained its adult state. 

The larva of Carcinus Menas, it will be observed, in its se- 
cond stage resembles in its general character that of Cancer 
Pagurus, figured by Mr. Thompson in the Second Number of 
his Zoological Researches. They are both as unlike their ori- 
ginal types as it is well possible to imagine, and the probabi- 
lity I think is that they have each still to undergo a succession 
of changes before they become perfect crabs. Having ob- 
tained the larvze of Carcinus Menas from two different speci- 
mens in such abundance, I entertained great hopes of follow- 
ing it through all its phases; none of the larvee, however, sur- 
vived their birth beyond the fourteenth day, at which time 
_ they showed no indications of any siaanaia for a further 
metamorphosis. 

Southampton, May 29, 1829. 


L.—Remarks on the Fumariacee. By Grores Dickie, Esq., 
A.L.S., Lecturer on Botany at Aberdeen. 


Tue characters of the order Fumariacee are generally stated 
thus: “Sepals two, deciduous. Petals four, cruciate, par- 


Mr. George Dickie on the Fumariacez. 441 


allel, the two outer either one or both saccate at the base, 
the two inner callous and coloured at the apex, where they 
cohere and inclose the anthers and stigma. Stamens six, 
in two parcels, opposite the outer petals, very seldom all sepa- 
rate. Anthers membranous, the two outer of each parcel one- 
celled, the middle one two-celled,” &c. 

Lindley, in his ‘ Introduction to the Natural System’, con- 
siders the parts as divided upon a binary plan; the bodies 
commonly called deciduous sepals he considers as bracts, the 
outer series of the supposed petals he considers as a calyx, 
and the inner only as petals. He also considers the lateral 
one-celled anther of each parcel as belonging to a common 
stamen, the filament of which is split by the separation of the 
two parcels. This opinion might appear at first sight forced, 
in order that the parts may conform to the arrangement in a 
normal flower ; if however the structure of the parts be exa- 
mined it will be seen that this opinion is exceedingly plausible. 

Each common filament is traversed by three distinct fasci- 
culi of vessels ; the central one, which passes to the two-celled 
anther, is double the size of those which pass to the lateral 
anthers; their relative position must also be attended to. 
They are placed at equal distances from each other, but the 
two lateral ones are very near the margin of the filament. In 
all perfect stamens of different plants which I have examined 
there has been seen only one bundle of vessels, which passed 
straight through the centre of the filament to the anther. 

If the arrangement in Fumaria is normal, it is then a re- 
markable exception to the usual method. It appears much 
more probable that the filament is compound, and composed of 
one entire filament and portions of two others. In some spe- 
cimens of Fumaria the adhesion of the lateral portions is very 
slight, and they may be readily separated from that in the 
centre with very little force; and in very young flower-buds 
there is no adhesion, the single-celled anthers are quite sepa- 
rate, and the apices of the inner petals as they are commonly 
called are also free. It has been already mentioned that the 
fasciculi of vessels passing to the single-celled anthers are very 
near the margin of the common filaments: now in some of 
those cases where a partial adhesion only is found, these ves- 


442 Mr. George Dickie on the Fumariacez. 


sels are nearer the outer than the inner edge of the filament 
bearing the one-celled anther. The figure 
will illustrate this: the waved lines repre- 
sent the vessels, and the dotted lines the 
places where the compound filament has a 
tendency to separate. This is another fact 
which adds much to support the probability 
of Prof. Lindley’s opinion. 

Should it however be denied that the ve-~ 
nation of the parts cannot in this case enable us to explain the 
anomaly, whether apparent or real, it will be allowed that the 
arrangement of the vessels, which appears in a great number 
of instances to be very regular and constant, is worthy of at- 
tention. This has been applied in explaining the arrangement 
of the parts of the flower in the Graminee ; and the venation 
of the ligulate corolla of the Composite appears to indicate 
the true nature of this peculiar form of perianth. | 

Occasionally monstrosities occur in plants which are other- 
wise very regular in the arrangement of their flower ; adhesion 
of parts which are generally separate frequently occurs. A 
monstrous variety of Lycopsis arvensis occurred to me some 
time back, in which the corolla was 12-cleft, the stamens 11, 
the ovules upwards of 20 in number, with 3 styles: the calyx 
contained 11 divisions. 

The three styles were very unequal in size, two small and 
one very large; the latter contained four distinct fasciculi of 
vessels. ‘One of the smaller styles presented near its summit 
a small curved process supplied by a separate bundle of ves- 
sels ; this process when dissected presented the structure of 
an anther: it contained an imperfect pollen, and its lining 
membrane consisted of the same peculiar fibro-cellular tissue 
which is found in the anther in its natural condition. Occa- 
sionally two stamens adhere by their filaments in Mercurialis 
perennis, presenting the remarkable appearance of a four-celled 
anther. In such cases however the filament contains two di- 
stinct sets of vessels of equal size, which shows the true nature 
of the anomaly; and if any other proof was necessary, specimens 
occur which present various degrees of adhesion between neigh- 
bouring filaments, from the slightest possible to that which 


Bibliographical Notices. 443 


has been alluded to. Prof. Henslow, in ‘ Mag. of Zool. and 
Bot.’ (vol. i. p. 259), has admirably illustrated the arrangement 
of the stamens in Adoxa moschatellina, in which we generally 
find a separation of these into two parts; the anthers conse- 
quently appear to be one-celled: but examples occur in which 
there is no separation, the stamens being perfect, and others 
in which the separation is the slightest possible, and so on 
through different degrees to total separation. 

Many other examples of adhesion or of separation might be 
mentioned, but such must be familiar to every one who dis- 
sects plants: may it not be inferred that in Fumaria another 
example is presented ? 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


A General Outline of the Animal Kingdom. By Thomas Rymer Jones, 
F.Z.S., Prof. Comparative Anatomy in King’s College. Parts 
I.—VI. London, Van Voorst. 


The present work, forming part of the series published by the 
above firm, among which we find the beautiful works of Yarrell, 
Bell, &c., has for its object a general view of the animal creation, 
exhibiting the structure and internal economy of every class of living 
beings, and developing with as much simplicity as possible the prin- 
ciples of zoological arrangement as based upon animal organization. 
This difficult task, which must necessarily be to a certain extent a 
compilation, requiring therefore a profound knowledge of the sub- 
ject and large acquaintance with the writings of foreign authors, 
could not have fallen into better hands. In the present state of the 
science it is no easy matter to keep pace with what is doing on the 
Continent; many works which appear there are known but by few 
persons in this country, and to this circumstance we must attribute 
the occurrence of some slight mistakes in this work. Mr. Jones also 
appears in part to have derived his knowledge of the researches of the 
Germans from French sources, which are apt to mislead. With re- 
gard to the class Bryozoa, we could have wished that the labours of 
S. L. Lovén had ‘been consulted, which were published in the 
Transactions of the Swedish Academy for 1835, and translated in 
Wiegmann’s Archiv for 1837, p. 249. Prof. Jones’s views respect- 
ing the internal organization of Infusoria, as well as those of Meyen 
and Dujardin, have been given in this Journal, as also Ehrenberg’s 
answer to the objections ; so that it is unnecessary for us to enter 


444 Bibliographical Notices. 


more at length into this subject. We may however observe that 
none of the opposers of Ehrenberg’s views agree in what they see ; 
we are therefore still inclined to place confidence in his observations, 
trusting that this important subject will soon be thoroughly investi- 
gated. Speaking of the superiority of modern microscopes, Prof. 
Jones observes, that a few years ago some Infusoria, now distinctly 
proved to be covered with cilia, were looked upon as being absolutely 
destitute of locomotive organs, for instance, Volvov globator ; we 
would however remind the author, that if a great deal depends on the 
goodness of the instrument, a vast deal more depends on the long 
practice and manipulation of the observer ; and no better proof of this 
‘fact can be adduced than that this Infusorium, usually considered as 
a simple animal, even in the present work, is a conglomeration of 
several hundred individuals. We have inserted the paragraph re- 
specting this remarkable animalcule from Ehrenberg’s large work 
on Infusoria among the miscellaneous articles of the present number. 
Trichina spiralis, hitherto found only in the human body, has been 
discovered by Dr. Siebold in several animals and birds, and even in 
Scarabeus stercorarius*. Mr. Jones is also led into error with respect 
to the occurrence of the eggs of Cristatella in a fossil state by Tur- 
pin’s mangled description of the fossil specimens of Xanthidium, dis- 
covered by Ehrenberg in the Feuerstein of Delitzsch, and forwarded 
by him to the French Academy. The Xanthidium is a decided In- 
fusorium, and Ehrenberg, in a paper respecting this misstatement 
of Turpin, which has however probably escaped the attention of 
Prof. Jones, clearly proves that it is no egg, and moreover several 
fossil species of Xanthidium occur in the recent state which had 
been figured previous to their discovery in flint. Besides, whoever 
has examined the egg of Cristatella and also living Xanthidia will be 
convinced of their distinctness. ‘Those who have not may compare 
the beautiful drawings of the various Xanthidia occurring in the 
flints of the chalk, illustrating the Rev. B. Reade’s paper at p. 191 of 
_ the 2nd volume of the ‘ Annals’, with the excellent copy of Turpin’s 
drawing of Cristatella Mucedo. Dr. Farre’s. beautiful discoveries 
have been consulted with respect to the Ciliobrachiate Polyps, Milne 
Edwards for the Flustre, and Strauss Durchheim, Dugés, and J. Miil- 
ler for the insect tribe. We are convinced that no work will have 
tended more to diffuse a love for zoological science and comparative 
anatomy in this country than that before us, and we feel called upon 
to express most decidedly our sense of the obligations which its 
learned author has conferred upon the English public by placing be- 


* Wiegmann’s Archiv, part [Y. for 1838, p. 312. 


Zoological Society. 445 


fore the lovers of natural history so large and valuable a collection 
of materials. 

Too much praise cannot be awarded to the wood engraver, as we 
have never seen more perfect or beautiful specimens of this art than 
many of the illustrations of the present work. It is intended to be 
completed in ten or twelve parts, of which the seventh may be early 
expected. 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


October 23, 1838.—William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair. 

A letter was read from M. Julien Desjardins, Secretary of the 
Natural History Society of the Mauritius, stating that it was his in- 
tention to leave that island on the Ist of January next, for England, 
with a large collection of objects in natural history, many of which 
he intended for the Society. A letter from Colonel P. Campbell, 
Her Majesty’s Consul General and Agent at Alexandria, was also 
read. In this letter Col. P. Campbell states that he had not yet 
succeeded in gaining any further information respecting the pro- 
bability of procuring some White Elephants for the menagerie. A 
letter received from Lieut.-Colonel Doherty, Governor of Sierra 
Leone, stated, that he was using every exertion to procure for the 
Society a male and female Chimpanzee, in which attempt he fully 
expected to be successful; but he feared that he should not be 
able to obtain a living specimen of the Hippopotamus, from the 
superstitious dread with which the natives regard these animals. 

Some specimens of Flying Lemurs (Galeopithecus) were upon the’ 
table, and in reference to them Mr. Waterhouse stated that his ob- 
ject in bringing them before the Meeting was to notice certain cha- 
racters which appeared to him to indicate the existence of two spe- 
cies in these specimens. He remarked that in systematic works three 
species of the genus Galeopithecus are described, founded upon dif- 
ferences of size and colour; as regards the latter character, he had 
never seen two specimens which precisely agreed; and with respect 
to size, the dimensions given of two out of the three species are evi-- 
dently taken from extremely young animals. Mr. Waterhouse then 

proceeded to point out the distinctive characters of the two species’ 
on the table, for which he proposed the specific names of Temminckiz 
and Phillippinensis ; of these two the first is the larger species, mea- 
suring about two feet in total length, and having a skull two inches © 


446 Zoological Society. 


eleven and a half lines in length. The anterior incisor of the upper 
jaw is broad and divided by two notches into three distinct lobes; 
the next incisor on each side has its anterior and posterior margins 
notched ; and the first molar (or the tooth which occupies the situa- 
tion of the canine) has its posterior edge distinctly notched. This 
tooth is separated by a narrow space anteriorly and posteriorly, from 
the second incisor in front, and the second molar behind; the tem- 
poral ridges converge towards the occiput, near which, however, 
they are separated usually by a space of about four lines. 

The second species (G. Philippinensis) is usually about twenty 
inches in length, and has a skull two inches seven lines in length, 
It may be distinguished from G. Temminckii by the proportionately 
larger ears, and the greater length of the hands; the skull is nar- 
rower in proportion to its length; -the muzzle is broader and more 
obtuse ; the orbit is smaller; the temporal ridges generally meet 
near the occiput, or are separated by a very narrow space; the an- 
terior incisor of the upper jaw is narrow, and has but one notch; 
the next incisor on each ‘side is considerably larger, longer, and 
stronger than in G. Temminckii, and moreover differs in having its 
edges even; the same remarks apply to the first false molar. The 
incisors and molars here form a continuous series, each tooth being 
in contact with that which precedes, and that which is behind it. 
The most important difference perhaps which exists between the 
two species in question consists in the much larger size of the molar 
teeth in the smaller skull, the five posterior molars occupying aspace 
of ten lines in length, whereas in G. Temminckii, a much larger animal, 
the same teeth occupy only nine lines. The above are the most pro- 
minent characteristic differences in the two species, though several 
other minor points of distinction may be observed. 

Mr. Blythe called the attention of the Meeting to the skull of a 
Cumberland Ox, presenting an unnatural enlargement of the facial 
bones, accompanied with a most remarkable development of the horns, 
one of which measured four feet in circumference at its base. 

The reading of Professor Owen’s paper ‘‘ On the Osteology of 
the Marsupialia,” was completed. After some preliminary remarks 
upon the importance of the study of the skeleton, in investigating 
the natural groups of this order and the determination of the inter- 
esting fossils of Australia, Professor Owen proceeded in the first 
place to point out the principal modifications in the general form 
of the skull as observed in the various genera of marsupial animals, 

‘‘The skull,” says Professor Owen, ‘‘is remarkable in all the 
genera for the small proportion which is devoted to the protection 


Zoological Society. 447 


of the brain, and for the great expansion of the nasal cavity imme- 
diately anterior to the cranial cavity. 

‘‘In the stronger carnivorous species the exterior of the cranium 
is characterized by bony ridges and muscular impressions; but in the 
smaller herbivorous species, as the Petaurists and Potoroos, the era- 
nium presents a smooth rounded surface as in birds, corresponding 
with the smooth unconvoluted surface of the simple brain contained 
within. 

‘‘ The breadth of the skull in relation to its length is edited in 
the Wombat and Ursine Dasyure in which it equals three-fourths the 
length, and least in the Perameles lagotis in which it is less than 
one-half. The occipital region, which is generally plane and ver- 
tical in position, forms a right angle with the upper surface of the 
skull, from which it is separated by an occipital or lambdoidal 
crista. This is least developed in the Myrmecobius, Petaurists, 
and Kangaroo, and most so in the Opossum, in which, as also 
in the Koala, the crest curves slightly backwards, and thus changes 
the occipital plane into a concavity, well adapted for the insertion 
of the strong muscles from the neck and back. 

“The upper surface of the skull presents great diversity of cha- 
racter, which relates to the different development of the temporal 
muscles, and the varieties of dentition in the different genera. In 
the Wombat the coronal surface offers an almost flattened tract, 
bounded by two slightly elevated temporal ridges, which are upwards 
of an inch apart posteriorly, and slightly diverge as they extend for- 
wards to the anterior part of the orbit. 

‘The skull of the Opossum presents the greatest contrast to that 
condition, for the sides of the cranium meet above at an acute angle, 
and send upwards from the line of their union a remarkably ele- 
vated sagittal crest, which, in mature skulls, is proportionally more 
developed than in any of the placental Carnivora, not even exempt- 
ing the strong-jawed Hyena. 

Of the Composition of the Crantum.—‘‘ The occipital bone is de- 
veloped, as in the placental Mammalia, from four centres or ele- 
ments, the basilar below, the supra-occipital above, and the ex-occi- 
pitals at the sides; but these elements remain longer separate, and 
in some genera do not become, at any period of life, united by con- 
tinuous ossification. 

“In the skull of an aged Virginian Opossum I found the supra- 
occipital still distinct from the ex-occipitals, and these not joined 
together, though anchylosed to the basilar element: in this Mar- 
supial animal they meet above the foramen occipitale, and complete 


448 Zoological Society. 


its boundaries, as the corresponding superior vertebral /amine com- 
plete the medullary canal, in the region of the spine. I have found 
the same structure and condition of the occipital bone of an adult 
Dasyurus Ursinus, and it is exhibited in the plate of the cranium of 
this species given by M. Temminck*. In the skull of a Perameles 
nasuta the ex-occipitals were separated by an interspace, so that a 
fissure was continued from the upper part of the foramen magnum to 
the supra-occipital element. ‘The same structure may be observed 
in the Kangaroo, and is very remarkable in the young skulls of this 
species ; I found this superior notch wide and well-marked in Ma- 
cropus Bennettw. in the Wombat the corresponding fissure is very 
wide, and the lower margin of the supra-occipital is notched, so 
that the shape of the foramen magnum somewhat resembles that of 
the trefoil leaf. In the Koala, the Phalanger, Petaurus, Hypsiprym- 
nus, and Dasyurus Maugei, the elements of the occipital bone present 
the usual state of bony confluence. 

«The temporal bone generally presents a permanent separation 
of the squamous, petrous, and tympanicelements. I have observed 
this reptile-like condition of the bone in the mature skulls of an 
Ursine Dasyure, a Virginian Opossum, a Perameles, in different spe- 
cies of Potoroo and Kangaroo, in the Wombat, and in the Koala. 
So loose, indeed, is the connection of the tympanic bone, that, 
without due care, it is very liable to be lost in preparing the skulls 
of the Marsupiata. 

‘««In the Virginian Opossum the bony palate presents eight distinct 
perforations besides the incisive foramina; the palatal processes of 
the palatine bone extend as far forwards in the median line as the 
third molares ; a long and narrow fissure extends for an equal dis- 
tance (three lines) into the palatal processes, both of the palatines 
and maxillaries; behind these fissures, and nearer the median line, 
are two smaller oblong fissures ; external, and a little posterior to 
these, are two similar fissures, situated in the palato-maxillary su- 
ture; lastly, there are two round perforations close to the posterior 
margin of the bony palate. 

<< Now there is no carnivorous quadruped in the placental series 
which has a bony palate characterized by perforations and vacuities 
of this kind. In the dog, the cat, and the weasel tribe, the bony 
palate is only perforated by two small oblique canals, which open in 
or near the palato-maxillary suture. The very great interest which 
is attached to the fossil jaws of the Stonesfield Marsupials, the only 
Oh Me remains hitherto discovered in the secondary formations, 

* Monographie de Mammalogie, pl. viii. 


Zoological Society. 449 


will justify the minuteness, perhaps tediousness, with which I have 
dwelt on characters that, inclusive of the teeth, serve to distinguish 
the cranium of the Marsupial from that of any placental quadruped, 
The structure of the bony palate in the Marsupiata is interesting in 
other respects. Since the defective condition of this part of the cra- 
nium is one of the characteristics of the skull of the bird, it might be 
expected that some approximation would be made to that structure 
in the animals which form the transition between the placental and 
oviparous classes. We have already noticed the large vacuities which 
occur in the bony palate of nearly all the Marsupials, but this imper- 
fectly ossified condition is most remarkable in the Acrobates and Pera- 
meles lagotis. In the latter the bony roof of the mouth is perforated 
by a wide oval space, extending from the second spurious molars to 
the penultimate molars, exposing to view the vomer and convo- 
lutions of the inferior spongy bones in the nasal cavity. Behind 
this space there are six small perforations ; two in a transverse line, 
midway between the great vacancy and the posterior margin of the 
bony palate, and four in a transverse line, close to that margin. 

“In the Ursine Dasyure a large transversely oblong aperture is 
situated at the posterior part of the palatal processes of the maxil- 
lary bones, and encroaches a little upon the palatines; this aper- 
ture is partly, perhaps in young skulls, wholly bisected by a narrow 
longitudinal osseous bridge. The large aperture in the skull of the 
Dasyurus Ursinus, figured by Temminck, is the result of accidental 
injury to the bony palate. 

«« The lower jaw of the marsupiata isa part of their osseous struc- 
ture which claims more than ordinary attention, in consequence of 
the discussions to which the fossil specimens of this bone, discovered 
in the oolitic strata of Stonesfield, have given rise. I have examined 
the two specimens in the possession of Dr. Buckland, the specimen 
formerly in the collection of Mr. Broderip, and that which is pre- 
served in the Museum at York; the composition of the lower jaw, 
each ramus of which consists of one piece of bone, the convex condyle, 
and the double fangs of the molar teeth, prove the mammiferous 
character of these remains; the size, elevation, and form of the 
coronoid process of the lower jaw, the production of the angle 
of the jaw, with the development of the canines, and the pointed 
tubercular crowns of the molar teeth, indicate the carnivorous 
and insectivorous character of the species in question. The number 
of the incisors, eight in the lower jaw, and the structure and propor- 
tions of the molar teeth, approximate these small insectivora most 
nearly to the smaller species of the modern genus Didelphis; but 

Ann, Nat. Hist, Vol. 3. No. 20. Aug. 1839. 2k 


450 Zoological Society. 


the number of the molars in one of the specimens exceeds that of 
any insectivore, placental, or marsupial, which was known at the 
period when Cuvier wrote on this fossil. Recently, however, 
a genus of insectivorous mammal (Myrmecobius) has been dis- 
covered in Australia, presenting the modifications of the cranium 
which characterize the marsupiata, and haying nine tuberculate 
molares in each ramus of the lower jaw.—(See Mr. Waterhouse’s 
Memoir, Zool. Trans, ii. pl. 28. fig. 2,5.) Besides the osteolo- 
gical characters above alluded to, there is a character in the lower 
jaw of the marsupial animals, not peculiar to the genus Didelphis, 
which serves to distinguish it from that of the placental mammalia. 
{n the carnivorous marsupials, as the Thylacine, the lower maxillary 
bone very nearly resembles in general form that of the corresponding 
placental species, as the dog; a similar transverse condyle is placed 
low down, near the angle of the jaw; the strong coronoid process rises 
high above it, and is slightly curved backwards; there is the same well- 
marked depression on the exterior of the ascending ramus for the firm 
implantation of the temporal muscle, and the lower boundary of this 
depression is formed by a strong ridge extended downwards and 
forwards from the outside of the condyle. But in the dog and 
other placental digitigrade Carnivora, a process, representing the 
angle of the jaw, extends directly backwards from the middle of 
the above ridge, which process gives fixation to the articulation of 
the jaw, and increases the power by which the masseter acts upon 
the jaw. Now, although the same curved ridge of bone bounds 
the lower part of the external depression of the ascending ramus in 
all the marsupiata, it does not in any of them send backwards, or 
in any other direction, a process corresponding to that just de- 
scribed in the dog. The angle of the jaw is as if it were bent in- 
wards in the form of a process encroaching in various shapes and va- 
rious degrees of development, in the different marsupial genera, upon 
the interspace of the rami of the lower jaw. In looking down upon 
the lower margin of the jaw, we see therefore, in place of the margin 
of a vertical plate of bone, a more or less flattened surface extended 
between the external ridge and the internal process or inflected 
angle. 

‘«The marsupial bones are elongated, flattened, and more or less 
curved, expanded at the proximal extremity, which sometimes, as in 
the Wombat, is articulated to the pubis by two points; they are rela- 
tively longest, straightest, and most slender in the Perameles ; flattest, 
broadest, and most curved in the Koala. They are always so long 
that the cremaster muscle winds round them in its passage to the 


Zoological Society. 451 


testicle or mammary gland; and the uses of these bones immediately 
relate to those muscles. 

‘«‘ With reference to the interesting question— What is the homo- 
logy or essential nature of the ossa marsupialia? I have, on a pre- 
vious occasion, discussed that problem before the Zoological Society, 
and have not found reason to change the opinion I offered in 1835* ; 
viz. that they belong to the category of the trochlear ossicles, com- 
monly called sesamoid, and are developed in the tendon of the exter- 
nal oblique which forms the mesial pillar of the abdominal ring, as the 
patella is developed in the rectus femoris. They are not, however, 
merely subservient to add force to the action of the ‘ cremasteres,’ but 
give origin to a great proportion of the so-called ‘ pyramidales.’ 

‘The osteogenesis of the marsupial pelvis derives some extrinsic 
interest from the not yet forgotten speculations which have been 
broached regarding the analogies of the marsupial bones. These 
have been conjectured to exist in many of the placental Mammalia, 
with acertain latitude of altered place and form, disguised, e. g. as the 
bone of the pents in the Carnivora, or appearing as the supplemental os- 
sicles of the acetabulum, which exist in the young of many of the Ro- 
dentia. In the os innominatum of the immature Potorco, the curved 
prismatic i/ium contributes to form by the outer part of its base the 
upper or anterior third of the acetabulum; the rest of the circumfe- 
rence of this cavity is completed by the ischium and pubis, excepting a 
small part of the under or mesial margin, which is formed by a distinct 
ossicle or epiphysis of the ilium, analogous to that described by 
Geoffroy St. Hilaire as the rudimental marsupial bone in the rabbit. 
Now here there is a co-existing marsupial bone : but besides the five 
separate bones just mentioned, there is a sixth distinct triangular os- 
sicle, which is wedged into the posterior interspace of the ischio-pubic 
symphysis. How easy to suggest that this single symmetrical bone 
may be the representative of the os penis removed from the glans to 
the root of the intromittent organ! It is obviously a mere epiphysis 
of the ischium. ‘The circumference of the acetabulum is always in- 
terrupted by a deep notch opposite the obturator-foramen, which is 
traversed by a ligamentous bridge, and gives passage to the vessels 
of the Harderian gland lodged in the wide and deep acetabular fussa. 


* See the abstract of a Paper on the analogy of the Dasyurus, Proc. Zool. 
Soc., January 1835, in which the discussion of the question of the marsupial 
bone is abridged in the following words: “ and Mr. Owen stated it to be his 
opinion, that the marsupial bones are essentially ossifications of the tendons 
of the external abdominal muscle which constitute the internal or mesial 
pillars of the abdominal rings.” The same hypothesis is again advanced in 
the account of the anatomy of the Wombat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 49. 


2K 2 


452 Zoological Society. 


“In the great Kangaroo the fibula is a distinct bone throughout, 
but it is remarkably thinned and concave at its lower half, so as toe 
be adapted to the convexity of the tibia, with which it is in close 
contact. In each of these genera therefore, in which locomotion is 
principally performed by the hinder extremities, fixity and strength 
is gained by the structure of the bones of the leg. In the other 
genera, as Phascolarctos, Phascolomys, Phalangista, Petaurus, Didel- 
phis, and Dasyurus, the tibia and fibula are so connected together, 
and with the tarsus, that the foot enjoys a movement of rotation ana~- 
logous to the pronation and supination of the hand ; and in the Pe- 
taurists, Phalangers, Opossums, and Koala, the inner toe is so placed 
and organized as to perform the office of an opposable thumb, whence 
these Marsupiata have been termed pedimana or foot-handed. It 
is to this prehensile power that the modifications of the fibula chiefly 
relate. In the Wombat, Koala, Petaurists, and Phalangers it ex- 
pands to nearly an equal size with the tibia at the distal extremity, 
and takes a large share in the formation of the tarsal joint; but the 
articular surface is slightly convex, while that of the tibia is slightly 
concave. 

“The analogy of the carpal and tarsal bones is very clearly illus- 
trated in the Wombat. The anchylosed naviculare and lunare of the 
hand correspond with the astragalus and naviculare of the fost, 
transferring the pressure of the focile majus upon the three imner- 
most bones of the second series. The long backward projecting pisi- 
form bone of the wrist closely resembles the posterior process of the 
os calcis ; the articular portion or body of the os calcis corresponds 
with the cuneiform ; the large unciform represents the cuboides, and 
performs the same function, supporting the two outer digits; the 
three cuneiform bones are obviously analogous to the trapezium, tra- 
pezoides, and os magnum. 

«The commencement of a degeneration of the foot, which is pecu- 
liar to, and highly characteristic of, the Marsupial animals, may be 
discerned in the Petaurists, in the slender condition of the second 
and third toes, as compared with the other three. In the Phalangers, 
this diminution of size of the second and third toes, counting from 
the thumb, is more marked. They are also both of the same length, 
and have no individual motion, being united together in the same 
sheath of integument as far as the ungueal phalanges, whence the 
name of Phalangista applied to this genus. In the saltatorial genera 
of Marsupiata the degradation of the corresponding toes is extreme ; 
but though reduced to almost filamentary slenderness, they retain 
the usual number of phalanges, the terminal ones being armed with 


Zoological Society. 453 


claws, which appear as appendages at the inner side of the foot, for 
the purpose of scratching the skin and dressing the fur.” 


November 13, 1838.—Professor Owen, in the Chair. 


Professor Owen exhibited to the Meeting two skulls of the full- 
grown Koala (Lipurus cinereus, Goldf., Phascolarctos, Bl.), and two 
of immature specimens of the same species, and demonstrated the 


peculiarities of the cranium, and especially the condition of the dental 
system. 
In both the adult crania the dental formula was as follows: 


Incis. =, canin. = premol. raed mol. = a | 
it thus corresponds numerically with the formula of the genus Hy- 
psiprymnus, and differs only in the absence of a few minute, incon- 
stant, and functionless teeth from the dentition of many of the Pe- 
taurists and Phalangers. The true molares in the Koala are, how- 
ever, relatively larger and stronger than in the Potoroos and Pha- 
dangers, yet present the same general structure; each molar is beset 
with four three-sided pyramids, the sharp apices of which soon be- 
come blunted by trituration, and the outer series in the upper grinders 
are the first to be worn down; the posterior grinder is a little smaller 
than the rest in the upper jaw; the true molares of the lower jaw 
are equal amongst themselves, but narrower than those of the 
upper jaw. ‘The crowns of the premolares, or false grinders, are 
subtriangular, broadest behind, compressed, and terminate in a cut- 
ting edge; those of the upper jaw have a ridge extended along the 
inner side of their base; they do not exceed in antero-posterior ex- 
tent the crowns of the true grinders. The true molares of the upper 
jaw have four fangs; those of the lower jaw, and the premolares in 
both jaws, have two fangs. The canines are situated close to the 
mazillo-incisive suture, distant from the premolares half an inch; 
they are very small, and do not extend beyond the alveolar margin 
further than two lines; they terminate in an oblique cutting edge, 
and their simple fang is closed at its extremity. Two lines anterior 
to the canines begin the series of incisors, of which the four posterior 
ones are of the same size as the canines; the pair immediately behind 
the large anterior incisors have their crowns worn flat by the appulse 
of the two large izcisors below. The two anterior zncisors, upper 
jaw, are twice as long, and as broad and thick as the posterior ones ; 
their crown is conical, slightly curved, subcompressed, beveled off 
obliquely to an anterior cutting edge, and having a partial coating 
of enamel, but differing from true dentes scalprarii in having the ex- 
tremity of the fang contracted and closed. The two incisors of the 
lower jaw are longer, straighter, and more compressed than the cor. 


454 Zoological Society. 


responding pair above; the enamel is confined to the anterior and 
lateral surfaces of the crown; but this, though beveled off from be- 
hind forwards, terminates in a blunt apex by attrition against the 
small middle incisors of the upper jaw; the posterior surface of the 
crown is impressed with a narrow longitudinal groove. These in- 
cisors, like those above, are developed by a temporary pulp, and have 
the fang contracted and solidified. In this respect the Koala re- 
sembles the Pialangers, and differs from tlie Potoroos, which have 
the fang of the large anterior incisors open for the reception of a 
persistent pulp. Inthe compressed and sectorial structure of the 
premolares of the Koala, we perceive, however, an evident transition 
to the characteristic form of these teeth in Mypsiprymnus ; but in 
this genus the premolares are still more compressed, and are remark- 
able for their antero-posterior extent, which dimension becomes ex- 
cessive in the arboreal Potoroos of New Guinea. 

So far, therefore, as the affinities of a Marsupial quadruped are 
indicated by its teeth, the position assigned to the Koala by Latreille*, 
viz, next to the Phalangers, must be regarded as more natural than 
that which it occupies in the ‘ Régne Animal’ of Cuvier, viz. between 
the Kangaroos and Wombat. From the Kangaroos the Koala differs 
in the presence of canines in the upper jaw; and still more so from the 
Wombat, which has neither canines nor posterior incisors ; whereas 
the Koala not only closely resembles the Phalangers and Petaurists 
in the correspondence as to number, kind, and conformation of its 
teeth, as compared with the functionally developed teeth of those 
genera, but also agrees with them in the conformation of its di- 
gestive organs, having asimple stomach, and a very long cecum. In 
the Wombat, on the contrary, the cecum is short and wide, and has 
a vermiform appendage. Both the Potoroos and Kangaroos differ 
from the Koala and Phalangers in their large sacculated stomach 
and relatively shorter cecum ; but the Potoroos, in the comparative 
simplicity of this organ, as well as in the presence of superior canine 
teeth, have clearly the nearer affinity to the Koala. Since, more- 
over, the Petaurists have canines in both jaws like the Phalangers, 
while the Koala possesses them only in the upper jaw, the place of 
the Petaurists should be between the Phalangers and Koala, and 
not, as in Latreille’s system, between the Kangaroos and Potoroos ; 
and Professor Owen proposed to include the Koala with the Pha- 
Jangers and Petaurists in one subdivision, and to join the Potoroos 
with the Kangaroos to form another and distinct primary group of 
Marsupialia. 


* Familles Nat. du Regne Anim. p. 53. 


Qa 


Linnean Society. 45 


LINNZAN SOCIETY. 


April 16, 1889—The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. 


Read, “‘ Remarks on British Lichens and Fungi, principally on 
species or varieties new to our Flora.” By Churchill Babington, 
Esq. 

The object of Mr. C. Babington in this paper is to give descrip- 
tions of some species or varieties of Lichens and Fungi hitherto un- 
published in any British Flora, and also to communicate observa- 
tions on the transit of monstrosities to their proper forms. The 
Lichens brought into notice as not yet introduced into the British 
Flora are, Lecanora elatina, Ach., from Rose Hall, Cumberland ; 
Stereocaulon denudatum, Flérke, (confounded with |S. paschale) from 
Scotland ; Lecidea nitidula, Fries, also from Scotland ; Lecidea mis- 
cella, Ach., as distinct from L. miscella, Eng. Bot.; Biatora Kro- 
ckiana, Hoppe, from Isles of Rum and Skye; Biatora anomala, Fr., 
from Yoxall Lodge; Opegrapha signata, Ach., from Herefordshire ; 
and Verrucaria margacea, Wahl., from Charnwood Forest. Among 
the Fungi are, Agaricus Marie, Klotsch; A. serrulatus, Fr.; The- 
lophora ferruginea, Pers.; T. lactea, Fr.: T. levis, Pers.; Peziza 
Ledi, Alb. and Schw.; Stictis lichenicola, Mont.; Sclerotium ro- 
seum, Kneiff.; Spheria scoriadea, Fr.; S. mesiota, Bab.; S. rhy- 
tismoides, Bab.; S. arbuticola, Fr. ; S. alnea, Fr.; S. ostruthii, Fr. ; 
S. Depazea, Fr.; Depazea pyricola, Desm.; Dothidea chetomium, 
Kunze ; Stemonitis pulchella, Bab. ; Stilbum aurantiacum, Bab. ; Syzy- 
gitis megalocarpus, Ebrenb.; Stilbospora macrosperma, Pers. ; Conio- 
thecium amentaceum, Corda; and Xenodochus carbonarius, Schl. 


Read, ‘‘On a Gall gathered in Cuba, by W. S. Macleay, Esq., 
on the leaf of a plant belonging to the order Ochnacee.”” By the 
Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. 

The gall is remarkable for its very close resemblance in habit and 
form tu some epiphytous Fungi, for possessing a distinct operculum, 
and, especially, for bursting through the cuticle, which surrounds it 
in the form of a few laciniz at the base. Mr. Berkeley pointed out 
various forms of galls and other productions of insects which have 
been described as Fungi, but in none is the resemblance so striking 
as in the present. He regretted that he was not able to throw any 
light upon the animal by which it is caused, though he was able to 
state positively that it is an animal production, as in most instances 
decayed exuvie were found in its cavity, and in one case a littie im- 
perfect grub, which was however unfortunately lost. 


456 Linnean Society. 


May 7, 1839.—The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. 


Read, ‘‘ Supplementary Observations on the Development of the 
Theca, and on the Sexes of Mosses.” In a letter to R. H. Solly, 
Esq., F.R.S. & L.S. By William Valentine, Esq., F.L.S. 

The author commences his letter by stating that subsequent ob- 
servations have induced him to concur entirely with the views of 
Professor Mohl as to the sporules of Mosses being developed by four 
in a mother cell, a fact which he was led to doubt in his former com- 
munication printed in the 17th volume of the Society’s Transactions. 
The present paper contains a detailed account of the development 
of the theca in Qidipodium Griffithianum, which exhibits a beau- 
tiful example of the tetrahedral union of the sporules. In this moss 
the four sporules in each mother cell are piled on each other so as to 
form a cone with a triangular base, and they appear to be connected 
with each other in the young state by a very minute stalk which is 
situated at the conjunction of three radiating lines. This connexion 
is perhaps in most instances dissolved at an early period, and the 
sporules recede a little from each other, but are still kept in the tri- 
angular form by the mother cell. It is not uncommon however to 
find the connexion unbroken after the sporules have arrived at ma- 
turity, and in these instances there seems to be a general adhesion 
at the opposing faces of the sperules. 

The author concludes his paper with some remarks on the analogy 
that exists between sporules and pollen, which he observes, is so re- 
markable, and the particulars so numerous, that the essential identity 
of the two can be scarcely a matter of opinion. 


May 24, 1839.—The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. 


This day, the Anniversary of the birthday of Linnzus, and that 
appointed in the charter for the election of Council and Officers, the 
President opened the business of the Meeting, and in stating the 
number of Members whom the Society had lost during the past year, 
gave the following notices of some of them : 

Samuel Brookes, Esq.—Mr. Brookes was devoted to the science of 
Conchology, and possessed a valuable collection of British and Fo- 
reign Testacea. He was the author of an Introduction to the Study 
of Conchology which appeared in 1815. 

The Rev. Martin Davy, D.D., F.R.S., Master of Caius College, 
Cambridge. 

The Rev. Richard Dreyer, LL.B. 

John Lord Farnham. 

Charles Holford, Esq. 


Linnean Society. 457 


Lawrence Brock Hollinshead, Esq. 

John Hull, M.D,—Dr. Hull was ardently attached to the study of 
Botany, and in the midst of an extensive medical practice, he found 
occasional moments of leisure to devote to the cultivation of his 
favourite pursuit. We are indebted to him for the publication of a 
British Flora in 1799, of which a second edition appeared in 1808 ; 
and the Elements of Botany, in 2 volumes, 8vo, in 1800. These 
works, highly creditable to their author, tended to increase the taste 
for botanical pursuits. 

Matthew Martin, Esq.—Mr. Martin reached the advanced age of 
90. He became a Fellow of this Society in 1791. 

George Milne, Esq.—Mr. Milne pursued with much ardour the 
study of Entomology for more than half a century, and his name is 
familiar to the cultivators of that branch of science in this country. 
He possessed an extensive cabinet of insects, particularly rich in Bri- 
tish and Exotic Lepidoptera. He had retired from London for several 
years to his native place Johnshaven, Kincardineshire, where he died 
some months ago at an advanced age. 

The Rev. Robert Nixon, B.D., F.R.S. 

William Younge, M.D.—Dr. Younge was the early friend and a 
fellow student of our late distinguished President and Founder Sir 
J. E. Smith, and the companion of his tour on the continent in the 
years 1786 and 1787, of which an account appeared in three volumes 
8vo, in 1793, and a second edition in 1807. Dr. Younge was elected 
a Fellow of this Society at its first institution in March 1788. 

Amongst the Foreign Members occur M. Frédéric Cuvier, Mem- 
ber of the Academy of Sciences of the French Institute, the younger 
brother of the great Cuvier, and eminently distinguished as a system- 
atic zoologist. He was the author of a work on the value of the 
teeth as affording zoological characters in the class mammalia, and 
of a number of valuable papers on Descriptive Zoology in the An- 
nales et Mémoires du Muséum. He likewise wrote the principal 
part of the text to the Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes, a work 
which he had undertaken in conjunction with Geoffroy St. Hilaire. 
Among his last productions may be noticed his Mémoire sur les Ger- 
boises et les Gerbilles, printed in the second volume of the Transac- 
tions of the Zoological Society of London. He was distinguished, 
like his brother, for his candour and frankness of character, and a total 
freedom from those petty jealousies which too often beset men of 
science. 

M. Charles de Gimbernat. 

Gaspard Count Sternberg, Founder and President of the Royal 


458 Linnean Society. 


Museum of Natural History at Prague, a distinguished patron of 
science, and author of a valuable original work on Fossil Plants, 
which were chiefly obtained from his own coal mines in Bohemia, 
and of an excellent Monograph of the genus Savifraga, illustrated 
by coloured figures. To him we are indebted for the recovery of the 
vegetable treasures collected by Henke in Peru, Cochabamba, and in 
the Philippines, whither he had accompanied the Spanish voyage of 
discovery under the celebrated, but unfortunate, Malaspina. ‘These 
interesting plants have been published by Presl, under the auspices 
of Count Sternberg, in a work entitled ‘ Reliquie Henkeanz.’ 
Count Sternberg was distinguished for his urbanity, hospitality, and 
an eager desire to promote every useful work. He left his collections 
and books of Natural History to the Museum already mentioned. 

Among the Associates are the following : 

Mr. John Hunneman.—Mr. Hunneman having been long the me- 
dium of communication between the botanists of this country and 
those of Germany, Switzerland, and Russia, our collections have 
been enriched through his means with a vast variety of new and in- 
teresting plants. A curious Mexican genus, belonging to the natural 
family Papaveracee, bears his name, and commemorates the services 
rendered by him to science. 

Mr. George Penny.—He was well acquainted with the plants 
which he successfully cultivated, and was the author of the ‘ Hortus 
Epsomensis’, and of several papers on Garden Botany in Mr. Loudon’s 
Gardener’s Magazine. 

Mr. William Weston Young made the drawings for Mr. Dillwyn’s 
valuable work on British Confervee, and a series of drawings of Bri- 
tish birds now in the possession of Mr. Yarrell. 

The President also announced that twenty Fellows, five Foreign 
Members, and two Associates had been elected since the last An- 
niversary. 

At the election, which subsequently took place, the Lord Bishop of 
Norwich was re-elected President ; Edward Forster, Esq., Treasurer ; 
Francis Boott, M.D., Secretary; and Richard Taylor, Esq., Under- 
Secretary. The following five Fellows were elected into the Council 
in the room of others going out, viz. W. J. Burchell, Esq., J. W. 
Lubbock, Esq., Hugh Duke of Northumberland, John Forbes Royle, 
M.D., and William Yarvell, Esq. 


June 4, 1839.—Edward Forster, Esq., V.P. in the Chair. 
Read, ‘‘ Further Observations on the Spongilla fluviatilis, with some 
remarks on the nature of the Spongie Marine.” Ina letter to the 
Secretary, by John Hogg, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. 


Linnean Society. 459 


In the latter portion of this letter the author endeavours (in addi- 
tion to what has been already stated at p. 58) to demonstrate the ve- 
getability of the river sponge, from the following facts, which were 
obtained by many experiments made by him upon that substance 
during the last two summers. 

1. From the general resemblance of the membrane which invests 
the soft portion or jelly with the membrane or cuticle of the leaves 
of many plants. 

2. From this gelatinous or soft portion being so similar to the pa- 
renchymatous substance of the more fleshy kinds of leaves, and be- 
ing, like the latter, chiefly composed of numerous pellucid globules. 

3. From the green colouring matter or chromule contained in those 
globules, on being pressed out, giving a permanent green or yellow- 
ish-green colour to white paper, as is the case with the chromule of 
leaves and plants. 

4. From strong acids having the same effects on this sponge as 
they are seen to have upon plants when they are macerated in them. 

5. From the mode in which numerous bubbles of gas, most pro- 
bably oxygen, are disengaged from the surface of the living mass of 
Spongilla, «hen exposed to the brightest solar light, being so ex- 
tremely analogous to that which is known to occur with the leaves 
of a plant when immersed in water and submitted to the direct ac- 
tion of the light of the sun. 

As to the currents of water which take place in the Spongilla flu- 
viatilis, and are so similar to those which have been noticed by Dr. 
Grant and other authors in the sea sponges, and relied upon by them 
as the best evidence of their supposed animal nature, Mr. Hogg 
has, after many careful experiments, never been able to witness them 
taking place in any specimens which have been entirely destitute of 
every parasitical insect or other animal ; he therefore concludes that 
these currents are caused by some insect, or crustacean, or mollus- 
can, which is seen so generally to inhabit nearly every specimen of 
the Spongilla ; and by means of the animal’s performing the function 
of respiration, the streams or currents of water are found to enter 
into and flow out from the pores or oscules of that structure. But 
if on future investigations it shall be proved that these currents do 
occur in such individual masses of the Spongilla fluviatilis as are 
quite free from every parasite, Mr. Hogg would then consider that 
they are effected by the same agents as cause the motions or circu- 
lation of the fluids in vegetables, and most probably by an endos- 
mosis and exosmosis of different fluids, in accordance with the im- 
portant discoveries of M. Dutrochet. 


460 Linnean Society. 


The author has not perceived any trace of animal organization, or 
the least symptom of sensation, or any powers of contraction and di- 
latation in this species of sponge, although he has applied to it, when 
in a fresh and vigorous state, several sorts of powerful stimulants. 

He next showed that no arguments in support of the fancied ani- 
mality of the Spongilla can be brought forward, either from its smell- 
ing like carrion or animal matter, or from numerous spicule being 
present in its composition. And the manner in which he raised 
young Spongille from the seed-like sporidia and locomotive sporules 
makes it perfectly conclusive that this freshwater sponge cannot be, 
as Montagu supposed, the nidus of some aquatic insect, although 
such an opinion might, without those successful experiments, have 
been somewhat confirmed by the author’s discovery of an unknown 
and anomalous insect, which he has at present only observed inhabit- 
ing this production. Some specimens of this small insect were ex- 
hibited, and presented to the Society. 

Mr. Hogg concluded his letter with some general remarks on the 
nature of the Spongie marine. He stated that hitherto he had al- 
ways accounted these substances as being principally composed of 
an animate or live jelly, which was endowed, as some authors af- 
firmed, with a certain degree of palpitation and contraction, and di- 
latation, and consequently had, fourteen years ago, instituted for 
them an order “ Gelatinifera,”’ which he arranged the last among 
the Polyparia Composita. That on becoming convinced by his late re- 
searches on the river sponge of its vegetability, he began in some mea- 
sure to concur in the opinion of Montagu, that that substance might 
probably be quite distinct from the sea sponge, and to think that the 
latter might still be of an animal nature ; but, ona more recent exa- 
mination and comparison of the Spongilla with many of the Spongie, 
he has found that there exist no real grounds for that opinion, and 
that there scarcely is even a generic difference between them. 

The author then compared the freshwater sponge with the sea 
sponge, and showed, among other extreme resemblances in their 
structure and composition, that many of the latter possess similar 
seed-like bodies or sporidia, as well as the locomotive germ-like bo- 
dies or sporules which have been described by Dr. Grant. 

Mr. Hogg concludes, if the currents of water do flow in and issue 
out from the sea sponge, independent of the function of respiration 
of any marine insect or parasitical animal nestling within it, that 
then they are caused by the same means which effect the motions of 
fluids in plants, and that these currents convey nutriment to the in- 
ner parts of the sponge, after the same manner as food is supplied 


Miscellaneous. 461 


to all vegetables. He observed that neither the odours of the fresh, 
dried, and burnt sponges, nor the presence of ammonia in them, af- 
forded proofs of their animality, and that there really is no more pe- 
culiarity in their chemical composition than what likewise exists in 
that of certain plants. 

Mr. Hogg therefore maintains it to be impossible to account the 
Spongilla as belonging to the vegetable kingdom and the Spongia 
to the animal ; and since he has become sure of the former, and since 
the Spongia is now known to possess neither one organ nora single 
property peculiar to an animal, he has been at length forced to ac- 
knowledge the vegetable nature of the Spongia. 

Moreover, the fact of Dr. Grant having witnessed the locomotive 
sporules of some of the sea sponges germinating and developing 
themselves after the forms of their parent structures, at once decides 
that they cannot be the nidus or matrix, or the fabrication or produc- 
tion of any marine animal. 

Lastly, Mr. Hogg, considering to what order of plants the fresh- 
water and the sea sponges should be referred, proposed to classify 
them in a separate order “‘ Spongiz,’’ which ought to be placed 
between the order Fungi and that of the Alge. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE VOLVOCINE, 


M. Ehrenberg observes, ‘‘ that with respect to the organization of 
the genus Volvox, all endeavours to acquire some knowledge of it 
have only proved successful, now that observation has been at last 
directed to the right depth (i833). Formerly the entire globule 
was generally regarded as a single verrucose or ciliated animal- 
cule, and its bursting considered as the reproduction of simple indivi- 
duals. But this view leads to wonders and to contradictions ; it is 
evidently erroneous, and the organic relations lie much deeper. Each 
globule is a hollow monadier (Monadenstock) of many hundreds, nay, 
thousands of minute animalcules; and within this, several smaller glo- 
bules are developed, which however are not single individuals, but also 
Monadiers. The single animals are those small greenish warts 
or points on the surface, and they resemble the Monads. Each ani- 
malcule bears precisely the same relation as a single animal of Go- 
nium pectorale; it possesses a gelatinous shield open anteriorly, 
which when full-grown it can leave, and is connected by three to 
six thread-like tubes with the neighbouring individuals. It is evi- 


462 Miscellaneous. 


dently then quite erroneous to compare the green bodies of Gonium 
or of Pandorina with the larger inner globules of Volvox; they are 
to be compared with the minute outer granules on the surface: and 
though Volvor is much larger than Gonium in its aggregate state, 
yet the individual animals are much smaller. In these small ani- 
malcules, which appear in the form of very minute green warts on 
the periphery of the Volvox-globule, and to which little attention has 
hitherto been paid, I have succeeded, by a laborious research, in re- 
cognising relations of structure which coincide entirely with those 
peculiar to the family of Monads.” 

For the details of structure of these highly interesting Infusoria 
we must refer the reader to Ehrenberg’s work, ‘ Ueber die Infusions- 
thierchen’, whence this extract is taken; and we may merely state 
that this illustrious naturalist succeeded in discovering nutritive or- 
gans, mouth, eyes, generative organs, &c. 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGUMINOSZ, 


Drs. Schleiden and Vogel draw from their interesting observations 
on the development of this large family of plants published in the 
‘Acta Acad. C. L. C. Nat. Cur.’ vol. xix. p. 1. the following con- 
clusions : 

1. The flowers of the Leguminose are at their origin perfectly re- 
gular. 

2. The subsequently cohering parts originate as free points, are 
developed free, and cohere subsequently. 

3. All the parts of the flower are at their first appearance green 
leaves. 

4, Even in the earliest stage only one carpellary leaf is visible in 
the Leguminose, which is open in the direction of the axis. 

5. The anthers are formed from leaves, the inner cellular tissue 
being converted in part into pollen ; and the loculi originate at both 
sides of the margin of the leaf, which is subsequently changed into 
the bursting rima. 

6. The ovules are formed alternately at the upper margin of the 
ovarium, and consist of the nucleus and generally of two integuments, 
rarely of an integumentum simplex. 

7. The ovules of the Papilionacee are hemitropous. 

8. The embryo originates from the pollen tube at the micropyle 
end of the embryonal sac, and increases either from this place to- 
wards the chalaza, or (being propelled by the pollen tube, which has 
become cellular, to the centre of the embryonal sac), both in the di- 
rection of the chalaza and that of the micropyle. 


Miscellaneous. 463 


9. The epidermis of the seed is formed in the Leguminose only of 
one integument, which, however, always separates into several layers. 

10. No endopleura tumida exists in the Leguminose ; what has been 
considered as such is albumen, and in fact endosperm. 

The authors have also discovered that the ovules of the genus Lu- 
pinus are only provided with a simple integument, while those of the 
other Leguminose always possess a double one. 


ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE SCALES OF FISH AND REPTILES. 


M. Mandl, in a memoir presented to the French Academy, states 
that the scales are composed of a superior and of an inferior layer. 
The upper layer is composed, a. of longitudinal canals, proceeding in 
the form of longitudinal lines, from a point which is not always the 
centre of the scale; 0b. of cellular lines, i.e. of lines in which he 
thought he perceived the margins of successive layers of increase, but 
which, according to his observations, were nothing more than lines 
produced by the union or fusion of cells ; ¢. of yellow corpuscles ana- 
logous to the corpuscles of bones, and of cartilages containing salts 
like them; d. of a focus occupied by interrupted cellular lines, by 
imperfect cells and corpuscles, &c. : the focus appears to be the first 
rudiment of the scale; e. of the teeth of the scale, which exist only 
on the terminal margin in the Acanthopterygians and are wanting in 
the Malacopterygians. 

The inferior layer is composed of fibrous lamelle, of which the 
outer ones are the longest. The elements of the fibrous layers, 
which in hard scales frequently shine through the superior layer, 
may be isolated by rupture. 

The author concludes from his observations that the scales cannot 
be regarded as simple products of secretion, but that a true organi- 
zation must be admitted in them. M. Mandl also considers with 
M. Agassiz that the scales may serve as characters in classification. 
—Comptes Rendus, June 24, 1839, 


CTEMNA ARRHIZA, 


J. F. Hoffmann has instituted a series of observations to prove 
that Lemna arrhiza is a constant species; he observed the plant for 
two years separated from all foreign mixture, and never saw indivi- 
duals produced which were of adifferent species. He also observed 
for several years the other common species of Lemna, and never found 
anything that could be compared to L. arrhiza, nor have any inter- 
mediate forms been discovered.—Tijdschrift v. naiurl. Geschiedenis 
en Physiol. iv. p. 282. 


464 Miscellaneous. 


DISCOVERY OF MUMMIES AT DURANGO, MEXICO. 

A million of mummies have lately been discovered near Durango, 
in Mexico. They are in a sitting posture, but have the same wrappings, 
bands, and ornaments as the Egyptians; among them was found a 
poignard of flint, with a sculptured handle, chaplets, necklaces, &c., 
of alternately coloured beads, fragments of bones polished like ivory, 
fine worked elastic tissues, moccasins worked like those of our Indians, 
bones of vipers, &c. A fact of importance is stated; that the neck- 
laces are of a marine shell found at Zacatecas, on the Pacific, where 
the Columbus of their forefathers probably therefore landed from 
Hindostan or from the Malay, or Chinese coast, or from their islands 
in the Indian ocean.—Silliman’s American Journal, April, 1839. 


EXPERIMENTS ON THE OLFACTORY SENSE OF THE ANTENNE. BY 
M, A. LEFEBVRE. 

The observations of the author were first made upon a bee which 
was feeding upon a piece of sugar. Having moistened a long needle 
with ether, he approached it gently to the sugar; but the extremity 
of the instrument had hardly come within a few lines of the insect 
when it showed great uneasiness, and did not cease agitating its an- 
tenne whilst directing them towards the odorous body. The bee, 
on the contrary, was not at all affected when M. Lefebvre touched 
the piece of sugar with a needle which had not been dipped in ether, 
or with a match, &c. ‘‘ After having given the insect some moments 
of rest,”’ says the author, ‘“‘ again plunged my needle into the ether, 
and, hoping to accustom it to this penetrating smell, I approached 
the needle softly to its anal extremity. The bee did not move, but 
continued eating. Encouraged by this success, I slid the point of 
my needle along the body against the feet, but without touching the 
stigmata ; I even deposited a little drop of the liquid there, and I did 
all this without the bee’s appearing in the least uneasy. My sur- 
prise was very great to see that the insect suffered nothing in the 
neighbourhood of the stigmata, but as soon as I sought to pass the 
fore feet, the antenne, by being lowered, obstructed my progress. 

“TI began again, and in advancing along tiie back from the hinder 
to the fore part, there was the same immoveableness as long as I went 
no further than the abdomen; but as soon as I arrived above the 
thorax the antenne were suddenly thrown over, agitated and trem- 
bling with anger.” M. Lefebvre subsequently made some experi- 
ments on wasps; he cut off the antennz of these insects at differ- 
ent lengths, and made himself sure by means of ether, that a slight 
section at the extremity of these organs is sufficient to produce 


Meteorological Observations. 465 


a more or less complete loss of smell. The deprivation of the last 
joint of the antennz suffices to cause the loss of this sense.—EHv- 
tract from the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1838, 
3rd Part. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PALMS. 

M. vy. Martius has published an elaborate treatise on the geogra- 
phical distribution of palms, which he divides into five groups, viz. 
Arecine, Lepidocaryine, Borassine, Coryphine, and Coccine. The 
distribution of the palms with which we are at present acquainted is 


as follows : 
Olid World. New World. Total. 


APCOMEE.% > sce > Oho 45 98 
Lepidocaryine.... 60 7 67 
BOrasegne cee... 1) 24 35 
Coryphine: 0... 3 24 57 
COCCUME Sis 0 oe 2 99 101 

159 199 308 


Of these 358 palms Europe contains 1, New Holland 6, New Zea- 
land 1, Oceania 2, Africa 13, Asia 131, and America 198. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR JUNE, 1839. 


Chiswick.—June 1. Overcast: fine. 2. Dry haze. 3. Foggy: rain. 4. Foggy: 
cloudy. 5. Very fine: heavy rain at night. 6. Very fine. 7. Rain. 8—13. 
Very fine. 14—15. Hazy. 16. Very fine. 17. Very fine: thunder at night. 
18. Slight haze: cloudy, with thunder. 19. Very fine: lightning at night. 20. 
Very hot. 21. Cloudy and fine. 22. Showery. 23, Stormy with rain. 24, 
Cloudy. 25. Very fine: rain. 26. Sultry: thunder. 27. Fine. 28. Thun- 
der showers. 29, 30. Cloudy and cold. 

Boston.—June 1,2. Cloudy. 3. Rain: rain early a.m. 4,5. Cloudy. 6. 

Fine: 3 o’clock p.m. therm. 72°. 7. Cloudy: rainrp.m. 8—I10. Fine. 11. 
Cloudy. 12. Fine. 13. Cloudy: raine.m. 14. Rain: heavy rain with light- 
ning early A.M.: rain again a.M.and p.m. 15—17. Cloudy. 18—20. Fine. 
21. Cloudy: rain early a.m. 22. Fine: raina.m. andr.m. 23. Cloudy: rain 
pM. 24, Fine: rainearly am. 25. Fine. 26. Rain. 27. Cloudy; rain e.m., 
with clap of thunder. 28. Rain. 29. Cloudy: raine.m. 30. Cloudy. 
i ‘Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire——June 1, 2. Dry and withering. 3. Get- 
ting cloudy. 4. Very warm: air electrical. 5. Cleared up: soft and warm. 
6. Pleasant day: moderate breeze. 7. Gentle rain all day. 8. Fair and 
droughty. 9. Fine day, but parching. 10. A welcome raine.m. 11. Fine 
growing day: ground refreshed. 12. Genial rain: vegetation strong. 13. Ra- 
ther cool a.m.: rainr.M. 14. Fair: growing day. 15,16. Very warm and 
genial. 17. The same: thunder and rainer.m. 18. Very warm, but getting 
cloudy. 19. Thesame: raine.m. 20. Thesame: getting cloudy. 21. Rain 
nearly all day. 22. Rain, soft and genial. 23. Showery allday. 24. Dull 
day, but kept dry. 25. Fine summer day. 26. Cloudy morning: cleared up. 
27. Thunder, with heavy showers. 28, 29. Fair: temperaturecool. 30. Beau- 
tiful summer day. 

Sun shone out 26 days. Rain fell 10 days. Thunder 2 days. 

Wind southerly 12 days. Westerly 6 days. Easterly 6 days. Northerly 6 
days. 

Calm weather 9 days. Moderate 12 days. Brisk 8 days. Boisterous 1 day. 


Ann, Nat. Hist. Vol. 3. No. 20. Aug. 1839. Sr 


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INDEX TO VOL. III. 


-_————<e_——— 


ABBENE, Angelo, on the infiuence of 
magnesia on the germination and fruc- 
tification of plants, 70. 

Acharia tragoides, description of, 420. 

Acranthera, description of the genus, 20. 

Actinie, observations on some, 48. 

Agarici, on a remarkable property of 
some, 257. 

Agaricus, new species of, 377. 

Alauda Calandra, observations on, 351. 

Algze, on some new species of, 327. 

Alps, Julian, remarks on the vegetation 
of the, 238. ; 

Ammonites, descriptions of several new 
species of, 9, 155. 

Animaleules, on the digestive apparatus 
of, 100, 170, 185. 

Anthea, characters of the new genus, 49. 

Antirrhinum majus, chemical composi- 
tion of the pollen of, 127. 

Apteryx, on the anatomy of the, 130, 345. 

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, 
reviewed, 188. 

Argostemma, on a new species of, 22. 

Arnott, Dr. G. A. W., on some new or 
rare Indian Plants, 20, 85, 150. 

Ascidia of plants, on the morphology of 
the, 305, 411. 

Asteriade of the Irish Sea, notice re- 
specting the, 129. 

Athamanta Matthioli, notice respecting, 
237. 

Babington, Charles C., on a black va- 
riety of the common Hare, 142; on 
Ranunculus aquatilis of Smith, 225; 
Primitiz Flore Sarnice, reviewed, 341. 

Babington, Churchill, on the occurrence 
of Carex rupestris, 142; on some new 
species of British Lichens and Fungi, 
455. 

Bachman, Dr., on several new American 
species of Sciurus, 275. 

Ball, Mr., description of Cydippe pomi- 
formis, and on an undescribed species 
of Belina, 60; on the remains of Oxen 
in the bogs of Ireland, 270. 

Balsamodendron, on the East Indian spe- 
cies of, 85. 

Bat, on anew species of, 73. 

Batonota, description of the new genus, 
98. 

Beale’s (T.) Natural History of the Sperm 
Whale, noticed, 118. 


Bee-keeper’s Manual, noticed, 121. 

Bentham, G., Commentationes de Legu- 
minosarum Generibus, noticed, 123; 
on the plants collected by Schomburgk 
in British Guiana, 427. 

Berkeley, Rev. M. J., contributions to- 
wards a Flora of Van Diemen’s Land, 
322; descriptions of Exotic Fungi in 
the collection of Sir W. J. Hooker, 375; 
on a remarkable Gall, 455. ‘ 

Beroé pileus, remarks on the organization 
of, 149. 

Beyrich, Dr. E., on the Goniatites from 
the transition formations of the Rhine, 
9, 155. 

Birds, notices respecting some rare Brit- 
ish, 140; of Iceland, notice of the, 259. 

Botanical excursion to the mountains of 
Ternova, notices of a, 236. 

Botanical geography of New Holland, 
notes on the, 194. 

Botanical Society of Edinburgh, proceed- 
ings of, 123, 355. 

Botanical Society of London, proceedings 
of, 272: 

Botanical Travellers, information respect- 
ing, 250, 327. 

rand, Mr., on the statistics of British 
Botany, 124. 

Brazil, account of botanical excursions in, 
250, 327; list of fossil Mammifera from, 
235, 422. 

Burmeister’s (Dr. H.) Genera Insectorum, 
noticed, 52. 

Cantharellus, new species of, 380. 

Cantor, Dr., on a new genus of hooded 
Serpents, 131; on marine Serpents, 137. 

Carex rupestris, notice of the occurrence 
of, 142. 

Carniola, on the Flora of, 238. 

Casside; on several new genera and spe- 
cies of, 92. 

Cattle, wild, on the occurrence of in En- 
gland, 241, 356. 

Cautley, Capt. P. T,, on a fossil genus al- 
lied to Giraffidee, 167. 

Ceratosicyos Echlenii, description of, 421. 

Cereus tetragonus, notice of, 57. 

Cervus, description of a new species of, 
282. 

Chalcidites, descriptiois of British, 177, 
415. 

Chrysidide, on the systematic arrange- 
ment of the, 285. 

2 ue 


468 


Cicada, on the instruments of perforation 
in the, 142. 

Cimex, on three undescribed species of, 
241. 

Coffee-tree, anecdote respecting the trans- 
portation of the, to the French An- 
tilles, 5. 

Confervze, on a meteoric paper composed 
of, 185. 

Cook, Capt. 8. E., on the Pinus and Abies 
with remarks on a new species, 296. 

Coriaria, on some species of, 314. 

Coxe, Dr. J. R., on a remarkable pro- 
perty of some Fungi, 257. 

Crabs, on the metamorphosis of, 438. 

Creplin, Dr., observations on the Nema- 
toidea, 358. 

Crotalaria, descriptions of several new 
species of, 427. 

Crustacea, on the metamorphosis of, 
438. 

Cuming, H., on the habits of several new 
or rare Mammalia, 66. 

Cunningham, A., on the Flora of the 
islands of New Zealand, 29, 111, 314. 

Cycadacez, on the vernation of the, 284. 

Cyclopterus minutus and C. lumpus, ob- 
servations on, 38. 

Cydippe, on two British species of, 145. 

Cyrena, new fossil species of, 283. 

Darlington, W., Flora Cestrica, noticed, 
255. 

Desmonota, characters of the new genus, 
ae 

Dickie, G., Flora Aberdonensis, reviewed, 
122; on the reproductive organs of the 
Lichens, 165; observations on the Fu- 
mariacez, 440. 

Deedalea, new species of, 380. 

Dolichotoma, characters of the new ge- 
nus, 99. 

Don, Prof. D., on the Indian species of 
Iris, 57; on the Indian species of Jun- 
cus and Luzula, 59. 

Doyére, M., on the instruments of perfo- 
ration in the Cicada, 142. 

Drejer, T. N., Flora excursoria Hafnien- 
sis, noticed, 119. 

Dublin Natural History Society, proceed- 
ings of, 274. 

Du Cane, Capt., on the metamorphosis 
of the Crustacea, 438. 

Dujardin, F., on the digestive organs of 
Infusoria, 170. 

Edinburgh, second annual report of the 
Botanical Society of, noticed, 52. 

Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 
noticed, 190. 

Egerton, Sir P. Grey, on the Wild Cattle 
of England, 241. 

Ehrenberg, Prof., on the digestive appa- 
ratus of Infusoria, 107; award of the 
Wollaston Medal to, 138; on a me- 


INDEX, 


teoric paper composed of Confervee and 
Infusoria, 185; on a leather-like sub- 
stance found ona meadow, 321; on the 
structure of the Volvocinz, 461. 

Elytra of insects, on the composition of 
the, 94. 

Encephalartos horridus, noticerespecting, 
58. 

Ephydra, descriptions of some new spe- 
cies of, 404. 

Epilobium, on new species of, 31. : 

Ergot, or the anatomical and physiologi- 
cal nature of, 54. 

Ergotetea, on the new genus, 57. 

Exacum, on the East Indian species of, 
88. 

Exidia, new species of, 396. 

Eyton, T. C., on the Fauna of Shropshire 
and North Wales, 24. 

Falcon, Peregrine, notice respecting the, 
135. 

Falconer, Dr., observations on some East 
Indian Plants, 195. 

Fauna of Twizell, 361. 

Favolus, new species of, 379. 

Fish, on two rare species of, 128; on the 
structure of the scales of, 463. 

Flora of Van Diemen’s Land, contribu- 
tions towards a, 322. 

Flora of North America, review of, 50; 
Flora of Jamaica, noticed, 53; Flora 
excursoria Hafniensis, noticed, 119; 
Flora Aberdonensis, reviewed, 122; 
Flora Cestrica, noticed, 255; Flora 
Helvetices Synopsis, noticed, 255; Flora 
Suecica, noticed, 256; Flore Germanice 
Icones, noticed, 257; Flora of the 
Channel Islands, reviewed, 341. 

Forbes, E., notice respecting Primula ela- 
tior, 124; on two British species of 
Cydippe, 145; notices of a botanical 
excursion to the mountains of Ternova, 
236. 

Fox, G. T., on the birds of Ireland, 259. 

Francis, G. W., Little English Flora, no- 
ticed, 187. 

Fries, Prof. J. B., on the genus Syngna- 
thus, 69. 

Fries, E., Novitiarum Flore Suecicze Man- 
tissa, noticed, 256. 

Fuchsia, on a new species of, 31. 

Fumariacee, remarks on the, 440. 

Fungi, on a curious property of some, 
257; descriptions of several new species 
of, 322,455; descriptions of exotic, 375. 

Galeopithecus, curious habits of a species 
of, 66. 

Gardiner, W., jun., 
dioica, 128. 

Gardner, Mr., account of his journeys in 
Brazil, 250, 327. 

Gaudin, J., Synopsis Flore Helvetice, 
noticed, 255. 


notes on Lychnis 


‘ee ™% 


INDEX. 


Genera et Species Gentianearum, review- 
ed, 115. 

Genistez, on several new species of, 427. 

Gentianearum Conspectus, 116. 

Geological Society, proceedings of, 61, 
138, 204. 

Geranium, on some species of, 317. 

Gervais, M., on a new species of Sepiola, 
357. 

Giraffe, notice respecting the, 359. 

Giraffide, on a fossil genus allied to the, 
167. 

Giraud, H., on the structure and functions 
of pollen, 127. 

Gobius minutus, observations on, 38. 

Goniatites of the transition formations of 
the Rhine, on the, 9, 155. 

Graham, Prof., on the botanical produc- 
tions of the West of Ireland, 123. 

Grasses, nature of ergot in, 54. 

Gray and Torrey’s Flora of North Ame- 
rica, reviewed, 50. ; 

Grisebach’s (Dr. A. H.) Genera et Species 
Gentianearum, reviewed, 115. 

Haliday, A. H., on the generic distribu- 
tion of the British Hydromyzide, 217, 
401. 

Haloragez, new genera and species of, 29. 

Hamadryas, description of the new genus, 
131. 

Hare, on a black variety of, 142; descrip- 
tion of a new species of, 343. 

Harlan, Dr., on the teeth of the Zeuglo- 
don, 210. 

Harvey, Hon. W. H., on two South Afri- 
can genera of the natural order Passi- 
florez, 420. 

Hedysaree, descriptions of new, 433. 

Hermia, character of the genus, 47. 

Hoffmann, J. F., note on the Lemna ar- 
rhiza, 463. 

Hogg, J., observations on Spongilla flu- 
viatilis, 58, 458. 

Hoheria, description of the new genus, 
519. 

Hooker, Sir W. J., on two South African 
genera of the natural order Passiflorez, 
420. 

Hope, Rev. F. W., observations on the ge- 
nus Cassida, with characters of six new 
genera, 92. 

Hiigel’s (Baron von) Enumeratio Planta- 
rum, noticed, 189. 

Hydrellia, descriptions of some new species 
of, 401. 

Hydromyzide, on the generic distribution 
of the British, 217, 401. 

Hylurgus, injuries inflicted on trees by, 
363. 


Hypericum, on some species of, 317. 

Iceland, notice of the birds of, 259. 

Indian plants, descriptions of new or rare, 
20, 85, 150. 


469 


Indigo, on the formation of, 282. 

Indigofera, descriptions of some new spe- 
cies of, 431. 

Infusoria, on the digestive apparatus of, 
100, 170; on a meteoric paper com- 
posed of, 185; notice respecting the 
distribution of fossil, 139. 

Insects, fecundation of some orchideous 
plants effected by, 5; on six new ge- 
nera of, 92; on the substance compo- 
sing the elytra of, 94; ensnaring of, by 
plants, notice respecting the, 191; lists 
of, taken at Twizell, 366; on the olfac- ' 
tory sense of the antenne of, 464. 

Iris, descriptions of the Indian species of, 
57. 


Irpex, new species of, 395. 

Irvine’s (A.) London Flora, noticed, 186. 

Jamaica, review of the Flora of, 53. 

Jameson, Prof., on two rare fishes, 128. 

Jenyns, Rey. L., on a new species of bat, 
73; on three undescribed species of 
Cimex, 241. 

Johnston, Dr. G., History of British Zoo- 
phytes, reviewed, 46; on the British 
Nereides, 289. 

Jones, Prof. Rymer, on the digestive ap- 
paratus of Infusoria, 105 ; General Out- 
line of the Animal Kingdom, reviewed, 
443, 

Juncus, descriptions of new Indian spe- 
cies of, 59 ; description of a new spe- 
cies of, 120. 

Keith, Rev. P., on the pith of plants, 77. 

Kersten, Prof. C., on a leather-like sub- 
stance found on a meadow, 320. 

Kickx, Prof., on a new species of Poly- 
porus, 284. 

Klug, Prof., on the systematic arrange- 
ment of the Chrysidide, 285. 

Koala, on two skulls of the, 453. 

Lefebvre, A., on the olfactory sense of 
the antenne, 464. 

Leguminose, note on the affinities of the, 
427 ; on the development of the, 462. 

Lemna arrhiza, notice respecting, 463. 

Lemurs, flying, description of two spe- 
cies of, 445. 

Lentinus, new species of, 378. 

Lepadogaster, on a new species of, 34. 

Lepidosiren, anatomy of the, 265; ona 
new species of, 270. 

Lhotsky, Dr. J., notes on the botanical 
geography of New Holland, 194. 

Lichens, on the reproductive organs of 
the, 165; on some new species of Bri- 
tish, 455. 3 

Limpet, observations on the, 231. 

Lindley, Dr. J., on the anatomy of the 
roots of Ophrydez, 193. 

Link, Prof., comparison of the structure 
of succulent plants with the Sigillarie, 
214, 


470 


Linnean Society, proceedings of, 54, 193, 
275, 455. 

Lonchocarpus, descriptions of some new 
species of, 432. 

Londra, on the new genus, 352. 

Lophopetalum, description of the new ge- 
nus, 150. 

Loranthus, observations on the genus, 90. 

Loudon’s Arboretum et Fruticetum Bri- 
tannicum, reviewed, 188. 

Lund, M., on some fossil Mammifera from 
Brazil, 235, 422. 

Lupinus, descriptions of some new spe- 
cies of, 4390. 

Luzula, on the Indian species of, 59. 

Lychnis dioica, on three varieties of, 128. 

Lycopsis arvensis, notice of a monstrous 
variety of, 442. 

Macfadyen’s (Dr. J.) Flora of Jamaica, 
noticed, 53. 

Magnesia, influence of, on the germination 
and fructification of vegetables, 70. 

Mammalia, on several new or rare spe- 
cies of, 66. 

Mammifera, discovery of fossil in Brazil, 
235 ; descriptions of several, 422. 

Mandl, M., on the structure of the scales 
of Fish and Reptiles, 463. 

Marsupialia, on the osteology of the, 446. 

Martin, Mr., observations on the Istiurus 
Amboinensis, and on a new species of 
Varanus, 68; on some new species of 
Snakes, 201 ; on the crania of the Sooty 
and White-eyelid Monkeys, 353. 

Martins, M. von, on the geographical dis- 
tribution of palms, 405. 

Mesomphalia, characters of the new ge- 
nus, 94, - 

Meteorological observations and Tables, 
71, 143, 215, 287, 360, 466. 

Metrosideros, on some new species of, 
ATi; 

Meyen, Dr. J., on the digestive apparatus 
of Infusoria, 100. 

Microscopic Illustrations, noticed, 192. 

Microtropis, observations on the genus, 
15]. 

Milne Edwards, H., on the nature of Po- 
lypidoms, 214. 

Miquel, F. A. W., on the vernation of the 
Cycadacee, 284. 

Monkeys, observations on the crania of 
some, 353. 

Morren, Prof. C., on the production of 
Vanilla in Europe, 1 ;'on the morpho- 
logy of the ascidia of plants, 305, 411; 
on the formation of indigo in Polygo- 
num tinctorium, 283; on the action of 
frost on plants, 358. 

Mosses, on the development of the theca, 
and on the sexes of, 456. 

Moths, method of securing, 365. 

Mummies, discovery of, in Mexico, 464. 


INDEX. 


Murex trunculus, manufacture of dye 
from, 271. 

Muscide, on some new genera and spe- 
cies of, 219. 

Myrtus, description of a new species of, 
1)5. 

Natural History of the Sperm Whale, no- 
ticed, 118. 

Natural History Society for the West 
Riding of Yorkshire, notice respecting, 
274. 

Nematoidea, observations on the, 358. 

Nereides, on the British, 289. 

Neurocalyx, description of the genus, 21. 


* Newman, E., on the synonymy of the Pas- 


sandra, 303. 

Nyst, H., on a new fossil species of Cy< 
rena, 283. 

Ogilby, Mr., on a new species of Muntjac 
Deer, 282. 

Omma, description of the new genus, 303. 

Ophrydee, on the anatomy of the roots 
of, 193. ; 

Orchideous plants, fecundation of some, 
effected by insects, 5. 

Owen, Prof. R., on the jaws of Thylaco- 
therium Prevostii, 61; on the anatomy 
of the Apteryx, 130, 345; on the Phas- 
coleotherium, 204; on the teeth of the 
Zeuglodon, 210; on the anatomy of 
the genus Lepidosiren and description 
of a new species, 265; on the osteo- 
logy of the Marsupialia, 446; on two 
skulls of the Koala, 453. 

Owl, on the migrations of the snowy, 
107; occurrence of, in Ireland, 110. 

Oxalis, on some species of, 315. 

Oxen, on fossil remains of, in the bogs of 
Ireland, 270. 

Paine, Thom., jun., notices respecting 
some rare British birds, 140. 

Palms, on the geographical distribution 
of, 465. 

Passandra, on a new genus and several 
new species of, 303. 

Passiflorez, on two South African genera 
of the natural order of, 420. 

Patella vulgaris, observations on, 231. 

Patterson, R., on the Common Limpet, 
231: 

Perch, on a deformed variety of, 24. 

Phascolarctos, on two skulls of the, 453. 

Phascolotherium, observations on the, 
204. 

Phaseolez, descriptions of new, 434. 

Pilularia globulifera, on the structure and 
development of the reproductive or- 
gans of, 260. 

Pines of the Caucasus, review of, 336. 

Pinus and Abies, observations on, 296. 

Plants, descriptions of some new or rare 
Indian, 20, 85, 150; influence of native 
magnesia on the germination and fruc- 


INDEX. 


tification of, 70; on the pith of, 77; 
comparison of the structure of suecu- 
lent, with the Sigillarize, 214 ; new Bra- 
zilian, 254, 330; British, notices re- 
specting, 272; action of frost on, 358 ; 
on the morphology of the ascidia of, 
305, 411. 

Poa, characters of a new species of, 119. 

Pollen, on the structure and functions of, 
127. 

Polycarpza, on some species of, 90. 

Polygonum tinctorium, on the formation 
of indigo in, 282. 

Polypidoms, on the nature of, 214. 

Polyporus, new exotic species of, 284 ; 
new species of, 382. 

Polyps, on some new genera of, 47. 

Primula elatior, notice respecting, 124. 

Pritchard and Goring’s Microscopic Illus- 
trations, noticed, 192. 

Queckett, E. J., on the anatomical and 
physiological nature of ergot in cer- 
tain Grasses, 54. 

Ranunculus aquatilis, observations on, 
22h. 

Reichenbach’s Icones Flore Germanice, 
noticed, 257. 

Reptiles, on new species of, 68; on the 
structure of the scales of, 463. 

Rhine, on the Goniatites found in the 
transition formations of the, 9, 155. 
Robertson, Capt., notice respecting the 

Peregrine Falcon, 135. 

Royal Irish Academy, proceedings of, 60, 
270. 

Rubiacez, new genera of, 20. 

Rudge, E., on Cereus tetragonus, 57. 

Schizostigma, description of the genus, 
20. 

Schleiden, Dr., on the development of 
the Leguminose, 402. 

Schomburgk, H., descriptionsof the plants 
collected by, 427. 

Sciurus, on some new American species 
of, 275. 

Selby, P. J., on the Fauna of Twizell, 
361. 

Selenis, characters of the new genus, 96. 

Sepiola, on a new species of, 357. 

Serpents, notice of a new genus of, 131; 
ebservations on marine, 137. 

Sheep, habits of the Burrhal, 136. 

Shell, fossil, new species of, 283. 

Shells, notices respecting, 240. 

Shropshire, on the Fauna of, 24. 

Shuckard’s (W.E.) British Coleoptera de- 
lineated, noticed, 287. 

Sigillariz, on the structure of the, 214. 

Snakes, description of some new species 
of, 201. 

Spheeria, new species of, 397. 

Spongilla fluviatilis, on the vegetable na- 
ture of, 58, 458. 


471 


Starch, notice respecting its occurrence 
in the vegetable kingdom, 165. 

Steven’s (M.) Pines of the Caucasus, re- 
viewed, 336. 

Sykes, Lieut.-Col., on three digitigrade 
Carnivora, 348 ; description of the new 
genus Londra, 352. 

Syngnathus, observations on the genus, 
69; remarks on some species of, 81. 
Tarsius spectrum, curious habits of the, 

67 


Tauroma, characters of the new genus, 
97. 

Taylor’s (H.) Beekeeper’s Manual, no- 
ticed, 121. 

Taylor, R., on the Wild Cattle of Great 
Britain, 356. 

Tephrosia, descriptions of some new spe- 
cies of, 431. 

Testicularia, observations on the genus, 
400. 

Thelephora, description of new species of, 
395. 

Thompson, Wm., on a new species of 
Lepadogaster, 34; on Gobius minutus 
and Cyclopterus minutus, considered 
as the young of Cycl. lumpus, 38; on 
the migrations of the Snowy Owl, 
107; on the effects of the hurricane of 
Jan. 7, 1839, on some birds, fishes, &c., 
183. 

Thylacotherium Prevostii, on the jaws of, 


Torrey and Gray’s Flora of North Ameri- 
ca, reviewed, 50. 

Tweedside Physical and Antiquarian So- 
ciety, proceedings of the, 354. 

Tyre, on the purple dye of, 271. 

Valentine, W., on the structure and de- 
velopment of the reproductive organs 
of Pilularia globulifera, 260; on the 
development of thecz, and on the 
sexes of Mosses, 456. 

Vanbeneben, M., on a new species of Se- 
piola, 357. 

Vanilla, on the production of, in Europe, 
1; anecdote respecting the migration of 
the plant producing, 5. 

Varanus, new species of, 69. 

Vateria, observations on the genus, 155. 

Vespertilio, on a new species of, 73. 

Vochysiacez, notice respecting the, 333. 

Vogel, Dr., on the development of the 
Leguminose, 462. 

Volvocinz, on the structure of the, 461. 

Wagner, Dr., on rabies in dogs, oxen, &c., 
190. 

Wales, North, on the Fauna of, 24. 

Walker, F., on the British Chalcidites, 
177, 415. 

Warren’s (E. A.) botanical chart, noticed, 
121. 

Waterhouse, Mr., on a new species of 


472 


hare, 343; on two species of flying Le- 
murs, 445. 

Wernerian Natural History Society, pro- 
ceedings of, 128. 

Wilde, Dr., on the manufacture of the 
purple dye of Tyre, 271. 

Yarrell, W., on some species of the genus 
Syngnathus, 81. 


INDEX. 


Zealand, New, on the Flora of the Islands 
of, 20, 111, 244, 314. 

Zeuglodon, observations on the teeth of 
the, 210. 

Zoological Society, proceedings of, 66, 
130, 201, 275, 343, 445. 

Zoophytes, History of British, reviewed, 
46. 


END OF THE THIRD VOLUME. 


ALERE 


FLAMMAM. 


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‘ On the General Magnetic Relations and Characters of Metals. By Prof. 
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Notice on the Theory of the thers. By Prof. R. Kane. 

Researches in the Undulatory Theory of Light :—On the Elliptical Polarization 
produced by Quartz. By J. Tovey, Esq. 

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On the Colour of Steam. By Thomas Webster, M.A. 

Some Remarks on Hydrocyanic Acid. By J. T. Cooper, Esq. 

On the Motion and Rest of Rigid Bodies. By Prof. J. Sylvester. 

On the Colours of Mixed Plates. By Sir David Brewster, K.G.H., F.R.S. 

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CONTENTS. 
Page 
I. On the Production of Vanilla in Europe. By Prof. Cu. Morren, 
of the Univetsity GF Liére is... oo. os ons ss ose eth tee 1 
II. On the Goniatites of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 
By: Mis. Bevazrogs 2 OVith a Plate.) 0.6.6 aes eee 7 
III. Descriptions of some new or rare Indian Plants. By Dr. G. 
ASW s ARNOTT |i 7505, saa s ae.9 oe vis w bye Soe eats bl 8 6 oe ee 20 
IV. On the Fauna of Shropshire and North Wales. By T.C. 
ESYTON, 258G).'.. chore ska owe pale 96 Uve's pa pe wae eine 24 


V. Flore Insularum Nove Zelandize Precursor; or a Specimen of 
the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By ALLan Cunnine- 
TEAM PURE 0 ag oa Sis wal n ws 6s creas Ay woke) bbs Ole eee 29 


VI. On an apparently undescribed Species of Lepadogaster; and 
on the Gobius minutus and Cyclopterus minutus, considered as the 
young of Cycl. lumpus. By Wm. Tuompson, Esq. ............ 84 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


A History of British Zoophytes. By G. Jonnsron, M.D...... rain. |: 
Flora of North America. By Drs. Torrey and Gray .............. 50 
Genera Insectorum Iconibus illustravit et descripsit H. Burmeister.. 52 
Second Annual Report and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of 
Eedinbutghe.. 025.) Se. te ee ine Sa west cue eee 52 


Flora of Jamaica, By Dr. Macfadyen .................. Geese 83 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETiES. 


Linnean Society:—On the Anatomical and Physiological Nature of 
Ergot, by E. J. Queckett ; on Cereus tetragonus, by E. Rudge; 
on the Indian species Iris, by Prof.,Don; observations on the 
Spongilla fluviatilis, by J. Hogg; on Encephelartos horridus, 
by T. Forrest on the Indian species of Juncus and Luzula, by _ 
Prof) Done 3560s eso Las tes ta a eae se ee 

Royal Irish Academy ree of Cy dippe pomifermis, by Mr. | 
Ball . 


Geological Society :-—On the Jaws of the Thylacotherium Prevostii, 


by Richard ‘Owen. 0530 as ae ae 


Zoological Society :—H. Cuming on the habits of. Galeopithecus and 
Tarsius spectrum; Mr. Martin, description of two species: of — 


SSulitiall Tepiles <6. oss igh ees ea Sn ew ews oe ee x a 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


On the'genus Gyngnathus 2. ie eee eo ak oe eee ae 6 


On the Influence of native Magnesia on the Geminalom Westies 


60 


tion and Fructification of Vegetables, by Angelo Abbene, eStats 70 


Meteorological Observations and Table... ..ecee+cseeeeseces Uy 72 


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MAY 1839. 


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ERRATUM. 

An error in the names affixed to two notices in our last Number, p. 142, re- 
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indebted to Mr. Churchill Babington ;—and for the second, upon the Hare and 
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Page 139, line 11 from bottom, omit the words ‘in conjunction with Prof. Miller.” 


THE LATE MR. JOHN HUNNEMAN. 


OTICE.—The Representatives of the late Mr. J. HUNNEMAN 

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‘THE LONDON AND EDINBURGH 
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Contents of No. 90 for MAY 1839. 


Researches in the Undulatory Theory of Light. By J. Tovey, Esq. 

On some Products obtained by the reaction of Nitric Acid on Alcohol. By Dr. 
Golding Bird. 

Answer to the Objections published against a general theory of the Visual Ap- 
pearances which arise from the Contemplation of Coloured Objects. By J. Plateau, 
Professor at the University of Ghent. - 

On the Constitution of Resins. By J. F. Johnston, F.R.S. 

On the Theory of Astronomical Refractions. By J. Ivory, K.H., M.A., F.R.S. 

On the Geology of Devonshire. By Prof. Phillips. 

On the Devonian System. By the Rev. Prof. Sedgwick and R. I. Murchison. 

On the Classification of certain Geological Formations in Devonshire. By the 
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London: R. Groombridge, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 
XV. On two British Species of Cydippe. By E. Forses, Esq. 
(Withia Plate). sae. tee bein tees ee 0 wees py sep 8 orp eines cn weet nn 145 
XVI. Descriptions of some new or rare Indian Plants. By Dr. G. 
Ay W. ARNOTT 05. o ss ele ewe 8 os thes So bike Rone ate 150 
XVII. On the Goniatites of the Transition Formations of the Rhine. 
By M. E. Beyzicu. (With a Plate)... 00.0). Otek ees eee 155 
XVIII. Remarks on the Reproductive Organs of the Lichens. By 
(3 -Drcwkrk, sq (AALS 2 ios. oki eae ns foe wie ule a det 0. SS anne 165 
XIX. Note on a Fossil Genus allied to Girafide. By Capt. P. T. 
CAUPLER. | re ito eines Oe aso be oy a ee 167 


XX. On the Digestive Organs of Infusoria. By M. F. Dusarpry. 170 

XXI. Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By F. Watxer, Esq., 
ass oy Oey Cane Oe SPE eee cb we Pe ee SE 177 

XXII. Note on the Effects of the Hurricane of Jan. 7th, 1839, in 
Ireland, on some Birds, Fishes, &. By W.'THompson, Esq. .... 182 


XXIII. On a Meteoric Paper which fell from the Sky in 1686 in 
Courland, composed of peidede 3 and Infusoria. By Professor Enren- 
BERG Of Berlin. oe atic 4 dik Oo ak Poa ws week ee ee 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


The London Flora. By A. Irvine rs oe oo ae ee 186 
The Little English Flora. By G. W. Francis... ...... PRE E a 187 
Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By J.C. Loudon ...... 188 
Enumeratio Plantarum quas in Nove Hollandie ora coilegit Carolus 
iaber-Baro de TWukele 2... cee ens eile a ate ee 180° 2 
The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. Conducted by Prof. 
PRIMESOD 20 Tae Sete Oe the ak ee hate e eee 190 
Microscopic Illustrations, &c. 2nd. Edit. By Dr. Goring and A. 
Pritchoariay: ois ee eee a SUN Gs ey ny hee ee 192 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES, 


Linnzan Society :—Prof. J. Lindley on the Anatomy of the roots of 
Ophrydee; Dr. J. Lhotsky on the Botanical Geography of 
New Holland; Dr. Falconer on the state of the Botanic 
Garden at Saharunpore/.°. 0°. ee ee 193—201 

Zoological Society :—Mr. Martin on a collection of Snakes from the 


Bouaph rates ook 5 ee ais eit res he ool pis ee eee 201—204 


Geological Society :—Prof. Dwele on the Remains of Marsupial Mam- 
malia from the Stonesfield Slate, and on the teeth of Basilo- — 


SOUPHD Sin eos ce eas OB eRe ee eae See 204—213 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
On the Nature of Polypidoms. By Milne Edwards ............ 214 
On the Structure of Succulent Plants compared with the Sigillarie. 
By Prof. Link .. 1... 60.1 cee e cece ee ee cee eee ee ee eaes 


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AUGUST 1839. 


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LONDON: 
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aha TE 
rile 


SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER, 


CONTENTS. 


XLVIII. Enumeration of Plants collected by Mr. Schomburgk in 
British Guiana. By Grorcr Benrnam, Esq., F.L.S (Continued).. 433 


LIX. On the Metamorphoses of the Crustacea. By Capt. C. 


DuCang, HIN. CWith a Plate.) fo5 oe ales se fies ee 438 
L. Remarks on the Fumariacee. By Gerorer Dickie, Esq., 
A;L.S;, Lectureron Gotany at Aberdeen. 2.5.55). 24 teeter eee a ate 440 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 


A General Outline of the Animal Kingdom, by Thomas Rymer Jones, 
F.L.S., Professer of Comparative Anatomy in King’s College. 
Parte 1 tO Wa po on Js etme 67e Wiehe Sieh eee Sa oie a taolte Stetace nese 443 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 


Zoological Society :—Observations on some F lying Lemurs, by Mr. 
Waterhouse; on the Osteology of the Marsupialia, by Prof. R. 
Owen; on two skulls of the full-grown Koala, by Prof. R. 
Owen sree Ber ee pins ie gra jie dea cea omens 445—454 

Linnzan Society :—Remarks on British Lichens and Fungi, by C. 
Babington; on aremarkable Gall, by M.J. Berkeley; on the deve- 
lopment of the Theca, and on the Sexes in Mosses, by W. Valen- 
tine ; Anniversary Address of the President ; on Spongilla fluvia- 
ailis, with remarks on the Nature of Spongie marine, by J. 
Hopes 3250s RAT TN Pe EEE ee Ty wee sae 455—461 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


On the Structure of the Volvocine, by Prof. Ehrenberg .......... 461 
Development of the Leguminose, by Drs. Schleiden and Vogel .... 462 
On the Structure of the Scales of Fish and Reptiles, by M. Mandl.. 463 


On Lemaaorrhiza;by Dr: J. ¥.. Hoffmann \. o..34).4 03 3 eee ib. 
Discovery of Mummies in Mexico. ess 42 \o,\9 hates 
On the Olfactory Sense of the hed ee a a Laine ae e Sip ib. 
On the Geographical Distribution of Palms, by M. von Martius.... 465 : 
Meteorological Observations and Table... ........ ...2e00- 465, 466 


AND FOUR PLATES 


To illustrate various Articles in the Third Vo me. 
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