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I 


PRESENTED   TO 

THE   X.IBR.iLH,ir 

UXn'ERSlTY'OF  MICHIGAN' 

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THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  REPORT 


State  Horticultural  Society 

or 

MISSOURI 

1890 


HELD  AT  CLINTOS,  MO.,  DEC.  2,  3  AND  4,  1890. 


L.  A.  GOODMAN, 

HedeUry,  WeatpoM,  Ho, 


JEPFEBSON  CITY,  MO.: 

TBtBDMI  PRIMTtHa  OOMPAKT,  8TATB  PKIKTIBS  AHD  BIHDBBB. 

1881. 


D|MZ,=  by  Google 


MISSOUBr  STATE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


To  Hit  Exetllmey,  David  E.  Fbamcib  : 

TbU  report  of  our  sooietj  work,  of  tbe  meetlnge  held,  of  the  mODeys  expended, 
and  of  tbe  local  aocieties  and  coQDtleB  reporting  for  tbe  fear  1800,  la  respectfallf 
submitted.  L.  A.  GoodUjiN.  Secretary, 

TTestport,  Uo.,  1690. 


City  of  Jrffbbson,  Not.  26, 1890. 
To  the  CammUiioneri  ofPublit  Printing  .■ 

I  require  for  use  of  Horticultural  Society  3,000  copies  of  Report  of  State  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  1,000  copies  bound  In  cloth,  S,000  In  paper,  which  I  desire  printed 
as  per  acconipaDylDg  sample.  Respectfully, 

L.  A.  QooDUAM, 
Approved :  State  Secretary. 


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OFFICERS  FOB  THE  YEAR  1890. 


N.  F.  MUBBAY,  Oregon. 


SBCBCTART, 

L.  A.  GOODMAN,  Westport. 


LIST  OF  HONORARY  MEMBERS. 


QeOFg«  Haisman Mapa,  Cal 

T.  T.  Ljon Soutb  H«v«D,  Mlob. 

C.  W.  Hurtfcldt Eirkvood,  Mo 

Hon.  X.  J.  Colman St.  LooIe,  Mo 


LIST  OF  LIFE  MEMBERS. 


J.  C.  EvKns Harleni..  .. 

h.  A.  GoodmKD Weatport . . 

D.  M.  Dunl&p FuItOQ 


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STANDIKG  COMMITTEES. 


W.  G.Gano,  Oldeni  CnASLEB  Pattehsox,  KlrkBTlUa;  Henuy  Sms,  Butler. 

Fiiutoriff. 
Q.  E.  Meiskneh,  BnihbnrBi  Jacob  Rohuel ,  Uocrlgon;  C,  Tgcbxeii,  LexlngCOD. 

SmaU  Fniti. 
8.  H1LL2H,  BlDfftOni  J,  N.  Uehifee,  Oregon;  Henht  Bcbnell.  GImcow, 

Stcae  FrvU: 
a.  W.  HorKiHS,  SprtuKaeld;  T.  A.  Eitbbabd,  Cartbige;  J.  A.  lioajkS,  Nevidk, 

riftlaUa, 
Piof.  J.  VI,  Clabe,  Colnmbla;  W.  A.  dHii-iT,  BoohtUIB)  J.  A.  Duuees,  Weiiton. 

H.  NiBLeoH,  St.  Joupbt  R.  8.  Bhown,  Kuiu  City;  Ida  Cuohe,  Datln-, 

Ornameatalt . 
rial.  U.  Q.  Kxas,  8t.  Lonlai  Un.  C.  1.  Sobahd!I.  BnUeri  R.  E   Bailbt.  FoIMd. 

EiUiiiiio(«iriF. 

Ulat  U.  E.  llUBTriLDT,  Klikwoodi  Dr.  A.  Qoai.ix,  Otegoa;  J.  O.  Kis'deb,  KeTBd». 


Prof.  H.  W.  Spe 


Si/mtniilaliirt. 
X.  W.  OAtiXT,  Mai^Tlllei  J.  B.  WiLi>,  aarooiiSi  A.  Ambrurk,  NeTBd*. 

Kit  Fndlt. 
V.  LiontEBOBH,  Uiij;dj  A.  H.  Gileeson,  Wkminabiurg;  W.  P.  Stahii,  LoolBiBua. 

Omilliologti . 
Clabk  Ibvime,  OragDn;  <;.  W.  Murtpkldt,  Klrkwood;  W.  H.  Tuuti.tr<,  Lb  Qrangt. 

IHfarlout  nnffi. 
B.  T.  Qallowav,  WuliiastOD,  D.  C.i  Ptol.  W.  Tbelease,  81.  Loait. 

PaeMng  and  ilarttUag  Frvil: 

£.  T.  HoLLigTEB,  St.  Lonlt;  C.  C,  Bei.l,  BoodvUIb;  0.  Tqokp,  Westoa. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_V 


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CONSTITUTION 


MISSOURI  STATE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


Artici.1  I.  This  Auoolatton  shall  be  knoirn  aa  tbe  MUsonrl  State  HortloaU 
tuntl  Soctet7 .    Its  object  ab&U  b«  the  promotioo  of  hortlonltnre  in  all  f  ta  branches. 

AxT.  IE.  Any  person  may  become  a  member  of  this  society  upon  the  payment 
of  one  dollar,  and  membership  shsll  oontloue  upon  the  payment  of  one  dollar 
annually.  The  payment  of  tea  dollars  at  any  one  time  shall  eonstitnte  a  person  a 
lift  member,  and  honorary  members  may  be  elected  at  any  regular  meeting  of  the 
society.  And  any  lady  may  become  a  memtier  by  giving  her  name  to  the  secre- 
tary. 

Akt.  ni.  The  olBcers  of  this  society  shall  consist  of  a  president,  vice-presi- 
dent, a  secretary  and  a  treaflurer,  who  shall  be  elected  by  ballot  at  each  regnlar 
Annoal  meeting,  and  whose  terms  of  office  shall  begin  on  the  first  day  of  Jane  fol- 
lowing their  election. 

Art.  IV.  Tbe  elective  ofOcers  of*  this  society  shall  constitute  an  exeontlve 
oommittee,  at  any  meeting  of  which  a  majority  of  the  members  shall  hare  power  to 
transact  business.  The  other  duties  of  the  ofBoera  shall  be  such  as  nsaally  pertain 
to  the  same  offlcers  of  similar  organ tEations. 

Art.  V.  The  regular  meetings  of  this  society  shaD  be  held  annually  on  the 
first  Tuesday  In  December,  except  wbea  otherwise  ordered  by  the  executive  com- 
mittee. Special  meetings  of  the  society  may  be  called  by  the  executive  committee, 
and  meetings  of  the  committee  by  tlie  president  and  secretary. 

Art.  VI.  As  (oon  &fter  each  regular  annual  meeting  as  possible,  the  president 
■hall  appoint  the  following  standing  committees,  and  they  shall  be  required  to  give 
a  report  in  writing,  under  their  respective  heads,  at  the  annual  and  semi-annual 
meetings  of  the  society,  of  what  trsnEplrea  during  the  year  of  Interest  to  tbe  society  : 
Orchards,  Vineyards,  Stone  Prnlts,  Small  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Flowers,  Ornamentals, 
Entomology,  Ornithology.  Botany,  NooieDclature,  New  Fralts,  Injurious  Fungi, 
Paelcing  and  Marketing  Fruit. 

Art.  VII.  Tills  oonstltntlon  may  be  amended  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  tbe 
members  present  at  any  regular  meeting. 


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LIST  OF  COUNTY   SOCIETIES. 


Adair  County  Horticultural  Society— 

S.  H.  Braibear,  President,  Kltkavllle. 

Cbas.  Patterson,  Hecietary,        ' ' 
Atohtson  County  Horttcnitnral  Society — 

C.  W.  Coe,  Pres't,  Tarkio. 

R.Lynn,  Reo'y,       " 
Barry  Connty  Horticultural  Society— 

M.  H.  Roberts,  Pres't,  Oolden. 

G.  G.  James,  See'y,  Exeter. 
Bates  County  Hortlenltural  Society- 

C.  I.  Robards,  Pres't,  Butler. 

Henry  Speer,  Seo'y,  ' ' 
Barton  County  Hortlonltral  Society- 

C.  H.  Fink,  Pres't,  Lamar. 

D.  B.  Hayea,  See'y.     " 
BnobanoD  Co.  Horticultural  Society- 
Hans  Nlelson,  Pres't,  St.  JoMpb. 

C.  UcKann,  Sec'y,  '• 
Butler  County  Hortlonltnral  Society— 

D.  C.  EltterldKe,  Pres't,  Poplar  Bluff. 

E.  R.  Lentz,  Hec'y,  >■ 
Camden  County  Horticultural  Society— 

J.  W.  Borhang,  Pres't,  Stontland. 
J.  D.  Ueagan,  Seo'y,  " 

Cooper  County  Horticultural  Society— 
H.  H.  Myers,  Pres't,  Boonrllle. 

C.  C.  BeU,  Sec'y,  " 

Greene  Connty  Horticultural  Society— 
G.  W.  Hopkins,  Pres't,  Sprlogfleld. 

D.  S.  Holman,  Sec'y,  " 
Henry  County  Horticultural  Society — 

M.  L.  Bonbam.  Pres't,  Clinton. 

J.  M.  PcetzDiger.  ^ec'y,  " 
Holt  County  Horticultural  Society— 

N.  F.  Murray,  Pres't.  Elm  GrOYe. 

W.  R.  Laughlin,  Seo'y,  ■' 
Mound  City  Uortloultural  Society— 

D.  B.  Browning,  Pres't,  Mound  City. 

J.  M.  Hasness,  Sec'y,  " 

Howell  County  Horticultural  Society— 

Pres't,  Olden. 

Will  George.Sec'y,     " 


.Tasper  County  Horticultural  Society— 

B.  Ball,  Pres't,  Carthage. 

F.  A.  Hubbard,  Sec'y,  Cartbage. 
Trl-county  Horticultural  Society— 

Jobn  Harlan,  Prea't,  Sarcoxle. 

J.  M,  Rice,  See'y,  " 

Lafayette  Co.  Horticultural  Society— 

Dr.  W.  A.  Gordon,  Pres't,  Lexington. 

C.  Teubner,  Sec'y,  " 
Laclede  County  Horticultural  Society^ 

A.  Nelson,  Pres't,  Lebsnon. 

E.  B.  Kellerman.  Sec'y,  Letianon. 
Linn  County  Horticultural  Society- 
Ralph  Smith,  Pres't.  Brookfield. 
G.W.Martin,  Sec'y, 

MercerCounty  HorilcuItuTal  Society- 
R.  J.  Lewis,  Pres't,  Princeton. 
■I.  A.  Kennedy,  Sec'y,  Ravenna. 

Montgomery  Co  Horticultural  Society— 

F.  Qutmann,  Prest,  Hugo. 
C.  Hauaeer,  (jec'y,        " 

Pettis  Connty  Sorttoaltnral  Sooletp— 
O.  W.  Parish,  Pres't,  SedalU. 
L.  T.  Kirk,  Sec'y,  ■* 

Polk  County  Horticultural  Society— 

G.  W.  Williams,  Pres't,  Huraansville. 
.J.  L.  Strader.  Sec'y,  " 

Phelps  County  Horticultural  Society — 

Robt.  Merriwether,  Pres't,  Rolla. 

W.  W.  Soutbgate,  Sec'y,  " 

Kipley  County  Ilorlicultursl  Society— 

J.  G.  Hancock,  Pres't,  Doniphan. 

T.  W.  Mabrey,  Hec'y,  " 

Vernon  County  Hortlenltural  Society— 

A  Ambrose.  Pres't,  Nevada. 

J.  G.  Kinder,  Sec'y,      " 
Missouri  Vslley  Horticultural  Society— 

J.  C.  Evans,  Pres't,  Harlem,  Mo. 

G.  E.  Rose.  .Seo'y,  Rosedale,  Kas, 


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OF  TBS 

MISSOURI  STATE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 

HELD  AT  POPLAR  BLUFF,  JUNE  3-4-5,  1890. 


Tdebdat,  Jane  3,  8  p.  u. 
Society  called  to  order  by  President  J.  C.  Evans. 
Opened  with  pra;er  by  C.  W.  Martfeldt. 

ADDBBSB  OP  WBLCOHB. 

E.  R.  Lkntz,  roplar  Blaff. 
Ut.  Prttuittii  and  Ladia  and  OentUmen: 

On  behalf  of  tbe  cItlzeDB  of  the  oltf  of  PopUr  Blnff  and  Butler  couotf,  It  it 
mj  privilege,  or,  well  kh  mj  pleasure,  to  extend  to  jou,  tbe  officers  and  members  of 
the  HlHsonrl  State  HortlcuUnral  Sooietj,  and  to  you,  gentlemen,  vho  are  not  tnem- 
ben  of  Bald  society,  but  wbo  are  here  as  vleitorB  and  Interested  spectators  of  tbe 
proceedings  of  this  t)ody,  ttae  earnest  and  heartfelt  welcome  of  the  good  people  of 
this  city  aod  coantj.  We  welcome  you  to  out  midst,  to  our  city  and  to  our  homes, 
and  It  is  the  earnest  wish  of  every  oittzen  of  Poplar  Bluff  that  your  stay  among  ua 
may  t>e  both  pleasant  and  profitable;  and  let  nie  say  here,  that  It  will  be  the  aim  and 
desire  of  onr  people  to  make  your  stay  with  us,  at  least  pleasant,  although  we  cannot 
promise  you  that  we  will  be  able  to  make  It  profitable  to  you.  Yet  we  shall  do  onr 
best,  and  gather  for  ourselTea  whatever  there  may  be  of  profit  from  your  meeting 
with  us. 

This  Is  the  first  meeting,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  gentlemen,  which  your  society 
has  erer  held  in  Southeast  Hiasourl.  And  It  seems  to  me  peculiarly  fitting  and  ap- 
propriate that  your  society  should  become  more  fully  and  intimately  acquainted 
with  the  capabilities  of  this  section  of  the  State  as  a  fruit-growing  region.  And  I 
may  say,  gentlemen,  that  its  capabilities  need  only  be  known  lo  l>e  appreciated. 

While  It  Ie  true  that  as  yet  there  has  been  but  little  done  In  the  way  of  devel- 
oping this  Important  branch  of  the  agriculture  of  tbe  State,  yet  enough  has  been 
done  to  show  the  wonderful  adaptability  of  our  section  of  the  State  to  the  growing 
of  aTcry  large  list  of  fruits.  Probably  In  no  section  ot  the  State  can  so  many 
varieties  of  fruits  be  so  successfully  grown  as  In  that  portion  lying  to  the  south  and 
east  of  the  Ozark  ranee  of  mountains. 


D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_)' 


Sle 


8  STATE   HORTICULTURAL  800IBTY. 

Here  Kr«  annuftll;  grown  some  of  the  flneet  apples  th&t  the  countiy  prodnoee, 
and  wbll«  It  Is  true  that  the  greater  part  of  the  apples  rataed  in  thta  oommnnity  are 
Inferior  In  size,  quality  and  flavor,  yet  the  raagnlflcont  speclmenH  that  we  see  e&cli 
year  grown  In  onr  verj  mldat  show  what  can  be  done  by  Judicious  and  tboroagh 
cultlTation. 

And  need  I  say  the  peach  Hods  here  Its  nataral  home  nnd  attains  its  greatest 
perTection.  [f  any  of  yon  gentlemen  have  any  doubts  on  this  subject,  I  would  only 
ask  you  to  take  a  trip  tbroogb  old  Butler,  Stoddard,  Hisslsstppl.or  lodeed  any  of  the 
counties  of  ^utbeast  Mlsaonrl,  In  the  early  fall,  and  behold  the  magnificent  rosy-  . 
cheeked  peaches  that  he  will  every  where  find,  and  taste  the  delicious  flavorthereof, 
and  I  Aouht  not  the  most  skeptical  will  be  ready  to  concede  that  he  Is  in  the  land 
where  this  delloloug  fruit  attains  to  its  greatest  perfeotion. 

Bnt  ft  must  not  be  supposed  that  all  the  peaches  that  are  grown  in  Bontbeast 
Miasouri  are  of  the  magnlflcent  qualities  and  proportions  that  we  have  been  talking 
of,  for  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  we  have  a  great  many  careless  and  Indifferent 
farmers  in  this  part  of  the  Stale  who  pay  very  little  attention  to  the  kind  of  vari- 
etlee  that  they  plant,  and  hence  moch  of  tbe  tialt  grown  here  Is  Inferior  In  size, 
quality  and  flavor.  But  in  almost  every  community  will  be  found  those  who  have 
taken  great  pains  in  the  selection  of  varieties,  and  with  them  we  again  seethe 
scriptural  saying  fulQUed,  ''By  their  rrulta  ye  ehall  know  them^"  and  these  have 
demonstrated  beyond  the  possIbUlty  of  a  doubt  that  Southeast  Hissouri  wilt  In  the 
near  future  be  second  to  no  country  on  the  face  of  this  broad  continent  In  the 
growing  of  this  delicious  fruit. 

Then  again,  the  experiments  recently  made  In  the  culture  of  the  pear  give 
promise  that  this  sectI<Mi  will  In  the  near  future  be  equaled  only  by  California.  To 
a  limited  extent  acme  varieties  of  the  pear  have  been  cultivated  here  for  many 
ye&rs.  and  so  far  as  I  am  aware  there  has  not  in  twenty  years  been  an  entire  failure 
of  pear  crop  nor  a  single  case  of  blight  reported  In  this  section.  While  la  the  last 
few  years  experiments  In  the  growing  of  the  dlSbrent  varieties  of  the  pe&r  have 
all  been  attended  with  unprecedented  success,  sufilclent  to  astonish  even  the  most 
enthusiastic.  Within  the  last  three  years  pears  of  the  Duchess  DeAngonleme 
variety  have  been  raised  In  this  county,  and  within  one  tnlle  of  tbU  bouse,  meas- 
uring 14}  inches  In  circumference  and  weighing  more  than  two  pounds,  perfect 
and  regular  in  shape  and  ;of  exquisite  flavor.  Many  other  varieties  have  done 
equally  well. 

The  plum,  the  apricot  and  tbe  nectarine  And  in  our  soil,  climate  and  surround- 
ings a  congenial  home,  and  sufficient  has  already  been  done  to  assure  the  success  of 
these  fruits  In  our  soil  and  cltinate. 

In  the  way  of  small  fruits,  also,  this  country  excels.  Do  you  ask  whether  the 
blackberry  will  do  well  here  ?  1  point  you  to  the  fact  that  nearly  the  whole  sur- 
foce  of  the  lower  portion  of  our  county  is  covered  witb  wild  blackberry  busbea,  and 
hundreds  and  thousands  of  bushels  of  these  berries  are  annually  grown  in  this 
region  as  tbe  natural  and  spontaneous  growth  of  the  virgin  soil,  and  many  of  these 
are  almost  equal  In  size,  quality  and  flavor  to  tbeKlttatlnny  or  tbe  Lawton.  This 
tells  the  tale  and  shows  that  this  is  the  natural  home  of  the  blackberry,  and  where 
the  wild  berry  grows  bo  Imurlantly  and  yields  such  a.  bountiful  harvest,  the  culti- 
vated varieties  must  aleo  succeed  equally  well. 

You  ask  again,  will  the  strawberry  do  well  here  ?  Need  I  do  more  than  call 
attention  to  the  magnlScent  specimens  that  we  have  before  us  to-day?  and  then 
say  that  nowhere  in  all  the  broad  expanse  of  the  State  of  Missouri  can  be  found  a 
more  Inviting  fleld  for  the  raising  of  this  delicious  berry  than  Is  to  be  found  here 
In  southeast  Missouri. 

D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


SUHMKB   MEETIMG  A.T  POPLAR  BLCFF.  9 

Theraapbeiry,  the  goweb^rry,  the  gT»po  and  the  cherry  have  all  done  aplendldly 
wherever  tried.  And  Indeed  it  would  be  liiird  to  Dame  any  of  the  many  kloda  of 
fmlta  aod  beirlea  that  can  be  anoceBsfull;  grown  anywhere  In  tbe  temperate  zone 
that  cannot  be  ancoeiiflfDlly  grown  here. 

Now, gentlemen,  I  will  not  further  weary  yon  with  detailing  to  yon  tbe  capa- 
bilities and  possibiUtleB  of  tbia  much-favored  section  of  our  great  com moD wealth. 

But  I  cannot  refrain  bom  an  attempt  at  leaat  to  disabuse  jour  minds  of  the 
idea  that  seems  to  prevail  In  moat  parts  of  the  State  that  there  la  nothing  In  Soatb- 
«ast  Uisaourl  bnt  hills,  rocks  and  swampe.  Time  and  again  have  we  heard  it  said, 
even  by  men  of  learning  and  intelligence,  that  there  Is  not  dry  ground  enough  In  all 
Boatheaat  Hlssourl  to  make  a  decent  garden  spot,  and  that  tbe  uplands  are  aU 
flint-rock  hills  and  so  atterly  destitute  of  vegetation  that  a  goat  would  starve  to  death. 
And  1  have  even  heard  of  a  Methodist  preacher  over  in  Ohio,  who.  In  all  sincerity 
and  candor,  asked  of  one  of  our  people  whether  It  was  really  true  that  the  place 
«all«d  MIgger  Wool  swamp  over  east  of  here  wassocalled  because  they  uacd  to  kill 
Diggers  and  throw  them  in  there. 

The  Ignorance  and  credulity  of  thla  man  are  only  equaled  by  the  audacity  and 
otter  UD truthfulness  of  the  Kanaaa  immigration  agent  who,  while  np  In  Michigan, 
waa  asked  about  Ironton,  HlBsnnrl,  by  some  one  who  had  heard  something  about 
the  place,  when  he  replied  that  It  was  away  out  tn  the  swamps  of  Southeast  Mla- 
sonrt,  was  situated  on  a  little  hill  and  was  surrounded  by  ten  feet  of  water. 

These,  gentlemen,  and  many  others,  are  the  kind  of  Ideas  that  very  many  of 
the  Inhabitants  of  even  our  own  State  ieem  to  have  about  Southeast  Missouri ; 
«nd  really  the  credulity  of  some  of  these  people  is  unbounded. 

Now  what  are  the  facts  ?  We  do  not  pretend  to  deny  that  we  have  some  flint- 
Tock  hllla  in  thla  section  of  the  State,  and  we  have  some  lands  that  by  a  forced  oon- 
atmction  of  the  word  might  be  called  swamp,  but  that  there  Is  nothing  else  here, 
-or  that  these  lands  form  even  any  conalderable  portion  of  our  section,  we  deny  moat 
empbatloaily. 

(3o  with  me  if  yon  please  to  the  splendid  farms  of  Stoddard,  Scott  and  Cape 
Qirardeau  counties,  which  are  now  decorated  with  flelda  of  waving  grain  almost 
ready  for  the  harvest,  to  tbe  great  melon  and  corn  fields  of  Mississippi,  the  rich 
gttia  ADd  cotton  lands  ol  New  Madrid  and  Dunklin  counties,  and  even  tbe  dlverai- 
fled  crape  of  onr  own  county,  and  behold  all  theae  and  then  ask  yourselves  whether 
there  la  nothing  else  than  rocks  and  swampa  in  Southeast  Hlesonti.  Oo  with  me 
again  to  these  conntiea  and  see  the  rapid  strides  that  are  being  made  in  the  way  of 
cleariogr  ii'i'^  <!B"VBm"S  into  flue  forms,  and  see  the  magnificent  crops  of  golden 
grain  that  are  annually  grown  on  the  so-called  swamps  of  Southeast  HlsBourl,  and 
I  doubt  not,  gentlemen,  that  you  will  be  ready  tosay  with  us  that  our  section  of  the 
State  hftB  been  grossly  and  outrageously  slandered,  and  that  the  mythical  swamps, 
the  great  bugaboo  of  intending  settlers,  exists  only  in  name.  In  no  section  of  our 
State  does  the  aolt  respond  more  readily  to  tbe  touch  of  honest  toll.  In  no  section 
or  tbe  State  Is  tbe  sturdy  tiller  of  the  aoll  more  sore  of  a  rich  reward  year  after 
year  than  here,  [n  no  section  of  the  State  can  the  necessaries  of  life,  as  well  as 
the  comforts,  and  even  the  luxuries,  be  so  easily  and  cheaply  obtained  as  here.  In 
no  section  of  the  State  does  the  star  of  promise  eblne  more  brightly  than  In  tbla. 
It  Is  destined  in  future  years  to  be  the  banner  section  of  Missouri, 

Gentlemen ,  It  Is  to  a  county  such  as  thla,  and  to  a  young  and  prosperous  city, 
peopled  with  a  generous  and  warm-bearted  people,  that  I  welcome  yon  to-day. 


.y  Google 


STATE   EOBTIOULTUBAL  BOOIBTY. 


BB8F0NSE  BY  YICB-PBGSIDBNT  N.  F.  MURBAT,  ELM   GBOYE. 
Ladies  and  Gtnilemen; 

On  behalf  of  the  State  HortlouJturtl  eocictr  and  our  honored  President,  [  take 
pleasure  In  thanking  you  for  IhU  heart;  and  enthunlaBtlc  welcome  to  your  neat  and 
thrifty  little  city,  couched  among  the  plctuteBque  and  fruitful  hills  of  Southeast 
Missouri,  aud  appropriately  named  Poplar  Bluff. 

Ab  a  State  society  we  accepted  your  cordial  iDTttatlon  to  hold  this  meeting  here. 
Dot  so  much  for  the  warm  welcome  which  we  felt  sure  we  won)d  receive  (for  we 
meet  no  other  kind  In  Missouri),  but  we  desire  and  aim  to  bold  our  meetings  where 
we  can  accomplish  the  moat  for  the  cause  of  horticulture.  And  while  our  State  la 
all  good  for  the  production  of  frolt,  your  section  seems  to  be  a  highly  favored  one, 
where  all  kinds  of  fruit  cau  be  grown  In  great  profusion  and  perfection. 

Last  winter  a  gentleman  from  Howell  county  made  the  best  show  of  apples  at 
our  State  meeting  I  ever  saw,  and  carried  off  nearly  all  the  premtuma.  Butler 
county  was  not  represented.  If  It  had  been,  I  have  no  doubt  you  would  hare  woo 
yourshareof  the  laurels.  What  you  need  aa  fruit-growers  Is  organization  and  de- 
velopment, and  we  have  come  to  help  you,  and  I  am  happy  to  say  to  you  good  people 
of  Poplar  Sluff  to-night,  that  we  have  with  us  on  this  occasion  not  only  onr  soleo- 
tlflo  membera  of  whom  we  are  all  proud,  but  a  goodly  number  of  our  wide-awake, 
hard-worklDg  practical  horticulturists,  representing  the  dISerent  sections  of  tlia 
State,  who  1  trust  will  be  able  to  Interest  and  Instruct  you. 

Some  years  ago  we  adopted  the  plan  of  changing  from  place  to  piece  In  holding 
onr  meetings,  lo  the  hope  that  tt  wonld  be  the  means  of  awakening  a  more  general 
interest  in  the  punuit  of  horticulture,  and  f  am  happy  to  say  that  the  result  ao  far 
bas  been  very  gratifying.  Wherever  we  bave  gone  we  liave'had  good  meetings, 
new  recruits  have  been  added  to  our  little  army,  and  we  have  been  encouraged  to 
extend  onr  field  of  labor ;  and  so  to-night  we  And  ourselves  gathered  from  distant 
parts  of  the  State  before  this  intelligent  aadlence,  for  an  exchange  of  Ideas  and  facts, 
gathered  from  practical  experience  lo  our  catting.  Rere  we  meet  many  of  our  old 
friends  and  co-workers,  and  form  Ihe  acquaintance  of  new  ones,  and  the  whole  ten- 
dency of  these  meetings  Is  to  elevate,  refine  and  strengthen  the  social  ties  that  will 
ever  bind  each  trusting  heart  to  heart  in  friendship  and  love. 

The  success  of  our  State  society  and  the  work  we  have  undertaken  Is  fraught 
with  much  good  to  the  people  of  Missouri.  It  means  more  and  better  fruit,  more 
abundant  crops  by  holding  our  Insect  enemies  in  check,  more  and  better  homes, 
more  sociability,  better  health,  greater  happiness,  a  healthy  flow  of  desirable  Immi- 
grants to  occupy  our  wild  lands, the  ornamentation  of  our  public  school  grounds, 
cemeteries  and  parks.a  stirring  up  of  the  people  to  a  proper  realization  of  the  great, 
rich  and  munificent  blessings  that  nature  and  nature's  God  has  In  atore  for  all  those 
who  win  embrace  and  improve  their  opportunities,  a  general  movement  all  alcmg  the 
line,  the  beginning  of  one  grand  triumphal  march  to  subdue  the  wilds  of  natnre,  and 
cause  our  land  to  give  up  her  rich  and  long-hidden  treasures  to  subserve  the  highest 
good  of  our  race.  Ladles  and  gentlemen,  are  nottheseobjects  worthy  of  your  high- 
est consideration  ?  and  may  we  not  ask  and  expect  your  hearty  co-operation  In  this 
great  and  good  work  ? 

Notwithstanding  tbe  many  advantages  this  great  State  offera  to  the  fruit- 
grower, to  those  of  limited  capital  and  the  emigrant  seeking  a  home,  with  her  vast 
rolling  prairies,  the  beantlful  and  wondeifullj  productive  biufi  ranges  along  her 
rivers,  and  her  broad,  fertile  bottom  landa,  the  magntfloent  and  healthy  plateau  of 
the  Ozarks,  located  In  the  geographical  center  of  the  Union,  her  large  cities  making 


„,z.=  b,  Google 


SCMHBB  MEETING   AT  POPLAB  BLUPF.  11 

t  good  borne  market  for  her  frntta,  an<l  bonnded  od  tbe  norlhweit  bf  Stat«B  and 
tkbC  Territories,  rich  and  iDexbauetlble  in  itrazing  aud  mineral  wesltb,  now  being 
rtipidl7  developed  and  deBtlned  In  tbe  future  to  furnlBb  employment  for  mllltous  of 
people,  that  will  keep  up  a  conatant  and  growing  demand  for  all  her  fruit ;  with  a 
iDRgtiillceDt  public  Bcbool  system,  the  perpetuation  of  which  la  amplyprovldedfor; 
wltba  variety  of  Inexhauitible  mineral  wealth  unexcelled  In  the  world,  and  with  a 
variety  of  soil  and  climate  within  her  borders  suited  to  all  tastes  and  occupations, 
which  If  rightly  appreciated  and  properly  developed,  won  Id  make  her  the  wealthiest 
tod  most  independent  spot  oo  tbe  globe ;  yet  In  the  face  of  all  these  fuels  we  have 
within  our  borders  tens  of  thousands  who  barely  exist  and. who  know  nothing  what- 
ever of  the  beauties  and  luxuries  of  life,  and  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  the  great  tidal 
waveoflmmlgratioD,  made  ap  by  Industrious  Europeans  and  a  thrKty  class  ftom  oor 
Eastern  i^tates,  have  passed  through  and  around  this  great  ^tate  and  spresd  out  be- 
yond tbe  Missouri  to  make  and  build  their  homes  as  best  they  could  on  the  parched 
and  blizzard-stricken  plains  of  tbe  Great  American  desert. 

8ha11  we  longer  neglect  our  duty  and  allow  this  state  of  things  to  ooDtinne  P 
permit  emigration  to  pass  by  without  an  effort  to  secure  or  retain  It  ?  permit  our 
golden  treasures  to  remain  hidden  in  tbe  bosom  of  Mother  Earth  and  suffer  tbe  mil- 
lions to  struggle  on,  half  fed  and  half  clothed,  and  die  in  poverty,  without  &  Enow- 
ledge  of  tbe  many  great  and  good  opport unities  we  can  offer  tbem  ?    I  trust  not. 

W«  hope  In  tbe  near  nitnre  to  have  at  least  one  good  society  In  every  county  in 
ear  State,  so  that  we  may  be  folly  prepared  to  make  sneb  a  display  of  Missouri 
fTnits  at  the  World's  Fsir  in  "ninety-two"  that  will  attract  the  attention  and 
win  the  admiration  of  all  who  see  it,  and  give  our  State  tbe  widest  and  best  adver- 
tisement she  has  ever  had. 

But  with  tbe  great  push  and  energy  now  displayed  by  borticaltnrlsts.  will  we 
Dot  soon  have  an  over-production  of  fruit?  This  Is  a  natural  and  proper  but  to  me 
a  very  old  qnejtlon,  aud  one  to  which  I  In  my  younger  days  answered  very  timidly, 
no,  I  tbink  not,  for  a  few  years ;  but  as  1  grew  older  and  saw  tbe  supply  of  fruit 
inereate  many  fold,  and  sell  at  double  the  price  it  did  In  former  yaara,  my  fatth  be- 
WMe  itrancw,  and  I  anew«nd,  do,  not  for  a  generatton ;  and  now,  after  a  oarefu) 
review  of  this  whole  subject,  I  am  fully  prepared  to  answer  this  old  question  to- 
night with  an  emphatic  no,  never! 

In  a  careful  retrospective  view  of  onr  country's  history,  we  find  many  things 
that  become  potent  arguments  to  sustain  this  answer. 

In  tbe  early  years  of  onr  repuUte,  we  were  strictly  a  nation  of  agriculturists. 
Only  three  per  cent  of  our  population  lived  in  cities,  manufacturing  wasBtruggllng 
fOT  a  foothold,  railroads  were  unknown,  we  bad  no  vast  army  of  consumers,  and 
the  masses  were  content  with  tbe  most  common  and  ordinary  articles  of  food. 

Bnt  look  and  behold  tbe  change.  Only  one-half  of  our  population  belongs  to 
tbeagricultnral  class,  one-fourth  of  our  people  live  in  cities,  our  manufactories  are 
athingof  nationalprlde,  andfnrniBliemployment  to  hundreds  of  thousands.  Our 
railroads.  If  spun  out  Into  one  continuous  line,  would  encircle  the  globe  five  times - 
They  penetrate  every  center  of  population  and  connect  us  with  the  markets  cf  the 
world.  They  employ  a  million  of  men,  many  of  tbem  with  families,  who  go  to 
swell  onr  great  army  of  consumers  to  tbirty-tive  millions,  and  make  for  us  the  best 
home  market  for  fruit  in  the  world.  We  have  a  number  of  cKles  that  will  each 
consume  a  train  load  of  fruit  daily,  and  tbe  Inventive  skill  and  industry  of  Ameri- 
can gentns  has  given  ns  the  Improved  methods  of  canning,  evsporatlng  and  pack- 
ing our  SDrplns  fruita  that  formerly  went  to  waste,  so  they  can  now  be  shipped  at 
pleasure  to  the  moat  distant  markets. 


ly  Google 


12  STATE   HOBTIOULTDBAL   80CIBTT. 

The  Honorable  Parker  Earl,  preildent  of  tbe  Amerlo&n  Horticultural  Society, 
hae  well  and  truly  Bald,  "we  are  not  producing  too  much,  but  marketlog  too 
poorly."  And  so  it  )e  we  often  And  a  surplus  of  fruit  lo  one  locality  and  a  metignr 
Hud  IniufBcIent  supply  In  another.  A  fair  and  equal  distribution  of  our  frnlt  pro- 
duct amonK  the  masaes  by  quicker  and  cheaper  transpoitntloQ  is  in  the  line  of  our 
work,  and  we  call  upon  all  lovers  of  tbe  beautiful  and  good  and  all  friends  of  pro- 
grese  to  lend  a  helping  hand  to  promote  the  cause  of  horticulture.  And  last  bat 
not  leaat,  we  wish  to  recognize  that  mighty  engine  of  power  that  has  ever  been 
enoh  a  potent  factor  In  the  world's  clTlllzatton,  tbe  printing  press,  and  thank  Its 
repreaen  tat  ires  for  the  great  and  timely  succor  they  have  so  willingly  and  earnestly 
glvea  to  our  cause. 

And  now,  good  people  of  Poplar  Bluff  and  of  Butler  county,  permit  me  In  con- 
clnaiOD  to  invite  and  urge  you  one  and  all  to  Join  In  with  ui  and  help  make  this 
meeting  one  long  to  be  remembered.  Let  ua  unite  our  forces  and  prepare  for  the 
work  before  us,  and  with  new  courage  and  greater  zeal,  let  our  march  he  onward 
and  upward,  our  step  Arm  and  elastic,  till  we  have  reached  tbe  zenith  of  our  nse- 
fnlnees  for  the  world's  greatest  good. 

"JOHNHT  APPLESEED." 


Afr.  Praidtni  and  Members  of  the  Mitaouri  State  HoriieuHural  Soeieiti  .- 

While  Johnny  Appleseed  is  the  acknowledged  pioneer  of  horticulture  in  the 
West,  yet  some  of  our  pomological  authors  we  fear  were  not  acquainted  with  the 
true  character  of  the  man,  as  we  find  the  following  In  one  of  our  standard  works 
of  to-day : 

'  'On  the  borders  of  civilization  we  eometlmea  meet  with  a  singular  being, 
more  savage  than  polished,  and  yet  useful  Id  his  way.  Such  waa  dohnny  Apple- 
seed,  a  simple-hearted  being,  who  loved  to  roam  through  the  forests  in  advance  of 
bla  fellows,  consorting  now  with  tbe  red  man,  now  with  tbe  white,  a  sort  of  con- 
necting link;  by  his  white  brethren  he  was  no  doubt  considered  rather  a  vaga- 
bond." 

In  tbe  month  of  June.  1816,  my  father  eettled  in  Richland  county,  Ohio.  After 
having  lived  there  some  time  a  stranger  came  Into  the  neighborhood  and  com- 
nienced  teaching  a  very  strange  religious  doctrine  for  that  time,  and  tbe  people 
became  very  much  excited.  Some  thought  be  was  crazy,  others  that  he  was  pos- 
sessed of  a  devil,  and  some  of  them  would  not  allow  the  stranger  to  enter  their 
houses.  Uy  father  at  that  time  was  a  memtie''  of  tbe  Baptist  church,  had  taught 
school  considerable  and  was  considered  the  best  read  man  In  the  new  settlement, 
and  waa  liberal  In  his  religious  views,  and  always  ready  to  listen  to  and  Investigate 
anything  new  or  strange.  So  on  his  first  opportunity  he  Invited  tbe  stranger  to 
his  home,  when  he  found  to  bis  great  delight  that  he  was  entertaining  one  of  the 
best  posted  and  most  brilliant  minded  persons  that  he  bad  ever  had  the  pleasure  of 
meeting;  and  after  tbis  meeting  "Johnny  Appleseed"  always  found  a  welcome 
stopping  place,  and  would  often  stay  three  or  four  days  at  a  time  In  his  meander- 
ing Journeys  through  the  wilderness;  and  from  what  we  could  gather  from  father's 
interviews  wltb  bim,  hla  religious  views  must  have  been  radical  and  far  in  advance 
of  that  time,  and  fully  abreast  wltb  our  most  progressive  religious  teacherH  of  to- 
day ;  but  when  we  consider  and  look  back  to  that  time  when  children  were  taught 
by  parents,  teachers  and  ministers  (with  a  very  few  exceptions)  that  the  world 
waa  full  of  witches  and  evil  beings  with  cloven  feet  and  ponderous  horns,  roam- 
ing through  earth  and  air,  seeking  whom  they  might  deceive  and  drag  down 
to  perdition ;  and  fnrtber,  that  where  superstition  and  ignorance  prevail,  and  that 


SDMMEB  HEBTINQ  AT   POFULB  BLUFF.  13 

cIbss  are  tn  the  supremacy,  tt  Is  mneraltf  a  dangeroas  place  to  advanoe  or 
propiigat«  new  doctrines,  and  tboee  wbo  do  so  mast  expect  to  receive  the  disap- 
proval of  those  Id  autborlty;  hence  It  is  easy  to  Bee  ft'om  whence  the  author  of 
"AmerloaD  Pomology"  drew  hU  Inspiration  when  he  wrote  the  ahove  quotation. 
Vet  no  on«  that  ever  enjoyed  the  acquaintance  ol  the  late  Doctor  Warder  would 
roramoment  believe  that  he  would  knowingly  misrepresent  any  fellow-creature, 
miioh  less  a  oo-worlier  In  hiE  chosen  profession  and  the  admitted  pioneer  of  hortl- 
cnlture  In  the  great  West. 

But  such  Is  the  fate  of  all  aselul  reformers.  Prejudice,  the  bane  of  all  progress 
and  reform,  Is  ever  on  the  alert,  and  can  easily  maunfacture  deml-gods  and  devils 
Ineamate  out  of  the  same  material,  as  the  past  history  of  the  world  abundantly 
proves;  and  whilst  we  And  before  as  the  biBtory  of  such  men  as  Plzsaro,  Cortez, 
DeSoto  aad  kindred  spirits,  whose  Inroads  amongst  an  Innocent  and  harmless  peo- 
ple were  marked  by  blood  and  desolation,  whose  sole  object  was  conquest  and 
booty  fur  self-aggrandizement,  it  Is  truly  gratifying  to  us  to  have  the  privilege  of 
writing  the  history,  so  far  as  we  can,  of  one  whose  life  was  spent  in  doing  good, 
gathering  precious  seeds  wherever  they  could  be  found,  and  distributing  them 
amongst  the  new  settlers  of  the  far  west  free  of  charge,  and  planting  them  himself 
far  In  advance  of  the  settlements  wherever  a  congenial  spot  could  be  found,  for 
the  benefit  of  those  that  might  follow  after — a  true  pbllantliroplst  and  benefactor 
Id  every  sense  of  the  word.  Wc  have  no  recollection  of  ever  seeing  the  man,  but 
have  eaten  many  an  apple  that  grew  on  trees  of  bis  planting.  We  have  olten  heard 
bthcr  and  mother  tell  what  bis  proper  name  was  and  his  nationality,  but  they  have 
passed  from  our  mind,  and  we  have  written  to  the  older  members  of  our  family  and 
many  other  places,  hoping  to  And  some  one  who  could  give  us  his  right  name, 
place  of  burial  and  other  things  connected  with  his  history  ;  but  all  of  no  avail  so 
tM,  and  probably  will  always  remain  a  sealed  mystery  to  the  world.  And  la  con- 
nection wltb  the  foregoing  we  conld  call  to  mind  a  grand  array  of  noble  men  and 
women  who  have  glveo  the  beet  of  their  lives  to  the  promotion  of  horticulture  In 
the  great  West,  many  of  whom  have  passed  to  their  rewards  on  the  other  shoro  of 
time,  whose  names  WH  win  not  call,  lest  we  may  lesve  out  some  equally  deserv- 
ing; but  conld  we  command  the  time  and  means,  we  would  gather  from  earth's 
bouDteouB  treasures  some  fitting  emblem  to  raise  a  monument  In  honor  of  our 
departed  fellow- laborers,  whose  illustrious  names  we  would  inscribe  upon  Its 
walls,  and  could  we  find  worthy  material  to  raise  the  column  as  tall  as  the  cedars  of 
Lebanon,  and  Its  walls  be  all  aglow  with  sparkling  gems  of  merited  worth,  yet  we 
would  say,  let  the  crowning  glory  of  that  grand  structure  ever  be  the  name  of 
"Johnny  Apploseed." 

JOHNNY  APPLESBBD. 

T/te  Piotutr  Pomoltyiii  of  tAe  West. 

FlnmTTSDMctli)!!*  of  Ind.  Ilnn.  Socletr-] 

To-day,  as  your  sppolnted  Ecrvant,  1  would  speak  of  the  pioneer  of  pomology 
In  the  west;  a  man  of  positive  Individuality,  an  eccentric  genius,  a  character — 
Jonathan  Chapman,  otherwise  known  as  Anpleseed  Johnny,  which  finally  grew  Into 
the  familiar  name  of  Johnny  Appleaeed. 

Wbo  was  Johnny  Appleseed? 

The  Ohio  Horticultural  society  recently  ofi'ered  a  premium  for  the  best  essay 
giving  the  history  of  this  man  ;  so  that.  If  anyone  thinks  my  subject  to-day  an  in- 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_)' 


igle 


14  STATE  HOBTIOULTTJBAL   800IBTY. 

significant  on«.  [  console  myself  with  the  thonght  that  It  Is  a  subject  of  great 
sigDlficnnce  to  many. 

Who  was  Johtrny  Appleseed?  A  groap  of  children  asked  that  question  one 
day,  and  were  told  that  he  was  a  qaeer  old  man,  who  went  about  with  seedling 
appio  trees,  and  wore  a  mnah-pot  for  a  bat. 

llie  oblldren  had  beard  their  father  tath  so  much  about  ''grafted  ftult,"  and 
*  'seedllogi"  bad  been  so  much  discarded,  that  they  concluded  that  the  queer  old 
man  In  qoestlou  mast  hare  had  poor  taste,  as  well  as  a  queer  name  and  still  queerer 
hat,  and  their  mirth  only  Increased.  In  fact,  the  children  had  been  playing  on  th« 
porch  and  were  notey ;  they  were  "cutting  up."  as  they  would  say  ;  the  father,  who 
was  reading  in  the  house,  laid  down  his  book  and  rushed  to  the  door  to  improvise  a 
riot  act,  bat  when  he  came  In  foil  view  of  the  scene,  he  "ahemed"  three  times,  and 
smiled,  looking  at  the  girl  who  sat  In  mock  solemnity  with  a  sauce -pan  upon  her 
head  for  a  bat.  "Sfoulook  like  Johnny  Appleseed  must  have  looked,"  be  eald,  and 
answered  the  volley  of  questions  that  was  shot  at  htm  as  he  retreated  to  his  easy 
chair. 

Somo  years  ago.  I  read  aoioewbere,  but  cannot  remember  where,  of  a  discus- 
sion among  horticuUnrists  on  the  native  fruits  of  Indiana,  and  perhaps  Ohio,  In 
which  one  party  contended  that  apples,  other  than  the  crab-apple,  were  indigenous 
to  the  soil  of  Indiana,  and  as  a  proof  of  this  strange  assertion,  told  of  localities 
where  apple  trees  that  bore  good  apples  had  been  found  growing  when  certain  per- 
sons bad  first  come  to  the  country,  and  before  an  orchard  had  been  planted.  The 
discussion  was  ended  by  some  one  explaining  that  there  bad  been  a  pioneer  of 
apple  trees  In  those  places  before  the  settlers  had  planted  orchards.  The  eccentric 
Johnny  Appleseed  had  been  there,  fulfilling  his  mleslon.  This  knowledge  of  him 
settled  an  otherwise  nnexplatnable  ^ct.  ^tlll  1  asked  myself,  who  was  Johnny 
Appleseed,  the  queer  man,  who  wore  a  mush-pot  for  a  bat,  and  believed  In  seedling 
apple  trees  and  orchards  for  the  pioneers? 

At  the  meeting  of  the  American  Pomologlcal  society  at  Chicago  in  1870,  at  the 
banquet  table,  when  President  Wilder  proposed  the  toast  for  the  Ohio  Horticul- 
tural society.  Dr.  John  A.  Warder  responded,  saying  that  he  claimed  ahtlqulty  for 
the  Horticultural  society  of  his  State  on  account  of  the  part  that  the  eccentric 
Johnny  Appleseed  nad  played  as  a  pioneer  pomologlat,  and  that  due  credit  should 
beglreobim. 

Said  my  companion  at  the  table  :    Who  was  Johnny  Appleseed? 

So  I  made  baste  to  Improve  the  first  opportunity  to  ask  Dr.  Warder  where  1 
could  find  anything  written  about  Johnny  Appleseed  (for  in  vain  bad  I  searched  the 
leaves  of  the  Western  Annals).  Dr.  Warder  named  Howe's  History  of  Ohio  as  the 
volume' that  would  impart  the  knowledge  I  sought,  adding,  "you  will  find  that 
book  In  any  circulating  Library."  But  the  Morrison  tlhrary,  of  Richmond,  does 
not,  or  did  not,  contain  the  volume  In  question,  as  it  most  certainly  should,  for  tt 
Is  a  book  which  has  a  fuod  of  Information,  Invaluable  almost.  But  once,  In  a  library 
of  old  and  excellent  books  of  a  Mend  I  found  this  History  of  Ohio,  or  "Historical 
ColleottonsofOhio,"  by  Henry  Howe,  published  In  Cincinnati  in  184S.  On  page 
431,  In  the  history  of  Klchlaad  county,  there  Is  a  fragment  of  a  sketch  of  the  life  of 
this  itinerant: 

At  an  early  day  there  was  a  very  eccentric  character  who  frequently  was  in 
this  region,  well  remembered  by  the  early  settlers.  His  name  was  Jonathan  Chap- 
man, but  he  was  usually  known  as  Johnny  Appleseed.  He  was  originally  from 
New  England. 

Be  had  Imbibed  a  remarkable  passion  for  rearing  and  cultivation  of  apple  trees 
from  the  seed.    He  first  made  his  appearance  In  western  Pennsylvania,  and  from 

D.-inz'i:;!.,  v^iO\_'V|l> 


SUMMER    MBBTINQ   AT    POPLAB   BLUFF.  15 

tben  made  bla  waj  Into  Ohio,  keeping  on  the  outsktrta  of  tbe  BettlemenU  and  fol- 
lowing hU  favorite  parautte.  He  wai  accustomed  to  dear  spots  on  the  loamy 
lands,  plant  UU  seeds,  enclose  the  ground,  and  then  leave  the  place  until  the  trees 
bad  In  a  measare  grown.  When  the  settlers  began  to  flock  In  and  open  th«lr 
"clearings,"  Johnny  was  ready  for  them  with  his  young  trees,  which  be  either 
gftve  away  or  sold  for  some  trifle,  as  >n  old  coat,  or  soy  article  of  which  he  could 
make  use.  Thus  he  proceeded  for  many  years,  until  the  whole  country  was  in  a 
measure  settled  and  supplied  with  apple  trees,  deriving  self-satlsfaotlon  amount- 
ing to  delight  in  the  Indulgence  of  bis  engrossing  passion.  About  twenty  years 
since  he  removed  to  the  far  west,  there  to  enact  over  again  the  same  career  of 
h amble  usefulness. 

nis  personal  appearance  was  as  singular  as  bis  character.  He  was  a  small 
man,  quick  and  restless  in  his  motions  and  conversation.  His  beard  and  hair  were 
long  and  dark,  and  bU  eyes  black  and  sparkling.  He  lived  the  roughest  life,  and 
often  slept  in  tbe  woods.  His  clothing  was  mostly  old,  being  given  to  him  In  ex- 
ebanga  for  apple  trees.  He  went  barefooted,  and  often  traveled  miles  through  the 
snow  In  that  way.  In  doctrine  he  was  a  follower  of  Swedenburg,  leading  a  moral, 
blameless  life,  Ilkenlog  himself  to  tbe  primitive  Christian,  literally  tsklni;  no 
thought  of  the  morrow.  Wherever  he  went  he  circulated  Swedenhorglao  works, 
and  If  short  of  them  would  tear  s  book  In  two  and  give  each  part  to  different  per- 
sons. He  was  careful  not  to  Injure  any  animal,  and  thought  hunting  morally 
wrong.  He  was  welcome  everywhere  among  the  settlers,  and  treated  with  great 
kindness  even  by  the  Indians.  We  give  a  few  anecdotes  in  Illustration  of  his  char- 
acter and  eccentricities : 

Un  one  cool  Autumn  night,  while  lylngbyhis  camp  Are  Id  the  woods,  the 
mosquitoes  flew  in  the  bUze  and  were  bnint.  Johnny,  who  wore  on  bis  bead  a  tin 
utensil,  which  answered  both  ss  a  cap  and  a  mush-pot,  filled  it  with  water  and 
quenched  tbe  fire,  and  afterward  remarked,  ■'  God  forbid  that  I  should  build  a  fire 
fbr  my  comfort  that  should  be  the  means  of  destroying  any  of  bis  creatures."  An- 
other time  he  made  a  camp  Are  at  the  end  of  a  hollow  log  In  which  he  Intended  to 
pass  tbe  night,  bat  fludlne  tt  oconpled  by  a  bear  and  her  enbs,  he  removed  the  fire 
to  tbe  other  end  and  slept  on  tbe  snow  In  tbe  open  air  rather  than  disturb  the  t>car. 

An  Itinerant  preacher  was  once  holding  forth  on  tbe  public  square  In  Mansfield, 
and  exclaimed:  "Where  Is  the  barefooted  Christian  traveling  to  heaven f  " 
Johnny,  who  was  lying  on  bis  back  on  some  timber,  taking  the  question  In  its  lit- 
eral sense,  raised  his  bare  foot  In  tbe  air  and  vociferated,  >'  Here  he  is  t  "  (Howe's 
History  of  Ohio.} 

Some  years  ago  there  was  an  lUustnted  anlole  published  in  "  Harper's  Monthly 
Magazine  "  oonoerolng  blm,  which  many  of  you  recollect.  One  of  the  Illustrations 
wae  the  si-ene  in  Mansfield  Just  related. 

More  reeently  an  article  appnared  In  the  "Cincinnati  Enquirer"  purporting 
to  be  original,  but  was  simply  a  reproduction  of  the  article  in  "  Harper's  Maga- 
zine." And  later  still,  I  saw  published  In  a  Cincinnati  dally  a  paper  on  this  subject 
which  had  been  read  at  the  Woodward  High  school,  by  Teresa  Otten,  on  Pioneer 
day. 

It  Ib  stated  in  these  articles,  that  it  is  a  pretty  well  established  fact  that  Jona- 
than Chapman  was  bom  In  Boston,  Mass.,  about  the  year  17T5.  The  first  reliable 
trace  of  our  hero  flnds  blm  in  the  Territory  of  Ohio,  in  1801,  with  a  load  of  apple 
seeds,  which  be  planted  in  various  places  on  and  about  the  borders  of  Licking  creek, 
the  first  orchard  thus  originated  by  him  being  on  tbe  farm  of  l8»ao  Stadden,  In 
wbat  laDowLlckingcounty,ln  theStateof  Ohio.    He  Is  lostslghtof  in  that  region, 


16  BTATB   HOHTICULTUBAL   800IBTT. 

bnt  in  1806  a  pioneer  settler  in  Jeffenoa  county,  Ohio,  od  a  bright  eprlog  daj 
sotleed  a  peculiar  craft  elowlf  dilfting  oa  the  tide  down  the  Ohio  iWer.  It  was 
"Appleseed  JohnD7,"  with  two  canoes  tied  together  laden  with  apple  seeds.  He 
procared  the  seeds  at  the  elder  presses  of  westero  b'eiiQs;lvania,  aod  traveled  with 
them  on  the  Ohio  rlrer  and  its  northern  tribataries,  nntll  he  came  to  suitable  apots 
fi>r  his  Quieerles,  carrying  the  seeds  on  his  back  in  bkcIcb  from  bis  landings  to  tha 
■pots  he  chose  to  cultivate. 

One  of  his  oharacterlstles  was  bis  extreme  fondness  for  oblldren.  He  was 
always  carrying  about  little  gifts  togWe  tohlsllttlefrlends;  trifling  in  themselves, 
but  remembrances  of  his  love  for  the  recipients,  and  It  Is  said  that  many  a  grand- 
mother carefully  cherished  scraps  of  bright  colored  calico  or  biteof  ribbon  that  had 
been  a  present  to  her  when  a  little  girl  from  poor  old  homeless  Johnny  Appleseed, 
when  he  had  been  a  guest  at  their  fireside,  and  In  the  old  log  cabin. 

However  hungry  he  might  be,  he  would  never  partake  of  food  until  he  was 
assured  that  there  was  enough  for  every  child  of  the  family  and  until  they  were 
served. 

He  was  an  evangelist  for  bis  faith,  and  disseminated  tlie  doctrines  he  believed 
and  considered  the  trae  explanation  of  the  Holy  Scriptures— an  evangelist  who 
labored  not  for  this  world's  riches,  but  for  oonselence  sake. 

It  Is  said  that  he  died  In  Allen  county,  Indiana,  near  Fort  Wayne,  and  that  bis 
death  was  a  trlnmpbant  passing  into  glory.  He  lay  gazing  at  the  setting  sun,  his 
face  radiant  with  happiness,  and  gently  breathed  his  last  as  the  sun  sank  below  the 
horizon. 

I  have  a  letter  trom  Dr.  Ayres,  of  Upper  Sandusky,  Ohio,  written  In  reply  to 
inquiries  I  made  of  him  on  teaming  from  my  sister  that  he  had  personally  known 
JoLnny  Appleseed.  The  tetter  Is  hrom  an  old  Infirm  gentleman,  and  highly  valned 
by  me,  and  I  am  glad  to  have  It  to  give  to  yon  on  this  oocaslon  : 

"  Upper  Sinddskv,  Oblo,  April  32,  ISSl. 

"Dbak  lliDiu — I  was  acquainted  with  Jonathan  Chapman,  alias  'Johnny 
Appleseed,'  In  Blehland  coanty,  Ohio,  In  1823,  when  I  was  yet  in  my  teens.  1  lost 
tnck  or  him  In  1837  or  1838. 

"  He  was  a  spare,. light  man  of  medium  height,  and  would  weigh  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty-ftve  pounds.  He  had  fine,  dark  hair,  which  he  allowed  to  grow 
down  to  his  shoulders,  and  brushed  back  of  his  ears.  Hie  face  was  long  and  slim. 
His  beard  was  greyish,  and  clipped  with  shears—  never  close.  He  was  always  clad 
very  poorly,  old  slipshod  shoes  without  stockings,  the  cast-off  clothes  of  some  char- 
itable miser.  He  would  not  ask  for  any,  and  I  suppose  he  never  purchased  any. 
He  would  est  at  the  table  with  the  family  and  liked  good  victuals,  hut  he  would 
also  eat  scraps  which  were  designed  for  the  slop  barrel. 

"  He  slept  on  the  floor  on  an  old  blanket.  His  old  slip  shoes  were  untidy  look- 
ing and  he  seemed  to  care  very  little  about  his  person.  I  never  heard  of  his  being 
sick. 

"  He  would  sit  and  hold  my  sister,  who  was  then  six  or  eight  years  old,  as  long 
as  he  could  entertain  her.  He  would  embrace  her,  and  seemed  happy  with  chil- 
dren and  gave  the  children  many  presents.  I  asked  him  why  he  had  no  wife  ;  he 
said  he  would  not  marry  In  this  world  but  would  have  a  pure  wife  In  heaven. 

"  He  never  had  any  money  that  I  knew  of  or  ever  heard  of.  He  bad  been  hun- 
dreds of  miles  In  the  wlldeniees  and  In  the  settled  country  in  the  West  with  his 
trees,  but  be  left  It  to  the  people  who  took  his  trees  to  pay  for  them  or  not.  He 
said  they  knew  they  owed  him,  and  he  would  not  aikthem.      Bis  sister,  Mrs. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_H_'V|1> 


BnHHBB  HBETIira  AT   POPLAB  BLUFF.  17 

Brown,  llTfld  De»  ua  »t  PerryBvIUe,  Otilo.  ?he  wu  poor  In  ttata  world's  gooda, 
«nd  If  be  taul  anything  he  g&ve  It  to  her  and  ^er  tuallj.  Hra.  Brown  wu  a  amall 
woman,  and  very  smart  and  bright. 

"  Jobnny  travded  with  his  apple  Beeda  tn  oaaoes  on  the  risers,  and  then  from 
the  Btreaiui  he  paebed  them  on  hlB  bank  Into  the  wilderneBs,  where  be  wonid  clear 
hlB  gTonnd  and  plant  the  BeedB. 

"  Onoe,  whIlBt  at  hla  brother-ia-law's,  and  wai  In  a  amall  prairie  onttlng  graaa 
with  a  Boythe.  he  waa  bitten, by  a  Bnaka.  He  threw  the  scythe  away  and  made  for 
the  hoDse.  Hy  hther  was  called  on  to  see  him.  Be  woald  not  be  contented  nntU 
they  went  to  see  If,  ac<ddeQtBUy,  he  might  with  the  aoythe  bare  woaoded  the  poor 
anake.    He  aappoaed  If  he  had  not  tramped  OD  it.  It  would  not  have  bitten  him. 

'■He  told  methat  whilst  he  waa  lost  In  the  wllderneBB  abear  advaDoed  toward 
him  and  raised  on  his  hind  feet ;  the  emergency  was  fearful ;  he  picked  up  a  long 
dry  pole  that  happened  In  his  reach  and  commenced  the  fight,  the  pole  breaking  at 
-every  stroke  ontil  about  three  or  four  feet  long.  By  the  help  of  the  Lord  he  slew 
the  bear,  had  a  good  Bnpper  and  carried  one  quarter  and  the  hide  Into  the  eettle- 
ment. 

"  He  a] way*  carried  sheets  of  the  New  Church  writings  to  leare  with  the  peo- 
ple, and  on  hie  return  exchanged  those  he  had  left  for  others.  The  people,  as  at 
this  day,  paid  bnt  little  attention  to  the  New  Church  (or  Swedenborglan)  doctrines ; 
It  was  not  orthodox,  neither  popnlar,  and  old  Jtdmny  was  ngged, 

"I  neverheard  htm  exclaim  against  any  people  bnt  (he  landlords;  he  said 
they  extort  to  charge  13^  cents  for  a  meal  of  riotaals.  In  those  days  supper  and 
lodging  could  be  had  for  16}  cents. 

■'Ihareonly  been  able  to  aketoh  ont  the  above  few  items  (I  haTebeen  111); 
but  at  any  time  I  will  be  glad  to  answer  any  InqnlrleB  you  may  be  pleased  to  make. 
What  little  I  have  given  yon  has  the  merit  of  being  only  true. 

' '  Yours  truly, 

"David  Atbss." 

And  tbuB  we  gather  here  and  there  some  pasaages  in  the  life  of  a  benefactor  of 
mankind.    Like  the  old-fashioned  itinerant  Methodist  preacher,  he  coold  say: 


Yetthe  wholeboondleaacontlaent  waBhla  as  Air  as  be  chose  to  venture.  He  planted, 
not  for  himself,  but  for  uthera.  He  was  the  "John  in  the  Wllderaeas,"  preparing 
the  way  for  the  future  pomology  ofthe  West.  He  planted  that  the  children  might 
:gather.  Some  such  thoughts  as  these  moat  have  been  ainglng  through  bis  soul  as 
Ae  engaged  in  his  favorite  avocation  : 

"WhMplantwelD  tbe  apple  tree  t 
Fralt,  that  Bbill  >w»ll  In  aanny  Jane 
And  redden  In  the  Augmt  noon, 
And  (Slop,  u  gentle  Bin  go  by 
Thit  (kn  tbe  blnR  September  aky  g 

And  ohlldren,  wild  with  noUy  fflea, 
Sbkll  Boent  tbelr  fragrance  as  tber  puft. 
And  Hareb  for  Ihem  tbe  Inftsd  grus 
Intbe  shade  or  the  apple  tree." 
Althongh  homeless,  he  waa  welcome  every  where.  In  the  log  cabins  of  the  white 
-settlers  and  In  tbe  wigwam  of  the  [ndiaa,and  accepted  gratefully,  aa  a  brother  man, 
that  hospitality  for  which  the  North  American  Indian  ts  so  Justly  proverbial.    The 
H  B— 2 


ly  Google 


18  STATU  HOBTIOTJLTTJBAI.  SOOI8TT. 

little  ohtldren  loTed  him  and  the  raderboye  never  Jeered  him.  Howfdllof  lorend 
bow  peacefnl  muat  have  been  hit  lite— hia  Botive,  Belf-denylDglirei  Hts  whole belng- 
■eenied  IntenBlfled  with  one  great  mlsBlon;  for  It  he  endured  perils  In  the  wllder- 
neu,  hungerlngs  and  cold.  He  mnet  have  poeBeaaed  Id  a  high  degree  that  fire  or 
the  BonL  that  lonate  prompting  to  obey  an  Impulse  wbloh  conecleace  approves,  which 
we  term  eothnslasm  ;  that  thing  which  Inspirod  the  song  of  Miriam  when  the  Bed 
sea  was  passed ;  that  goaded  the  Knights  of  the  Holy  Croai  to  possess  the  Holy 
I,and ;  that  made  Colambas  snooesefnl  at  last  at  the  court  of  Spain,  and  snpported 
his  soul  during  a  voyage  which  without  It  would  have  been  made  In  utter  despair. 
It  was  that  which  Inspired  Daniel  Boone,  and  Andabon,&nd  Horse,  and  Cyrus  Field, 
and  lends  to  thonsanda  of  humble  lives  the  strength  to  do  whatsoever  the  hands  find 
to  do  with  might,  and  gives  some  degree  of  self-approval. 

There  must  have  been  a  purity  of  soul,  a  rellnement  of  character,  a  gentleness 
of  heart,  to  have  made  this  man  of  uncouth  appearance  so  welcome  among  the  peo- 
ple and  so  maoh  beloved  by  the  children ;  tor  ohlldren  Intnitlvely  perceive  the  roat 
ohaiacter. 

I  have  often  thought  what  grand  times  he  must  have  had  on  the  streams  and 
In  the  primeval  forest  with  the  grandeur  of  solitude  aronnd  him.  To  be  good  com- 
pany to  one's  self  is  a  great  thing.  How  near  he  must  have  lived  to  the  heart  of 
nature  and  found  companionship  with  the  oreatarea  of  the  wild  wood,  the  most 
Inslgnlflcant  of  which  he  would  not  harm. 

It  is  said  tbat  his  burial  was  sn  obscure  that  now  no  man  knoweth  his  sepuloher  . 
What  matters  it,  If  cme  has  died  in  alght  of  heaven,  and  heard  the  song  of  angels  la 
passing.  If  the  sepulcher  Is  unmarked? 

"Afterall,ltlsthe  little  things  In  life  that  are  the  Barest  possession.  The  only- 
deeds  worth  Inscribing  on  any  one's  monument  are  those  tbat  would  seem  too  trivial 
to  pl&oe  there.  The  work  that  Is  unaeen,  the  anonymous  inftaenoe,  the  Dnoonciona 
argument  lent  by  one's  life  to  another's  creed,  this  best  stands  the  test.  Here  la  the 
crowning  satisfaction  of  the  reformer's  work,  and  that  which  makes  even  of  lt» 
little  memories  an  exceeding  great  reward."  Blessed  are  the 
"HaDdiChst  pay  thetiwaT 

Id  coins  tliBt  time  can  aeTermst, 
FootBtepi  Ibat  aoaad  another  ilay, 
Tbangli  reel  bave  tnraecl  to  dm(. 


"JOHNNY  APPLESEED." 
(DedlDated  totbeAmerlean  HoTtlealtnraiaoolety  ) 


There's  a  hero  worth  the  singing  that  no  poet's  lips  have  sung, 

A  prophet  of  the  wilderness  whose  deeds  have  found  no  tongue — 

A  homely,  bumble-hearted  man— a  gentle  spirit  sent 

To  cheer  the  world  and  plant  the  newer  gospel,  aa  he  went — 

A  specter  of  the  solltades,  whoae  bare  feet,  where  they  pressed, 

Prankt  with  never-dying  beauty  the  dark  borders  of  the  West— 

A  Drald  of  the  Valley,  bnt  as  wordless  as  the  wave. 

Scorning  comf6rt— seeking  nothing  for  the  good  things  that  he  gave — 

A  poor  old  plodding  pilgrim  of  a  brave,  unselflsh  breed, 

Ood  showed  the  way,  and  shod  the  feet  of  Johnny  Appleseed. 


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SDHHEB  MBETIKG  AT  POPLAR  BLUFF. 


II. 
I  touch  his  atainleBS  record  with  s  doUcucy  dae 
To  the  reverence  that  bows  ub,  when  &  ftreat  eoqI  comes  to  view : 
How  pile  onr  petty  p&aslona  and  ambitlona,  when  we  bcad 
The  garnered  love  that  gllttere  froin  oat  guileless  hearted  mtiD ; 
And  such  was  be  to  whom  we  paj  the  tribate  of  a  tear, 
The  oTohard- planter  of  the  West — our  oldest  pioneer, 
Whoee  only  weapon  of  defense  against  a  warlike  race 
Waa  the  glow  of  ehlldisb  innocence  that  gladdened  In  bli  ftice ; 
And  BO  no  kalgbt  of  any  age  tbat  ever  mounted  steed, 
Went  forth  to  battle  better  armed  than  Johnny  Appleseed. 

lU. 
We  frame  him  In  oar  fane;  like  a  figure  In  a  dream. 
A  specter  on  a  pbantom-boat,  a-floatlng  down  a  stream— 
A  little  fat-faced  fellow,  wltb  a  ruddy  cheek  and  obtn. 
And  ■  (tanny  little  '*  mush-pot"  tbat  be  poked  bis  round  head  In — 
Wltb  hair  aa  black  and  frowsy  as  a  bat's  wing  dipped  In  tar. 
And  erea  as  abarp  and  sparkling  as  the  twinkling  of  a  star— 
With  a  body  plnmp  and  pudgy  as  the  picture  of  a  Turk, 
And  a  sprightly  Pnck-ltke  raotion,  punctuated  wltb  ajerk  : 
Such  seema  the  meagre  outline  of  the  man  of  wbom  we  read 
In  tbe  legends  banded  down  to  ue  of  Jnbnny  Appleaeed . 

IV. 
So  tender  was  tbe  heart  of  him,  ao  gentle,  and  sojuet, 
He  would  not  barm  tbe  vilest  thing  that  wriggled  In  tbe  dust ; 
He  quenched  his  camp-ftre  on  tbe  hlLla,  for  fear  the  beetlea  might 
Get  scorched  agalnat  the  flames  of  It  In  their  uncertain  flight ; 
Tls  laid  he  even  spared  tbe  snake  whose  venomed  fangs  he  felt, 
And  all  the  air  was  soft  wltb  love  and  pity  where  he  dwelt ; 
The  pappooae  prattled  on  his  knee — the  panther  on  tbe  limb 
Seemed  conaolnua  ct  his  barmlesanese,  and  only  glared  at  him ; 
And  thus  along  the  world  he  went,  as  destiny  decreed, 
And  happy  la  the  life  he  led,  this  Johnny  Appleaeed. 


Thro'  every  forest  where  be  pasaed,  he  acattered  germa  that  grew 

To  bloomy  benedictions,  as  be  drifted  on  Into 

Tbe  gloomy  regions  farther  west,  that  swallowed  him  from  sight. 

As  a  cloud  absorbs  a  star-t>eam,  in  the  alienee  of  tbe  night; 

He  sank  Into  the  solitudes,  like  some  remembered  strain 

Tbat  warmed  the  heart  an  Instant,  and  was  never  heard  agaiu ; 

But  when  the  pippins  glimmer  in  tbe  brown  October  daya, 

Ohio's  bllta  and  valleys  pulae  the  old  apostte'a  praise. 

And  tbe  people  pushing  after  him,  with  lifted  voices  plead 

For  purposes  as  pure  as  tboae  of  Johnny  Appleaeed. 


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STATE   HOETICULTDBAL  SOCIBTY. 


VI. 
A  song  for  Jobnny  Appleseed !  wlio  left  a  llvlDg  trail 
or  beantjr  everywhere  he  went,  In  inonntaln  and  In  vale  ; 
Thro*  iDkny  a^TSDlehed  Bummer  rang  the  blide  and  hammed  the  bees 
Amid  the  bending  bloRsomB  of  hlg  broad  old  apple-trees, 
Befbre  the  tardj  vangaard  of  the  foremost  plooeere. 
Came  to  plaek  the  welcome  frnltage  in  that  wllderneas  of  tbelrB ; 
A  health  to  Johnny  Appleteed!  and  majr  hie  glory  be 
Regrafted  In  the  years  to  come,  on  Life's  eternal  tree. 
And  as  long  as  poor  humanity  staii'lB  naked  in  its  need, 
Ood  send  aa  souls  as  white  as  that  of  Johnny  Appleseed. 

Jama  Xetaton  MoMltf\ei . 
Hason,  III.,  Jan.  30, 1890. 

FLOBICULTUBH. 

HRS.   H.    C  JOBNBOK,  POPLIB   BLUFP. 

Floriculture  la  a  subject  I  have  always  been  very  much  interested  to.  When 
a  child  I  always  had  a  small  comer  In  mother's  garden  where  I  gjew  what  sbe 
called  "  weeda,"  but  to  me  they  were  flowers.  After  t  becaoie  a  scboo!  girl  my 
favorite  study  was  botany,  and  at  that  time  I  could  have  written  a  far  better  essay 
on  that  subject  than  tt  will  be  possible  to  for  me  to  do  now ;  fbr  my  other  duties  In 
life  have,  to  a  great  extei't,  crowded  out  my  flowers,  bat  I  think  there  has  never 
been  a  time  in  my  life  when  I  did  not  possess  and  cultivate  a  few  plants. 

I  believe  the  object  of  this  convention  Is  to  give  and  to  get  what  Information 
we  can  upon  all  subjects  pertaining  to  agriculture,  honioultore  and  floric;:lture.  I 
irlll  now  try  to  aonflne  myself  more  closely  to  my  subject :  Floriculture  is  a  sub- 
ject which  should  interest  every  one,  and  more  especially  the  ladles  of  our  land.  £ 
do  not  think  there  is  any  one  thing  that  does  more  tobeantl^  our  homes  than  flow- 
ers, and  the  cultivation  of  them  gives  us  both  health  and  pleasure.  If  you  want  to 
make  a  flower  garden,  the  two  things  Hrst  to  be  considered  are  time  and  expense. 
First  say  to  yourself,  how  much  time  have  I  to  spare  for  this  purpose?  and  second, 
how  much  money  can  I  spend?  Vout  answers  will  depend  largely  upon  your  deci- 
sion on  these  two  points.  The  majority  of  people  bay  more  plants  than  they  can 
spare  time  to  cultivate  properly,  and  when  they  make  a  failure  they  say  :  "Oh, 
I  love  flowers,  but  I  can't  have  any  luck  with  them;  tbey  won't  grow  for  me." 

Uy  own  experience  Is  that  it  Is  best  to  choose  perennials  because  after  they  ara 
once  well  established,  yoa  will  aways  have  some  kind  of  flowers;  if  they  are  poorly 
cultivated,  of  coarse  yon  will  have  poor  dowers,  bat  they  will  bear  a  great  deal  of 
neglect  and  will  bloom.  There  are  so  many  beautiful  perennials  now  that  flowera 
can  be  bad  from  them  the  whole  season,  beginning  with  the  Snowdrop  and  Hya- 
cinth in  the  early  spring,  and  ending  with  the  Chrysanthemum  or  beantilUl  Christ- 
mas Boses.  as  they  are  sometimes  called.  In  December.  People  wbo  live  In  crowded 
cities  cannot  have  these  plants,  but  for  them  there  are  a  great  many  flowers  that 
grow  in  the  shade.  Fuohsits,  Pansles,  Forget- me-note,  V^lolets.  Lobelias,  Lilly  of  the 
Talley,  Hollyhocks,  E^loxes,  and  other  herbaceous  plants,  whose  native  habitation 
Is  tho  shady  woods,  will  do  best,  but  even  these  languish  If  denied  all  direct  rays 
Of  the  sunlight.  In  situations  where  there  can  he  no  sunlight,  the  best  effect  Ib 
produced  by  ornamental  leaved  plants,  whose  beauty  depends  upon  their  foliage, 
and  not  upon  their  blossoms;  among  these  are  the  Gold  and  Silver  (variegated- 


BDUUEB  STEETING   AT  POPLAR  BLUFF.  21 

leaTed]  Qeraniams,  AcbjraotliiH,  Altera  ad  theru,  BegoDlae,  C&liadlaint,  Centau- 
reaB,  ColeneeB,  etc.,  which,  If  planted  so  u  to  brlDg:  the  various  shades  In  contrsit, 
pTodaoe  a  pleasing  effect,  which  will  continue  the  whole  summer  If  tfaey  are  given 
ODly  a  little  oare  and  a  plentiful  supplf  of  water. 

The  cultivator  of  flowers  In  rooms  should  understand  the  necesstt;  of  sunlight 
to  plants  that  ore  to  flower,  and  endeavor  to  get  these  as  close  as  possible  to  a  win- 
dow having  an  eastern  oi  soatbern  aspect.  The  higher  the  temperature,  the  more 
the  plant  suffers  from  want  of  light.  Many  plants  might  remain  semi-dormant  In  a 
temperatnre  of  fortf  degrees — in  a  cellar  for  example — away  Iiom  direct  light  for 
months  without  material  Injury ;  while,  if  the  cellar  contained  a  furnace,  keeping 
a  temperature  of  seventf  degrees,  they  would  all  die.  Sach  would  partlcnlarly  be 
the  case  with  plants  of  a  half-hardy  nature,  sooh  as  monthly  Boses,  Carnations, 
Fnohslas,  Geraniums,  etc. 

The  debilitating  effect  of  want  of  direct  light  on  plants  Is  well  llluetrated  b7 
taking  a  healthy,  vigorous  plant  In  full  foliage  and  bloom,  that  has  been  growing 
in  the  direct  light  ol  our  green-house  benches,  and  placing  It  under  the  bencli.  If 
the  temperature  is  high,  say  eighty  degrees,  In  forty-eight  hours  the  sicldy  sign 
showing  want  of  light  will  be  apparent  to  the  experienced  eye,  and  In  a  week  its 
sickly  condition  will  be  plain  to  the  most  common  observer.  This  goes  to  prove 
that  unless  you  have  an  eastern  or  southern  window,  you  cannot  grow  flowers  snc- 
cassfully  Id  the  house. 

When  choice  can  be  bad  the  flower-garden  should  slope  toward  the  south  or 
southeast,  and  if  the  garden  is  sheltered  by  hills  or  timber  ftom  tbe  north  ornorth- 
west,  many  plants  and  trees  can  be  growa  that  oonld  not  otherwise  succeed  with- 
out tliat  shelter.  Such  a  situation  also  permits  work  to  be  iMgnn  earlier  In  the 
spring  and  continaed  later  In  the  fall,  making  the  season  trota  two  to  three  weeks 
longer  than  If  the  garden  faced  the  north  or  northwest.  The  soil  In  flower-garden- 
ing, as  In  all  horticultural  operations,  is  the  basis  of  eoccees,  and  is  even  of  more 
importance  than  aspect  or  location,  and  whether  It  is  the  man  of  wealth  looking  for 
a  site  opon  which  to  build  and  surround  his  home  with  a  flowery  landscape,  or  the 
workln)!  gardener  about  to  become  a  florist  and  venturing  his  hard  earnings  In  a 
flrst  essay  In  business,  let  him  flrst  be  certain  that  "  old  Mother  Sarth,"  In  the  spot 
about  to  be  chosen,  is  in  sach  condition  as  will  reward  bis  labors  with  success.  Soils 
are  so  varied  that  it  will  be  dlfllcult  to  describe  to  the  inexperteneed  what  the 
proper  character  shonld  be.  Sandy  loam,  attont  ten  or  twelve  laches  deep,  Is  best, 
and  If  you  have  such  a  soil  yon  are  pretty  certain  of  success,  but  If  you  have  a  clayey 
loam  yun  will  have  to  drain  it  well  or  failure  is  almost  certain.  The  soil  most  to 
be  avoided  Is  the  one  known  as  "  thin  soil."  'I?hls  may  be  either  of  sand,  gravel 
or  clay,  being  in  many  oases  little  more  tbau  sutnoll.  No  process  of  fertilizing  or 
cultivation  can  bring  such  a  solt  into  condition  to  compete  sucoessfuUy  with  soil 
that  Is  naturally  good,  but  if  you  have  a  poor  sell  It  must  be  constantly  built  up 
and  enriched  every  season. 

After  one  has  the  proper  soil,  the  next  thing  to  be  thought  of  la  good  seed  or 
good  plants,  whichever  the  case  may  be.  Always  Cry  to  have  the  best ;  never  buy 
a  plant  because  It  la  cheap,'  rather  do  with  fewer  plants  and  less  seed  and  have  what 
yon  do  have  of  the  very  best  quality.  After  you  once  obtain  a  few  good  plants,  It  is 
tat  easy  matter  to  Increase  your  stock  by  propagation,  and  tn  .«  short  time  have  a 
boaotllal  supply. 

There  are  a  great  many  things  to  be  learned  about  the  propagation  of  plants, 
wblcb  Is  very  Interesting  to  anyone  partlcnlarly  Interested  in  floriculture,  but  to 
moat  of  my  bearers  would  be  very  dry  and  uninteresting;  therefore  I  shall  say 

D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


22  STATE  HORTICDLTOEAL  BOCIETT. 

notliiDg  about  It,  but  I  would  like  to  call  four  attoation  particnlarly  to  the  Impor- 
tance of  properly  preparing  Beed-beds.  When  you  uodertake  to  grow  plants  tram 
■eed,  in  the  first  place  the  Boll  should  not  be  too  rich  but  Juat  good  soil,  and  then  It 
Bhonld  be  taoronghlf  pnlTerlzed ;  and  if  the  seeds  you  want  to  plant  are  very  small 
It  Is  beet  to  sift  the  soil  before  planting  your  seeds.  I  fonnd  by  experience  that  In 
planting  pansy  seeds,  and  everyone  knows  the  size  of  these  thst  Is  at  all  acquainted 
with  seeds,  that  I  got  doable  the  amount  of  plants  ftom  a  bed  where  I  sifted  the 
•oil  and  one  where  I  did  not,  and  with  smaller  seeds  the  gain  In  plants  was  even 
greater. 

I  have  now  perhaps  written  enongh,  and  In  oonclusloa  will  say  to  all  members 
of  this  convention,  I  live  In  the  north  end  of  this  little  ctty,  wbere  I  have  a  small 
green-faooae  and  a  few  plants.  lam  only  an  amateur  florist.  Ihave  only  been  mak- 
ing a  specialty  of  floriculture  for  about  six  months.  I  claim  to  know  hut  little,  but 
If  there  la  anyone  here  etpeolally  Interested  In  the  cultnre  of  flowers,  and  they  will 
call  upon  me  at  my  houee,  I  will  gladly  give  them  any  Information  I  can  npon  this 
subject,  and  to  those  who  are  rot  particularly  Interested  In  their  cultivation  I  ex- 
tend a  cordial  Invitation  to  come  and  see  my  flowers.  It  may  help  yon  to  spend  a 
few  pleasant  minutes  In  our  town. 

ODB  BEST  BBDDIKQ  PLANTS. 

J.  SUtCHQRABBB,  SPSINaFIBLII,  HO. 

At  every  returning  spring  or  planting  season  the  question  Is  a<ked  many 
times :  '  ^  What  are  oor  beet  bedding  plants  V  As  now  there  are  an  endless  number 
of  kinds,  and  the  planter  can  hardly  fall  in  making  a  good  selection,  It  Is  rather 
difficult  to  say  what  Is  the  best.  In  my  boyhood  days  It  certainly  was  more  dlflScult 
to  select  bedding  plants,  as  the  number  was  very  limited,  hnt  now  In  these  days  of 
progreaa,  floriculture  has  made  such  rapid  strides  and  Improvementa  that  every 
taste  and  whim  of  the  planter  can  have  his  or  her  fancy  in  the  arrangement  and 
harmonloQS  blending  of  shapes  and  colors. 

Of  late  years  the  taste  and  love  fbr  bedding  plants  has  kept  up  with  the  sup- 
ply, and  every  season  the  wtde-awske  florist  brirgs  oat  some  new  or  old  candidate 
for  bedding  puriMMes.  To  give  a  list  of  what  Is  best  would  be  quite  an  undertak- 
ing, for  the  multitude  of  flcviats'  catalogues  sent  broadcast  over  our  land  every 
spring  tell  of  all  sorts  of  wonderful,  rare  and  beautiful  plants  adapted  to  bedding 
out,  but  Bometimes  the  novice  gets  misled  by  the  gorgeous  coloring  and  descrip- 
tions of  the  new  and  rare  things,  while  sometlmeB  one  finds  disappointments  In 
the  purohase  of  new  and  rare  plants. 

Now  1  will  try  and  enumerate  a  few  of  such  plants  as  are  among  our  best  hed- 
dlDg  plants. 

First  aud  foremost  on  the  list  standB  the  qneen  of  all  flowers,  the  Rose.  Pew 
plants  if  any  are  more  extensively  grown  than  the  rose,  and  when  reasonable  care 
Is  given  by  cultivation,  the  plants  respond  liberally  with  an  abundance  of  flowers. 
The  Rose  is  bo  easily  grown  and  so  cheaply  got  that  there  should  he  no  garden 
without  at  least  a  small  collection  of  hardy  perpetuals,  or  some  of  the  more  free 
flowering  Teas,  NotseCtes  and  Bourbons. 

Next,  the  Geranium  should  be  In  eveiy  flower  bed.  The  varlons  kinds  are  so 
nnmerouB  that  everybody  can  be  pleased.  I  well  remember  the  time  when  there 
were  only  a  few  kinds,  but  now  their  name  is  legion — every  Imsgln able  shade  of 
coloring  from  the  purest  white  to  the  deepest  crimson,  single  flowering  and  double 
flowering.    Who  would  have  dreamed  of  such  magnificent  kinds  as  Asa  Gray  or 


..  ^.k.n_)vi>. 


SUMMBB  UKSXIHG  AT  POFLAB  BLUFF.  23 

of  tbe  Doable  O^aerikl  Orant?  Truly  the  ^nlas  of  Flora  baa  worked  wonderi. 
What  can  be  more  beautlfat  thao  a.  mafls  of  Q«neral  Grant  Q«raiilams?  In  fact  the 
Oeranlum  fetands  n<-xt  to  the  Rose.  It  will  grow  anywhere  with  the  least  care,  but 
the  better  to  proportion  to  the  oare  bestowed  od  them 

The  Verbena  as  a  splendid  bedder  is  not  to  be  overlooked.  What  a  mass  of 
hloom  a  small  bed  will  pioduoe  la  wonderful,  and  the  rarlatlona  of  shadea  ar« 
almost  endless.  They  are  very  easily  ^rown  and  are  very  cheap,  but  beautiful  for 
all  that,  and  they  can  be  planted  on  beda  occupied  by  bulbs  such  as  Tulips  and  Hy- 
acinths. 

The  Pansy  as  a  bedder  fOr  rather  shady  sltaatlons  pays  for  all  the  trouble  and 
expense.  A  bed  of  them  will  please  without  fall.  The  Lantanas  of  the  various 
kinds  wtll  well  repay. 

No  flower  garden  Is  complete  without  the  sweeteat  of  all  flowering  plaDta,  the 
lorely  Heliotrope.  By  all  means,  plant  afbwplanta.  And  who  can  but  admire  the 
Salvia,  with  its  brilliant  scarlet  apikea  of  flowers  borne  well  above  the  foliage. 

The  Phlox  Drumondli  la  another  good  bedder  grown  from  aeed.  The  Cuphea 
or  cigar  plant  Is  also  admired  by  many.  The  Cannas  of  the  various  forms  are  viaiy 
effecliye ;  la  some  gardens  tlieir  large  and  handsome  foliage  gives  the  loealltj  a 
eemi-tropicat  appearanoe.    They  flower  very  freely  and  are  also  ohe^. 

The  Petuniaa,  alngle  or  double,  rank  as  good  bedders  and  ate  rtfij  efleotlve  la 
masseal;  their  brilliant  flowers  of  endless  shading  are  certainly  and  Justly  admired. 
I  would  also  mention  the  Tube  Boae  and  Qladlolns  as  good  and  deserving.  The 
Feverfew,  Migaoaette,  Sweet  Elyslums  and  the  Ageratunu,  blue  and  white.  The 
Double  Balsam  Is  also  greatly  admired ;  especially  the  White  Perfection,  although  an 
old  and  common  plant,  when  well  grown,  is  hardly  anrpaaaed  by  the  best  of  Carua- 

One  of  our  most  raluable  bedding  pUnta  is  the  Coleua  of  the  different  klnda. 
There  can  hardly  be  anything  In  the  floral  kingdom  that  can  outrival  their  l)eanty. 
The  planta  stand  the  Hunnlest  exposures  In  the  garden,  are  easy  grown,  and  a  few 
should  be  in  every  ooUeotlon, 

The  Alteruantheras  of  different  sorts  for  bordering  flower-beds  or  massing  are 
par  excellence  for  lettering  on  the  lawn  or  carpet  bedding;  they  cannot  ba  surpassed 
by  any  other  plant  in  cultivation.  A  few  yeara  ago,  one  of  the  grandest  sights  ever 
belield  in  that  line  of  gardening  was  seen  at  Shaw's  botanloa]  gardena  at  it.  Louie. 
One  could  hardly  realize  that  nature  and  art  were  capable  of  producing  auoh 
wonderful  effeota  with  such  a  plant  aa  the  AlternanChera.  They  are  almply  indis- 
pensable for  that  purpoae. 

I  am  afraid  this  list  is  growing  as  long  as  the  florist's  catalogue,  while  a 
iiDmber  of  really  good  things  coald  I>e  mentioned ,  but  the  foregoing  gives  any  one 
agood  ooUeotioa.  Laat  but  not  leaat  of  bedders,  oomeathe  queen  of  autumn,  the 
lovely  and  beautiful  Chrysanthemum :  a  goodly  number  of  klnda  are  indispensable 
tn  a  well-regulated  flower  garden,  for  they  give  us  such  an  abuodanoe  of  Que  bloom 
at  a  time  after  Jaok  Frost  has  destroyed  nearly  all  of  the  beauties  of  the  gardens 
Chat  held  away  In  the  warm  summer  time. 


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BTATB   HOETlCULTOEAl,  SOCIETY. 

Wbdkesdat,  June  5—9  a.  bt. 

Society  called  to  order  by  the  President. 

Prayer  by  D.  8.  HolniaD. 

The  following  committeea  were  appointed  by  the  President: 

CommiHee  on  Finance— %.  W.  Gilbert.  J.  A.  Darkes,  N,  P.  Hurray. 


n  Fruia—%Aia'\  Miller,  W.  G.  Freemui,  C.  Barnard. 
ComTniiiet  on  Final Raolution»—C.  W.  Murtfeldt,  J.  N,  Baraett,  H.  W«ber. 
OommUteeon  Traniportation—Q.  A.  Bates,  N.  F.  Murray.  U.  W.  Uurtfeldt. 
OoTmnittu  on  Obitaary—D.  8.  Holman,  A.  J,  Blake,  Geo.  Lewis. 
Gommiaae  on  Floaert—'S.  Kaufman,  Mrs.  H.  E.  Johason,  Mrg.  Bartlett. 

The  followinj;  letters  were  read  : 

LKxiNcaox,  Mo.,  June  2,  1890. 
Ii.  A.  OooDHAK,  Poplar  Bluff,  Mo.: 

Dbar  8nt— We  send  lo  yon  to-day  samples  of  our  Beedllog  apple  Lafayette , 
which  please  eshiblt  at  tbe  meeting. 

When  we  sent  yon  a  few  specimens  Anrit  25,  we  had  twenty-«lx  apples  left. 
Of  tliese  only  two  have  rott«d  to  date,  and  a  few  have  small  rotten  speoks,  tho- 
others  being  sound  and  good  yet.  The  sampleg  we  send  are  average  size.  Oar 
largest  and  finest  ones  are  all  gone  oat  to  different  parties.  They  were  kept  In  a 
small  brlck-walled  cellar  under  a  tool-shed.  It  certainly  snrprfsea  as  as  a  keeper, 
this  being  the  first  test.  Yours  truly, 

TrDBNER  &  AULL. 

BocHseTER,  N.  Y.,  June  3, 1890. 
L.  A.  OooDHAK,  Esq.,  Secretary; 

Dbar  Sir— [have  joet  this  hoar  received  your  fiivor  of  38th  ult.,  and  have  aent 
by  special  messenger  to  express  offlce,  for  free  dietrlbatlon  at  the  meeting,  300 
copies  of  HortlcDltaral  Art  Journal,  April  and  May  numbers,  which  I  trast  will 
reach  yon  in  season  and  be  acceptable.  Yoara  truly, 

T.  B.  JcKKiKs,  Editor. 

Mason  City,  Ia  ,  June  a,  1890. 
L.  A.  QooDHAM,  Poplar  Bluff,  Mo.: 

DkAB  Sir— We  are  trying  hard  to  do  a  fruit  trade  here,  and  will  be  glad  to 
learn  all  tbe  fruit  men's  names  we  can  ;  also,  prospects  of  a  coming  crop.  Pleaee- 
give  us  the  names  of  berry-growers  In  the  north  part  of  tbe  State,  and  grower*  and 
dealers  in  melons  lo  tlie  whole  State.  Send  as  the  report,  as  usual,  for  which  find 
enclosed  one  dollar.  We  sold  l7,000barrelBof  apples  last  year  and  hope  to  do  better 
this  year.    How  are  the  prospects  for  a  crop?  Yours  respectfully, 

PuRDv,  HcQriqor  &  Co. , 

per  D.J.  Furdy.. 

Chableston,  Mo.,  June  3,  ISM>. 
L.  A.  Goodman,  Secretary,  Poplar  Blufl,  Ho.: 

I  very  much  regret  my  inability  to  attend  the  meeting  of  tbe  Missouri  State- 
Hortioultural  society  at  Poplar  BlnfT,  Jane  3,  i  and  6.  Our  fruit  crop  will  be  an 
average  one.    Oar  melon  vines  are  looking  well,  and  the  weather  for  the  past  week 


D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


BDUUBE  MEETINQ  AT  POFLA.B  BLUFF.  25 

IiMbeen  very  floe  fbr  tbem.  The  yield  p«r  acre  will  be  good.  The  averaee  will  I>« 
ftbont  6G  per  oent  of  the  uBaal  plant.  Wet  weather  in  the  early  spring  cansed  a 
great  many  aorea  of  land  to  lie  idle.  An  early  shipment  ii  now  looked  for.  The 
Kolb-Qen  1b  the  only  variety  raised  here  for  ablpplng  pnrposes.  In  the  year  ISSS^ 
there  were  shipped  from  the  melon  beltover  2,800 carloads;  1689,  about  1, GOO;  ttil» 
Tear  aboat  the  same  ae  last  year.    Shipping  will  begin  earlier  this  year  than  last. 

L.  W.  Dan  FORTH. 

KiRssviLLE,  Ho. ,  Jone  3,  1890. 
HeMra.  J.  C.  Gvaks  and  L.  A.  Ooodhui: 

Dear  Slra— Aa  you  may  be  aware,  instead  of  repealing  the  vaporizing  law,  tho 
House  of  Congress  finally  amended  lection  32  bo  aa  to  tax  spirits  for  vlaegar  only 
five  cents  per  gallon.  But  it  appears  we  have  not  given  up  the  contest,  and  will 
try  to  restore  the  repeal  in  the  Senate . 

There  Is  not  time  to  get  up  long  petitions,  or  we  oonid  string  them  all  around 
the  capital.  But  you  are  known  to  be  familiar  with  the  public  sentiment,  as  well 
as  the  needs  and  benefits  to  burtloulture,  and  an  urgent  letter  from  you  to  oar  Sen- 
ators might  help  enlist  their  activity  in  our  behalf.  Perhaps  yon  could  also  enlist 
a  few  others  whom  the  Senators  look  to  for  iaformation  on  snoh  subjects. 

It  la  thought  that  Kansas  and  Arkansas  Senators  also  need  to  be  urged  for  th» 
measure.  If  you  have  any  friends  there  who  could  reach  them. 

Sorry  I  cannot  be  with  jon  at  Poplar  BlulT. 

Yours  frateraally, 

CHAS.  PATTKBeON, 

LODiaiANa,  Uo  ,  June  a,  1890. 
L.  A.  GoODXAK,  Poplar  Blufi*,  Mo: 

Dear  Sir— We  have  missed  several  Horticultural  meetings  and  fully  Intended 
beiug  there  this  time ;  especially  anxious  to  see  that  country,  as  we  enjoy  a  most 
liberal  trade  from  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  we  know  they  are  making- 
rapid  strides  toward  the  front  In  horticulture.  Yon  men  of  the  Soutbwest  must 
look  to  your  laurels.  However,  as  the  btate  Society  and  the  American  Nursery- 
men's assodatlon  confilct  as  to  time  of  meeting,  we  feel  it  our  duty  to  attend  the 
latter,  and  this  fall  w«  hope  to  be  on  hand  with  our  paper,  and  will  try  and  not 
disappoint  yon  ;  and  we  hope  that  by  knowledge  gained  of  new  varieties  to  more 
than  make  np  for  lost  time.  Our  brother.  E.  W.  S.,  Is  now  In  Colorado  looking 
after  orchards  there,  and  C.  M,  S.  and  mjself  leave  to-night  for  New  York.  We 
wish  you  a  most  succeaaful  and  enjoyable  meeting.  The  field  there  is  certainly  a. 
good  one. 

Regards  to  all  friends.  Yours  truly, 

W.  P.  Stark. 

St.  Charlbs,  Uo.,  June  1, 1S90. 
Friend  Goodman — I  enclose  yon  a  paper  on  Fruit  Shipping,  the  subject  the 
committee  saw  fit  to  assign  me.  Please  submit  same  to  meeting  for  consideration. 
I  am  not  valo  enough  to  think  that  my  humble  eflbrt  will  elicit  much  appreciation , 
yetit  may  start  adiaousslon  and  thus  bring  out  valuable  information.  Frult-grow- 
iDg  is  receiving  renewed  and  greater  attention  In  this  county,  and  with  our  con- 
genial soils  aud  other  favorable  surroundings,  Old  St.  Charles  may  yet  "loom  up" 
in  rank  as  a  fmit  county. 


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3S  BIATE  HORTIOULKJBXL  SOCIBIT. 

Dr.  D.  W.  PereDBon,  St.  Chules,  Uo.,  1b  vlUIng  to  submit  a.  pap«r  on 
'"Spraying,"  in  wbtch  hehuhtd  lo me  experience,  and  over  tbe  resalta  of  whloh 
iie  is  gratified. 

Too  manj  berries,  weeds  and  bugs  to  attend  the  present  meeting. 
'Wishing  f  on  all  a  profitable  and  happy  time,  I  remain. 
Yours  truly, 

C.  Kallinckbodt. 

RBPOBT  ON   SMALL  FBUITS. 


BTBAWBERRIKS. 

1.  C'retoent,  as  usual,  a  berry  not  yet  displaced  entirely. 

2.  Schnelt's  Early,  a  close  competitor,  but  not  earlier  with  me  this  season. 

3.  Jessie,  a  splendid  berry,  but  not  as  produotlve  as  desirable. 

4.  Uionesota  (Hart's),  a  large,  good  productive  berry  of  good  quality,  and 
deserves  to  be  retained. 

5.  Windsor  Chief,  In  all  respects  a  valuable  one. 
e.    Honmontb,  of  no  account  here. 

7.  Perfection  (fipeeoe's),  a  large,  handsome,  good  berry,  and  productive. 

8.  Warfield,  a  splendid  one,  and  will  be  valuable. 

8.    HaTarland,  Immensely  productive,  large  and  fine  looking,  but  not  yet  ripe. 

10.  Cumberland,  all  right,  but  not  as  productive  as  desirable. 

11.  Capt.  Jack,  almost  faultless. 

12.  Miller  (from  Louisiana},  not  yet  ripe,  but  looks  fine. 

13.  Cornet,  same. 

14.  Stayman's  No.  1,  same. 

15.  One  from  J.  B.  UlUer  and  others,  same. 

16.  Oem  (Nehring's),  a  splendid  one  in  all  respects. 

17.  TowDSend's  No.  3  and  No.  7,  fine,  both  large  and  prodnctive. 

18.  Mrs.  Cleveland,  large,  prodnctive  and  superior  in  quality,  but  rote  easily . 

19.  Enreka,  a  beautiful  and  excellent  berry. 

20.  Ohio  Centennial  not  ripe,  but  shows  up  well . 

21.  Cloud  {from  Louisiana),  a  good  one. 

23.  Sucker  State,  all  that  is  claimed  fi>r  tt,  a  noble  one. 

23.  Belmont,  large  and  good,  hot  not  productive  enough. 

34.  Pet  (a  new  one),  ordinary  In  size  and  productiveness,  of  the  highest  llavor. 

33.  Venus  also  promising. 

26.  James  Vlck,  InimeDsely  productive— Us  one  fault. 

27.  Olendale,  a  valuable  late  one,  but  Is  not  needed,  since  a  better  late  ona 

28.  Gandy,  the  most  valuable  late  strawberry  I  have  met  with. 
20.    Wilson,  as  usual  with  Missouri,  not  much  account. 

30.  Babach  No.  6 — In  this  we  have  all  that  Is  needed  In  a  strawberry,  except  a 
tittle  more  firmness  and  higher  quality,  but  it  Is  good  enough  for  ordinary  tastes. 

31.  Ladles'  Pine,  not  quite  medium  In  size,  handsome  in  form  and  color,  but 
by  no  means  productive,  tt  is  only  a  berry  to  grow  for  one's  own  use  If  tbe  highest 
q^uallty  is  desired.    There  Is  no  other  to  compare  to  It  in  high-toned  fiavor. 

A  number  from  Tbompsoo,  Lakewood,  Ohio,  set  out  this  spring,  as  also  from  J. 
B.  Miller,  of  Anna,  111.,  all  of  which  promise  to  be  valuable.  Also  fl^m  a  numl>er 
of  others  fl^m  North,  South,  East  and  West,  for  trial. 


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BUUIMBB  3IEETINO  AT  POPLAB  BLUPF.  27 

HeDrj*  Sohnell,  3  v&rietleB,  one  golden-Beeded,  vetj  One. 

No  one  ctm  tell  mnch  about  a  atrawberrf  set  out  late,  the  Ml  before  or  In  tbe 
«prlDg;  henoe  another  »ea8oa  wlll.be  required  to  test  them.  Uf  Intention  Is  to  let 
«ach  plant  make  a  few  runnera,  aet  them  out  In  a  new  bed  In  July,  then  keep  the 
original  plants  well  cultivated  all  sammer. 

CHERRIES. 

I.  Baaman's  May,  birds  stripped  the  flesh  from  evei;  cherry  before  ripe, 

a.  Reine  Hortense,  a  modeiate  crop,  not  ripe. 

3.  Napoleon,  u  usual,  very  floe. 

4.  Greenwood,  a  fair  crop.    This  is,  to  my  taste,  of  the  best  quality. 
G.  Early  Richmond,  fall  crop. 

0.    Delaware  Bleeding  Heart,  good  quality,  but  smaller  la  size  than  desirable. 

A  number  of  my  treea  were  blown  down  and  mnch  of  the  fruit  damaged  by 
tbe  hall. 

Raspberries  promise  a  fair  crop,  but  the  Qregg  and  Schafler  were  Injured  by 
the  winter;  the  latter,  however,  la  making  up  for  it  by  sendingnp  shoots  now  going 
into  bloom. 

Blackberries  promlae  a  full  crop. 

Cnrraats,  a  slim  one. 

Gooseberries,  ordinary. 

PIuDiB,  BO  few  that  they  are  not  worth  talking  about. 

Grapes  look  well,  but  mine  have  been  somewhat  neglected. 

Dwarf  Servloe  berry,  my  trees  are  full,  as  tbe  j  ore  every  year. 

Id  presenting  this  report,  It  may  as  well  be  stated  here  that  tbe  reason  I  bronght 
no  fmlt  with  me  Is  beoauEe  if  anything  la  exhibited  by  nie  It  would  be  expected  to 
be  at  least  respectable  In  appearance,  which,  owing  to  hall  and  delnges,  mine  will 
not  do.  When  strong  plants  arc  washed  out  to  the  foundation,  uid  others  covered 
with  soil  and  mntching,  dressed  upaswellasposaible,  and  then  theaamedevaatattoa 
repeated  three  days  after,  there  cannot  be  mnch  expected.  And  in  my  situation, 
*nd  my  getting  to  the  meeting  plaoe,  tbe  berries  will  beSSboarsold  before  showing. 
Discouraging  features  about  tbe  whole  affair.    Low  prices,  etc. 

Blufiton,  Ho.,  June  3, 1890. 

STBAWBBBBY  OULTTTBB. 
F.  LlONBERO,  HtlGO. 
Ladie*  and  Qentlrmen : 

Seeing  that  I  am  billed  for  a  paper  on  strawberry  oultnre,  etc.,  I  will  here  give 
my  experience  on  the  suhject. 

I  select.  If  possible,  a  piece  of  ground  that  bad  been  well  fertilized  and  culti- 
Tsted  the  year  before.  1  plow  It  up  as  late  In  the  fall  as  I  can,  and  again  during 
the  winter,  If  It  can  be  done.  In  the  spring,  as  soon  as  It  la  dry  enough,  I  haul  out 
a  liberal  supply  of  compost.  If  I  have  It,  or  well-rotted  manure,  and  spread  it 
«venly.  When  I  am  short  of  such  fertilizers  I  use  ground  bone  meal  at  the  rate  of 
400  pounds  to  the  acre.  I  plow,  harrow  a^d  drag  until  I  get  tbe  ground  well  pnl- 
Terized,  and  get  a  level  surface. 

When  I  get  ready  to  plant,  I  get  a  man  to  dig  plants ;  I  dress  them  and  throw 
out  all  bad  ones  ;  at  the  same  time,  I  have  hands  In  the  fleld  to  plant  as  fast  as  the 
plants  are  dug.  In  planting  I  use  a  line  and  spades;  this  way  I  can  get  thestraight- 
«st  rows,  whlcb  Is  of  no  little  importance.    By  this  mode  of  planting  every  plant 


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28  8TATB  HOBTICULTURAL  SOOIBTT. 

bu  to  psBS  throDgh  my  hands,  and  I  am  lure  that  do  bad  oaea  are  put  Id.  If  I  cad' 
notdo  tt  myaeir,  I  get  some  one  that  I  oan  tmet.  I  have  ere  thla  dagalotof  plauts- 
ahead  and  than  planted  them,  but  not  with  as  good  results.  Of  ooorM.lf  I  get 
plant!  from  a  distance,!  Bimply  plant  as  soon  as  lean. 

Soon  after  I  get  done  planting,  I  loosen  up  the  ground  with  a  Planet  Jr.  double- 
vheel  hoe.  After  this  I  use  whatever  Implements  I  can  use  to  the  best  advantaee- 
wheel  boea,  steel  lakei,  sharp,  clean  hoes,  etc.  Hj  aim  slmplj  Is  to  stir  np  th» 
ground  after  every  rain,  or  at  least  onee  a  week.  Hj  principal  tool  however,  ia,. 
where  I  can  employ  horse  power;  tbe  Planet  Jr.  borse  hoe  and  cultivator  with 
wheel  and  lever  sttachtneDt ;  this  latter  Is  very  Important,  as  It  enables  the  operator 
to  open  and  shut  the  onlllvator  at  pleasure.  1  nse  an  extra  set  of  steels  I^  Incb, 
which  1  find  very  nsefnl  to  etlr  np  the  ground  with.  They  do  not  throw  any  dlrt^ 
to  apeak  of. 

Daring  June  I  sometimes  apply  bone  meal ;  I  sow  It  broadcast  and  work  it  ia 
with  cultivator.  This  mode  has  given  me  excellent  results,  bat  perhaps  It  wonld  be- 
better  If  the  bone  meal  was  applied  at  the  time  of  planting. 

As  to  tbe  runners,  I  have  tried  to  keep  them  down  In  various  ways.  My  alov 
had  always  been  to  keep  all  of  them  down  for  a  while,  and  then  let  two  rows  run 
together  and  those  form  a  bed,  bat  have  not  always  been  snccessfol.  This  year  1 
have  parebased  tbe  Planet  Jr.  strawberry  vine  cutter  for  tbe  pnrpose.  This  la 
similar  to  a  single  wheel  hoe,  liaving  a  small  rolling  ontter  Instead  of  tbe  boes.  It- 
only  weighs  20  pounds  and  does  tbe  work  in  aneat  manner.  1  do  not  cultivate  after 
the  middle  of  August.  After  tbe  ground  feezes  I  give  a  light  mulch  of  clean  straw 
or  coarse  manure. 

As  to  packing  I  have  but  little  to  say.  Hy  mode  it  to  make  the  boxes  tar- 
enough  ahead  so  that  tbey  are  perfectly  dry  when  wanted  for  use.  The  crates  I 
make  over  a  form  so  as  to  have  them  all  alike  and  none  of  them  out  of  shape. 

As  to  varieties  of  strawberries,  C.Jack  and  Crescent  are  undoubtedly  the- 
most  profitable  for  me.  The  former  Is  not  quite  as  good  a  grower  as  It  might  be, 
but  if  put  In  rich,  ground  together  with  proper  culture,  will  yield  as  fine  a  crop  as- 
any.  It  is  undoabtedly  tbe  firmest  berry  we  have.  WarfieldNo.  3  Is  doing  well 
with  me  and  Is  ver;  productive.  I  shall  plant  it  more  extensively.  Where  one  ea- 
joys  a  good  local  market,  Oumberiand  la  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best ;  It  will  sell 
anywhere,  but  it  is  a  poor  shipper  with  me.  Hart's  Minnesota  Is  also  a  fine  one, 
but  no  better  than  Cumberland  with  me.  Jessie  did  weU  this  season,  but  it  blooma 
■o  very  early  there  Is  a  great  deal  of  danger  trota  late  frosts.  Bubaob  No.  5,  very 
tine  and  large  bat  has  not  been  tried  extensively  enough  to  form  an  opinion.  Piper — 
I  still  plant  a  few  on  account  of  its  fine  quality  for  home  use.  Htobels'  Elariy — I 
have  bought  two  lots  from  two  dlfTerent  parties  of  J  udsonia.  Ark.,  and  have  also- 
received  two  dUTereot  varieties  under  the  above  name.  What  I  bought  last  sum- 
mer I  tiad  a  chance  to  fruit  this  year.  It  ripened  a  few  days  after  C.  Jack;  berries, 
nice,  of  uniform  size  and  plant  a  fine  grower,  altogether  different  from  the  ones  that. 
I  received  this  spring.  Ulchel's  Easly  (No.  2),  of  which  I  got  1.000  plants  this 
spring,  I  And  to  be  entirely  different;  plants  more  uf  a  drooping  habit,  foliag« 
darker  and  not  quite  as  vigorous  a  grower  as  tbe  former. 

For  late  berries  1  like  Cornelia  fertilized  with  Oandy.  Windsor  Chief  Is  also- 
Ane.  Jersey  Queen  is  one  of  the  flnest  late  sorts,  but  is  such  a  poor  grower  that  It 
IB  not  at  all  profitable.  Crystal  City,  Manchester,  Daisy,  Iron- Clad,  James  Vick  ftad 
a  number  of  others  I  have  discarded  as  unprofitable. 


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aHMUEB   MBETINQ  AT  POPLAB  BLDFF.  29 

DISCUSSION   ON   STBAWBSBBIBB — THE  BEST  VABIBIIBB. 

Jndge  Miller — If  I  waa  cooflned  to  bnt  one,  it  woald  be  Captain 
Jack.     Good  size,  very  firm  when  ripe ;  is  a  good  berry. 

Mr.  Holman — Is  not  tlie  best  in  one  place  not  the  beat  in  another 
placet  One  grower  at  Bpringfteld  aays  the  Bnbacb  'So.  5  is  the  Ben 
Davis  of  the  berry. 

Mr.  Barkes— The  Gnmberland  Triampb  is  the  best  for  as. 

Secretary  Goodman — Captain  Jack  and  Cumberland  Triumph,  the 
latter  vill  always  sell  at  home  market.  Saw  the  latter  sell  in  Kansas 
City  market  at  $2.60  per  crate  when  others  were  sacrificed  at  a  nominal 
price.    Babaoh  and  Jessie  are  in  his  opinion  the  coming  berries. 

Mf^or  Evans  says  his  family  give  their  judgment  in  &vor  of  the 
Onmberland,  because  they  prefer  to  pick  them,  to  eat  them  and  grow 
them. 

Judge  Miller  wanted  to  imitate  Fanl  that  "  he  might  boast  of  him- 
self." Amos  Miller,  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  originated  the  Cumberland, 
«nd  he  the  Captain  Jack, 

0.  W.  Murtfeldt  recommended  the  Green  Prolific  as  the  only  berry 
that  will  jellify.  His  neighbor,  a  snccessfnt  grower,  used  only  hill 
cultivatioD.  For  home  nse  be  woald  nse  Oamberland,  Sharpless  and 
Downing. 

Mr.  Bamett  has  Sharpless  and  Monarch  of  the  West.  Has  dis- 
carded all  others.  Only  grows  for  home  market,  as  grown  on  creek 
land  with  clay  anbsoil. 

Mr.  Blnmer  woald  take  Captain  Jack  and  Windsor  Chiefl  Do  not 
ship.     Sharpless  does  well  bat  not  eo  reliable. 

NEW  VABIBTIES. 

K.  F.  Murray  sounded  a  note  of  warning ;  has  tried  more  than 
fifty  new  varieties ;  has  come  down  to  Crescent  Seedling  and  Captain 
Jack  for  yorthweet  Miasonri;  has  picked  7,000  quarts  the  second 
season.     Michels'  Early  from  Arkansas  bide  fair  to  do  well. 

M^jor  Evans  has  seen  the  Michels'  Early  fruiting  for  two  years, 
and  ia  well  pleaaed  with  it. 

Jndge  Miller  had  not  received  as  good  planta  aa  he  expected,  and 
consequently  nearly  a  &ilare. 

Secretary  Goodman  would  not  recommend  efforts  to  grow  or  propa- 
gate new  TarieUea,  bnt  would  recommend  that  the  experimental  sta- 
tions should  give  attention  to  the  breeding  of  new  varieties. 


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90  STATB  HOSTIOULTUBAL   SO0IBT7. 

Jndge  Miller,  in  response  to  an  iDqniry  ae  to  the  Haverland,  sayfl  it 
bids  very  fair ;  otbets  made  same  report.  The  Gandy  is  the  best  late 
variety. 

Mr.  Mnrtfeldt  Toald  call  attention  to  the  length  of  the  strawberry 
season ;  it  may  be  six  weeks  if  varieties  are  properly  chosen. 

OTTLTITATION. 

IT.  p.  Murray — Would  plow  deep  in  foil  and  use  top  dressing  of 
wood  asbes.  Cnltivate  shallow  first  salnmer,  throwing  the  mnners  to 
the  row.  Plant  three  feet  apart  andone  foot  apart  in  the  row.  Second 
year  let  runners  take  middle  of  row  and  plow  ap  old  plants. 

Mr,  Weber — Would  plow  deep  and  cultivate  with  fine  tooth  barrow^ 
adjustable  in  widtb. 

Jndge  Miller — Deep  plowing  in  tbe  fall  is  the  best  thing  to  do. 

MULOHING. 

N.  F.  Murray — For  winter  mulching  would  nse  clean  straw  after 
tbe  first  freeze,  and  not  too  thick,  taking  the  long  straw  off  in  the 
spring.  For  summer  mulching,  wood  ashes,  the  very  best  thing  on  the 
earth,  to  be  used  in  the  spring  after  the  straw  is  taken  off,  and  wood 
ashes  will  help  to  prolong  the  season  of  strawberry. 

Mr.  Weber — Would  treat  a  two-year-old  bed  by  plowing  between 
rows  and  then  cross-harrow  thoroughly ;  there  wilt  be  enough  plants 
left  to  fill  up  a  good  bed. 

MARKETING). 

Dr.  Bates,  of  Piedmont,  claimed  -that  the  rate  from  bis  place  to- 
Bt.  Louis  was  actually  prohibition ;  Cl.lO  per  hundred  to  St.  Louis  and 
$1,75  to  Sedalia,  Kansas  City  and  Chicago,  whUe  the  rate  from  same 
points  on  beer,  ale,  soda,  etc.,  is  90o, 

Mt^.  Evans  slated  what  had  been  done  in  Southwest  Missouri  by 
the  organization  of  the  fruit-growers. 

N,  F.  Murray — Never  ship  in  old  packages,  second-hand  'packagea 
or  barrels,  or  in  anything  but  standard  boxes.  N'ever  pick  berries  wet 
or  mix  the  varieties ;  always  have  your  stock  and  packages  in  best  of 
style.  He  called  attention  to  tbe  necessity  of  organization  in  tbe  sell- 
ing of  a  crop, 

BASPBBEBIES — MABKET  TABIETIE8. 
Beds. 
K.  F.  Murray  had  plowed  up  all  his  reds ;  his  market  would  not 
take  them ;  for  home  nse  Shaffer's  Colossal  is  good, 
Maj.  Evans  thinks  the  Thwack  is  best. 


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SUKMBB  MBiBTIRa  A.T  FOPLAK  BLUFF.  31 

Mr.  Weber — The  Mtvlborongh  is  beat. 

Mr. thinks  the  Cuthbert  best 

Judge  Miller  prefers  the  Turner,  Thvack  and  Cnthbert  to  the- 
Black.  The  Tnrner  must  be  carefully  grown,  kept  cot  back,  and  not 
more  than  three  to  font  canes  left.  All  kiods  should  be  kept  pinched 
back ;  pinches  much  lower  than  in  former  years. 

BlaclcB. 

Maj.  Evans  named  the  Hopkins,  and  Weber  wonld  add  the  Gregg- 
as  doing  nicely  in  his  locality. 

Mr.  Dnrkes  states  that  the  Gregg  in  northwest  part  of  the  State 
does  well ;  also  a  good  report  comes  &om  Nevada  in  favor  of  the  Gregg. 
The  Hopkins  was  well  commended. 

Mr.  Holman  thinks  the  Bonanza  equal  to  the  Hopkins.  It  origin- 
ated west  of  Springfield ;  Ib  a  seedling — a  black  cap.  It  is  a  prolifle 
and  extraordinary  grower ;  ripens  early ;  very  prolific. 

Mr.  Freeman,  the  oriKinator,  was  called  ont,  and  confirmed  all 
that  the  others  had  said  abont  the  new  berry. 

Mr.  Holman  named  the  Ozark  as  a  hardy  variety  -,  it  is  a  seedling 
of  the  same  locality,  and  thinks  it  will  help  ont  the  time  of  the  Gregg. 

Jadge  Miller  said  a  good  word  for  the  Ozark. 

PBDNma    BA.SPBBBBIEB. 

Mr.  Weber — Cleans  ont  all  the  wood  as  soon  as  the  crop  is  picked ; 
plows  np  the  ground  and  the  yonng  shoots  come  and  tip  in  the  groand  ^ 
has  no  tronble  with  winter-killing  since  he  practiced  this. 

Jndgfl  Miller — Would  not  clip  in  the  fiill,  as  canes  do  not  winter- 
kill. 

Mr.  Holman  thinks  the  old  canes  have  a  degree  of  protection  for 
the  young  canes,  and  would  not  take  them  out  till  spring. 

THB  THBBE  BEST  BLAOEBBBBIES   TO   FILL  THB  BEA30IT. 

Judge  Miller  names  Snyder,  Triumph  and  Erie. 
Mr.  Weber  names  Early  Harvest,  Erie  and  Snyder. 
Mr.  Goodman — Snyder,  Taylor  and  Briton. 
Mr.  Freeman — Snyder,  Wallace  and  Knox. 

THE  DEWBBBEY. 

Messrs.  Weber,  Miller  and  others  had  not  much  snceese  with  the 
Dewberry,  and  especially  the  Lncretia. 


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STATE  HOBTICULTDBAL  BOCIETT. 


Wednesday,  Jnne  4,  2  p.  m. 
The  Society  waa  called  to  order,  aod  the  sobject  of  orcharde  was 
first  taken  ap. 

VARIETIES   FOK   MAKKBT — AND  WHT* 


Mr.  Pruidenit  Ladit*  and  QenUemtn  of  the  MUtouri  Stale  SortioiUural  Sodetg; 

The  pftper  UBlgned  me,  "Varieties  for  Market— and  Wby?"  at  flret  tbonght 
170(114  Beem  a  simple  thlax — one  easy  of  getting  along  with  without  anytroable. 
Snt  from  my  staodpolDt,  Itvlog  as  I  do  on  the  Ozark  range,  the  sohitton  of  this 
qnestion  assames  a  difi^rent  aspect.  81no«  comlog  to  Missouri,  now  a  little  over 
seven  years  ago,  I  have  bought  acid  shipped  a  few  car  loads  of  apples  grown  In  oar 
lodtnty,  and  some  of  the  fmlt  bought  and  shipped  has  been  used  in  wbat  was  onoo 
the  greatest,  the  grandest  and  best  fruit  state  In  the  Union  ( I  refer  to  my  native 
state.  New  York.) ;  but  to-day  she  lowers  her  banner  as  a  fruit  state  to  one  of  her 
AlBters — much  yonuger,  yet  much  greater  in  fmlt  resources.  I  now  refer  to  Orand 
New  Missouri,  greater  and  grander  In  her  own  resources  than  any  other  state  in 
the  Union.  But  I  am  drifting  from  my  subject.  All  through  the  eastern  fmlt  belt 
the  qnesttoD  Is  being  asked  :  "  What  apples  can  be  substituted  tbr  the  Old  Baldwin, 
B.I.  GreeDlDg  and  Roxbnry  Russet?"  This  question  has  not  yet  been  satlsbo- 
torlly  answered  to  the  horticulturists  of  the  east,  and  with  us  and  among  nt  in 
Missouri  the  question  Is  coming  np  at  nearly  all  twrt [cultural  meetings,  "  what  to 
plant  in  place  of  the  Ben  Davis  [  the  Baldwin  of  the  East ) ;  what  to  plant  in  place 
of  Jennetttng  (The  Roxbury  Russet  of  the  East)  and  what  In  place  of  Winesap  ?  " 
A  fueling  of  uneasiness  and  unrest  seems  to  have  taken  bold  of  the  horticulturists 
toDoblng  their  different  varieties  of  fruits  in  different  localities.  There  is  no  doubt 
In  my  mind  If  all  parts  of  Missouri  can  grow  as  good-keeping,  high-flavored,  bright, 
clear-colored  Ben  Davis  as  is  grown  on  the  Ozarks,  and  if  the  per  cent  of  the  Ben 
Davis  orchards  planted  in  the  state  Is  as  large  as  has  been  planted  In  our  iooallty 
the  past  few  years,  the  Ben  Davis  apple  will  not  be  hard  to  And  In  the  general  fratt 
markets  of  the  country.  For  within  the  past  few  years  not  less  than  460,000  to 
500,000  trees  have  been  planted  in  our  locality,  and  1  believe  00  per  cent  has  been 
Ben  Davis;  and  I  say  If  Ben  Davis  has  been  set  out  at  this  rate  all  over  the  ijtato, 
no  wonder  there  ts  a  scramble  among  nurserymen  to  And  an  apple  as  good  in  every 
point  as  1b  the  Ben  Davis,  and  possibly  a  better  dessert  apple,  ftut  allow  me  here 
to  say  that  tbose  of  you  who  have  never  had  the  pleasure  of  eating  Ben  Davis 
apples  grown  on  the  fruit  soils  of  the  Ozark,  hardly  know  what  a  choice  Ben  Davis 
apple  is.  For  the  past  tivo  winters  at  our  home  we  have  learned  to  know  what 
they  are. 

You  wlU  all  think  by  this  time  that  I  shall  put  down  the  Ben  Davis  apple  as 
Arst  In  the  list.  Well,  you  have  guessed  about  right,  for  It  is  hard  to  go  back  on  a 
friend  that  has  helped  you  to  kcp  your  apple  account  on  the  right  side  of  the 
ledger,  and  this  Is  true  of  my  dealings  with  this  same  old  Ben  Davis  apple. 

The  next  apple  fbr  a  wide  scope  of  our  Ozark  range,  and  one  that  has  never 
failed,  and  always  commands  the  higest  price  In  the  market,  is  the  Maiden  Bluata, 
and  this  Is  about  the  only  summer  or  early  fall  apple  that  I  have  handled  with  any 
degree  of  satisfaction. 

While  the  Lowell  and  the  Rambo  do  well,  and  some  years  extra  well,  still  for 
general  trade  the  Maiden  Blush  stands  at  the  head  of  fruits  in  or  near  her  season. 


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SUMMBB  MEETINQ  AT  FOPLAB  BLUFF.  33 

The  Mftiden  BlaBh  apple  BtiODid  be  plkoted  for  northern  ihlpmeatB,  u  It  oomee  in 
good  aeaHtii.  I  fonnd  tble  out  on  my  trip  to  Baflalo,  N.  T. ,  and  Elmlra,  N.  T. , 
when  [  took  twentj-flve  barrels  of  Blasb,  Spy  and  Belleflowet  to  help  pay  a  small 
part  of  the  expenges.  Thoae  apples  were  plohed  and  packed  In  regnlar  barrels 
daring  terrific  bot  weather,  yet  arrived  In  BuffiUo  In  nearly  perfect  ccHiditlon,  and 
sold  from  the  oar  door  at  a  handsome  prodt . 

I  now  take  np  the  third  standard  apple  for  onr  oonntry,  and  an  apple  that  If 
properly  handled  will  make  Its  mark  and  reputation  for  HIbbodiI,  as  did  the  oele- 
brated  Tomphlnb  Connty  King  make  a  repntatlon  for  central  and  weatein  New 
York.  [  refer  to  the  Rome  Beauty.  This  apple.  I  believe.  In  snltable  localities 
and  due  and  careful  onltlratlon,  will  be  one  of  our  surest  and  best.  I  want  yon  to 
ftally  understand  I  now  refer  to  our  especial  locality. 

Two  other  varieties,  and  I  will  close  by  recommending  planting  for  test  a  third 
one.  One  of  the  coming  (if  not  already  at  hand)  apples  is  the  Jonathan.  While  we 
OD  the  Ozarka  are  Dot  as  yet  ftulttng  a  great  many  of  this  apple,  still,  with  as.  It  Is 
destined  to  be.  as  the  boys  say,  "a  daisy."  Coming,  as  It  does,  between  the  Blush, 
Lowell,  Bpy,  Bellflower  andtbe  Ben  DavlB,  it  fllU  the  gap,  and  dealers  can  start 
late  lo  A.ugust  and  commence  on  Blush  and  wind  up  in  October  with  Ben  Davis. 

Bnt  we  atill  have  another  variety  entitled  to  Iti  meed  of  praise,  as  tt  Is  a  good 
apple,  a  good  grower,  a  good  seller,  and  that  is  what  we  are  after;  you  may  guess, 
lahall call  the  Willow  Twig. 

Bnt  to  doBe,  I  want  to  aay  a  few  words  in  favor  of,  to  me,  a  new  apple,  new 
only  in  name,  as  It  1b  growing  In  one  of  our  oldest  orchards  in  the  county,  and  while 
packing  fruit  last  fall  the  gentleman  owning  the  orchard  called  my  attention  to  the 
apple  and  gave  me  a  good  sample  to  have  named  at  the  winter  meeting  at  licbanon 
last  winter.  The  apple  I  refer  to  le  the  Clsytoa— not,  perhaps,  as  handsome  an 
apple  as  many  of  our  other  apples,  bnt  one  of  the  finest  dessert  apples  1  ever  ate, 
when  in  Its  season.  The  tree  le  »  strung,  upright  grower,  bears  every  year,  do 
sign  of  disease  or  deaay,  and  la  now  tweoty-lhree  years  planted  in  orchard.  The 
owner  speaka  In  highest  praise  of  both  tree  and  fruit,  and  always  puts  this  fruit 
away  for  home  use. 

To  sum  np  my  position,  the  Ben  Davis  first  as  a  commercial  apple ;  the 
Maiden  Blasb,  the  Jonathan,  Rome  Beauty,  Willow  Twig,  and  as  first  stated,  would 
advise  planting  500  to  1,000  trees  of  Clayton  to  make  up  a  commercial  orchard . 

And  now  in  ooncluBion,  is  It  not  safe  to  assert  that  a  new  era  is  dawning,  not 
only  to  thoee  engaged  In  hortlenlture,  but  In  all  the  avocations  of  life  In  Missouri  ? 
People  nrom  all  parts  of  the  Union  are  writing  and  looking  and.oomlng  and  already 
here.  We  have  to-day  men  with  ub  from  Maine  to  California,  and  I  don't  know  as 
I  can  do  better  than  to  use  tbe  words  of  the  "Uncbalned  Poet"  let  loose  on  one 
of  onr  Mlssonrl  towns  on  a  Saturday  when  the  farmers  of  the  surrounding  country 
go  to  town  for  their  mall. 

The  "  Unchained  Poet,"  seeing  the  dlflerent  classes  and  natlonslltles  mingling 
together,  asked  different  ones  from  whence  they  came,  and  got  answers  !lke  tbe  fol- 
lowing: "lam  ftxim  the  Wooden  Nutmeg  State."  '-lam  from  the  rocky  coasts  of 
Haine."  "I  am  from  New  Hampshire,  known  now  as  the  'Land  of  Woodchncke,' 
where  there  Ib  $7UO,000  damage  done  to  clover  alone  each  year ;  can't  stand  this." 
"I  am  from  the  sandy  plains  of  Kansas,"  etc.,  etc. 

After  our  '  *  Unchained  Poet "  had  gone  the  rounds  of  the  crowd  at  tbe  post- 
office  he  retired  and  got  himself  to  a  shady  retreat,  and  there  and  then  furnished 
to  this  Society  the  following,  which  I  think  Is  good  enough  to  keep : 
H  B— 3 


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STATE   HOETICULTUBAL   BOOIKTT. 


"THBT  ABB  COMINCt  TO  MISHODBI." 
They  are  oomlog  from  the  deBerti  of  the  dim  and  duatj  Eut,  whete  to  ralM  & 
stanted  tarnlp  Is  the  pro«p«ct  of  a  feast,  where  the  farms  are  made  with  ^avel  and 
thej  plow  with  dyoamlto,  where  the  festive  ohattel  mortgage  sings  In  dirges  day 
aod  night ;  they  are  coming  In  their  wagoD,  they  are  coming  od  the  train ;  they 
«re  coming  from  the  regions  where  they  struggle  long  Id  vain ;  they  are  coming 
ftom  tbeoahln,  they  are  coming  from  the  hall;  they're  coming  to  South  Hlesonrl, 
where  there's  plenty  for  them  all. 

Where  yon  needn't  dig  potatoes  witli  a  saber  and  a  dirk,  where  when  rain  U 
badly  needed  then  the  rain  gets  In  Its  worlc,  where  th«  rivers  moan  and  mnrmnr  on 
their  jonmey  to  the  sea,  where  the  breezes  tackle  corn  atalks  big  as  fence  posts 
on  the  lea,  where  the  savage  lately  wandered  In  his  search  for  human  hair,  where 
his  hoarse  and  howling  war  cry  floated  on  the  sommer  air,  where  a  hundred  braves 
would  answer  M  the  cbteftalD's  battle  call ;  they  are  coming  to  Soath  Hissoarl, 
where  there's  plenty  for  them  all. 

Where  the  savage  used  to  wander,  yearning  for  a  crop  or  hair,  now  the  hrmer 
takes  his  porker  to  the  nearest  oonnty  fair ;  and  the  com  Is  dally  growing,  where 
the  greasy  wigwams  stood ;  where  he  burned  the  wailing  captive,  now  the  poultry 
soratch  for  food  ;  and  the  people  who  are  coming  to  this  pleasantest  of  olimes,  show 
B  bappy  knack  of  keeping  with  the  progress  of  the  times.  They  will  find  a  coun- 
try beaming  from  the  sprtng-tlme  to  the  fall,  when  they  land  In  Sonth  Hlssoori, 
where  tbere'e  plenty  for  them  all. 

Ukchiinbd  Post. 

places  Ben  Davis  first,  aod  Maiden  Blash  for  Dorthem 

shipments.  For  the  tbird  he  refers  to  the  Borne  Beanty ;  also  recom- 
mends the  Jonathan,  coming  between  the  M.  Blash  and  the  Ben  Davis. 
Becommends  a  new  apple,  the  Clayton — fine  dessert  apple ;  tree  stroDg, 
apright  grower,  good  bearer. 

K.  F.  Mnrray  woold  plant  in  Northwest  MisBonri  Winesap  in  place 
of  Borne  Beaaty ;  Willow  Twig  does  well  in  same  locality ;  Black  Twi^ 
is  doing  well  also.  Can  grow  Jonathans  in  northwest  if  planted  on  rich 
land  and  carefully  caltivated ;  wonid  recommend  for  a  sammer  apple 
the  Sommer  Pennook ;  large  coarse  apple,  a  good  seller, 

Mr.  Gilbert,  of  Thayer,  spoke  of  two  trees  of  this  and  one  of  Winn- 
sap  that  yielded  137  bnshels  last  year, 

Mr,  Darkes  would  pick  Jonathan  early,  picking  only  the  best  speci- 
mens first;  it  will  give  better  satisfitction  when  handled  this  way. 

THB   OOMIKG  APPLE. 

Mr.  Freeman  thinks  they  have  it  in  Greene  connty. 
Dr.  Bates  spoke  in  favor  of  the  Spitzberger. 

MTSTAKBB   Ilf   OBOHABDIirO. 

Dr.  Bates  has  tried  many  kinds  of  pears,  bat  has  only  sncoeeded. 
with  the  Bartlett. 


aUMMBE  MBBTIKQ  AT  POPLAB  BLTJFF.  35 

!N.  F.  Murray — Bartlett,  Seckel  and  Dnchees  hare  done  best  Id 
I^orthweat  Missouri ;  sowed  an  orchard  in  olover  for  two  years  and 
lost  at  least  $1,000 ;  would  cnltivate. 

Mr.  Gilbert  would  trim  for  low  tops,  faaviDg  tri^d  high  tops. 

Mr.  Darbes— Orchards  should  have  rest;  constant  and  thorough 
-oaltivatiou  should  be  the  watchword ;  we  should  plant  more  peaches. 

HOW   YOUNG)  i.  TBBB   SHOULD  I   PLANT  ? 

Sec'y  Goodman — Plant  thrifty  one-year-old  trees,  with  good,  well- 
proteeted  top  bad;  if  yon  can  afford  to,  bay  good  thrifty  two-year-olda, 
with  one  good  center  shootjandnevercatthe  center  shoot;  in  peaches 
one  year  old,  cut  back  heavily. 

Weber  thinks  a  strict  rule  would  not  apply  to  different  kinds. 

'S.  F.  Mnrray  believeB  in  one  and  two  year  old  trees  as  preferable. 

Piece — Boot  Grafting — Responded  to  by  L.  A.  Goodman. 


J.  A.  DDRKBB,  WEOTOM. 
Some  oftAe  Be*i  VarietUt. 
Tlie  ptodaetlon  of  d«w  fruits  li  a  work  Id  whloli  the  hortlonltariPt  labors  with 
«nerg7  snd  zenl.  The  art  of  planting  and  selecting  ■  'best  varieties  "  has  gone  on 
juid  on,  till  it  conid  be  uld  we  had  arrived  at  a  period  almost  of  perfection.  Otlll 
tbe  work  goes  on.  We  are  constantly  renewing  and  discarding  plant  and  fruit, 
snppljlDg  their  place  by  those  tbat  are  superior  and  prove  themselvea  to  be  bet(«r 
adapted  tn  most  respects  to  the  looalltf  of  the  grower.  That  all  frutts  of  the  tem- 
perate zone,  and  their  many  varieties,  vary  greatly  In  localities  of  oloM  proximity 
to  one  another.  Is  a  theory  old  and  well  established ;  the  dlscasalons  In  oar  hortl- 
«Dltaral  meetings  and  reports  of  similar  bodies  show  it ;  bencs,  to  arrive  at  a  coa- 
«lnRloD  somewhat  satisfactory,  every  one  mast  experiment  and  make  a  fair  trial  on 
his  own  gronndB.  To  Illustrate,  we  wlil  mention  a  case  bearing  fally  on  this  point. 
Smne  years  ago  the  President  of  this  Society  met  with  great  saccess  In  a  variety  of 
the  raspberry.  A.  neighbor  living  bat  a  short  dlstanoe  away,  seeing  this,  endeav- 
ored to  do  likewise,  procured  plants  from  the  former  and  undobtedly  treated  them 
as  he  had  done,  bnt  lulled  to  meet  with  that  saccees  he  was  working  for.  Where 
-tbe  tronble  really  was  'tis  not  in  plsce  to  discuss  here,  but  give  this  only  as  an  ex- 
ample  that  falls  to  the  lot  In  the  experience  of  thoasandB. 

With  pears  we  have  not  had  the  opportunity  of  selecting  from  native  seed- 
lings to  as  large  an  extent  as  we  have  had  in  the  apple,  oar  selections  being  confined 
mostly  to  those  of  foreign  Introdactlou;  therefore,  it  cannot  t>e  surprising  why  so 
many  failures  and  drawbacks  among  the  few  successes  attending  the  ealtnre  of  this 
ftnit  in  America.  By  mnch  trying  and  testing  from  these  and  our  native  seedlings, 
we  are  now  able  to  present  a  list  tbat  In  most  respects  will  be  quite  satisfactory. 

For  Its  extreme  earllness,  tbe  ilttle  Doyenne,  etc,  commends  itself  especially 
fSor  hmlly  use. 

Clapp'e  Favorite— A  large,  handsome  pear,  sacceeds  moderately  welL  Fruit 
must  be  gathered  a  week  or  more  before  ripening  on  the  tree. 

Margaret— Rather  a  new  variety,  has  done  well  wherever  planted. 


by  Google 


36  STATE   HOETIOULTUBAL  SOOIETT. 

Bo«tl«Ker,  often  o&lled  the  Sammer  SeoLel,  shonld  be  in  every  coUeotloo ;  tat 
Minafti  bearer,  tree  very  tno  from  blight . 

Tyson— One  of  the  earlleet,  of  fair  size,  good  bearer. 

The  B&rtlett,  for  exoellenoe,  etaodg  at  the  head  ;  ia  fitct,  tt  caoDot  be  excelled  ;. 
It  Is  the  mOEt  popular  market  pear  we  have.  With  the  ^ow^  tt  is  a  general  faTOi- 
Ite.    Trees  very  hardy,  Inmeniely  prodaotlve  and  anoceeds  everywhere. 

Howell,  ripening  a  few  days  later,  a  large,  beautiful  pear,  one  of  the  best  on 
the  list. 

Seokel,  the  standard  for  quality  In  fratt;  trees  hardy  and  productive. 

As  dwarfs,  the  UuoheBS  and  Lonlae  Sonne  of  Jersey,  are  too  well  known  to- 
need  any  further  eODiment  here;  they  sucoeed  wherever  planted. 

The  White  Doyenne,  an  old,  almost  universally  esteemed  variety,  has  always 
proved  to  be  very  productive,  one  of  the  beat . 

The  Flemish  Beauty  sucoeeds  In  many  localities, a  fine  pear. 

Of  the  later  fall  varieties  we  can  recommend  with  confidence  the  Sheldon,  the- 
Anjou,  Ciairgeaa,  Hooslc,  Swan's  Orange  and  Klefer.  The  Tlcar  succeeds  well  In^ 
most  situations. 

The  Lawrence,  classed  as  one  of  the  best  of  our  early  winter  peara.  Is  vigor- 
ous and  productive. 

Winter  Nellis— None  wonld  be  willing  to  be  without  this ;  it  is  decidedly  th» 
best  of  our  winter  pears,  bears  regular,  trees  quite  free  from  blight,  fruit  Iceeplng^ 
weU. 

Easter  Benrre  and  Pound  are  old  varieties  and  tested  with  varied  sucoesa, 
but  should  not  be  overlooked. 

Of  some  of  the  newer  kinds  we  have  the  Lawson,  recommended  as  ripening- 
early,  of  good  quality,  great  beauty  and  fair  size. 

In  the  Kmtl,  a  seedling  of  this  State,  we  hope  to  find  a  pear  possessing  the 
qualities  of  productiveness^  trees  vigorous  and  hardy,  fruit  fair  size,  good  flavor 
and  a  long  keeper. 

The  Idaho,  deacrlbed  as  possessing  every  excellent  point  that  could  be  de- 
sired. Is  the  creature  of  too  great  a  boom  at  present  to  say  aught  for  or  against  it ; 
it  shonld,  however,  be  tried  on  a  moderate  scale  only,  until  the  prices  of  the  trees 
come  down  to  tbe  standard  of  others. 

Id  coDCluston,  we  may  add,  plant  more  pear  trees,  not  of  afewbut  many  kinds; 
helptomake  this  fruit  more  popnlar,  more  general.  We  ought  to  have  pears  plen- 
tlfnl ;  let  all  plant  many  varieties ;  try  and  test  them  year  after  year  ;  the  price  of 
the  trees  is  little,  tbe  land  they  may  occupy  small,  where  we  have  farms  and  estates- 
counting  their  hundreds  of  acres,  while  the  benefit  may  be  of  untold  value  to  the 
present  and  generations  to  come . 

Clapp's  Favorite  does  fairly  well;  Margaret  has  done  well  t  Sockel  shonld  be 
in  every  collection  ;  Tyson  good  summer ;  Bartlett  cannot  be  exoelled  ;  Howell  on» 
of  the  best;  Seokel  a  standard. 

Dwarf  White  Doyenne  Is  one  of  the  best;  Flemish  Beauty  blights  badly; 
Winter  NelUs  one  of  tbe  beat  winter  varieties. 

Erull— We  hope  to  And  many  good  things  of  this  pear. 

Idaho  must  be  tried  yet.  Plant  more  and  manykluds,  and  make  tbem  as  cheap 
as  apples. 


.y  Google 


SUMMBB  MBBTINQ  AT   FOPLAB  BLUFF.  37 

Cakthaoe,  Mo.,  Jim«  3,  1890. 
Kr.  L.  A.  Oooduam; 

Dbar  Sir — I  don't  know  u  I  can  give  a  very  correct  account  or  report  of  the 
general  fruit  crop  and  condltlODB,  as  I  haTon't  bad  an  opportonlty  to  leans  much 
■Kbont  the  conditions  and  proepeoti. 

Htrawberrr  crop  very  large  aa  to  acreage;  Bome  aay  tfaey  have  not  more  tbu 
lulf  crop,  while  ottkers  have  a  fall  crop. 

Raspberries  will  be  a  good,  full  orop. 

Blackberries  will  be  a  good  crop.  . 

Wild  Goose  plum  a  Allure ;  all  frozen  In  February ;  some  late  bloomtug  Tarle- 
■tiea  run. 

Cherries  abont  half  crop,  some  varieties  ftU. 

Peaohea  ftazen  In  ICthrnary :  some  early  varieties,  Amaden  and  Hale's  Early. 
Jtave  some  peaches. 

Apples  bloomed  verjr  fhll.  Ben  Pa  vis  and  some  other  varieties  very  full;  then 
"Will  probably  be  a  good  averege  orop. 

Pears — all  early  blooming  varieties  frozen  In  February,  late  bloomers  conslder- 
■»ble  fruit. 

In  The  strawberry  line  I  have  nothing  on  my  ground  but  my  ovrn  seedlings, 
Speece  Perfection,  Beauty,  Comet  and  Carthage  Queen,  all  very  full  and  very 
large  and  line.  I  have  had  repons  from  a  number  of  fl^lt-men  la  the  last  two 
veeks ;  they  all  say  the  Speece  Perfbotion  the  fullest  and  largest  they  have  on  their 
grounds.  Comet  also  very  full  and  fine.  Mr.  Wiggins  aays  the  Speece  Perfection 
la  the  finest  he  ever  saw.  Mr.  Tucker  says  he  never  saw  anything  like  It ;  thinks  It 
the  beat  thlngout.  Two  or  three  parties  here  have  the  Beauty;  they  say  It  is  very 
jiroliflo  and  large :  It  is  very  fine  and  large  on  my  ground.  Only  two  or  three  have 
the  Caribage  Queen  outside  of  myself,  and  not  fully  tested  by  them.  On  my  ground 
it  la  very  prolific  and  large. 

Tou  will  probably  have  more  full  and  correct  reportsfhim  some  of  my  brother 
Jtait-growers  than  I  have  given  you. 

If  this  win  be  of  any  value  to  you,  you  can  use  It,  if  not;  throw  It  In  the  waste 
basket.    Very  respectftilly,  your  brother  fruit-grower, 

B.  W.  Smbci. 

P.  S.— I  should  like  to  have  been  with  you.  but  I  am  in  the  midst  of  my  straw- 
l>erry  orop,  and  Sonhegan  raspberries  beginning  to  ripen. 

I  wish  you  a  good  and  Interesting  meeting.  B.  W,  S. 

QuBOOw,  Mo.,  June  3, 1890. 

Gentlemen — I  am  too  busy  picking  and  shipping  berries  to  be  with  you  in 
person,  so  I  here  send  a  brief  report,  ae  called  for  by  program. 

We  are  picking  some  of  the  fioest  fruit  I  ever  saw,  and  getting  as  low  prices 
«B  I. have  ever  met  with  In  my  ten  to  twelve  years'  berry-growing.  Havlland, 
Bnbach  and  Jessie  lead  all  others  In  size  and  beauty;  25  to  30  berries  fill  a  box — all 
fancy  goods.  The  older  ones,  such  as  Capt.  Jaok,  Windsor  Chief,  Chas.  Downing, 
Cumberland,  Sharpless,  etc.,  are  all  line,  but  will  have  toglvewayto  the  last- 
named  three  varieties.  Miami  Is  something  on  the  Ciharpless  order,  and  It  may 
stand  drouth  better,  but  will  have  to  be  tested . 

Stayman's  No.  1  Is  of  the  Qiendale  type,  and  a  dull  color,  Creeoent  Seedling  size  ; 
productive,  a  peculiar  favor  not  very  good ;  afirm  one  to  ship— shall  go  lightly  on 
It  here. 

JCureka  Is  a  fine  berry,  bat  do  better  than  the  Havllaad  or  Jessie. 


by  Google 


38  STITE  HOETIOTTLTUBiX   SOOIKTT. 

WarfieldNo,  Sdraa  not  look  taealthj  In  foliage— crimped  upj  a  fine,  showy  and 
productive  berry;  perfect  In  shape ;  of  rather  poor  quality. 

Gaudy's  Pride  IB  undoubtedly  a  lata  one ;  no  ripe  ones  yet,  and  have  been 
pleklog  two  weeks  now ;  gbows  np  well. 

Logan — large;  showy;  fairly  productive;  very  soft. 

Burt  Is  Captain  Jack,  or  so  near  like  It  1  am  not  able  to  detect  any  difference. 

Gypsy— no  good. 

Scbnell'i  No.  9— Bxtra  early;  cross  betwaao  Crescent  and  Hart'8  Hinneaota; 
perfect  bloomer ;  fair  quality ;  handsome  shape ;  medium  to  bomII  la  aize ;  enor- 
mously productive;  as  early  as  HIchel;  have  It  on  trial,  and  may  become  valuabla 
for  early  ;  gives  beavy.  extra  early  pickings,  aod  is  the  earliest  one  I  had  tbia  year  ; 
picked  at  the  rateiof  M  orates  per  acre  at  third  picking. 

No.  1— Late  as  Jersey  Queen,  of  which  It  Is  a  seedling  ;  one-third  more  pro- 
ductive than  Crescent ;  paler  red;  one-third  larger  In  size;  plBtiUat«;  rather  soft 
and  acid,  but  valuable  for  lat«. 

Would  say  for  my  future  planting:  Havilaod,  Jesele,  Bubach,  Gandy,  HIchel 
and  my  two  seedllDgs.  Have  I^ady  Rusk  growing,  but  no  fruit  yet.  1  cultivate 
tborongbly  and  often ;  boe  aod  plow  shallow ;  plant  In  spring  mostly ;  will  not  let 
plants  get  too  thick  in  fruit-bed  ;  raise  less  acres  and  better  trult ;  1  mulch  wltb 
Wbeat  straw,  and  band-weed  in  spring;  market  In  34-quaTt  Lessliebox;  pay  one 
eent  per  quart  for  picking,  and  assort  Into  three  grades  on  a  table  with  domestic 
atretched  over  it ;  Fancy,  No.  1  and  No.  3  represent  the  three  grades ;  use  oheoka 
with  nnmbers  on  and  punch  to  keep  count  wltb  pickers  ;  uM  4-qnart  stands ;  every 
picker  has  a  nomber,  and  every  box  he  picks  must  bear  his  number,  and  every  row 
picked  ttaked  wltb  his  number.    This  la  the  only  way  one  can  get  good  work. 

Hasp  and  blackberries  promise  well,  and  everything  else  points  to  a  bounteoaa 
supply  of  ft-olt  for  1890.  Wishing  you  many  pleasant  hours  at  Poplar  BlnfF,  wUl 
«lose  my  hastily  written  report.  Respectfully, 

Hehry  Schnell, 


Wednbbdat,  Jtine  4,  8  P.  M. 

Society  met,  and  the  report  of  tbe  Secretary  was  first  tAken  up. 
This  report  gave  a  history  of  the  Society  work  and  the  Deeds  of 
Society. 

SBOBBTABY'S  BBPOBT. 
Jfr.  Prtndet^,  Memba'»  oftht  MmouH  Stat*  BoriusaUurat  Soatty,  Ladiei  and  Otnil«menr 
This  beautiful  weather  calls  to  mind  sncb  a  beantlful  poem  that  I  wish  to  read 
It  here : 

A  DAY  OF  JUNK. 
I  could  WTilD  anrti  a  beanUrol  poem 

Abontthia  annmier  day , 
If  my  pen  eonld  (Mob  the  besaty 

Od  every  le»f  and  ipray . 
And  the  mnilo  all  about  me 

Ot  bTook  and  brstie  and  blrda — 
Bnt  tbegreatMt  poet  llTlug 

Cannot  pnt  (bem  Into  wordi. 


b,  Google 


StTMMEE  MEETING  AT  POPLAR  BLUPP.  39 

So  I  may  not  write  down  tbe  poem 

Aa  It  cuDO  fiom  tbe  hand  of  Gy  d 
In  the  wonderlnl  wordleas  laniniBga 

He  wiitee  on  tkj  anil  tod— 
Ib  woidB  that  wc  tell  oiur  tbonghU  In, 

That  will  make  700  feel  and  eee 
The  beantlrnl,  beantllul  poem 

rblB  da;  baa  been  to  me . 

U  I  mlsht,  joa  would  hear  all  through  It 

The  Dielody  of  the  breeie , 
Like  a  line  and  fai-off  echo 

Of  the  ocean  harmoniea ; 
Yon  wonld  hear  the  aoiiE  of  the  TOhlna 

A-awlng  In  the  apple  tree, 
And  the  voice*  of  racnlng  watere 

In  their  aearch  for  the  cieat  gray  aea. 

Yon  would  breathe  the  ttagieuce  of  clover 

Id  the  wordi  of  ereiy  line, 
And  incenae  out  of  the  oenaera 

Of  hlllaida  larob  and  ploe  : 
You  wonld  tee  tbrongh  the  worda  the  roaei, 

With,  deep  In  their  hoaita  of  gold, 
The  Bweeta  of  e  thonaand  inmmere— 

Bnt  woida  are  eo  weak,  ao  sold. 

If  I  only  conld  write  tbe  color 

Of  the  lUac'i  toaalng  plnmea. 
And  make  yon  t»el.  Id  a  aentanee, 

The  ipell  of  Its  aweet  pelfamea ; 
It  my  pen  ootild  paint  tbe  glory 

Of  the  blue  and  tender  aky, 
And  the  peace  that  rarowna  the  monntabut, 

Hy  poem  woold  never  die! 

Ebm  E.  Rafirri  In  Amtriaai  Gmritn. 

Down  OQ  the  bordore  of  Bontheast  Hltsonrl,  where  a  few  yean  since  we  had 
no  thought  of  ever  going,  we  meet  the  roembera  or  the  State  Society  aod  the  Meoda 
of  hortlcaltnre.  It  U  a  Dew  aod  straoge  land  to  a  gttod  many  of  as,  and  we  are 
learning  more  and  more  every  year  of  tbe  wonderful  poflBlbllltlea  of  the  State.  We 
acoompllah  a  doable  good  In  thna  meeting  about  Indifferent  parta  of  the  State  at  onr 
r^nlar  meetings.  One  Is,  the  heoeflt  we  oargelreg  get  from  knowing  and  aeelng 
the  fmit-growers  ttom  tbe  different  porta,  learning  from  them  of  tiielr  work,  on 
their  plana,  of  their  snocess,  of  their  failurea;  getting  their  vlewa  on  the  different 
■nbjecta;  seeing  the  different  solla  and  localities;  tlndlng  new  yarletiea  and  plana 
of  ctUttvatioD,  and  Btndylng  tbe  needs  of  the  special  locations. 

The  other  Is  the  help  we  can  be  to  joa  In  your  nork  ;  the  Items  yon  may  learn 
from  other  men.ber8  of  the  society  ;  tbe  benefitsof  discussing  these  matters  with  one 
another;  the  nnity  of  feeling  such  meetings  awaken,  and  tbe  after  resnlts  of  a  little 
entbnslasm  which  oar  getting  together  gives.  In  other  worda,  one  benefit  is  to  onr 
society,  the  other  Is  to  yon , 

We  often  make  a  mistake  In  tblnsing  that  all  our  work  Is  to  be  counted  by  the 
dlsensatons  or  the  papers  read.  One-half  of  tbe  good  accomplished  la  given  by  oar 
private  talks  and  social  meetings,  before  and  after  the  dally  sessions.  The  time  is 
never  lost  which  we  spend  in  examining  the  frnlta  and  flowers  on  the  tables  and  If 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


10  HTATB   H0ETICD1.TUEAL  SOCIETY. 

dlBonaaing  their  merits.  The  time  Is  well  spent  which  we  use  in  mtktng  ons 
uioCher's  acquaintance,  and  Id  asking  qaeBttons.  Closeratady,  more  Intimate  cod- 
Dectlon  with  oar  fruits  and  flowers,  is  always  time  well  employed. 

Do  not  be  afraid,  thererore,  to  let  jourself  be  known,  or  to  asb  questions,  or  to 
give  70UT  views,  or  to  tell  your  experience,  or  to  let  ua  know  of  your  succeiaes  or 
fidlures,  or  to  dlscues  the  subjects  as  they  oome  ap,  or  to  give  «  theory  or  prodaoe 
hots  to  wirroborate  them,  or  to  state  the  character  of  your  soils  or  location,  or 
bring  up  any  Item  for  Information  or  Inatrnctlan,  either  at  the  recess  or  at  the  ses- 
sions ;  for  by  thoB  doing,  we  are  learning.  So  then,  meeting  here,  we  want  to  know 
more  of  thlsgreataoutheaatoountry  of  oar  State,  and  we  want  the  people  of  other 
States  to  know  it. 

It  la  our  province,  not  only  to  learn  for  ourselves  and  to  try  and  teach  others,  bnt 
to  let  the  world  know  what  our  advantages  are,  and  to  Induce  them  to  come  here  and 
locate.  Our  province  la  not  only  to  learn,  to  teach,  toadvertise,  to  ask  Immigration, 
hut  to  talk  of  our  markets,  our  pUos  of  marketing,  our  packages  tn  whlob  we  can 
market  our  ft^its,  our  commission  men,  our  evaporators,  our  canneries,  onr  rail- 
roads, express  companies,  and  our  rates  on  them,  our  frnit-hongeB,  plans  for  plant- 
ing, cultivating,  pruning,  gathering,  marketing  in  the  thousand  and  one  diOerent 
ways,  and  our  greatest  bugbear,  trangportation  rates  on  our  railroads  and  by  oar 
express  companies. 

These  are  only  a  very  small  portion  of  onr  work,  and  yet,  In  all  probaMlity,  th« 
most  important.  These  matters  are  enough  to  get  us  Interestedand  keep  us  busy  ; 
but  when,  added  to  this,  we  bngin  to  think  that  there  are  a  hundred  other  different 
ways  where  we  should  work,  you  may  understand  the  magnitude  of  onr  cause. 

Plorlcultare,  green-honae  work,  window  gardening,  (Ore  at  planting,  landscape 
gardening,  laying  out  our  parks  and  planting  them,  beautifying  our  homes,  plant- 
ing our  nurseries,  growing  trees  and  plants  of  all  kinds,  vegetable  growing,  hot- 
bed work,  growing  cabbage,  tomato,  celery,  sweet  potato  plants,  raising  melons  by 
the  thousands  of  car  loads,  and  how  beat  to  do  It,  planting  potatoes  by  the  hundreds 
of  acrea,  celery  by  the  hundreds  of  thousands,  filling  our  markets  with  (teah  vege- 
tables from  January  to  Januaiy,  we  begin  to  understand  another  phase  of  our  work. 

Beautl^lng  oar  homes,  planting  oar  school  gronnda,  covering  our  court-house 
yards  with  fine  lawns  and  trees,  laying  out  our  parks  and  drivea,  planning  our  ceme- 
teries, and  adorning  all  our  public  grounds,  you  may  nnderetaod  another  step  of  oar 
plans  and  scope  of  work. 

Studying  our  inseot-Ufe,  and  the  useful  as  well  as  destracttve  ones,  knowing 
them  by  name  and  what  they  are  fOr,  studying  day  by  day,  watching  and  watttog 
and  working,  always  Bndiag  the  more  we  learn  the  more  there  la  to  learn,  always 
avenues  opening  up  for  Inveatlgatlon  or  Instruction. 

Botany  and  Ita  delightful  study,  the  knowing  our  plaots,  shrubs  and  trees  by 
name,  learning  the  uses  and  actlona  of  the  leaves,  roots,  branohes  and  bodies,  watch- 
ing the  development  of  root-growth  or  bud-growth,  learning  how  plants  grow,  how 
plants  feed,  seeking  to  And,  If  It  be  poaalble.  If  there  be  any  way  to  feed  plants  or 
trees  or  fruits  so  that  we  can  know  the  results  as  we  know  the  efieote  of  com  on  our 
hogs  and  cattle,  feeding  onr  atrawberrlea  ao  that  the  berry  ahall  be  firm  Inatead  of 
soft,  growing  our  trees  so  that  they  shall  be  more  hardy,  and  you  will  still  see 
another  opening  for  study  ;  geology,  the  knowledge  of  our  soils,  knowing  where 
certain  varieties  will  auooeed  best,  seeking  out  the  seoreta  our  soils  have  ao  long 
held;  meteorology,  our  climate  and  its  influence  on  oar  planta  and  trees;  study  of 
our  rust,  mildew,  scab,  rot,  blight,  black-knot,  smut,  the  bacteria  of  our  oonatrj 
which  oauses  more  loss  than  all  the  floods,  and  Ores,  and  accidents  of  oar  land,  and 
you  will  still  see  that  there  la  something  for  ua  to  do. 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


SDKMBE  MBBTIira   AT  POPLAR  BLUPP.  11 

WoQld  7011  have  me  tell  yoa  inoraf  Study  %ad  thoagbt  and  brain,  and  mnacle, 
»nd  work  uid  wait  and  watob  ;  watab,  watt,  work,  ia  the  all-absorbing  Idea  of  tbe 
liorttcalturiBt ;  to-day  I  say  that  there  opens  up  no  broader  nor  more  desirable 
profeuion  In  all  this  land  ot  oars  than  this  one  of  hortlcaltare,  no  better  opening 
tor  atndy  If  you  want  to  stndy,  no  better  opportunity  for  laTestlgatioo  than  Is  here 
-offered  yoa,  no  sarer  Beld  of  work  than  Pomona  or  Flora  stands  ready  to  pour  Into 
jonr  lap,  no  more  dellgbtful  scope  of  thought  and  beauty  of  love  and  Intelligence 
than  Is  placed  before  yon  la  the  decorating  our  waste  places  or  planting  In  onr  parks. 

8KT  OUT  TBEK9. 
8«toaCtnniI  idomtlieliamMMad, 

Uskeltplaawnt  sIlSToaDdi 
Let  tin  elmi.  and  asks  and  maplM 

WIthtbueTareTeeiuabonDd; 
Lai  the  homa  ba  ao  attrsotlT* 

Tbattha  bi>7  that  U  to-dar. 
When  ba  ab  ill  anrlva  at  manbood 

And  In  foralgD  lauda  will  alra;, 
Vmj  turn  wltb  loagiug  heart  and  torlng 

To  bla  bomg  Itaaaa  hllla  amons, 
TbioUDg  bow  tbe  tnea  an  thrlTliig 

Wbloh  bs  helped  to  plant  wbee  ronng, 

Menttnaa  t  yea,  plant  anoiobaid; 

Dear,  goodltnoer,  da  yon  know 
or  lbs  Wdillb  tbsra  la  In  Cult  treei, 

For  tbe  labor  joa  beatow  ? 
How  Iba  applM  turn  to  monej, 

WIUi  tbe  peacbet,  plnma  and  peara, 
And  the  Inaolooa  bilstat  nd  cbeR)e»— 

Ail  tbs  (rait  (be  orchard  bearaf 
UtUe  ohUdlen  lore  tbe  rralt  trees  ; 

How  (bay  wait,  wltb  what  dallgkt. 
Pot  tbe  oom'DK  of  their  bloaaoma, 

Id  tbelr  robsaot  plahand  while: 
NeTai  fliwera  were  halt  ao  pretty, 

NeTeraacbpcotnalODBbown, 
At  Dame  Nature  glrea  tbe  trait  treea , 

Wttfa  a  glorf  all  then  on. 

SeloDt  tiManpoiitbaoominon, 

Aihea,  linden,  poplan,  blichi 
BelthamoQt  aronad  the  lebool-hoQie, 

Plant  them  thlok  aboat  the  ohnrch.  ■ 

Have  tbe  otalldzen'aplay-KTonnd  shaded. 

And  tbe  pobllo  walks  a*  well) 
And  the  loya  Irom  tbeae  arlting 

Coming  ages  glad  will  tell ; 
-Tbeieabsll  live  and  grow  and  gladden, 

While  we  moulder  'Death  tbdr  lesTea; 
f-et  OS  IbeulmproTethe  preaent, 

LeSTe  behind  as  the  piloeleaa  tree. 

— iUW.  AmtU  a.  AOnhall. 

BBINQ  FLOWERS. 
Bring  flowera.  bring  llowen,  tbeaweeteet,  thab«at, 
To  garland  tbe  beda  wbeie  onr  bnvea  are  it  real; 
Bring  paniiea  for  Ibongbta— unforgottan  are  tbe;  < 
Bring  lanrel  foruloT7  tbey  won  In  tbe  (isyi 


b,  Google 


42  STATK  HOBTICULTUBAI.  SOOIBTY, 

Bring  Illaoa  for  ;onCh— mnir  fnll  sre  UisIt  prime  i 

Bring  oak  inaitbe  foTUberty,  goddeu  gabliniBi 

Bring  cbTTautheniQau  irblte  foi  tbe  truth  th«T  npbarej 

Bring  llllei  foi  puoe— they  bntUo  no  mors ; 

Bring  Tioleti,  mTTCle  *nd  iobm  IOt  Iots  ; 

Bring  (DOTbklli  tor  tbougbU  ot  the  Hmven  tbore ; 

Bring  hawthorn  for  bope  whlcb  innDoiinta  Mnhl;  atiirci 

Brlog  tmarantb  blooma  for  Immortal  Ufs . 

Bring  flowen,  bring  flowen.  the  aweeteat,  the  best, 

To  garland  (Im  beda  where  o<it  brarea  aie  at  leat. 

— £i»iu  C.  Dawd. 

Would  yon  koow  the  Beorets  of  nature  ?  Study  the  principle  of  life— what  It 
Ib,  how  it  oomes,  what  It  will  produce,  how  destroyed,  how  broagbt  to  life  again, 
how  created,  and  yon  will  find  yourself  lost  in  amazemeot  aod  in  wonder  when  yoa 
learn  that  the  life  principle,  protoplaam,  1b  auoh  an  action  of  matter  that  it  Ii  Im- 
poHSible  for  you  to  tell  whether  It  will  produce  as  animal  or  veiietable ;  that  the  lif^ 
germ  la  of  such  nature  that  no  soleDtiat  has  been  able  to  dlicoTer  whether  it  will 
produce  a  tree,  a  plant,  a  grain,  a  flower,  a  fish,  a  fowl,  an  animal  or  a  human  being. 
Is  there  not  enough  for  na  to  atudy  and  learn  T 

Did  yoD  ever  think,  In  mistreating  an  animal,  that  It  hnrts?  Did  you  ever 
think  that  the  plants  in  your  honse  or  yard,  the  fruits  in  your  fields  or  gardens,  the 
trees  in  your  orchard  or  lawn,  would  cry  out  In  anguish  and  sorrow  if  thoy  oould 
but  speak  ot  your  neglect  or  bad  treatment  ?  The  sensitive  plant  will  droop  when 
you  even  touch  it,  and  a  plant  in  South  America  will  weep  when  bruised,  and 
another  will  fight  with  its  tendrils  when  you  step  on  them,  by  clinging  to  your  legs. 

One  day  In  a  beautiful  orchard  among  some  beautiful  peach  trees,  one  of  the 
men,  knife  in  hand,  out  off  one  of  the  main  branches  of  the  tree,  and  It  so  hurt  me 
that  I  had  to  yell  out  to  falm.  I  have  been  In  a  thrifty  young  orchard  when  dosena 
of  trees  were  Bklnuid  and  bruised  by  the  single-trees  when  plowing;  and  what  true 
bortloolturlBt  does  not  feel  as  if  the  bark  was  taken  off  his  shins,  or  bis  arms,  or  his 
hands? 

Work,  thought,  study.  Investigation,  watch,  wait,  study,  study,  study,  work, 
work,  thiok,  think,  plan,  plan— all,  all  these  are  the  province  of  the  true  horticul- 
turist. 

80  here  down  In  Soatheast  Missouri  there  are  openings  ready  for  hundreds  of 
our  people  to  come  and  occupy.  You  have  the  soil,  the  climate,  the  markets.  All 
that  Is  wanted  is  for  people  to  know  of  the  advantages  you  offer  them.  You  want 
Buooessrul  fruit  farms,  to  show  what  can  be  done  In  all  these  different  departments 
of  work.  If  frosts  do  not  settle  In  theae  rich  bottom  lands,  yon  should  grow  tho 
largest  anples  In  the  United  States.  On  these  hill-tops  you  should  grow  the  beet  in 
quality  In  the  world.  If  you  have  any  facta  to  corrolwrate  these  statements,  here 
is  the  time  and  plaoe  to  let  your  light  shine  and  the  word  go  abroad  that  fruits  can 
be  grown  In  Southeast  Mlsiourl. 

Tlie  melon  Interest  baa  grown  with  wonderful  rapldllr  In  some  of  these  eona- 
ties,  until  they  have  become  famed  all  over  our  country.  Earnest,  enthusiastio, 
Judicious  combination  In  the  frutt-giowing  business  cannot  Ml  of  success,  and  aa 
soon  as  we  can  let  It  be  known,  the  tide  of  immigration,  which  has  already  set 
Missouri  ward,  will  increase  ten-fbld. 

All  over  our  State  are  scattered  our  entbnslastic  workers  by  the  thousands ; 
aO,000  farms  are  devoted  to  the  oaose  of  horticulture  In  some  of  Its  branches ;  100,- 
000  people  are  employed  on  the  fiurms  and  places  thus  owned  by  hortionlturistB  ; 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_H_'V|1> 


SUHMEB  UBBTINQ  AT  POPLAR  BLUFF.  iS- 

$10,000,000  will  not  cover  the  worth  of  these  products  to  odt  State,  and  $10,000,000 
m<n«  will  not  give  fhe  T&Ine  and  satisfaction  to  onr  people  for  the  use  of  these  at 
thetr  homes. 

Now  comes  the  demand  to  let  this  be  known,  and  how  best  to  do  It  is  one  of 
the  great  questions  of  the  day.  Meeting  together ;  knowing  eaco  other ;  working 
In  unison ;  oalllDg  fOr  help  ;  reporting  our  sacoesses ;  letting  the  facts  be  known ;. 
tending  it  out  through  the  papers;  making  exhibits  of  our  products;  calling  the 
attention  to  oar  work  by  the  united  effort  of  all  our  members;  aeitdlng  ipertMBW 
over  the  countrj ;  showing  at  oar  Mt«,  all  trf  them,  every  county  fair  and  every 
Aflrlet  Tair;  spreading  oar  circulars  on  every  train  which  passes  our  town  ;  united, 
perelstent,  energetic,  enthusiastic  work  and  talk,  talk  and  work,  and  our  sucoesi- 
is  sure. 

The  World's  fair,  and  what  shall  be  done  there,  is  a  question  which  should 
eome  up  for  discussion  and  for  suggestions.  At  that  fair  for  six  months  we  should 
have  a  fine  collection  of  ffnlts  In  their  season,  and  a  grand  collection  of  all  tho 
fruits  grown  in  Ulssouri  in  Qce,  large  glass  jars  for  continuous  exhibit.  Thia 
should  be  done,  in  connection  with  the  other  exhibits  of  the  State,  In  a  beautiful 
building  of  our  own,  where  all  the  products  of  the  State  can  t>e  together;  $10,000 
will  not  more  than  cover  the  coat  of  such  a  display  of  horticnitnre  as  can  and 
should  be  made. 

The  State  society  should  take  charge  of  this  work,  and  every  specimen  and 
every  exhibit  should  be  lat>e1ed  by  wbom  grown  and  where  grown,  so  that  every 
portion  of  the  State  shall  receive  its  Just  honor. 

Our  work  for  the  past  six  months  has  been  one  of  growth  and  advancement . 
Foar  new  eocletiee  have  organlxed,  Barry,  Atchison,  Camden,  Christian.  We  have 
now  as  many  well-organized  societies  as  almost  any  other  State  In  the  Union,  and 
our  work  is  being  done  more  Judlniously  and  systematically.  Only  the  d  I  stance 
from  (he  well-«rganlzed  portion  and  busy  eeason  prevents  there  being  a  crowd  of  a 
hundred  or  more  here  as  is  nsaal,  and  the  room  would  be  filled  with  the  localattend- 
anoe. 

The  past  winter  has  been  one  of  extreme  moderation.  On  January  1  you 
oonld  see  the  pink  of  the  pescb  bloom,  and  It  did  eeem  as  If  we  should  see  them 
open  out  on  the  warm  days,  and  have  ripe  peaches  In  April.  In  February  ther» 
were  many  trees  In  bloom,  especially  in  South  Missouri,  and  nearly  all  of  them 
were  ready  to  open .  On  March  1  the  cold  wave  swept  down  from  the  snows  of  the 
North,  and  our  hopes  were  blasted.  Since  then  they  have  been  still  further  hart  by 
later  frosts,  and,  like  our  Kirksville  man  has  said,  they  have  been  killed  three  times 
and  are  dead.  But  a  few  remain  and  most  of  those  seedlings.  The  rains  have  been 
extremes ;  In  the  eoulhern  part  of  the  State  there  never  was  known  such  floods  and 
inch  heavy  rains,  while  In  the  northern  part  there  has  been  no  heavy  rain  since  last 
November;  especially  Is  this  trae  In  the  northwest.  But  in  spite  of  all  these 
drawbacks,  there  will  be  abondant  f^aits.  Berries,  grapes,  cherries  and  applet 
give  promise  of  a  bountiful  crop. 

The  iaat  winter  some  members  of  our  society  met  with  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  in  different  parts  of  the  State  to  talk  hortlcalture.  and  I  think  one  of 
our  otScers  was  at  this  point  These  institutes  are  a  help  to  our  people  in  getting 
them  to  meet,  get  aoonalnted  and  talk  over  the  matters  of  agriculture. 

Our  report,  delayed  as  nsual,  notwithstanding  our  manuscript  has  been  ready 
«lnca  January  I ;  we  have  now  about  half  the  work  done,  and  I  hope  it  may  hft 
ready  in  a  few  weeks  at  the  farthest.  It  takes  every  bit  of  enthusiasm  out  of  me 
to  have  matters  thus  drag  along,  but  as  It  cannot  be  helped  we  must  endure  th» 
best  we  can. 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1^ 


44  8TA.TB   HOBTIOULTUBAL   SOOIKTT. 

The  report  of  tbe  Teue  meeting  I  have  made  to  the  loclety  through  the 
"Bnral  World."  and  U  will  be  pabllahed  in  the  next  report. 

Ornamenting  pQbUcsoboolgroiiadaha«  been  another  Btep  In  the  rijuht  direc- 
tion, and  tbe  tfaoniand  or  more  trees  plant«d  on  the  grounds  of  Drar;  oolleg«  at 
Springfield  last  spring  was  a  work  well  done  by  the  society,  and  next  spring  we 
will  have  another  call  opon  as  for  another  donation  and  another  planting.  Onr 
worli  is  oonttnaally  growing  tn  this  direction  as  in  all  others,  and  when  we  get  ail 
■our  college  grounds  ornamented  we  will  find  something  elae  to  do. 

Tbe  Shaw  School  of  Botany  is  a  grand,  growing  worii  Inangnrated  by  Henry 
Sbaw  of  St.  Iiouls  to  give  many  a  young  man  an  opportunity  to  take  a  special 
-course  In  the  science  of  botany.  A  good  opening  is  here  ready  for  all  those  who 
will  step  op  and  use  it.  Even  scholarships  of  two  or  three  hundred  dollan  are 
ready  for  a  few  of  onr  young  men  tf  they  can  get  them. 

OtIB  BIBD8-LET  VB  PBOTEOT  TEEM,  THET  ABE  OUB  BE8T  FBIBND8. 

Tiilnk  or  Tonr  woodi  and  Diehaidi  withoDt  blidil 

Of  empty  nests  that  ollng  to  btmgbi  snd  bsuni, 
A*  In  sn  idIM'*  brain  remembBred  woidi 

Hang  Fmpty  'mid  tbe  oobweba  ot  bli  dreainil 
Will  bleat  of  flook*  or  baUowIng  of  heida 

Hake  np  for  tbo  lost  mnaic,  wben  70DT  Maini 
Dng  homs  the  tUnnj  harteat,  and  no  mora 
Tbe  faatbeied  gleanma  loUnw  to  ;onT  door? 

Wbati  wonld  yon  talber  aea  the  Ineeaiant  atlr 

or  loeaot*  In  the  wlndrom  or  tbe  hay. 
And  heai  the  lociut  and  the  graaahopper 

Tbeli' malaneboly  hnrdy-gnrdleapla  ? 
Ii  thia  moTe  pleaaani  to  ynn  than  the  whiT 

Of  meadow-lark,  andbeTinaet  loondelay, 
Or  twltlBT  or  little  fleld-rana,  at  yon  takn 
Tonr  DOonlDg  In  tbe  ahade  of  bnah  and  brake! 

You  oall  them  thlersa  and  plllegen;  but  know 

They  an  the  tringed  wardcDe  of  your  fanua, 
Who  ftom  the  ooni-llelde  drlre  the  Ineidlona  roe, 

And  rrom  yonr  harreat  keep  ■  bnndred  barmai 
Et«d  the  blBokaat  oT  them  all,  the  etow, 

Randtoa  good  aerrice  aa  yonr  man-at-anna, 
Crafting  tbe  beelte  In  hla  coat-of-mall. 
And  dying  havoc  on  the  eing  and  snail. 

Think.  evBTy  morning  whan  the  son  peepa  throngh 

The  dim,  leat-lnltloed  wlndnwa  of  the  grove. 
How  Jnlillant  the  happy  binla  renew 

Thai!  old  melodlon*  madrigals  of  love  I 
And  when  yon  think  or  this,  remembar,  too, 

'Til  always  morning  aomemhere.  and  above 
The  awakening  eontlntnta,  Xrom  shore  to  shore, 
Somewbera  the  birds  are  singing  sveimore. 

Lodft^el/Mc. 

I  quote  from  my  old  reports  tbe  following  as  being  our  views  at  this  time : 
■ '  [  tell  you  there  la  no  more  noble  occupation  in  aU  the  realms  of  business  and 
profbsBlon  In  all  this  broad  land  of  ours  than  tbit  oD'ered  by  horticulture.    There  ta 
nobetter  opening  In  any  line  of  business  than  horticulture  offers.    There  Is  no  more 


D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


SUMMEE  MBETIWa  AT  POPLAB  BLUFF.  45 

laoTfttlve  poBltlon  offered  anywbere  tban  thoae  offered  to  the  entomologrlst,  botft- 
nlst  and  hortlonltnrlBt.  Will  yoa  toll  me  there  is  no  chance  tor  growth  In  know- 
ledge—that the  way  for  study  Is  blocked  up  for  the  bortlonltnrist  ?  I  say  that  tt 
presents  greater  Indacements  and  opportnnltles  than  can  be  fonnd  in  any  other  pro- 
fessfoD. 

"Our  agrtcDltaral  colleges  are  calling  to-day  all  over  the  land  tor  good  bota- 
nists, eotomologlats,  landscape  gardners,  florists,  and  fruit  and  vegetable  growers, 
In  faot  horttonltorlats,  which  embraces  ill  of  these. 

' '  And  so  It  Is  with  the  Tialt  Interests ;  we  want  good,  Intelligent,  enthusiastic, 
systematio.  Judtolons  fruit  growers,  on  the  cheap,  rich,  fbrtUe  lands  of  Missouri ; 
men,  and  women  too,  who  will  plant  good  large  c<Humeroia1  orchards  all  over  our 
State,  who  will  use  as  much  Judgment,  as  much  brain,  as  mach  money,  as  do  onr 
other  bnstDess  men,  as  do  our  cattlemen,  horsemen,  sheepmen,  or  merchants  even, 
and  then  we  will  see  this  wonderful  State  of  ours  produce  more  fruit  than  Is  now 
grown  by  any  Statdof  the  Union. 

'  'Onr  Society  has  been  the  means  of  awakeclDg  an  tnt«rest  in  this  work,  and 
hat  developed  more  Investigation  In  the  last  few  years  by  the  fruit  men  of  our  State 
than  has  been  accomplished  In  many  years  past. 

<<9ome  of  the  work  accomplished  has  been  the  awakening  of  a  new  Interest, 
and  of  developing  new  material,  or  bringing  out  dormant  material,  and  we  trust 
tbat  the  good  work  has  but  Just  begun.  We  have  shown  the  world  that  we  oan 
grow  as  good  fruits  as  oan  be  grown  anywbere  In  the  United  States,  and  now  we 
want  to  develop  that  Interest  more  largely. 

"My  friends,  we  of  Missouri  do  not  know  one  hundredth  part  of  the  capabili- 
ties of  OQi  State  as  yet.  (t  Is  the  aim  and  pnrpose  of  onr  Society  to  let  the  people 
of  other  States  know  some  of  tbeBe  capabilities,  and  then  help  to  develop  them. 

"[q  all  the  realm  of  labor  or  professions  there  Is  nothing  so  fascinating  as  the- 
■tudy  of  hortloultnre.  There  Is  something  so  atttactlve  In  the  work  that  very  few 
ever  give  np  the  study  when  once  well  begun,  and  then  we  see  every  man  who  haa 
made  hia  thousands  In  the  busy  cities  look  forward  te  the  time  when  be  can  enjoy 
himself  OD  a  form  or  In  the  horticultural  field.  We  have  then  a  glorious  and  wide- 
spread field  open  before  us,  one  which  needs  Investigation  and  study  ;  one  which 
presents  the  grandest  opportunities  for  the  stndent  to  enter;  one  which  Is  Just 
entering  on  the  threshold  of  science;  one  which  has  few  known  laws  and  man; 
chances  for  experiment. 

"  The  hot  Is  simply  that  we  are  stepping  upon  a  higher  plane  of  horticulture 
year  by  year ;  we  are  learning  new  facts  day  by  day ;  we  are  grasping  some  of  the 
wonderful  opportunities  which  are  opening  to  onr  view  ;  we  are  resllzlng  the  won- 
derful posslbtlitlesof  our  loved  profession;  we  are  beginning  to  see  the  raagDltnde 
of  this  fruit  business ;  wc  see  before  ng  a  field  as  broad  as  our  laud— avenues  open- 
ing In  all  dli  ections  tor  the  young  men  and  women,  and  positions  ready  and  wait- 
ing with  no  one  to  fill  them. 

"  Car  Htate  la  getting  to  be  a  wonder  to  the  eastern  people  in  the  amount  of 
fmtt  It  produces,  and  It  is  going  to  be  a  still  greater  wonder.  Not  one-tenth  of  the 
tiaXt  is  grown  that  we  will  be  In  the  future.  The  great  poBsibilitles  of  onr  State 
are  joat  beginning  to  be  known.  I  believe  that  I  am  right  when  1  say  that  onr 
State  will  be  the  greatest  frult-prodnclng  State  in  the  Union.  I  believe  It  possesses 
the  soil  and  the  climate  for  this  very  end. 

"The  Ozark  mountains  and  the  southern  slopes  are  to  be  a  vast  field  for  the 
oTohardist.  Here  we  have  the  mild  climate,  the  height  above  the  sea,  the  protec- 
tion of  the  pine  trees  and  the  higher  polnta  of  the  mountains  from  the  north  winds  ; 


J 


46 


STATE   HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOOIBTY. 


the' protection  of  the  woods  ftom  the  Boathwest  'hot  winds;'  tbebestofwiter,  tbe 
best  of  soil,  the  best  of  fruits,  and  consequently  the  best  of  hebltb.  The  central 
jias  the  river  blnffb,  the  flne  prairies,  the  rich  bottoms,  plenty  of  timber,  plenty  of 
prairie,  to  satisfy  the  most  exacting  agrloaltnrlst.  Here  tbe  apple  is  a  success,  and 
the  peonliar  limestone  formation  gires  us  the  brightest  colors  to  our  frolts.  The 
northern  has  mnob  of  tbe  warm  soil  and  the  climate  just  suited  to  prodnoe  many  of 
those  northern  apples  that  are  j  ustly  celebrated  all  over  the  world." 

TBBISUBEB'S  BEPOBT. 

D.  S.  HoLHAK,  Treasurer, 

In  aoooont  with  Missouri  Horticultural  Society. 


Total 2,230  13 


fiy  amount  paid  warrant  142. 

For  expenses,  £*.  O.  bills,  express  charges,  printing,  etc. 
By  amount  paid  warrant  143,  Dec.  IS,  1889 

For  premiums  anil  expense  of  winter  meeting. 
By  amount  paid  warrant  144,  Jan  2.  ISDO 

For  Secretary  salary  for  Deoemlier , 

P.  0.bUl 

Trip  to  Jeffencn  Cltf 

Express  ctaargea 

By  amount  paid  warrant  146,  Feb.  3,  1890 

Secretary  salary  tor  January 

Express 

P.O.  bill 

Printing 

Expenses  to  Farmers'  Institutes 

P.O.  bill 

By  amount  paid  warrant  146,  Harcta  S 

Expense  N.  F.  Murray  to  Farmers'  Institutes 

"        Henry  Speers  "  

8y  amonnt  paid  warrant  147,  March  G 

For  enlomologlcal  work. 
By  amount  paid  warrant  I4S,  March  6 

Expenses  to  Austin 

Secretary  salary,  February ■. , 

By  amount  paid  warrant  148,  April  30 

tCiprese 

Expenses  to  Springfield 

' '  Marshall 

Printing , 

P  O.blM , 

Secretary  salary  for  March  and  April 

By  amount  paid  warrant  l&l 

Secretary  salary  and  expenses  for  May  (bill  16). 
Sy  amonnt  paid  warrant  1B2  (bill  17). 

For  premlnms  and  expenses  paid  at  Poplar  Bluff  summer 
meeting.  , 
By  amount  paid  warrant  164 

Printing 

Postage  

Balance  account 


{108  07 
213  SO 


6  00 
4  SB 
13  GO 
IB  87 


9  60 

13  20 

14  80 


BO  00 
U3  16 


mn 

10100 
43  30 

eessa 


Total 8,230  IS 


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STJWMBB  MBBTIIfG  A.T  FOPU.R  BLUFF.'  47 

Tour  Committee  on  Finance  beg  leave  to  report  that  the^  have  examined 
Treasurer's  report,  warrants,  receipts  and  Itemised  list  of  same,  and  find  them  to 
be  oonect  as  reported.  S.  W,  Qilbekt, 

J.  A.  DuBKEs, 

H.  P.  MOMUY. 

Adopted. 

BBPOBT  OF  OOMKITTBB   OH  FRUITS. 
•nUWBEIUlIBS. 

J .  G.  Evans,  Harlem,  flrst  premium $3  00 

(Cumberland,  Warfleld,  Jessie  and  Bnbaota  No.  6.) 

G.  S.  Davis,  Springfield,  second  premium 3  00 

(Cumberland,  Bubacb,  Miner  and  JewelL) 

S.  W.  Gilbert.  Tbayer.  third  premium 1  00 

(Cbas.  Downing,  Crescent  and  Captain  Jack.) 

Five  Lawver  apples,  A.  Zeltloger 60 

five  La&jette  apples,  Tnebner  A  Aull 60 

One  box  cherries,  Mr,  Murtfeldt BO 

One  t>oi  Napoleon,  Eelne  Bortense  and  Elton,  8.  Hiller CO 

Five  Jars  of  fruits,  E.  E,  Easdale 1  00 

A  collection  of  apples,  by  Conrad  Hartzell.  of  8t.  Joseph,  Ho.,  of  1889, 1888  and 
1887.  all  In  a  fair  state  of  preservation,  those  of  the  last  two  years  as  fresh  appar- 
«Btl7  as  when  gathered ;  premium,  $6.00. 

Saudel  Miu.aR, 
W.  C.  Fbeemah, 
C.  Barkabd. 

BEPO&T   OF   OOHMITTBB   ON   PLOWBBS. 
Beit  basket  roses— 

Mrs.  D.  S.  Holman,  Springfield,  Brat  premtnm $3  00 

Best  oollectloD  cut  roses — 

C.  W.  Murtfeldt.  Kirk  wood,  first  premium '. 1  00 

Best  collection  cut  flowers— 

Mre.  H.  E.  Johnson,  Poplar  Blaff,  first  premium 8  00 

SaHUEL  ElUVMAN, 

Mrs.  G.  T.  Babtlott. 
The  essays  were  iDteispersed  with  recitations  and  songs,  which 
made  the  eveninf;  program  both  valaable  and  interesting. 

Seobbtaby. 

oontba.st  of  thb  timbb  teibty  tbabs  ago  and  kow. 


C.  W.  XUKTFBLDT,  STRKWOOD,  HO. 

When,  on  a  certain  occasion  during  our  late  onpteasantneBS  and  family  Jar, 
Llentenat  Dash  excnsed  himself  to  General  HItcheD,  the  astronomer  and  prince  of 
lecturers,  for  being  five  minntes  late,  he  said;  "General,  I  am  very  sorry  that  I 
have  kept  you  waiting."  "Sir."  said  the  General,  "five  minntes  Is  a  long  time ;  I 
have  been  In  the  habit  of  dividing  seconds  Into  tbonasndtbs."    "A  seoond  la  a  long 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_IV 


48  STATE   HORTICVLTUBAL  SOCIETT. 

Ume,"uld  ftwktoh-makertoroe,  "if  Ihad  acted  promptlj  107 child  would  nothaT» 
fallen;  I  mUud  tocatchltbyaaecond.''  We  read  In  the  record  of  races  either- 
ODe-half  or  three-fourthe  uf  aiecoDd.  If  dow  we  consider  theM  facte,  let  me  Ba7 
to  70a  that 

is  really  a  verj  locg  time.  When  Bro.  GoodDMn,  or  some  other  good  roan,  Buggeated 
that  I  shoald  on  this  ocoaelon,  for  jonr  entertainment,  contrast  thirty  years  ago- 
and  the  present,  I  concluded  that  he  or  they  were  intent  that  I  should  thus  publicly 
proolatm  myaelf  an  old  man.  I  ara  certain  that  the  friends  present,  and  especl&llj 
the  ladies,  will  say,  as  with  one  voice,  ''he  does  not  look  so  very  old,  now  does  hef" 
Let  the  verdict  be  what  It  may,  the  fact  remains  that,  according  to  the  Amerloan 
standard  of  majority,  I  was  old  enough  to  vote  thirty  years  ago.  Strange  as  It  may 
seem  to  you.  I  could  tell  of  more  things,  and  with  clearer  Ideas,  that  happened  prior 
lo  1800,  than  of  those  that  occurred  aince  that  date.  Hen  of  years  live  In  the  past, 
and  remember  more  clearly  events  of  their  youth  and  early  manhood  than  those  of 
more  recent  years. 

[  think  It  would  be  unwise  to  say  a  word  of  the  early  sixties.  These  embrac» 
the  most  momentous  events  In  the  history  of  the  United  States  since  the  declaration 
of  their  Independence  from  the  mother  country.  And  as  a  nation  we  never  mad& 
history  faster  or  more  Interesting  to  the  student  of  to-day  tlian  at  that  time.  We 
are  all  happy  now,  and  let  as  trust,  thankful,  also,  for  our  present  proaperoas  and 
peaceful  condition  as  a  nation.  There  is  no  nation  on  this  round  earth  of  ours  that 
occupies  a  more  respected  or  exalted  plane  than  these  United  States  of  America. 
The  stsr-8p angled  banner  is  respected  in  every  land  and  on  every  sea.  While  th» 
most  civilized  nations  can  only  keep  their  respective  positions  by  having  immense 
standing  armies,  which  can  be  mobilized  and  started  Into  almost  instant  activity 
and  bloody  war  by  the  firing  of  a  single  cannon  at  the  pleasure,  or  the  oommand, 
rather,  of  a  single  man,  with  or  without  cause,  we  Americans  are  persuaded  that 
even  oar  army  of  twenty-five  thousand  men  la  too  large,  and  might  be  reduced 
without  danger  from  foes  within  or  without.  The  American  people  do  not  believe 
in  war,  but  In  arbitation.  Onr  aim  U  not  so  much  to  be  feared  as  to  be  honored 
and^spected.  "Let  us  have  peace,"  Is  our  watch- word.  And  peace  will  be  onrs 
so  long  as  we  remember  that  "Righteousness  alone  exalteth  a  nation,  and  sin  la  ^ 
reproach  to  any  people  1 " 

Mr.  President,  there  is  not  time  enough  at  present  to  refer,  If  ever  so  briefly, 
to  the  Immense  strides  which  have  been  made  daring  the  last  thirty  years  In  the 
realm  of  science,  of  Inventions  of  labor-saving  machinery,  and  In  every  depart- 
ment of  mechanics.  Why,  air,  we  have  even  harneseed  lighting,  not  only  to  carry 
our  messages  over  afi  lands  and  andemeath  the  great  ocean,  but  we  make  her  draw 
our  stieet  cars,  and  ere  long  our  freight  trains  also.  All  this  might  with  profit, 
and  perhaps  wltb  interest  also,  be  embodied  In  a  contrast  of  thirty  years  ago  and 
now. 

Hr.  President;  and  friends,  if  what  I  have  said  thus  tM  appears  seemingly 
irrelevant  on  an  occasion  like  the  present,  please  pardon  roe,  and  I  promise  to  con- 
flue  myself  to  agrlcnltural  and  horticultural  matters,  hardly  knowing  where  to 
begin  and  how  to  end.  Allow  me  to  aay  that  the  Missouri  State  Hortlcaltural 
society  was  an  Infant  scarcely  out  of  long  clothes  In  1860,  being  [if  my  information 
is  correct)  only  three  years  of  age.  There  was  ooState  Agricultural  society,  nor 
yet  a  State  Board  of  Agriculture  at  that  time.  Neither  had  Missoari  a  State  Agri- 
cultural college,  and  no  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  The  State  Horticultural 
socletyhadamongltamembersmany  "Suckers"— beg  pardon,  I  ought  to  have  said 


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BUMMER   UBETINQ  AT   POFL&R  BLUFF.  49 

IlliDolMDB— balllDg  from  Alton  and  Tlolnitf.  They  liked  to  come  to  St.  LoalB 
onoe  Id  a  while.  TbeM  were  men  of  expert enoe  m  well  as  brains.  Whj,  sir.  I 
niTMir  wa.%  present  on  one  occaeion  aa  the  representative  of  the  "Prairte  Karmer." 

For  man7  years  Hon.  Henr;  T.  Hndd  wu  president.  J'he  sooletr  generally 
met  in  ons  of  tbe  court-rooms  In  St.  Louis ;  the  most  Interesting  committee  waa 
the  one  on  wloos.  The  array  of  bottles  In  one  of  tbe  ante-rooms  was  very  forml> 
dable,  and  tbe  names  on  the  labels  were  what  Is  most  forcibly  expressed  as  *  'Jaw- 
breakers." Do  yon  ask:  "Were  yott  a  member  of  said  committee?"  Certainly.  Aoi 
not  I  a  German?  That  seems  to  have  been  the  sole  reason  for  my  selection, 
beoanse  I  knew  nothing  of  wines,  nor  yet  of  tbeir  mannraoture.  My  native,  conn- 
try  Is  too  cold  to  grow  grapes  fi>r  wine.  Bnt  I  conld  handle  a  Fabcr  No.  S.  and  tbe 
other  members  tested  or  rather  drank  the  wine.  "Bnt,"  says  tbe  queerlst,  "do 
yon  wish  to  be  understood  that  you  never  tested  the  wine  yourself?  "  Certainly 
not.  Nevertheless,  I  was  a  poor  committeeman.  And  after  I  drew  out  from  one  of 
the  wine  growers  the  fact  that  when  nature  aid  not  put  tbe  sugar  Into  the  grapes. 
Belcher's  sngar  refinery  could  fnrnlsb  that  necessary  ingredient,  and  the  Hlssourl 
flowing  right  by  Hermann  could  furnish  all-  the  water  to  establUh  the  proper 
balance,  "Othello's  occupation  was  gone." 

I  am  not  sorry  that  for  many  years  now  tbe  Ulssoorl  State  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety has  not  appointed  and  not  needed  a  committee  on  wines.  Notwithstanding,  1 
am  very  fond  of  good  grapes  ;  they  are  a  delicious  and  wholesome  frail,  and  we 
can  never  raise  too  many.  So  long  hs  California  and  Kelley's  Inland  fill  our  home 
markets  with  this  fruit,  It  wilt  pay  for  us  to  plant  more  vines,  and  of  the  best  table 
varieties;  supply  our  own  markets  and  save  the  cost  of  transportation.  Mtssonrl 
can  raise  better  and  sweeter  grapes  than  the  Concords  and  Cntanbas  grown  on 
Kelley'ti  Island,  and  so  lope  as  bagging  grapes  Is  a  Isure  preventive  against  tbe 
rot,  the  cultivation  of  tbe  grape,  and  In  greater  variety,  shontd  be  the  aim  of  every 
bertlcultnrlet . 

I  stated  a  moment  ago  that  this  Society  usually  met  In  St,  T.auIb.  Members 
from  a  distance  were  entertained  at  the  Planters'  house  (then  tbe  leading  hotel),  at 
greatly  reduced  rates.  I  am  decidedly  In  favor  of  the  present  Itinerancy,  and  more 
pleased  with  the  making  of  new  Mends  than  all  hotel  style.  I  have  been  highly 
bvored  in  tbla  rcapeot,  and  the  friends  of  long  ago  are  fast  friends  still,  almost 
without  exception,  not  In  Missouri  only,  but  In  Kansas  also.  In  this  method  there 
la  BO  mach  more  chance  of  hortlcul to ral  misalooary  work.  Let  those  who  prefer 
the  freedom  of  the  hotel  patronize  these  very  usefol  and  necessary  Institutions.! 
1  hope  It  will  not  be  In  my  time  when  the  hotel  will  be  anything  bat  the  dernier 
resort.  Let  me  not  be  misunderstood — I  do  appreciate  a  good  hotel— and  are  they 
not  all  good  ?  hut  unleaa  you  bring  your  company  with  you,  you  will  be  lonesome 
in  the  mldyt  of  a  crowd  at  a  hotel. 

This  brings  me  down  to  the  most  Important  point  of  contrast  between  to-day 
and  thirty  yeara  ago.  There  la  an  old  proverb,  viz, :  '*lf  the  mountain  will  not 
eome  to  Hobammed,  Mohammed  muat  go  to  the  mountain."  We  could  scarcely 
expect  a  hundred  or  even  fllty  farmers  and  horticulturists  of  this  county  to  make  a 
Journey  of  200  or  more  of  miles  to  meet  this  Aesoclatlon  either  at  St.  Loula,  or  Jetfer- 
son  City  or  Kansas  City.  A  half  dozen  of  ladles  and  gentlemen  Interested  In  hor- 
tlrnltun  from  Poplar  BlnfT  would  be  a  crowd,  and  esteemed  quite  a  turn-out,  and 
If  every  county  of  the  114  of  thla  State  should  send  that  number,  we,  of  course, 
would  have  681  members,  If  all  joined.    Our  membership  for  this  great  and  grow- 


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60  BTATB   HOBTIOVLTIJBAL  SOCIETY. 

iDg  State  OQgbt  to  reach  up  into  the  thoagandB  ;  and  It  would  also.  If  all  who  are 
mabing  a  living  b;  brmlng  and  hortloultare  knew  and  appreciated  all  that  can  be 
learned  at  theae  meetlnga. 

Now,  allow  me  to  take  a  step  backward.  You  car  readily  figure  out  that  It  Is 
le88  expensive  for  a  few,  beeidea  the  offlcera,  to  vUlt  yon,  than  that  many  of  you 
ehould  leave  home  and  work,  eapeclallj  In  the  busy  aeaaon  of  the  year ;  wc  ought 
Dot  to  expect  It.  Tet  many  more  than  are  here  present  can  or  could  leave  for  a  day 
or  two  of  recreation ,  and  let  me  aay  instruction  also.  The  men  of  experience  and 
aklll,  who  know  whereof  they  affirm,  and  what  they  ate  talking  abont,  when  speak- 
ing the  gOBpe)  of  horticulture— remember,  pleaie,  that  gospel  means  glad  tidings— 
have  a  message,  and  nnllke  the  fortunate  miner,  who  Is  secretive  and  unwilling 
that  othera  sbould  learn  where  the  gold  can  be  found,  they  are  more  than  willing 
that  others  should  not  only  share  but  proHt  by  their  ezperlenoe.  Nay  more,  they 
are  willing  to  speak  of  their  own  mistakes  and  failures,  that  others  may  escape  loss 
and  trouble. 

All  the  matter  which  has  been  presented  to  yon  on  this  oecaalon  has  been  well 
prepared  and  mentally  digested,  with  a  special  view  to  Interest  and  instruct  you. 
Besides,  these  papers  will  be  edited  by  our  aeoomplished  Secretary  and  preserved  In 
a  bound  volume  at  the  State's  expense,  one  of  which  cornea  to  every  member,  and 
will  be  in  such  shape  by  Index  and  arrangement  that  It  can  be  consulted  npon  occa- 
sion In  the  future.  The  membership  fee  Is  very  light,  and  as  already  stated,  this 
association  deserves  andongbt  to  have  at  least  five  thousand  <5,000)memberB.  (Ur. 
President,  when  that  happy  day  shall  come,  I,  if  there,  will  vote  to  reconsider  the 
entertainment  qustlon.]  Another  thing  I  wish  to  say  in  brackets  :  tbat  at  one  an- 
nual meeting  held  in  Jefferson  City,  under  thepresldenoyof  Gov.Cotmanand  la  the 
room  of  the  United  States  court,  every  dollar  received  for  membership  fees  was 
^ven  tbejanitor,  and  even  he  did  not  think  the  compensation  extremely  liberal. 
The  time  to  sneer  at"book-farmlng''lBlongsinoepsBt.  If  the  hortlouUurlst  of  the 
present  day  is  not  abreast  with  the  times.  If  he  is  so  wise  that  be  cannot  be  taught 
anything.  If  he  doea  not  read  agrloaltnrai  papers,  or  books  on  horticulture  and  oor- 
related  science,  or  a  polllloal  journal  that  has  a  well-regulated  and  edited  agricul- 
tural department,  he  is  Justly  entitled  to  be  called  an  ''old  fogy,"  and  it  needs  no 
prophet  nor  the  son  of  a  prophet  to  predict  that  bis  influence  and  his  bank  acoount 
will  always  be  exceedingly  small. 


Thdbsdat,  JoDe  5,  9  A.  h. 
Society  was  called  to  order  by  the  PreBideat,  and  the  first  paper 
read  was  on  pear  culture. 

WILL  PEAB8  SnCCBBD  ON  THE  0ZABK8 1 


This  subject  having  been  assigned  to  one  for  a  reply,  I  fear  will  not  have  the 
Justice  done  it  that  otherwise  would  have  had,  had  It  been  assigned  to  some  one 
who  has  had  more  experience  and  observation  than  myself.  If  by  giving  my  slifhC 
experience  and  observation  I  can  give  the  least  Information,  I  shall  feel  that  my 
effort  is  not  in  vain . 

lly  experience  has  been  more  as  an  amateur  than  practical  growing. 


SDMUBK  MBBTING   AT  FOPLAB  BLTPP.  61 

TLe  planting  and  growing  of  fnilt  tbrougbont  tills  region  at  preeant  ts  cod- 
flned  whoUy  to  the  irlnter  apple  tor  commeidal  pnrpoaet.  Tberefore,  no  one  to  1117 
knowledge  baB  ever  attempted  to  grow  pears  only  for  family  uee.  The  opinion  li 
preralent  with  plaatera  that  the  pear  will  not  grow  bore.  But  f  roni  maQj  Inqoirles, 
I  learn  that  they  bought  their  trees  from  eome  agent ;  do  not  know  the  variety 
they  bonght,  nor  do  not  know  whether  they  bought  itandards  or  dwarfa .  I  almost 
lorarlably  learn  they  were  planted  In  their  gardene  only  to  grow  for  a  short  time, 
and  die  with  blight  without  prodneing  a  single  speelmen.  Fifteen  years  ago  I 
planted  fifty  dwarft  of  Tlcar,  Bartlett,  Louise  Bonne,  Belle  Lucrative,  DuoheiB, 
lAwrence  and  B.  De  Anjou,  In  a  stiff,  red  clay  soil.  They  grew  very  vigorously, 
and  beftore  fruiting  they  all  died  with  bllj^t,  excepting  one  l)artlett,.ODe  B.  De  Anjoa 
and  one  Belle  Lucrative. 

The  Bartlett  and  Belle  Lucrative  have  borne  very  retcular  and  heavily.and  the 
treen  atlll  remain  small  but  bealtby. 

The  B.  De  Anjou  was  planted  over  aa  elgbt  foot  drain,  that  drains  my  cellar. 
This  one  has  never  borne  heavy,  but  is  now  a  large,  healthy  tree. 

Query — Are  the  health  and  vigor  of  this  one  tree  caused  by  the  uoder-draln  ? 
I  leave  this  to  he  answered . 

1  have  some  dwarf  Bartlett,  Duchers,  Clapp's  Favorite  and  B.  De  Anjou 
growing  In  a  stllT,  red  olay  set  to  clover  and  red  top,  that  have  produced  three 
heavy  crops  of  very  fine  fruit,  and  the  trees,  with  the  exception  of  the  Dncbess, 
are  looking  very  healthy. 

I  have  seen  standard  pears  planted  that  grew  finely,  produced  one  crop  of  fine 
ftnit  and  the  next  year  blight  and  die,  excepting  the  Seckel  and  Winter  Nellls ;  they 
are  stlU  looking  healthy. 

By  way  of  experiment,  I  have  tried  the  budding  of  pears  on  their  own  roots 
where  the  seed  had  been  planted  to  remain,  to  try  to  asoertain  the  iuflnence  and 
andlsturbed  tap-root  would  have  on  the  life  of  atree;  they  are  all  gone  by  blight. 
As  yet  with  me,  the  pear  has  never  been  troubled  with  destructive  Insects  as  much 
as  the  apple.  The  borers,  both  round  and  flat-head,  so  tronbleaome  to  apple  trees, 
I  have  never  as  yet  found  In  pear  trees. 

The  greatest  enemy  I  have  found  to  contend  with  is  the  blight. 
Prom  what  I  have  seen  and  can  learn  of  the  suocess  and  failure  qf  pear  grow- 
ing In  this  section,  lam  led  to  the  opinion  ihat  the  dwarh  are  preferable  to  the 
Btandarda ;  that  a  later  variety  like  the  B.  De  Anjou,  In  the  bands  of  an  observing 
eoltivator,  grown  and  shipped  In  carload  lots  like  apples,  will  prove  profitable ;  that 
the  pear  will  prove  only  of  a  short  duration,  1  have  00  doubt. 
Secretary  Goodman  did  not  agree  with  the  paper. 
Judge  Miller  reported  that  the  blight  or  late  frost  of  last  year 
vaa  more  severe  than  all  his  troables  id  the  past  forty  years.    Will 
only  plant  dwarf  hereafter. 

A.  A.  Blatner  of  Frederichtown  baa  never  seen  the  blight,  and  has 
never  misst'd  a  crop  antil  this  year.  The  pear  does  as  well  in  Soath- 
eaet  Missonri  as  anywhere  in  the  world ;  has  never  seen  any  blight ; 
has  lived  there  twelve  years. 

Major  Evans  says  the  pear  is  doing  well  on  the  red  lands  of  the 
Ozarks,  as  he  knows  by  actual  observation. 


ly  Google 


62  STATE  HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

Mr,  KanfmaQ  of  Oregon  says  tbat  in  tbat  county  the  pear  bears 
ever;  year,  and  hare  been  bearing  ten  to  twenty  years. 

Mr.  Gilbert  knows  a  pear  tree  ovei  forty  jeara  old  and  it  has  never 
missed  a  crop. 

Dr'  Bat«B  of  Piedmont  hau  four  old  common  pear  trees  ;  has  never 
had  blight  on  the  common  trees.  Bartlett  has  done  best ;  nses  wood 
ashes  as  a  fertilizer;  other  new  binds  blight  with  him. 

Mr.  Mnrray  thinks  pears  can  be  snccessfnlly  raised  in  ^Sorthwest 
Missonri. 

E.  B.  Lentz  has  not  heard  of  any  blight  in  this  county  and  no 
entire  failure. 

Mr.  Lewis  of  Greene  county  has  seen  pears  doing  wf  11  abont 
Springfleld,  and  believes  they  will  do  well  on  the  Ozarks. 

"S.  F.  Murray  grafts  the  pear  on  the  apple  roots ;  has  done  so  for 
many  years ;  they  give  oat  pear  roots  and  the  apple  root  withers  away. 

The  Le  Oonte  pear  was  releffated  to  its  native  locality. 

Secretary  Qoodman  emphasized  the  plan  of  Rafting  the  pear  on 
the  apple  root;  had  done  so  for  years ;  the  pear  will  get  on  its  own 
roots. 

HinDBANOBS   IN   FBttIT   QBOWinc. 

A.  A.  DLUHBR,  FRBt>BRtCin'OWK,  MO. 

OeniteriKn  of  lAe  State  EortieuUttral  Soeieig  .- 

Ignomnoe  of  how  to  do  it  aeemi  to  be  the  main  point. 

I  oannot  conceive  wbf ,  in  k  State  bo  well  fuvored  b;  climate,  soil,  near  mar- 
Icets  and  cbeapneaa  of  land.  In  tbe  great  State  of  MIbboufI,  a  man  owning  a  few 
arvea.  even  a  few  rods  of  ground,  can  be  IndlfTerent  to  the  enjojment  found  In  aet- 
tlngouta  few  strawberry  plants,  a  few.  curraot«,  goo ae berries,  giapevlnes  and 
fruit  trees,  particularly  apple,  pear  and  plum,  wbicb  aeldooi  fall  to  reward  his 
.    abor.    Vet  every  LuniaD  being,  old  and  young,  tioh  or  poor,  loves  to  eat  fiuitl 

Trees  and  plants  are  very  cheap,  the  requisite  labor  easy  and  delightful. 
What  can  tbe  biodrance  bef 

I^t  UB  go  over  tbe  flutltloaa  life  of  cities,  whose  surface  is  polished  for  hiding 
itsflltb.  We  cannot  dissemble  that  a  chaos  still  exlats,  even  in  rural  districts, 
wherein  fruit-growing  Is  thought  to  require  particular  skill  and  knowledge  to  suc- 
ceed, whereas  It  Is  as  simple  as  planllng  beans,  peas  or  potatoes. 

To  Illustrate:    Years  ago  while  hard  at  work  setting  grape-vines  In  Pike 

county  the  following  colloquy  took  place :    How  do  you  do,  Ur.  B ?  my  name  la 

A and  my  farm  is  about  —  mtleB  from  here.    Happy  to  mnke  your  acquaintance 

Mr.  A ;  will  you  permit  me  to  continue  my  work?    Ctrtalnly,  sir;  what  are  you 

planting?  Q rape-vines,  air.  Grape-vines',  will  they  grow  In  this  country?  Time 
win  show,  sir.  When  will  they  bear?  On  the  third  year.  Ubree  years;  how  will 
you  live  then?  By  eating  and  drinking.  Yet.  some  are  tempted  to  try  ;  make  a 
little  hole,  pack  In  tbe  tree  with  cloee  roots  and  next  day  go  to  look  at  It  If  it  has 
any  fruit. 

They  forget  tbat  our  bed  must  be  soft  and  large  enough  to  display  our  mem- 
bera  for  flndingirest,  and  tbat  a  tree  requires  the  eameconditloDs  to  spread  Its  roots 

D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


BDMMBB  UBETIHG  A.T  POPLA.B  BLUFF.  53 

and  tbrlve.  Some  Baj  :  When  Trait  Ie  pleoly  It  canaot  be  sold;  whea  trees  do  not 
beu  tbey  are  aselesa. 

Many  years  ago  MrB.  S.  B bad  ordered  100  apple  trees  for  t30.  They  were 

brODgbt  to  hei  husbaod,  wbo  told  the  man  be  dtd  not  want  any  iuch  staCT  on  bU 
land.  "But  your  wife  ordered  them,  ilr,  and  must  be  paid."  Come  to  the  bouse. 
Strah,  did  yoa  order  tbls  stuff  from  this  man?  I  did,  aod  I  want  tbem  properly 
set,  Well,  then.fou  will  have  to  pay  for  them  ;  I  won't  give  a  ftrthlng  for  tbe 
■toff.  Uod'I  worry  yourself.  I'll  pay  for  the  treen ;  1  have  saved  that  much  by 
weaving  carpets  and  selling  eggs.    Darn  tt,  that  money  would  buy  ten  ptga.   Seven 

years  thereafter,  while  the  field  crops  almost  failed,  Mrs.  S.  B sold  $08  worth 

of  apples,  and  Mr.  B not  only  converted  bis  disposable  acres  Into  orchards. 

bat  became  an  enthaeiaatio  fruit-grower. 

Many  say  the  vicissitudes  of  cllujate,  chaDges  of  weather,  drouth,  Inseoti, 
birds  and  fungi  render  fruit-growing  precarious  and  cause  failures. 

It  is  true  sometimes  there  are  partial  failures  in  fruit-growing,  as  there  are 
In  wheat  and  corn .  If  there  be  a  man  who  can  show  me  a  business  exempt  from 
drawbacks  and  failures,  I  will  show  him  a  white  fly.  I  cannot  believe  that  a  rural 
man  Is  Indifferent  and  Insenslbleto  the  charms  of  the  creative  power  Ood  has  given 
him  of  oonvertlng  a  barren,  unproducing  soil  Into  an  £den,  except  through  Ignor' 
anee,  the  main  hindrance  In  fruit-grow  lug.  Have  we  any  means  to  dispel  this 
ignorance  ?  None,  except  the  missionary  work  of  the  State  Horticultural  society 
and  the  apostolic  works  of  the  county  hartlonltnral  societies. 

In  Germany  budding  and  grafting  Is  taught  at  school;  France  bas  her  ecole»- 
agricolesetcollegee-vitlcoles;  Italy  has  her  collegi  d' agrloalturaedl  vltionltora. 
We  have  nothing  to  awaken  In  our  boys  and  girls  a  laudable  spirit  of  bortloulture 
bat  one  agrloultural  college  at  Columbia  ;  do  fostering  care  by  the  State,  but  a  beg- 
garly allowance  to  help  In  printing  your  report. 

Tbere  is  another  hindrance  In  raising  that  most  noble  fruit,  the  grape.  While 
some  counties  have  combined,  spent  money  for  pamphlets,  maps  and  other  docu- 
ments to  attract  Iminlgrat  Ion,  sumptusry  laws  are  promulgated  to  prevent  its  effect. 
No  Immigrant  will  ever  settle  where  such  laws  exist,  nor  devote  hie  time  and  money 
In  dressing  our  Inviting  hills  with  fineyards,  beoauae  lie  cannot  dispose  of  his  sor- 
pias  trait.  You  say ,  we  want  no  drunkards  here ;  [  say,  amen ;  but  wine  and 
wblsky  are  two  difTerent  things.  One  glass  of  the  former  (for  onr  stomach's  sake 
and  infirmltief)  renders  a  man  wise,  while  one  glass  Of  tbe  latter  renders  a  man 
crasy  and  equalizes  falm  to  a  quadruped,  with  the  only  dlfferenoe  that  one  goes  on 
fonr  lege,  the  other  on  two.  In  France,  Germany  and  Italy  every  human  being, 
old  and  young,  riob  or  poor,  use  wine  or  beer;  yet  Paris,  Berlin  and  Borne  taken 
together  do  not  show  so  many  inebriates  In  a  day  as  a  single  American  city. 

A  stroke  of  the  pen  cannot  reform  a  people ;  vice  will  ever  be  connected  with 

Jf  man  was  taught  how  to  uphold  tals  own  dignity  this  Ignorance  would  disap- 
pear. Men  of  Ideas,  yours  Is  tbe  task.  Let  it  t>e:  Poit  teaetrat  liac 
Are  tree  peddlers  a  promotion  or  a  hindrance  In  fru It-growing f 
I  bold  that  an  honest  man  offering  to  sell  honest  trees  is  a  benefactor,  and  as 
«ncli  1  venerate  him ;  but  to  find  such  a  maa  among  the  tramping  charlatans  that 
Infest  the  country,  we  need  the  Inuterr  of  a  Diogenes.  Tbe  dleappointments  and 
failures  often  experienced  by  the  crednions  purchaser  In  trees  and  plants,  at  ezor 
bitant  prices,  la  communicated  to  his  friends  and  neighbors,  who  attribute  tbem  to 
soil,  climate  and  otber  erroneous  local  reasons.  Certainly  this  is  a  hindrance  to 
powtng  fruit.  But  the  tree  vender  is  only  an  agent ;  on  the  head  of  bis  employer 
ahould  fall  tbe  odlam  of  his  actions . 


64  STATE  HOBTICULTDBAL   SOCIETY. 

K«ltable  naraerles  takve  no  need  of  anch  men  and  do  not  employ  mem.  How- 
ever, Bome  nurBerleii  need  tbem  ;  if  you  look  at  the  end  of  their  adTertleement  you 
will  find  these  wordi :  "  A  f;«DtB  wanted.  No  prevtouB  experience  needed."  They 
ought  to  add  :    "  But  a  slick  tongue." 

I  lay,  let  those  Itinerant  adTenturers  alone  ;  purchase  your  treea  from  yonr 
neareat  nursery.  In  whose  owner's  reputation  you  can  rely,  and  go  back  on  bim 
should  fall  a  re  I  ensue.  Havh  greedy  nurseries,  wanting  to  gobble  the  trade  of  the 
whole  land,  remind  us  of  that  Quaker's  advice  to  ble  ton  :  "Hake  money  any  how;" 
and  of  that  epitaph— 

■'HenU»flId  Cblrtj.thtwpci  neai; 

The  more  he  got  the  more  he  leot ; 
The  more  he  had,  Ihs  more  lie  craved, 
tiood  Ciod!  cm  (noh  a  bdiiI  be  MTed?  " 

Oust  of  ajARTiNG  a  fbuit  fabm  in   south   missoubi,  and  how 

BEST  TO   DO   IT. 


The  inbjeot  assigned  me  la  a  hard  one  to  solve,  nnleSB  some  special  ftults  are 
named  as  a  basis  to  figure  on. 

Taking  It  for  granted  that  our  honorable  Secretary  wishes  me  to  make  flgures 
OD  what  mj  owQ  little  tlvM  farm  haa  cost  me,  I  will  do  best  1  can  to  give  facts. 

I  bought  my  farm,  60  acres,  fonryears  ago  for  {SOO.  There  was  about  ISaoreB 
cleared,  with  a  badly  neglected  orchard  of  ^K)  trees — log  house  and  bam.  I  made 
no  Improvements  worth  mentioning  for  two  years.  But  at  the  June  meeting  of  oar 
State  Society  at  West  Plains,  I  became  very  much  Interested  in  f^nlt •growing,  and 
returned  home  full  of  bright  hopes  for  my  foture  oare«r  as  a  hortlonlturlst.  Not 
being  blessed  with  a  full  purse,  have  had  to  make  my  labor  do  the  work.  Have 
since  that  time  cleared  3C  acres,  giving  me  now  40  acres  In  cultivation. 

In  the  spring  of  ISSS,  1  set  out  1,070  peacb,  1. 000  apple,  50  pear,  60  cherry,  BO 
apricot  and  10,000  apple  grafts,  nursery  stock ;  spring  of  1890,  160  plums,  at  a  total 
cost,  including  freight  boxes,  hired  help,  etc.,  orS447.70;  adding  to  this  amount  for 
tooU,blacksmithlog  andotherexpenses$1S3  30, 1  have  (000;  the  cost  ofmy  plant- 
ing 1S89  and  1S90.  This  amount  Includes  5. 000  raspberry  plants,  and  enough  straw- 
berry plants  to  set  one  acre. 

As  to  coat  of  cultivation,  I  prefer  to  rent.  One  tenant  1  give  all  he  can  make 
for  three  years,  to  save  me  coat  of  breaking  new  ground.  The  lease  compels  him  to 
give  all  trees  flrst-class  care,  cultivating  thoroughly  and  sprouting  as  often  aft 
necessary,  holding  him  responsible  for  any  trees  he  may  damage  or  ruin— the  value 
of  each  tree  being  placed  at  one  dollar  per  year's  growth  from  time  of  setting. 

My  other  tenant,  a  practical  gardner,  [  furnish  teams,  tools,  seed  and  feed, 
and  get  one-half  marketed.  This  tenant  makes  a  specialty  ot  vegetables  for  hotne 
market— sweet  potatoes,  small  fruits  and  melons.    I  reserve  all  peaches  and  apples. 

Our  new  ground  Is  usually  quite  hard  and  tedious  to  break  on  account  of  so 
many  stumps  and  rocks.  For  first  breaking  I  prefer  to  nae  the  home-made  plow 
that  I  have  named  "The  Onmsucker.'.'  It  Is  made  ttom  a  forked  tree,  nslng  the 
main  body  of  tree  for  the  beam  and  the  fork  for  a  brace  to  rest  a  bar  of  steel  W 
inches  long,  3  inches  wide  and  1  j  or  3  inches  thick,  which  runs  through  the  beam  at 
such  an  angle  that  It  will  rest  on  the  fork.  We  put  three  horses  to  this  and  break 
our  ground  18  or  30  Inches  deep  both  ways ;  then  take  a  20-inch  plow  and  turn  It 
Just  like  old  ground  and  as  deep  as  we  can.    Of  course  the  "  Qumsncker  "  turns  no 


SDUMBB  MEETING  AT  POPLAB  BLUFF.  fiC 

fOrrow,  bat  bre&ke  roote,  teara  out  amall  Htnmpa  and  roots  up  all  the  rook  and 
toosena  everjtblng  eo  tbat  It  (an  be  plowed.  Tbe  beaut;  of  thts  plow  is  tbat  one 
man  eao  not  keep  it  out  of  tbe  ((roand,  no  matter  bow  rocky  or  hard.  Cost  $3.60. 
We  Dae  Planet  Junior  for  cultivating  small  fruits,  vegetables  and  sweet  potatoes. 

My  tenants  claim  tbat  It  costs  sometbtoK  besides  inonej  to  start  a  fiutt  farm 
here.  They  tell  me  of  backaches,  heartaches,  sore  shooldete,  heavy  shoe  bills.  In- 
sects and  seed-ticks.  After  all,  they  have  cause  to  rejoice  over  the  bountiful  returns 
for  their  labor.  From  tbe  one  acre  of  strawberries  set  one  year  ago  wehaveploked, 
np  to  and  Including  June  3,  200  crates  of  strawberries  We  bave  practically  loet 
II  cases  throngh  the  glutted  market  at  Kansas  City,  Lave  pnt  np  six  cases  for 
family  use  and  the  balancehasbrougbt  us  at  home  $337.23,  and  we  are  not  through 
picking  yet.  Monday,  June  2,  was  the  thiitletb  picking,  and  we  got  14  cases.  1 
bave  some  specimens  on  the  tables  here  oat  of  the  tbirtletb  picking.  You  oon 
draw  your  own  ooocluslons  aa  to  the  adaptability  of  our  soil  to  strawberry  culture. 
Hy  ground  never  has  been  manured,  with  the  exception  of  a  very  small  portion, 
and  this  part  bad  a  heavy,  rank  growth  of  vlnra  and  few  berries.  Our  raspberries 
are  doing  nicely. 

I  would  like  to  Impress  upon  you  tbe  valueofsweet  potatoes  in  apple  orchards. 
Sweet  potatoes,  when  properly  cultivated,  leave  the  ground  In  tine  tilth  at  tbe  end 
ot  the  flrst  year,  and  tbe  second  and  sncoeedlng  years  the  ground  Is  like  an  ash- 
heap.  We  reseat  rate  of  100  to  200  bushels  sweet  potatoes  per  acre  In  our  old  , 
orchard,  on  land  badly  worn  and  washed,  after  having  been  in  constant  cultivation 
for  thirty  years.  I  now  bave  Missouri  pippin  trees,  and  plenty  of  them,  too,  that 
were  set  one  year  ago  this  spring,  tbat  have  all  tbe  way  from  3  and  4  to  15  and  30 
apples  on  them,  wberesweet  potatoes  and  vegetables  were  growing  last  year. 

Now,  then,  to  go  back  and  sntn  up  tbe  cobt  of  starting  my  fruit  farm,  we  have : 

Costornurm 1 600  00 

Total  cost  of  Improvemento '. 600  00 

Total Jl,200  00 

I  bave  sold  at  least  t300  worth  of  apples  from  the  old  orchard  ;  strawberry  sales 
this  year  from  one  acre  $387.32— to  say  nothing  of  money  received  for  sweet  pota- 
toes and  vegetables  for  last  two  years.  If  our  berries  (includtng  raspberries)  turn 
oat  as  well  next  year  as  this,  I  will  have  a  balance  on  credit  side  of  ledger  for  No. 
1,  together  with  a  nice,  thrifty  young  orchard  coming  Into  bearing.  Keally.  after 
considering  these  facts,  we  can  sutn  It  all  up  and  say  it  costs  nothing  to  start  a  fruit 
farm  In  South  Uissonrl,  but  that  onr  grand  country  pays  you  for  starting,  provid- 
ing you  do  it  right.  Andnow,  bo-v  best  to  do  It :  First,  attend  every  hortlcultarai 
meeting  you  possibly  can ;  second,  take  Colman's  Bural  World  and  Fruit-Growers' 
Journal  and  read,  re-read,  and  then  very  carefully  read  and  remember  what  Is  con- 
tained In  oar  State  Society's  reports;  third,  roll  up  yonr  sleeves  and  go  to  work. 
Be  sure  you  are  right  and  then  go  ahead,  pushing  your  work  with  all  (he  vigor  you 
possess. 

I  will  Just  add  that  land  can  be  bad  <n  our  county  at  from  cost  of  bomestead- 
Ing  up  to  750  per  acre.  By  watching  for  a  man  to  get  sick  of  tbe  conntry  after  fall- 
ing Id  cotton,  yon  can  buy  Improved  farms  that  are  models  for  fruit  culture  for  less 
than  It  would  cost  yon  to  make  the  improvements. 


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STATE   HOBTIOULTCBAI.  800IBTY. 


ADTA.NTAQEB   OF   OBGANIZA.TION. 
B.  F.  aOLBROOK,  DONIPKAK. 

TbDie  of  as  wbo  are  acqatlnted  with  tbe  climate  and  toll  of  Rlpl«j  oountf 
know  well  tbit  it  cannot  be  sarpasted  for  the  quality  and  tbe  quaatitf  of  tnit 
tbat  can  be  grown  on  those  hllla  and  in  those  Talteya  of  our  county, 

WbaC  we  Deed  to  make  ftult-^rowlng  more  profitable  In  Blpley  county  Is  an 
maaootated  effort  on  the  part  of  onr  farmers  In  ft'ult-gio  wing  and  raarkotlDK.  With- 
out this  associated  effort  tbe  possibilities  of  developing  tbe  frDit-oultnre  In  Klpley 
oountf  cannot  be  done  to  any  extent.  The  Sural  World  speaks  volnmes  when  It 
says:  "  The  more  fruit  we  have  to  market,  and  tbe  nearer  our  orchards  or  fruit 
farms  are  together,  tbe  better  it  will  be  (or  the  Indlvtdaal  grower.  This  associated 
effort'ls  a  working  power  which  develops  enterprise  and  honest  effort." 

Now  If  a  namber  of  farmers,  we  will  say  ten  or  more,  each  will  pot  oat  one 
acre'of  strawberries,  and  thereby  demonstrate  to  others  the  prodtablenesg  of  fralt- 
growing,  tbe  more  timid  and  conservative  ones  will  follow,  and  tbe  whole  oountry 
will  be  converted  Into  fruit-farms,  and  the  financial  condition  of  the  farmers  will 
be  improved. 

Sid.  We  want  a  better  and  perhaps  more  practical  knowledge  in  frult'cnitare, 
,  and  also  the  demands  of  the  markets  at  home  and  abroad.  The  lack  of  knowledge 
and  Interest  of  our  people  in  fra It-culture  Is  due,  perhaps,  to  the  neglect  of  read- 
ing some  relisble  work  on  hortlcnltnre ;  they  do  not  take  the  trouble  to  inform 
themselves  about  tbe  profitableness  of  fruit  raising,  and  therefore  are  always  dis- 
covering a  lion  In  the  way.  Ask  them  If  they  read  the  Slate  Horticultural  Society's 
report;  no,  never  saw  It,  don't  know  what  It  Is.  Their  Ignorance  of  It  remiodBme 
of  an  Incident  In  the  dp.bate  In  Ihe  Representative  ball  two  years  ago ;  on  tbe  ques- 
tloa  (or  bill]  appropriating  money  for  tbe  State  Horticultural  Hociety,  a  Represen- 
tative In  his  speech  against  the  bill,  held  Dp  tbe  ISoolety's  report,  and  said  :  "What 
Is  this  book  but  an  advertising  medium  forour  nuriertmen?"  When  our  represen- 
tative men  manifest  such  ignorance,  what  can  we  expect  of  those  who  look  to  them 
and  are  ready  to  follow  them  f  T..eiiders  ot  tbe  blind,  be  assured  they  will  at  last 
be  ditched. 

1  wish  I  could  so  Impress  my  brother  farmere  with  the  money  value  In  frnlt- 
growingthat  they  would  have  an  abiding  faith  In  what  our  horticultural  societies 
are  doing  in  advancing  (he  Interest  of  every  Individual,  financially,  socially  and 
morally.  We  cannot  aifc^  to  neglect  tbe  opportunities  which  horticulture  offers 
us  to  make  our  homes  lovely  and  attractive. 

When  I  see  our  young  men  coming  onto  the  stage  of  action  having  had  none 
of  those  Influences  which  come  from  homes  surrounded  with  the  choicest  works  of 
nature,  then  I  know  tbelr  lives  are  liable  to  be  void  of  every  trait  that  Is  attrac- 
tive. They  are  more  apt  to  be  given  over  to  sordid  appetites  and  base  passions. 
Let  me  tell  you,  parents  of  Ripley  county,  under  the  Influence  of  horticulture  the 
home  becomes  surrounded  and  made  beautiful  and  attractive  to  our  children, 
are  drawn  Into  a  closer  relationship  with  their  suiroundlDgs,  and  (heir  silent  Influ- 
ence upon  their  young  life  has  a  refining  power,  so  that  "  vice  and  everything  un- 
lovely and  inbarmoDlous  becomes  hatefnl  to  a  lulnti  so  educated." 

PBAOHB8 — OCLTIVATIOH   AKD   PRUNING. 

Mr.  L.  A.  Ooodmao  would  cultivate  the  groaud  coutimially  after 
planting  until  first  or  middle  of  August. 


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SDMHEB  HBBTINO  AT  POPLAR  BLUFF.  67 

PronJDg  jast  as  neceHaary  as  cnltiTatioo ;  plant  yearlings  and  ont 
off  all  Bide  limbs  the  first  year ;  second  year  cnt  top  back,  and  each 
yeu  cut  back  about  one-third ;  don't  fear  cntting.  This  leaves  a  tree 
branching  close  to  the  gronnd  and  well  ronnded  np.  Keep  the  frnit 
well  thinned  ont  and  you  will  have  good  sound  frnit,  plenty  of  it  and 
«f  the  finest  size  and  quality. 

CHBBSIBS. 

Judge  Miller  regards  the  Gov.  Wood  as  the  best  quality  and  good 
bearer. , 

A.  A.  Blumer  thinks  each  county  society  can  determine  the  best 
Tariety  for  local  planting.  The  Early  Bicbmoud  the  best  eommeroial 
cherry. 

Secretary  Goodman  recommends  the  English  Moiello.  Cherriea 
and  the  Bassiau  Mulberry  should  be  planted  together ;  the  latter  for 
the  birds. 

PLUMS. 

The  Wild  Goose  considered  very  reliable.  Dr.  Bates  thinks  the 
Weaver  superior. 

Judge  Miller  regards  the  Louisa  superior  to  the  Wild  Goose.  He 
spoke  highly  of  the  Yellow  Prune,  supposed  to  be  a  cross  between  the 
native  and  wild  Plums. 

Judge  Miller  thinks  the  Golden  Beauty  is  nearly  if  not  quite  oor- 
cnlio  proof;  it  is  a  native  of  Texas. 

WHAT  WOULD   BB   UISSOUBl'S   CHOICE  FOB   4   NATIONAL  FLOVRBT 

K.  F.  Murray  and  J.  A.  Dnrkes  favor  the  Apple  Blossom. 

Dr.  Bates  wants  the  Sunflower. 

A.  A.  Blumer  likes  both  Apple  Blopeom  and  Sunflower. 

Judge  MUIer  would  connt  the  favor  of  the  ladiea  and  pionoance 
in  favor  of  the  Bose. 

Secretary  Goodman  spoke  of  the  beantiee  of  the  Pansy  or  Violet 
for  wide  range  of  growth. 

Mrs.  H.  E.  Johnson  would  not  be  in  favor  of  the  Bose  because  of 
its  use  in  England,  but  was  in  &vor  of  the  Golden  Bod. 

Hiss.  Murray  in  favor  of  the  same. 

Bev.  Boggs  in  favor  of  the  com  tassel  and  the  tobacco  blossom 
combined — as  combining  beanty  and  atility. 

Dr. would  choose  the  Moss  Bose. 

Hartzell  of  St.  Joseph,  in  favor  of  the  Bose. 

D.  S.  Holman  was  in  favor  of  the  Bose,  although  England  claimed 
It  as  their  flower. 

The  subject  was  allowed  to  pass  for  future  consideration. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_V 


igle 


BTATK   HOETIOULTOEAL   SOCIBTT. 


PBOBPEGT8   OF   OBOHABDING  lit    NOBTHWBST    MISSOURI — WHAT   ABE 

THEY? 

K.  F.  MUBRIV.BLM  OBOVS. 

In  tbis  peculiar  seaeon  of  droutb  and  killlDg  frostF,  with  our  peacb  orchards 
almost  wiped  out  of  exlstenca  hj  a  Buoc«8f>lon  of  extreme  hard  wioters,  and  the 
fruit  buds  on  the  few  left  entirely  killed  with  the  severe  cold  of  the  pa&t  winter, 
with  strawberries  and  grapes  badly  killed  In  the  Tallejs.  and  other  fruits  more  or 
less  damaged  by  severe  frosts  during  the  early  part  of  May,  and  what  Is  left  being 
already  Injured  by  droutb,  and  having  yet  to  run  the  gauntlet  with  Insect  pests, 
the  answer  tn  general  from  the  average  Indlvldnal  would  be  not  very  bright  at  best; 
but  let  us  not  be  too  basty  or  severe  In  our  verdict,  but  let  us  take  a  good  look  over 
the  entire  fleld  and  see  what  Is  left ;  let  us  calmly  view  the  situation  from  every 
etaad-polnt,  and  In  every  phase  of  cause  and  effect . 

First,  we  frankly  admit  that  much  is  Irrecoverably  lost,  which  Is  very  dis- 
couraging Indeed,  especially  so  to  the  few  who  have  made  a  specialty  of  peacb- 
growing,  and  many  of  our  friends  on  the  low  lands  who  have  lost  a  portion  or  all  of 
their  strawberry  and  grape  crops  have  met  with  a  real  and  severe  lose,  which  tbey 
will  no  doubt  feel  very  keenly,  and  they  all  have  our  deepest  and  heartfelt  sympa- 
thy In  tbeir  day  of  adversity. 

Yet  notwithstanding  the  dark  pletore  outlined,  we  have  mush  left  In  North- 
west Missouri  to  be  thankful  for.  First,  we  have  a  soli  that  will  by  far  excel  that 
of  most  any  and  all  other  eountrles  in  Its  power  to  resist  drouth.  We  have  our 
high  blufls  and  river  bills  on  which  fruit  Is  seldom  If  ever  hurt  by  frost,  and  basnot 
been  to  any  extent  worthy  of  notice  this  season.  Much  of  tbe  fruit  In  thoMltsonrt 
bottom  has  escaped  through  the  protection  of  heavy  fog,  and  in  all  these  favored 
sections  we  will  have  an  abundant  crop  of  apples  and  a  fair  crop  of  berries,  grapes 
and  cherries,  also  a  partial  crop  of  pears  and  plums.  The  present  indications  are 
that  all  kinds  of  fruit  Will  meet  with  quick  sale  In  our  home  and  Northwestern 
markets  at  good  prices.  Our  market  has  had  a  very  light  and  insufflclent  supply  of 
fresh  fralts  for  some  months,  and  the  people  are  getting  hungry  for  the  product  of 
our  orchards  and  berry  patches.  Apples  sold  early  In  April  In  St.  Joseph  at  $2  a 
bushel,  and  are  now  selling  at  S2.S0  a  bushel.  The  loss  of  our  peach  crop  and  the 
shortage  of  berry  crop  will  la  a  great  measure  be  made  up  to  tbe  growers  In  high 
prices  for  what  Is  left. 

Tbe  very  rapid  growth  of  tbe  large  cities  of  tbe  Missouri  valley,  and  the  rapid 
filling  up  of  our  Northwestern  bt.ttes  and  Territories,  has  always  given  us  an 
excellent  market  for  all  our  fruit  product,  and  of  late  years  tbedemand  for  North- 
west Missouri  fruit  has  been  in  excess  of  tbe  supply.  This  condition  is  In  a  meas- 
ure due  to  tbe  taut  that  Missouri  fruit  Is  becoming  more  popular,  and  Is  preferred 
and  called  for  by  a  great  many  in  preTerence  to  that  from  any  other  State.  This 
bealtby  and  thrifty  condition  of  our  fruit  market,  aided  by  our  horticultural 
seoletles,  has  given  a  new  Impetus  to  the  growing  of  fruit  In  the  'ast  few  years. 
Many  new  and  large  orchards,  mainly  apple,  have  been  planted.  More  interest  Is 
being  taken  in  pear  culture,  which,  we  think,  will  continue  to  Increase,  as  we  have  , 
but  little  blight.  Tbe  fruit  seila-at  $1.60  to  $3.00  a  bushel,  and  trees  seldom  fall  to 
bear  a  crop.  More  berry  patches  are  being  planted  each  year,  and  belter  care  Is 
given  to  the  whole  business  than  ever  before.  Quite  a  number  now  spray  their 
orchards  with  arsenical  preparations  to  destroy  the  codling  moth.  Uur  orchards 
look  much  more  healthy  than  tbey  did  two  years  ago.    So  on  tbe  wbole,  tb«  proa- 


],l,za.  by  Google 


SUMMER  MEETING  AT  POPLAE  BLUFF.  6ft 

pecti  for  orchardlDg  Id  Northweat  MisBouri  begin  to  loom  up  la  defiance  of  all 
obstacleB,  and  will  compare  favorably  with  tboRC  of  an^  other  aectlon  of  our  State 
or  of  the  world,  for  aveiy  section  has  ItB  own  pecnllar  drawbacks. 

And  now,  fellow- mem  hers,  permit  me  to  Inquire  of  jou,  what  our  prospects 
for  orcbardlnx  In  Northwest  Mlesonri  and  elBewbere  would  be,  had  we  no  dlflioul- 
tles  to  surmount,  no  enemies  to  conquer,  Suppose  we  had  no  killing  frosta,  no 
failures,  and  all  onr  fruits  were  permitted  to  grow  in  great  profusion  and  perfection, 
without  intelligent  selection,  care  and  culture,  what  would  be  the  result?  From 
a  commercial  stand-point.  It  seems  dear  onr  occupation  would  be  gone.  True,  we 
might  have  our  ^ults,  but  would  we  appreciate  them  as  we  do  now  ?  I  think  not. 
We  would  doubtless  soon  realize  the  truth  of  the  poet's  thought,  when  he  penned 
this  sentence : 

Thaj  wbo  aeiai  tln>  nev  r  real, 

Aod  Ibe;  who  OBVta  bDngei,  no  fFMt  onjoy. 

Shall  we  forget  that  there  la  neither  value  nor  excellence  without  labor,  when 
applied  to  man's  condition  and  surroundings  in  this  life  ?  and  may  we  not  become 
atronger  and  better  for  being  engaged  in  bonest,  pleasant  labor,  and  even  grow 
brighter  and  happier  beoBuse  of  the  clouds  and  storms  of  adversUj  that  tweep 
down  over  us  to  purify  our  whole  moral  nature,  and  mabe  us  more  social  and  useful 
among  our  fellow-men  ?  Then  let  us  be  thankful  to  the  Great  Giver  of  all  good  for 
every  prospect  that  pleases,  and  recognise  In  the  dark  clouds  of  onr  adversity  the 
hand  of  Him  who  doeth  all  things  well. 

BEPOBT  OF  OOUMITTEB  ON  OBITUARIES. 

Vour  Committee  on  Ubltaarles  have  before  them  the  names  of  two  late  mem- 
bers of  this  society  who,  since  our  last  meeting,  have  been  called  ffom  their  labors 
among  na  to  the  quiet  sleep  and  rest  of  the  grave. 

The  first  was  a  lady  member,  the  companion  and  wife  of  our  esteemed  Mend 
and  brother,  Dr.  Ooslin,  of  Oregon.  Mo.  We  are  not  influenced  in  this  case  by  cus- 
tom, which  commends  the  virtues  of  the  dead  and  praises  all  whe.i  gone.  In  Justice 
to  the  memory  of  this  "Elect  lady,"  no  praise  is  wanted  f^om  this  committee  by  any 
who  knew  hei  life ;  but  to  others  we  may  be  allowed  to  speak  of  her  life  as  full  of 
intellectual  Christian  works,  beautiful  lu  themselves,  and  In  value  to  her  assoolatea 
above  price.  The  very  light  of  her  home,  she  was  happiness  itself  to  a  good  hus- 
band there.  In  the  church  of  her  choice  she  was  a  helpmate  with  the  pious  in  doing 
good  work.  In  our  society  of  horticultural  work  she  was  sn  Intelligent,  ardent 
admirer  of  the  beautiful,  and  often  edified  and  cheered  us  with  her  finely  written 
essays— a  dellgbtflil  work,  in  which  she  excelled.  Her  Christian  life  of  faith  whs 
beautirai— her  death  triumphant  and  peaceful. 

ftODlccd.  Thai  Inlbe  death  of  Mia,  I>r,  Goalln  tbla  aooiety  loan  a  vilnBblf  lady  member, 
wtiiMe  pnienoe  la  already  aiicl  nil!  long  bemlaaed  In  onrmeatUge. 

Saatoid,  We  are  Id  gympathy  irlth  the  doator  beieaied,  and  all  ber  Meoda  who  maarn  her 

Since  writing  the  altove  resolntious,jiour  committee  have  learned  that  in  the 
same  community  and  town  Mrs.  Judge  O'Fallon  has  also  been  called  to  her  reward. 
Our  hearts  are  moved  afresh,  and  what  we  have  said  of  Mrs.  Gosltn  may  be  said  of 
Mrs.  O'Pallon,  only  she  was  young — had  hope  of  a  long  and  happy  life.  How  almost 
crael  Is  Death,  to  spare  not  pven  the  young  and  happy,  and  to  take  from  us  so  often 
the  best,  who  are  needed  most  I 


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STA.TB  HOBTIOULTDBAL  SOCIBTT. 


AgalD,  at  Nevada,  oar  friend  aod  fetlow-laborer.  Hem?  Bbeple^,  a  member  of 
this  MCletf,  has  also  passed  awajr.  He  was  a  faorticultarist  and  member  of  the 
VcTDoo  ootint;  sooletf,  who  ri>Bpected  him  In  llfb  as  a  worthy  friend  and  brother,  and 
mlse  him  now  tbat  he  is  gone,  as  evinced  by  th«  expreeslona  of  the  membership  of 
his  Booletf  m  resolatlons  befltllog  the  occasion . 

horn  he  his  tatt  and  worked  on  oceailoni  Ilka  tbla,  wUl  mlM  bim, 
in  and  rstthfol  Mloir-woikor  afoor  aodetr . 

BUKK, 

Houuv. 

BBPOBT  OF   COHHITTEB   ON  PINAL  BBSOLUTIONS. 
We  beg  leave  to  report ; 

1.  Tbat  the  thanks  of  this  Aasoalatlon  are  doe  and  ate  hereby  eratefaUj  ten- 
dered to  the  varlons  railroad  oompanles  of  the  State  of  Missouri  fOr  the  exonraloD 
rat«a  tendered  to  Its  members;  and  In  this  cODnection  would  say  our  membership 
aboald  be  greatly  Increased  In  order  that  fruits  may  be  more  abundant,  and  tbat  the 
growers  can  obtain  reasonable  rates  for  the  transportation  of  all  bortlcullaral 
produots. 

a.  That  the  State  Horticultural  Society  tenders  Its  most  heartfelt  thanks  for 
the  cordial  welcome  and  cheerful  disposition  manifested  by  the  citizens  of  Poplar 
Blnff  In  the  entertalnmenl  of  Its  members.  The  Society  also  expresses  the  hope 
that  the  citizens  of  Biiller  county  will  after  this  take  a  deeper  Interest  In  all  branchea 
of  horticulture,  and  thus  utilise  tbe  blessings  which  Providence  has  so  lavishly 
bestowed  upon  their  rich  soil  and  favored  climate. 

Year  committee  would  also  embrace  thanks  to  the  omcers  of  our  State  Hortl- 
onltaral  Society  for  their  discriminating  and  courteous  conduct  In  furtberlng  the 
Influence  and  usefulness  of  onr  Association,  and  to  sll  those  who  have  helped  us  In 
carrying  out  our  programme.    AJl  of  which  la  respectfully  submitted. 

Chas.  W.  Murtpblbt,  Chairman. 
J.  N.  BARHKrr, 
H.  J.  Wbber, 

Committee. 
Adopted. 

FAULTS  IN   OECHAEDIHG. 


TourofflceisiD  making  aprogram  for  this  meeting,  have  assigned  me  a  subject 
upon  which  tbey  ask  roe  to  prepare  a  paper,  viz.,  "Faults  In  Oroliardlng." 

And  1  sbsll  comply  with  theirrequeatlnavery  brief  msuner — not  that  the  sub- 
ject will  not  bear  extended  remarks,  but  rather  for  want  of  ability  and  lack  of  time. 
It  Is  an  old  and  true  saying  thai  tbere  are  many  wrong  ways  of  doing  a  tblng,  and 
but  one  ilgbt  way.  Of  nothing  Is  this  more  true  than  of  orcharding.  First  cornea 
the  selection  of  a  site  for  tbe  orchard.  A  fault  bere  is  irreparable,  ss  ho  after  csre 
or  culture  can  fully  overcome  It,  How  many  dilapidated  orchards  do  we  find  Id  the 
west  that,  when  looking  for  tbe  cause,  we  find  hard-pan  as  impenetrable  as  a  jag 
wltliia  a  few  Inches  of  the  surface.  To  be  a  success,  the  roots  of  an  apple  tree 
must  have  a  chance  to  penetrate  to  some  depth  In  a  porous  sub  soil. 


SUSUCBB  HEBTINQ  AT  POPLAR  BLUFF.  61 

Tbe  next  fault,  taken  in  regular  order,  la  In  tbeselectioDof  varletie*.  Hoat 
pl&ntera,  my  self  among  the  number,  bave  planted  too  manj  varletUs,  m&ny  of 
them  aoaaited  to  our  climate,  and  while  the;  may  have  been  flne  apples  in  father's 
orehard,  somewhere  east  and  north  of  oar  present  location,  they  are  wortbleaa 
with  na.  Consalt  the  reports  of  the  Uiseouri  State  Borticultural  society .  See 
what  they  recommend;  vlBit  the  oroharde  In  your  own  neighborhood;  see  what 
pays  yonr  neighbors  and  plant  accordingly,  mostly  of  a  few  standard  varieties, 
and  yon  will  avoid  this  mistake.  The  nest  mUtake  wblch  is  common  Is  in  parchas- 
Ing  the  trees.  Bow  man;  of  ns  have  found  when  too  late  that  we  have  paid  some 
altck-toogued  agent  twice  the  price  of  good  stock  and  got  second  rate  or  worse- 
Bay  of  responsible  nurseries,  and  th^  nearer  home  the  better,  and  avoid  this  mis- 
take. The  next  mistake  I  shall  notice  Is  planting.  When  the  tree  is  reoeived  from 
the  nursery  In  good  condition,  and  no  others  should  be  received,  do  not  expose  it  to 
drying  winds  or  chuck  It  down  In  a  mud'hole,  but  plant  It  In  good  soil,  In  proper 
condition  for  working.  If  not  in  condition  when  you  receive  your  trees,  heel  them 
In  well  tin  It  Is;  psck  the  soUflrmly  around  and  over  the  roots  and  they  will  grow. 

Now  comes  one  of  the  most  serious  mistakes,  because  common  ;  lack  of  culti- 
vation. Few  men  are  foolish  enough  to  plant  a  field  of  corn  and  ezpecta  crop  with- 
out cultivation ;  but  how  many  are  there  who  think  a  tree,  when  once  planted, 
should  take  care  of  Itself,  or  they  act  as  though  they  thought  so,  whether  such 
la  the  case  or  not.  If  you  would  avoid  this  mistake,  do  not  cease  to  cultivate  wblle 
tbe  orchard  lasts.  Histahes  are  frequently  made  In  pruning,  some  too  much,  some 
too  little,  or  not  at  all.  The  happy  mean  which  gives  a  llae-afaaped  tree,  without 
Bears  where  great  limbs  have  been  removed  which  should  never  have  been  allowed 
to  grow.  Is  what  we  should  all  strive  to  attain  to ;  this  requires  constant  care  and 
attention,  which  he  who  plants  an  orchard  should  be  wilting  to  bestow. 

One  more  mistake  I  wish  to  call  attention  to,  and  then  I  am  done.  That  la,  in 
handling  the  fruit.  How  many  of  our  farmers  handle  their  apples  as  though  they 
were  indestructible  as  com  in  the  ear,  to  be  thrown  around  with  the  scoop-shovel. 
When  a  grower  has  fine  apples,  and  falls  to  handle  them  carefully,  and  properly 
assart  them,  he  makes  a  mistake  which  destroys  half  and  f^quently  all  the  value  of 
the  product. 

FRUIT-SHIPPING. 
C.  T,  MALUKcrBoi)T._ 

Finding  mself  down  on  program  to  say  something  on  flrult- shipping,  before 
proceeding,  let  me  state  that  I  have  had  bnt  little  experience  on  the  subject;  yet 
after  being  assigned  a  task,  I  consider  it  my  duty  to  comply  as  far  and  as  well  as  in 
my  power. 

For  want  of  time  I  most  be  brief,  and  will  only  touch  upon  some  of  the  princi- 
pal poiuts  bearing  on  the  matter,  and  humbly  beg  that  you  will  forbear  with  my 
evident  short- comings. 

Success  In  shipping  fruits  has  and  will  always  depend  upon  what  we  have, 
how  we  pack,  and  unavailable  shipping  facilities;  thus  to  be  successful  we  must 
first  of  all  things  raise  good,  sound  fruit.  How  to  do  this  can  and  will  be  learned 
by  tbe  diligent  attendant  at.  the  deliberations  of  our  society,  as  also  by  careful 
study  of  Its  annual  reports,  but  above  all  by  close  observation  and  constant  waleb- 
fnlness.  The  days  when  a  "  go- happy -go-lucky  "  kind  of  person  can  produce  even 
good,  let  alone  the  best  and  only  paying  crops  of  fruits,  have  forever  gone.  Only 
the  wide-awake  man  can  be  a  successfnl  fruit-grower  or  shipper. 


62  STATE  HOETICDLTDBAL  BOOIBTT. 

Mncb  of  anccesB  in  shipping  frolU  depends  upon  the  manner  in  wblch  it  is 
handled  andpftohed.  To  begin,  nie  only  neat  and  dean  vessels,  which  sho-ildbflaa 
light  as  is  consistent  with  safety  in  handling ;  beads  on  burels,  covers  on  baskets 
and  tMxee  should  be  welt  secured,  and  above  all  things  let  them  be  of  full  size ;  If 
quarts.  If  gtillone.  If  bushels  if  barrels,  tbey^  should  hold  full  pretended  measure. 

Another  important  point  in  this  regard  Is,  and  It  has  time  snd  again  been 
urged,  neverthelesB  Is  now  and  probably  always  will  be  In  place,  the  grading  and 
Aortlng  fruits  for  shipment.  Be  the  crops  ever  so  flne,  there  will  always  be  different 
sized  and  more  or  less  colored  or  developed  specimens.  It  has  been  my  experience 
that  careful  sorting  or  cepsratlng  sucti  is  the  most  profitable.  But,  even  If  both 
grades  are  Bent  to  market  (separate,  of  course),  the  labor  of  sorting  will  be  well 
repaid  by  the  greater  prices  obtained  for  all  than  when  unassorted. 

Is  It  necespary  to  mention  that  all  fruits  should  be  carefully  bandied  during 
ftll  manipulations  while  preparing  It  for  shipment?    I  think  not. 

Transportation  enters  largely  Into  the  balance  of  the  shipper  of  frntts,  and  is 
on«  of  the  problems  concerning  profitable  horticulture.  Unless  we  have  good 
laollities  and  can  have  reasonable  freight  and  expresB  rates,  there  Is  but  little  en- 
eonragement  to  fruit  shipping,  and  the  chaises  for  transportation  often  exeeed  the 
proceeds  of  the  product. 

It  Is  gratifying  to  the  lover  of  borttcultnre  to  note  the  saccess  in  recent  years 
of  the  endeavors  of  our  society  to  obviate  this  cause  of  obstruction  by  obtaining 
bettor  facilities  and  lower  freight  rates  from  all  fruit  centers  or  places  from  where 
larger  quantities  of  fruit  are  shipped.  Let  us  hope  that  this  good  work  may  sttll 
proceed,  and  a  still  greater  Impulse  be  given  to  the  horticultural  Interests  of  our 
noble  State. 

To  be  successful  in  shipping  fruits,  the  following  points  must  neoessarll^  be 
observed:  Careful  sorting,  packing,  handling,  and  bonest  measure.  If  these  are 
observed  In  all  caeee,  and  with  requisite  transportation  facilities,  combined  with 
ordinary  Judgment  as  to  the  commercial  partofonr  transactions,  snocees  will  be 
the  rule,  failure  the  exception. 

Hcoo,  HoNTOOMsny  Coumtt,  Uo.,  January  1. 
lYetideni  and  Members  of  the  Misaouri  Slait  Boriieuliural  Society  .- 

1  am  glad  and  happy  to  Inform  you  that  our  local  borttcoitural  society  Is  in  a 
healthy  and  promising  condition.  We  have  now  eighteen  membors.  who  all  engage 
r::ore  or  less  In  planting  fruit  trees,  and  show  much  Interest  In  this  most  profitable 
and  pleasurable  enterprise . 

We  meet  on  every  first  Saturday  of  each  month,  and  also  once  a  week  during 
the  strawberry  season. 

:jlnce  the  organization  of  our  society  by  Hr.  Fred.  Lionberger,  I  am  happy 
to  state  that  onr  neighborhood  has  greatly  profited  since ,  I  may  say  that  we  have 
profited  more  than  any  of  us  expected  to. 

At  the  time  of  our  oiganlzation  as  a  horticultural  society,  there  were  hardly 
one  hundred  fruit  trees  in  my  neighborhood.  No  one  had  seemed  to  have  any  Idea 
that  it  would  ever  pay  to  plant  fruit  trees  or  to  enter  Into  that  kind  of  work.  But 
since  Hr.  Ijonlberger  has  helped  ua  and  encouraged  more  tree  planting  among  ua, 
the  number  has  increased  to  at  least  six  thousand  trees,  and  the  prospect  is  good 
to  increase  this  number  double  In  the  next  two  years: 

Four  years  ago  there  were  scarcely  any  strawberries  in  this  neighborhood,  and 
now  there  are  sevoral  towns  north  and  west  of  here  which  are  supplied  with  all 
the  strawberries  they  need  from  this  neighborhood. 


ly  Google 


SUMUBR  MBBTIHG  AT  POPLA.B  BLUPF.  (13 

The  bortloultur&l  societ}',  M  well  u  Mr.  Llooberger,  hu  been  the  means  ot 
doing  mooh  good  Id  this  Ttclulty. 

The  membeiB  of  onr  locat  horttonltaral  society  are  all  Germane,  snd  our  meet- 
ings are  condnoted  In  the  German  language'.  Yours  truly. 

Cbbkt.  Hoosbk. 

FROM   HATT  arKVBMS. 

FoENBY,  TBxiS,  May  26, 1890. 

By  the  kindness  of  your  secretary,  L.  A.  Goodman,  I  am  In  possession  of  the 
admirable  program  of  yoar  meeting,  aod  were  it  not  that  this  Is  my  busiest  time  1 
would  be  with  you.  It  being  held  so  near  me  ibis  time,  I  regret  tbat  I  cumot  come 
now  to  visit  the  once  home  of  my  adoption — the  city  and  "home  of  the  Starts" — 
and  also  the  "  Quaker  city  of  my  youth ; "  for  by  the  recoUectlon  of  those  primitive 
days  come  onr  first  enjoyments,  and  the  present  is  Its  matured  extension  of 
pleasures,  and  not  to  meet  yon  now,  after  meeting  many  of  yon  In  convention  in 
California,  and  last  In  Texas,  deprives  me  of  my  best  enjoyments.  I  wish  you 
ancoess  and  a  happy  meeting,  with  all  the  pleasures  It  affords. 

In  Texas  we  bave  pnssed  through  the  most  trying  winter  of  all  that  we  have 
had  In  fifteen  years.  The  O'St  frosts  and  light  freeze  occurred  the  last  of  Novem- 
tier.  December,  January  and  most  allof  February  wasexoeedingly  warm.  A  few 
days  In  each  of  those  months  the  thermometer  rose  to  above  60  degrees  of  heat. 
Some  peacbes,  apples,  pears  and  mulberries  blossomed  in  each  of  those  months, 
aet  ftuit  and  were  alt  sixes  up  to  a  hen's  egg  when  the  last  of  February  freeze 
atruclc  them,  the  thermometer  going  down  to  16  above  zero  and  continuing  quite 
onid  for  a  week  or  two,  thus  killing  or  at  least  checking  the  growth  of  all  trees, 
and  there  Is  not  one  fruit  tree  that  was  not  affected  by  the  freeze.  Mine  is  but  a 
fair  sample  aa  to  what  its  efi'eots  were  here,  and  my  orchard  la  thirteen  years  old. 

The  first  varieties  of  pears  to  blossom  were  the  Leconte,  Keiffer  and  Oarber. 
Some  few  leaves  were  killed  (tarned  black)  and  the  frult(8et)  dropped  to  the  ground 
one  by  one,  chilled  or  dead,  [cut  the  dead  leavesalloff,  and  as  a  rule  new  leaves  soon 
took  tbelr  places.  The  trees  soon  took  a  new,  vlgorouii  growth,  and  on  this  new 
fpowthof  wood  the  blossom  eame  again,  and  has  set  a  new  crop.  Now  this  Is  the 
only  pear  on  these  varieties  of  trees.  The  freeze  did  not  kill  nor  poison  tbe  new 
winter's  growth  of  these  trees.  The  European  pear  epeclee  (Bartlett,  Willlama, 
Duchess)  and  others  not  so  far  advanced,  bad  some  leaves  and  blossoms  killed  bnt 
not  much  fruit ;  It  poisoned  the  sap  so  much  that  the  limbs  began  to  wither,  dry 
and  turn  black,  but  by  commencing  soon  to  cut  the  ends  off  the  affected  limbs  tbe 
disease  Is  stopped,  and  our  rich,  strong  soils  soon  give  new  life  and  vigor  to  the 
tree  and  a  rich  color  to  the  foliage  of  these  pear  trees.  Tlpon  the  sandy  loam  soils 
these  last  trees  are  more  affected  than  mine,  which  is  on  black,  waxy  soils.  Hy 
Downing  mulberry  trees  were  In  full  leaf  aod  blossom,  and  tbey  were  billed  dead  to 
tbe  ground,  roots,  aod  all . 

Of  the  Chinese  strain  of  peaches,  the  Pentoo  (flat  peach)  blossonied  the  first  of 
December  and  continued  to  grow,  and  was  killeil  to  the  ground  both  root  and 
branch  ;  tbe  trees  were  thirteen  years  old  and  they  had  borne  six  good  crops— no 
trees  now. 

The  Honey,  Thurber  and  Chinese  Cling,  and  others  of  that  strain,  the  trait 
was  killed  but  not  the  trees.  The  Spanish  (our  Southern)  strain  of  peaches  are  tbe 
least  afiected  by  tbe  freeze,  and  are  now  the  only  trees  that  have  peaches  on  them. 
The  Old  Early,  Haines'  Early  and  Its  later  progeny,  all  are  either  dead  or  ready  to 
die;  four  varieties  of  them  died  from  theefleotsof  the  freeze  both  root  and  branch, 

D.-iiiz'i:;!...  V^H_H_'V|1> 


61  STATE  HOBTIOULTDBAL  BOCIBTY. 

while  of  seTeral  otber  TarietieB  of  the  asme  the  llmhs  h«  mor«  than  half  de&d, 
■ome  only  having  a  live  but)  here  and  there  on  the  trees;  theae  bad  not  yet  awelled 
a  single  bit  at  the  time  of  the  flreeze ;  cutting  open  a  bud  three  weeks  afterward, 
the  J  appeared  alive  and  green,  but  bo  fltmlj  bonnd  aod  cemented  waa  Its  covering 
that  the  bads  died,  most  of  them  from  strangnlation  ;  all  of  the  earliest  ripening 
peach  trees  are  the  worst  affected  of  all ;  at  least  one-halfof  my  peaoh  trees  I  shall 
have  to  cut  down  tbU  year. 

Apricots,  Nectarines  and  Almonds  show  about  one-half  as  bad  as  peacbes, 
with  bnt  little  fralt  on  them  this  year.  Hy  Hg  trees  on  two  years' growth  wera 
killed  back  one  year's  growth,  starting  out  at  one  year's  growth  again  with  a  pro»> 
peot  of  at  least  one-half  crop.  About  one-half  of  my  ont-door  orange  trees  «r« 
dead  bom  the  Hveze ;  the  others  dropped  their  leaves,  bnt  have  since  pat  oat  new 
ones  again— they  are  of  the  dwarf  species.  Of  Japan  Persimmon  trees  some  ar* 
dead,  bnt  the  moat  of  them  are  alive  and  doing  well.  Uy  olive  trees  all  stand  th« 
freeze  well,  and  are  doing  well,  't'he  Quava  and  the  Pomegranate  need  mors  pro  - 
tectlon  than  I  can  afford  to  give  It,  so  I  discard  them. 

Plums  of  the  Chtokasaw  varieties  are  at  home  here,  bnt  the  European  speelea 
and  their  descendants  are  too  tender  and  short-lived  here;  sometimes  bear  well,  but 
drop  oB  too  much.  TheHloks,  Uusslan  and  White  (for  shade),  Is  a  soocese.  Qnlnoea 
are  only  a  partial  success.  Strawberries  and  blackberries  are  a  success  wherever 
tried.  Apple  trees  stood  the  freeze  well,  bnt  lost  their  ftult  (the  most  of  It)  by  the 
freeze.  Its  biggest  enemy  is  the  tree  borer ;  have  raised  apples  for  the  last  eigjit 
years,  this  year  none.  In  grapes,  my  first  trials  here  were  failures  of  over  thirty 
varieties,  and  In  hut  few  were  I  sueeessfnl  with  them,  and  as  fast  as  one  variety- 
failed.  Its  space  was  given  to  something  else  ;  this  year  we  have  hut  a  small  crop 
of  grapes,  and  man's  un  con  troll  able  appetite  and  his  Inhnmanlty  to  man  and  the 
tendency  of  tbe  age  to  prohibit  both  the  manufaotnre  and  sale  of  wine,  and  put  Its 
users  under  a  guardianship  of  doctors  by  law,  without  distinction  as  to  abuse  of 
natural  rights,  Is  detrimental  to  the  grape-growing  industry,  so  that  I  am  dlsconi- 
aged  from  planting  more  vines. 

HOLT  COUNTY  HOBTIOULTDKAL  BOOIETT. 

BT  W.  R.  LAOGHUH,  SEORETART. 

The  Holt  County  Horticultural  society  reports  Itself  to  he  inreasonable  health, 
In  good  spirits,  and  by  somewhat  of  Industry  doing  a  fair  amount  of  good  work  for 
Itself  and  for  the  people. 

Circumstances  gave  us  several  months  daring  last  summer  that  we  held  no 
meetings,  but  when  we  came  together  again  the  Society  found  Itself  stltl  alive  and 
as  earnest  as  ever. 

T^e  season  bad  t>een  one  of  abundant  fralts,  and  though  at  times  prices  had 
been  low,  tbe  heart  of  the  horticulturist  was  encouraged  and  they  talked  with  each 
other  gladly.    Since  then  our  meetings  have  been  nearly  regular  once  a  month. 

The  "Holt  County  Sentinel,"  the  only  paper  now  published  at  oar  county 
seat,  makes  a  specialty  of  aiding  our  good  cause,  and  thereby  increases  the  number 
of  its  subscribers,  and  earns  the  good  will  of  the  people. 

Some  of  tbe  papers  read  before  our  Society  are  printed  In  our  local  papers. 
These  and  others  In  manuscript  are  sent  to  tbe  Secretary  of  our  State  society,  to  be 
dealt  with  as  he  sees  fit,  t<ome  of  them  find  their  way  Into  the  State  report,  and 
often  we  see  quotations  from  them  in  the  newspapers. 

The  good  effects  of  the  efforts  of  the  State  Society,  the  local  societies,  the  agrl- 
cnltural  and  horticnltural  papers  to  educate  the  people  to  a  higher  taste  In  planting 

D.-iiiz'i:;!...  V^H_H_'V|1> 


8UMHBB  UBBTINO   AT  POPI^B  BLUFF.  65 

fbi  oTDsment,  and  to  a  better  Jadgment  In  pleating  ft>r  money,  are  eaatlj'  aeen  all 
over  this  region.  Year  by  year  BhowaagalD  In  the  nnmber  of  orchards  belog 
plaoted,  in  the  amoant  of  amall  flruiU  set  for  family  nae  and  for  market,  and  In  the 
treei,  ehmba  and  flowers  to  be  seen  placed  aronnd  the  bomea  of  th»  people.  Not- 
withstanding the  exiattng  ftnaocial  depression  of  all  agrienltoral  matters,  more  of 
DorMty  staff  was  aoM  in  Holt  oonnty  thlB  spring  than  ever  before. 

PBACH  TKHS 

Made  a  great  growth  last  se&soD,  bat  went  Into  tbe  winter  too  soft.  The  trees 
were  not  injured,  bat  the  bloaaom  bods  were  all  killed  by  one  cold  plnoh.  So  no 
peaches  this  year-  -hat  they  may  come  another  year. 

Tnn:  AepLK  cbup 
Was  perhaps  never  In  better  shape  at  the  same  stage  than  now.  The  trees  bad 
grown  well  last  year,  and  a  heavy  load  of  bloom  opened  ont  in  good  style.  The 
weather  was  barely  warm  enough;  Jnst  enough  moisture  was  in  the  air;  there  was 
no  violent  wind ;  the  breezes,  the  insects  and  the  bees  Joined  Id  the  work  of  brlng- 
iog  tbe  well-matured  pollen  to  the  waiting  flowera,  and  that  item  of  the  strangest, 
finest  of  nature's  worklnga  whereby  Individ nala  are  developed  and  apeolea  con- 
tinned,  went  well  on.  The  apples  for  ISBO  were  started,  and  now,  these  first  days 
of  Jane,  the  little  fellows  are  holding  well  to  the  twigs  and  growing  in  the  best  of 
ways.  A  slight  Inn  on  the  morning  of  the  14th,  and  one  a  little  heavier  on  the 
Iflth,  did  some  damage  to  farm  crops  in  places ;  but  the  tender  embryos  on  the 
trees  were  not  hurt,  and  again  another  t&ct  was  added  to  the  evidence  that  there  Is 
DO  crop  tb.it  U  raised  snrer  than  the  apple  crop. 

Ad  unasual  pinch  of  spring  drouth  has  Just  passed  away  from  as.  The  small 
grain,  the  meadows  and  the  pastures  have  l)een  cut  short  for  this  by  a  heavy  per 
cent,  but  the  apples  and  the  trees  grew  right  on .  In  nurseries,  or  In  orchards  old 
or  yoang,  few  things  are  so  tittle  liable  to  Injury  by  flood  or  by  dronth  as  the  apple 
tree  and  Ita  fruit. 

Is  there  a  surer  crop  for  profit  than  the  apple?  Is  there,  anywhere,  a  better 
[riace  whereon  to  plant  apple  orchards  as  a  business  than  In  the  loess  deposit  of  the 
region  within  a  circle  200  miles  In  diameter,  and  whoso  center  is  tbe  city  of  St. 
Joseph? 

Sas  awakened  a  new  interest  in  its  oaltlvatlon.  Alt  along  for  many  years  men 
have  pUnt«d  now  and  then  a  few  pear  trees.  To  be  sare,  blight  has  swept  the  vast 
majority  ol  all  these  ont  of  existence.  Still  an  occasional  tree  has  stood, someof 
them  for  thirty  years  or  more,  without  being  harmed,  or  perhaps  only  a  little  In- 
jured. Many  of  these  have  bad  the  habit  of  bearing,  some  of  them  fair  crops  of 
fine  fruit.  Hen  have  compared  facts  as  to  pear  trees  and  their  irult,  and  the  inter- 
est bas  been  slowly  growing  for  a  few  years.  Last  fall  at  tbe  IJew  Era  exposition, 
at  St.  Joseph,  the  showing  ot  pears  was  so  extensive  and  so  fine  as  to  attract  the 
particular  attention  of  fruit  men  from  all  over  the  Union. 

This  spring  at  one  of  our  county  society  meetings,  Hr.  Q.  T.  Lnckhardt,  of 
our  county  seat,  gave,  In  a  paper,  the  results  of  more  than  thirty  years  of  exten- 
sive, intelligent  and  careful  experimenting  wilb  a  large  number  of  varieties.  The 
trees  of  a  few  of  bis  varieties  are  as  yet  uninjured,  and  have  borne,  on  the  average. 


H  B— 5 


.y  Google 


66  BTATB   nOBTIOUIiTUBAI.  80CIETT. 

good  timpt.  The  peu-  grown  on  tblB  aoU  la  In  color  and  In  flavor  &a  aapeiior  u  Is 
the  apple.  Far  more  pear  trees  were  planted  tbia  sprtog  than  ever  before,  and 
unless  there  shall  oome  some  backset,  the  Interest  la  but  begun. 


Bore  well  last  jear.  The  problem  In  plum  raising  la  mainly  aa  to  Impregnation — 
what  varieties  shall  be  planted  near  each  other.  The  carcuUo  and  the  gonger  can 
be  managed . 

KASPBERUES 

Cntaomeqneercapersslnce Jsnaary  1.  Tlie  bashes  last  fall  appeared  to  be  Id 
good  condition,  the  winter  was  a  mild  one,  and  jet  some  varieties  are  now  well 
nigh  wiped  ont,  while  few  It  anjr  we  notupalred. 

BLlCEBERBnCa. 

The  condition  Is  stated  bj  saying  that  they  are  all  rigbt. 


On  towgronnd  were  Injured  bj  the  froats  of  Hay  Hand  16.  On  high  ground,  where 
they  were  slightly  covered  last  winter,  and  the  covering  was  ased  as  a  mulch  this 
■prlDg.  the  berries  ore  of  good  size  and  thecrop  Is  heavy.  Where  not  so  treated  the 
berries  are  small  and  the  crop  qnlte  light. 

Moral— If  properly  treated,  the  strawberry  can  be  raised  Buccesafully  almost 
without  regard  to  the  season. 

TSB  NEW  KRl  sxposinoN 
At  St.  Joseph  last  Fall,  among  Its  attractions,  called  together  for  exhibition  a  sum 
total  of  about  3,000  plates  of  fruit.  In  one  of  Its  buildings  was  the  exhibit  trota 
Andrew  county,  made  by  its  citizens  and  in  charge  of  Ur.  HeOonlgle  and  Id.  Wil- 
liams; also  the  exhibit  from  Holt  oounty,  made  by  Mr.  N.  F.  Murray.  Only  & 
narrow  aisle  was  between  these  two  exhibits.  All  the  cultivated  ftnita  of  both 
counties  were  to  be  seen  there.  Being  In  the  employ  of  the  Exposition  during 
every  day  of  Its  ezlstenoe,  my  dnty  brought  me,  more  than  any  other  man  on  the 
grounds,  In  contaot  with  the  visitors,  particularly  with  the  more  intelligent  of 
them.  I  talked  with  more  or  less  of  people  from  33  of  the  states,  and  from  every 
territory  but  Alaska.  Last  year  was  not  the  best  season  for  producing  frnlts  of  the 
largest  size,  of  the  finest  color,  nor  yet  of  the  highest  flavor ;  but  that  exhibit  ex- 
cited the  wonder,  the  surprise  and  the  admiration  of  the  visitors  from  every  one  or 
these  states  and  territories.  Few  of  them  claimed  that  their  states  could  or  ever 
had  made  any  better  showing  than  was  there  msde  by  these  two  counties. 

Massachusetts  men  gszednpon  the  Seckel  and  said,  "It  Isone  third  larger  than 
we  have  In  our  State." 

New  York  and  Ohio  men,  and  the  men  from  Michigan,  saw  our  Bartlett  and 
Duchess  and  ssid,  "  We  csn't  beat  them  at  home." 

California  men  said,  "  Oh,  we  raise  bigger  pears,"  but  would  admit  tbat  the 
Missouri  pears  equaled  those  of  California  for  flavor,  and  had  more  and  liner  color. 

Michigan  men  only  claimed  that  some  varieties  of  apples  grew  larger  or  bet- 
ter than  la  Missouri. 

THE   YEAR   1893 

la  coming.  For  that  year  Chicago  will  be  the  gathering-place  of  the  peoples  of  the 
whole  earth— the  place  where  every  nation,  every  tribe  will  meet  to  show,  to  see 


u  Cookie 


SUMMER  MBBTINQ  A.T   POPLAB  BLUFF.  67 

and  to  kiTD.  Let  ub  bope  tliat  do  evil  01^7  oome  apon  ourorobftrda ;  that  that  leaBon 
wtU  be  laeh  an  one  as  to  give  Into  our  hands  aa  flne  apeolmeni  aa  HUioarl  has  ever 
prodoMd ;  that  onr  Legtalature  and  coaoty  courts  will  aid  qb  ;  that  all  over  the 
iUte  earnest  men  and  women  will  aaalat  with  zeal,  and  with  energy,  eo  that  at  the 
githtrlng-plaoe  of  the  atatea  of  our  own  nation,  and  of  the  nations  of  the  earth,  the 
HlMonri  State  Bortlcaltnral  Society  Rball  be  able  to  make  a  more  extensive,  a  finer 
andabettershowof  the  Ik^Us  of  the  Temperate  zone  Ihan  baa  everyet  been  made 
upoD  the  Planet. 

RBPOBT  FROM  BUTLBB  OOUNTT. 

Trath  Is  mighty  and  will  prevail.  Bmanatli^  ai  It  does  from  the  throne  of 
Almighty  power,  It  ii  an  omnipotent  foil  before  wbloh  error  will  alwayi  fall. 

Bntler  connty  la  a  broad  subject,  and  happily  Isjnst  nowbe^nnlngto  brlghteh 
iFith  the  hnrnlehed  tmth  of  her  ftnitfo]  fields  of  productive  soil.  Bnt  mach  the 
more  u  the  bonndless  exaggeration  of  Its  deadly  miasm  which  diffused  with  the 
winds  ol  heaven  the  seeds  of  every  malady  which  has  a  name  In  our  langnage,  I  g 
dispelled  with  the  published  tmth  of  the  comparative  htalthfulness  of  the  climate. 

Butler  has  become  Innocently  famed  In  other  parts  of  the  State  as  the  abode  of 
«rery  BDiphlbloaa  animal  and  deadly  reptile,  ai  well  ae  the  favorite  home  of  unapar- 
isg  pestilence. 

Butler  county.  In  respect  of  the  native  wealth  of  Its  soil.  Is  scarcely  surpassed 
In  Slisonrl,  and  as  to  the  value  of  the  Inoumbent  timber,  etanda  unrivaled  through- 
out our  great  commonwealth.  Of  our  Balubrlons  climate,  It  will  eafflce  to  say  that , 
in  general  healthfulneas  It  Is  not  excelled  by  any  of  the  more  favored  oonntlea  of 
tbe  higher  latltudei  In  the  State. 

Butler  county,  In  short,  may  be  described,  as  every  other  county  In  the  Stat« 
with  very  few  exceptions,  as  good,  bad  and  Indifferent. 

But  the  stranger,  passing  over  our  territory  with  only  a  profile  perapectlve, 
-can  get  but  a  false  ImpresrloQ,  which  a  general  view  alone  may  correct. 

We  have  bere  elevated  plateaae  of  gently  undulating  table-land,  which  unfold 
naay  charms  to  tbe  enraptured  vision  of  the  practical  farmer  or  ranchman. 

It  Is  not  In  profile,  bnt  a  perlsoopic  view,  our  county  must  be  seen  to  be  fully 
anpreclated .  It  has  Its  rough  side,  but  the  law  of  compensations,  which  never  falls 
lo  the  distrlbutlan  of  the  beoeflts  of  nature,  covers  It  with  a  oharmlng  verdure, 
which  entiors  to  tbe  absolute  abandon  which  always  prevails  where  the  provision 
for  the  aopport  of  animal  life  Is  wlthont  limit. 

This  rough  Bide,  as  it  is  presented  Itom  the  plastic  hand  of  nature.  Is  suggest- 
ive of  the  Irresistible  Internal  fbroes  which  In  periods  of  volcanic  upheaval  have 
lifted  to  the  aurface  not  only  acres  bnt  miles  of  stone.  This  feature,  without  lo- 
vettlgatloD,  would  condemn  all  this  portion  of  our  territory  to  the  hopeless  condi- 
tion of  an  absolute  desert  waste.  Bnt  what  a  mistake.  The  closest  rook-ribbed 
lill]  there  la  In  all  this  bonndary,  In  the  lofty  forest  of  sturdy  oak,  together  with 
tbe  almost  unbroken  carpet  of  luxuriant  grass,  consisting  not  only  of  nutritious 
grsia,  but  a  profose  growth  of  provlne  In  all  the  nntamed  varieties,  forever  forbid 
tbe  eonctnaion  of  a  sterile  waste.  In  the  midst  of  our  best  cultivated  districts  In 
tbe  most  advanced  counties  there  Is  no  other  comparison  but  the  cultured  clover 
field. 

Bnt  to  show  up  the  country  In  terms  of  easy  comprehension,  we  woald  bead 
tbe  procession  In  the  march  of  progress  in  our  great  State  with  Saline  county  Id 
the  van  Id  tbe  bonorable  avocation  of  agriculture.    Accepting  her  annual  prodacta 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


6S  8TATB  HOETIODLTDBAL  SOCIBTT. 

per  acre  aetbe  standard  of  compkrison,  Charlton,  Carroll  and  Platte  stand  aeoond 
in  th«  rank  in  their  claim  of  the  lanrel  wreath. 

But  Butler  countf ,  in  gome  of  Its  parts,  wltb  similar  features  of  sur&ce  soll^ 
vllh  a  dlitlDctivd  forest  growth  of  timber  as  contrasted  with  the  dwarfed  growtb 
of  Platte,  produces  with  slngnlnr  unlformlt)'  Any  bnafaels  or  oorn  and  one  and  a. 
half  to  two  tons  per  acre  of  tlmothjoT  herd  grass. 

In  testimony  will  Introduoe  one  man's  experience  through  a.  period  of  oighteen- 
yesrs.    He  la  not  of  the  questionable  sort  as  to  Terselty. 

Fifty  measured  buahels  of  com  was  his  ordinary  crop— never  less,  but  often 
overrannlDg  that  measure.  We  will  keep  the  same  witneos  on  the  stand  as  to  the- 
hay  Bold  last  year  from  t«n  measured  acres  of  grass.  At  f  16  per  ton  he  netted  the 
.    not  nndeslrable  sum  of  X310  on  the  crop. 

Sastatned  wltb  necessary  energy,  tbe  Intelligent  tillage  of  the  soil  wonld  proT» 
invariably  profitable  here  to  every  man  engaged  In  this  bonorable  calling. 

As  we  do  not  wlsb  to  be  tedious,  we  will  vary  tbe  aspect  of  the  subject  hy 
considering  briefly  the  adaptation  of  tbe  county  to  the  valuable  grasses.  Here- la 
the  stocknaD's  home  par  excellence.  Run  an  extended  line  of  comparison  from 
the  extreme  northwest  of  Washington  Territory,  dropping  down  to  the  lower  lati- 
tudes In  a  southeasterly  direction  through  Oregon,  Idaho,  Dakota  and  Wyoming  t& 
Colorado,  not  forgetting  to  pay  our  passing  compliment  to  Nebraska  and  Kansas, 
we  will  Journey  on  through  the  Indian  Territory  into  northwest  Texas,  where  tha- 
ranohman  holds  undisputed  sway. 

Right  here  In  Butler  we  And  everything  thrown  together  with  a  rtcb  pro- 
flislon  nowhere  else  to  be  met  with  from  nature's  bountiful  hand — every  material 
element  conducive  to  the  wealth  of  the  stockman:  a  beneficent  elimate,  pure 
water  beyond  exhaustion  from  hill  and  valley,  and  a  great  variety  of  nutritloua 
grasses,  supplemented  by  uncoanted  toothsome  plants,  rich  In  nitrogenous  and 
carbonaceous  properties  nnlted  liberally  wltb  the  phosphate  of  lime  to  Induce  thft 
rapid  production  of  bone  and  maecle  and  the  steady  accumulation  of  fht. 

As  to  the  question  of  the  variety  or  our  native  grasses.  It  is  not  necessary  to- 
Invite  the  attention  of  such  as  have  had  practical  experience  of  their  value. 

Prom  the  northwest  all  the  way  down  south  to  the  westward  of  the  lOOtb 
meridian  there  is  no  other  grass  of  special  merit  bnt  tbe  buffalo  grass,  Eastward 
of  that  meridian,  la  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  tbe  list  soon  begins  to  increase  in  variety. 
From  that  latitude  south  we  are  greeted  with  the  more  valuable  of  the  prairie 
grasses,  iDclndlngtne  far-famed  blue-stem,  or  broad-blade,  the  liest  fattening  grass- 
there  Is— the  greatest  boon  given  to  man  where  nature  has  so  lavishly  scattered' 
her  treasures  of  wealth. 

Bnt  after  BO  swift  and  extended  flight  upon  the  wlogsof  thought,  occupying  bnt 
a  few  minutes  of  time,  accomplishing  hundreds  of  miles  In  distance,  we  will  fold 
her  pinions  and  settle  down  at  home  to  contemplate  tbe  prospect  around  us. 

Butler  county  has  more  miles  of  nnfenced  grass,  a  greater  variety  and  better 
grass.  In  more  luxuriant  growth,  than  any  other  county  in  tbe  >itate.  Besides  that, 
this  wide  expanse  of  unkempt  pasture  land  is  subdivided  by  the  season  Into  summer 
and  winter  range. 

After  tbe  sun's  return  to  this  part  of  the  world  from  his  k<ng  annual  Jonmey 
acroee  the  middle  line,  and  with  the  warm  beams  of  his  smiling  face  loosens  the 
ley  bonds  of  winter,  wooing  vegetation  back  to  life  and  laxurlsnce  again,  the  forest 
soon  takes  on  full  leaf  and  covers  with  its  arborescent  shadows  the  face  of  the  enrtbv 
which  Invites  not  In  vain  to  its  balmy  protection  against  tlie  fierce  rays  of  the  noon- 
day sun  after  the  summer  solstice  comes.    After  these  life-giving  iufluences  are 


Dgnzs:;!-.;  \_jV_IV_)V|1^ 


BOMMBB  MBBTIRG  AT  POPLAE  BLUFF.  TO 

raponded  tn  t&  a  fail  growth  of  gru>,  and  the  many  plants  which  delight  la  the 
mnntflceDt  eoU  of  this  pnrt  of  tbe  earth,  eattle  and  sheep  find  here  lodeed  a  moat 
IbllcltouB  home. 

Ah  to  the  Damber  of  valuable  grasaea  here  to  be  found,  no  one  but  a  thoroasb 
botanist  can  answer.  In  Kansas  it  Is  claimed  they  connt  one  hundred  and  more 
■dIOierent  Taiietles.  Ho  doubt,  Incladlng  with  our  tmmerouB  kinds  all  the  nutrltloua 
plantn  which  our  sheep  and  cattle  tlnd  profitable,  the  list  may  be  Indefinitely 
-extended.  All  the  teeming  millions  of  wealth  now  going  to  waste  may  In  time  be 
stillzed  and  oarrted  to  market  in  the  earcass  of  tbe  fat  bnllock  and  mutton. 

This  rich  pafitnie  la  to  be  bad  here  all  the  year  round,  by  shifting  to  the  low 
Xroond  during  the  winter,  without  the  loss  or  the  knowledge  Of  an?  of  the  condi- 
tions previoasl}'  enamerated— grass,  water  or  shelter. 

The  Immense  advantage  of  distance  afforded  by  our  proximity  to  market  over 
-other  points  more  remote,  is  in  Itself  worth  millions  to  this  part  of  the  conntry. 

I  shall  not  In  this  place  apeak  of  syndicates  in  conneotlon  with  the  demand 
<6r  beef  In  tbe  great  markets  of  the  Statea,  farther  than  to  remark,  there  Is  an  im- 
preaslon  In  some  qaartera  of  a  tendency  to  dliintegratlon.  This  tendeooj  may 
■contribute  materially  to  the  promotion  of  tbe  growth  of  the  best  breeds  for  the 
bntoher'H  block,  in  conjunotlon  with  the  aystem  of  mixed  hnsbandry  now  generally 
prevalent  In  the  land. 

Finally,  there  is  no  tenable  reason  known  why  our  capital  town,  with  a  Uttle 
-effort  at  asmalloutlayof  money,  may  not  become  the  nucleus  otan  extensive  cream- 
ery. Here  an  adopted  h<»ne  tor  all  the  best  milk  breeds  can  be  had  at  less  cost  than 
■anywhere  elae  lo  alt  tbe  broad  expanse  of  the  States,  with  every  comfort  In  ahand- 
ance  to  create  the  very  elyslnm  of  animal  life. 

If  the  Almighty  Creator  of  man,  his  constant  benefactor  and  best  friend,  has 
-ever  contemplated  the  provision  on  the  part  of  man  of  an  earthly  paradise  fbr  tbe 
■cow  and  her  progeny,  it  can  be  obtained  hero. 

BEPOBT  ON  THE  LARDB  OF  BUTLEB  OOIJNTT. 
Ml.  Chairman :— The  eabject  now  presented  la  new  In  onr  ooneideratlon,  hut 
Its  novelty  does  not  withhold  anything  from  Its  valae.  Tbe  extent  of  our  forests 
of  poat-oak  or  of  our  ao-catled  crawfish  land  In  the  valteys  which  form  so  large  a 
feature  la  the  surface  appearance  of  the  coanty.  Is  not  definitely  known  ;  but  the 
amoont  of  either  doea  not  partluularly  concern  as  now,  but  tbe  productive  quality 
lathe  subject  of  special  consideration  at  present.  In  the  bill  land  of  the  county, 
poat-oak,  in  laiger  or  smaller  foresta,  witnesses  tbe  existence  of  a  peculiar  soil  In 
nearly  every  measured  section.  Perhaps  In  tbe  more  elevated  plateau  It  Is  there 
predominant,  as  to  the  soil  It  Is  In  heavier  or  lighter  strata,  but  always  Intense^ 
active  In  Its  powerof  prodaetlveneas.  As  a  consequence, under  severe  tillage  from 
year  to  year.  It  might  the  more  readily  eshauet  or  fall  Into  a  non-productive  state; 
but  here,  as  In  tbe  general  management  of  farm  operations,  tbe  wakeful  skill  of  the 
farmer  is  called  to  the  rescue.  At  this  point  oar  further  discussion  of  tbe  subject 
should  be  prefaced  with  the  Inquiry  as  to  its  peculiar  adaptation.  It  does  not  lie 
In  the  circumference  of  the  cereala,  but  In  that  of  tbe  valuable  grasses— not  of  the 
meadow  varieties,  but  such  as  enter  into  the  active  support  of  pastoral  life,  yield- 
ing always  up  to  Its  full  capacity  In  qnantity  and  of  unequal  quality;  with  Its  ready 
Assimilation  of  all  arlmal  and  vegetable  fertilizers,  as  the  borne  of  cattle  and  sheep 
At  large ;  it*  susceptibility  of  an  Increased  productiveness  Is  unaurpasaed  and 
without  end.  Here  and  there.  In  my  limited  knowledge  of  the  country,  are  some 
vide  dUtrlota  of  this  particular  timber  always  grown  (torn  a  alngnlarly  chataeter- 


70  STATE   HOBTIOULTUBAL  800IBTT. 

ized  soil  In  that,  th&t  lt«  native  graeies  of  whatever  vartetf  are  of  the  flnent  text- 
ore  and  replete  with  inch  natrltlve  power  as  la  rapidly  and  profitably  appropriated 
to  the  foil  lo  laying  on  of  lleeh,  the  Hweeteet  and  most  Bavory  of  Hb  kind,  whether 
beef  or  matton  found  In  the  shamblea  of  our  city  market.  In  these  particular 
localities  could  be  founded  the  floeat  sheep  walks,  greeted  by  the  cheering  em  lies  of 
Heaven's  bright  bud,  rewarded  with  the  highest  poealble  profit  obtained  from  that 
honorable  pursuit.  So  used,  old  Father  Time  himself  will  not  live  beyond  the  end 
of  the  Increased  fertility  of  that  olass  of  onr  soil. 

But  of  oar  crawfish  land,  let  us  submit  and  reflect  some  facts  pertaining  to  its- 
ewentlalnatare,  consisting  as  It  does  of  calcareous  lime,  blended  aparaelywlth 
Band,  but  liberally  with  vegetable  and  animal  matter  In  every  stage  of  decay.  It  Is- 
productive  beyond  the  ken  of  the  inexperienced  former,  of  all  tbe  valuable  graina- 
and  grasses  suceessfully  grown  In  onr  latitude.  Like  that  of  the  post-oak  the  soil 
has  not  an  nnltmlt«d  adaptation  ;  bnt  In  the  production  of  corn  Is  only  second  to- 
our  best  dry  loam  of  tbe  valleys,  and  in  tbe  growth  of  valuable  meadow  grass^ 
herdsgrass  and  timothy  Is  without  a  rival.  In  the  production  of  these  two  most 
valuable  grasset,  transported  In  a  dry  state  to  meet  the  demand  of  the  city  mar- 
ket, this  soil  is  without  a  peer  In  the  whole  realm  of  nature. 

The  world's  laboratory,  of  which  lli{ht,  air  and  water  are  ever  sleepless  agents,, 
constantly  active  In  replacing  the  constltaents  withdrawn  from  the  soil  In  support 
of  the  husbandman's  crops — to  himself  and  tbe  world  the  everlasting  source  or 
both  food  and  raiment.  Nature  has  not  In  any  quarter  of  the  earth  boon  ao  lavlsb 
in  tbe  creation  of  soil  as  to  place  It  beyond  the  reach  of  exhaustion,  not  even  la 
tbe  world  wide  ftmed  valley  of  the  Nile,  for  the  soil  there  In  each  returning  year  Ib- 
repaid  for  last  year's  loss  by  the  heavy  soil  drift  which  oomes  down  wiib  the  &»• 
Dual  overflow  of  the  river  Nile  from  the  mountains  of  Nnbla  and  Abyslnia.  Bat- 
the  universal  law  of  oompenaatlon  ts  always  In  full  force.  Our  crawfish  land  Is 
not  an  exception  to  its  benlflcent  operations.  The  air  we  breathe  by  Its  aution  or 
evolving  gaseous  vapors  from  theanlmal  and  vegetable  debris  In  the  soil  reacting  od 
tbe  lime  contained  will  keep  up  for  a  period  but  not  fbrever  Its  active  capabilities. 
Henoethe  demand,  to  counteract  theexhauEtion,  of  the  liberal  supply  of  fertiliz- 
ing agents  In  the  form  of  carbonates,  phosphates  and  nitrates  to  liberate  the  latent; 
elements  contained  in  the  earth,  to  bring  them  Into  an  active  and  available  state  for 
the  continued  and  possibly  the  Increased  growth  of  valuable  vegetable  prodnotlon. 

From  the  views  here  presented  it  would  seem  almost  unnecessary  to  lepeat  iik 
precise  terms  that  the  soil  now  under  consideration  is  not  prolific  in  valuable  pro- 
duction until  after  acknowledging  the  reactionary  force  of  such  llfe-glvlng  princi- 
ples as  convert  Its  dormant  properties  Into  a  productive  plant-bed.  It  will  so  con- 
tinue during  a  period  of  exposure  to  their  vitalizing  Influence.  But  later  on,  wheit 
signs  of  partial  exhaustion  are  made  manifest.  It  can  be  successfully  renewed  by  tbe- 
provident  Intervention  of  man,  with  the  full  assurance  that  love's  labor  is  not  loat« 
bnt  that  he  shall  receive  in  full  measure  the  merited  reward  of  his  labor. 


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MISCELLANEOUS  PAPERS. 


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80»E  OP  OtTE  ItrSECr  FRIENDS  AND  THE  WATS  IN  WHICH 
THEY  BEFRIEND  US. 

[Aneaurrekdit  thaawtaHorUDQltanlBoclatr'iUeatlDg.l 


UtKY  B.  HUKTFKUIT. 


The  hsman  hubit  of  regardiug  all  classes  of  tlie  lower  aoiiiials  from 
a  narrovl;  sabjective  point  of  view,  leads  not  only  to  great  iojostioe 
to  beings  iu  vhicli  ve  can  trace  the  mdimenta  of  nearly  all  onr  most 
boasted  attribates,  bat  leads  also  to  a  misconception  of  tbe  parpoaea 
of  an  all-vise  and  benefloeot  Creator.  Bo  complicated  and  inter-de- 
pendent are  the  relations  of  all  organic  beings,  that  for  as  to  pronoance 
any  creature  an  anmitigated  evil,  is  the  height  of  presainptiTe  iKQor- 
ance.  TSo  matter  how  much  we  may  gnffer  in  onr  relations  with  some 
of  these  animals,  nor  how  malignant  and  useless  they  may  seem  to  ns, 
ve  may  be  snre,  not  only  that  they  are  necessary  links  in  tbe  ohain  of 
being,  but  that  it  is  within  tbe  limits  of  the  hnmau  mind,  some  day,  to 
discover  their  place  and  importance.  In  regard  to  the  insect  world 
this  is  especially  tme.  Very  little  attention,  comparatively,  has  been 
given  to  the  subject  of  the  benefits  which  we,  directly  or  indirectly, 
derive  from  them,  while  we  are  constant]}  reminded  of  the  personal 
injuries  tbey  do  as  and  the  losses  they  occasion  ns. 

It  seems  only  fair  that  we  should  occasionally  take  the  other  side 
and  endeavor  to  recognize  our  insect  ftiends.  That  these  are  far  more 
DumerouB  than  people  generally  are  aware,  and  that  they  are  more 
potent  for  good  than  we  can  easily  believe,  it  will  be  the  aim  of  these 
notes,  in  some  measure,  to  show.  Nor  do  I  here  intend  to  expatiate 
apon  those  conspicuously  beneflcial  species  to  which  we  are  indebted 
for  the  most  exquisite  of  our  textile  &bricB,  the  most  Inscioas  of  oar 
sweets,  the  most  brilliant  of  onr  dyes,  and  tbe  most  burning  of  oar 
blisters.  It  is  tme,  I  might  enlarge  even  this  list  considerably,  were  I 
to  include  all  the  insects  that  contribute  to  foods,  medicine  and  the 
arts,  bat  I  will  limit  my  references  to  the  less  plainly  evident  ways  in 
which  other  members  of  this  class  serve  oar  interests. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_)' 


Sle 


74  STATK  HOBTIOULTCBAI.  8O0IBTT. 

As  ODB  phaae  of  Uieir  DBefalneaa,  ve  mnet  remember  that  in  & 
general  w&y  insects  are  basy  from  morning  till  night,  and  f^m  night 
till  morning,  fertilizing  and  cross-fertilizing  onr  grains  and  froits,  by 
carrying  the  pollen  from  the  anthers  of  one  plant  to  the  stigmas  of 
another  of  the  same  kind,  thns  iosnring  vigor  to  the  germ  and  per* 
fectioD  to  the  frait.  Indeed,  naturalists  have  discovered,  within  the 
last  quarter  of  a  centary,  so  great  a  measure  of  mntnal  dependence  be- 
tween plants  and  insects,  that  eboald  the  entire  class  of  the  latter  be 
exterminated  the  whole  &ioe  of  natare  woald  speedily  be  changed. 
Many  of  onr  most  valuable  vegetable  products  would  disappear,  and  a 
reversion  to  the  undeveloped,  though  gigantic  plant  forms  of  the  car- 
boniferous age  would  be  manifested,  and  with  the  disappearance  of 
bread  grains  and  sncculent  fmits,  man  and  the  higher  animals  would 
probably  perish. 

Among  the  most  interesting  of  recent  botanical  discoveriee  Ib  the 
absolute  dependence  of  that  singular  and  lovely  class  of  plants — the 
Orchids — upon  the  good  offices  of  insects  to  enable  them  to  produce 
seed.  And  nothing  in  nature  is  more  wonderful  than  the  contrivances 
of  delicate  tissues,  forms  and  colors  by  which  self-fertilization  is  ren- 
dered impossible,  while  at  the  same  time  the  attractions  for  insects  are 
60  conspicuone  and  so  irresistible,  and  the  mechanical  contrivances  so 
ingenious  by  which  their  visits  are  utilized,  that  in  their  native  habitat, 
ot  where  they  have  become  thoroughly  nataralized,  the  orchids  sel- 
dom tail  to  perfect  an  abundance  of  seed. 

It  is  true  that  these  and  other  ornamental  plants  are  not,  in  them- 
selves, among  the  necessaries  of  life.  Bnt  they  are  every  year  in  in- 
creasing demand  as  a  luxury  of  the  rich,  and  it  will  be  seen  that  when 
the  importer  of  a  novelty,  or  its  first  propagator,  receives  hundreds, 
even  thoneande  of  dollars  for  a  single  plant,  that  these  per  se  uaeless 
cariosities  may  be  converted  into  much  bread  and  batter  and  fine 
raiment,  and  are,  therefore,  not  to  be  scorned  by  even  the  strictest  otili- 
tarian.  Bat  to  enlarge  upon  what  has  already  been  referred  to,  it  is  not 
only  in  the  case  of  these  exotics  or  rare  native  plants  that  insect  agency, 
in  the  matter  of  distiibnting  pollen,  is  of  importance  to  as.  Our  or- 
chards, oar  vineyards,  onr  berry  beds,  are  all  more  productive  for  the 
swarms  of  bees,  flies,  beetles  and  butterflies  that  flit  from  one  fragrant 
flower  cluster  to  another,  collecting  and  scattering  the  fmctiiying  germs 
and  taking  toll  of  pearly  nectar  and  golden  pollen  as  a  marriage  fee.  The 
crimson  clover  flelda,  glowing  like  sunset  clouds  upon  oar  rolling  pnu- 
ries,  loading  the  summer  breezes  with  sweetest  incense,  would  be  ban- 
ished from  our  landscapes  with  the  extermination  of  sncb  common 
insects  as  the  humble-bees;  and  in  the  nectar  glands  of  the  nameroas 


MISCBLLAHKOUS  PAPERS.  75- 

other  important  plaots  wMcb  possess  them,  we  recognize  a  bid  for  tl)& 
asBiBtance  of  inseols,  vithonb  which  perfectioB  and  perpetuation  woold 
be  impossible. 

But  this  is  only  one  of  many  phases  of  onr  indebtedness  to  that 
olasB  of  animals,  nsnally  spoken  of  in  contemptoous  generalization  as 
bugt.  Another,  which  shonld  not  be  entirely  overlooked,  is  that  they 
ate  the  chief  food  supply  of  the  great  majority  of  birds  and  food  fishes. 
Neither  ehonld their  offlceas  land  and  water  scavengers  be  andervalaed^ 
and  we  can  scarcely  realize  the  aid  they  afford  in  the  rednotion  of  decay- 
ing animal  and  vegetable  substances  to  their  original  innoxious  ele- 
ments. 

It  is,  however,  to  those  species,  which  by  their  cannibalistic  and 
parasitic  habits  assist  so  immeasnrably  in  keeping  in  check  other 
species,  which  in  their  anperabnudance  are  undeniably  injatioDS  to  ws^ 
that  I  desire  more  particularly  to  call  attention,  and  to  emphasize  thfr 
importance  of  a  safflcient  knowledge  of  their  forms  to  enable  as  to 
distinguish  oar  friends  &om  oar  foes.  How  often  have  I  had  brought 
to  me  aa  a  culprit,  charged  with  committing  the  most  extensive  depre- 
dations, the  larva  of  lace-wing  fly,  or  lady-bird  beetle,  that  was  render- 
ing the  most  important  service  possible,  by  devouring  the  myriads  of 
tiny  aphids  or  scale  insects  that  were  sapping  the  life  of  the  plant.  I 
know  it  is  not  possible  for  all  agricaltarists  to  be  so  well  acquainted 
with  inaeot  forms  that  they  can  in  all  cases  distingoish  a  destructive 
from  a  beneficial  species.  Bat  it  would  not  be  a  very  severe  tax  on 
the  memory  and  observation  to  make  one's  self  fitmiliar  with  about  a- 
dozen  of  the  most  prominent  and  valuable.  The  trouble  is  that  we 
must  be  able  to  recognize  eaoh  species  uuder  two  or  three  forms. 
The  handsome,  though  very  malodorous,  lace-wing  flies,  for  instance,, 
are  easily  recognized  and  respected,  but  because  their  larvae  are  fierce- 
looking  alligator-shaped  grabs,  they  are  more  likely  than  not  to  be  ex- 
ecuted by  Lynch  law  process  and  have  their  trial  afterward.  It  may 
almost  be  set  down  asarnle  that  the  ugliest  and  most  ferocious  looking^ 
of  insect  larvee  are  the  ones  in  all  cases  to  preserve.  And  it  may  also 
be  said  that  the  grace  and  beaaty  of  the  perfect  insect  is,  with  many 
species,  in  exact  ratio  to  the  fierce  ungainliness  of  their  immature 
forms.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  cannibal  beetles,  which  are  dis- 
tingaished  by  a  peculiar  elegance  of  form  and  motion,  and  usually 
exhibit  brilliant  metallic  colors,  while  their  young,  which  burrow  in  the 
earth,  are  many  of  them  really  hideoos.  The  tiger  beetles,  which  th& 
most  inattentive  observer  can  scarcely  have  foiled  to  notice  along  oar 
roadways  and  garden  paths  in  the  spring,  running  with  the  most 
extreme  lightness  and  agility  and  riaiug  readily  on  the  wing  wheu 


"76  STATB  HORTIOULTUEAL   BOOIETY. 

frightened,  are  great  hunters,  while  their  larva,  vbich  reat  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  perpeDdicalar  hole  in  the  in'onud  five  or  six  laches  deep,  and 
«f  the  diameter  of  an  ordioary  lead  pencil,  are  gennine  trappers,  climb- 
ing to  the  top  of  their  borrovs  and  opening  their  jaws  to  take  in  any 
DQirar;  insect  that  may  stray  into  them,  and  bandreds  of  bags,  aotB, 
flies  und  worms  are  required  to  nonriah  a  aingle  tiger  beetle  larva  to 
the  atage  of  naatnrity.  The  larger  ground  beetles  alao  hnut  on  the 
florface  of  the  earth,  while  their  larvse  follow  the  same  practice  beneath, 
barrowing  in  all  directions  in  search  of  cnrcnlio  and  other  larrs  that 
«nter  the  ground  to  transform.  The  preying  mantis  or  devil's  horse 
{Mantis  CarolinaJ  is  another  very  valnable,  though  uncanny  looking 
insect.  Its  presence  shonld  always  be  encouraged  in  orchard  and  vine- 
yard, and  its  singular  egg  masses,  which  bo  much  resemble  what  geolo- 
^sts  call  a  "trilobite,"  ahonld  by  no  means  be  destroyed.  While  it  is 
no  respecter  of  species,  bene&cial  or  injarious,  it  devours  far  more  of 
the  latter  than  of  the  former.  The  short-winged  females,  which  are 
incapable  of  flight,  are  especially  ferocioaa,  and  the  ultimate  &te  of 
many  of  the  longer  winged  bnt  less  robttst  males  is  to  forniah  their  con- 
jugal partners  with  a  dinner. 

Among  the  species  of  cannibal  beetles  which  merit  our  highest 
regard  are  the  so-called  lady-birda  fCoccinellidaeJ,  The  pretty  beetles 
themselves  are  among  the  few  insectB  that  enjoy  a  meaaare  of  popular 
favor — no  one  seeming  to  regard  them  with  aversion.  Children  play 
with  them,  and  the  superstitious  divine  certidn  coming  events  by  their 
movements.  We  have  native  to  this  coantry  fifty  or  sixty  species,  bat 
not  more  than  twelve  or  fifteen  of  this  number  are  abundant  and  widely 
■distribated.  There  are  also  a  few  notable  imported  species  to  which  I 
will  refer  later.  They  are  all  of  small  size,  the  largest  not  exceeding 
one-third  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  form  is  rounded,  oval  or  bemi- 
■epherical,  and  in  coloring,  varioua  shades  of  red,  with  black  dota,  pre- 
vail. The  larvs  are  elongate,  dark  colored,  often  spiny  grabs,  -with 
six  long,  sprangly  legs,  and  present  a  rather  repolsive  appearance. 
When  ready  to  change  they  attach  themselves  by  the  tail  and  either 
push  the  larvEe  skin  backward  or  split  it  open  on  top,  bat  remain  within 
it  until  the  beetle  is  ready  to  appear.  The  especial  fonction  in  nature 
which  theae  insectB  were  apparently  designed  to  fnlfll,  !a  to  keep  in 
check  the  myriads  of  plant  lice  and  bark  lice  that  multiply,  at  sncb  an 
incredible  rate  that  no  human  agency  is  safflcient  to  cope  with  them. 
Indeed,  against  such  species  aa  the  grain  plant  louse  f8iph<mophora 
Aphia  arencej  these  lady-birds  and  other  predaceona  and  eanoibalistio 
«pecies  are  our  only  hope  of  deliverance.  It  is  manifestly  impractica- 
ble to  apray  our  extenaive  fields  with  tobacco  infusions  or  keroaeue 


MISOBLLANBOUS   FAFEBS  77 

emnlsioDs,  or  to  dual  them  with  povdeis,  bnt  simnltaoeoasly  with  the 
appearance  of  the  aphids  come  several  speoiea  of  these  beetles,  two 
or  three  lace-wing  flies  and  sjrphas  flies,  and  a  large  namber  of  bigr 
and  little  parasitic  species,  and  while  the  plant  lice  extract  the  eap  of 
the  plants  with  their  innameiable  littJe  beaks,  the  larger  iusecta  seise 
them  in  their  jaws  and  drain  them  of  their  vital  flaids  or  panctnre 
their  plnmp  bodies  to  la;  their  eggs,  which  hatch  iuto  tiny  grabs  withia 
tbe  bodies  of  their  victims,  and  within  a  few  honrs  destroy  their  appe- 
tites  for  plant  nectar,  and  soon  convert  tbem  iuto  a  mere  hooae  and 
larder  for  the  gnawing  worms  within.  All  these  predaceons  species- 
develop  with  great  rapidity,  and  soon  so  rednce  the  ranks  of  the  veg- 
etable feeders  that  the  grain  crop  is  rescned  from  destrnction. 

Among  the  lady-birds  that  have  earned  great  distinction  by  clear- 
ingtxeesof  bark  lice,  is  an  Aastraljan  species  recently  imported  iotothis- 
coantiy,  at  the  cost  of  mach  labor  and  expense,  bnt  which  has  already^ 
made  ample  compensation.  As  its  Introdaction  and  its  beneficent 
work  is  one  of  tbe  most  notable  of  recent  entomological  events,  and 
illnstratea  the  value  of  painstaking  research  in  tracing  oat  the  native 
home  and  habits  of  a  species,  I  beg  permission  to  give  here  a  little  re- 
sume of  its  history.  It  is  well  known  that  the  orange  and  lemon-grow- 
ing indaatryof  California  is  one  of  its  chief  horticaltoral  interests. 
For  a  few  years  after  its  inangnration  the  citms  orchards  prospered 
and  planters  increased  in  numbers  and  wealth.  But  abont  teu  years- 
ago  the  trees  began  to  decay,  crops  diminished  and  many  of  the  larg- 
est growers  became  discouraged.  The  United  States  entomolo^t  was 
summoned  and  found  that  the  anthriftiness  of  the  trees  was  mainly  dne 
to  the  presence  in  prodigions  numbers  of  two  or  three  species  of  bark- 
lice  or  scale  insects,  the  most  destrnctive  of  which  was  the  cottony 
CDsbion  scale  or  flated  scale  (Icerya  pruchasi  Maakell).  The  next  step 
was  to  devise  a  remedy  which  should  kill  the  scale  withont  injary  to 
the  tree,  and  vrithout  an  expense  that  woald  too  greatly  deduct  from 
the  value  of  the  crop.  Several  gaseons  and  liqnid  preparations  were 
used  with  measurable  success,  but  the  impossibility  of  secnring  a  con- 
cert of  action  in  fighting  the  pest  prevented  its  general  extermination, 
and  orange- growing  on  the  Pacific  coast  was  threatened  with  failure. 
Prof.  Biley,  who  has  long  been  at  the  head  of  tbe  Division  of  Ento- 
mology in  the  Department  of  Agricnlture,  gave  this  matter  mnch  seri- 
ous consideration  and  established  two  agents  in  California  to  sapervise 
and  devise  experiments  on  the  coccid.  With  his  nsual  thoroughness 
he  traced  the  introduction  of  the  pest  to  its  importation  a  few  years 
before  on  some  Anstralian  acacias,  and  found  that  it  had  been  con~ 
veyed  in   the  same,  or  in  a  similar  way,  to  South   Africa  and  to  Ifev 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_V 


igle 


IS  STATE  HOBTICULTUBAI.  80CIETT. 

Zealand,  vhere  it  had  also  proved  very  destraetive.  By  means  of  per- 
«evering  correspoDdence  be  learned  that  ia  its  native  home,  Aastralia, 
it  did  comparatively  little  damage,  and  that  no  artificial  measares  had 
ever  been  found  necesBaty  to  prevent  its  increase.  From  this  fact  h« 
made  the  deduction  that  it  was  kept  in  check  by  natural  enemies, 
and  aB  soon  as  possible  made  arrangements  for  sending  tvo  competent 
entctmologiats  to  that  antipodal  coaDtry,to  ascertain  what  these  natoral 
enemien  were,  and,  if  possible,  to  send  and  bring  a  enpply  to  this  conn- 
try.  This  mission,  undertaken  by  Prof.  Webster,  of  Indiana,  and  Mr. 
Albert  Ktebele,  of  California,  was  after  much  arduons  search  and  carefol 
-observation,  entirely  saccessfol.  A  large  namber  of  predaceous  and 
parasitic  insects  were  eafely  landed  in  California,  and  committed  to  the 
care  of  Mr.  Coqnillett,  in  the  aatomn  and  winter  of  '88-'8d.  Tbey  were 
placed  on  trees  covered  with  the  scale,  which  were  inclosed  nnder  tight 
muslin  tents.  Among  these  species  one  lady-bird  beetle  soon  became 
conBpicnoQS  by  its  rapid  increase,  and  by  the  thoronghness  with  wliich 
it  cleared  the  scale  from  the  trees.  This  was  a  small,  black  and  red 
form,  which  had  received  the  ecientifio  name  of  Vedalia  cardinality 
which  soon  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  chief  hope  of  the  orange  grower. 
Under  Mr.  Coqailletf  s  management,  nnmbers  of  orchards  were  soon 
-cleared  of  the  Bcale,and  tbonBauds  of  beetles  had  been  bred  and  were 
ready  for  diBtribntion  in  other  parts  of  the  State.  By  midsummer  of 
last  year  many  distributing  stations  were  established,  and  by  both 
public  and  private  means  the  precious  beetles  were  disseminated 
throQghoQt  the  orange-growing  region. 

Prof,  W.  A.  Henry,  a  special  agent  sent  by  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
-culture  to  examine  into  the  condition  of  agricuUare  in  the  Pacific  States, 
thus  reports  a  visit  to  one  of  these  Vedalia  diBtribnting  stations : 

In  Btndjlng  tlile  Ineect  we  first  vielted  the  pUce  of  Hr.  William  Nllee,  of  Los 
Angeles,  where  the  "Judy-bug"  {Vedalia  eardinalU)  was  being  propagated  b7  the 
oonnty  insect  ooumieelon  for  dtssemlnttlon  amoDg  the  orange  groves  inrested  with 
the  cottony  cushion  or  white  scale.  We  found  Ave  orange  trees  staoding  about 
eighteen  feet  high  Inclosed  by  walls  of  cheap  muslin,  supported  by  light  framework 
of  wood.  The  orange  trees  inside  this  canvashsd  been  origlnallyoovered  with  the 
white  scale,  but  fheVedalia,  both  larvee  and  adults,  were  rapidly  consuming  the  last 
of  the  pests.  Entering  one  of  these  canvas  honees,  we  found  the  Vrdalia  busilj  at 
work,  and  bero  and  there  on  the  canvas  were  the  beetles  endeavoring  to  escape  to 
other  trees.  These  iDSectarles  were  In  charge  of  Ui.  Klrcbeval,  one  of  the  county 
Insect  commissioners,  who  kept  a  record  of  the  distribution  of  the  beetle.  It  was 
indeed  a  most  intereBtlng  eight  to  see  the  people  come,  singly  and  In  groups,  with 
pill  boxes,  spool  boxes  or  some  sort  of  receptacle  In  which  to  place  tne  Vtdnluit. 
On  application  tbey  were  allowed  within  the  Insectaries,  and  each  was  permitted 
to  help  himself  to  the  beetles,  which  were  carried  Away  to  be  placed  on  infested 
trees  and  vines  at  their  homes.  Mr.  Elrcheval  kept  a  record  of  the  parties  and 
the  number  of  beetles  carried  off.  The  number  coming  for  the  Vtdalia  was  surpris- 
ingly large— scores  in  a  day— and  each  secured  St  least  a  few  of  the  helnfiil  beetles. 

■■III--.   ...  ^ 


HIB08IXA.KBOUS   PAPERS.  79 

That  the  sapply  shoald  hold  out  under  Buoh  a  draio  was  remark- 
able, and  epeaks  better  than  vords  the  rapidit;  with  which  the  Vedalia 
mnltiplies,  when  there  are  ecale  insects  enough  to  nurture  its  young. 
*'  This  miracle  in  Entomology,"  as  it  has  been  enthusiastically  termed, 
bas  restored  to  vigor  hundreds  of  orchards  which  had  become  nuproflt- 
able  and  had  been  neglected  to  tke  verge  of  extinction.  The  wonder- 
ful success  of  this  discovery,  and  the  investigations  and  deductive 
ability  that  led  to  it,  isjustlycoosideredoneof  the  most  signal  triumphs 
of  entomological  science,  and  has  added  new  laster  to  the  world-witle 
fame  of  Prof.  Biley  and  his  talented  and  inde&tigable  asaistante. 
Would  that  we  conld  find  some  insect  that  would  as  happily  serve  os  . 
in  the  case  of  the  codling  moth  and  the  plnm  corcnliol 

Having  given  so  much  time  to  the  consideration  of  this  one  dis- 
tinguished "  friend  "  of  the  fruit-grower,  I  shqJl  have  to  limit  my  refer- 
«DCeB  to  the  remaining  classes  of  beneficial  insects  to  the  briefest  pos- 
sible introd action.  The  parasitic  species  are,  with  very  rare  exceptions, 
«ither  two-winged  or  four-winged  flies.  They  lay  their  eggs  on  the 
anrface  of  the  body  of  their  victim,  glueing  them  fiist  until  the  grab 
shall  hatch,  or  by  means  of  varions  ingeniously- shaped  ovipositors,  they 
panctnre  the  skin  and  leave  their  eggs  in  the  fatty  tissoe  beneath.  The 
:gmbs,  upon  batching,  feed  all  around  nudcmeath  t^e  skin  of  the  poor 
caterpillar  or  worm,  and  do  not  penetrate  to  the  vital  parts  until  they  ' 
are  grown,  and  have  no  further  ase  for  their  host,  except  as  a  shelter 
while  they  are  in  the  pupa  state.  They  then  devour  the  remaining 
organs  and  spin  their  cocoons  sometimes  within,  sometimes  upon  the 
sarface  of  the  infested  lai-vie.  An  example  of  the  latter  that  wilt  be 
&miliar  to  most  of  you  is  the  small  parasite  of  the  tomoto  worm,  which 
«ften  covers  the  surface  of  the  still  living  larva  with  little  white  cocoons 
standing  on  end,  which  have  very  much  the  appearance  of  grains  of 
rice.  In  cases  of  the  larger  parasites  like  Ophion  and  its  allies,  but  a 
single  one  infests  a  larva  and  these  generally  transform  inside  the  body 
of  their  victim. 

I  most  not  omit  to  mention  that  the  tree  crickets,  which  have  so 
long  been  classed  with  injurious  species  because  of  the  punctures  they 
make  in  grape  vines  and  raspberry  canes,  in  the  process  of  oviposition, 
are,  according  to  my  own  observation,  far  more  beneficial  than  perni- 
cions.  This  is  especially  the  case  with  the  broad-winged  species 
{(Ecanthvs  Latipennig).  Having  carefully  reared  it  for  two  sncceHsive 
years  in  a  rearing  cage,  I  am  prepared  to  class  it  as  one  of  the  most 
efficient  aids  that  we  have  in  reducing  (he  numbers  of  the  plant  lice 
and  other  small  insects  that  attack  our  fruit  trees,  vineyards  and  berry 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


80  8TATB   HOBTICULTUBAI.  SOOIBTY. 

patches.  And  if  it  does  occaaioDally  kill  a  tvig  in  preparing  a  safe 
nidnB  for  its  ej^s,  it  certaialy  makes  ample  compeDsatiOD, 

In  conclasiOD,  I  will  say,  that  while  entomologists  have  long  teal* 
ized  the  valae  of  predaceoas  and  parasitic  species,  but  few  attempt* 
hare  been  made  to  increase  the  numbers  of  the  latter  or  to  introdnoe 
them  from  one  coontry  or  region  to  another. 

The  European  parasites  of  the  cabbage  butterfly  have  been  im- 
ported into  some  sections  of  the  Eastern  States,  and  are  doing  good 
service  in  the  market  gardens  near  some  of  our  large  cities. 

Another  scheme  of  this  kind  that  was  recently  proposed  was  the 
iutiflcial  propagation  of  dragon  flies,  with  a  view  to  their  iotrodnction 
in  greater  nambers  in  the  lakes  and  ponds  in  which  moaqnitoes  and 
other  stinging  gnats  breed  in  such  swarms.  Very  considerable  prizes 
have  been  ofiFered  for  the  best  essays  on  this  subject,  and  1  believe  the 
committee  to  which  they  were  referred  are  at  present  considering  their 
merits  and  the  practicability  of  the  suggestions  offered. 

The  equalization  of  the  forces  of  nature  would  keep  every  species 
within  its  legitimate  bounds,  and  as  man  affords  nnnatoral  facilities  for 
the  increase  of  vegetable  feeding  species,  by  covering  such  vast  areas 
witli  certain  kinds  of  grains  and  &nits,  it  would  be  but  reasonable  for 
him  to  devote  some  attention  to  the  recognition  and  protection  of  their 
natural  enemies. 

"  When  Orc^k  meets  Oreeb,  then  comes  the  tag  of  war,"  and 
when  the  armies  of  cannibal  insect,  meet  the  armies  of  the  vegetable 
feeders  in  anything  like  an  adequate  proportion,  we  shall  be  able  to 
close  ap  our  Parts  gieen  and  London  purple  fitctories,  and  convert  our 
spraying  machines  into  improved  water  appliances  and  leave  oar  fields 
and  orchards  to  their  natural  protectors. 

Kirkwood,  Mo. 


GENERAL  OBSBEVATIOKS. 
fiefort  of  HtBS  H.  £.  Hurtfeldt,  Etrkwood.  Ho. 

Early  vegetables,  strawberries  and  other  herbaceoas  plants  suf- 
fered considerably  from  the  attacks  of  cut  worms,  among  which  the 
larvae  of  Agrotis  saucid,  A.  iubgotkica  and  A .  telifera  were  conspicuous. 
The  climbing  species,  ^fffo(t«  altemata,A.»eandeiu(TJaadRomoha^ena 
iadittriga  aUo  did  considerable  damage  in  cntting  the  foliage  and  blos- 
som bads  of  frnit  trees  and  grape  and  honeysuckle  vines.  We  found 
that  bits  of  old  carpet  or  gnnny  sacks,  crumpled  or  folded,  made  the 


HISOELLAHKOUB   PAPBB8.  81 

most  iDviling  traps  for  these  worma,  and  an  examination  of  tfaese  dar- 
ing the  dS7-time  seldom  failed  to  reveal  a  considerable  namber  of  the 
worms  enjoying  the  treacheroas  hiding  places.  This  kind  of  trapping 
is  no  more  tronble  than  and  is  much  preferable  to  the  application  of 
poisons  to  or  aronnd  the  plants  attacked, 

Flea-beetlee  fPhyllotreta  vittata  aad  P.  zimmermatmij  were  in  this 
locality  conspieaons  for  their  scarcity  daring  the  eatire  season.  This 
immnnity  is  probably  to  be  attributed  in  part  tx>  the  extreme  dronth 
and  conseqnent  baking  of  the  soil  of  the  preTions  year,  and,  in  the 
case  of  the  last-named  species,  to  the  eradication  of  the  weeds  X«p{- 
dium  and  ArabU,  which  are  the  favorite  food  plants  of  its  leaf-mining 
larvie. 

The  plum  cnrcnlio  did  comparatively  little  damage  during  the 
present  season,  although  atone  f^ite  abounded  more  than  they  had 
done  for  five  yeara.  The  later  peaches  saffered  most,  principally  ttom 
their  pnnotares  for  food. 

The  codling  moth  did  no  appreciable  damage  throughout  the  State, 
so  fax  as  I  can  leam,  and  within  my  personal  observation  certainly  not 
more  than  five  per  cent  of  an  anosoally  foil  crop  was  "wormy."  A  few 
enterprising  orchardiBts' of  my  acqnaintance  were  at  the  expense  of 
prooaiing  spraying  apparatna  and  araeDtc  or  Paria  green.  Theae  were 
need  liberally,  in  some  casea  disastrously  for  the  orchards,  and  the 
owners  were  chagrined  to  leam,  later  on,  that  neighboring  orchards, 
not  treated,  enjoyed  an  equal  inmunity  ftom  the  apple  worm. 

The  army- worm  (Leuoania  vnipunetaj  made  its  appearance  in  many 
parts  of  the  State,  and  did  considerable  injory  to  grass  and  small  grains. 
So  far  as  I  ha\e  been  informed,  it  mostly  developed  in  the  fields  where 
first  observed  and  did  not  migrate  in  companies.  In  Montgomery 
county,  however,  some  ditching  was  done  to  check  ita  Incuraions.  In 
St.  Loais  county  it  was  quite  .destructive  in  the  spring,  not  only  on 
farms  but  in  Buborban  gardens,  catting  off  the  earlier  plantings  of 
sweet  corn,  and  dwarfing  the  small  plate  of  rye,  oats  and  sorghum 
sown  for  pastnrage  and  chicken  feed.  A  large  proportion  of  the  worms 
I  collected  were  paraaited  by  Tacbina  and  lokneumsnida.  The  snc- 
ceediQ^  broods  of  tbeae  worms  did  not  attract  any  attention.  The  moth 
is  "always  with  us',  and  is  more  commonly  taken  dnring  autumn  than 
at  any  other  season. 

l«af-oatting  bees  (MegackileJ,  which  have  been  for  a  few  years 
past  saoh  depredators  on  the  beauty  of  our  more  delicately  colored 
fiowers  as  to  rank  them  among  flrst-class  pests,  were  much  less  na* 
merons  the  present  eeasou.    I  can  only  account  for  this  on  the  theory 


.,g\e 


82  STATE  HOBTICULTUBAL  SOOIBTT. 

that  the  frequent  and  heavy  midSQinmer  showers  drowned  the  larrie 
and  probably  to  some  extent  the  matnr^  bees,  eince,  with  as,  tbey  bad 
aoqnired  the  habit  of  asing  tannela  in  the  groand  for  tbeir  aests.  I 
have  freqaeutly  seen  them  carrying  their  doral  fllohinga  into  these 
holes,  but  whether  they  tbeinselves  dig  tbem  (which  does  not  seem 
probable,  scarcely  possible,  indeed),  or  merely  make  nse  of  the  excava- 
tions of  some  other  insect  or  spider,  1  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain. 

Grapta  interrogationit,  which  with  ns  feeds  principally  on  the  elm, 
this  snmmer  attacked  the  bop  vines  in  and  aronnd  Kirkv  ood  to  a  rain- 
oas  degree.     It  also  fed  largely  on  the  hackberry  fOeUis.) 

A  Plague  of  Psf/lla  lice. — For  some  years  we  have  been  greatly 
annoyed  dnring  the  months  of  September  and  October  by  swarms  of 
these  insects  (Paehypaiflla  e.  vetUsulum,)  bred  from  small,  blister-like 
galls  oQ  the  leaves  of  a  fine  hackberry  tree,  distant  abont  fifteen  feet 
from  the  house.  Id  their  search  for  winter  qnartexs  they  invaded 
kitchen  and  dining-room,  hall  and  chambers,  settling  on  table  linen  and 
food  and  on  the  beds,  even  making  their  way  between  the  sheets,  oaoa- 
ing  mnch  discomfort  and  diagast.  They  are  so  small  that  wire  screens 
were  no  barrier  to  their  ingress.  Becently  the  nnisance  becaTne  insup- 
portable, and  with  much  relactance  the  tree  was  condemned  to  the  ax. 

Chloridea  rhexia  on  Geraniums. — The  handsome  larva  of  this  hand- 
some motb  nsoally  shows  a  preference  for  feeding  in  concealment,  and 
nnti)  this  jear  I  hod  only  reared  it  from  the  frnit  of  Pkysalia  iiiBcota, 
the  inttated  calyx  of  which  afforded  it  the  reqaisite  protection.  This 
sammer  acconntx  were  bronght  to  me  by  several  neighbors  of  certain 
"red  worms"  that  were  eating  the  blossoms  of  their  eeraninms.  I 
presently  obtained  some, and  was  mnch  interested  in  observing  the  col- 
orational  adaptation  to  the  part  of  the  plant  on  which  they  preferred  to 
feed.  Indeed,  so  brilliant  were  tbeir  colors  that  I  failed  to  recognize 
them,  and  took  a  description  and  preserved  specimens  in  alcohol  (which 
have  lost  tbeir  color,  however,  to  a  great  extent),  nnder  the  impression 
that  I  had  something  new.  When  the  moths  emerged  abont  three 
weeks  later  I  was  surprised  to  recognize  in  tbem  a  species  with  which 
I  bad  long  been  familiar.  The  only  remedy  employed  was  to  pick  them 
by  hand  from  the  infested  flower  tmsses,  and  the  eye  required  some 
practice  befoie  they  were  readily  distinguished. 

The  Serenteen-pear  Cicada. — Passing  across  northern  Illinois  from 
Chicago  westward,  abont  the  middle  of  August,  the  work  of  the  cicadas 
on  the  forest  trees  and  orchards  of  that  section  of  the  State  was  so 
conspicuous  as  to  occasion  mnch  remark  from  travelers.  Many  small 
trees,  both  oak  and  apple,  were  killed  outright,  and  entire  groves  bad 


D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


UI8CBLLANB0US   PAPERS. 


the  appearance  of  baviD^r  been  severely  scorched  by  fire.  The  insects 
seemed  to  be  more  nnmerons,  jadgiog  by  their  effects,  than  they  were 
in  1871,  when  I  remember  making  similar  obserrations  at  the  same  time 
of  that  year. 


THE  CABBAGE  OUBCULIO, 
fCeutorhynchua  »api.J 

Bming  the  latter  part  of  April  Mr.  Henry  Scbnell,  of  the  Glasgow 
(Uo.)  small  frnits  and  vegetable  fiirms,  wrote  me  concerning  an  insect 
that  was  proving  very  destmetive  to  cabbage  plants  in  hia  hot-beds. 
Specimens  of  the  affected  plants  were  inclosed,  which  were  foQnd  to 
be  punctured  and  l^etted  in  the  crown  and  along  the  piincipal  veiae,  a 
large  proportion  of  the  plants  being  killed  by  these  attacks. 

A  few  days.later  I  received  from  Mr.  Schnell  several  specimens  of 
a  small,  dark  gray  cnrcniio,  with  the  information  that  it  was  "  the  same 
insect  that  had  destroyed  a  considerable  number  of  his  plants  in  the 
field,  later  in  the  season  of  the  previous  year."  A  package  of  young 
cabbage  plants  was  also  inclosed,  almost  every  one  of  which  was  found 
to  be  pQDctnred  in  the  center  or  at  the  side  of  the  crown,  and  con- 
tained a  small  white  grab,  which  was  boring  downward  into  the  root, 
it6  soft  castings  filling  the  tnnnet  in  its  rear  and  being  often  forced  oat 
throagh  the  entering  fissure.  Mr.  Schnell  wrote:  "They  have  already 
rained  over  one-half  of  40^000  plants  in  my  hot-beds,  and  I  should  like 
to  be  prepared  to  check  their  depredations  another  year,  now  would 
a  good  salt  dressing  do  for  the  beds,  after  taking  ont  the  plants,  to  kill 
the  larvfB  that  might  be  in  tbe  ground  T" 

In  answer  to  the  query  I  advised  a  thorough  drenching  with  hot 
water  instead  of  the  aslt  application,  which  might  prevent  the  growth 
of  other  plants,  for  which  the  beds  would  be  needed  after  the  cabbage 
was  removed.  Many  of  Mr.  Schnell's  first  settings  of  plants  m  the 
field  alao  wilted  and  died,  as  it  was  impossible  always  to  select  such  as 
had  not  been  stuug.  However,  by  destroying  as  far  as  possible  all  that 
showed  signs  of  injury,  and  by  thoroughly  scalding  the  botrbeds,  as  he 
informed  me  later,  he  so  redaced  the  aumbers  of  the  pest  as  to  escape 
seriona  loss  in  his  later  plantings,  and  by  the  1st  of  Jane  both  beetles 
snd  larvte  had  completely  disappeared. 

Tbe  experience  of  my  correspondent  with  this  insect  would  seem 
to  be  nuiqae,  as  it  has  not  heretofore,  so  fiir  as  I  can  learn,  committed 
any  depredations  to  entitle  it  to  a  place  in  American  works  on  economic 


84  STATE  HOBTICTTLTURAI.  8001BTY. 

entomology.  It  ie  to  be  hoped  that  this  iDBtaooe  waa,  bo  to  speak,  » 
"sporadic"  deTelopmeot,  and  not  a  "first  appearaDoe"  of  what  U 
destined  to  become  a  general  pest. 

Althongh  unnamed  in  my  collection  nnti]  bindly  determined  for  m« 
last  spring  by  Professor  Biley,  the  species  was  not  entirely  unknown 
to  me,  as  I  had  bred  it  several  years  before  from  larvse  boring  the 
stalks  of  the  wild  pepper  grass  (Lepidium  virginioum]  early  in  the  spring. 


A  NEW  APPLE-TWIG  BOEER. 
(ElaphiAion  ocellata,  Hald.) 


Early  in  September  of  last  year  (1887)  a  correspondent,  who  is  a 
large  orchardist  in  soathern  Missonri,  sent  me  a  lot  of 'apple  twigs  con- 
taining the  larvte  of  a  longicorn  borer,  which  he  informed  me  was 
proving  very  destroctive  to  the  recent  growth  of  his  young  apple  trees. 
My  first  impression  was  that  the  insect  was  Elapkidion  villoavm,  or  par- 
ellelum,  if  there  is  really  any  difference  between  these  two.  A  critical 
examination,  however,  revealed  characters  clearly  distinguishing  it 
from  these  species.  The  larva  varied  in  length  from  12  to  16  millime- 
ters, those  most  nearly  matnre  being  3  millimetern  in  diameter  across 
thoracic  segments.  The  segments  were  narrow,  somewhat  angulated, 
mnch  wrinkled,  with  papillate  elevations  on  dorsum  and  venter  bear- 
ing interrupted  comeoas  ridges ;  incisions  very  deep.  Color,  bright 
golden  yellow.  Head  rather  small,  dark  brown,  and  much  like  that  of 
H.  villoium.  The  most  characteristic  feature  is  the  shield-shaped  cor- 
neoQB  plate,  resembling  that  of  the  larvie  of  Onoideres  cinffulatus,  aria* 
ing  obliquely  from  the  head  and  covering  the  entire  dorsuiii  of  the  first 
thoracic  segment.  The  apex  of  this  plate  is  roughened  with  dark  brown 
stippling,  presenting  the  appearance,  to  the  eye  but  not  to  the  touch,  of 
a  small,  spongy  pad.  The  stigmata  are  iacouspicuons.  Legs  and  pro- 
legs  entirely  undeveloped. 

These  larvte,  having  completely  hollowed  oat  the  twigs  in  which 
they  were  working  when  received,  were  successfully  transferred  to 
fresh  ones,  into  which  they  at  once  entered  and  began  to  bore  hungrily. 
They  devour  not  only  the  pith  but  the  woody  fibre,  ejecting  the  granu- 
lated frass  through  pin-like  holes  cut  through  the  bark  at  irregular  in> 
tervals. 


MISaBLLANEOnS   PAPBBS.  80 

When  winter  set  in,  fearing  that  these  larvie  might  not  be  able  to 
complete  their  transfoTmations  in  the  diy  air  of  the  honse,  I  put  the 
ttrigB  containing  them  in  a  vire-ctoth  box  and  fostened  it  near  the 
ground  to  a  sbmb  in  the  garden. 

Early  in  April  I  examined  into  their  condition  and  found  them 
healthy  and  unchanged.  Not  considering  it  probable  that  they  vonld 
transform  very  early,  if  at  all  this  season,  I  did  not  pay  any  farther  at- 
tention to  them  for  three  or  fonr  weeks,  and  was  mnch  gorprised,  on 
May  8,  to  find  that  all  the  beetles,  three  in  nnmber,  were  perfected,  the 
pupal  period  being  apparently  very  short. 

The  species  proved  to  be,  aq  I  had  anticipated,  one  not  previoasly 
reported  as  injurious,  and  was  kindly  determined  for  me  by  Prof.  Biley 
as  the  one  named  at  the  head  of  these  notes. 

Tbe  beetle  is  of  slender  form,  somewhat  smaller  than  E.  villotvmj 
with  blnisb-black,  densely  punctate  elytra,  which  are  slightly  but  grad- 
nally  constricted  in  tbe  middle  and  notched  at  the  tips.  Thorax  doll 
red,  with  a  conspicnons  black  spot  on  each  side  of  the  median  line. 
Head  black,  antennie  nearly  eqoaling  the  length  of  the  body,  and  under 
legs  yale  reddish  brown. 

In  Joly  of  the  present  year  I  receired  ftrom  Mr.  Elliott  a  second 
consignment  of  twigs  containing  this  borer  in  Tarious  stages  of  growth, 
with  the  information  that  it  was  more  abundant  than  last  year,  notwith- 
standing his  care  at  the  time  to  cut  and  bam  all  twigs  observed  to  be 
infested.  As  his  orchards  are  very  extensive,  it  is  not  surprising  that 
a  sufflcient  number  of  beetles  escaped  last  autumn  to  more  than  keep 
op  the  succession, 

I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  whetherany  account  of  the  habits 
of  this  species  accompanied  the  original  descriptions,  but  as  tbe  orchards 
from  which  it  was  reported  to  me  are  located  in  the  Ozark  mountains, 
ao  called,  it  probably  migrated  from  some  tree  or  shrub  indigenous  to 
the  forests  of  that  region.  It  is  undoubtedly  annually  brooded,  and 
there  is  occasion  to  fear  that  it  will  become  a  more  pernicions  pest  than 
its  congeners,  E.  villotum,  or  Onciderea  cingulattu.  The  only  remedy 
seems  to  be  persistent  pruning  of  the  twigs  betraying  its  presence.  It 
is  possible  that  spraying  the  foliage  with  Paris  green  during  the  month 
of  May  would  lend  to  keep  tbe  beetle  from  the  trees,  but  the  experi- 
ment has  not  yet  been  made. 


.y  Google 


STATS   HOBTICULTUBAL  SOGIBTY. 


INSECTICIDES. 
(Report  by  Prof.  Cook,  of  Michlgin.) 


THE  ABSBNITES. 

As  I  treated  this  sabject  so  fally  ia  Bnlletin  Ko.  53, 1  will  only 
state  conclasioDS  at  tbis  time.  As  Loudon  purple  is  mnch  cheaper 
than  Paris  green,  costing  only  !5  cents  per  pound,  and  is  jtist  ae  effec- 
tive in  practical  nse,  it  shonld  always  be  need  when  it  can  be  had,  nn- 
lesa  on  very  tender  foliage,  like  thai  of  the  peach,  when  only  Paris 
green  should  be  made  nse  of.  It  is  still  a  question  if  the  araenites 
should  be  Dsed  on  the  peach. 

London  pniple  may  be  used  either  dry,  mixed  with  land  plaster — 
one  ponnd  of  the  poison  to  eighty  or  one  hnndred  of  the  plaster,  or^ 
mixed  with  water,  one  ponnd  to  two  hnndred  gallons  of  water. 

It  is  not  the  strength  of  the  mixture,  bnt  the  force  and  thorongh- 
ness  with  which  it  is  applied,  that  eecnree  enccess.  The  water  mix- 
tore,  which  will  nsnally  be  most  satisfactory,  shonld  be  kept  welt 
stirred,  that  the  heavy  mineral  poison  may  not  settle.  Hhonid  never 
be  applied  to  fruit  trees  till  the  blossoms  fall  from  the  trees.  Shonld 
be  applied  to  apple  trees  bnt  once,  except  in  case  of  very  heavy  rains, 
when  it  shonld  be  repeated  two  or  three  weeks  after  the  first  applica- 
tion ;  should  be  used  two  or  three  times  at  intervals  of  ten  days  or 
two  weeks  on  the  plnms,  and  after  every  heavy  rain ;  may  be  used  to 
defend  against  the  potato  beetle,  and  all  leaf  or  bud-eating  insects 
that  defoliate  onr  fruit  trees  early  in  the  season,  and  on  our  shade  trees 
for  snch  iueeete  at  any  time.  Force  pumps  (see  Bnlletine  39  and  53) 
are  excellent  to  apply  the  water  mixture  to  potato  vines  and  to  fruit 
and  shade  trees.  By  use  of  a  barrel  or  tank  mounted  high  on  a  wagon, 
we  can  treat  potato  vines  and  low  shrnbe,  etc,  by  aid  of  gravity,  very 
-  easily  and  cheaply.  It  is  too  bad  that  oar  fruit  trees  are  so  high  that 
we  cannot  treat  them  in  the  same  way.  Onr  experiments  last  season 
{See  Bulletin  53)  prove  eonclnsively  that  if  the  arsenitee  are  properly 
applied  there  is  no  danger  of  pasturing  nnder  frait  trees  at  once.  That 
is,  if  we  nse  one  ponnd  of  the  poison  to  two  hundred  gallons  of  water. 

In  the  apple  orchard  the  nse  of  London  pnrple  is  so  valuable  that 
no  one  can  afford  to  neglect  its  practice.  TJsedjast  after  the  blossoms 
of  the  latest  blooming  varieties,  like  the  Northern  Spy,  have  follen, 
this  substance  destroys  the  codling  moth,  tent  caterpillar,  canker  worm, 


D.-inz's:;!-.;  \_jV_;0' 


Sle 


MIBOBLLXifBOnB   FAPEBB.  87 

and  several  miiiDte  leaf-rollers ;  all  of  whicb  are  eerions  pests,  acd 
often  do  great  damage.  Here,  tben,  is  a  case  where  tbe  orchardiet  cad 
kill  several  birds  with  a  single  etooe. 

THE  BOSDBAUX  MIXTVBB. 

This  valoable  fnngicide  is  prepared  as  follows:  Six  poandsof 
salphate  of  copper  are  dissolved  in  six  gallons  of  hot  water ;  in  an- 
other vessel  foar  pounds  of  fresh  lime  are  slaked  in  six  gallons  of 
cold  water.  After  the  latter  eolation  faas  cooled,  slowly  tarn  it  into 
the  other  solation  and  add  ten  gallons  of  water.  This,  when  all  is 
tfaoroQghly  mixed,  is  ready  for  use. 

Prof.  C.  M.  Weed,  of  the  Ohio  experiment  station,  has  shown  that 
when  this  is  nsed  to  spray  plum  trees,  the  plum  rot  is  wholly  kept  in 
check.  Prof.  Weed  recommends  that  in  spraying  for  the  curcolio,  we 
Qse  this  Bordeaax  mixture,  instead  of  water,  that  is,  we  add  one  poand 
of  London  purple  to  two  hundred  gallons  of  the  Bordeaux  mixture. 
Thus  we  may  not  only  defend  against  the  curcolio,  but  the  rot  as  well. 
Those  troubled  with  the  plum  rot  may  well  act  npon  this  suggestion. 

BUHACH,  OB  CALIFOBNIA  PTBETHBUU. 
This  much-named  powder  is  the  home-grown  and  faome-maon&c- 
tured  *' pyre  thrum,"  "insect  powder,"  "Persian  insect  powder,"  "  Dal- 
matian insect  powder,"  etc,,  etc.  Bahnch  is  the  trade  name  of  the  Cal- 
ifornia or  home-produced  product.  It  is  better  to  use  this  bnhacb,  as 
we  thus  patronize  our  own  manabctnres ;  and  besides,  tbe  active  prin- 
oiple,  as  shown  by  Dr.  Hilgard  of  California,  is  a  volatile  substance. 
So,  if  the  powder  is  not  reasonably  ftesb,  it  is  likely  to  be  worthless. 
It  is  well  to  euGoarage  our  draggists  to  get  the  buhach,  and  to  parcfaase 
in  rather  small  qnantities,  so  that  it  shall  be  ased  soon  after  it  is  pre 
daoed.  If  kept,  it  should  be  in  air-tight  jars.  This  insecticide  is 
simply  the  powdered  flowers  and  stems  of  certain  species  of  the  genas 
of  plants  known  as  pyrethrum.  Like  the  arsenites,  this  may  be  ased 
as  a  powder,  sifting  it  onto  the  plants,  or  mixed  with  water,  a  heaping 
table-spoonfnl  to  two  gallons  of  the  liquid.  I  have  nsnally  fonnd  the 
liquid  more  effective  than  the  powder,  only  I  think,  as  by  dashing  it 
onto  tbe  plants,  It  strikes  more  of  the  insects.  This  insecticide  also 
kills  by  contact,  and  not  by  being  eaten.  This  powder  is  to  be  recom- 
mended in  that  it  is  entirely  non-poisonous  to  man  and  the  higher  ani- 
mals. It  is  to  be  regretted  that  it  is  not  always  fatal  to  all  insects. 
Thus  I  have  found  that  many  bags  and  beetles  are  entirely  uninjured, 
to  all  appearances,  by  its  use.  I  know  of  nothing  better  for  the  cab- 
bage   caterpillar— "  worm  " — the  green  larva  which  has  become    so 


88  STATE  HOBTIOULTtT&AL  SOCIETY. 

deetrnctjve  in  oar  gardens.  I  have  been  sarprised  at  our  sDoceee  with 
this  powder  io  riddiog  cor  cabbsgee  of  these  caterpillars.  I  have  fonnd 
that  I  coald  destroy  more  of  the  insects  by  nse  of  the  liqnid  miitnre 
than  by  nse  of  tbe  powder.  Of  course  there  is  no  danger  in  its  nse. 
This  insecticide  is  also  excellent  to  kill  bonse-flies.  We  tempt  the  flies 
to  the  kitchen  as  far  as  possible,  in  the  late  afternoon,  close  this  room 
as  tightly  as  possible  in  the  evening,  and  by  nae  of  a  cheap,  small  band 
bellows  throw  a  little  of^the  dust  into  the  room.  Early  in  the  morning 
the  flies  now  prostrate  on  the  floor  shoold  be  swept  ap  and  cremated 
in  the  kitchen  stove,  else  some  of  them  may  come  to  life  again. 

This  powder  will  kill  the  pear  and  cherry  tree  sings,  the  rose  Blag, 
etc.  Mr.  E.  Oarman,  of  the  Bnral  New  Yorker,  says  that  it  will  exter- 
minate, if  nsed  thoroughly  and  ^eqnently,  that  most  abominable  insect 
pest,  the  "  rose  chafer ''  or  "  rose  bng."  Babach  can  also  be  nsed  with 
snccess  to  destroy  plant  lice,  and  the  parasitic  lice  that  infest  poultry 
and  other  domestic  animals ;  bnt  for  the  former  the  kerosene  emulsion 
is  more  satisfactory,  and  for  the  latter  I  think  there  is  a  better  sub- 
stance, as  will  appear. 

TOBACCO   DBCOCTION. 

The  use  of  tobacco  smoke  in  closed  rooms,  like  forcing  hoases 
and  conservatories,  is  too  well  known  to  need  remark.  That  a  decoc* 
tion  is  also  very  valuable  is  perhaps  not  so  well  known.  For  this  pur- 
pose even  the  stems,  ot  refuse  powder,  which  can  be  got  very  cheaply 
in  tobacco  factories,  will  answer  well.  A  pound  of  the  tobacco  to  two 
or  three  gallons  of  water  makes  a  very  effective  decoction.  I  tnm  tbe 
boiling  water  onto  the  tobacco,  and  when  cool  atrun  ont  the  tobacco, 
and  the  decoction  is  ready  for  nse.  Last  summer  I  found  this  very 
effective  against  the  striped  flea  beetle,  and  the  cucumber  flea  beetle, 
both  of  which  Insects  are  often  very  troublesome  to  the  gardner.  If 
further  nee  confirms  this  property  of  the  tobacco  decoction,  ve  have 
in  it  a  very  valuable  insecticide,  and  may  hope  by  further  ezperimeiit 
to  greatly  extend  its  use.  This,  too,  I  think  the  best  sabstauce  to  use 
in  the  destruction  of  lice  on  cattle,  horses,  and  for  ticks  on  lambs. 
True  the  kerosene  emnleion  will  kill  such  lice,  but  it  does  not  destroy 
the  lice  so  entirely,  and  does  not  leave  the  hair  of  the  animtd  looking 
so  well.  I  have  used  both  and  prefer  the  tobacco.  In  cold  weather, 
after  thoroughly  washing  the  animal  to  be  treated,  it  should  be  warmly 
blanketed  and  kept  in  a  warm  place  until  dry. 

Tbe  work  of  washing  an  animal  is  not  great.  I  have,  unaided, 
washed  s  large  cow  in  ten  minutes,  and  I  did  it  well.    Neither  is  it  a 


ly  Google 


MI8CELLAHB0U8  PAPBB5. 


disagreeable  task.  I  preSDine  a  force  pamp  might  be  nsed  in  this  caee, 
bat  it  would  take  more  of  Ibe  decoctioa,  and  I  prefer  to  roll  np  my 
aleeves  and  do  the  washing  b;  hand ;  then  1  know  it  ia  thoroDghly 
done. 


PRESBBVATIVB  FLUIDS  FOE  FEESH  FEUITS. 
Unlveraitr  of  CaUfomli— Ballet! n  No.  86.    E.  W.  Hllgard,  Dlr.,  Berkeley,  Cal. 


As  the  f^t  BeaaoD  approaches  there  is  a  constant  inquiry  for  some 
mode  of  preserving  fruit  samples  for  exhibition  at  the  several  f^s. 
As  a  general  answer  to  inqniries  of  this  kind  that  have  already  oome 
dropping  in,  I  give  the  following  data  in  regard  to  the  more  sncoessfnl 
preservatives  that  are  within  reach  of  the  practice  of  any  intelligent 
farmer.  I  preface  them  with  an  explanation  of  the  demands  made  upon 
BQch  preservative  methods,  for  the  benefit  of  those  to  whom  the  sab- 
ject  may  be  new,  in  order  that  they  may  better  adapt  their  practice  to 
circnmBtances. 

1.  The  preservatives  mnst  prevent  all  fermentation,  molding  or 
other  fnngons  attacks.  This,  of  coarse,  means  that  the  ontside  of  the 
irait,  and  the  air  or  liqaid  aronnd  it,  shall  Jbe  "  sterilized  "  in  some  way 
compatible  with  the  preservation  of  the  form,  at  least,  of  the  fruit  or 
T^ietable.  We  are  practically  reduced  to  the  use  of  antiseptics,  acting 
at  the  ordinary  temperature. 

2.  The  preservative  shonld  be  a  liqaid.  This  liquid,  besides  being 
an  efficient  antiseptic,  shonld  not  exert  any  solvent  or  softening  action 
upon  the  skin  of  the  fi-oit.  This  condition  excludes  from  the  ontset 
all  alkaline  solutions  (such  ase.;.,  cyanide  of  potassium,  silicate  of  soda, 
etc.)  and  all  of  the  stronger  acids  including  acetic  acid  or  vinegar. 

3.  The  antiseptic  fluid  should  not  extract  or  change  the  color  of 
the  fruit.  This  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  conditions  to  fulflll,  and  yet 
one  of  the  most  essential.  It  excludes  at  onoe  so  excellent  a  preserva- 
tive as  alcohol,  and  many  others  that  wonid  otherwise  be  available, 
among  others,  common  salt. 

4.  The  preservative  fluid  should  neither  canse  the  fmit  to  swell, 
ao  as  to  increase  its  size,  and  sometimes  burst  it,  nor  should  it  have  the 
opposite  effect  of  causing  it  to  shrink.  This  implies  that  in  the  ex- 
change that  will  unavoidably  occur  between  the  juice  inside  and  the 
fiaid  oatside,  the  two  shall  p^s  through  the  skin  with  about  equal 
rapidity. 


90  BTATE  EORTIGTTLTUBAL   SOCIETY. 

The  ase  of  engor  to  brin^f  up  the  density  of  the  aotieeptic  solation 
to  that  of  the  f^ait  jaice  QstnralLy  suggests  itself^and  with  some  fruits 
very  good  resalts  may  be  obtained  iu  that  way.  Still,  sagar  being  itself 
easily  fermeDtable  and  liable  to  change  tint  when  not  very  pare,  it  is 
preferable  to  nse  glycerine,  which  can  cow  be  obtained  so  cheaply  as  to 
render  it  available  to  all,  and  which  is  for  practical  purposes  anchange- 
able  when  so  used.  According  to  aotoal  trial,  commercial  "pare"  gly- 
cerine will  act  very  satiBfoctorily  when  ased  per  cent  for  per  cent  in 
place  of  sugar,  To  do  this  by  liquid  meatmre,  nse  1-5  per  cent  of  gly- 
cerine as  eqoal  to  1  per  cent  of  sagar. 

Like  alcohol,  however,  glycerine  exerts  a  alight  solvent  action  apon 
many  ii-uit  colors;  e.  g.,  that  of  cherries,  blackberries,  etc. 

Common  salt  has  the  disadvantage  of  darkening  all  vegetable  colors 
after  a  comparatively  short  time;  and  Glauber's  salt,  alum  and  other 
commonly  available  salts  exert  a  not  inconsiderable  solvent  action  upon 
colors,  which  renders  their  nse  inadvisable. 

Of  antiseptics  the  following  ore  the  mosl  available:  8alieslie  aeid; 
boraoie  acid;  sulphurous  acid,  and  its  compound,  bisulphite  of  loda  (and 
of  lime) ;  last  but  not  least,  biMoride  of  tneroury  or  corrosive  snb- 
limate. 

Salie^lie  acid,  or  its  compoond  with  soda,  both  obtainable  in  com- 
merce, is  one  of  the  beat  and  most  energetic  anUseptica.  Its  ube  in 
spiritnoas  flnids  is  bnt  too  well  known ;  in  watery  solution  it  is  not 
so  much  ased  on  account  of  some  difficulty  in  making  it  dissolve,  par- 
ticularly when  the  water  is  cold.  An  ounce  of  the  acid  dissolves  in  a 
little  less  than  five  gallons  of  water  at  the  ordinary  temperature  ;  bnt 
when  it  is  simply  thrown  on  the  water  it  may  float  there  a  long  time, 
being  very  light,  and  most  persons  will  think  that  it  will  not  dissolve  in 
that  proportion.  In  hot  or  boiling  water  there  is  no  difSonlty,  and  the 
solution  is  made  very  easily  by  the  addition  of  a  little  carbonate  of 
soda  (salsoda)  even  without  beating.  But  when  matting  use  of  the  soda 
it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  avoid  an  excess,  aa  the  uncombined  soda  ex- 
erts »  very  injurious  influence  upon  the  preservation  of  trnits. 

A  solution  of  one  ounce  of  salieylic  add  to  fire  gallons  of  water,  to 
wkiok  aa  much  glycerine  has  been  added  as  corresponds  to  the  density  of 
the  fruit  juice,  constitatea  a  preservative  fluid  which  has  been  ased  with 
very  satisfactory  resalts  heretofore.  Trouble  has  arisen  from  the  nse  of 
too  much  soda  in  making  the  acid  dissolve;  aa  already  stated,  with 
patience  or  heating,  the  water  alone  will  dissolve  the  acid,  and  aoda 
need  not  be  used  at  all. 

Boraoie  acid,  while  an  excellent  preservative  so  far  as  the  mere 
prevention  of  decay  or  fermentation  goes,  is  more  liable  than  the  ssli- 


u  Cookie 


MI8CBLLANBOV8   PAPERS.  91 

cylio  to  BofteD  the  skiD  and  alter  the  colors  of  fmit,  acting  in  that 
respect,  iu  some  cases,  lik<t  alkaline  solntion.  It  is  therefore  not  well 
adapted  to  long  conservation  of  samples  in  their  natural  aspect,  bat 
trill  do  well  for  a  few  weeks  with  most  fruits.  Use  the  solntion  as 
strong  as  water  will  make  it,  which  is  abont  five  ounces  per  gallon. 

Sulphurous  aeid,  the  same  sabstance  of  which  the  nse  is  so  much 
abused  in  frait-drjiug,  and  in  the  treatment  of  wines,  can  also  be  employed 
in  solution  for  the  preservation  of  fruits.  This  eolation  may  be  made 
directly  from  the  gas  of  barniDg  sulphur,  by  an  operation  sufficiently 
familiar  to  cellarmen  and  described  below.  It  is,  however,  more  con- 
venient and  jnst  as  good  to  use  its  combination  with  soda,  viz.,  the 
"bisalpbite"  of  soda  (not  that  of  lime,  used  in  bleaching  saccharine 
Joicee,  as  it  will  form  deposits  upon  most  fruits],  heretofore  sold  under 
the  fanciful  name  of  "  Oalifomia  fruit  salt,"  and  recommended  for  use 
in  canning  fruit  for  human  cousnmption.  Those  whose  digestion  is 
better  than  necessary,  and  who  do  not  object  to  the  sulphurous  flavor 
of  the  fruit  so  preserved,  may  cboose  to  so  use  the  preparation.  Its 
merits  as  an  antiseptic  are  nnquestioned ;  its  bleaching  effects  are 
equally  so,  and  as  in  enlphnring  wines,  the  natut^  colors  will  suffer 
more  or  less  from  its  use,  as  well  as  from  that  of  the  acid  solution.  Use 
5  to  8  ounces  per  gallon. 

The  following  mode  of  preparing  a  preservative  fluid  with  sulphur- 
oas  gas,  obligingly  commnnicated  by  Manager  J.  Q.  Brown,  has  been 
very  saccessfnily  ased  at  the  rooms  of  the  State  Board  of  Trade  at 
San  Francisco : 

"  Pot  30  gallons  of  water  into  a  40-gallou  barrel ;  float  on  top  of 
the  water  a  tin  pan,  in  which  put  a  portion  of  25  cents'  worth  of  sol- 
phur.  Set  the  sulphur  on  Are  and  cover  tightly  until  the  Are  goes  out ; 
renew  the  sulphur  until  the  whole  is  consumed,  opening  the  barrel  for 
renewal  of  air  between  the  doses." 

While  this  mode  of  proceeding  is  somewhat  wasteful  of  snipbar 
and  could  be  improved  npon  by  a  cellarman,  yet  it  is  so  simple,  and 
shlpbur  is  so  cheap,  that  it  may  well   be  recommended  for  nse  on  the 

Quite  lately  the  use  of  mereurte  bichloride  or  corrosive  sublimate  for 
this  purpose  has  been  brought  prominently  forward  by  Prof.  P,  Pichi, 
of  the  laboratory  for  botany  and  vegetable  pathology  in  the  Boyal  Viti* 
cultural  School  of  Conegliano,  Italy.  In  an  article  pablished  in  April 
nnmber  of  the  official  journal  of  that  school,  Prof.  Pichi  discusses  the 
requirements  for  the  preservation  especially  of  collections  of  grapes, 
probably  the  most  difficult  of  all.  He  states  that  after  experimental 
trials  of  all  the  usual  preservative  solutions,  such  as  alcohol  of  various 


92  8TATB   HOBTICULTUHAL  80CIBTT. 

Btrengths,  and  of  watery  solutions  of  salicylic,  boraoic  and  other  acids, 
and  Baits  of  copper,  he  finally  made  trials  with  solntiooB  of  corrosive 
eahlimate  ranging  f^om  1  to  4  pro  mille  in  strength. 

The  final  conclasions  are  stated  as  follows  : 

Prom  all  thktliae  been  here  reported,  I  believe  tbe  conclnsloD  to  be  justified 
that  grape  buoohes  can  be  best  preeerved  for  collectlODs  by  keeping  them  Immereed 
Id  &  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate,  taking  special  care  to  waah  them  thoronghl7 
beforebaod.  The  best  strength  for  tbls  solution  appears  to  be  i  piv  milU;  It  will 
probablj  be  advantageous  to  renew  the  Bolntloo  at  the  end  of  the  first  two  years, 
and  perhaps  subsequently  at  similar  Intervals ;  but  we  shall  thus  have  assured  the 
preservation  of  the  grapes,  with  all  thelresterlor  natural  characters,  aod  with  but 
a  trifling  expense,  for  a  nnmber  of  years. 

The  author  finally  calls  attention  to  the  poisonoas  nature  of  the 
preserving  fluid,  which  is,  however,  the  same  naed  in  pathological 
laboratories  for  the  disinfection  of  hands  and  inatrnmeDte  after  nse  in 
anatomical  dissections. 

The  strength  above  referred  to  as  the  best  is  equal  to  half  an  onnce 
of  corrosive  SQblimate  to  a  gallon  of  water. 


THE  SULPHURING  OF  DRIED  FRUITS. 
j£.  W.  Hllgard,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

The  writer's  views  on  the  above  subject  have  been  so  often  ex- 
pressed before  meetings  of  frDit-growers,and  in  print  before  the  general 
public,  that  it  might  seem  nncalled-for  to  reiterate  their  formal  expres- 
sion in  this  place.  Yet  the  frequent  requests,  both  written  and  verbal, 
for  sach  expressions,  seem  to  render  it  the  briefest  mode  of  disposing 
of  the  Bubject — the  more  as  the  only  radical  solution  of  the  question 
lies  in  its  being  more  and  moreihllynnderstood  by  consumers  (to  whom 
these  presents  are  equally  addressed),  who  now  sacrifice  good  flavor 
and  healthfulnesB  to  mere  appearance. 

The  Bulphuriug  of  dried  fruit  has  two  chief  objectB.  One,  and  that 
most  generally  kept  in  view,  is  tbe  brightening  of  the  color,  which 
always  darkens,  particularly  in  sliced  fruit,  in  whatever  way  it  may  be 
dried — the  change  of  color  being  doe  to  the  action  of  the  air  (oxygen) 
upon  certain  easily  changeable  substances  contained  in  all  fruits.  This 
darkening  (mostly  to  a  light  brown)  ia  a  practically  inevitable  reenlt  of 
drying  any  fruit  in  contact  with  air,  whether  in  sousbiue  or  by  artificial 
heat,  and  should  be  looked  for  by  every  conBomer,ae  the  natural  maik 
of  an  honest,  nnmanipulated  article. 


HLSCELI^ANBOna   PAFBBB,  93 

The  second  object  Boaglit  to  be  attuned  by  salpharing  is  to  render 
the  fruit  secnie  from  the  attacks  of  inBects,  whether  by  renttering  itB 
snrfoce  aupalatsble  before  the  eggB  are  laid,  ot  by  killing  eggs  laid  during 
sno-diying,  that  might  sabaequently  hatch  in  the  packages.  The  latter 
object  involves,  of  coarse,  the  sulpharing  of  the  dried  fruit,  the  former 
ie  to  a  greater  or  Icbb  extent  attained  by  enlphnring  before  drying. 

Th«  effects  of  8a]pharoasacid(the  gas — not  the  visible  fames — given 
off  from  burning  snlphnr)  as  a  disinfectant  and  bleaching  agent,  are 
generally  understood.  The  gaB  is  abaorbed  by  the  moisture  of  the 
frait,  to  an  extent  depending  npou  the  time  of  exposnre,  its  fresh  or 
dried  condition,  and  the  amoant  of  snlphnr  need. 

When  fteshly  sliced  &nit  ia  snlpbnred  for  a  short  time,  the  gas 
penetrates  only  "  skin-deep ;"  and  when  the  fnit  is  afterward  dried 
whether  in  the  san  or  drier,  most  of  the  gas  escapes,  and  few  persons 
voald  note  the  difference  in  taSte  produced  thereby.  Inaects,  never- 
theless, are  to  a  very  taateritU  extent  deterred  f^om  tonching  snch 
frait. 

Bat  when  the  latter  is  dried  and  then  Ihoronghly  salphared,  aa  la 
too  commonly  done,  the  effect  is  mnch  more  aeiiocs.  The  gas  then 
penetrates  the  entire  spongy  mass,  bleaching  it,  bo  that  careleasly  dried 
fmit,  too  dark  to  be  marketable,  can  thos  be  made  to  appear  more  or 
leas  inviting  to  the  eye — not,  however,  to  the  nostrils  or  to  the  taste, 
for  with  the  color,  the  Savor  has  alao  snffered  correspondingly ;  and 
upon  opening  a  package  of  anch  f^ait,  instead  of  the  natural  aroma, 
there  appears  the  flavor  fiimiliar  to  those  who  visit  a  chemieal  labora- 
tory, or  acid  mann&ctory. 

The  consumer  then  has  reason  to  object  to  dry-sulphured  fmit  on 
two  coants,  either  of  which  Is  sufDcient  to  condemn  the  practice.  One 
is  that  dirty,  ill-prepared  or  damaged  fmit  may  thns  be  imposed  upon 
him  for  good  qaality;  the  other,  that  the  natural  flavor  of  the  frait  is 
either  serionaly  impaired  or  sometimes  almost  completely  destroyed, 
and  (aa  will  be  shown)  its  acidity  greatly  increased. 

There  ia  another  and  very  serious  coont  in  the  indictment,  namely, 
that  snch  fmit  ie  anhealtby  because  containing  an  antiseptic  that  im- 
pedes digestion,  and  while  the  frnit  iB  relatively  fresh,  oaases  headaches 
jast  as  will  sulphured  wine. 

In  addition  to  rendering  the  frait  unpalatably  acid,  it  had  been 
rendered  obnoxioaa  both  to  the  digestive  organs  and  to  the  teeth.  I^o 
one  coald  habitually  consume  such  frnit  without  feeling  the  effects  of 
such  an  amonnt  of  mineral  acid,  introduced  into  his  food  purely  for  the 
gratification  of  the  eye  with  an  nnnataral  tint. 


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Vi  STATE   HOSTIOULTUBAL   800IETT. 

Bat  so  loug  as  the  pnblic.  and  its  agents  the  dealers,  continue 
willing  to  pay  from  30  to  50  per  cent  more  for  the  whitened  sepnlcbres 
offered  them  in  the  shape  of  snlphered  fruit  than  for  that  which 
retains,  with  its  aataral  flavor  and  swdetoess,  the  natnral  tint  of  dried 
frnit,  and  with  it  the  marks  of  o^eful  or  careless  treatment,  so  loug 
will  the  prodncer  continue  to  snpply  the  demand  for  the  doctored 
article — nnless,  indeed,  the  law  shoald  intervene,  as  has  been  done  in 
most  European  countries.  There  the  sale  of  sulphured  frnit  is  simply 
forbidden  aa  injnrioaB  to  pablic  health,  and  as  coming  under  suspicion 
of  having  been  "  doctored  up  "  from  an  inferior  article  with  frandolent 
intent. 

When,  therefore,  it  is  asked  what  I  think  is  tJbe  proper  policy  to 
be  pursued  in  this  respect  by  a  region  which  tbis  year  will  for  the  first 
time  come  into  the  dried  fruit  market,  I  reply  that  I  think  the  time 
has  come  to  make  a  step  forward  and  [ry  to  pat  upon  the  market  a  first- 
class  article  of  "  ansolphured  dried  fniit,"  with  the  express  statement 
and  claim  that  it  is  nnsalpbnred  and  retains  the  natnral  sweetness  and 
flavor  of  Oalifoniia  fruit,  instead  of  being  reduced  to  a  common  level 
with  the  worst  products  of  any  other  country.  For  it  is  certain  that 
the  whitish-green  dried  apples  and  pears  now  sold  at  high  prices  in  our 
grocery  stores  might  jost  as  well  have  been  grown  anywhere  from 
Norway  to  the  Mediterranean  for  aught  they  teach  of  the  quality  of  onr 
fruits. 

The  following  suggestions  are  offered  to  those  who  are  willing  to 
practice  salphnring  to  a  moderate  degree  only,  and  with  some  regard 
to  the  conservation  of  the  fruits'  palatableness : 

Large  quantities  of  sulphur  Introduced  at  once  into  the  drier  or 
sulpburing-box  will  tend  to  cause  a  deposit  of  sulphur,  in  substance, 
on  the  outside  of  the  fruit,  adding  its  flavor  to  that  of  the  acid,  which 
alone  Is  useful.  The  less  sulphur  is  put  in  at  one  time,  and  the  more 
air  admitted,  the  less  there  will  be  of  the  visible  fumes  that  carry  tbe 
sulphur  up  into  the  fruit.  It  is  beet  to  let  the  sulphur  catch  fire  all  over 
before  putting  it  into  the  box  at  all. 

Let  whatever  solphnring  you  mast  do  be  done  before  drying,  as  in 
that  case  not  only  will  the  drying  process  itself  drive  off  a  great  deal 
of  tbe  snperfiona  acid  and  prevent  it  from  penetrating  the  whole,  but 
the  flavor  of  tlie  interior  will  penetrate  outward  and  measurably  do 
away  with  the  laboratory  odor  that  will  otherwise  pervade  the  fruit 
package. 

A  very  sightly  and  appetizing  cinnamon-brown  tint  for  sliced  apples 
and  pears  may  be  secured  by  dipping,  for  a  few  minutes,  the  freshly 
made  slices,  contained  in  a  properly  shaped  basket  (of  galvanized  wire 


HI8CELLAKE0US   PAPERS.  95 

if  d«Bired],  into  a  nolatioa  of  salt  contfuning  uot  leas  than  two  oanoes 
-in  Ave  galloDS  of  water.  This  prevents  an;  Bpottiog  where  the  ftnit 
hae  been  toncbed.  Instead  of  the  salt,  a  similar  solotion  of  the  bisnl- 
phites  of  soda  or  lime  ma;  be  used,  which  effect  a  slight  external  bleach- 
ins  withont  injnr;  to  the  flavoi  of  the  frnit. 

Last,  bat  not  least,  let  as  try  to  gradoall;  edncste  the  pablic  taste 
ap  to  the  point  of  prefering  in  this  matter  the  substance  to  the  shadow, 
and  accepting  healthy,  brown,  high-fiavored  dried  fruit  to  the  sickly-- 
tinted,  cbemioal-tainted  product  of  the  aalphor  box. 


SPRING  AND  SUMMER  REMEDIES 
Keoommended  by  the  State  Inspector  of  Fntlt  Peete  of  California. 

FOE  CODLING  MOTH. 
The  most  snccessfol  remedy  last  season  proved  to  be  the  arsenical 
mixtares.  Of  the  three,  Paris  green,  London  pnrple,  white  arsenic, 
vherever  nsed  in  the  coast  counties,  where  more  or  less  damp  nights 
prevail,  the  two  latter  did  some  damage  to  the  foliage,  and  for  this 
reason  and  that  its  effect  is  most  lasting,  the  Paris  green  seems  to  be 
preferable. 

STBENaTH  TO   BE  U&BD. 

Of  five  samples  analyzed  last  year  by  the  University  of  California, 
four  bad  above  54  per  cent  arsenic,  one  going  3S  per  cent.  In  accord- 
ance with  this  we  would  recommend  early  ripening  apples  and  pears  to 
be  sprayed  once  with  one  poond  of  Paris  green  to  180  gallons  of  water, 
wben  jast  oat  of  bloom.  For  fall  and  winter  apples  it  may  be  advisa- 
ble to  spray  ten  days  later  with  an  application  of  one  pound  to  200 
gallons,  while  the  blossom  end  of  the  apples  is  still  tamed  upward. 
This  (two  treatments),  according  to  my  own  experience,  seemed  safe  on 
White  Winter  Pearmain  and  Yellow  Newtown  Pippin,  while  it  proved 
nnaafe  on  Belldowers.  Therefore,  the  behavior  of  other  varieties 
shoald  be  noted. 

We  recommend  to  nse  the  Paris  green  without  any  additions,  sim- 
ply stirring  the  liquid  continnally ;  also,  straining  it  before  using. 

Use  a  fine  nozzle.  Cyclone,  Crofton  or  Imperial. 


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8T&TE  BOBTIOULTDBAL  SOOIETT. 


SULPHIDE   OP  SODA  AND  WHALE   OIL  SOAP 

Ib  worthy  of  farther  trial,  and  eepeeially  for  a  third  sprajiog  aboat  a 
month  after  the  last  spntfing  (in  cMe  of  winter  varieties.) 

For  manner  of  preparation,  see  nnder  head  of  sammer  washes  for 
scale  insects. 

We  propose  to  test  both  London  pnrple  and  white  arsenic.  Easi- 
.ern  growers  contend  that  one  poond  of  arsenic  to  600  gallons  of  water 
is  sufficient;  at  present  I  cannot  recommend  it. 

We  believe  that  in  isolated  places  probably  one  sprayine  of  Paris 
green  will  snffioe ;  however,  when  the  orchard  is  sarronnded  with  in- 
fested orchards  not  treated,  the  fall  course  of  spraying,  first  with  Paris 
green  twice,  and  followed  with  enlpbide  and  soap,  seem  to  be  necessary. 

POSSIBLE  DANGBB  OF  nSING  THE  ABSBNITES. 

While,  the  greatest  care  shonld  be  taken  in  handling  the  arsenic 
mixtoFC,  avoiding  getting  an;  in  cnts  on  ttie  hands,  also  preventinji^ 
either  baman  beings  or  animals  from  eating  the  yoang  fmit  (stock 
should  be  exclnded  &om  the  orchard  for  at  lest  six  weeks),  we  believe 
that  if  no  application  is  made  after  the  ^it  has  commenced  to  tnrn 
downward,  there  is  really  no  danger  to  be  apprehended.  The  foct 
seems  to  be  that,  in  ease  of  an  overdose  being  used  on  a  tree,  the 
foliage  is  affected  to  snch  an  extent  that  the  leaves  on  the  froit  trees 
will  fall,  and  with  them  the  &ait.  This  is  the  experience  in  the  coast 
climate. 

BAND   SYSTEM. 

As  an  additional  help  of  decreasing  the  last  broods  of  codlin  moth, 
the  banding  system  is  certainly  worth  following ;  bnt,  besides  putting 
barlap  bands  aronnd  the  tree,  say  one  foot  from  the  ground,  on  larger 
trees  it  will  be  necessary  to  put  rags  in  the  crotches  of  the  trees,  and 
examine  these,  as  well  as  the  band,  once  a  week. 

FOR  PLUM  APBIS  AND  WOOLLY  APHIS,  ABOVB  GROUND. 

Fonr  ponnds  of  resin ;  three  ponnds  of  sal-soda:  water  to  make 
H  gallons.  Dissolve  the  sal-soda  in  a  few  pints  of  water;  when  thor- 
onghly  dissolved,  add  the  resin.  Heat  nntil  dissolved,  and  add  water 
finally.  TJse  Ij  pints  of  solution  to  the  gallon  of  water.  Use  a  tem- 
perature of  about  100°  Fahrenheit. 


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MISOBIXANEOUS  PAPERS. 


DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  SPABEOW. 

There  are  a  namber  of  ways  to  deatroy  the  aparrow.  Trappiog  by 
meftiis  of  a  bird  net  is  practiced  by  experts,  but  tbe  eparrow,  consider- 
iog  their  unmbers,  is  the  most  diffiotilt  of  all  birds  to  catch.  The  gan 
is  the  more  ready  weapon.  In  city  limits,  where  sparrows  are  the 
thickest,  this  caimot  be  ased  except  by  persons  having  anthority  to 
make  this  their  special  bnsiness.  Probably  the  most  snccessfdl  method 
is  to  nse  poison.  Wheat  soaked  ia  a  eolation  of  strychnine,  in  a  por- 
tion of  one  drachm  to  a  qnart  of  water,  is  one  of  the  most  efficient  poi- 
sons. However,  experience  shows  that  this  flomponnd  is  too  rapid  in 
its  resalts,  as  some  of  the  birds  begin  to  be  atfected  before  all  present 
hare  taken  a  fatal  dose,  and  when  once  scared  away  by  the  dying  agony 
of  poisoned  birds,  the  others  never  retnm.  Arsenic  mixed  with  com 
or  oat  meal  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  of  arsenic  to  ten  or  fifteen 
parts  of  meal,  by  weight,  makes  a  less  expensive  poison  and  is  more 
slow  in  ita  action,  thus  giving  all  birds  ample  time  to  getaway  from  the 
feed  before  they  become  affected.  In  order  to  obtain  the  best  resnlte 
the  birds  shonldbe  fed  for  a  few  ^ys  at  flrst^  pore  grain  of  the  same 
kind  that  is  to  be  poisoned. 


MANURE. 
Report  of  California  Expeiimeiit  StatioD. 

The  subjoined  table'  gives  some  insight  into  the  amonnts  removed 
from  the  soil  by  some  of  the  chief  fmit  crops,  of  nitrogen,  potash, 
phosphoric  acid  and  lime — these  being,  according  to  ail  experience, 
the  only  ones  of  which  the  replacement  need  ordinarily  be  considered 
in  fertilization.  These  amounts  are  expressed  both  with  reference  to 
1,000  pounds  of  fresh  ftuit,  and  to  what,  according  to  onr  best  informa- 
tion, may  be  assumed  to  be  a  "  fi»ir  crop  "  per  acre.  The  latter  figure 
is,  of  course,  liable  to  great  variations  and  differences  of  opinion  ;  bnt 

•  The  koalyaea  of  attaes  here  glren  are  mostly  those  of  European  obemlste,  gea> 
eially  Acc«pt«d  as  representing  averages.  California- grown  fruits  will  be  Investi- 
gated at  this  Station  the  coming  season  for  this  parpose. 


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98 


STATE   HO&TICULTUBAL  SOCIETT. 


1);  the  aid  of  a  little  arithmetic  each  one  caa  calculate  for  himself  the 
data  suitable  to  his  owd  ease  or  views.  The  crop  assamed  in  the  case 
of  oranges  is  335  boxes  per  acre  of  1 5-year-old  trees ;  that  of  grapes  is 
intended  to  represent  a  mean  between  uplands  and  lowlands. 

qUAXTITIU   OF  SOIL   INORIDtEITTS  WITHDRAWN   BY   TABIOnS  fRDIT  CROPS. 


Freab  fruit. 


Total  aah,  Potub,  Ibl. 
lbs.      I 


Pbos.  aotd,    Nitrogen, 


lbs. 


lbs. 


Grapee,  1,000  IbB 

Crop  of  10,000  Ibe.  pet  acre 

Orknges  (ifeedlesB),  1 ,000  pounds . . 

Crop  of  20,000  tbe.  per  acre 

Pears,  1,000  IbB 

Crop  of  20,000  lbs.  per  acre 

Plnms,  1,000  IbB 

Crop  of  30,000  IbB.  per  acre 

Apples,  1,000  Ibe 

Crop  of  20.000  lbs.  per  acre 


S.78 
66.60 


1.72 
51.60 


16.00 


1. 53 
16.90 


13.30 
.03 
6.00 


1.70 
17.00 

3.69 
63.80 


167.7 

.6 

13.0 


It  will  be  seen  that  for  equal  weights  of  these  finits,  grapes  take 
from  the  soil  by  far  the  largest  am>)nQt  of  mineral  matter,  of  which 
nearly  five-ninths  is  potash;  they  also  carry  off  the  largest  amount  of 
phosphoric  acid.  For  seedless  grapes  the  latter  item  wonld,  however, 
be  considerably  smaller. 

Kext  in  the  drain  of  total  mineral  matter  from  tbe  soil  stands  the 
orange  ;  it  also  draws  heavily  on  the  potash,  and  also  npon  the  nitro- 
gen of  the  soil,  bnt  less  than  the  grape  upon  phosphoric  acid.  This 
independently  of  the  seedft  the  analysis  having  been  referred  to  seed- 
less frait ;  seed-be^ng  (seedling)  fruit  wonld  draw  more  heavily  both 
on  phosphoric  acid  and  nitrogen. 

Pears  come  next  as  regards  total  mineral  matter,  but  draw  quite 
ightly  on  nitrogen. 

Plums  (including  prunes)  are  conspicuons  chiefly  for  their  heavy 
draught  on  the  nitrogen  of  the  soil,  greatly  exceeding  in  that  respect 
the  orange  for  equal  weights,  and  enormously  for  an  (assumed)  average 
crop. 

The  difference  between  apples  and  pears  in  respect  to  soU  exhans- 
tion  for  an  equal  weight  of  friiit  is  quite  striking,  the  amount  of  potash 
la  apoles  being  less  than  half;  tbe  phosphoric  acid  only  a  trifle  over 
half  as  much  as  in  tbe  pear ;  while  nitrogen  is  equal  in  both,  and  quite 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_JV|1^ 


MI8CBLLANEOU8   PAPBB8.  99 

lov  as  compared  to  the  orange,  which  has  over  foar  times  as  much  and 
mast  therefore  be  accoaoted  relatively  much  more  nourishing  to  maa, 
«a  welt  as  more  exhaasting  to  the  soil. 


UTILITY  PLFS  BEAUTY. 

L.  A.  OOODMUI,  WUTFORT. 


The  first  thought  of  man  in  hie  life-work  is  atility.  It  matters  not 
-where  he  is,  what  he  is  doing,  how  he  is  thinking,  what  he  is  seeing^ 
-where  he  is  feeling  bis  way,  his  flrBt  thought  is  the  neefal. 

A  poor  old  cripple,  watching  his  wife  eke'  ont  their  scanty  living 
-with  her  needle,  watching  her  day  and  night,  bis  heart  fall  of  love  for 
her  and  full  of  sorrow  for  their  lot,  as  be  sits  there  Watching,  a  sewing 
machine  is  made  in  hie  mind  to  do  this  work.  The  thought  of  the  nse- 
"fol  up  per  most  in  bis  miud  brought  out  gradually  a  rough,  crude  machine 
tbat  was  able  to  do  the  work.  Ko  thought  of  the  beautiful  filled  the 
mind  of  Elias  Howe  as  bis  first  machine  grew  under  his  hands,  but 
«nly  the  thought  of  the  useful. 

It  was  not  until  years  after  the  saccessfnl  working  of  ibis  same 
machine  tbat  it  euteied  the  heads  of  men  to  make  them  beautiful,  and 
now  we  have  them  in  all  shapes  and  sizes,  in  boxes,  cabinets,  desks, 
«tc.,  etc. 

It  never  entered  the  mind  of  Bobert  Fulton  to  make  a  beantifdl 
boat  when  he  first  formed  the  steamboat  on  the  Hadson.  His  only 
motive,  his  prevailing  thought,  was  to  make  a  boat  which  would  run 
Against  wind  and  tide,  and  bo  we  have  the  rude,  cumbersome,  awkward 
and  yet  useful  boat  which  succeeded  in  doing  what  its  maker  intended 
it  to  do.  Kow,  years  after,  ;we  have  perfect  palaces  of  steamboats, 
where  are  embodied  the  main  thoughts  of  their  builders  to  have  a 
l>eautifal  as  well  as  UBeful  boat. 

In  all  the  realm  of  thought  and  knowledge,  the  useful  is  the  first 
«nd  prevailing  idea. 

The  old  &rmer  uBcd  the  forked  stick  for  his  plow  with  the  only  .,. 
thought  of  utility.  The  old  cast-iron  plow  had  only  this  for  its  goal,  - 
and  it  never  occurred  to  man  until  after  he  bad  developed  this,  neeful 
to  his  needs,  that  beauty  should  have  anything  to  do  with  it.  Beauty 
and  knowledge  then  go  hand  in  hand,  and  we  may  be  sure  tbat  as  yon ' 
find  a  nation  increase  in  knowledge  and  learning,  yon  will  see  them 


100  BTATB   HORTICULTURAL  BOCIBTT. 

iooreaee  in  the  love  for  the  beaatifal  and  the  Qaefnl,  and  not  th')  nsefnl 
withont  the  beantifnl.  Utility  pins  beaaty  therefore  is  one  of  the  facts 
vhich  determine  in  oar  minds  the  civilization  of  a  people. 

Yon  may  take  the  rnde  hats  of  the  barbarians,  the  log  cabins  of 
onx  fathers,  the  caves  of  the  clitT-dwellera,  or  the  wigwam  of  the  In- 
dians, and  the  first  thought,  in  fact  the  only  thonght,  which  seems  to 
enter  their  mind  is  the  thonght  of  ntility,  and  so  we  have  the  low  log 
hoQses,  the  rnde  cabins  of  our  forefathers,  bnilt  with  the  idea  of  the 
nsefnl.  Gradnally  as  thvy  grow  older  the  thonght  of  the  beantifn) 
enters  with  the  nsefnl,  and  we  have  some  of  them  bailding  anew,  while 
many  of  the  others  who  never  can  have  the  idea  of  the  nsefnl  and  the 
beantlfnl  in  their  minds  together,  move  their  location  to  points  where 
they  can  only  think  of  the  aseftil.  So,  many  of  onr  first  settlers  can- 
not look  npon  the  beautifying  of  their  coootiy,  and  so  go  to  a  newer 
agaiu. 

The  nsefnl  and  the  beantifnl  are  the  moving  factors  in  all  oar  bnsi- 
ness  transactions.  To  those  who  think  of  the  nsefnl,  in  onr  day  and 
age,  the  beantifnl  is  the  attractive  qnality.  If  it  be  nothing  more  than 
a  mop,  the  thonght  of  attractiveness  is  in  your  mind.  The  &rmer 
thiiiks  of  this  when  he  bnys  his  ploy/,  harness,  wagon,  horses,  cows^ 
hogs  and  sheep.  Beauty  is  what  attracts  the  eye.  In  &ct,  let  the  two 
be  JDst  as  nsefnl  in  this  day  and  age,  yet  the  idea  of  beaoty  will  settle 
the  idea  of  ntility,  and  ofttimes  overbalance  it.  If  you  wish  a  piece  of 
cloth  or  a  snit  of  clothes,  it  never  oocors  to  yon  to  take  the  aseAil 
when  yon  can  get  the  useful  and  beantifnl  together.  The  lady  in  search 
of  the  dress  goods,  a^er  the  first  thonght  of  ntility,  next  looks  to  the 
beantifnl,  and  ofttimes  lets  the  latter  rnn  away  with  the  former. 

Yet  for  these  ideas  we  know  that  the  first  thonght  of  man  in  bia 
work  is  the  useful,  and  the  great  moving  power  of  the  world  is  the 
nsefnl. 

To-day  we  have  thoasands  npon  thonaands  of  persons  working 
with  this  as  their  moving  powe:;  we  have  thousands  who  are  using 
their  bnuDS  for  the  furtherance  of  this  idea ;  thousands  who  are  in- 
venting,  day  after  day,  the  nsefnl. 

Scarcely  a  paper  do  we  pick  up  bnt  we  see  the  list  of  patents,  all 
more  or  less  useful ;  and  when  these  are  perfected,  then  the  thonght  of 
-the  inventor  or  some  other  is  to  make  it  beautiful,  and  the  two  mnst 
-"  grow  together  as  we  grow. 

So  the  first  thonght  of  man,  I  say,  is  to  the  nsefnl,  and  the  second 
-  thonght  is  to  the  useful  and  the  beaotifnl^  and  the  last  thonght  is  to  the 
beantifnl  alone. 


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MISCBLLANBOnS   PAPERS.  101 

This  has  been  the  growth  in  the  line  of  horticnltnre  as  well.  First 
a  few  apple,  peach,  cherry,  pear — perhaps  some  berries,  if  there  are  no 
wild  ones;  utility,  and  that  alone,  is  the  thoaght  of  too  many  of  oar 
pioneers.  They  will  cnt  down  trees  and  ahmbs,  which  in  after  years 
they  would  give  thousaods  to  have,  and  years  of  time  to  replace.  I 
Itsve  kuowQ  men  to  go  into  the  evergreen  forests  and  cut  down  every 
specimen  within  reach  of  the  hoase  and  yard,  and  in  ten  years  begin 
planting  them  to  beautify  The  only  thought  of  too  many  of  us  is  the 
useful,  and  that  alone,  and  it  is  a  grand  mistake.  We  need  at  all  times 
to  unite  the  two  and  keep  them  in  close  union  in  order  to  get  the  most 
flatisfaction  ont  of  this  life. 

The  home  is  useful,  but  nsef[i]  only  as  we  make  it  perfect,  and  we 
'Cannot  make  it  perfect  nnlesB  we  make  it  beautiful.  Perfection  is  only 
reached  by  the  close  union  of  the  two.  The  home  is  beantiibl  and  yet 
not  leas  useful  becanee  it  is  beautiful,  when  we  have  the  landscape,  the 
gnsa  plots,  the  shrubs,  the  flower  beds,  the  shade  trees,  the  evergieena, 
all  nicely  blended  for  use  and  beanty. 

One -half  of  onr  lives  is  a  waste  if  we  do  not  unite  these  two  in  all 
«nr  work;  one  is  as  necessary  as  the  other  to  the  full  development  of 
manhood  and  womanhood,  and  to  a  full  appreciation  of  life  and  its  du- 
ties. "All  work  and  no  play  makes  Jack  a  dull  boy  "  is  still  true,  and 
the  opposite  is  also  true. 

This  is  simply  another  way  of  putting  the  snbject  of  this  paper. 
All  work  makes  a  drudge,  all  utility  makes  dull  ieeliugs,  slow  appreci- 
ation, weak  senUmenta — a  drudge  also. 

We  want  something  higher  and  better,  and  so  we  look  to  the  beau- 
tiful. Ic  is  only  by  the  union  of  the  two  that  the  perfect  development 
of  character  is  shown. 

Let  us  look  over  our  own  work  in  the  same  light;  Did  yon  ever 
go  into  an  orohard  when  every  tree  was  perfect  in  form  and  symmetry 
And  have  it  do  your  heart  good  to  just  see  the  trees,  to  look  at  them 
in  their  beanty  T  When,  therefore,  behind  all  this  there  is  the  fact  of 
value  in  their  products,  then  the  appreciation  of  mind  and  body  is  MIed 
to  its  satisfactior .  So,  in  the  beautiful  yard  and  surroundings,  it  does 
the  mind  good  to  dwell  on  its  grand  trees,  lovely  lawn,  handsome  bnild- 
ing,  and  all.  Add  to  this,  therefore,  the  fact  of  the  utility  it  can  all  be 
put  to,  and  yon  have  the  acme  of  perfection. 

I  plead,  therefore,  in  this  race  for  the  useful,  we  neglect  not  the 
thought  of  the  beantifnJ,  as  the  one  should  go  hand  in  band  with  the 
other. 

Let  us  not  &il  to  use  the  useful  and  to  beautify  the  beautiful  if  we 
Want  the  most  perfect  life  we  are  capable  of  enjoying. 


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102  STATE  HOBTlCITLTOBAt.  BOCIBTT. 

The  following  extracis  taken  from  a  lectnre  of  David  Swing : 
The  beaatirnl  (tomes  Hret  in  the  order  of  Datare.  Many  of  our  joaag  peTBoa» 
enppoae  tbtkt  tlie  beantlfal  la  tbe  cnlniDatton  of  life ;  but  Just  tbe  opposite  ta  trne. 
The  nsefal  1b  the  culoilDatiOD  of  bumao  thought  aud  human  effort.  The  child  in 
hiB  cradle  will  reach  oat  after  tbe  decoration,  after  tbe  boquet  of  flowers,  or  a  bril- 
liant ribbon,  Tbe  aavages  In  the  west  are  all  omameDtlng  themselves,  bnt  tbe;- 
are  not  seeking  dot  flnding  the  paths  of  utility. 

Tbe  sentiment  orlglnatlnff  with  tbe  human  race  and  extending  as  tbe  bumaa 
race  went  forward  and  blossomed  out  into  five  great  arts— architecture,  maslo, 
painting,  sculpture  and  literature,  and  in  some  ooe  or  all  of  these  Tarlous  forms  It 
held  the  world  subject  for  thoDsanda  of  yeare. 

Qreece  was  mined  by  (he  exulnslve  study  of  beauty.  Greece  omitted  utility. 
It  never  grasped  the  great  ends  of  politics  or  religion  or  social  life,  bnt  failing  to- 
see  these,  stndled  the  arcbitecture,  sculpture,  painting,  music  and  tbe  graoefalness 
of  the  human  form.  When  Xerxes  was  approachtog  Qreec«  with  bis  army,  the 
great  men  of  that  nation  were  standing  around  on  the  Olympian  held.  There  werfr 
before  their  eyes  chariot  races,  the  fbot-race,  the  shooting-match.  A  measeDger 
came  In  saying  that  Xerxes  was  jast  over  the  mountains  ;  and  those  Greek  philoso- 
phers and  statesmen  resolved  not  to  suspend  the  games  on  that  account.  What 
was  worse  than  that, only  300  men  went  to  thepass  at  Thermopyln  to  repel  Xerzes, 
and  yet  still  worse,  when  Leonldas  was  defending  the  pass,  Xeriea  discovered  an- 
other pase  through  which  be  flung  a  hundred  thousand  men,  of  which  mountain 
pass  the  great  Greek  statesmrn  knew  nothing  of  the  existence.  'J  here  was  moro 
BtatesmanshEp  In  the  mind  ol  Abraham  Lincoln  In  his  brief  life  than  In  all  tbe 
statesmen  of  Greece  for  flve  hundred  years. 

But  passing  to  the  great  period  In  which  the  beautiful  reached  its  culminating 
point,  werometo  the  time  of  Hlchael  Angelo.  Next  to  Shalispeare,  Michael  An- 
gelo's  was  perhaps  tbe  greatest  Intellect  ever  born  In  the  world,  and  since  we  do 
not  now  know  who  Shakapeare  was,  whether  he  was  Sbakapeare  only,  or  Sbakspear& 
and  Lord  Bacon,  Michael  Angelo  was  tbe  greatest  intellect  tbe  world  has  pro- 
duced .  But  he  was  born  in  a  period  when  only  two  forms  of  th'>ugbt  occupied  the- 
human  mind ;  one  waa  theological  thought— abstruse  theological  thoughl^-and  the 
other  was  that  ornamental  thought  that  decorated  theology.  Michael  Angelo 
struck  the  world  when  the  world  asked  for  two  things— either  tbe  abatruae  theology- 
or  the  external  temple,  tbe  church,  tbe  cathedral,  the  ttasllicand  the  paintings  and 
statuary  of  tbe  decorated  church.  Had  Hlchael  Angelo  been  born  In  Mew  York  In 
1860,  he  would  see  before  him  perhaps  twenty  different  professions.  The  pulptt 
would  allure  falm,  the  lawyer's  profession  would  allure  bim,  the  editorial  chair 
would  allure  him,  the  military  pursuit  would  ofl'er  Its  charms,  the  railroad  interest 
Invite  his  genius;  or.  If  all  of  these  things  failed,  there  remained  tbe  lightning- 
rod  agency  and  tbe  sewing  machine  Induatry  and  the  book-can vaeser's  vocatloti  ;^ 
and  if,  in  none  of  these,  did  be  flud  sntHclent  allurement,  then  some  philoso- 
pher would  say  to  htm,  "Go  west,  young  man,  go  west."  But  In  Michael  An- 
gelo's  day  only  two  voices  sounded  in  his  ear.  One  was,  "Hlcbaet,  either  study 
theology  of  the  church  or  decorate  this  theology ;"  and  Angelo  chose  the  art  or 
decoration.  And,  furthermore,  the  women  of  that  period  were  all  In  favor  of  the 
decorative  arts.  Every  woman  of  note  in  Florence  and  Bome  cultivated  tbe  fine 
arts.  Bacb  morning,  Instead  of  taking  a  carriage  and  driving  to  tbe  dry-goods 
store  to  purchase  a  few  yards  of  ribbon,  they  would  walk  to  where  some  sculptor 
wascarvlnginoiarble.oran  architect  was  rearing  a  temple, or  a  Raphael  was  paint- 
ing a  picture.    There  were  not  many  ol  theae  women,  but  they  were  the  Insptta- 


I1IBC&LLA.NE0US   PAPBRS.  103 

tloD  of  the  age.  In  Angpelo'a  da;  there  were  women  who  could  recite  all  of  VirgU 
or  all  of  Homer  from  memory.  Sometimes  the  artist  would  be  Id  love  with  some 
ODe  of  these  coneptcuons  womeo,  uid  was  thus  Inspired  hj  thftt  Beottment ;  and 
to  be  In  love  with  some  noble  woman  In  those  dajrs  was  as  oataral  as  It  Is  foi  as  to 
be  a  Democrat  or  a  Republican  or  even  a  Mugwump. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century  there  sprung  up  a  development  of  the 
useful.  The  difference  between  the  beautiful  and  the  useful  is  this  :  The  beautl- 
falis  a  sentiment ;  the  useful  Is  a  thought.  The  useful  Is  the  discovery  of  the 
great  end  aod  of  the  good  way  of  arriving  at  lt~the  great  end  of  the  IndWIdnat 
life  or  the  nation's  Jlfe.  TMs  deflnltloo  places  it  beyond  the  reach  of  the  infant, 
tlie  lodioD  and  the  savage,  and  makes  the  asefQl  depend  wholly  opon  the  method 
of  thought.  It  requires  thought  to  devise  the  good  end  and  the  discovery  of  a  good 
way  of  reacbicgit.  The  railway  which  lies  near  your  city  Is  a  good  way  for  oarry- 
iDg  aronnd  men,  bat  that  does  not  make  It  useful.  It  must  also  carry  men  on  good 
errands  or  to  a  good  destination.  If  your  railroad  were  to  undertake  to-morrow 
to  carry  men  to  a  prlxe-flicbt  It  would  be  ntterly  worthless,  becauie  men  going  to  a 
prize-flght  would  be  wicked.  Men  going  to  a  prize-flght  ought  to  walk  through 
deep  mud.    Men  going  to  a  prize-light  should  all  die  on  the  rood. 

So  the  useful  consists  in  a  good  way  of  reaching  a  good  end.  This  makes  It 
oecessary  that  the  useful  be  attained  only  by  an  age  fnU  of  thought.  Lord  Bacon 
beralded  the  useful  just  about  as  Washington  heralded  liberty.  Bacon  did  not 
create  the  useful,  but  stood  in  the  midst  of  It  and  developed  it.  He  became  Its 
speaker,  its  poet,  its  prophet.  Previous  to  Lord  Bacon  the  scholars  of  Europe 
were  all  engaged  In  abstract  thought  about  themes  that  bad  no  application  to 
human  life-  Lecky  says  that  sometimes  In  Europe  there  were  Ave  thousand  schol- 
ars  gathered  together  In  woods  and  camps  for  discussion  and  thought  upon  themes 
that  had  no  application  to  human  life.  One  of  their  favorite  themes  was  the  na- 
ture of  the  human  spirit,  and  as  to  how  many  spirits  could  probably  dance  upon 
the  point  of  a  needle  ;  and  they  would  also  Inquire  what  kind  of  a  club  Calc  killed 
Abel  with— whether  it  was  hickory,  oak  or  sassafras ;  snd  one  of  those  philoso- 
phers wrote  twenty  essays  on  the  probable  height  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  the  proba- 
ble size  of  her  bond  or  foot,  and  the  probable  color  of  her  hair.  They  thought  it 
dbigrocef^l  to  come  down  to  the  common  affairs  of  life. 

And  while  the  men  were  doing  this  kind  of  thinking  the  women  were  slaves, 
doing  the  drudgery  ;  and  this  reaches  over  the  pagan  aod  Christian  world  up  to 
the  sixteenth  century.  Xenophon  thought  the  dnty  of  the  wife  lay  In  keeping  her 
bnaband'B  clothes  mended  and  cleao.  Up  to  the  sixteenth  century  the  womttn 
plowed  the  ground  with  a  crooked  stick,  the  men  being  far  above  the  considera- 
tion of  doing  the  plowing.  The  woman  cut  the  grain  witb  a  kind  of  case-knife  ; 
she  threshed  the  grain  with  a  club  ;  she  ground  the  grain  with  a  couple  of  rocks  ; 
she  baked  the  bread  In  asbes.  And  the  great  man  In  the  meanwhile  was  busy 
about  the  definition  of  spirit  or  the  origin  of  the  human  race,  or  about  the  natnre 
of  the  Deity  or  the  nature  of  the  devil.  Into  that  world  came  Lord  Bacon,  simply 
to  turn  the  attention  of  men  to  what  are  called  the  common  laws  of  human  life. 

But  neither  the  Greek  nor  the  scholastic  would  ever  come  near  human  life. 
Bacon  looks  at  that  scene,  and  for  the  first  time  In  the  history  of  human  thought  he 
confesses  the  existence  of  the  cart  and  the  wsgon  road.thehorseand  the  harness  and 
the  cabbages,  and  be  says,  "U,  foolish  human  race,  why  do  you  not  let  the  angels 
alone  and  make  a  good  wagon  road  ?"  He  says,  "Why  not  feed  that  horse?  The 
collar  Is  made  out  of  straw,  the  harness  is  tied  together  with  strings.  The  Queen 
of  England  has  Just  found  her  chariot  mired  in  the  mud,  and  has  stood  In  the  fence 
corner  while  her  courtiers  pry  it  out.    Why  not  make  a  good  road?" 


101  STATE  HOKTIODLTUEAL  BOCIHTT. 

Tble  li  the  Bkcoaian  pbllo^ophj — tbe  atudj  of  the  phenomena  of  the  dIfB' 
culty,  &ad  the  educement  from  the  phenomena  of  general  lairg.  After  Bacon  had 
unfolded  this  philosophy  man  began  to  leave  the  uppec  air  alone  and  study  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  and  out  of  this  philosophy  came  wooden  rails,  on  which  cars 
were  drawn  out  of  the  coal  mines.  They  found  that  one  mole  could  draw  four  or 
five  oars  with  wooden  rails.  Reason  made  them  aubstltnte  Iron  ratla.  Further 
thought  flaally  made  them  substitute  the  locomotive.  The  steamship  began  to 
cross  the  sea,  the  flpinnlng-jenny  sprung  up,  the  reaping-machine  came,  the  sew- 
ing-machine oame.  Long  before  this  the  pi^ntlng-p^ss  had  come.  The  telegraph 
came ,  But  these  were  feeble  modlflcations  of  the  useful  compared  with  the  aofold- 
ingof  liberty.  Liberty  la  that  form  of  utility  which  distributes  happiness  to  the 
millions.  Happiness  was  once  supposed  to  be  for  the  king  and  the  royal  family. 
They  discovered  that  happlneis  and  property  were  to  be  for  the  millions.  Then 
oame  general  edncatlon — education  handed  over  to  the  millions  ;  and  out  of  this 
Baconian  philosophy  there  rolled  the  great  volume  of  progress  on  tn  the  seven- 
teenth, eighteenth  and  nineteenth  centuries. 

I  congratulate  you  all  upon  having,  reached  an  age  in  which  the  beautUul  re- 
mains as  only  an  ornament  of  life,  and  not  the  whole  of  life.  That,  as  the  vine  can 
ornament  the  cottage,  but  cannot  keep  It  up,  cannot  be  a  wall  or  rafter  to  It,  so 
beauty  may  ornament  life,  but  can  never  be  the  great  columns  nor  fouudatlons 
upon  which  life  rests. 


SOME  SUGGESTIONS  FOB  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

J.  C.  EVANS,  HARLEH. 
(AtCUcagoHMtlng.) 


To  arrauge  for  and  carry  out  to  a  eaeceesfal  eDd  sach  an  exhibi- 
tioD  of  liorticaltnral  products  aa  shoold  be  made  at  tbe  eoming  Obicajio 
fair  in  1893  ynfl  involve  a  vast  amount  of  combiued  brain  worli,  as  well 
as  hard  labor,  and  will  reqaire  tbe  nnited  and  harmonioas  efforts  of 
^be  entire  borticallnral  interests  of  tbe  whole  country.  There  sbonld 
be  DO  sectional  feelings,  no  selflab  motives.  All  sboald  strive  to  attain 
tbe  one  grand  object — a  saccessfnl  showing  of  the  products  of  onr 
whole  country  to  the  world. 

To  do  this  it  is  importaat  that  no  mistakes  be  made  in  laying  tbe 
plans  and  getting  the  proper  foondation  to  bnild  on.  This  I  under- 
stand is  the  object  of  this  convention,  and  as  I  cannot  be  present,  I 
give  herewith  a  few  tbongbts  in  the  hope  that  I  may  in  a  small  way  aid 
in  laying  tbe  plans  for  the  most  grand  ezbibition  of  botticnltoral  pro- 
ducts ever  seen. 

Tbe  Exposition  management  should  provide  a  bnilding  amply  com- 
modious and  especially  adapted  to  the  exhibition  of  all  horticultural 
products. 


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MI8CBLLA.NBOD8   PAPBB8.  105 

Each  State  Legielatare  shonld,  at  its  next  sesBion,  appropriate  an 
smODDt  Bofflcient  to  meet  all  the  expense  of  making  an  exhibition,  and 
»t  the  same  time  appoint  oae  or  more  competent  and  responsible  par- 
ties to  take  the  lead  and  make  all  necessary  arraageraeats  for  the 
«xhibitioQ  of  the  prodncta  of  their  respective  states. 

The  Exposition  management  eboald  not  be  called  on  to  ofiFer  any 
premiums  in  this  department ;  let  the  public  who  visit  the  foir  decide 
as  between  states,  and  let  the  competition  be  between  the  conntiee  or 
districts  of  the  states,  as  each  may  elect,  and  the  prem.iams  be  otTered 
by  the  management  of  each  state  and  paid  ont  of  the  state  appropria- 
tion ;  a  sufficient  amonnt  should  be  provided  for  and  offered  in  premi- 
ums to  insure  a  large  atid  continual  display  of  all  horticnltaral  products, 
«nd  the  premiums  should  be  so  arranged,  say,  1st,  2d,  3d,  and  so  on  up  to 
10th,  loth  or  20th,  that  a  large  number  of  counties  would  stand  a  chance 
of  getting  something  and  be  encouraged  to  make  a  good  display.  Of 
«onTse  each  state  management  would  have  their  own  idea  of  a  premium 
list. 

I  think  premiums  should  be  offered,  first,  on  a  general  display  by  a 
«ounty  or  district,  then  on  the  various  articles  (duplicates)  separately. 

The  respective  state  exhibits  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  be  read- 
ily  distinguished  one  frcm  the  other,  and  be^r  the  name  in  a  conspicuous 
place  in  reasonably  large  letters,  in  a  neat  form  ;  the  county  exhibits 
ahonld  be  arranged  in  like  manner;  while  no  two  of  either  state  or 
«ounty  should  be  expected  to  look  exactly  alike,  a  ceitain  amonnt  of 
aniformity  shonld  be  observed  to  make  the  whole  harmonize.  This,  as 
well  as  nearly  all  else,  will  devolve  on  the  superintendent  of  the  de- 
partment, and  the  heads  of  the  respective  state  exhibits. 

ISow  this  whole  scheme  is  based  on  the  action  of  the  Legislatures 
of  the  various  states. 

The  object  of  all  exhibitions  is  to  advertise  the  state  or  particular 
aection  ttom  where  the  exhibition  is  made  ;  and  what  better  opportu- 
nity will  any  state  or  county  ever  have  to  make  known  to  the  world 
their  resources  and  capabilities  than  will  be  afforded  at  the  coming 
great  Columbian  Worid's  Fair  in  1893 1 

Is  there,  in  this  great  galaxy  of  forty-four  states,  one  that  does 
not  want  to  be  known !  Is  there  one  whose  Legislature  will  refase  to 
make  ample  appropriations  to  meet  all  necessary  expenses  in  showing 
to  the  world  what  she  isf    I  think  not. 

In  any  event,  "  whatever  exhibits  are  made  must  depend  on  aid 
from  tbe  state,  connty  or  district  from  where  made,"  so  that  all  this 
convention  can  do  is  to  formulate  all  necessary  plans  for  a  grand  show 


ugle 


106  STATB  HORTICUI-TDRAL  SOOIETT, 

of  prodaetB"  and  trast  to  the  business  foresiglit  and  liberal  spirit  of 
of  the  Legialatnres  of  the  variooi:  states  to  provide  for  the  expenses, 
and  I  believe  they  will  all  do  it. 


FAKMING  IN  PALB3STIHB. 


FKAIIK  O.  CABPEKTIB. 


The  laud  of  milk  and  honey  has  sadly  deteriorated  since  the  days 
when  tbe  Israelites  took  possession  of  it.  The  cattle  upon  a  thoasand 
hills  have  dwindled  to  scanty  herds,  and  the  hills  themselves,  which, 
once  terraced  like  the  cboicest  lands  of  Italy,  yielded  skins  of  wine 
and  tons  of  fmit,  have  been  dennded  of  their  earth  by  centuries  of 
rain.  8noh  milk  as  is  sold  in  Jerusalem  and  in  the  various  nllages  of 
the  Holy  Land  is  made  ap  of  a  mixture  from  camels,  goats  and  cows, 
and  there  are  probably  more  cattle  on  th«  Western  Beserve  in  Ohio 
than  in  all  Palestine. 

Compared  with  the  rich  coantries  of  the  nineteenth  century,  Pal- 
estine was  never  a  very  fertile  land.  The  Israelites,  coming  out  of  the 
desert,  exaggerated  its  virtues,  and  described  the  beauties  of  the 
country  with  all  the  exuberance  of  oriental  imagery.  It  seemed  to 
them  a  little  world  in  itself,  and  still  Palestine  io  not  much  bigger  than 
some  Texas  coonties.  The  whole  land,  inclading  that  possessed  by 
the  Philistines  and  the  Israelites,  is  not  more  than  fifty  miles  wide,  and, 
standing  on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  yon  can  see  the  Mediterranean  od 
one  side  and  the  silvery  Jordan  on  the  other.  A  good,  fast  railroad 
train  could  cross  it  in  an  hour,  and  if  there  were  a  railroad  rnuniug 
from  the  north  to  the  south  it  would  not  take  more  than  three  hours  to 
traverse  its  entire  length.  From  Dan  to  Beersheba  is  no  further  than 
from  New  York  to  Washington,  and  the  long  journey  which  David 
made  from  Jerusalem  to  the  banks  of  the  Jordan  is  only  foarteett 
miles.  The  Mount  of  Olives  is  only  2,700  feet  high  by  actual  measure- 
ment. Yon  can  walk  np  it  in  half  an  hour,  or  a  donkey  will  carry  you 
to  its  top  in  twenty  miuutes.  I  crossed  the  plains  of  Sharon  in  coming 
from  Jaffa  to  Jerusalem,  and  I  found  these  garden-spots  only  twenty 
miles  wide.  I  drove  in  a  carriage  from  Jerusalem  over  the  fields- 
where  the  shepherds  lay  and  watched  tbe  star  which  marked  the  com- 
ing of  Christ  to  Bethlehem,  and  the  distance  was  only  seven  miles.     I 


HIB0KLLANB0U8  PA.PBBS.  lOT 

eavr  Bbepherde  attending  their  flocks  on  the  spot  There  little  David 
killed  big  Ooliah  with  hia  sling,  and,  as  I  looked  on  my  rocky  sorroand- 
ings,  it  did  not  seem  to  me  that  the  land  was  worth  the  fight.  Mizpah, 
the  little  town  npon  the  spot  where  the  prophet  anointed  the  former- 
boy  Sanl  king,  when  he  was  oat  banting  his  fotber'ti  asses,  would  not 
bring  a  bondred  dollars  at  aaoUoo  in  America,  and  all  the  donkeys  and 
BBses  I  saw  in  the  conntry  were  so  shabby  and  shaggy  that  it  would 
take  a  second  miracle  to  give  them  the  strength  to  open  their  months 
and  Bpeak,  or  even  bray,  at  the  tnrbaned  Balaams  who  rode  them. 

The  Palestiiie  of  to-day,  however,  is  nothing  like  that  of  the  past. 
For  centuries  the  land  has  been  stripped  of  its  best  men  to  flU  the 
armies  of  the  Saltan,  and  for  ages  its  farmers  have  been  ground  down 
to  the  earth  by  tyranny,  corruption  and  taxation.  The  former  of  Pales- 
tine pays  taxes  npon  everything.  If  he  plants  a  f^nit  tree,  he  is  taxed 
from  the  day  the  spront  shoots  throngh  the  surfoce,  and  the  taxes  of 
a  vineyard  often  amonnt  to  more  than  the  crop.  The  mle  is  that  one- 
tenth  of  the  whole  crop  has  to  be  given  to  the  Snitan ;  bat  this  tenth 
U  estimated  while  the  seed  is  in  the  ground,  and  the  collection  of  it  is- 
formed  oat  to  corrupt  tax-gatberers,  who  get  from  twenty  to  thirty  per 
cent  of  the  crop  instead  of  ten.  The  farmers  of  Palestine  live  in  vil- 
lages, and  the  sheik  or  ruler  of  the  village  often  acts  as  judge  and  tax- 
gatherer.  He  is  responsible  to  the  Sultan  for  the  well-doing  and  tbe 
revenues  of  bis  subjects.  Just  outside  of  man;  of  the  villages  there 
is  a  threshing  floor,  where  the  grain  is  trodden  oat  or  flailed  out  as  it 
was  threshed  in  the  days  of  the  Scriptnres.  The  farmer  dares  not  take 
away  his  grain  from  the  floor  antil  the  tax-gatherer  has  come  and  picked 
oat  the  Saltan's  tenth,  and  after  him  tbe  banker  or  the  rich  man  who 
has  loaned  to  the  fanner  has  the  right  to  take  his  debt  and  interest 
before  the  farmer  can  get  the  results  of  his  toil.  Tbe  people  of  Pales* 
tine  are  in  many  cases  so  poor  that  they  have  to  borrow  money  to  pat 
in  their  crops.  The  rates  charged  are  from  ten  to  fifteen  per  cent,  and 
the  usnrerB  of  to-day  are  quite  as  bad  as  those  of  Bible  times.  In 
Bome  cases  the  crops  are  pat  in  npon  shares,  and  the  rich  man  who 
owns  the  land  fornishes  tbe  seed  and  tbe  animals  to  till  tbe  crop.  The 
former  gives  his  labor  and  bis  skUI,  and  receives  one- fourth  of  the  crop^ 
the  owner  of  tbe  land  getting  the  other  three-foarths  and  paying  the  taxes. 
The  formers  pay  a  military  tax  also.  They  pay  taxes  on  their  donkeys 
and  other  animals,  and  there  are  import  and  export  taxes.  In  my  wan> 
derings  aboat  Jerusalem  I  found  a  couple  of  Turkish  soldiers  at  each 
gate,  and  I  noted  that  every  chicken  and  every  head  of  lettuce  that 
was  carried  into  the  city  for  sale  paid  a  tax  before  it  passed  witbin  the 
walls.     I  saw  a  farmer  go  in  one  day  with  a  little  donkey .  not  bigger 


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108  STATE  HOBTICULTUBAL  SOOIBTT. 

than  a  Kewfoundlaad  do;;,  loaded  irith  aboat  a  bashel  of  gnarled  olive 
rootifl.  These  were  for  fael,  and  he  expected  to  sell  them  for  twentj- 
£ve  oenta  in  the  market  tiear  David's  tower.  He  was  stopped  and 
charged  three  cents  daty  before  be  was  permitted  to  pass.  Thns  it  is 
with  everything  salable. 

The  Pbilistines  bad,  by  all  odds,  the  best  lauds  id  Palestine.  The 
plains  of  Sfaaron  have  been  worked  ever  since  the  days  of  Abraham, 
And  they  prodace  the  richest  of  crops  to-day.  The  soil  is  a  deep  brown 
loam,  and  £  found  the  iarmers  plowing  when  I  visited  it  in  May.  The 
implements  naed  were  the  same  as  those  of  the  time  of  Christ.  There 
was  the  wooden  plow,  with  its  point  shod  with  iron  and  with  its  single 
handle,  which  the  plowman  held  with  one  hand  while  he  walked  behind 
hie  donkey  or  ox.  He  had  a  long  goad  in  the  other  hand,  to  stir  ap  the 
beast,  and  the  words  of  the  Scripture  abont  the  man  patting  his  band 
to  the  plow  are  applicable  to  this.  In  one  of  the  fields  I  saw  a  camel 
hitched  to  a  plow,  and  the  great,  aogainly  beast  shambled  ap  and  down 
the  field  with  a  sullen  air. 

Nowhere  did  I  see  any  improved  machinery,  and  I  am  told  that 
there  is  not  a  threshing-machine  in  Palestine,  tJiongh  the  advanced 
j^mer  who  owns  the  lands  farther  up  in  Syria,  where  Abraham  &rmed, 
has  a  mower  and  reaper  in  active  operation. 

There  are  no  big  bank-barns  in  Palestine.  The  grain  is  either  kept 
in  the  houses,  and  in  some  districts  stowed  away  in  tombs  and  caves, 
or  packed  down  into  boxes  made  of  mud  and  dang.  The  hills  of  Pales- 
tine are  fall  of  caves,  and  the  booses  of  the  people  are  little  better 
than  holes  cat  into  the  rock.  Many  of  the  villages  are  bnilt  against 
the  sides  of  a  bill,  so  that  the  hill  forms  one  side  of  the  house,  and  the 
cattle  and  sheep  are  often  kept  in  the  same  room  in  which  the  people 
sleep. 

The  food  of  the  people  is  of  the  cheapest  vuiety.  Whole  families 
live  on  ft-om  fifty  to  seventy-five  dollars  a  year,  and  the  clothing  of  a 
village  would  not  exhaust  the  stock  of  a  country  dry  goods  store. 
Only  one  man  in  twenty  wears  shoes,  and  the  most  common  garment 
among  the  peasants  is  a  woolen  blanket  of  black  and  white  stripes, 
made  at  home,  and  of  full  Turkish  trousers  and  vest  under  this.  The 
women,  to  a  large  extent,  wear  the  blue  denim,  night-gown-like  cos- 
tame  which  yon  see  in  Egyt,  except  they  do  not  veil  their  faces,  unless 
they  be  Mohammedans. 

Some  of  them  are  very  beautiful.  I  foand  the  women  of  Bethle- 
hem among  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world.  They  seemed  to  be  better 
■off  than  those  of  other  parts  of  Palestine,  and  their  faces  were  as  rosy 
and  fresh  as  those  of  the  girls  of  Ireland.    They  had  beaatiful  eyes. 


HISOELLANBOTTS  PAFBBS.  lOfr 

and  Eaphael  might  hare  foand  a  mode)  for  the  Sietine  MadoDoa  ia  the 
laod  where  Mary  gave  birth  to  the  Christ.  The  shepherds  of  Bethle- 
hem are  doe-looking  men,  and  sheep  are  tended  on  the  plains  aboat  the 
city  to-day  as  they  were  eighteen  cintnrieB  ago.  Many  of  these  shep- 
herds wear  sheepskin  coats.  They  have  their  staves  in  their  bandB^ 
and  they  drive  the  sheep  into  the  folds  n«ar  the  villages  now  as  they 
did  when  Christ  was  bom.  The  sheep  of  Palestine  are  of  the  fotrtailed 
variety.  Some  of  the  tails,  I  am  told,  weigh  as  mnoh  as  thirty-dve 
poonds.  Palesiine  sheep  are  worth  from  three  to  five  dollars  apiece,, 
and  a  great  quantity  of  wool  is  shipped  from  Syria  and  Palestine  to  the 
TJnited  States.  In  the  Valley  of  the  Jordan  and  along  the  Dead  Sea. 
there  are  many  fine  pastares,  and  abont  tbiee-fonrths  of  a  million 
ponnds  of  wool  is  shipped  annnally  from  Syria.  I  was  in  Palestine  jaet 
before  the  shearing-time,  and  I  noted  that  the  deeces  weie  heavy.  The 
most  of  the  wool  is  exported  nnwashed,  and  the  balk  of  it  goes  to  the 
United  States.  The  wool  is  sometimes  washed  after  it  is  cat  from  the 
sheep.  The  washing  is  done  by  women,  who  are  paid  from  eight  to  tea 
cents  a  day  for  it.  Wages  are  low  all  over  Palestine.  Yon  can  get  a 
farm-hand  for  twenty-tive  cents  a  day,  and  he  will  not  plead  the  eight- 
boor  law,  nor  want  a  threshing-day  dinner  thrown  in. 

The  plains  of  Sharon  grow  very  flue  wheat.  If  Palestine  and  Syria 
were  ander  a  proper  government,  and  fnrnished  with  good  means  of 
transportation,  they  might  export  a  great  deal  of  grain.  As  it  is,  the 
coat  of  bringing  the  crops  to  the  seaboard  from  the  interior  is  immense. 
Everything  has  to  be  carried  apon  camels,  which  are  big  eaters.  Three 
basbels  make  a  load,  and  for  a  distance  of  a  few  hundred  miles  the 
camel  will  eat  one  bnshel,  and  it  will  take  another  bnshel  to  pay  bis 
driver,  so  that  the  shipper  has  only  a  third  for  bis  profits,  to  say  noth- 
ing of  the  cost  of  raising  the  three.  There  is  now  a  splendid  road  from 
Jaffa,  the  seaport  of  Palestine,  to  Jernsalem,  and  there  is  talk  of  boild- 
ing  a  railroad  between  these  two  points.  The  distance  is  only  forty 
miles,andthe  twenty  miles  across  the  plains  of  Sharon  are  almost  level. 

After  yon  have  passed  this  land  of  the  Philistines  yon  begin  to  as- 
cend the  hills  of  Jadea,  and  yon  keep  going  np  until,  twenty  miles  far- 
ther, yon  reach  Jerusalem.  The  city  covers  about  the  space  of  a  320- 
acre  farm.  Walls  aboat  twenty-five  feet  high  sarronnd  it,  and  there 
are  aboat  fifty  thonsand  people  packed  inside  of  these  walls.  In 
going  ap  to  the  city,  I  was  struck  with  the  evidences  of  the  splendid 
agricaltural  condition  of  Palestine  in  the  past.  Every  Mil  was  once 
terraced,  and  there  is  no  donbt  bnt  once  the  whole  land  was  a  garden. 
Even  now  there  are  many  olive  groves  dotting  the  hills,  and  the  flow- 
ers bloom  in  every  crevice.  I  shall  never  forget  the  poppies  of  Sharon. 


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no  STA.IE   HOBTICDLTDKAL   SOCIBTT. 

They  were  aa  red  as  blood  and  as  big  aroand  ae  the  bottom  of  a  tin  cap. 
There  were  millione  of  them  aud  they  carpeted  the  plains  for  miles. 
They  bloomed  npon  the  inoniitainB,aiid  I  picked  them  out  of  the  holes 
in  the  walls  upon  the  Via  Dolorosa  along  which  Christ  was  dragged  to 
his  craoifizioD.  The  flowers,  which  are  seen  everywhere,  are  the  evi- 
deQceg  of  the  great  poBsibilities  of  this  iand  nnder  proper  cnltivation 
and  freed  from  taxation.  If  any  other  people  than  the  Tniks  conld 
own  it,  the  terraces  would  gradnally  creep  back  to  the  hills,  and  the 
land  wonld  again  bloom  aa  it  did  when  little  David  kicked  Qp  bis 
heels  in  the  fann-hoase  of  his  father  Jesse.  It  Is  a  wonderful  frnit^ 
growing  coonty.  There  are  no  finer  oranges  in  the  world  than  those 
which  grow  abont  Jaffa.  Great  quantities  of  these  are  exported  to 
Enrope. 

Palestine  exports  a  great  deal  of  olive  oil,  and  the  Monnt  of  Olives 
bas  its  sides  to-day  covered  with'tbese  silvery  green  trees.  The  trees 
grow  to  a  great  age,  aud  are  gnarled  and  knotty.  A  great  deal  of  the 
wood  is  brought  into  Jerusalem  and  made  into  collection-plates  for 
churches,  paper-knives  and  other  souvenirs,  which  are  sold  to  tourists, 
and  also  exported  in  large  quantities.  The  olive-picking  is  done  at  the 
same  time  all  over  the  country.  The  people  shake  the  trees  or  pick 
them.  They  sort  the  crop,  using  the  best  for  eating,  and  making  oil  of 
the  poorest.  In  some  parts  of  the  cduntry  this  oil  is  used  for  light- 
ing, and  the  probability  is  that  tbe  lamps  of  the  wise  and  foolish  vir- 
gins were  lighted  with  olive  oil.  The  making  of  tbe  oil  is  of  the  rndest 
description.  I  visited  an  oil  mill  in  Jerusalem.  It  consisted  of  a  cave 
cut  oat  of  a  rock,  in  which  a  very  tall  camel  and  a  very  small  donkey 
went  round  and  roand  in  a  circle,  operating  a  mill  like  that  which 
grinds  the  bark  in  a  tannery.  This  ground  the  olives  to  a  palp.  Td 
another  part  of  the  cave  there  was  a  stone  ledge  about  as  high  as  a 
table,  and  into  this  a  hole  had  been  cut,  and  one  of  the  dirtiest  Arabs 
I  have  ever  seen  stood  here  with  his  clothes  tight  up  about  his  waist, 
and  tramped  the  oU  out  of  the  olive  mush  with  his  bare  feet.  He  was 
perspiring  profusely,  and  there  was  nothing  but  a  linen  cloth  between 
hitn  and  the  mush.  As  this  cloth  got  wet  be  would  pull  it  up,  andr 
standing  on  the  olives,  would  wring  out  the  oil  into  a  can  on  the  ledge. 
Froln  this  it  was  poured  out  into  pots,  to  be  strained  for-  the  market. 
The  refuse  of  tbe  oil  is  made  into  a  sort  of  cake,  and  used  to  feed 
camels  and  cattle.  It  it  said  to  be  very  healthful,  and  the  animals 
grow  fat  on  it. 

Palestine  is  slowly  improving  in  character.  The  Jews  are  coming 
back  to  the  land  from  Europe  and  other  parts  of  tbe  world,  and  the 
strongest  colony  is  that  known  as  the  Gadites,  supposed  to  be  one  of 


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MISOELLANEOnS  PAPBB3.  Ill 

lie  loBt  tribes  who  hail  from  sonthern  Arabia.  These  people  are  ea- 
g&ging  in  agricnltare,  and  I  am  told  they  make  good  &rmer8.  The 
laraelitiab  Alliance,  consisting  of  the  Bothachilds  and  other  wealthy 
Jews,  have  established  a  namber  of  agrionltoral  colonies  in  different 
parts  of  Palestine.  They  have  model  &rms  in  the  Holy  Laud.  One  of 
these  is  on  the  plains  of  Sharon.  It  contains  tens  of  thoasanda  of 
Tines  and  olive  trees,  and  it  consists  of  28,000  acres.  The  Tarbs  do 
not  like  to  sell  land  to  the  Jews,  and  ore  averse  to  the  improvement  of 
the  conntry.  The  Saltan  fears  that  he  will  lose  Palestine  if  it  beoomes 
valuable,  and  he  woald  rather  see  it  a  desert  than  a  garden.  The  Oer- 
oians  have  several  agricnltaral  colonies  in  l^lestine.  There  is  one 
near  Jaffa,  whieh  is  doing  well.  The  German  colonists  believe  it  is 
their  missioD  to  bring  Palestine  back  to  its  former  state  by  ciUtivatioD, 
and  they  are  trying  to  colonize  the  conntry.  They  have  already  shown 
that  it  has  great  possibilities,  and  the  prospects  of  the  Holy  Land  have 
not  been  so  bright  for  years  as  they  are  now.  If  the  land  coald  be 
owned  by  Christians,  and  cnltivated  nnder  Christian  laws  and  CbristiaD 
taxes,  it  might  again  become  a  Land  of  Milk  and  Honey. 


KEW  VAEIETIES  OF  FRUITS. 

Mr.  H.  E.  Van  Deman,  pomologist  of  the  department  of  agricnl- 
tare,  delivered  an  informal  address  upon  this  topic,  from  which  we 
make  some  extracts  : 

Many  good  varieties  of  Plums  had  come,  he  said,  from  Prunu* 
Americana,  which  extends  all  throngh  oar  north  and  northwest  regions. 
Among  the  newer  varieties  the  Hawkeye,  from  Iowa,  is  the  best.  It  is 
the  largest  and  most  beaatifnl,  although  it  is  late,  ripening  six  weeks 
after  the  ordinary  plum  season.  Cheney,  from  Minnesota,  is  another 
plnm  of  medium  size,  very  early,  of  a  deep  crimson  color,  but  not  so 
good  as  the  Hawkeye  when  it  is  cooked.  Ludlow  is  flat  in  shape,  large, 
prodactive  and  of  very  pleasant  Qavor.  Bollingstoue  is  small,  of  a  pur- 
plish red  color,  handsome  and  well-flavored.  Leduc  is  a  very  pretty, 
small,  yellow  plnm,  originating  in  Minnesota.  It  is  very  productive 
and  sweet,  and  will  be  valuable  for  a  dessert  fruit,  Hopp  is  of  medium 
size,  dark,  solid  and  very  sweet.  Clyman  is  a  variety  of  Prw/itts  domes- 
tioa,  and  is  as  early  as  the  Wild  Ooose,  six  weeks  earlier  than  the  ordi- 
nary plums  of  this  class.  It  sets  full  of  fruit,  and  wQl  probably  be 
hardy  in  the  middle  States. 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'0' 


igle 


112  STATE  HOBTICULTUBAL  BOOIBTT. 

AmoDg  the  Japaoeee  plnma,  Botaa  is  said  to  be  hardy  enonjcfa  to 
ripen  as  tax  north  as  Connecticot.  In  shape  it  resembles  the  Kelsey. 
OgoD  is  yellow,  nearly  roand,  and  as  large  as  the  Wild  Goose.  Kel- 
sey  is  rery  large,  three  inches  in  diameter,  pnrplisb,  heart-shaped ;  bat 
it  will  not  frnit  north  of  Tennessee.  Baibauk  is  of  medinm  size,  crim- 
son-purple in  cofor,  exceedingly  beaatifal,  rich  in  fiavor,  and  it  will 
perhaps  prove  hardy  in  the  middle  Slates.  Sataama  is  smaller  than 
Keleey,  bat  as  large  as  the  common  plama.  It  is  roand,  with  dark  red 
flasli  and  small  stone.  One  disadvantage  of  all  Japanese  plnms  is  that 
they  bloom  so  early  their  blossoms  are  liable  to  be  caagbt  by  the  frost, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  apricot.  They  all  hold  their  foliage  well,  and  this 
fltg  them  to  the  vicissitades  of  onr  very  trying  climate. 

Of  the  newer  pears,  the  Erall,  originating  in  Missoari,  seems  to 
be  the  best  of  winter  pears.  It  snrpasses  the  Lawrence  in  qnality  and 
color.  The  Idaho  has  not  been  overrated  as  to  qnality,  bat  as  yet  we 
have  no  warrant  for  believing  that  it  is  superior  in  hardiness  to  many 
others. 

Among  apples,  the  GarUeld,  originating  in  northern  Illinois,  seems 
to  be  hardy  in  that  trying  region.  It  is  not  so  large  as  Ben  Davis.  It 
has  a  brilliant  crimson  stripe  on  a  yellow  ground,  rich  and  handsome 
in  appearance,  and  fair  in  qnality.  Lacon  is  of  abont  the  same  qnality, 
yellowish,  and  its  hardiness  woald  seem  to  warrant  trying  it  in  the 
northwest.  Shirk  originated  in  Indiana.  It  is  very  sweet  and  of  a 
high  color  The  tree  is  a  fine  grower,  and  it  is  an  excellent  &11  sweet 
apple,  and  hangs  well  on  the  tree.  Bnllman  has  been  widely  adver- 
tised, bat  it  seems  to  be  a  synonym  for  the  Bed  Canada.  The  Pefier  ia 
a  seedling  of  Pewanfcee,  and  is  very  promising.  It  is  of  medinm  size, 
red,  white-fleshed,  a  natural  seedling,  and  is  very  hardy.  The  Fonnd- 
ling  is  an  old  variety  of  New  England  origin,  which  has  been  strangely 
overlooked  ontil  late  years.  It  is  qaite  hardy  in  the  northern  part  of 
New  England  ;  very  pretty,  with  red  stripes  on  a  yellow  groand,  and 
keeps  late  into  the  winter. 

Of  strawberries  the  only  new  variety  spoken  of  was  Pearl,  which 
is  stud  to  be  one  of  the  best,  with  berries  of  good  size,  and  held  well 
above  the  ground  on  strong  stems.  It  seems  adapted  to  dilferent 
kinds  of  soils. 

Among  nats  mention  was  made  of  many  good  varieties  of  onr  wild 
chestnut,  some  of  which  are  of  excellent  qnality.  One  named  Da* 
pont,  from  Delaware,  is  very  large.  A  rich  tree  often  yielded  nuts  to 
tbe  value  of  $30  and  $50  a  year. 

The  Paragon,  which  has  been  sent  oat  by  Engle  &  Son,  of  Marietta, 
Penn.,  is  larger  yet,  four  or  five  times  as  large  as  the  ordinary  chest- 


HIBOBLLANBOUS   PAPBBS.  113 

nat.  It  beare  enormonaly  and  at  an  early  age.  It  is  not  qoite  so  well 
flavored  as  the  fioest  of  the  small  cheatoatB,  bat  it  is  of  pnrel;  native 
origin,  and  well  worthy  of  caltivation. 

Of  the  newer  grapes,  the  Lyon,  originating  in  Michigan,  was  re- 
ported of  fine  quality.  The  vine  is  very  vigorons ;  the  clnsters  are  of 
the  Cstawlia  shape,  although  (he  berries  are  smaller.  Colrain,  which 
is  probably  a  seedling  of  the  Concord,  is  a  variety  larger  in  bnoeh  and 
berry  than  Martha,  and  earlier.  The  vine  is  stronger  and  aa  healthy  as 
the  Concord. 

Mr.  Campbell,  Id  reply  to  the  inquiry  as  to  whether  its  skin  was  too 
tender  for  shipment,  stated  that  it  was  no  more  tender  than  that  of  the 
Worden.  The  WoodruflF  Bed  baa  proved  itself  a  rampant  grower  and 
very  prodactive.  It  is  not  of  the  finest  quality,  and  has  a  rather  thick 
8kin,  bat  it  is  an  excellent  popular  market  variety.  Green  Mountain  is 
a  strong  vine,  very  fruitfnl,  and  is  probably  the  earliest  white  grape  of 
good  quality.    It  is  rath*>r  small  in  berry,  however. 

The  Crandall  currant  is  a  variety  of  the  Missouri  currant^  and  the 
largest  of  the  wild  varieties.  It  originated  in  Eanaas,  and  has  the 
merit  of  being  proof  against  the  attacks  of  the  cnrrant-worm.  llTor  do 
the  leaves  fall,  as  they  do  from  many  other  varieties  of  oorrant,  from 
«ome  unknown  fungus  growth. — Garden  and  Fore»t. 


(From  the  Rural  World.) 
THE  MISSOUEI  VALLEY  HORTICULTUBAL  SOCIETY 


Met  at  Merriam  park.  The  day  was  perfect  for  a  picnic,  and  those 
present  seemed  to  enjoy  themselves  thoroughly.  After  dinner  the 
Society  was  called  to  order  by  the  President,  J.  C.  Evans.  The  follow- 
ing committees  presented  reports : 

OBOHABDS. 

Mr.  Campbell,  of  Merriam,  reported  that  for  his  orchard,  although 
sadly  neglected  last  year  bore  half  a  erop  and  this  year  will  have  more 
than  tialf  a  crop.  He  recommended  light  prnning,  especially  for  old 
trees,  and  then  all  on  the  north  side. 


.y  Google 


114  BIATB   HOBTICULTUBAL   SOOIBTT. 

J.  G.  EvaDS  tboDght  that  tbe  members  of  tbe  society  ought  (o  b& 
glad  to  talk  about  their  orchards  this  year,  as  the  trees  are  full  of  frnit 
and  Airther  free  from  goager  and  codling  moth,  something  that  has  not 
occaired  for  years. 

Major  Holsinger  thought  that  it  was  too  soon  to  congratulate  onr- 
selvea  on  being  rid  of  tbe  apple  p^sts,  as  he  found  plenty  in  his  orchard^ 
especially  on  the  early  frait. 

Mr.  Oampbell  thought  that  the  codling  moth  this  year  has  almost 
entirely  confined  itself  to  the  Early  Harvests. 

L.  A.  Goodman  has  found  less  signs  of  the  moth  this  year  than, 
ever  before. 

STONE   FBUITS. 

Mr.  Hughes,  of  Argentine,  spoke  of  a  new  black  cherry  he  has, 
which  ripens  at  the  same  time  as  the  Early  Bichmond.  Its  flesh  is 
firm,  and  the  tree  very  prolific. 

Messrs.  Espenlaub  and  Holsinger  spoke  a  good  word  for  the  Lieb- 
cherry,  it  being  not  qnite  so  sonr  as  the  Morello. 

SMALL  FEU  IT. 
Mr.  Bees  stated  that  he  finds  Mammoth  Cluster,  Oregg  and  Hop- 
kins raspberry  all  profitable.  Borne  years  are  in  favor  of  one  variety 
and  some  years  another.  His  vines  are  in  a  ten-yesr-old  orchard,  and 
are  well  caltivat«d.  He  stated  that  his  rines  have  been  oat  stxteeik 
years  and  he  has  never  lost  a  crop. 

TtHEYABDS. 

Mr.  Espenlaub  reported  grapes  looking  first  rate  ;  no  mildew  nor 
rot.  On  the  Concord  the  grapes  on  the  bunches  are  somewhat  scat- 
tering, but  the  increased  size  will  probably  make  np  for  that. 

PLOWBBB. 

Mr.  Goodman  reported  the  Hybrid  Perpetual  roses  of  all  kind» 
doing  well  this  j  ear,  but  thought  that  none  of  the  new  varieties  coold 
take  the  place  of  some  of  the  old  varieties. 

OBNITHOLOGT. 

Birds  were  reported  more  destrnctive  to  cherries  this  year  than 
ever  before,  especially  the  cedar  bird  or  wax  wing.  M^or  Holsiuger- 
wished  to  add  the  Baltimore  oriole. 

ENTOMOLOGY. 

Major  Holsinger  made  a  report  on  the  experiments  he  has  been 
making  with  the  mole.    He  finds  that  the  mole  is  exclusively  an  inseo- 


MlBOBLLANSOtIS  FAPBB9.  US 

tivoroas  animal ;  it  never  toneheB  vegetable  matter.  He  regards  tbe 
mole  beneficial  to  tlie  Carmer  and  gardeDer.  Several  members  vigor- 
OQBly  took  the  other  side  of  the  qaeetion. 

BB8AY8. 

Ad  essay  written  on  the  sabject, "  Flowers,"  by  Mrs.  J.  A.  Darkes, 
was  read  by  Mrs.  FaQnie  Holsiuger. 

HISCBLLlNBOna. 

Messrs.  GoodmsD,  Campbell  sod  Key  were  appointed  a  committee 
to  declare  premiams  on  tbe  &ait  and  flowers  on  the  table. 

They  made  the  following  report : 

Best  black  rsspberry ,  Hkrvej  Hngbi,  50  centa. 

Best  red  r&Bptierr;,  G.  F.  EspenUnb,  50  cents. 

Beat  HoughtoD,  MiB.  Bugbi,  GO  ceotB. 

Beit  Downing  (SQiltbs},]Ur.  HagfaB,  GO  cents. 

Box  currtDta,  HrB.  flugbs,  GO  eetiti. 

Best  iweet  chonj,  Hr.  Bogbe,  60  eeots. 

Best  sour  cberry  (Ostbrlne),  Ur.  Hogbs.  60  cents. 

Best  band  boquet,  Hrs.  Goodman,  GO  cents. 

Best  (able  boquet,  Hra.  Eaghs,  GO  cents. 

An  obitaary  committee,  consistiDg  of  Messrs.  Holsinger,  G-ano 
and  WhitP,  were  appointed,  to  report  at  next  meeting,  resolutions  on 
the  death  of  Col.  Parks,  first  president  of  the  Missouri  Valley  Horti* 
caltnral  Society. 

The  Society  adjourned  to  meet  at  the  residence  of  M^or  Hol- 
singer, in  Boaedale,  on  the  tliird  Saturday  of  July. 

Gbo.  E.  Boss,  Secretary. 


MY  GRBENHOUaE  PLANTS. 

Bead  before  the  UIseoutI  ValUy  Rortlcnllural  Society  at  tbefr  Jane  meeting  at 
Merrlam  Park,  Kan. 


^Tis  said  that  "the  noblest  stady  of  mankind  is  man,"  but  from  this 
I  differ.  Tbe  lover  of  nature  can'find  much  more  of  interest  to  occupy 
and  elevate  his  mind  in  the  observation  and  care  of  the  fruits  and 
fiowers  planted  and  cared  for  by  his  own  hand.  The  gieen-honse,  kept 
for  our  own  amusement,  comes,  perhaps,  closer  to  the  heart  than  any 


116  STAIK   HOBTIOULTUBAL  800IBTT. 

other  form  of  occnpation.  When  the  icy  blast  sweeps  down  ftom  the 
north,  we  can  shut  onrselves  in  onr  little  bower  of  greeuerj  and  forget 
the  world  withoQt,  for  there  each  plant  is  a  friend,  each  new  leaf  and 
bad  a  joy.  One  plant  sent  by  a  friend  who  has  since  passed  over  to  the 
land  of  "ever- blooming  flowers,"  another  from  one  who  has  gone  to  a 
distant  home — the  asBoeiations  connected  with  many  of  them  place 
their  valae  above  price. 

We  are  often  told  that  a  few  plants  well  grown  are  better  than 
many  neglected.  This  is  very  trne,  bnt  the  person  who  grows  the  few 
plants  well  will  not  neglect  the  many.  Diversity  of  form  is  the  charm 
of  a  collection.  Variegated  and  ornamental-leaved  plants  shonld  be 
nsed  freely  to  relieve  the  monotony  of  appearance  when  flowers  are 
scarce;  ivy  geraninms,  begonias,  enonymns,  palms  and  ferns  of  some 
kinds  are  easily  grown. 

Oeraninms  are  especially  monotonoas  in  appearance,  but  we  must 
grow  a  number  of  them  for  Bummer  bedding.  For  winter  blooming, 
Ber.  A.  Atkinson  (dark  red)  and  Qaeen  of  Belgians  (pure  white)  have 
done  best,  one  plant  of  the  latter  bearing  eighteen  trasses  of  flowers  at 
OQce.  Prince  Bismarck  is  a  good,  fancy-leaved  variety,  the  new  foliage 
being  as  ornamental  as  a  flower.  A  variegated  ivy  geranium  covering 
a  trellis  four  feet  high  is  much  admired,  the  white  variegation  fre- 
quently turning  pink  in  warm  weather.  Geraninms  are  easily  propa* 
gated.    I  let  the  cuttings  lie  until  well  oallonsed,  before  setting. 

In  roses  the  old  Agrippina  does  best  for  me.  One  small  plant  bore 
eight  floweis  and  bnds  at  the  same  time.  It  is  a  dark  red.  Dnchess 
of  Brabant  is  a  good  pink.  Boses  can  be  bought  too  cheaply  to  trouble 
oneself  propagating  them. 

Bonvardias  are  winter  bloomers,  and  not  troubled  by  insects  of 
any  kind.  They  may  be  bad  red,  white  and  pink,  single  and  double. 
Kumbotti  is  different  in  form  from  the  others ;  they  are  propagated  . 
from  root  cuttings.  I  take  them  from  the  pots,  shake  the  soil  from  the 
upper  part  of  the  root  and  set  away  where  they  will  keep  moist.  In  a 
week  or  two  the  buds  will  have  started,  when  the  roots  can  be  cut  ac- 
cordingly and  planted  in  the  open  groand,  to  be  lifted  and  potted  in 
the  fall. 

Fuchsias  are  one  of  our  most  beautiful  plants,  easily  grown  and 
certain  bloomers  ;  the  single  is  the  natural  and  most  pleasing  form  of 
the  flower,  and  possesses  an  airy,  pendulous  grace,  which  is  lost  in  the 
double  varieties.  When  growing  they  should  be  well  pinched  in ;  they 
then  start  from  every  joint,  and  produce  a  greater  abundance  of  flow- 
ers. They  shonld  also  be  well  cnt  back  after  blooming,  to  strengthen 
the  main  stem  so  that  it  can  sustain  the  weight  of  flowers  and  foliage 


ailSCBLLANEOUB  PAPERS.  117 

withoQt  any  other  support.  FachBias  require  a  sreat  amount  of  water 
when  Rowing,  to  get  tbetn  to  their  beat.  Speriosa  is  an  old  plant,  bat 
cauDot  be  excelled. 

For  those  wbo  have  room,  the  oleander  makes  a  grand  ehow, 
Lilian  Heoderson,  with  its  great  tmeses  of  white,  heliotrope  scented 
flowers,  is  a  lovely  plant. 

The  peerless  calla  gives  a  tropical  effect  to  a  collection.  It  is  a 
water  plant,  and  should,  when  not  at  rest,  have  all  the  water  it  can 
absorb;  it  should  be  set  in  a  eancer,  which  most  be  constantly  filled. 
In  sammer  it  may  be  bedded  out ;  it  will  rest  sufflciently  without  com- 
pletely drying  ap.  Amaryllis  is  easily  cared  for  and  showy,  though  of 
short  dnration.  After  blooming,  keep  them  in  a  state  of  growth  nntil 
the  leaves  are  fully  developed,  then  dry  off  gradually  and  set  away 
nnder  the  bench.  Amaryllis  Johnson!  is  probably  the  best  for  the 
amateur.  Tritelia  is  a  lily-like  fiower  and  blooms  for  a  long  while ; 
several  can  be  planted  in  a  pot. 

Yellow  flowers  brighten  the  honse  like  snnBhine,  and  should  not 
be  forgotten.  Coronilla  glanca  is  a  good,  yellow  flower,  and  bnt  little 
known.  Jasmine  revolntum,  Linum  flavnm  and  yellow  oxalis  are  all 
different  in  appearance  and  free  bloomers;  the  oxalis  is  a  good  basket 
plant. 

Chrysanthemams  for  cutting,  a  few  of  the  best  velvety  pansies, 
and  some  violets  for  perfume,  must  all  have  a  place. 

yovelties  are  mostly  a  poor  investment,  being  propagated  to  their 
utmost  limits;  the  plants  are  always  small  and  feeble,  and  fteqcently 
old  kinds  nnder  a  new  name,  the  introducers  going  on  the  principle 
that  if  a  rose  does  not  smell  any  sweeter  by  another  name,  it  will  sell 
a  great  deal  better. 

The  chief  trouble  in  caring  for  a  green-house  lies  in  that  name  so 
aeefal  to  a  woman  and  abhorred  by  the  entomologist — "  huge."  Thrifty 
growth  and  plenty  of  water  is  half  the  battle.  A  tablespoonful  of 
liquid  ammonia  to  a  gallon  of  water  is  a  good  wash  for  green  fly.  With 
red  spider  I  have  bad  no  trouble ;  a  moist  atmosphere  and  water  will 
prevent  their  appearance. 

Tobacco  is  the  universal  remedy  for  green-honse  pests,  and  is  the 
beet  place  for  it ;  let  the  fire  smoke  it.  My  especial  dependence  for 
keeping  plants  clean  and  thrifty  lies  in  soap-soads.  On  the  weekly 
wash-day  everythine  gets  a  good  shower  and  soaking.  Never  waste 
any  soap-sads ;  if  you  have  more  than  yon  need  for  your  flower  gar- 
den, ponr  them  around  your  rose-bushes  and  shrubs;  in  winter,  on  the 
ground  yon  use  for  flower  beds  ;  you  get  the  value  of  the  soap  twice 
over. 


118  B'lATB  HOBTIGULTUBAL  BOCIETT. 

For  tbOBfi  who  c&nnot  obtain  sand  for  propagating,  I  would  recom- 
mend old  chip  manaie.  If  there  are  any  bit*  of  wood  remaining  in  the 
soil  sift  them  oat,  catting  root  mach  quicker  and  grow  faster  when 
stmck,  if  they  have  rich  food  within  r«ach,  than  when  Btrnck  iu  sand 
and  depending  on  an  ancertain  quantity  of  water;  the  chips  most  be 
well  decomposed.  Two  years  since  I  took  a  boxful  where  the  sawdust 
from  the  ice  house  had  been  thrown;  the  cuttings  nearly  all  died  oQ*. 
I  took  some  up  and  found  them  bang  with  minute  white  worms.  This 
year  it  could  not  be  equaled  for  growing  seedlings.  For  forcing  cu- 
cambers,  melons,  etc.,  in  the  greenhouse,  I  make  boses  of  thick  brown 
paper  or  thin  pasteboard,  about  two  inches  acrosu,  fill  a  flat  wooden 
box  with  tliese(match  boxes  are  just  right),  fill  the  boxes  with  this  sort 
of  soil  and  plant  two  seeds  to  a  box ;  when  ready  to  plant,  lift  each 
paste-board  box  with  a  garden  trowel  and  set  iu  the  ground ;  there  is 
no  distarbance  of  the  roots  and  no  set-back  in  the  growth,  as  in  pot- 
grown  plants. 

The  contents  of  an  old  hot-bed  allowed  to  lie  make  good  potting 
material.  Plants  require  richer  soil  in  pots  than  in  the  open  ground, 
for  the  reason  that  the  roots  are  compressed  in  a  small  space  and  have 
not  the  same  amount  to  draw  Bustenance  from.  Water  and  heat  can- 
not make  a  strong  plant,  which  is  the  reason  that  so  many  greenhouse 
plants  when  bought  appear  vigorous,  but  when  bedded  out  come  to  a 
stand-still.  If  possible,  have  a  little  green-honse ;  keep  the  plants  oat 
of  the  heat  and  dust  of  the  living-room.  A  few  blooming  plants  can 
be  brought  in  and  carried  back  to  give  place  to  others,  and  the  satis- 
&ction  of  having  your  own  bedding  plants  and  knowing  they  are  well 
seasoned  will  pay  yoa  for  your  trouble. 


BIRDS  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Paper  read  before  the  Hlgeoarl  Talley  Horticultural  society,  by  Dr.  Edwin  U. 
Heath,  KaDias  City,  Kaa. 


As  one  enters  South  America  everything  appears  new  and  strange. 
Our  orchards  dwindle  into  huertas  of  a  few  otange,  lemon,  mango,  ali- 
gator  pear,  fraile  plum,  date  palm,  olive  trees.  An  article  on  birds,  to 
be  read  before  a  horticultural  society,  ought  to  have  Bome  reference  to 
the  matter  nnder  consideration.  As  there  are  no  orchardists  there  as 
here,  there  can  necessarily  be  no  groand  for  considering  the  birds  of 
that  country  in  connection  with  the  fmit  interests,  as  with  as.    In 


MiaCBLLANBODS   PAPERS.  119 

-tropical  Ecaador,  Yenezaela,  the  Quianaa,  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  the  par. 
rots  eat  a  few  baiianaB,  bat  not  enongh  to  annoy  any  one.  The  rice 
fields  of  Feni  being  flooded  doriDg  most  of  the  early  life  of  the  rice 
plant,  birds  can  do  little  or  no  damage.  Dnring  the  rice  harvest  the 
little  they  take  is  not  felt.  Rometimes  the  pigeons  annoy  the  Chilian 
wheat  former.  There  are  ext«nsive  vineyards  in  Fern,  Bolivia  and 
-Chile  (there  is  no  aneb  place  as  Uhili),  bat  the  birds  do  not  seem  to  do 
Any  damage.  On  the  contrary,  they  destroy  the  worms  and  bogs  that 
-otherwise  wonld  injure  the  vines.  There  are  some  birds  familiar  to  ns 
— the  pigeon,  monrning  dove,  heron,  bittern,  whippoorwiJl,  pelican,  king- 
fisher, gall,  snipe,  crane,  dack,  and  many  others.  The  swan  has  a 
-white  body  and  black  neck.  I^one  bat  a  oataralist  woald  recognize 
the  blaejay  in  his  new  dress  of  dark  brown  back  and  red  breast,  bat 
wonld  sappose  it  to  be  the  robin.  The  nightingale  whistles;  the 
meadow-lark  is  silent  as  it  soars  to  meet  the  sao  in  the  morning. 

The  birds  on  the  moantaine  differ  from  those  on  the  plains.  The 
£oat-Backer  family  have  several  varieties.  The  whippoorwill  seeks 
higher  Hltitades  than  the  other  three  species  that  articolate  sentences. 
The  most  common  of  the  three  sits  near  yoar  door,  and  dies  and 
■alights  three  or  fonr  yards  before  yoa  as  yoa  walk  along  the  road  or 
path,  crying  '*  Who-are-yoa,  wbo-who  who-are-yoa."  Another  bids  yoa 
■"  Work-away,  work  work-work-away."  A  third  cries  moarnfnlly  "Wil- 
lie-come.go,  Willie- WUlie-Willie*come-go."  They  are  foand  near  herds 
of  cattle,  and  perform  the  same  offices  for  the  herds  at  night  that  the 
«ow  blackbird  does  by  day.  Except  for  the  cow  blackbird  and  the 
goat-socker,  cattle  wonld  soon  become  extinct,  eaten  np  by  the  grab 
of  the  cestras  tiy. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  blackbird;  one  jet  black,  a  very  fine 
singer,  is  a  common  pet ;  another  wilh  yellow  markings,  the  tordo- 
^Hfichi  of  the  natives,  or  marsh  blackbird,  is  also  a  fine  singei  and 
domesticated.  The  woodpecker  is  kuown  as  the  "  carpenter."  Besides 
the  two  bright-colored  woodpeckers,  there  is  one  with  plamage  of  a 
mottted-gray,  only  foand  in  Pera. 

On  the  Andes,  from  Fern  to  Chile,  there  are  a  few  gronse.  On  the 
Chilian  Andes  there  is  a  monntain  dack  called  Pato  de  la  Oordillera. 
It  &eqaeuts  streams  that  have  many  rapids  and  fiiUs,  and  yoa  can  hear 
them  tar  off.  Their  play  is  to  ride  down  the  falls  and  rapids  and  then 
harry  back  as  fast  as  possible,  as  children  do  in  sliding  down  hill,  and 
their  deafening  clatter  coald  easily  be  anderstood  as  talk  and  laughter 
over  their  fuu.  80  intent  do  they  become  in  their  play,  sailing  down 
falls  ten  or  fifteen  feet  high  and  returning  for  another  plnnge,  that  they 
«an  easily  be  approached. 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_V 


igle 


120  STATE  HOBTICULTDBAL  SOOIBTY. 

There  ia  a  beautiiiil  little  wren  foaud  on  the  west  coast  from  Perv 
to  Chile,  called  the  "eeven  color" — Regulus  omnieolor.  Its  crest  pro- 
jects behind  the  bead  and  is  formed  of  three  latere  of  feathers ;  the 
lower  one  is  yellow ;  the  middle  ooe  brown;  upon  this,  at  the  back  part^ 
is  a  layer  of  bright  red.  The  sides  of  the  head  and  neck  are  blae,  throat 
white,  the  back  golden  like  the  golden  haes  of  the  humming-bird ; 
the  breast,  ander  sarfaee  and  sides  of  the  body  are  yellow,  except 
under  the  wings,  where  a  double  line  of  brown  marks  it,  as  monntaiDS- 
are  represented  on  maps ;  the  tail  qaill-featbers  are  dark  brown  above 
and  white  beneath ;  the  small  feathers  at  the  junction  of  the  tail  with 
the  body  are  red  beneath  and  golden  green  above;  the  quill  wiag- 
featbers  are  a  dark  brown ;  where  the  qaill  and  wiog  covers  join  is  a 
band  of  yellow,  and  the  under  snrfaoe  of  the  wing  is  also  yellow ;  the 
edge  of  the  wing  has  alternate  white  and  dark-browu  feathers.  The 
nest,  built  on  the  side  of  a  rush  stalk,  is  as  pretty  ae  the  bird.  The 
rail  and  water-hen  are  its  companions.  One  variety  of  water-hen  has 
the  part  of  the  body  behind  the  legs  and  the  thighs  spotted  white. 

In  Chile  there  is  a  dock  that  looks  as  if  it  had  been  evoluted  &om 
a  rail,  a  water-ben  and  a  duck ;  its  toes  have  flat  projections,  but  are- 
Dot  joined  by  the  web;  its  color  is  a  blnieh-blaok,  the  outer  qaill- 
featbers  white. 

Occasionally  one  flnds  on  the  west  coasta  little  bird  with  two  very- 
long,  sJim,  delioite  tail  feaLhers.  Some  are  white,  others  gray.  The 
body  is  about  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  tail,  and  its  name  is  about  a» 
long  as  the  tail — Sylviorthorkifmkus  desmurii.  There  is  a  small  red- 
breasted  bird,  with  female  dark  brown  on  the  back,  that  has  s  geo- 
graphical range  from  Mexico  to  Chile.  It  is  believed  by  the  natives  to- 
be  unfoithfnl  to  its  marital  vows,  and  is  called  Putilla  (little  prostitute). 
The  "roaes"  of  that  country  wear  charms,  of  which  the  ashes  of  this- 
little  bird  form  an  ingredient.  A  little  cross,  a  wish-bone,  a  bit  of  mag- 
netic stone  and  some  red  medicinal  beans  carried  iu  a  little  sack  on  the- 
breast  "form  a  charm  that  virtue  cannot  resist." 

While  at  a  rubber  camp  on  the  Madeira  river  in  Brazil  we  beard 
the  Indians  speak  of  an  "organ  bird."  They  said  its  song  imitated 
well  the  tones  of  an  oigan.  One  day  while  hunting  for  birds  we  heard, 
just  at  our  elbow,  the  natural  scale  run  downward  from  0  to  0.  Erery 
note  was  clear,  distinct  and  very  musical.  We  watched  carefully  for 
the  bird,  it  seemed  so  near.  The  foliage  there  is  dense,  and  while  part- 
ing the  branches  where  we  had  heard  the  bird,  it  bad  hopped  away  a 
little  distance.  Keeping  quiet  a  moment,  its  song  was  again  heard  a 
little  further  away,  and  then  a  small  bird,  grayish  in  color,  fiew  out  of 
the  bush.    When  we  told  the  Indians  what  we  had  heard  and  eeen» 


MlBOELLAHBOnS   FAPEBS.  121 

Uiey  said  it  was  the  organ  bird.  Oftea  afterward  we  heard  the  sweety 
organ  tones,  bnt  did  not  succeed  in  getting  a  specimea  of  the  bird. 

As  yon  Talk  in  the  forests  of  the  Amazon,  admiring  the  begonias, 
the  calas,  the  leaf-out,  the  flitting  here  and  there  of  the  large  bine  bat- 
terfly,  yoa  find  yonrself  mentally  exclaiming,  how  beantifal  1  A  little 
bird,  as  if  placed  there  to  gaard  these  beanties,  and  a  trne  interpreter 
of  yonr  thonghts,  keeps  singing  si  puea.  n  pues  (Spanish  for  ''certainly.") 
Of  all  the  birds  that  articnlate  sentences  or  send  forth  notes  similar  to 
what  we  hear  from  other  sonrces,  the  Oampanero^  or  bell  bird,  is  the 
most  wonderfal.  It  is  found  in  Brazil  and  the  Onianoa.  It  is  as  white 
as  snow,  and  about  the  size  of  onr  blnejay.  On  its  forehead  rises  a 
spiral  tnbe  nearly  three  inches  long;  this  to  be  is  jet  black,  dotted  all 
over  with  small  white  feathers ;  it  has  a  commnnication  with  the  palate, 
and  when  fllled  with  air  looks  like  a  spire,  when  empty  it  is  pendnloas.  Its 
note  is  clear  and  lond,  like  the  sound  of  a  beU,and  may  be  beard  a  distance 
of  three  miles.  The  natnralist,  Waterton,  speaking  of  tbis  bird,  says: 
"In  the  midst  of  extensive  wilds,  generally  on  the  dried  top  of  an  aged 
mora,  almost  out  of  gnn  reach,  yoa  will  see  the  oampanero.  "So  sound 
or  song  from  uny  of  the  winged  Inhabitants  of  the  forest,  not  even  the 
clearly  pronounced  "Whip-poor-will"  of  the  gost-sncker,  causes  such 
astonishment  as  the  toll  of  the  bell-bjrd.  With  many  of  the  feathered 
race,  it  pays  a  common  tribute  of  a  morning  and  evening  song  ;  and 
even  when  the  meridian  snn  has  shut  in  silence  the  months  of  the  whole 
animated  nature,  the  e&mpanero  stitl  cheers  t^e  forest  Yon  hear  his 
toll,  then  a  pause  of  a  minnte,  then  another  toll,  and  then  a  pause 
again,  and  then  a  toll,  and  again  a  pause  ;  then  he  is  silent  six  or  eigfat 
minntes,  and  the  toll  is  repeated.  Orpheus  himself  would  drop  his 
lote  to  listen  to  him,  so  sweet,  so  novel  and  romantic  is  the  toll  of  the 
■now-white  campaoero."  It  belongs  to  the  cotingas,  of  which  there 
are  several  varieties.  The  scarlet  cotinga  has  a  crown  of  flaming  red  ^ 
to  this  abruptly  succeeds  a  dark  shining  brown,  reaching  half  way 
down  the  back;  the  remainder  of  the  back,  the  rump  and  tail — the  ex- 
tremity of  which  IS  edged  with  black — are  a  lively  red  ;  the  belly  is  a 
somewhat  lighter  red  ;  the  breast  reddish  black ;  the  wings  are  brown. 
There  is  a  purple  cotinga  with  browu  markings,  and  a  pompadour  co- 
tinga. entirely  purple,  except  its  wings,  which  are  white,  their  first  four 
feathers  tipped  with  browu  ;  the  great  coverts  of  the  wings  are  stiff, 
narrow  and  potuted,  being  shaped  qnite  different  from  those  of  any 
other  bird.  When  this  bird  is  betwixt  you  and  the  sun  in  his  flight,  be 
appears  uncommonly  brilliant. 

On  the  plains  of  Brazil  and  Bolivia  the  beautiful  cardinal  bird  is 
«ommon.     It  is  easily  domesticated,  and  when  an  extra  fine  singer  is 


122  BTATB   BOETICULTDRA.L  SOCIETY. 

Talced  at  from  t25  to  $100.  While  io  Bolivia  we  had  sis  cardina],  nine 
tordocurichlB,  eighteen  jet  blackbirds,  a  greeo  talking  parrot,  two  bine 
parrotH,  a  night-bird  that  slept  all  day,  two  macaws,  a  number  of  paro- 
-qnetB  and  "love-birds,"  and  a  hnmp-backed  jacamar,  called  corcovado, 
or  midnight' bird,  as  it  is  prompt  with  its  cry  at  midnight.  All  these 
were  captared  near  the  little  town  of  Beges,  where  we  resided  a  year 
«Qd  a  half.  They  were  not  caged  long,  being  easily  tamed.  The 
macaws  were  jesloas  of  any  attention  paid  to  the  other  birds  or  pets. 
When  we  lay  in  oar  hammock  or  sat  ontdoors,the  birds  wonld  perch 
on  oar  shoulders,  oar  lap,  our  head  and  beard.  Then  the  macaws  wonld 
scold  and  harry  to  drive  tbem  away.  The  corcovado  is  shaped  like  a 
Oninea  hen,  and  Is  the  size  of  a  small  tarkey.  It  is  very  rapid  in  its 
Tun,  seldom  flying.  Its  home  is  in  the  dense  forests  of  the  Amazon 
valley,  together  with  sev^al  varieties  of  mutune,  or  wild  turkeys. 
Oar  corcovado  was  quite  tame,  and  would  come  up  to  have  its  head 
scratched,  bnt  would  reseut  any  greater  &miliarity.  Its  cry  was  a 
who  op-whoop- whoop- who  op,  made  by  drawing  in  its  breath.  When  the 
Inngs  were  inflated  the  air  was  let  out  with  a  barr-r-r-r.  When  the 
•church  bells  called  the  faithful  to  mass,  he  would  start  on  a  ran,  pass 
up  and  take  bis  stand  before  the  pulpit,  and  stand  there  quietly  perched 
OQ  one  foot,  apparently  in  deep  devotion  or  asleep.  As  soon  as  the 
priest  would  begin  services,  the  corco<rado  wonld  respond  whoop- 
whoop-whoop,  burr-r-r.  He  also  would  make  responses  to  the  chantB 
of  the  choir.  When  mass  was  over  he  woald  walk  out  solemnly,  like 
any  other  good  Christian. 

On  the  marshy  plains  of  Bolivia  and  other  parts  of  the  Amazon 
basin,  immense  numbers  of  white  cranes,  snipes,  curlews,  spoon-bills, 
soarlet  flamingos  and  ducks  are  found.  The  radial  wing-bone  famishes 
the  material  for  the  Indian  flutes.  In  the  forests  the  wild  turkeys, 
where  man  and  his  gun  have  not  frightened  them,  are  as  tame  as  bam- 
jard  fowls.  On  the  sand-bars  are  flocks  of  galls.  Perching  on  the 
branches  overhanging  the  streams  are  flocks  of  ciganas;  they  are  a 
species  of  kingfisher  and  the  size  of  a  Guinea  hen.  In  the  forests  of 
the  Amazon  basin  the  parrot  tribe,  from  the  macaw  to  the  love-bird,  in 
many  colors  and  sizes,  abounds.  On  the  higher  plains  of  Ecuador  the 
humming-bird  is  found  in  its  greatest  variety  and  abundance.  The 
beantifal  scarletrcrested  "cock  of  the  rock  "  and  golden  pheasant  fre- 
■qnent  the  mountain  regions  about  the  equator. 

Nature  sometimes  appears  to  create  monstrosities.  A  bird  with  a 
bill  as  lung  as  its  body  and  nearly  as  large,  called  the  toucan,  is  a  good 
representative  of  this  class.  Upon  the  trees  where  the  hanging  nests 
■are  namerous  yon  will  see  the  toucan.    You  will  see  it  alight  on  ik 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_)' 


.,le 


HISOBIXUTKOns  FAFmMB.  123 

blanch  Dear  a  nest,  dip  down  ioto  it,  pick  ap  an  egg,  toBB  it  ia  the  air, 
catch  it  in  its  throat  as  it  falls,  while  the  ovaers  of  the  nest  fly  aboat 
scolding  and  lameDting.  At  one  time  we  had  a  tame  one  and  fed  it  on 
eggs  and  bauanaB.  All  its  food  was  tossed  in  the  air  and  caaght  as  it 
fell. 

TJpnn  the  plains  of  Bolivia  and  the  Argentine  repnblic  the  rhea, 
or  Bonth  American  ostrich,  makes  its  home.  Near  Meudoza,  in  the 
Argentine  republic,  are  several  ostrich  farms.  In  Beges  there  was  a 
tame  one  that  went  abont  at  will.  The  children  played  with  it.  Daily 
it  came  for  food  to  the  plnces  where  it  was  fed.  We  used  to  amuse 
onreelves  seeing  whole  bananas  pass  down  its  long  neck.  It  stood  five 
feet  from  crown  of  head  to  the  ground.  The  eggs  are  ased  for  food, 
but  are  not  as  agreeable  as  other  kinds,  being  strong  in  taste. 

The  condor,  or  "  king  of  the  vnltnree,"  is  a  bird  of  Sonth  America, 
and  a  veritable  monarch  among  the  feathered  tribe  and  its  species. 
When  be  approaches,  the  bnzzards  retire.  While  he  dines  they  form 
a  circle  aronnd  him  at  respectfnl  distance  and  await  bis  permission  to 
join  the  feast.  They  attain  a  spread  of  wing  of  fifteen  and  eighteen 
feet.  Their  home  is  among  the  monntains,  bat  tbey  keep  a  close  snper- 
viBioD  over  the  plains.  One  accustomed  to  look  for  them  can  see  them 
almost  any  time,  a  mere  speck  in  the  sky,  only  recognizable  by  its  mov- 
ing. At  an  elevation  of  10,000  and  18,000  feet  yon  still  see  him  above, 
around  and  below  you.  On  the  passes  of  the  Andes,  where  cattle  are 
smuggled  from  the  Argentine  plains  into  Chile,  they  sit  on  neariy  every 
orag  about  the  dangerous  places,  where  the  heaps  of  bones  tell  how 
often  he  has  fed  on  the  nnfortanate  victims  of  misplaced  footsteps. 
The;  are  great  gluttons,  and  gorge  themselves  when  they  can.  Bising 
heavily,  they  have  to  make  a  run  or  a  series  of  springe  to  gain  mo- 
mentam  in  order  to  rise  in  the  air.  They  are  easily  lassoed  or  killed 
with  a  clnb  by  building  a  stockade  about  the  carcass  placed  for  bait. 
Tbey  cannot  rise,  and  so  are  often  taken  alive.  They  will  not  attack 
nntil  the  prey  is  either  dead  or  helpless. 

In  1870  one  of  the  carriers  of  mful  between  Chile  and  the  Argen- 
tine republic  slipped  and  injured  bis  legs  so  that  he  could  not  walk. 
He  had  not  lain  in  the  place  he  fell  many  hours  ere  he  had  a  circle  of 
-condors  about  him,  and  outside  of  them  a  second  circle  of  liuzzards. 
While  awake  the  condors  would  walk  about,  appeireutly  conversing  with 
«aoh  other  over  the  best  means  to  dispatch  the  unfortunate  one.  When 
exhausted  by  long  vigil  or  quiet  a  moment,  one  would  step  up  and  give 
him  a  nip  which  would  arouse  him,  and  by  a  good  use  of  his  staff  they 
ironld  retire.  What  must  have  been  his  thonghts  as  he  kept  his  lonely 
watch  for  four  days  and  nights  I     When  found,  he  was  wanting  an  eye* 


Dgnzs.uCoeH^lc 


124  STATE   HOBTIOULTUEAL  800IBT7. 

part  of  a  cheek,  a  finger,  and  had  many  braises.  ^ ot  always  are  they  as 
fortQDate  as  he.  It  needs  no  words  to  tell  the  horror  of  snch  a  scene. 
Sometimes  the  natnralist  meets  with  annoyances.  One  day,  re- 
tnrning  with  a  goodly  namber  of  birds,  we  sat  down  to  skin  them. 
The  lady  of  the  hoase  also  sab  down  beside  ns,  and  we  kept  np  s  lively 
and  pleasant  cooversation,  which  she  broke  with  the  remark:  "There* 
now,  I  have  helped  yon  so  mach."  And  so  she  had.  She  bad  placked 
them  of  every  feather  and  pin-feather  as  clean  as  the  most  fastidioaa 
honsewife  could  have  wished  a  fowl  pincked  for  cooking. 


HOW  BEST  TO  MARKET  FRUITS. 

Captain  E.  T.  Holliater,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  a  paper  on  "  How  Can 
Fruit  Growers  Beat  Maintain  Prices  of  their  Frodncte,"  read  before 
the  Alton  Southern  Illinois  Horticultaral  Society,  at  Upper  Alton, 
recently,  said : 

When  you  have  gone  throagh  the  process  of  planting  and  cultivat- 
ing, and  the  reward  of  your  labor  is  seen  in  the  bountiful  crop,  then 
cornea  the  problem  of  how  to  pack  and  where  to  send  to  best  maintain 
prices.  If  in  the  Arat  inatance  it  is  absolutely  neoessary  to  produce 
the  best  grade  of  fruit,  much  more  ao  now  to  secure  the  best  reanlts. 
After  the  long  and  constant  care  to  eecure  aome  of  your  crops  (seven 
years  for  peaches),  neglect,  inattention,  or 

WANT  OF  SKILL  IN   PACKING, 

Is  &tal  to  both  man  and  fruit.  Some  kuowing  person  has  said  a  good 
thing  which  all  may  not  have  heard,  "  Honesty  is  the  best  policy."  As  a 
codicil  I  will  repeat  another  wise  one's  saying,  "  If  yoa  can't  be  honest, 
be  as  honest  as  yon  can."  I  knew  that  much  unjoBt  criticism  has  been 
passed  on  the  fruit-grower,  and  more  than  often  a  single  box  of  straw- 
berries has  become  the  text  for  insult.  Would  it  do  any  good  for  the 
critic  to  become  producer  t  It  is  a  self  evident  fact  that  the  fruit  and 
packing  should  be  of  the  best  character.  Your  product  comes  in  com- 
petition, not  only  with  your  neighbors,  but  from  many  points  South  and 
elsewhere,  and,  as  a  matter  of  courae,  the  beat  fiuda  the  ready  sale  and 
best  price.  Some  years  since  I  had  occasion  to  ask  a  fmit-grower,  why 
his  peaches  showed  so  mach  and  good  color  t  They  were  packed  in 
third-bushel  boxes.  He  said  in  packing  he  was  only  following  nature ; 
that  he  found  the  best  and  highest  colored  fruit  around  on  the  outside 


M1SCBLLA.NB0US  PAPERS.  ]2S 

-of  the  tree.  There  vere  no  windfalls  or  trash  inside,  however,  as  in 
another  instance,  which,  npon  inspection,  proved  to  be  so  ontraji;eon8l7 
packed,  the  owner  never  called  for  his  money.  Sot  one  in  a  bandred 
«aD  bring  frait,  snob  as  berries,  in  a  wagon  withoot  springs,  jet  I  have 
known  one  to  do  so  many  times,  and  hie  frait  was  in  good  shape,  and 
reached  market  nniformlj  and  in  the  best  condition.  It  is  needless  for 
me  to  say  anything  as  regards 

THE   PA0KA6B  TO  USB. 

So  far  as  small  frnits  are  concerned,  the  sixteen-qnart  case  has 
been  most  extensively  used  with  satisfaction.  The  one  fanlt  common 
is  the  scantiness  of  tacks  in  putting  the  qoarls  together,  and  so  with 
the  asaal  rough  handling  in  transportation,  the  upper  tier  is  apt  to 
break  down.  An  extra  tack  or  two  will  remedy  this,  and  go  fbr  to  make 
j^ood  sales.  Of  conrae  your  cases  and  quarts  will  be  new,  bright  and 
«lean,  and  the  top  never  be  fastened  with  light  or  temporary  nails. 
Should  yon  be  so  fortunate  as  to  have  good  local  markets,  your  fruits 
should  be  fairly  and  evenly  ripened;  if  for  a  distant  shipment,  straw- 
berries colored  in  part  are  firmer  and  will  color  in  transit. 

My  experience  has  made  me  set  the  highest  valne  on  the  Dacbesa 
pear  packed  in  barrels.  In  planting  more  I  would  not  take  them  on 
the  qnioce  stock,  only  so  as  to  secure  earlier  bearing  and  to  plant 
alternately  with  standards.  My  reason  is  that  in  a  few  years'  growth 
they  become  top-heavy  and  are  freqaenOy  blown  and  broken  off  at  the 
root;  while  the  pear  stocks  keep  tbem  firmly  in  their  places  and 
eveutnally  carry  more  fruit.  I  suggest  to  the  pear-grower  the  "Keiffer" 
as  one  that,  properly  handled,  will  he  profitable  to  plant.  It  ripens,  or 
rather  is  well  colored,  and  ready  to  take  after  all  other  pears  in  this 
section  are  gone.    And  here,  a  word  to  the  wise : 

FINDIHCi  A  MABKBT. 

The  question  now  will  be  where  to  find  such  a  market  as  will  best 
maintaiu  prices.  With  tbis  comes  the  problem  of  transportation,  which 
must  be  taken  into  acconnt.  The  individual  shipper  is  at  the  mercy  of 
the  railroad  and  express  companies,  who,  witbont  fear,  favor  or  affec- 
tion, for  a  ten  to  twelve  hours'  transit,  take  not  leas  than  twenty  cases 
oat  of  one  hundred  of  berries  for  thefr  portion,  while  the  commission 
man  takes  ten  more.  Yoa  can  then  see  what  is  left  for  you  to  pay  for 
packages,  picking  and  cultivation.  The  fruit-grower  has  no  subsidy  to 
relieve  him,  do  protection  from  the  extortionate  freight  charges,  and 
often  no  relief  for  damage  while  in  their  charge.  Can  the  frai1>growers 
here  combine  in  their  shipments  to  secure  lowest  rates  f    California 


126  STATE   HOBTIODLTUEAL  80CIBTT. 

has  long  practiced  this ;  wlthoat  it  they  could  not  live.  Cobden 
growers  and  others  have  operated  od  the  plan  with  satisibctor;  resnltfl. 
I  simply  make  the  snggestioB  that  some  practical  plan  may  he  discnssed 
and  adopted.  I  think  the  times  are  ripe  for  some  sach  movement. 
We  have  a  great  river  at  onr  door;  there  are  good  boats  ranning  on 
schednle  time,  which  may  reach  some  markets  in  tbirty^six  boors.  Hy 
experience  in  this  was  most  sattsfaotory.  My  berries  would  arrive  ia 
that  length  of  time  in  better  condition  than  by  rail  in  twelve  hours. 
I  always  patronized  the  boats  finely  ;  never  had  bnt  one  detention  of 
cousequence.  The  ft-ee  circulation  of  air,  with  the  Bmoothuess  of  mo* 
tion,  makes  the  advantages  of  this  route  Holf-apparent. 

STYLE  OF  OUSTOHEBS. 

It  will  be  wpll  for  the  shipper  to  occasionally  follow  his  ftuit^note 
its  condition  on  arrival,  and  see  what  and  how  others  are  sending. 
Buch  an  object  lesson  will  prove  well  worth  the  time  and  expense. 
Another  point  he  will  make  by  snch'  a  trip  is  to  see  the  market  and 
style  of  customers  at  the  different  places.  Some  will  take  one  grade 
or  class  of  fruit,  another  a  different,  perhaps  better  grade  ;  snob  per- 
sonal knowledge  will  be  of  great  benefit,  and  is  eeaeutial  to  succeea  in 
this  business.  By  knowing  the  character  of  your  market,  you  can 
discriminate  as  to  quality,  not  daring  to  send  to  the  one  what  would 
readily  move  in  the  other.  I  always  have  two  grades  to  ship,  and  one 
I  reject,  which  may  in  part  find  use  in  the  family. 

This  personal  observation  at  the  end  of  the  route  will  go  &r  to 
explfun  some  of  the  reports  of  the  commission  men.  Occasionally  I 
have  been  made  ashamed  to  see  some  of  my  apples,  knowing  my 
instrnctions  as  to  the  packing  had  been  positive  and  to  select  close. 
I  have  about  come  to  the  conclusion  that  human  nature  has  fallen  below 
what  it  was,  and  instructions  to  help  now  need  more  than  the  simple 
"go  and  hegoeth,  do  tbis  and  he  doeth  it."  In  order  to  know  bow  th& 
packing  of  f^uit  has  been  done,  I  adopted  the  plan  of  marking  each 
package  with  a  number  or  initial,  keeping  a  record  and  notifying  oo&. 
signee. 

The  fruit-grower  has  at  times  some  fancy  berries,  peaches,  etc.  j 
these  have  found  highest  prices  in  tlie  large  cities,  such  as  Chicago  or 
Kansas  City.  My  best  price  on  such  was  one  dollar  per  basket  for 
peaches  in  the  latter  place,  and  early  in  the  season  as  good  prices  there 
on  asparagus  as  at  Chicago.  For  your  shipment  select  good  commis* 
sion  men  in  a  few  markets,  keep  in  constant  communication  with  them, 
use  the  wire  freely,  send  them  the  best  and  in  the  best  shape,  and  they 
will  have  your  fruit  to  arrive  in  good  condition. 


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MISOBLLAKKOUS  PAPBHS.  12T 

WBUB  IT  POSSIBLE 

To  dispose  of  oar  products  in  local  and  n«ar  markets,  withoat  tlie  mid- 
dle-tnan,  or  if  bajera  conid  be  induced  to  come,  these  methods  woald 
prove  very  aatis&ctory.  We  cannot  wait  for  the  bayers  to  come,  nor 
will  local  and  near  maj-kets  lake  all  oar  frait;  the  altemative  is  to  trast 
yonr^ait  to  the  tender  mercies  of  the  railroad  and  the  commission 
man ;  in  fact  mnch  of  it  is  all  trast  and  little  or  no  pay.  That  there  are 
dishonest  commission  men  we  all  know  by  experience;  this  shoalct 
make  as  wiser  and  stick  to  the  true  and  tried  ones.  The  producer  i& 
at  the  bottom  of  the  ladder;  his  efforts  to  aseendare  met  step  by  step 
with  ditBcalties,  unfavorable  weather  in  planting,  grov  ing  or  harvests 
ing,  insect  enemies,  predaceoas  birds,  high  and  oft«n  exorbitant 
heights,  with  many  other  hindrances, too  nameroos  to  mention.  There 
is  no  royal  road  here,  yet  success  lies  at  the  top  of  the  ladder.  There 
will  be  fonnd  f^nit  of  the  very  best  qnality,  the  packing  will  be  beyond 
criticism,  and  the  reward  (which  may  not  be  of  large  money  valae)  sat- 
ifl&otiOQ  born  of  snccees  and  a  desire  to  accomplish  better  resnlts  in 
the  fbtnre.  The  good  time  is  ooming  if  we  work  for  it.  Bight  along- 
side of  personal  work,  and  often  dear-bongbt  experience,  is  the  best 
information  to  be  had  by  becoming  a  member  of  Ibis  and  the  State 
Society.  The  proceedings  are  published  near  the  beginning  of  each 
year.  The  last  volume  is  fiiU  of  horticaltoral  knowledge  and  is  itself  a 
library. 


A  VISIT  TO  JUDGE  SAMUEL  MILLEB. 


Editok  Rdbal  World — Aboat  the  middle  of  Jane  I  had  a  week's 
leisure  time  for  recreation  and  pleaanre.  I  availed  myself  of  a  kind  in- 
vitation to  visit  Judge  Samuel  Miller  and  6imily,  of  BlnfiFton,  Mo.  As 
St.  Charles  and  that  place  are  both  on  the  Misaoari  river,  I  boarded 
the  stsanch  steamer  Helena  and  landed  twenty-foar  boors  later  at  des- 
tination, where  I  was  most  cordially  received  by  the  Judge  and  his 
most  estimable  wife  and  their  &mily.  I  owe  them  all  sincerest  thanks 
for  kind  hospitality  and  ftlendsbip  extended  daring  my  three  days'  stay 
among  them.  To  the  Judge  I  am  under  lasting  obligations  for  advanced 
and  many  new  ideas  appertaining  to  horticnltnre,  derived  from  conver- 
aation  and  practical  demonstration.    Any  person  who  feels  the  least 


128  BTATB  HOBTICULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

interest  in  these  matters  can  spend  no  time  in  the  company  of  friend 
Miller  withont  being  benefited  and  witboat  inoreasin;  his  knowledfie 
regarding  them;  knowledge  gained  by  him  daring  a  long  life  devoted 
to  hiB  cnlling,  mach  throngh  the  costly  school  of  experience,  is  by  him 
generonsly  imparted  to  all  fOr  the  asking.  Ko  "  hiding  of  light "  here. 
Let  all  men  emnlate  Mr.  Miller  for  the  benefit  of  mankind. 

To  properly  meation  all  I  saw  daring  my  visit  wonld  occupy  for 
too  mach  of  year  valaable  space,  hence  will  mention  only  a  few  objects. 
The  strawberry  seems  to  befriend  Miller's  favorite  fruit,  and  his  collec- 
tion is  certainly  extensive  and  very  interesting.  I  had  the  pleasnre  of 
«eeing  and  tasting  quite  a  number  of  new  and  old  sorts.  Of  the  former 
I  will  name  the  "  Ladies'  Pine,"  of  which  a  few  straggling  specimens 
were  yet  on  the  vines  and  the  flavor  of  which  was  exquisite.  It  seemed 
to  fill  every  crevice  of  the  month  with  its  delicate  «>ceQt  and  perfume. 
While  it  wonld  hardly  pay  to  grow  this  berry  for  the  money  that  is  in 
it,  it  is  highly  worthy  s  place  for  the  merit  that  it  cont^ns.  Among  the 
newer  sorts  I  was  favorably  impressed  with  "Schnell's  Late,"  a  variety 
prodnced  by  Mr.  Henry  Sehnell,  of  Glasgow,  Mo.  The  vine  and  frait 
closely  resemble  the  Crescent;  it  also  appears  as  prodactive,  while  ita 
season  of  matarity  is  very  late,  filling,  I  think,  the  gap  that  nsoally 
occurs  between  the  last  picking  of  this  fruit  and  the  raspberry. 

An  iDteresting  feature  is  a  long  row  of  new  kinds,  mostly  sent  the 
Judge  for  trial ;  every  few  feet  another  kind,  with  sufficient  space  be- 
tween  to  prevent  mixing,  some  with  no  fTait  remaining,  others  with  a 
few  straggling  berries,  again  others  just  in  their  prime,  still  another 
Just  turning  color,  while  one  is  just  in  full  blossom,  promising  berries 
at  their  best  on  July  4tb  and  later.  The  report  on  these  will  be  inter- 
esting reading  indeed  when  the  Judge  gets  ready  to  make  it. 

The  soil  of  Bluff  .on  appears  specially  adapted  to  tbtj  development 
of  the  strawberry.  I  noticed  no  unusual  culture  or  care  bestowed  on 
the  beds,  and  notwithstanding  only  the  tailings  of  the  crop  remained, 
all  the  berries  were  perfect  in  sbape  and  no  button-shaped  nubbins,  so 
eommon  at  that  period  of  the  season.  I  saw  Capt.  Jacks  on  plants 
which  I  sent  in  April  last  as  perfect  in  shape,  color  and  flavor,  if  not 
fully  the  size,  as  I  ever  met  on  beds  in  their  full  prime.  Where  such 
"Jacks"  grow,  there  is  no  need  to  look  for  better  to  take  their  place 
while  tbey  last.  Well  may  the  Judge  be  proud  to  be  the  first  to  intro- 
duce this  sort ;  it  fully  jastifles  all  he  ever  said  of  it  when  first  brought 
oat. 

The  aseori.ment  of  apples,  pears,  peaches,  cherries,  plums,  grapes, 
raspberries,  etc.,  old  aud  new  sorts,  is  very  large  and  interesting.  But 
to  speak  of  all  'would  lead  beyond  allowance;  will,  however,  mention 


Dgnzs.uCoeH^lc 


MISCELLANEOUS   FAPEBS.  129 

one  item.  I  had  freqnently  wondered  that  friend  Miller  Bbonld 
recommend  Scbselfer's  Colossal  as  the  best  red  raspberry.  With  me  and 
wherever  else  I  met  with  this  kind  it  was  rank  in  growth,  beyond  con- 
trol almost,  hardly  productive  or  firm  enough  for  market  purposes,  and 
not  nearly  the  equal  in  (jDality  of  fi-nit  of  most  otbers.  After  seeing 
his  hedge,  which  showed  nice  (not  overgrown)  growth,  with  canes 
loaded  down  with  large,  perfect  berries,  some  jaat  turning  color,  while 
some  were  blooming,  I  don't  wonder  any  more.  Of  the  quality  attained 
by  this  berry  at)  BlnfTton  I  could  not  judge,  they  not  being  ripe. 

Another  item  or  two  and  I'll  quit  for  fear  of  the  W.  B.  On  a 
monntain  just  east  of  friend  Miller's  place,  five  handred  feet  above  the 
river,  lives  his  eldest  son  Bobert.  A  most  beautiful  place  it  is,  afford* 
ing  a  view  of  the  pictnresqne  county  for  miles  away.  Here  were  grow- 
ing in  luxuriant  health  and  vigor,  besides  apple,  pear  and  peach  trees, 
grape-vines,  etc.,  a  number  of  Maaard  cherry  trees,  loaded  wonderfully 
with  fruit,  some  trees  earlier,  some  just  ripe,  others  beginning  to  ripen^ 
some  jet  black,  others  deep  parplisfa  red,  and  another  light  red  in  color. 
The  flavor  was  sweet,  with  a  very  pleasant  spicy  twinge.  In  my  esti- 
mation this  cherry  is  preferable  to  our  black  Murello,  and  the  trees  as 
seen  here  were  certainly  as  hardy  and  more  productive.  Seldom,  if 
ever,  have  I  met  this  cherry  of  the  size  and  quality  like  here.  If  these 
are  new  kinds,  why  not  propagate  and  introduce  them,  friend  Millert 
In  climbing  tbe  hills  aronnd  this  place  I  admire  the  agility  and 
"springiness"  of  a  man  of  three  score  and  ten,  but  in  another  way  has 
the  Judge  retained  the  vivacity  or  capacity  of  youtb.  I  do  believe  he 
enjoys  a  mess  of  ripe  frait  as  much  as  any  youtb  in  his  teens.  To  see 
the  old  man  sit  down  in  the  shade  of  a  tree  with  a  dish  of  cherries  be- 
fore him,  and  notice  the  enjoyment  he  gets  out  of  it,  is  a  feast  in  itself. 
Verily  the  pleasures  offered  man  by  Pomona  do  not  grow  old  with 
those  who  worship  at  her  shrine. 

I  must  not  close,  however,  without  mention  of  the  excellent  and 
extensive  collection  of  roses  and  chrysanthemums  which  I  saw  in  the 
nicely  arranged  and  neatly  kept  flower  garden  near  the  bouse.  Tbe 
former  show  their  charms  to  some  extent,  and  were  beautiful,  indeed. 
Tbe  latter  were  not  yet  in  bloom,  but  the  list  of  varieties  was  assurance 
of  a  grand  display  when  their  time  comes.  This  department  I  under* 
stood  was  under  immediate  care  of  tbe  charming  and  accomplished 
daughters  who  grace  tbe  household  of  our  esteemed  friend. 
Kespect  fully, 

C.  T.  Mallimckrodt. 
St.  Charles,  Mo.,  July  29,  1890. 


H  11—9 


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IJtO  STATE  HOBTICDLTUBJiL  SOCIBTT. 

HOETIOULTURAL  MEETING. 
From  the  Kural  World. 

Greene  Ooanty  Horticaltural  Society  held  their  Joly  meeting  at 
the  hoiiHe  of  their  secretary,  Mr.  Holiuan.  The  day  was  fair  and  the 
attendance  good. 

After  dinner  upon  the  lawn,  President  Hot)kin8  called  the  society 
to  order  and  proceeded  to  interview  the  standing  committees,  who  re- 
ported 

0BCHA.BD8 
In  good  healthy  growth,  and  showing  better  outlook  for  a  crop  than 
reported  at  last  meeting.  As  the  apples  grow  the  quantity  is  better  in 
sight  and  more  satis&otory,  Ben  Davis  showing  most  frait.  A  few 
large,  red-cheek  peaches  were  picked  from  trees  near  the  table,  but  as 
a  rule  that  delicious  finit  failed  in  oar  county  this  year.  Pears  are 
also  scarce. 

TINBTARDB. 

Most  varieties  in  use  set  ttait  freely.  Concord  and  a  few  others 
are  rather  thin  in  the  cluster,  but  growing  nicely,  with  very  little  rot ; 
promise  good  size  in  berry.  Committee  recommends  early  bagging  as 
only  surety  against  fungus,  bees  and  birds. 

SMALL  FRUITS. 

Mr.  Tullis  said  after  a  few  years'  experience  with  small  fruits,  he 
now  wishes  be  had  planted  more  blackberries  ;  be  had  not  made  straw- 
berries pay  him. 

Mr.  Wade,  of  Republic,  had  grown  this  year  more  strawberries 
than  he  could  market  at  remunerative  prices,  and  though  he  and  hie 
brother  bad  left  100  bushels  unpicked  upon  their  gronnds  becanse  of 
low  prices  that  would  not  pay,  he  was  yet  hopeful  of  profit  from  straw- 
berry growing  in  the  future;  thooght  growers  needed  organization  to 
procure  better  rates  in  transportation,  and  practice  more  system  in 
both  harvesting  and  marketing. 

Messrs.  Hopkins  and  Davis  had  done  fairly  well,  but  had  not 
realized  as  satisfactorily  as  last  year.  The  varieties  most  in  favor  with 
growers  at  present  are,  in  strawberries,  Bnbacb  No.  5,  Cumberland 
T.,  and  Windsor  Chief;  Hopkins  raspberry,  and  of  blackberries,  West- 
ern Triumph,  Missouri  Mammoth  and  Kittatiuny. 


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HISCELI.A.ITB0n8  FAPBBS.  131 

FLOWBBS 

Had  beeo  abandant  and  beuatlfal,  bat  hot  dry  weather  had  cansed  a 
rest  to  the  roses  especially,  and  rain  was  wanted  to  revive  even  best 
bloomers.  Old,  tried  H.  P.  S.  were  atill  ia  favor,  and  so  with  month- 
lies.   Borne  of  the  old  are  aa  good  as  the  best. 

TBQETABLE8. 
Early  vegetables  mataring  before  dry  weather  came  had  aacceeded 
well.    Potatoes  not  so  large  as  nenal,  bnt  of  excellent  quality. 


AwardlDg  committee  give  premlamon  best  collsotloti  bl&okberrleB,  eeveo  varie- 
ties, tfaowQ  bj  UopklDB  &  Davis,  $2. 

For  best  qaart  Rlttationy,  O.  W.  Hopkins,  26  mdIb. 

For  best  qaatt  dewbeiTT,  Q.  B.  Davis,  25  cents. 

Fos  best  quart  red  raspberry,  Q.  B.  Davis,  35  cents. 

For  best  basket  out  flowers,  Miss  Emma  Kircbgraber,  SO  cents. 

For  best  colleotton  balsams,  Ulss  Blanchfe  Lair,  50  cents. 

Committee  make  special  mention  of  fine  cabbage  head  hj  Y.  P.  Elrohgraber  ; 
sample  fruit,  wood  and  foliage  of  Bonanza  b.  C.  raspberrr,  by  W.  C.  Freeman. 

A  new  and IntereijtiDg  blackberry  toand  upon  tbe  grounds  of  D.  S.  Holmaniit 
Is  of  fair  size,  sweet  and  unlike  all  otbers  In  color — pinkish,  or  nearly  red — worthy 
of  watching. 

Upon  iDvitation  the  Society  decide  to  meet  the  second  Satnrday 
in  Aagnst  apon  tbe  Dmry  college  campus. 

Bill  of  $1.10  was  presented  by  Bpripgdeld  Daily  Republican  for 
pabliahiDg  notice  of  this  meeting,  which  was  allowed  and  ordered  paid, 

Tbe  president,  by  request,  promised  for  next  meeting  a  paper  apon 
the  "Press  in  Horticnlture." 


WHAT  CAN  WOMEN  DO  IN  HORTIOULTUEET 

BY  Mies  EMMA  LIKDSKT,  SPRIsaFISLD. 

What  can  women  do  in  horticnltare  f  Why,  do  as  tbey  have  done 
in  the  three  hnndred  and  forty  other  occupations  into  which  they  have 
fought  their  way  through  prejudice  and  universal  manly  sneers — make 
a  snccesB  of  it,  of  course.  Not  that  all  women  succeed  in  business, 
bat  given  the  same  opportunities,  she  is  a  little  more  certain  to  make 
a  success  of  it  than  a  man,  simply  because  no  woman  ever  leaves  the 
shelter  of  her  home  and  goes  out  to  fight  life's  battles  auless  com- 
pelled  thereto  by  the  needs  of  herself  and  family,  and  feeling  that 


1S2  STATE  HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOGIBTY. 

Deed,  she  works  with  a  more  determiDed  will,  with  more  vim  and 
energy.  The  average  woman  works  as  though  she  was  patting  oat 
fire.  A  man  goes  along  leisarely  and  takes  his  ease,  ofteu  spendiufr 
more  time  getting  ready  to  do  a  thing  than  a  woman  woald  in  doine  it. 
I  don't  say  it  is  the  best  way,  bat  it  is  woman's  way.  If  she  has  any- 
thing to  do,  she  flies  at  it  and  does  it — not  because  she  likes  to  work, 
for  the  average  woman  don't^  but  from  a  sense  of  duty. 

There  is  a  vast  amount  of  trash  afloat  about  women  considering 
men  out  of  their  places,  but  the  men  bare  no  call  to  be  uneasy.  Let 
them  retaliate.  There  are  the  bakery  and  laundry  ;  they  are  welcome 
to  both,  but  we  want  the  professions,  horticalture,  flower  raising  and 
kindred  trades. 

But  as  this  society  wants  facts,  and  not  sentiment,  I  will  try  to 
show  yoa  a  few  things  she  has  accomplished.  A  woman  forty-three 
years  of  age,  living  in  South  Carolina,  has  followed  the  plow  and 
engaged  in  all  other  farm  labor  for  thirty  years.  She  has  dug  one 
well,  built  five  chimneys,  and  frequently  split  one  hundred  rails  a  day. 
She  has  a  good  home,  enjoys  excellent  health,  is  sending  her  children 
to  school  regnlarly,  and  keeps  a  husband  simply  for  ornament  and 
entertainment. 

One  of  the  largest  land-owners  in  the  world  is  Mrs.  Emma  £.  For- 
syth. She  has  a  plantation  of  150,000  acres  on  an  island  near  New 
Gninea,  and  employs  over  five  hundred  people  on  it.  Mrs.  Miller,  a 
widow  living  near  Fort  Niobrara,  Nebraska,  has  a  claim  on  which  she 
raised  with  her  own  bauds  iu  one  year,  three  huodred  bosheU  of  pota- 
toes, fifty  bashels  of  corn,  three  hundred  beads  of  cabbage,  twenty 
bushels  of  turnips,  fifteen  bushels  of  beets,  five  bushels  of  peas  and 
two  barrels  of  sorgbnm,  besides  fattening  two  hoga  and  feeding  her 
large  fomily  of  small  children  f^om  the  products  of  her  land. 

A  stock  company  known  as  the  Eoglewood  &  Los  Angeles  Floral 
company,  composed  entirely  of  women,  has  been  organized  at  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.,  for  the  cultivation  and  sale  of  flowers,  ornamental  trees, 
shrubs,  ferns  and  plants.  The  capital  stock  is  $50,000,  divided  into 
10,000  shares  of  $5.00  each. 

Mrs.  Ingalls,  of  San  Jose,  Cal.,  owns  a  frait  farm  of  12  acres.  She 
has  the  sole  management  of  it  and  gives  her  trees  the  most  careful 
caltivaijon.  Her  crop  has  sometimes  yielded  her  as  much  as  $4,000  a 
year. 

Mrs.  Alzewth  produced  near  Manatee,  in  Florida,  the  first  coff'ee 
ever  grown'  in  the  United  Slates.  She  has  20  trees  ou  her  plantation, 
and  has  saccessfully  demonstrated  that  under  proper  cultivation,  coffee 
may  be  grown  in  the  latitude  of  Florida. 


u  Google 


MISOBLIAnBOUS  PAPERS.  133 

Jennie  Jane,  in  her  trip  to  California,  speaks  of  a  voman  who  owna 
a  frnit  form  of  several  hundred  acres,  and  says  the  other  day  she  wrote: 
"  We  are  jnst  now  trying  to  decide  on  the  colors  of  the  fine  new  wagon 
which  is  to  carry  oar  frnit  to  market.  Shall  It  be  gray  and  crimson,  or 
brown  and  canary  t  The  beantiful  fhiit  mnat  have  a  beaatifnl  medinm 
of  transfer." 

"Jnst  like  a  woman,"  I  hear  the  men  say,  but  be  atill,  my  brothers, 
and  |1iaten  to  this.  There  are  sistytwo  thooaand  women  in  America 
engaged  in  the  cnltivation  of  frnit,  and  among  tbem  are  some  of  the 
most  BQCcessfal  orchardists  of  the  nation. 

The  story  of  the  Ifew  Jersey  mother  who  eent  two  boya  to  college 
"With  the  receipts  of  her  strawberry  bed  is  too  well  known  to  be  reported. 
Bnt  a  woman  in  yew  York  bears  off  the  palm  for  one  snmmer's  work. 
She  was  left  a  widow  with  a  small  farm  heavily  mortgaged.  The  laud 
was  badly  run  down,  bnt  she  observed  that  the  only  thing  that  thrived 
was  raspberry  bnshes.  She  took  Nature's  hint  and  planted  ont  five 
acres  with  choice  catlings.  The  second  snminer  they  were  laden  with 
fruit.  She  hired  women  and  girls  to  pick  the  frnit,  used  great  care  to 
pack  it  iu  an  attractive  way  and  sent  it  to  market  the  same  day.  At 
tiie  close  of  the  season  she  found  her  poor  sandy  farm  had  netted  her 
$1,500. 

>Iis8  &.u6tin,  the  owner  of  Hedgewood  vineyard,  was  the  first  to 
etart  raisin  onlture  in  GaUfornia.  She  was  formerly  a  school  teacher, 
now  the  proprielress  of  a  thriving  fruit  ftirm.  Her  raisins  are  pro- 
duced from  sweet  muscats,  and  she  markets  about  50,000  pounds  an- 
nnally. 

California  raising  are  notv  considered  the  best  in  the  market,  and 
the  iudastry  is  growing  rapidly.  In  the  year  1880  there  were 'shipped 
860,000  boxes,  in  1S8B,  1,640,000  boxes,  representing  nearly  33,000,000 
pounds.  It  is  estimated  that  the  average  returns  amonnt  to  $264  per 
acre. 

When  first  assigned  this  subject  I  thought  it  rather  a  knotty  pro- 
blem, for  the  most  of  woman's  work  in  horticulture  is  by  the  very  na- 
ture of  the  case,  never  counted.  The  many  hours  she  toils  in  fruit  house 
or  berry  patch  while  her  basband  is  off  selling  his  fhiit,  is  as  a  general 
thing  a  minus  quantity.  The  business  is  Mr.  Smith's,  he  being  "one 
of  the  foremost"  horticulturists  in  the  county,  and  she,  albeit  she  works 
just  as  hard,  is  only  a  helper.  But  in  the  case  of  old  maids  and  widows, 
there  is  some  chance  of  being  counted  what  yon  are  worth. 

Judging  by  the  reports  of  the  Slate  society,  one  would  think  there 
were  no  women  engaged  in  horticulture  in  this  State.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  an  occasional  essay  or  committee  on  flowers,  they  are  almost 
entirely  ignored. 


184  BTATB   EOBTTOULTUBAI.  SOOIBTT. 

If  the  horUcnltural  soeielj  of  Misaoari  wishes  to  prosper  and  fill 
tbe  honored  poeitioo  in  this  magnificent  State  that  it  is  entitled  to,  they 
mnet  vake  np  and  advance  all  along  the  line.  It  is  noase,  my  brothers, 
to  try  to  longer  hold  woman  in  the  little,  narrow  sphere  in  which  prejn- 
dice  and  ignorance  have  placed  her. 

Miss  Willard  says, "  Woman  is  surely  coming  to  her  kingdom,"  uid 
Miss  Willard  knows,  for  she  lives  upon  the  waich-tower  and  cud  see  the 
beckoning  hand  of  fiite  calling  to  the  dangtaters  of  this  nation  to  arise 
and  occapy  their  half  of  the  land. 

I  paid  a  dollar  once  to  become  a  member  of  the  State  society,  and 
for  several  months  i  laid  the  "  flattering  nnotion  to  my  soal,"  (hat 
thOQgh  only  a  poor  connlry  girl,  I  was,  nevertheless,  a  member  of  the 
Horticnltnral  society  of  the  great  State  of  Missonri.  Imagine  my  feel- 
ings, when  one  day  meeting  yonr  good  Secretary,  be  handed  me  a  doV 
lar,  Baying  women  conid  not  join  by  the  payment  of  the  regular  fee.  I 
went  home  and  read  thnconstitntion  and  felt  that  it  said,  if  not  inword^ 
at  least  in  spirit,  '-no  woman  need  apply." 


SOME  STRANGE  PLANTS. 

The  Government  has  been  going  quite  extensively  of  late  into  the 
propagation  of  whisky  shops  and  lager-beer  saloons.  Its  laboratory 
employed  for  this  purpose  is  the  National  Botanical  garden  here  ;  for 
the  lager-beer  saloons  and  whisky-shops  referred  to  are  purely  of  a 
vegetable  nature.  They  are.  in  fact,  nothing  more  nor  less  than  plants 
of  a  very  extraordinary  description,  which  devote  their  attention  ex- 
clusively to  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicants.  A  reporter 
learned  that  attention  is  being  given  to  an  investigation  of  their  manner 
of  doing  business  and  to  analyses  of  the  liquor  they  dispense,  which  is 
expected  to  have  very  important  and  useful  resalta,  opening  up  a  line 
of  inquiry  in  an  altogether  new  direction. 

The  vegetable  whisky-shop  ia  perhaps  the  most  astonishing  plant 
in  existence.  A  number  of  members  of  Ite  femily  are  represented  in 
the  green-houses  of  the  botanical  garden.  Each  one  does  busioesB  on 
its  own  hook,  and  most  of  them  sell  different  brands  of  liquor,  that 
supplied  to  customers  at  one  shop  being  unlike  what  is  offered  at 
another.  This  does  not  appear  snrprising  when  it  is  considered  that 
every  vegetable  whisky-shop  does  its  own  distilling. 


.y  Google 


MI8CBLLANK0US  PAFBBEi.  135 

GBKBROnS   BABS. 

Yoa  wonid  be  strack  at  oace  witli  the  carionB  appearance  of  one 
of  these  vegetable  whJsky-ebops  if  yoa  saw  it  standing  in  a  big  flower- 
pot, carrying  on  the  end  of  each  of  ite  long  green  leaves  a  pitcher- 
shaped  receptable.  If  the  plant  is  open  for  bnsinees  you  can  look  into 
the  pitchera  and  find  them  to  contain  qoite  a  qaantity  of  watery-looking 
liqnor.  This  is  the  intoxicant  wfaioh  is  offered  to  caetomcra,  each  one 
being  permitted  to  help  himself  to  as  much  ae  he  likee  for  the  stipa- 
lated  and  invariable  price.  Maybe  you  will  find  the  pitchers  all  shut 
np,  for  each  pitcher  has  a  cover  that  shots  down  whenever  any  rain  or 
dew  is  falling  to  prevent  the  liqnor  l^om  becoming  diluted. 

Now,  the  customers  spoken  of  are  insects  of  all  sorts — snch  as 
blue-bottle  tlies,  mosquitoes,  cock  roaches,  red  ants  and  so  on.  There 
is  not  a  bug  of  any  sort,  apparently,  that  has  not  a  weakness  for  the 
liqnor  supplied  by  the  vegetable  whisky  shop.  The  insect  walks  out  on 
one  of  the  long  leaves  nntil  he  comes  to  tlie  end  of  it,  and  finding  here 
a  quantity  of  delicions  drink  in  the  pitcher,  he  crawls  in  and  swigs  and 
swigs  at  it  until  he  dies,  as  is  supposed,  of  alcoholism.  At  all  events 
he  pays  for  his  drink  with  his  life,  and  leaves  bis  corpse  in  the  pitcher 
to  sustain  by  ite  absorption  the  healtbfnl  existence  of  the  plant  And 
itis  just  for  this  object — to  entrap  customers  for  food — that  the  plant 
prepares  and  places  on  sale  its  liquor.  What  the  said  liquor  is  com- 
posed of,  chemically  speaking,  attempts  are  now  being  made  to  find 
out  by  analyses.  So  far  it  is  only  known  that  it  is  &  powerful  and  pal- 
atable intoxicant.  How  much  the  insects  enjoy  it  you  can  perceive  by 
looking  into  the  pitchers,  where  you  will  often  find  in  each  receptacle 
hundreds  of  bugs  of  all  descriptions.  Another  form  of  the  vegetable 
whisky  shop  has  long,  perpendicular,  trumpet-shaped  receptacles  for  the 
liquor,  with  the  wide  end  of  the  trumpets  at  the  top,  where  the  bugs  are 
expected  to  crawl  in.  And  when  yoa  tear  open  one  of  these  trumpets 
— it  may  be  a  foot  or  more  in  length — after  it  has  survived  its  useful- 
ness and  dried  np,  you  will  usually  find  it  filled  from  one  end  to  the 
other  with  fiies  and  ants  and  such  things. 

VAEIBTT   OF  DEINK3  AND  PATE0H3. 

It  has  recently  been  discovered — and  herein  lies  the  expected  use- 
falness  of  the  investigation  now  going  on  regarding  these  plants — that 
different  vegetable  whisky-shops,  like  their  prototypes  on  the  city 
streets,  have  different  classes  of  customers.  One  kind  of  these  shops 
is  frequented  almost  exclusively  by  cock-roaches,  for  whose  reception 
unusually  large  pitchers  are  provided — the  plant  carrying  them  looking 
as  if  it  bad  suspended  ft'om  the  ends  of  its  strong  leaves  a  lot  of  small 


136  STATE  HUBTICULrUBAL  800IBTY. 

bath-tnbs.  Another  kind,  with  pitchers  that  reaemble  in  appearance 
great  big  beans,  is  frequented  only  by  red  ants ;  and  still  another  kind 
ia  patronized  by  sings,  and  has  the  rims  of  its  pitchers  armed  with 
teeth  to  delay  gneste  who  might  wish  to  depart.  So  It  would  appear 
that  these  whisky-shops  eotUd  be  propagated  for  use  in  destroying  such 
enemies  of  the  household  and  the  garden,  and  it  is  proposed  to  find  out 
bow  far  such  a  thing  may  be  practicable.  Tbere  is  no  difficulty,  cer- 
tainly, in  rearing  and  ujaintaining  the  plants,  which  are  not  tropical  ex- 
otics but  natives  of  this  very  regiop  about  Washington,  and  readily  to 
be  cultivated  in  any  temperate  climate. 

THE  BBBU  SALOON. 

Quite  as  interesting  in  its  way  as  the  whisky-shop  is  the  vegetable 
lager-becr  saloon  referred  to  at  the  beginning  of  this  article.  In  gen- 
eral appearance  it  resembles  the  whisky-sbop  strongly,  but  its  pitchers 
are  wider  at  the  months  and  have  no  tops  to  them.  Thus  the  liquor 
dispensed  by  the  lager-beer  ealoon  is  diluted  more  or  less  by  the  dews 
and  rains,  so  that  it  is  not  very  intoxicating.  However,  the  drink  is 
intended  to  attract  the  insect  customers  and  not  to  poison  them.  Pa- 
trons, crawling  into  the  pitchers,  take  a  drink,  and,  without  feeling  it 
go  to  their  heads  very  much,  start  to  walk  ont  again.  But,  unfortu- 
nately, the  whole  inside  of  the  pitcher  is  lined  with  strong,  hairy  pro- 
jections, all  pointing  downward  toward  the  liquor  and  sway  from  the 
brim.  It  was  easy  enough  to  walk  downward,  bat  when  the  victim 
attempts  to  go  apward  and  ont  again,  the  hairs  obstruct  his  progress 
so  effectually  that  be  finally  tumbles  back  into  the  drink  and  is  miser- 
ably drowned.  That  is  the  way  the  vegetable  lager-beer  saloon  cap- 
tures its  customers — by  drowning. 

THE  BUTCHBB. 
Another  fascinating  plant  now  being  propagated  at  the  botanical 
garden  is  the  "butcher,"  which  kills  the  insects  and  such  things  that 
it  feeds  upon  by  crushing  them  alive,  afterward  consuming  them  at  its 
leisure.  This  is  considered  to  be  of  all  vegetables  the  one  exhibiting 
an  intelligence  most  nearly  approaching  that  which  animals  possess. 
Its  appearance  is  not  impressive  save  for  its  peculiarity.  Growing 
along  the  ground,  it  has  for  leaves  little  green  things  shaped  like  open 
clam-shells,  the  biggest  of  them  half  an  inch  long,  wiih  a  row  of  little 
spikes  aronnd  each  edge.  As  you  observe  the  plant  most  of  the  clam- 
shells will  be  open,  waiting  for  food,  each  of  them  a  greedy  mouth 
ready  to  devour  anything  that  may  crawl  iu.  Here  comes  an  ant.  Per- 
haps be  will  walk  into  one  of  these  pairs  of  yawning  jaws.     Yes,  there 


I,  Cockle 


MISOKLLANBOUS   PAPERS.  137 

he  goes  into  the  big  one,  attracted  by  the  angary  excretion  on  the  inside 
of  the  miniature  clam-shell,  which  serves  for  a  bait.  The  victim  reaches 
the  middle  point  between  the  jnwe  and  comes  in  contact  with  six  mi- 
croscopic hairs  that  grow  inside  the  clam-shell  leaf  and  serve  the  plant 
as  feelers.  Immediately  the  jaws  close  with  a  snap,  the  two  rows  of 
spikes  folding  over  the  shot  edge  of  the  clam-shell,  so  as  to  give  the 
prey  no  chance  of  escape.  If  the  insect  were  mnoh  bigger  and 
stronger  than  an  ant  he  wonld  be  qnickly  crnshed.to  death.  It  may 
be  some  hoars  before  the  Jaws  will  open  again,  the  clam-Bhell  leaf 
being  occupied  meanwhile  in  digesting  the  food  captared.  All  the 
leaves  of  tbe  plant  being  engaged  continually  in  waiting  for  prey, 
eatching  it  and  digesting  it,  it  makes  a  very  good  living  indeed  where 
bngs  are  plentiful.  In  the  green-houses  there  are  comparatively  few 
insects,  however,  and  so  the  head  gardener  feeds  his  butcher  plant  from 
day  to  day  with  snch  delicacies  as  finely  chopped  or  scraped  beefsteak 
and  earth-worms  cut  up,  which  are  devoured  with  relish.  The  butcher 
plant  is  found  in  North  Carolina,  and  nowhere  else  in  the  world.  Fears 
are  entertained  that  it  will  pass  out  of  existence  before  long,  for  there 
is  very  little  of  it  existing  in  a  wild  state,  and  attempts  to  raise  it  i1:om 
seed  have  not  thna  tar  been  very  successful.  A  curious  thing  about  it 
is  that  it  will' have  regular  fits  of  dyspepsia  if  such  indigestibles  as 
salt  pork  or  the  heads  of  bluebottle  fitea  are  fed  to  it.  Tbe  clam-shell 
leaves  will  turn  black  and  die  after  consuming  that  sort  of  food.  One 
evidence  of  the  intelligence  of  the  plant  is  aCForded  by  the  judgment 
it  exhibits  in  its  diet.  If  a  piece  of  paper  just  the  size  of  a  tty  is  in- 
troduced between  a  pair  of  the  little  jaws  they  'will  close  greedily  upon 
it,  bnt  will  immediately  open  again,  the  discovery  having  evidently 
been  made  that  the  rapture  was  not  edible Washington  Star. 


PBINCIPLE8  OF  LAWN  PLANTING  AND  MANAGEMENT. 

Nature  never  foils  to  be  pleasing  in  her  informal  ways  and  arrange- 
ments, and  to  attract  the  eye  in  her  endless  variations.  Where  her 
suggestions  are  followed  in  the  laying  out  of  the  home  grounds,  the 
effect  must  always  be  more  satisfactory  than  wherethe  artificial  touches 
are  too  plainly  visible.  Tbe  more  natural  and  simple  a  lawn,  large  or 
small,  says  Joslah  Hoopes,  in  Weekly  Tribnne,  the  more  attractive  to 
refined  taste.  Tbe  grading  should  not  be  regular  and  formal,  unless 
the  area  is  very  contracted.  An  undulating  surface  pleases  the  eye, 
recalling  the  natural  scenery  of  fields  and  woods.    In  addition,  it  im- 


138  STATE  H0ET1CTILTUE4L  SOCIETY. 

parts  an  air  of  ]?reater  extent  to  the  eaclosare  than  if  the  snrface  be 
dead  leve],  or  nniform,  even  slope.  Permit  a  portion  of  the  lawn  to 
remain  open  ;  nothing  can  be  prettier  than  an  expanse  of  lich-green, 
close- aha V en  turf. 

The  grouping  system  ia  always  more  pleasing  tban  the  hap-hazard 
manner  of  dotting  trees  and  sbmbs  all  over  the  place.  Around  the 
outer  boandary,  and  especially  frontiagnorth.  is  generally  a  good  posi- 
tion  for  forming  belts  of  mixed  trees,  but  should  these  obetrnct  a 
cherished  view,  an  opening  may  be  made  for  a  glimpse  of  the  desired 
object.  These  belts  or  clumps  ehonid  present  an  easy  dowinir  ontline, 
similar  to  many  enter  edges  of  onr  woods,  and  all  pretense  of  formality 
in  arrangement  must  be  scrupulously  avoided.  Even  the  few  trees 
placed  for  shade  in  reasonable  distances  of  the  dwelling  may  be  so 
disposed  as  to  assume  a  natural  aspect.  A  little  group  of  two  or 
three  specimens  will  ft'equently  break  up  the  monotony  of  an  inartistic 
disposition  of  the  trees.  Have  few  walks,  the  fewer  the  better  ;  they 
are  expensive  to  construct  properly,  are  not  handsome  at  best,  and 
require  constant  attention  to  keep  in  condition. 

Above  all,  avoid  the  vases  and  statues  that  some  people  place  over 
their  grounds.  The  idea  of  mixing  such  artificial  appliances  with  pure 
natural  objects  like  beautiful  trees  and  sbmbs  mast  be  repugnant  to 
any  person  of  discernment  in  home  surroundings.  When  this  mania 
for  pottery  of  a  low  degree  shall  die  out,  and  the  unadorned,  attractive 
garden  spots,  as  of  old,  regain  their  popularity,  a  great  point  will  have 
been  reached  in  American  gardening ;  not  until  then  will  our  work 
prove  creditable. 

The  face  of  the  lawn  is  of  paramount  importance.  So  matter  how 
handsome  our  trees  and  walks,  neglect  of  the  turf  spoils  the  general 
effect.  To  reach  perfection  and  emalate  the  proverbial  green  turf  of 
England  and  Ireland,  it  is  necessary  for  as  to  constantly  apply  top- 
dressing  of  some  rich  fertilizer  that  will  stimulate  growth  and  replace 
in  a  manner  the  constant  drain  upon  its  vitality  caused  by  long-con- 
tinued cutting. 

Frequent  use  of  lawn  mower  encourages  growth  for  a  greater  or 
less  period,  but  a  reaction  will  take  place  should  the  soil  be  neglected. 
We  cannot,  if  we  wonld,  remove  every  particle  of  out  grass  from  the 
lawn. — Popular  Oardening. 


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MISGBLLANB0U8   PA.PBBS. 


JTTDGE  MILLER  ON  TENDEE  BOSES. 

Marecbal  IS'iel,  which  has  no  sQperior  among  the  yellows,  taking^ 
all  things  into  account,  I  hare  bad  off  and  on  since  its  first  intro- 
dactioD,  and  up  to  this  time  sever  bad  aaything  like  a  respectable  show 
when  grown  on  its  own  roots.  Bnl  when  badded  into  strong  stocks^ 
it  has  always  doae  its  prettiest.  Never  yet  has  one  on  its  own  roots 
given  me  a  single  flower,  even  with  the  best  of  care,  althoagh  laid  down 
iQ  the  &11  and  covered.  Daring  the  sammer  they  mahea  feeble  growth, 
and  in  the  sprlDg  invariably  are  dead. 

Not  so,  however,  where  budded  on  a  strong  stem  of  some  hardy 
rariety,  which,  if  bndded  a  few  feet  from  the  ground,  is  so  easily  bent 
over  and  an  inverted  sod  laid  on  the  tender  part.  Just  now  two  ench 
trees,  as  I  may  call  them,  are  near  me  on  the  lawn  fntl  of  bads  that  will 
be  in  bloom  in  a  few  weeks,  while  the  two  plants  in  the  garden  that 
were  better  all  last  summer  and  never  gave  a  dower,  are  both  dead. 

Not  a  rod  from  this  is  an  Etoil  de  Lyon,  in  my  opinion  the  next 
best  yellow,  that  was  badded  six  inches  from  the  gronnd  three  years 
ago,  with  a  head  three  feet  high  fdll  of  bads  and  foliage  is  a  picture  to 
look  at. 

This  conld  not  be  laid  down  last  fall,  so  I  took  a  common  Soar 
barrel  with  both  heads  oat  and  set  it  over  the  basb,tlUed  in  among  the 
branches  with  forest  leaves,  and  tied  a  piece  of  burlap  aroond  the  top 
that  was  above  the  barrel.  In  the  garden  is  a  plant  of  Pearle  de  Jar- 
dins  that  grew  well  last  season,  and  which  was  well  covered,  dead  down 
to  the  ground,  and  is  only  now  showing  a  feeble  shoot.  The  bndded 
tree  will  have  roses  a  month  sooner  than  the  latter  probably  will  bave. 

Whenever  I  get  a  new  one  and  wish  to  see  the  flowers  soon,  it  ia 
taxed  aa  soon  as  a  twig  is  fit  to  furnish  bads.  I  insert  them  into  strong 
stocks,  of  which  there  are  always  some  on  hand.  Aa  soon  as  the  bads 
have  taken,  the  stock  is  beaded  back  and  cemented.  It  is  seldom  that 
two  months  pass  until  I  have  roses.  Quite  recently  a  delicate  little 
new  one  came  to  hand,  that  bad  one  tiny  branch  broken,  which  my 
daughter  claimed,  and  put  into  sand  as  a  cutting.  A  few  days  after  it 
struck  me  that  I  could  improve  on  that,  and  asked  for  it,  inserted  it  in 
a  stock  ont-doors,  and  now  a  week  later  it  looks  fresh  and  promises  to 
grow. 

Boses  are  now  sold  so  cheap  that  thousands  are  bought  that  never 
come  to  bloou.  They  are  little  delicate  things  taken  from  under  glass, 
that  if  set  out  in  the  open  ground,  sland  five  chances  out  of  six  to 
perish  at  once. 


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140  STATE  HOBTIOULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

When  sneh  are  received  tbe;  shonld  be  potted,  and  kept  in  a  warm 
place  with  plenty  of  light  bat  not  mach  sonshine  for  a  few  dayB;  then 
to  be  gradnally  bardened  by  exposure  to  son  and  air  until  they  hare 
made  a  good  start'.     In  this  way  tbej  may  nearly  all  be  saved. 

Of  thethoasands  of  ditferent  flowers  in  cultivation  noneareeqnal 
to  the  rose.  My  collection  is  but  small,  but  am  adding  to  it  every  year. 
If  some  one  eoold  raise  a  hardy  yellow  rose  equal  to  Marecbal  Siel 
in  other  respects,  he  would  have  a  fortune  in  it.  When  grown  under 
glass  it  may  do  well  on  its  own  roots,  but  not  ont-dooTs  with  me. — 
Popular  Oardening. 


DON'TS  FOB  AMATECES. 

Don't  plant  seeds  as  small  as  the  eye  of  a  needle,  snch  as  petunia 
and  portulaca,  under  an  inch  of  soil.  .  They  should  be  merely  covered, 
and  that  with  soil  as  fine  as  you  can  make  it. 

Don't  ponr  water  on  plants  or  flower  beds  out  of  a  pail,  or  a  dip- 
per, or  anything  else ;  nse  a  sprinkler  or  a  hose  with  a  fine  spray. 

Don't  let  any  one  make  you  believe  that  luck  has  anything  to  do 
with  success  in  cultivating  flowers.  It  has  not ;  nnfailiDg  watchfulness 
and  industry,  with  a  mixture  of  common  sense,  is  worth  all  the  luck  in 
the  world  in  flower  gardening,  as  in  other  things. 

Don't  begin  with  high-priced  novelties,  or  foilare  will  most  likely 
attend  your  best  endeavors.  Select  for  yonr  flrst  venture  kinds  and 
varieties  of  flowers  and  plants  most  easily  grown.  Any  ftiend  who 
grows  flowers  can  tell  you  what  these  are. 

Don't  fuss  too  much  over  your  plants ;  they  like  to  be  let  alone 
when  they  are  doing  their  best,  and  so  do  you. 

Don't  follow  everybody's  advice.  Select  some  good  authority  on 
plants  and  be  guided  by  it.  Above  all,  don't  "try  everything"  to  make 
your  plants  grow.  ^Nothing  will  kill  them  sooner  than  persecution  of 
this  kind. 

Don't  let  &ilure  dismay  or  discourage  you.  One  must  serve  a 
sort  of  an  apprenticeship  in  flower-bowing  as  in  other  occupations. 
Study  your  climate,  your  soil,  the  location  of  your  flower-beds,  and  the 
kinds  of  plants  particularly  adapted  to  your  locality. 

Don't  do  as  the  lady  did  who  said  that  she  watered  her  plants 
regnlarly  every  Wednesday  and  every  Saturday,  whether  they  needed 
it  or  not,  b'^cause  she  believed  in  having  "a  regular  system  for  every- 
thing." Water  your  plants  when  they  need  water,  and  at  no  other 
time. 


MISOBLLANBOnS  PAPBRB.  141 

Don't  be  too  eager  to  buy  seeds  &nd  plants  where  yoa  can  get 
tbem  the  cheapest.  The  best  is  always  the  cheapest,  and  yoa  cannot 
get  the  best  for  nothing  or  for  half  price.  I  once  had  a  bare,  ragged, 
Bickly-looking  flower-garden  all  snmmer,  as  the  resnlt  of  an  experiment 
\nth  cheap  seeds  and  plants. 

Don't  think  yon  can't  have  flowers  because  yon  haven't  half  aa 
acre  of  garden.  Wonders  can  be  done  on  ten  sqoare  feet  of  gronnd, 
and  £  once  saw  a  flower-garden  in  an  old  wasfa-tnb,  that  was  a  thing 
of  beanty  from  June  until  October. 

Don't  be  stingy  with  yonr  flowers  after  they  have  come.  Give 
them  to  the  poor,  the  sick,  and  even  to  tliose  who  love  flowers  bat 

cannot  have  them  becanae  of  living  in  blocks  of  flats,  or  boarding 

Vtek'a  Magazine  for  July. 


BONANZA  EASPBERRY. 

Editor  Rural  World — This  is  a  new  black-cap  of  Oreene  coanty, 
Mo.,  growing  apon  the  gronnds  of  W.  C.  Freeman,  and  introduced  at 
the  late  meeting  of  the  Missonri  Hortiealtnral  society  at  Poplar  Blaff, 
as  probably  "the  coming  Black  Raspberry."  Parties  making  state- 
mentsthen  faad,aBthey believed, good  reasons  for  thefavorableopinion 
expressed.  Since  that  time  additional  evidence  of  its  value  has  been 
gathered  from  its  third  fruiting,  in  which  it  fully  justiAes  the  originator's 
claim  for  it,  of  being  very  prolific,  early  and  long  in  use,  and  of  its  qual- 
ity there  is  no  further  doubt.  The  very  best  proof  is  in  the  eating.  It 
begins  to  come  to  the  table  first  week  in  Jane.  Early  in  June  Mr. 
Freeman  brought  it  to  us,  this  time  requesting  fair  trial  at  table  with 
cream  and  sugar  in  comparison  with  other  varieties.  This  was  done 
with  pleasure.  We  found  it  juicy  and  every  way  excellent,  and  in  its 
peculiar  aromatic  flavor  it  differs  from  all  others.  On  the  7th  of  July 
(Monday)  Mr.  Freeman  picked  for  us  again  a  sample  quart  of  his  Bo- 
nanza, but  in  bringing  in  bis  load  of  blackberries  he  forgot  to  bring  me 
the  Bonanza,  and  brought  it  Wednesday  the  9tb,  in  such  acceptable 
shape  aa  warrants  the  opinion  that  it  will  be  a  good  shipper.  There 
had  been  hot,  dry  weather,  and  we  expected  to  find  the  berries  dry  and 
poor,  but  they  were  yet  juicy  and  delicious.  Picked  sixty  hours  before 
they  were  used — it  is  surely  a  good  keeper.  From  close  observation 
and  frequent  comparison  with  other  varieties  in  hardiness  of  cane  and 
foliage  in  both  cold  and  hot  seasons,  and  in  fruitfulness,  earliness  and 


142  STlTB   HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 

fine  qoality  of  frnit,  I  believe  it  will  be  a  valuable  acquisition  to  our 
list  of  Black  Baspberries,  and  that  in  several  points  it  Trill  head  the 
list. 

Sec.  Gbeehe  Oo.  Hob.  Soc. 


0T7R  EXPERIENCE. 

EBsa7  read  hy  H.  T.  Barrla  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Henrj  Countj  Horticultural 

Society. 


Mr,  President  and  Members  of  tke  Senry  County  Sorticv.ltv,ral  Society: 

Not  being  a  practical  hortioalturist  and  less  practical  in  writing 
essaye  will  snrely  excuse  me  &otn  attempting  to  lead  yon  into  any  of 
the  ecientiflc  principles,  or  into  any  of  the  shady  bowers  to  feast  yon 
apon  the  beaaties,  perfumes  and  nectars  of  the  golden  and  crimson 
fruits  of  the  well- cultivated  vine  and  tree. 

We  are  all  aware  of  the  fact  that  hunger,  pain  aud  disappointment 
€ire  experienced  by  all  mankind,  and  oouscioas,  too,  that  by  labor — "  by 
the  sweat  of  the  brow" — hanger  will  disappear,  pain  be  eased  and  dis- 
appointment lessened.  Not  one  day's  labor,  or  one  planting,  will  snfBce. 
Hunger  comes  again  with  increased  activity ;  decay  and  insects  are  at 
work  upon  the  seed',  plant  and  tree,  both  above  and  beneath  the  ground. 

We  Uve  to-day  enjoying  the  profit  and  pleasure  of  oar  labor  and 
fatigue  of  yesterday ;  to-morrow  will  bring  increased  demands  for  more 
and  better  results,  and  this  knowledge,  with  that  of  knowing  we  are 
bettering  onrselves,  our  families,  neighborhood  and  coutity,  causing 
sabstantial  and  perpetual  good  in  assisting  a  kind  Providence  in  build- 
ing and  preparing  rest-places  along  the  pathway  of  life,  surely  should 
cause  us  to  renew  our  interest  and  diligence. 

All  cannot  bnild  large  mansions  and  surronnd  them  with  the  rarest 
and  choicest  flowers,  fruits  aud  shrubbery ;  but  it  is  the  privilege  and 
«hoald  be  the  pleasare,  to  say  nothing  of  the  duty,  of  every  family  to 
have  a  home  of  their  own  where  should  be  planted  and  cultivated  fruits, 
vines  and  flowers^home  attractions  and  comforts — and  though  it  may 
not  appear  grand  and  stately  viewed  by  the  outside  world,  yet  to  the 
possessors,  to  the  goers-in  and  comers-out,  a  home,  a  protection,  a 
retreat  and  refuge  from  the  storms  and  cares  of  the  outside  world  and 
a  blessing  to  our  whole  country. 


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MISCELLANEOUS   PAPKB3.  143 

Spring,  with  annsliine  and  showers,  brioge  vegetable  life  into  activity 
and  with  matnie  plans  of  what,  wheui  and  how  we  wilt  plant.  Looldng 
back  over  the  weak  and  withered  plants,  vines  and  trees  of  onr  past 
planting,  and  knowing  the  cause  of  many  fiulnres,  and  too  knowing  the 
kind  and  condition  of  the  plant  and  soil  as  well  as  cultivations  that 
proved  sach  splendid  and  hardy  growers,  each  beauty  and  flavor,  such 
quality  and  quantity  of  tmit  that  has  been  a  profit  and  a  pleasure  to  all 
who  have  partaken  of  ita  life-giving  and  life-sustaining  properties,  is  an 
incentive  that  prompts  us  to  more  mental  and  mechanical  activity. 

We  have  many  things  to  learn  that  it  will  be  profitable  for  us  to 
know.  And  where  can  we  better  learn  useful  and  practical  lessons 
than  by  meeting  around  at  our  respective  homes,  bringing  our  experi- 
ence, comparing  condition,  results,  etc.f  In  this  day  of  wonderfnl  de< 
velopments  in  hortieultare  (as  well  as  other  pursntts),  where  new  kinds, 
better  quality,  new  modes,  better  eonditions,  new  devices  and  appli- 
ances, and  too  when  new  insect  life  and  germs  are  making  unceasing 
war  and  death  upon  every  seed,  plant,  vine  and  tree  we  plant,  makes  it 
a  necessity  that  we  be  posted  and  ready  for  every  Sank  movement  of 
the  enemy,  and  be  benefited  by  the  "  manna"  when  it  falls ;  and  if  I 
mistake  not  it  falls  most  when  we  labor  intelligently  and  are  willing  to 
help  ourselves  and  one  another. 

So  one  of  us  can  investigate  and  gain  all  the  knowledge  desired 
by  staying  at  home  digging,  thinking  and  watching.  We  are  largely 
gleaners  of  each  other's  experience  and  observation,  and  at  every  meet- 
ing we  gain  some  knowledge  that  we  might  never  dig  out  by  ourselves 


At  our  meetings  in  the  country  (at  onr  homes  if  you  please],  seeing 
the  diGferent  varieties  and  kinds,  the  location,  soil  and  conditions  which 
produce  the  results  as  we  see  them,  and  seeing  the  conveniences,  ap- 
pliances and  devices,  and  feeling  the  comforts  and  warm-heartedness 
of  onr  brother  and  family,  are  object-lessons  which  impress  alt  that  it 
is  good  to  be  there. 

Tee,  we  have  met  together,  have  ate  and  drank  together,  have 
counseled  and  advised  together,  onr  hearts  have  been  made  happy, 
ajid  we  rejoiced  in  so  good  a  heritage.  Others  better  than  I  can  tell  of 
the  great  success,  pleasure  and  profit  of  these  meetings,  made  so  in  a 
great  measure  by  the  devotion  and  ability  of  our  worthy  and  highly  ap- 
preciated lady  members,  who  have  led  us  by  word  and  thought  and 
deed  throngh  yards,  lawas  and  gardens,  fragrant  and  beautiful  with 
roses  and  flowers^  made  so  by  their  skill,  making  their  homes  beautiful 
and  dear  to  them  and  inspiring  a  noble  ambition  within  each  of  us  to 
make  our  iudividnal  homes  more  attractive  and  dear.    They,  too,  have 


114  STATE   HOBTIOnLTDBAL  SOCIETT. 

met  with  us  in  groves  and  orchards,  Vringiag  with  them  good  words, 
arranging  ilowers.  ft'oilB,  and  a  bouatiM  and  most  delioioas  dinner, 
each  active  in  making  all  happy  and  better — there,  nnder  the  foliage, 
"a  shade  so  deep,  so  darkly  green  that  morning  sends  her  shafts  of 
gold  in  vain,  to  pierce  its  leaf^  screen,"  which  has  been  cultivated, 
trained  and  trimmed  by  the  skilled  hand  of  our  brother,  and  made  great, 
glorious  and  magnificent  by  a  kind  Providence,  is  a  day  passed  making 
as  more  neighborly,  kind-hearted  and  better  citizens. 

We,  too,  have  met  with  a  warm  welcome  in  the  large,  comfortable 
and  conveniently-arranged  homes  of  our  neighbors  where  all  within  and 
aronnd  speaks  of  life  and  happiness,  and  to  a  great  extent  forgetting 
oar  weariness  from  the  vigoioua  shaking  of  oar  plam  trees  and  diligent 
search  for  the  carcalio  that  has  caased  bitterness  of  frait  and  scrrrow 
to  oar  soals ;  our  back-ache  from  digging  after  the  tree-borers  that  have 
made  great  holes  in  our  trees  and  pierced  their  hearts  and  caased  death ; 
onr  short-sightedness  after  anatomizing  the  myriads  of  insects  which 
have  been  weaving  webs,  depositing  eggs,  puncturing  the  bark,  poison- 
ing the  sap,  and  in  many  ways  destroying  onr  shrubs,  plants,  trees  ^nd 
fraits ;  our  weariness  of  limbs  from  runuing  down  several  rabbits  that 
have  girdled  our  choicest  trees,  eaten  off  oar  highest- prized  plants  and 
that  have  no  fear  for  dogs  and  guns,  bat  laugh  at  onr  loss  and  disap- 
pointment and  come  again  to  try  oar  Job-like  patience  ;  oar  discordant 
hearing  t^om  the  "  Pharaoh ''  war-whoop  of  the  locust  that  perches 
itself  upon  every  branch  and  twig,  and  spiking  itself  firmly,  turns  bed- 
lam loose ;  our  sore  throats  trom  singing  trying  to  keep  courage  np  ; 
and  withal  oar  amiable  disposition  after  having  been  visited  by  a  royal 
personage,  a  tree  peddler,  who,  having  the  high-colored  plates  of  fruits 
and  fiowers  known  in  the  science  of  color  and  art,  the  glibbest  tongue 
ever  let  loose  on  deluded  man,  sets  out  to  walk  as  into  his  parlor  and 
paradise.  He  says  the  plants,  frnits  and  fiowers  which  he  wants  to 
make  us  the  possessor  of  and  us  alone,  cannot  have  justice  done  them 
by  color  or  his  tongue.  "  They  have  come  to  him  by  a  special  provi- 
dence, and  to  ns  alone  will  he  give  the  grand  opportunity  of  eating  and 
drinking  of  the  nectars  and  spices  delighted  in  by  the  gods,  feasting 
our  eyes  upon  the  delights  and  beauties  of  paradise  and  making  us  an 
untold  fortune.  The  plants,  vines  and  trees  are  of  such  soperior  hard- 
iness that  no  winter  sloim  or  cold  can  chill  their  warm  hearts,  beutiful 
buds,  flowers  and  fruits ;  no  hot  summer  sun  or  wind  dry  up  their  foli- 
age; no  tree-borers  penetrate  their  barks;  no  rabbits  can  eat  them, 
and  having  been  grown  on  strictly  scientific  principles,  will  adjust  and 
properly  balance  their  own  tops,  will  bear  trait  when  others  Cm),  will 
shed  tears  when  we  die,  and  last,  that  the  George  Washington  hatchet 
cannot  destroy  It." 

D.-|nz,=  U  Cookie 


MIB0ELL1.KBOD8   FAFBB8.  145 

Thus,  haviug  willingly  been  carried  from  the  scenes  of  labor  and 
disappointment  to  ease  and  contentment,  from  tlie  discord  of  insects 
to  the  melody  of  birds,  from  blight  and  disease  to  vigor  and  perpetaal 
life,  from  nncertsinty  to  certainty,  from  scarcity  to  abondance,  from 
soar  and  bitter  to  sweets  and  spices,  makes  as  sd  honored  member  of 
the  society,  and  oar  lady  friends  give  as  the  eaaieat  chair,  and  there  we 
listen  to  oar  poor  (t)  horticnitnrist  brothers  and  sisters  who  are  less 
favored  than  we,  give  their  sad  experience  of  toil,  disappointment  and 
disconragement. 

Did  yoa  ever  meditate  1  I  wish  I  hadn't ;  bat  hearing  these 
bothers,  trials  and  np-set  calcolations  got  me  dizzy,  and  I  begin  to  feel 
the  paradise  planted  by  the  tree-peddler  sinking  from  me  and  my  head 
in  a  whirl.  I  &11.  In  my  descent  I  grasp  for  something  to  stay  my 
downward  conrse ;  am  caaght,  scratched  and  bruised  by  the  prickly 
pear  tree ;  boaadiag  off,  am  lacerated  and  all  puckered  ap  by  the  bitter 
crab-apple  tree ;  rolled  into  a  thorn  bnsh  called  a  plam  tree ;  grasped 
for  a  trellis  by  a  soar  grape-vine  and  held  in  a  bed  of  dog-fennel  called 
daisies,  aod  finally  lose  conscionsness.  Ailed  with  prickly,  stinging 
nettles  called  heliotrope.  Thns  we  are  foaud,  and  the  ladies,  whose 
sympathy  in  oar  misfortnne  Is  equal  to  their  love  for  our  greatness,  set 
about  to  bring  us  bttok  to  conscionsness,  and  with  music  so  sweet  and 
charming,  with  thought  so  dueatly  and  eloqnently  expressed,  with  fraits 
more  delicioDS  and  abundant  than  Mother  Eve  presented  to  Father 
Adam,  and  too,  with  subjects  more  willing  to  be  banqueted  than  he, 
and  with  all  things  made  ready  and  prepared  by  them  for  ns — hungry 
and  weary  mortals,  we  are  again  led,  not  Into  thorns,  briars  and  disap- 
pointments, but  into  the  dining  room  where  our  thoughtful  and  skilled 
wives  and  danghters  have  prepared  a  feast  of  beauty  and  bounty,  full 
of  perfumes,  nectars  and  spices ;  stately  in  it«  appearance,  royal  in  its 
elements,  delicate  in  its  character  and  sabstantial  in  it«  effects  for  us 
much-imposed-npon  horticalturists.  By  this  homeopathic  treatment 
heroically  administered,  we  are  restored,  and  in  a  short  time  will  be 
ready  to  combat  with  tree-peddlers,  insects,  etc.,  though  we  again  fall — 
in  the  sympathy  and  hands  of  our  lady  friends — in  the  midst  of  such  a 
fea«t. 

"  Breathes  there  a  man  with  soul  so  dead "  who  would  not  be  a 
horticultarist  T  H.  T.  Bubbis. 


.y  Google 


STATE  HOBTICDLIUBAL  SOCIETY, 


THE   OODLIN   MOTH. 


At  a  faorticaltaral  meeting  held  in  Michi^n  reofntly,  L.  A.  Lilly 
gave  the  fcliowing  intereatiog  talk  on  the  aboTe-iiamed  enemy  of 
the  frnit  grower : 

"Almost  everything  we  grow  has  its  enemies,  which  most  be 
guarded  against  and  destroyed  in  order  to  obtain  anything  like  reason- 
able resalts.  There  are  many  obstaoles  in  the  way  of  snccessfol  f^nit- 
growing,  which  mnst  be  nuderstood  to  enable  as  to  meet  and  over- 
come them,  one  of  which  is  the  Godlin  Moth,  which,  perhaps,  is  the 
worst  enemy  of  the  apple,  becoming  more  serions  each  year.  Its 
natnral  history  and  habit  is  perhaps  the  first  thing  to  be  considered. 
We  will  commence  with  its  first  appearance  in  the  spriag,  which  occnra 
abont  the  time  apple  trees  are  ready  to  blossom,  in  the  form  of  a  small 
gray  moth.  As  soon  as  the  blossoms  fall  and  the  apple  is  formed,  this 
moth  deposits  eggs  in  the  calyx  or  blossom  end  of  the  apple,  which  at. 
this  time  is  always  nprigbt  and  remains  so  nutil  the  frnit  grows  to  sach 
size  and  weight  as  to  canee  them  to  tnm  downward,  hanging  to  the 
stem  jnst  the  reverse  of  the  position  they  occnpied  when  first  formed. 
It  is  daring  the  time  that  the  blossom  end  is  np  that  the  egg  is  depos- 
ited in  the  calyr.  In  about  eight  to  ten  days  these  eggs  batch  into 
tiny  worms,  which  begin  to  eat  into  the  apple  and  soon  find  their  way 
into  the  core.  Then  the  apple  drops  from  the  tree,  carrying  the  worm 
with  it.  The  worm  soon  eats  its  way  out  of  the  apple  and  conceals 
itself  nnder  the  bark  of  the  tree  or  some  other  convenient  hiding  place, 
winds  itself  in  a  cocoon,  from  which  in  it  comes  out  a  moth,  the  same 
as  that  which  deposited  the  egg.  The  second  crop  of  moths  are  now 
ready  to  deposit  more  eggs,  somewhere  on  the  apple,  and  those  eggs 
soon  hatch  into  tiny  worms,  the  same  as  those  in  the  spring,  which  eat 
their  way  into  the  apple  as  before,  and  after  some  time  eat  their  way 
ont  at  any  part  of  the  apple.  It  is  this  second  crop  of  worms  that 
canses  wormy  apples  in  the  fall.  Some  of  these  worms  remain  in  the 
apples  and  only  eat  their  way  oat  dar'ug  the  winter,  when  they  wind 
themselves  into  a  cocoon  and  hatch  into  moths  in  the  spring ;  and  this 
is  the  point  where  we  commenced  with  them. 

Any  one  can  see  that  if  we  can  destroy  the  first  eggs  we  can  pre- 
vent the  apples  from  dropping,  and  also  prevent  the  second  crop  of 
worms  later  in  the  summer,  and  by  that  means  save  the  apple  from  the 
ravagas  of  this  second  crop,  as  they  are  the  cause  of  wormy  apples  in 
the  foil  As  has  already  been  stated,  at  the  time  the  eggs  are  deposited 
the  blossom  end  stands  up,  and  any  poisonous  matter  thrown  on  the 
apple  falls  into  these  cups,  and  there  remains  until  the  newly  hatched 


MISCELLAKBOTJS  PAPERS.  117 

worms  eat  and  die.  By  the  ase  of  BprayiDff  pampB  a  solatioD  of  one 
pooud  of  London  pnrple  or  Paris  green  to  300  gallons  of  vater  can  be 
thrown  on  the  trees  so  aa  to  reach  the  apples.  This  will  natarally  fall 
into  these  caps.  This  spraying  shoaid  be  done  within  ten  days  after 
the  bloasoms  drop.  Six  days  wonid  be  better,  then  repeat  the  opera- 
tion tea  days  later.    This  is  the  most  effectual  remedy  known." 

Mr.  Lilly  might  also  have  mentioned  the  destraction  of  the  apples 
which  drop  prematnrely  ^om  the  trees  from  the  effects  of  the  first 
brood  of  worms.  Even  after  spraying  some  worms  will  still  live,  and 
after  ffoing  through  the  stages  above  described,  fall  with  the  apples  to 
the  groand.  If  several  bogs  vere  tarned  into  the  orchard  they  would 
eat  these  apples  as  fast  as  they  fall,  and  would  give  the  worm  no  time 
to  get  oat  of  the  apple  and  spin  itself  a  cocoon  in  which  to  pnpate.  He 
might  also  have  mentioned  the  feet  that  in  nearly,  if  not  quite,  all  cases 
Paris  green  is  preferable  to  London  purple  for  spraying  purposes. 


TWO  SIDES  TO  THE  SPBAYISG  QUESTION. 

A  Mercer  county  {N.  J.)  correspondent  of  the  "  Rnral  New  Yorker  " 
.  says  that  there  are  two  sides  to  the  qnestion  of  spraying  trees  to  pre- 
serve the  fVnit.  It  is  as  yet  something  of  an  experiment.  While  the 
advocates  of  the  practice  can  give  examples  of  apparently  great  bene- 
fits derived  from  it,  its  opponents  can  point  to  failures  of  sprayed  trees 
to  bear  well  and  to  great  crops  where  no  insecticide  had  been  nsed. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  all  leaf-eating  enemies  of  onr  fruit  trees 
can  be  destroyed  by  spraying  if  it  is  effectually  done.  The  number  of 
applications  will  necessarily  depend  very  much  npon  the  amoant  of 
rainfoll  and  the  kind  of  insects  one  may  wish  to  kill,  and  also  on  the 
thoroDgbness  of  the  spraying  and  the  immediate  surroundings.  For 
instance,  if  we  spray  for  the  tent  caterpillar,  but  neglect  the  wild  cherry 
and  some  other  trees,  we  must  expect  to  have  to  spray  often  and  not 
always  quite  satisfactorily.  For  the  curcnlio  we  mnst  spray  almost 
befc^re  the  leaves  start  in  the  spring,  and  if  it  rains  the  work  will  have 
to  be  repeated.  The  codliii  moth  is  at  work  very  soon  after  the  blos- 
soms fall,  or  before,  and  continues  busy  for  some  days.  Spraying  for 
the  scab  is  a  long  and  somewhat  expensive  operation  for  late  varieties, 
and  in  sommers  like  the  past  here,  to  make  the  work  thorough,  it  should 
be  done  i^oot  every  ten  days.  It  is  bard  to  get  it  done,  as  the  majority 
of  farm-bande  and  fruit-growers  look  npon  it  as  a  humbug,  and  think 
it  will  make  no  difference  how  much  it  may  be  slighted.  It  took  some 
time  to  teach  farmers  how  to  kill  the  potato  beetle.    The  success  of 


148  STATE  HOETIOULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

sprayJDg  for  tbe  apple  and  pear  scab  is  not  so  obvioas  as  that  of  spray- 
ing for  the  potato  beetle.  It  may  not  be  deemed  a  mark  of  moch  cour- 
age to  practice  what  ooe's  neighbors  langh  at,  bat  it  takes  some  uerre. 
There  is  no  doabt  that  the  codlin  moth  can  be  killed,  and  it  ie  to  be 
hoped  that  the  cnrcnlio  can  also,  by  the  use  of  arsenical  poisons. 
There  is  reason  for  thinkiog  that  the  copper  solatiou  is  beneficial  in 
preventiDg  the  scab,  and  also  that  the  destraction  of  tbe  cedar  balls  is 
a  preventive  of  rnst.  The  main  reason  why  orchardtsts  do  not  spray 
is  that,  as  a  mle,  they  raise  grain,  and  when  spring  comes  help,  from 
some  canse  or  other,  is  not  plentiful.  Oats  have  to  he  sowed  and  com 
planted ;  rainy  days  come,  and  horses  are  scarce ;  and  attention  to  tbe 
tmit  trees  is  pat  off  from  one  day  to  another,  and  finally  they  are  given 
over  as  among  tbe  things  that  mast  be  neglected.  Spraying,  therefore, 
will  be  left  undone  almost  always  anless  especial  provision  has  been 
made  for  the  work.  The  injaty  is  not  apparent  until  it  is  too  late  to 
prevent  it.  In  fact,  the  years  in  which  the  work  pays  best  are  those  in 
which  tbe  Arait-grower  thinks  he  has  no  fruit  to  spray.  I  would  advise 
all  orchardists  to  get  an  inexpensive  force-pomp  before  spring  opens, 
along  with  some  London  pnrple,  carbonate  of  copper  and  ammonia, 
and  spray  all  the  trees  which  time  wUl  permit,  and  keep  spraying  for 
the  scab  after  every  heavy  rain  until  the  fruit  is  fit  for  gathering,  or,  in 
case  of  most  trees,  antil  August  1.  Last  spring  we  &iled  to  order  oar 
ammonia  early  enough,  and  after  we  had  sent  for  it  we  didn't  get  it  for 
a  week,  and  the  delay  stArled  our  orchards  on  the  way  to  failure. 


IOWA  STATION. 

Plum  cuboxilio  and  plum  gougbb,  C.  P.  Gillette,  M.  S.  (pp. 
370-388). 

Plum  ouriiUio  ( Conotrackelvs  nenupkarj. — Observations  by  the 
anthor  in  1889  with  reference  to  the  breeding  of  this  insect  in  Iowa  are 
reported.  Tbe  resnlts  agree  with  those  of  other  observers  in  showing 
that  "the  curcnlio  is  not  double  brooded  in  Iowa,  but  tbe  eggs  deposited 
late  in  July  and  August  are  from  belated  females.  A  tabalated  record 
is  given  of  the  fruit  injored  by  the  curcnlio  on  trees  of  four  imported 
and  seven  native  varieties  of  plums.  The  per  cent  of  fruits  injured  in 
the  case  of  the  imported  varieties  varied  from  14  to  66,  and  averaged 
46.8 ;  for  the  native  varieties  it  varied  f^om  2.5  to  25.8  and  averaged  6.6. 
Analyses  of  specimens  of  five  varieties  of  plams,  made  by  the  station 
chemist,  are  recorded,  which  show  percentages  of  water  varying  from 


MISCBLLANBOUS  PAPBM.  149 

75.3  to  SoM.  In  coniieclion  iritli  the  observations  on  the  carcolio,  these 
snalyses  iodicate  that  "  the  aaccnlent,  qnick-groffing  plams  are  not  less 
attacked  than  slow-growing  rarieties." 

Observations  of  the  action  of  the  enrcuUo  on  the  Dnchess  apple 
are  also  reported,  and  the  carcalio  parasite  fSigalpkua  eurculioniaj  is 
illnstrated  and  briefly  described. 

Beoords  of  two  applications  of  London  pnrple  (May  4  and  11)  indi- 
cate that  "  althoagh  not  made  at  the  times  best  snited  to  destroy  the 
cnrcnlio,  they  apparently  gave  a  protection  of  44  per  cent  against  the 
ravages  of  this  insect." 

Plum  ffouger  (Ooecotorvs  prwtioida,  Walsh)  — This  includes  a  brief 
illnstrated  description  of  this  insect  and  an  account  of  its  life  history, 
with  special  reference  to  observations  by  the  author;  a  record  of  ex- 
periments with  London  pnrple  for  this  insect ;  and  brief  notes  on  Sigal- 
phua  eanadentis,  a  parafiit«  which  was  observed  to  prey  on  the  gonger. 
The  following  summary  is  taken  &om  the  bulletin; 

(I)  The  gonger  ippeara  upon  thetre«i  mnoh  earlier  In  the  Bprlog  than  does  the 
carcnllo. 

(3)  The  gouger  U  much  more  Injurious  than  the  curcallo  to  native  plnma  on 
the  gronnda  of  the  Iowa  AgTlonltnral  college. 

(3)    The  gouger  very  much  prefers  the  native  to  the  domestic  varietlea. 

(4j  The  exnmlDalloa  of  over  twenty-four  tboaisnd  native  plums,  ft-om  not  less 
than  eighteen  different  trees  of  man^  vailetles,  showed  a  little  over  27  per  cent  of 
tbelr  fruit  to  be  injured  by  the  gouger. 

(6)    The  gougera  take  no  food  In  the  fall  after  emerging  trom  the  plums. 

(6)  Tbe  gonger  has  at  least  one  parasite  that  preys  upon  It  while  In  the  pupa 
slate.    The  parasite  Is  Si^lphtu  eanadetuia. 

(7)  The  season's  experiments  Indioate  that  London  purple,  as  recommended 
for  the  destractlon  of  the  ourcullo,  Is  of  little  value  forthedeatmotioD  of  the  gouger. 

(H)  Tbegougerit  notable  to  C4Mne  to  maturity  in  f^tt  that  falls  f^om  the  trees 
before  the  middle  of  July. 

(9)  Frnlt  Infested  by  the  gonger  does  not  ripen  or  fall  prematurely. 

(10)  About  36  per  cent  of  tbe  punctures  of  the  gouger  result  In  the  production 
of  a  beetle. 

(II)  Jarring  the  trrees,  collecting  the  beetles,  and  gathering  stung  fruit  ftom 
the  trees  before  the  Ist  of  August,  are  the  best  remedies  at  present  known  for  the 
gouger. 

London  purple  for  plum  trees. — As  the  reanlt  of  his  experiments  the 
author  holds  that  1  pound  of  London  pnrple  to  240  gallons  of  water 
malces  a  solution  sufficiently  strong  as  an  insecticide  and  safe  to  nse  on 
plum  trees. 


.y  Google 


STATB  HOETIOULTDEAL  BOOIETT. 


MASSACHUSETTS  HATCH  STATION,  BULLETIN  NO.  8,  APRIL, 
1890  (pp.  24). 

Grbkn-HOUSB   HBATIWG — STEAM  TEB8UB   HOT  WATER,  S.  T.  MAY- 

NABD,  B.  S.  (pp.  S~5). — A  oarefal  repetitioD  of  the  experimeotfl  reported 
in  BnlletiDS  Noa.  4  and  6  of  tbis  Btation  (see  Experiment  Station  record. 
Vol.  I,  pp.  82  and  225)  confirmed  the  reaolts  previonely  obtained  in 
tavoT  of  the  hot-water  system.  The  two  green-honseB  are  alike  except 
that  one  is  heated  by  hot  water  and  the  other  by  steam.  From  Decem- 
ber I,  1889,  to  March  18, 1890,  for  the  hot-water  boiler  0,598  pounds  of 
coal  were  consumed  to  maintain  an  average  temperature  of  49.74°  Fab. ; 
for  the  steam-boiler  9,784  pounds  of  coal  were  cousumed  to  maintaiti 
an  average  temperature  of  48.39°  Fah.  Objections  to  the  experiments 
are  considered  and  the  correctness  of  the  conclusions  is  maintained. 
TbermoQietric  obserrations  of  "sun  temperatures"  in  the  two  honaes 
are  cited. 

Obseetationb  oir  peach  ybllowb,  S.  T.  Maynabd,  B.  S.  (pp. 
6-12,  illustrated.) — In  New  England  peach  tref  e  do  not  generally  main- 
tain healthy  growth  beyond  the  age  of  six  to  ten  years.  The  chief 
difficulties  are  cold,  and  the  disease  called  "yellows."  Wbether  tbis 
disease  is  due  to  a  specific  germ  or  microbe  ia  not  settled.  It  may  be 
of  a  similar  nature  to  pear  blight  and  other  kindred  diseases,  and  per- 
haps the  same  as  that  which  often  destroys  the  wild  cherry,  wild  plnm 
and  sweet  birch.  There  is  no  evidence  that  it  is  contagions.  The 
symptoms  of  this  disease  are  briefly  stated,  and  reference  is  made  to 
previously  reported  experiments  in  a  small  peach  orchard  on  the  col- 
lege grounds  by  Professors  Ooesaman  and  Penhallow  and  tbe  aathor. 
The  conditions  favorable  to  this  disease  are  believed  by  tbe  aathor  to 
be  improper  food  supply,  and  injuries  by  cold,  by  the  peach  borer 
{^geria  exitiosa),  and  by  any  accident  which  reduces  the  vigor  of  tbe 
tree. 

(1)  Food  supply — "In  almost  every  case  investigated  where  the 
trees  are  neglected  and  the  food  supply  is  small,  tbe  trees  soon  die, 
many  of  them  showing  unmistakable  signs  of  tbe  yellows,  while  where 
thej'ood  supply  is  abundant  and  of  a  kind  suited  to  perfect  development, 
the  growth  is  vigorous  and  healtby,  and  tbe  trees  often  live  for  fifteen 
to  twenty  years, 

"Too  large  an  amount  of  nitrogenous  manure,  especially  if  applied 
so  that  the  trees  do  not  get  the  benefit  of  it  early  in  the  season,  re- 
sults in  a  late,  immature  growth  of  wood,  that  is  often  seriously  injured 
by  cold  daring  the  winters,  and  this  is  followed  next  season  by  signs 
of  tbe  yellows. 


MIoCBLLAKBOnS   PAPESS.  151 

"The  fertilizeiB  recommended  are  eqnal  qosotities  of  ntnriate  of 
potash  and  nitrate  of  aoda,  with  abont  four  times  the  veigbt  of  fine 
groand  boce.  Applied  in  March  or  April,  ft-om  5  to  10  poandg  to  the 
tree,  according  to  size.  Wood  ashes  5  poands,  ground  bone  2  ponnds, 
with  from  one-half  to  one  ponnd  of  nitrate  of  soda  to  each  mediom- 
sized  tree,  will  also  prove  very  satisfiactoTy.  If  the  land  is  poor,  con- 
taining little  organic  matter,  a  liberal  dressing  of  stable  manure  may 
be  applied  in  the  fall ;  bat  if  the  land  is  not  very  poor,  chemical  manores 
will  give  better  resalts.  All  manures  or  chemical  fertilizers  shonld  be 
applied  so  that  the  trees  may  get  the  benefit  of  them  early  in  the  sea- 
SOD.  If  very  solnble,  they  ahoald  be  pat  on  in  March  or  April,  bnt 
stable  mannre  or  groand  bone  should  be  pat  on  in  the  fall." 

[2)  Injury  by  ooid,  borers  and  acddeut — When  a  late  growth  of  the 
trees  occurs  f^om  any  canse,  as  f^om  too  mach  nitrogenous  manure 
applied  late  in  the  season,  or  from  a  wanu,  late  fall,  the  action  of  frost 
daring  the  winter  often  breaks  the  tissnes  in  snch  a  manner  that  they 
«annot  be  repaired  daring  the  next  season's  growth,  and  dead  places 
are  often  foaad  on  the  tmnk  and  main  branches.  These  conditions  are 
very  common  in  trees  trout  eight  to  ten  years  old  in  most  orchards  of 
New  England.  Injuries  of  a  very  similar  appearance  more  frequently 
«coar  as  results  of  a  decay  of  the  tissues  abont  the  holes  made  by  the 
peach-borer.  The  queotion  is  suggested  whether  these  and  other  in- 
juries result  in  the  yellows,  and  observations  are  cited  which  imply 
that  they  do. 


NOTES   FROM  PURDUE  UNIVERSITY. 

The  following  brief  pusgraphs,  22  in  nnmber,  bring  out  the 
more  important  points  in  bulletin  No.  33  of  the  Purdue  university  agri- 
cultural expeiiment  station. 

C.  S.  Plumb,  Vice-Director. 

1.  Soil  for  strawberries  should  be  deep,  firm,  rich  and  somewhat 
moist,  bat  not  strictly  wet. 

2.  The  five  most  productive  strawberries  for  this  region  are, 
Bnbach,  Eahance,  Hampden,  Jessie  and  Park  Beauty. 

3.  The  five  varieties  of  strawberries  of  best  quality  are.  Black 
Defiance,  Crawford,  Gandy,  Henderson  and  Sharpless. 

4.  Brandywine  and  Guthbert  raspberries  are  two  of  the  best  red 
varieties,  the  latter  for  late.    Tyler  is  superior  to  all  cap  raspberries. 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_V 


igle 


ISH  STATB  HOBTICULruBA.1.   SOOIETY. 

5.  The  carrants,  Fay,  Moore's  Rnby,  Wilder,  Raby  Uaatle,  Bed 
Datcb,  White  Dntch,  Lee's  Prolific,  Grandall  and  Block  Naples,  are 
recomiaended  ia  the  order  named. 

6.  For  &rmGTB,  Early  Orange  and  Downing  gooseberries  are  re- 
commended. 

7.  To  prevent  black  rot  of  ffrapes,  dissolve  two  poands  salpbate 
of  copper  in  two  gallons  bot  water.  In  another  vessel  dissolve  two 
and  one-half  poands  soda  carbonate,  and  mix  the  two  solntions.  After 
chemical  action  is  over,  add  one  and  one-half  pints  of  ammonia,  and 
thin  the  whole  to  22  gallons.  Spray  this  on  the  vines  ftom  time  to  time 
with  a  force  pnmp,  from  the  time  the  berries  are  the  size  of  small  peas, 
nntil  all  danger  of  rot  is  over. 

8.  For  fomily  nse,  the  following  grapes  are  recommended  for 
quality  and  prodnctiveneas :  Concord,  Delaware,  Ocetbe,  Martha, 
Moore's  Early,  Wilder,  Worden. 

d.  The  variety  of  plnm  whose  blooming  season  covers  the  greatest 
period  of  time,  will  best  withstand  the  work  of  the  oarcalio.  Tbismlo 
holds  good  among  both  apples  and  pinms. 

10.  The  planting  of  plnm  trees  in  the  apple  orchard  wilt  not  protect 
the  latter,  and  viee  veraa. 

11.  If  anything  is  to  be  gained  by  asing  another  frnit  to  draw  off 
the  cnrcnlio  and  protect  the  plcm,  the  nectarine  will  probably  serve  as 
well  as  the  apple. 

12.  Adult  cnrcnlio  beetles  eat  the  palp  of  apples. 

13.  Gnrcnlios  will  deposit  their  eggs  in  frnit  hanging  over  the 
■water. 

14.  The  indications  are  that  the  strawberry  crown  borer  lays  ita 
eggs  during  March  and  April,  in  the  plants  near  the  surface  of  the 
ground, 

15.  Earning  strawberry  plt^its  after  fhiit  picking  may  destroytbe 
crown  boter. 

16.  The  common  field  cricket  will  eat  strawberries. 

17.  A  new  strawberry  insect,  a  close  relative  of  the  Orape-vine 
flea-beetle,  attacks  the  foliage  in  Florida  and  Indiana,  and  the  grape  in 
Arizona. 

13.  Soils  absorb  the  decomposed  products  of  animal  and  vegetable 
nuitter. 

Id.  Soils  draw  off  and  hold  certain  portions  of  minerals  from  their 
solntions. 

20.  When  a  solution  containing  a  salt  of  an  alkali  (potash  or  am- 
monia) is  placed  in  contact  with  common  soil,  a  change  takes  place,  the 


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MISCBLiANEOTIS  PAPEBS.  163 

Boil  receiving  sometliiiig  troio  the  BOlatioa,  and  uBQally  replacing  this 
by  aome  of  its  own  parts. 

21.  The  best  time  to  apply  a  nitrate  is  in  the  growing  season. 

22.  Soils  absorb  from  solations,  phosphoric  acid. 


MISSOURI  ORCHARDS. 

Those  who  have  never  seen  a  Missouri  orchard  in  foil  bearing  have 
yet  to  behold  a  very  pleasant  sight,  says  "Ozark,"  in  the  Cincinnati 
Enquirer. 

The  soil  of  Sonth  Missonri  is  not  the  conglomerate  mi^tare  formed 
in  the  region  over  which  the  glaciers  expended  their  grinding  and  mix- 
ing forces,  bnt  it  is  composed  of  earth  formed  by  the  slow  disinte- 
grating process  of  changing  the  npper  layers  of  rock  to  soil,  supple- 
mented by  the  results  of  centuries  of  grazing  by  vast  herds  of  wild 
animals,  and  anDual  fires  that  consumed  the  vegetation  which  grew  up 
in  spite  of  the  roaming  herds. 

The  same  condition  of  soil  extends  to  the  Arkansas  river ;  and,  as 
a  matter  of  coarse,  the  apples  and  other  ft^its  flourish  there  equally  as 
well  as  in  South  Missouri. 

The  elevation  in  this  part  of  the  Ozark  region  is  from  1,200  to 
1,600  feet  above  the  sea-level,  with  some  peaks  and  ridges  mnnlng  np 
to  1,800  feet  or  more. 

This  affords  a  cool  atmosphere  at  night,  with  heavy  dews  in  snm- 
mer  and  autumn,  and  the  bright,  warm  sunshine  giveb  a  beautiful  color 
to  the  fimit,  particularly  to  peaches  and  deep-red  apples,  like  Winesap, 
and  other  similar  varieties.  Iron  enters  into  the  composition  of  many 
of  the  rocks,  and  furnishes  a  good  element  in  fruit  soil. 

This  region  was  for  a  great  many  years  the  home  of  the  buffalo 
and  the  Indian,  and  evet?  y^ar  the  prairie  grass  was  burned  off.  and 
the  soil  supplied  with  an  abundance  of  potash,  of  which  element  about 
57  per  cent  of  the  ash  of  the  solid  matter  of  the  apple  is  composed. 

The  combination  of  elements  in  the  soil  here,  thus  formed,  is  well 
suited  to  the  prodaotion  of  fruit,  and  it  is  seldom  that  a  fulnre  in  the 
crop  occurs  ;  and  this  year  is  no  exception,  for  there  is  a  good  supply. 
If  we  enter  an  orchard  and  look  around  us,  we  shall  find  the  trees  are 
in  good  condition.  The  limbs  branch  out  some  four  feet  from  the 
gronnd,  the  lower  ones  bending  to  the  earth,  aud  all  are  covered,  even 
to  the  topmost  twig,  with  tempting  fhiit;  and  the  question  at  once 
suggests  itself,  "Was  the  original  Garden  of  Eden  located  in  south 


J 


15i  STATE  HOBTIOTTLTUBAL  SOGIBrT. 

Miasonrit"  The  trees  are  foirly  shingled  over,  and  preaeat  the  appesr- 
aoce  of  a  complete  pyramid  of  apples  ;  and  the  aight  ia  indeed  a  pleas- 
ing one,  for  it  has  the  effect  to  almost  bewilder  the  beholder  because 
of  the  great  abanance ;  and  this  is  a  yearly  oecorrence  if  the  orchard 
has  a  reasonable  sbare  of  attention. 

When  Sontb  Mieaonri  haa  an  entire  fiulnre  of  the  apple  crop,  there 
will  hardly  be  applea  enough  in  the  other  portions  of  the  eonntry  to 
make  one  good  apple  pie,  bat  the  fitct  is,  this  region  of  country  never 
has  a  complete  fiulare  In  froit,  and  every  year  large  orchards  are 
planted,  and  the  time  is  near  when  the  whole  eonntry  can  be  supplied 
with  applea  ftom  the  Ozark  region. 

Aa  a  sample  of  the  success  of  apple-growing  here  this  season,  one 
former  will  pocket  $13,000  for  the  apples  on  his  trees,  just  as  they  are, 
while  others  will  get  as  maoh  for  their  apple  crop  aa  they  aaked  for 
their  forma  six  montha  ago. 

Springfield,  Mo.,  Oct.  6. 


FRUITS  WITHOUT  SEEDS. 

Seedless  apples  were  known  to  the  ancients,  and  since  then  many 
mentions  have  been  made  of  the  same  fact.  Within  the  last  century 
not  only  seedless  fruits,  but  those  preceded  by  no  bloaaoms,  have  been 
occoaionally  met  with.  Thaa  the  "no-blow"  variety  waa  without  ap- 
parent bloasom  and  bore  no  seed.  Other  examplea  of  the  same  pecu- 
liarity have  appeared  under  different  names.  In  the  common  cherry 
the  kernel  or  embryo  of  the  seed  is  frequently  abortive,  and  therefore 
useless  for  germination.  The  second  bloom  of  pears  and  of  straw- 
berries is  often  doubled.  Piatillate  varieties  of  the  latter  firnit  will 
sometimes  produce  berriea,  but  without  seeds.  The  banana  ia  one  of 
the  best  illustrations  of  the  seedless  fruit  There  are  many  varieties 
of  this  tropical  fiuit,  and  it  is  probably  true  that  the  wild  plants  were 
aeed-bearing.  The  ao-called  "  dried  currants  "  are  seedleas  grapea  from 
Corinth.  In  Calitoruia  this  grape  produces  aeeds,  and  attempts  to 
raise  the  atandaid  article  have  failed.  On  the  other  band,  the  Sultana 
grape  of  California  is  seedless,  aa  are  also  some  vines  of  the  Black 
Hamburg.  Among  citrous  firaits  the  orange  and  lemon  arc  prominent 
for  lack  of  seeds  in  some  sorts.  Cross-breeding  seems  to  have  devel- 
oped this  sterile  condition ;  for  example,  In  the  "  Washington  navel "  or 
*'  Biverside"  orange,  and  the  Mediterranean  Sweel,  are  bat  few  seeds. 
The  "  Eureka"  variety  of  lemons  bears  but  few  seeds,  and  one  of  the 
beat  of  lime  fruits  ia  one  without  seeds.     In  the  gourd  fomily  there  are 


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MISCBLLANEOtT5  FAFEBS.  165 

many  varieties  vitb  few  seeds.  Thas  forced  ciicniiibers  nnder  glass 
hare  a  solid  flesb  and  are  uot  considsred  good  if  seed-bearing.  Melons 
of  the  higbest  qaalily  are  not  "  seedy,"  and  fine  varieties  of  garden 
pumpkins  are  propagated  by  slips  in  the  sooth. 

Dr.  E.  L.  Start«vaDt,  who  has  made  an  extensive  study  of  seedless 
fmits,  in  a  recent  paper  upon  the  sabjeot  states  that  "The  better  vari- 
eties  of  the  apple  naaaUy  contain  some  abortive  seeds,  and  they  are 
someliraes  individually  to  be  found  seedless.  As  a  rule,  when  ^ere  is 
a  tendency  to  abortive  seeds,  the  larger  and  finer  the  apple  the  greater 
the  number  of  abortive  seeds.''  There  seems  to  be  a  correlation  exist- 
ing between  seedlesencBS  and  quality,  or  perhaps  better,  tenderness  of 
the  edible  portion.  If  this  be  a  law  it  is  one  that  all  improvers  of  fniit 
shoDld  know,  that  they  may  work  with,  and  not  against  it.  While  this 
generalization  is  in  mind,  it  shonid  also  be  remembered  that  unless  the 
development  of  seedless  varieties  is  correlated  with  the  increased  abil- 
ity to  propagate  by  suckers,  offshoots,  grafts,  or  cnttinge,  the  lack  of 
seeds  must,  in  the  end,  bring  about  tb$  destruction  of  the  improved 
variety.  In  short,  there  is  a  possibility  of  improving  our  &aits  toward 
seedlessness  nutil  that  improvement  becomes  suicidal. 


NEW  SEEDLING  GRAPES. 

We  have  Jast  returned  from  a  visit  to  Mr.  John  Burr's  place  at 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  to  see  his  seedling  grapes,  which  surpass  any 
purely  native  seedlings  that  we  have  ever  seen. 

His  Jewel,  which  was  the  first  to  ripen  In  July,  was  still  hanging 
oa  the  vines  on  the  20th  of  September  in  perfect  condition,  and  fally 
equal  to  the  Delaware  in  quality.  The  Ideal  is  the  moat  delicious  red 
grape  we  have  ever  tasted.  Bunch  and  berry  are  very  nearly,  if  not 
altogether,  as  large  as  Concord.  It  is  a  strong,  bardy,  healthy  grower, 
and  very  productive.  It  is  better  in  quality  than  the  Delaware  or 
Brighton.  It  is  as  pure  as  a  European  grape  and  is  a  seedling  of  Dela- 
ware. His  Paragon  is  withoat  doubt  the  best  hardy  black  grape 
known.  We  have  it  with  others  by  our  side,  while  writing  this,  for 
comparison.  It  is  fully  as  large  in  bunch  as  the  Ooncord,  more  com- 
pact, and  larger  in  berry ;  about  ten  days  later  in  ripening.  It  is  jnicy, 
vinous  and  sprightly,  of  the  very  best  quality,  and  without  a  trace  of 
foxiness.  A  strong,  healthy  grower,  free  from  rot  or  mildew.  It  le  a 
very   valuable  grape  for  table,  wine  or  market.     Eclipse  is  a   white 


ugle 


J 


156  STATE  HOBTIOULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

grape,  and  conaiderecl  of  higher  qoality  than  either  of  the  above.  The 
berry  is  fully  as  large  aa  Niagara  or  Moore'a  Diamond,  and  of  very 
mnch  better  qaatity.  The  banch  is  as  large  as  Concord,  bat  not  qnite 
ao  compact.  It  is  a  very  vlgoroas  grower,  and  as  delicate  and  pore 
as  any  European  grape.  Standard  ia  a  black  grape  of  aboat  the  aame 
size  in  bnnch  and  beriy  as  tbe  Ooncord,  and  ripena  abont  the  same 
time,  bnt  it  is  mnch  better  in  qaality.  It  makes  a  white  wine  which,  to- 
my  ta^te,  is  eqaal  to  Catawba,  if  not  better.  It  is  a  hardy,  strong 
grower,  and  appears  healthy. 

Mr.  Bnrr  has  a  Dumber  of  other  seedlings  not  yet  named,  of  extrft 
quality.  It  is  a  wonder  to  every  one  who  visits  his  place  how  he  ha* 
obtained  ao  many  pure  native  seedlings  of  snob  large  size  aiid  higb 
quality  with  so  few  poor  grapes.  They  are  neither  crosses  uor  hybrids 
of  European  blood,  yet  many  are  as  pnre  as  if  they  really  were.  It 
demonstrates  the  fact  that  where  native  grapes  are  grown  nnder  high 
cnltivation  in  a  congenial  place,  free  &om  all  inferior  varieties,  the- 
seedlings  of  those  make  vast  improvement,  and  when  this  ia  not  the- 
case,  the  reverse  is  likely  to  be  tme. 

We  also  visited  Stayman  and  Black's  place  to  eee  their  new  varie- 
ties. Their  White  Beauty  is  a  most  aaperb  grape,  ripening  about  with 
the  last  of  Concords  thin  season.  Bunch  large,  compact,  often 
shonldered,  being  about  tbe  size  of  Ives,  skin  firm,  pnip  tender,  jaicy^ 
vinous,  of  very  fine  quality,  free  from  foxineas;  will  hang  on  tbe  vines 
long  after  ripe  without  bursting  or  dropping^a  very  fine,  rich  grape^ 
free  from  rot  or  mildew,  vine  vigorous,  hardy  and  healthy.  Whit© 
Imperial  is  identical  in  growth  and  vine  with  White  Beauty;  the 
bnncb  as  large,  bnt  the  berry  smaller,  and  ripens  with  Moore's  Elarly, 
bnt  will  hang  on  the  vine  aa  long  as  the  other,  and  is  considered  of 
better  quality  by  many.  Leavenworth  is  the  best  white  grape  of  the 
pure  Labraska  type  that  we  have  yet  seen,  about  as  early  as  Moore's 
Early,  nitb  a  bunch  and  berry  like  Concord ;  a  grape  that  pleases  th& 
taate  of  every  one.  Ozark  ia  a  wonder  among  black  grapes,  the 
strongest  and  most  rampant  grower  we  have  ever  seen,  with  heavy 
foliage,  very  hardy  and  productive,  of  the  Norton  type.  The  boncb 
and  berry  are  very  nearly  as  large  as  Concord ;  about  the  same  time  as 
Herman,  and  hangs  on  the  vine  until  after  frost.  This  is  a  very  valua- 
ble late  market  grape,  free  from  foxiness ;  never  drops  from  the  vine^ 
and  as  f^ee  from  rot  and  mildew  aa  Norton.  Eureka  is  simply  a  mon- 
strous Delaware,  and  fully  equal  to  it  in  quality.  Perfection  is  a  large 
red  grape,  unsurpassed  in  quality  and  beauty.  They  have  a  number  of 
others  not  yet  named,  one  a  very  late  white  grape,  and  another  a  very 
late  black  grape,  both  healthy  and  promising.    Their  Jewel  grapea 


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HISOELLANEODS   PAPERS.  167 

■were  done,  yet  we  foand  a  few  banches  still  haii^ng  on  the  vines  in 
perfect  condition,  and*  ae  good  as  the  best.  None  of  the  above  seed- 
ling grapes  bat  Jewel  are  yet  on  the  market J.  Stayman  in  Orchard 

mtd  Oar  den. 


THE  APPLE  IS  KIMG. 

I  Btng  not  tbe  rraltage  of  old  Yucatan, 

The  CltmH  of  Sp&ln.  or  the  Plama  of  Japan ; 

The  Florida  Orange  may  grow  In  the  Sonth, 

The  Pescli  of  New  Jersey  may  melt  io  fOQr  month ; 

The  broad-breasted  Qalnoe  has  a  heavenly  smell, 

And  I  love  California  Apricots  well ; 

Bananafl  of  Nassau  and  Malaga  Orapea, 

In  clustering  richness  and  lavishing  shapes, — 

They're  beauttfal  all,  but  bepraUe  tbem  who  will, 

A  rnddy  old  monarch  outranks  them  all  still ; 

A  tmlt  antrertal,  coeval  with  man : 

'TIB  the  blessed  old  Affli  ;  gainsay  It  wbo  can? 

—Oood  Houteketfiag. 


"Poverty  is  not  a  mystery,  bat  a  means  selected  from  the  infinite 
resource  to  make  tbe  most  of  me." 

"It  has  been  the  fosbion  to  separate  hand-work  £rom  head-work, 
bnt  we  are  gtadnaJly  learning  that  their  harmonioas  union  is  the  only 
means  of  perfection  of  either  The  maas  of  society  ia  made  np  of 
morbid  thinkers  and  miserable  workers.  It  is  only  by  labor  that 
thonght  can  be  made  healthy,  and  only  by  thought  that  labor  can  be 
made  happy,  and  the  two  cannot  be  separated  with  impanity." — Rural 
Netc  YorTcer. 


Some  of  onr  great  men  have  been  mistaken.  In  the  days  of  6eo. 
8t«pben8oa,  the  perfeetor  of  the  locomotive  engine,  the  great  men 
proved  conclnsively  that  a  railway  train  could  never  be  driven  by 
steam  power.  Machinests  and  navigators  proved  conclusively  that  a 
steamer  conld  never  cross  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  There  went  ap  a 
guSiaw  of  wise  laaghter  from  the  learned  men  at  Morse,  when  he 
«nnoanced  to  tbe  world  that  by  the  aid  of  electricity  he  coald  convey 
intelligence  team  point  to  point  by  the  use  of  a  wire.  The  learned  M. 
D's.  knew  the  component  parts  of  milk  -,  it  would  produce  fever  and 


ugle 


168  8TATB   HORTICnLTITBAL  800IETT. 

vas  Btrictly  forbiddeo  to  be  nsed  by  tbeir  patients ;  to-day  the  patients 
get  milk,  and  freely,  if  they  desire  it.  Was  it  a  student  that  brought 
aboat  the  changef  Lefs  see.  A  boy  lying  at  the  point  of  death,  in  a 
moment  when  left  alone,  eot  np,  vent  to  the  cupboard,  drank  what 
rmilk  he  wanted  before  he  was  discovered,  was  at  once  carried  to  his 
conch  and  the  attending  physician  called;  foand  the  boy  sleeping^ 
looked  wise  and  patiently  awtwted  developments.  Of  coarse  he  knew 
there  was  no  hope  for  the  boy's  recovery.  After  a  refreshing  sleep 
the  boy  awoke  and  called  for  more  milk. — Rural  Ifew  Yorker. 


A  PAPEB  Oy  OECH4ED8. 

Read  bf  Bobeit  L;na,  before  the  first  meeting  of  the  Atchieon  Conoty  Hortloal- 

tural  Society  in  Tsrklo,  Ho.,  WednesdAy,  Jane  11, 1390. 


We  are  happily  met  here  to-day  to  talk  of  a  happy  subject  familiar 
to  OCT  first  parents  in  their  perfectly  happy  state  before  the  &11,  when 
they  were  allotted  the  "  Garden  of  Eden"  with  orders  "  to  dress  it  and 
to  keep  it ;"  and  the  subject  will  be  equally  fomUiar  to  those  of  our  race 
who  attain  perfect  happiness  along  the  margin  of  the  river  of  the  water 
of  life,  whose  trees  bear  twelve  manner  of  frait.  In  thinking  of  the 
primal  garden  in  Eden,  or  of  the  ultimate  garden  by  the  interminable 
river  of  life,  we  always  think  of  trees  and  the  fruit  of  trees.  There  are 
avenues  and  glades  and  vistas  seen  in  our  &ucy,  bat  always  bordered 
or  interspersed  with  trees.  The  shady  walks,  real  or  poetic,  of  litera- 
tare  are  never  shaded  with  the  Gothic  arch  or  silken  canopy,  bat  always 
with  the  emerald  foliage  or  Inscious  fruit. 

We  may  think  of  a  lodge  or  a  temporary  tent  or  shanty  standing  on 
a  hare  plain,  but  we  never  think  of  a  home  withont  trees,  and  some  of 
these  bearing  fruit.  This  idea  of  making  a  home  beantifnl  and  comfort- 
able should  be  sufficient  to  induce  every  owner  of  a  piece  of  land  to 
lose  no  time  in  planting  at  least  a  good  garden  of  fruit  trees,  and  a  neat 
lawn  of  shade  and' ornamental  trees.  Many  are  doing  this  with  more 
or  less  judgment,  bat  many  who  would  like  to  have  and  who  admire  a 
neat  and  cozy  home  do  not  decide  to  give  it  the  time  or  attention  neces- 
sary to  make  a  sncceaa  of  it. 

But  there  is  another,  althongh  a  lower  view  of  orchard-growing 
that  is  very  important,  viz. :  the  financial  aspect  of  it  I  There  is  beauty 
and  comfort,  tending  to  love  and  joy,  in  a  neat  little  orchard  home. 


HISOELLANEOnS   PAPBBS.  159 

Tbere  is  moaey  in  a  large  orch&rd  if — if  what  f  If  it  ia  selected,  planted, 
caltivated  and  pruned  on  buBineae  principles.  There  ia  money  in  feed- 
ing cattle  and  hoga  if  it  ie  done  with  good  judgment  and  with  cloae 
attention  every  day  to  all  the  detaila  in  baying,  drlviog,  getting  slowly 
on  fiiU  feed,  salting,  watering,  sheltering,  trough-cleaning,  morketiag, 
etc.;  and  a  feeder  makes  money  jast  in  proportion  to  the  close  atten- 
tion he  pays  to  all  theae  details.  A  good  stock-feeder  knows  jnst  how 
moch  he  has  invested  in  stock  and  corn,  how  long  it  has  been  invested, 
what  interest  has  accrned ;  and  after  deducting  interest  he  knows  jnet 
wbat  his  profits  are. 

I  have  never  met  a  man  who  asserted  that  it  didn't  pay  to  laiae 
apples,  who  coald  tell  jnst  what  it  cost  to  raise  them.  Nor  have  I  ever 
met  a  man  who  applied  business  principles  to  frni ^-raising  for  a  number 
of  years  who  pronounced  it  a  failure.  S'o  man  shonld  think  that  he 
can  secure  a  fortune  by  setting  out  10  or  100  acres  of  orchard  and  give 
it  bap-hazard  attention,  or  no  attention  at  all.  What  would  we  think 
of  a  mechanic  who  had  laid  np  95,000,  and  resolves  to  become  a  mer- 
chant and  proceeds  as  follows :  He  bnys  or  rents  a  store.  Soon  a 
smart,  oily-iongaed  drnmtner  comes  along  and  tells  him  what  be  should 
buy,  and  he  bnys  and  signs  an  order  for  everything  that  the  drummer 
shows  him  a  picture  of,  or  telle  him  he  needs.  He  knows  nothing  of 
the  wholesale  honse  represented,  nor  of  the  responsibility  of  the  drum- 
mer. Neither  does  he  know  anything  about  rebates  and  discounts,  nor 
whether  the  goods  are  salable  in  his  town.  He  simply  knows  that 
merchants  have  a  good  time,  dress  well,  and  smart  men  like  himself  get 
rich.  He  had  learned  a  trade,  and  had  laid  by  $5,000  because  he  had 
learned  the  trade.  He  lost  Ms  capital  because  be  thought  anybody 
could  be  a  merchant  if  he  had  money.  If  a  man  wants  to  be  a  good 
lawyer  he  must  read  law  ;  if  he  wants  to  be  a  doctor  be  mnst  study 
physiology,  anatomy  and  medicine,  and  if  he  wants  to  make  a  success 
of  frnit-growing  he  must  be  tborongbly  posted  in  pomology  and  horti- 
coltare. 

I  dwell  on  the  importance  of  learning  to  grow  fruit  because  so 
many  who  plant  orchards  are  ignorant  of  its  elements.  I  saw  two  young 
orchards  last  week  representing  success  and  failnre  respectively.  One 
orchard  of  two  acres  contained  only  fonr  sorts  of  apples  :  Ben  Davis, 
Wiuesap,  Janet  and  Jonathan,  aU  planted  six  years  ago.  Nearly  every 
tree  is  perfect,  and  three-fourths  of  them  are  full  of  apples.  It  has 
been  cultivated  every  year.  I  fonnd  the  owner  pruniug  and  his  man 
cultivating  it.  Attheendof  twelve  years  this  orchard  will  have  paidan 
annual  rent  of  at  least  (30  per  acre  &-om  the  time  of  planting,  if  the  pres- 
ent owner  keeps  it.    The  other  orchard  is  large  and  the  owner  evidently 


D.-|nz^;;K«^,V_;0' 


<g\e 


160  BTATB   HOETICULTDEAL  SOCIBTT. 

intended  to  do  well ,  for  it  is  Borroanded  with  a  protection  of  forest  trees. 
The  apple  trees  are  all  sizes,  and  look  as  if  each  efaose  its  own  loca- 
tion and  -the  kind  it  would  bear  if  it  ever  had  a  chance.  A  large 
nnmber  of  the  trees  are  absent,  and  the  clover  and  grass  with  which 
the  ground  is  set  scarcely  miss  their  meagre  shade.  This  orchard, 
T  preaame,  is  grown  on  the  guess  plan.  The  owner  will  not  be  able  to 
tell  anything  about  the  profits  of  hie  land  per  acre  except  in  grass  crop. 

I  had  no  possible  means  of  knowing  what  sort  of  apple  trees  to 
plant  in  my  first  orchard  in  this  coanty  31  years  ago,  and  of  coarse, 
many  of  my  trees  are  worthless  except  to  give  me  a  few  specimens  of 
abont  50  varieties  of  very  fine  apples.  I  kept  adding  to  the  old 
orchard,  however,  such  sorts  as  gave  good  promise,  and  14  years  ago  I 
planted  a  new  orchard  witli  a  few  approved  sorts.  This  orchard  has 
paid  nearly  doable  the  profits  of  the  old  per  acre.  The  cash  receipts 
for  the  last  six  years  on  both  old  and  new  together  average  $40.66  per 
acre  per  annam.  The  cash  retame  for  apples  alone  from  the  time  of 
planting  the  trees  until  the  present  is  $17.3>1  per  acre  each  year;  this 
year's  crop  sold  for  $125  per  acre,  which  brings  up  the  average  to 
^52.62  per  acre ;  and  from  this  same  land  I  have  raised  daring  this  time 
aboat  $16,000  worth  of  nursery  stock,  small  fruits,  etc.  So  there  is 
absolutely  no  oultivatioa  to  be  charged  to  the  apple  crop.  These  fig 
ares  take  no  account  of  second-class  apples  made  into  vinegar,  fed  to 
stock,  or  otherwise  disposed  of.  Small  or  wormy  apples  have  novaloe 
whatever.  I  intend  to  begin  sprinkling  the  trees  with  poisoned  water 
by  means  of  a  force  pump,  by  which  I  hope  to  add  much  to  the  profits 
of  the  orchard.  Two  years  ago  I  lost  over  1,000  bushels  of  apples  by 
the  codling  moth.  I  am  sorry  to  have  to  confess  that  I  have  neglected 
to  cultivate  as  I  should  have  done  since  the  trees  occupy  all  the  ground. 
I  had  "  too  many  irons  in  the  fire ; "  otherwise  I  could  make  a  much 
better  showing  than  the  above  figures.  But  as  it  is,  it  is  far  ahead  of 
anything  that  can  be  shown  of  a  like  qoantily  of  laud  devoted  to  corn 
crop  or  any  ordinary  farming — and  the  orchard  is  there  yet,  and  worth 
at  least  $250  per  acre,  while  if  it  had  been  ran  to  corn  these  20  years  it 
would  hardly  be  worth  $40. 

Apple-growing,  like  corn-growing,  cannot  be  overdone.  I  mean 
marketable,  winter  apples.  They  are  thrown  on  the  markets  of  the 
world  and  there  is  a  limitless  demand.  The  extension  of  the  know- 
ledge of  physiology  and  hygienics  makes  a  constantiy-iucreasing  de- 
maud  for  firuit  on  the  tables  of  all  civilized  people ;  and  the  increasing 
demand  for  fruit  is  in  line  with  the  greatest  moral  movement  of  this  or 
ftuy  age.  It  is  becoming  known  that  the  nations  who  use  little  or  no 
fruit  have  the  greatest  craving  [for  intoxicants,  'find  naturally  take  to 


MiaCBIXANKOnS   PlFBBJi.  161 

drnakenuesa,  while  the  tree  nee  of  acid  fruit  is  the  best  physical  care 
for  the  appetite  craving  alcohoi. 

Begardiug  how  to  make  and  take  care  of  an  orchard,  I  will  only 
take  time  to  give  a  few  items  in  regard  to  necessary  things ;  (1)  Plant 
anywhere  that  best  saits  the  general  plan  of  yonr  farm,  except  in  a 
slongh.  The  late  frosts  may  nip  the  bloom  sometimes  in  the  valleys, 
bat  the  valley  gives  the  finest  crop.  (2)  Plow  the  land  at  least  once  as 
deeply  as  possible  before  planting.  (3)  Plant  only  a  few  of  the  most 
ap{»roved  and  best  known  varieties,  mostly  three  or  foar  sorts.  (4)  Get 
only  No.  1  trees  of  a  responsible  nurseryman.  (5)  Plant  the  natural 
depth.  (6)  Flaot  when  the  buds  begin  to  push,  about  the  middle  of 
April.  (7)  Oaltivate  well  aroand^each  tree  when  yoang  every  ten  days 
uatil  Jtdy.  (8)  Hill  up  each  tree  every  fall  for  five  years  and  remove 
tbe  hill  in  the  spring.  (9)  Keep  the  rabbits  from  eating  the  bark  by 
wrapping,  or  tying  corn-stalka  up  around  each  tree  in  winter.  (10)  Prose 
the  young  trees  to  just  the  frame  you  want  the  tree  to  have  when  it  is 
grown  up,  and  prune  ynaug  trees  in  June  for  the  first  five  or  six  years. 
It  is  better  to  prune  too  much  than  too  little.  Out  Backers  off  at  any 
time  and  check  any  branch  which  rivals  the  leader.  (11)  Be  careful  to 
destroy  all  gophers  which  get  into  your  young  orchard,  and  all  webs 
of  caterpillars  in  May  or  August.  (12)  If  you  plant  corn  in  a  young 
orchard,  plant  it  very  late.  (13)  IS'ever  taro  stock  into  a  young  orchard 
for  the  sake  of  economizing  a  bite  of  fodder.  To  do  so  is  to  be  "  penny 
wise  and  pound  foolish."  (14)  Put  all  the  ashes  and  refuse  from  the 
bouse  under  the  trees.  Any  manure  will  be  useful  after  the  trees  begin 
bearing.  (15)  Jf  the  orchard,  yoang  or  old,  is  going  to  weeds  mow,  and 
leave  them  ou  tbe  ground  before  they  bear  seed.  (16)  Pick  apples 
before  they  are  quite  ripe.  (17)  Never  try  to  sell  poor  apples  at  full 
price.  Better  feed  all  poor  or  wormy  apples  to  the  hogs.  It  will  help 
the  hogs  and  kill  tbe  worms.  (18)  Get  "Barry's  Fmit  Garden," 
'■Warder's   Pomology"  or  some   other   good   work   on   fruit-growing, 

(19)  Mark  what  the  successful  fruit-grower  excels  iu  and  do  likewise. 

(20)  Be  content  with  what  God  gives,  and  don't  "  count  your  chickens 
before  they  are  hatched.'' 


.y  Google 


STATE   HOETICDLTUBAL  SOCIETY. 


SOME  CHRYSANTHEMUM  LORE. 

One  bnndrad  years  ago,  the  plant  now  ao  fashionable  the  floral 
world  over  first  came  to  the  notice  of  the  European  plant-lover  from 
Ohina,  where  it  had  been  a  historic  plant  a^es  before.  It  is  only  within 
the  past  dozen  years  or  so  that  the  plant  has  received  any  great  amonnt 
of  attention  Id  this  country,  and  only  since  half  that  time  has  the  chrya- 
antbemum  sprung  into  the  very  first  rank  as  an  exhibition  plant  in  the 
popular  demand,  and  this  a  new  seedling-prod ncing  country.  The  past 
summer  has  seen  an  extraordinary  activity  in  England  as  the  centen- 
nial year  of  its  iotrodnction,  and  much  literature  pertaining  to  its  his- 
tory and  cultare  has  been  the  result.  Shirley  Hibberd — almost  at  the 
very  time  of  writing  this  name  the  following  sad  notice  was  read  to  the 
writer  from  the  daily  telegraphic  notices  from  London  :  "Shirley  Hib- 
berd,  a  man  of  letters,  and  editor  of  the  London  Gardeners'  Magazine, 
died  at  Kew  to-day,  S'ovember  16,  1890."  We  were  about  to  say  that 
a  chrysanthemum  number  of  his  magazine  of  date  ]!4'orember  1, 1890, 
with  one  issued  last  year,  contains  the  plant's  full  history  for  the  last 
one  hundred  years,  and — what  is  of  extraordinary  interest  to  ns — he 
has  thistosay  of  our  oldtownsmanof  Chicago,  whom  a  few  of  the  older 
floriats  will  still  recollect  as  the  very  first  florist  in  Chicago  : 

"In  this  year's  gallery  we  add  three  more  portraits  to  the  lengthy 
series  of  representatives  of  our  fiower  who  have  passed  from  the 
scenes  of  their  earthly  labors,  but  their  works  do  follow  them.  Two 
of  these  are  well  remembered  by  many  who  read  these  notes  ;  they 
are  Mr.  George  Glenuy  and  Mr,  James  Butcher.  The  third,  Mr.  Samuel 
Brooks,  is  perhaps  remembered  least  of  any,  although  we  have  felt 
compelled  to  speak  of  him  as  the  'father  of  the  chrysanthemum.'  We 
place  him  at  the  head  of  the  list,  both  because  of  bis  position  as  a 
founder,  and  because  the  waves  have  gone  over  him.  The  living  may 
follow  the  dead — they  cannot  precede  them.  The  portrait  of  Brooka 
should  surprise  anyone  who  knows  the  man,  for  it  was  taken  twenty- 
six  years  After  his  death,  and  is  a  veritable  photograph  of  the  man 
when  living.     This  is  like  an  enigma,  but  it  is  a  serions  matter  of  fact." 

(This  enigma  has  evidence  of  error — twenty-six  years  would  bring 
it  to  1901.  There  is  plainly  an  error  of  ten  years,  and  on  a  visit  to  Mr. 
Brooks'  son  the  writer  finds  that  Ibe  only  photo  in  existence  is  an  old 
carte  de  vinUe  from  which  the  photogravure  was  evidently  taken.] 


.y  Google 


MIBCBLLANBOUS   PAPEB8.  163 

"the  father  of  THB  OHUYSANTHBHUH." 

"In  the  third  chapter  of  Mr.  C.  Harroan  Payne's  History  of  the 
Chrysantbemam,  pablished  in  oai  last  chrysaathemam  namber,  occurs 
a  notice  of  Messrs.  Barr  and  Brooks,  of  Balls  Pond,  who  vere  growers 
of  the  flower  as  early  as  1817,  and  indeed  earlier,  for  it  was  in  that  year 
they  obtwned  the  anperb  Whit«  from  China.  Mr.  Brooks  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Coancil  of  the  London  Hortionltaral  Society,  and  a  man  of 
mach  spirit  and  enterprise,  aa  may  be  judged  by  the  Eaot  that  he  sent 
a  traveler  named  Poole  to  Ohina,  who  returned  in  1819,  having  secured 
some  new  varietiee,  amongst  which  were  the  Tasseled  White,  the 
Qnilled  Salmon  and  the  Yellow  Single.  Mr.  Brooks  snbseqaently 
immigrated  to  America  and  died  at  Chicago."  Then  follows  an  obitu- 
ary notice  of  onr  old  friend  by  the  writer  of  this,  which  was  substan- 
tially 2iven  in  the  colnmns  of  the  "Prairie  Farmer"  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  on  September  5, 1876,  and  in  the  "American  Florist"  with  portrait 
Febroary  1, 188S.  We  also  hare  given  other  notee  on  the  same  matter 
from  time  to  time  during  the  past  year  or  two,  which  need  not  be  here 
repeated. 

Botanioally,  the  plant  is  known  as  cbrysanthemnm,  although 
Eoempfer  called  it  a  Matricaria  in  1812,  in  his  accoaute  of  the  plants 
of  Japan.  The  former  Is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  meaning 
*T^he  Oold  Flower."  In  the  wild  state  all  our  wonderful  varieties  have 
sprang  from  C.  8inen»e,  wUd  in  China,  and  C.  Indicvm  from  India* 
In  England  and  this  country  they  are  known  among  the  trade  as 
"mums,"  and  tbe  lovers  of  the  plant  "mummers."  In  a  play  on  the 
word  and  its  derivation  outside  of  the  use  for  this  plant,  poor  Shiriey 
Hibberd  says,  "Tbe  rose  is  an  emblem  of  silence,  and  words  spoken 
*nnder  the  rose'  are  not  to  be  repeated.  Henceforth,  when  the  rose 
goes  out  of  flower,  and  the  babblers  are  looking  for  a  new  age  of  clack, 
we  will  bring  forward  the  chrysanthemum  and  cry  'mam.'"  In  Japan 
the  plant  is  the  national  flower,  and  is  called  "Hikn."  In  M&ndarin, 
China,  *'Ghn"  is  tbe  name  for  short.  By  some  it  is  "Cbryssie."  The 
French  go  one  better  and  call  it  Madame  Ohrysantheme.  "The  Queen 
of  Aatuma"  has  long  been  its  proud  cognomen.  Gold  flower  was  once 
applied  to  it,  and  was  &r  more  appropriate  than  it  is  now. 


„  Google 


STATE  HORTICULTUBAL  SOOIKTT. 


OAKE  IN  BELECTIifQ  THE  SEEDS  OF  TREES. 

To  the  Editor  of  Qarden  and  Forett  : 

Sir — I  hare  beeo  much  iutereated  in  readlDg  the  editorial  on  the 
"Improve meut  of  Trees,"  wbicli  appeared  io  your  isBne  of  October  29. 
The  theory  you  illastrate  by  the  case  of  the  eastern  and  western  Doug- 
las Spruces,  if  lived  np  to  and  generally  adopted,  wonld  save  many 
disappointments.  Abont  the  time  the  seed  of  the  Colorado  Donglas 
Sprace  was  planted  in  Massachnsetts,  I  received  seeds  of  this  tree 
collected  in  Colorado  by  the  late  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry.  At  the  same  time 
Bomet  Landreth  &  Sous  sent  me  several  pounds  of  the  seed  of  this 
tree,  gathered  on  the  Pacific  side  of  the  continent,  to  grow  for  them^ 
■as  they  intended  to  ase  the  Douglas  Fir  in  their  forest-plantJng  in  Tir- 
ginia.  The  seedlings  of  both  were  carefully  covered  in  the  autumn  of 
the  first  year  with  coarse  prwrie  hay.  The  seedlings  ftvm  the  Pacific 
coast  seed  were  at  this  time  much  larger  than  the  others.  Both  lots 
grew  well  the  second  year;  they  were  planted  in  the  same  soil,  the 
Pacific  coast  seedlings  being  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year  still 
much  larger  than  the  others.  Each  lot  of  seedlings  bad  the  same  cov* 
ering  the  second  winter.  When  they  were  uncovered  the  following^ 
spring  the  Colorado  seedlings  were  as  fresh  as  Norway  Sprace  or 
Scottish  I^ne  seedlings  of  the  same  age,  having  wintered  perfectly. 
The  Pacific  coast  seedlings  tnrned  brown  wherever  they  penetrated 
throngb  the  covering  of  hay,  although  they  were  green  where  they  had 
been  well  covered.  When  the  time  came  for  them,  however,  to  com- 
mence their  new  growth  they  all  died. 

The  Douglas  Sprnce  is  by  no  means  an  exception.  I  have  met 
with  several  other  cases  as  marked  as  the  one  1  have  related.  Many 
years  ago  there  was  a  great  demand  for  Bed  Cedars  for  ornamental 
planting  in  the  west.  Many  people  liked  them  for  hedges.  We  col- 
lected oar  seeds  from  native  trees  growing  on  the  blufiia  here.  These 
trees  did  not,  however,  produce  enough  seed  to  supply  the  demand, 
and  we  ordered  five  bushels  of  it  fi-om  Western  Tennessee  and  the 
same  quantity  &om  Southern  Illinois.  We  had  the  same  experience  as 
with  the  Douglas  Spruce.  The  seeds  collected  here  produced  hardy 
trees;  the  others  produced  tender  trees.  At  another  time  Black  Wal- 
nats  did  not  &oit  well  in  our  county.  We  gathered  what  we  could 
find  and  ordered  a  large  quantity  of  nuts  from  Southern  Illinois.  The 
plants  raised  from  these  southern  plants  made  a  much  larger  growth 


Dgnz's:;!-.',  \_jV_;0' 


Sle 


SIIBCBLLANBOTJB   PAPBE8.  165 

than  onrs  dnriDg  tbe  first  season.  The  following  spring  oars  were  all 
slire  with  terminal  buds,  while  tbe  sonthern  plants  were  killed  to  the 
gronnd  and  went  to  the  brush-pile.  I  ooold  cite  many  other  iaatances 
as  marked,  bat  these  ODght  to' be  enoagb  to  coQTince  any  reaaooable 
man  that  it  is  neceseary  to  select  seeds  of  trees  witJi  reference  to  tbe 
locality  where  the  seedlings  are  to  grow. 

B.  Douglas. 
Waakegau,  Illinois, 


HOETICULTUBAL  SOCIETY  OF  NOETHBRN  ILLINOIS. 

From  tbe  FHrmer's  Qeview,  Chicago,  111. 

Pfof.  Forbes,  of  Gbampaign,  State  Entomologist,  read  a  very  ez- 
banstive  and  valuable  paper  on  "Spraying  Fruit  Treee,"  which  sboold 
be  given  ia  fall  to  appreciate  its  valae.  We  will  only  attempt  in  this 
brief  report  to  give  a  few  of  the  main  points. 

The  material  mostly  used  in  tbe  sprajing  of  fmit  trees  is  Paris 
Oreea  and  London  Purple.  London  Purple  is  essentially  composed  of 
arsenic  and  lime,  and  Paris  Green  of  arsenic  and  copper  oxide.  In  tbe 
former  tbe  arsenic  ranges  ttom  40  to  15  per  cent,  and  in  the  Paris 
Green  from  55  to  60  per  cent.  These  componnds  are  recommended  as 
being  the  best  for  sprayiog  apple  trees  to  destroy  tbe  codling  moth. 
They  may  be  applied  eitber  dry  or  wet.  They  are  much  more  cheaply 
applied  and  qaickly  prepared  with  water  than  with  any  dry  diluent. 
Floor  is  tbe  most  satisfactory  diluent  for  dry  poisons,  which  may 
profitably  be  mixed  with  one-third  wood  ashes.  This  will  lessen  tbe 
expense.  The  proportion  of  Paris  Green  to  the  dry  diluent  varies  from 
one  in  20  to  one  in  25.  About  one  in  30  is  recommended  as  effl- 
fleient.  Of  London  Purple  about  one  pound  in  45.  The  proportion 
of  the  diluents  would  be  15  pounds  of  wood  ashes  and  30  of  flour,  with 
a  little  less  than  two  pounds  of  some  adhesive  sabstance.  For  tbe 
apple,  cherry  and  pear  one  pound  of  London  Parple  to  300  gallons  of 
water  is  recommended  by  Prof.  Oook,  but  he  says  this  would  be  too 
strong  for  the  peach.  If  tbe  application  is  repeated,  use  one  pound 
to  300  gallons  of  water.  For  plume  Paris  Green  is  recommended, 
one  poand  to  200  or  300  gallons  of  watfar.  For  tbe  peach  only  ^ris 
Green  is  applicable,  and  this  in  strength  no  greater  than  one 
pound  to  300  gallons  of  water.  Several  different  apparatus  for  use 
in  spraying  trees  are  recommended.  Among  them  a  braes  band  force- 
pnmp,  sold  for  $2,  by   J.  K.  Oompton,  Leslie,  Mich.;  too   small  for 


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166  STATE  HOBTICULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

orchards,  bat  serves  very  well  for  »  few  trees  or  frarden  ase.  For  » 
large  orchard  the  Victor  Field  force-pnmp,  a  geared  machine  running 
by  horse-power,  and  capable  of  being  attached  to  the  hind  wheel  of 
an;  wagon,  is  recommended.  It  can  be  had  for  $30,  and  is  made  by 
the  Field  Force  Oompany,  Lockport,  K.  Y.  They  also  make  a  small 
pamp,  "The  Perfection,"  selling  for  tl2.  Both  these  pamps  keep  the 
mixtnre  stirred  antotnatically  by  pumping  back  a  small  stream  into 
the  barrel  through  a  separate  tabe.  The  Kixon  nozzle  is  especially 
recommended,  and  also  the  graduating  spraying  nozzle  sold  with 
the  Field  force  pump.  The  Kixon  pumps  are  "ileo  recommended. 
The  Victor  pump  does  excellent  work  by  horse  power  for  exten- 
sive eperation.  It  will  spray  one  side  of  a  row  of  trees  as  &st  as  a 
horse  can  walk.  The  Nixon  field  machine  Is  similarly  serviceable 
for  work  on  a  large  scale.  Their  barrel-machine  is  considered  one  of 
the  best  for  spraying  large  gardens  and  orchards  of  medium  size.  It 
is  recommended  that  the  spraying  be  deferred  until  after  the  bloesoma 
have  fallen.  May  is  considered  better  than  Jnne  and  July.  As  re- 
gards apples,  if  no  heavy  rain  follows,  one  application  should  be  suf- 
ficient; but  if  it  does,  especially  if  the  trees  bear  sparingly,  it  will  often 
pay  well  to  spray  a  second  time,  two  weeks  after  the  first.  The  time 
of  day  for  applying  the  dry  poison  is  early  in  the  morning,  when  the 
plants  are  still  wet  with  dew.  The  wet  poisons  may  best  be  distribnted 
in  the  afternoon,  or  at  least  after  the  dew  has  disappeared,  dry  wea- 
ther being  the  most  favorable. 

No  new  observations  have  been  made  with  respect  to  the  effect  of 
these  poisons  upon  the  apple  worm  itself.  The  habits  of  the  insect 
make  it  certain  that  it  can  be  poisoned  only  in  the  yoong  larvie  state 
before  it  has  penetrated  the  apple.  Nnmerous  experiments  with  the 
plum  oorcnlio  showed  that  the  beetle  feeds  freely  on  the  various  parts 
of  the  blossom  of  the  peach,  the  leaves  and  frnit;  also  on  rose  blos- 
soms, flowers  of  the  snowball,  honeysuckle,  etc.  Poisons  applied  to 
beetles,  in  confinement,  demonstrated  that  leaves  sprayed  bnt  once 
with  Paris  Green  or  London  Pnrple  would  kill  practically  all  the 
beetles  feeding  upon  tbem  within  ten  days.  Tbe  practice  of  spraying 
the  apple  is  a  most  important  and  valuable  method,  especially  in  tbe 
protection  of  early  maturing  frnit.  Its  valae  for  the  late  f^tt  is  less- 
ened by  the  appearance  of  a  second  brood  of  the  larvte.  Even  with  the 
most  careful  and  thorough  work  with  the  spraying  engine  the  practices 
of  dailj  gathering  the  fallen  frait  and  destroying  the  larvte  and  moths 
must  still  be  made  use  of,  and  not  only  by  the  orchardist  himself,  but 
also  by  bis  neighbors.    Experiments  have  shown  that  plum  trees 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


MISCELLANBODS  PAPERS. 

sprajed  four  times  witb  London  Pnrple  were  almost  &ee  from  cnrcalio 
iijary.  Spraying  of  cberr?  trees  has  proved  to  be  equall;  as  snccesB- 
fal. 

Tlie  deadly  poisons  here  discussed  must  be  ased  with  certain  cau- 
tion. The  spray  or  powder  should  always  be  thrown  with  the  wind, 
and  it  is  well  to  handle  the  apparatus  with  gloves.  The  experimenta 
made  by  different  parties  go  to  show  that  there  is  very  little  to  be 
feared  of  any  bad  results  coming  from  the  poisoning  of  the  fruit  of  the 
pasturage  beneatli  the  orchard  trees. 

The  ao-ealled  Bordeaax  mixture,  essentially  blae  vitiiol  and  lime 
suspended  in  waler,  has  oome  into  prominence  as  a  fungicide,  and  has 
been  ttsed  in  a  spray  upon  trees  to  prevent  a  formation  of  the  scab  of 
the  apple  and  rot  of  the  plum.  Its  effect  to  check  mildew  of  grape  is 
well  known  to  hoHicaltariste. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Gotta  read  a  paper  on  "Orchard  Onlture."  If  one 
fihoald  read  all  the  valuable  information  that  is  printed  and  written  by 
men  of  experience  on  orchard  culture,  he  would  probably  make  a  fail- 
ure unless  he  bad  access  to  practical  infoimation  obtainable  only  f^om 
those  who  have  wrestled  with  this  problem  right  where  he  wished  to 
plant  the  orchard.  Twenty  years  is  the  age,  it  is  claimed,  at  which 
apple  trees  cease  to  be  profitable,  and  at  this  age  they  should  be  dug 
up  and  new  orchards,  previously  planted,  should  take  the  place  of  the 
old  ones.  No  one  who  has  had  any  experience  with  top-workiug  such 
varieties  as  are  not  perfectly  hardy  in  this  climate,  will  have  failed  to 
notice  the  remarkable  improvement  in  the  capacity  of  trees  thus 
grown  to  resist  the  injarions  effects  of  hard  winters,  over  those  grown 
by  the  common  modes  of  root-grafting.  It  is  my  honest  opinion  that 
apple  orchards  can  be  successfully  grown  with  most  of  our  old  favorite 
varieties  by  this  means. 

An  essential  adjunct  to  an  orchard  is  a  good  wind-break  on  the 
south  and  vest,  partly  to  protect  the  trees  against  excessively  cold 
wind  storms,  and  to  prevent  the  f^nit  being  blown  off  by  the  strong 
southwest  winds.  Norway  Spruce  and  White  Pine  are  the  best, 
planted  in  single  or  donble  rows,  eight  to  twelve  feet  apart,  between 
the  rows  and  In  the  rows,  setting  the  trees  in  break-joint  style.  Belts 
of  trees  on  the  north  and  east  side  would  do  more  harm  than  good. 
For  the  orchard  site  select  some  elevated  and  naturally  well-drained 
location.  Avoid  barren  hill-sides.  Any  good  corn  land  will  answer. 
If  not  natarally  well  drained,  tile  to  the  depth  of  at  least  four  feet. 
A  northern  slope  is  preferable  to  a  soathern  one. 


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168  STATB  HOBTICtILTttai,L  SOOIBTT, 

Plov  and  barrow  the  ^oand  thoroaghly.  Level  land  shonid,  by 
repeated  plowings,  be  thrown  into  ridges,  apoD  which  plant  the  trees 
two  rods  apart,  in  tlte  spring  of  the  year.  lu  digging,  trees  lose  a 
portion  of  their  roota.  This  shonld^be  balanced  by  jndiolons  praniDg 
of  the  top.  Cut  away  all  forked  and  close-growing  branches,  leaving 
one  upright  shoot  for  the  leader,  and  cat  the  ends  of  all  the  branches 
back  a  few  inches.  Make  all  cnts  close  and  smooth.  Never  leave 
any  stabs,  and  cut  all  bruised  and  broken  roots  back  to  sound  wood. 
Plant  in  holes  large  enough  to  permit  each  root  being  straightened  ont 
in  natural  position,  setting  the  tree  about  two  inches  deeper  than  it 
formerly  stood  and  leaning  about  15  degrees  toward  the  southwest. 
Cultivate  corn  among  the  young  trees  for  five  or  six  years.  Then  seed 
to  clover  and  let  it  remain  on  the  ground  as  a  mulch,  never  permitting 
a  dense  grass  sod  to  take  possession  of  your  orchard.  Protect  yonr 
trees  against  rabbits,  mice  and  borers  by  wrapping  the  stems  wiih 
burlap,  wire  screen  or  something  of  the  sort.  Keep  up  the  fertility  of 
the  soil  by  an  occasional  top  dressing  of  well-rotted  barnyard  maoare. 
Keep  yonr  trees  tiee  from  worthless  branches  and  dead  twigs.  Prune 
them  out  during  mild  weather  from  November  to  March. 

D.  J.  Piper  read  a  paper  on  "The  Best  New  Apple"  and  flrst  out- 
lined the  best  way  to  propagate  and  grow  it.  "  I  root-grafted  different 
varieties  of  the  apple  with  fair  success  for  a  number  of  years,  until  '86 
and  '86.  Then  came  the  flrst  drawback,  when  I  lost  some  of  my  root- 
grafted  trees  by  freezing.  Then  I  set  wind-breaks  of  willow,  Lom- 
hardy  poplar  and  locust,  which  are  good  for  the  eammer  season,  bat 
they  did  not  prevent  my  apple  trees  from  freezing  in  the  winter  time. 
1  lost  both  old  and  young  trees,  except  of  the  Whitney  and  Duchess 
varieties.  These  two  had  passed  through  two  trying  winters  and  had 
come  out  bright  in  the  spring.  I  then  began  to  top  work  on  the 
Dochess  and  Whitney  No.  20,  and  had  I  taken  Mr.  Whitney's  advice  in 
the  first  place  and  planted  all  No.  20,  and  then  top  worked  them  with 
the  varieties  I  wanted,  such  as  the  tJaloame,  Wythe,  et«.,  I  would  be 
much  farther  ahead  with  my  orchard  to-day.  I  have  some  Saloame 
worked  on  the  Whitney  stock  and  tbey  are  as  fine  yoaog  trees  as  can 
be  found.  I  do  not  fear  their  freezing  to  death.  I  claim  the  Saloame 
to  be  oar  best  new  apple.  It  is  ready  for  use  in  November,  and  will 
keep  a  whole  year.  The  Wythe  comes  nexi  as  a  first-class  apple.  Mr. 
Hathaway,  the  originator  of  the  Saloame,  eaya  be  kept  this  variety 
through  the  second  winter  in  a  common  cellar,  in  good  condition. 
Work  the  t^aloame  on  the  Whitney  and  there  will  be  no  trouble  in 
growing  fine  apples." 


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MIS0BLLAHSOU8  PAPERS* 


POISON  IN  FOOD  PLANTS. 


Some  of  the  most  valoable  prodaotiona,  like  the  White  potato,  the 
tomato  and  the  egg-plant,  are  the  resnlts  of  development  JD  a  family 
vhich  prodnces  the  tobacco,  the  Jamestown  weed  and  the  deadly 
nightshade ;  and  still  more  singniar  Is  it  that  edible  innocence  in  a  pro- 
daot  may  be  intimately  associated  with  a  poisonous  element  in  the 
plant.  Starch-yielding  tnbers  may  even  be  in  tbemselTeB  an  association 
of  simplicity  and  venom,  and  we  find  both  in  the  cassava,  from  which 
tapioca  is  obtained — the  solnble  elements  of  the  timber  being  poison- 
ous, and  the  insoluble  starch  edible.  In  the  White  potato  we  have  a 
solannm  which  has  poisonous  soronts  and  fruit,  with  a  valuable  and 
innocent  tuber  or  snbterranean  root-stock.  The  poison,  solania,  is 
found  in  the  white  sprouts  of  the  tnber  and  in  the  green  seed-ball  or 
fruit,  but  not  in  the  tnber  as  prepared  by  boiling  or  roasting.  Solania 
is  not  a  powerfal  poison,  and  one  of  very  ancertain  strength.  The 
tomato  plant  contains  solania,  while  the  fruit,  which  has  the  same  nn- 
pleasant  odor,  is  free  from  it.  Three  deadly  poisons,  among  the  most 
potent  of  all  active  vegetable  principles,  are  obtained  from  some  of 
the  Bolanacea — namely, nicotia,  from  tobacco;  dataria,from  stamoninm, 
and  atropia,  from  belladonna.  One  drop  of  pure  nicotia  will  kill  a 
large  dog  in  a  few  minutes,  and  the  other  two  are  fatal  iu  minnte  qnan- 
tities. — I>r.  Harris,  before  Penn.  Rort.  Society. 


■       •  MISSOUEPS  APPLE  OBOP. 

When  the  statement  was  pablished  five  or  six  months  ago  that  the 
fruit  crop  of  the  State  for  1890  was  worth  ten  million  dollars,  and  al- 
though coming  from  snch  a  reliable  and  close  obseiver  as  Mr.  L.  A. 
Goodman,  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Horticnltnral  society,  it  was  re- 
garded with  a  great  deal  of  doubt  by  many  of  our  best  posted  men. 
The  figures  looked  decidedly  extravagant  at  the  time,  and  may  appear 
so  today  to  a  good  portion  of  the  producers,  yet,  in  the  light  of  the 
information  coming  to  the  surface  daily,  in  view  of  what  a  few  lead- 
ing points  have  done  in  the  way  of  shipping  and  selling,  we  are  bound 
to  admit  that  the  figures  given  form,  not  only  a  modest  estimate,  but 
actoally  fall  short  of  the  correct  value  of  the  crop.  We  might  go  fur- 
ther and  say  that  the  apple  crop  alone  was  worth  ten  millions,  and  a 


170  STATB   HOETIOTTLTUEiL  8O0IKTT. 

compilatioQ  of  the  facts,  which,  b;  the  way,  might  be  easily  gathered 
by  the  frait-growers  of  the  SUte  for  their  annnal  meeting  next  monlbr 
will  show  that  snm  consUtntes  but  a  reasonable  eatimate.  The  dried 
and  evaporated  fraite  of  themselves  would  in  the  aggregate  bring  a- 
millioQ  dollars.  Car  after  car  came  to  this  market  over  every  road, 
each  car  bringing  from  $1,600  to  $3,000.  Other  markets  too  were 
liberally  patronized,  Kansas  City  and  Chicago  B«caring  a  good  deal  of 
it.  With  more  than  doable  the  usnal  price  prevailing,  a  car  of  dried 
fmit  amonnted  to  something. 

Ad  official  of  the  C.  &  A.  B.  B.,  a  part  of  whoae  labor  lay  along^ 
that  branch  of  the  company's  line  peuetTating  MiasoDri,  and  a  fine 
apple  region,  took  special  pains  to  keep  track  of  the  movement  of  ap- 
ples, for  his  road  took  hnndreds  of  cars  oat  of  (be  State,  possibly 
handling  as  many  as  any  other  railroad  in  the  State  daring  the  season^ 
This  gentleman  has  not  only  compiled  figures  of  shipments  made  over 
his  road  from  Missouri,  bat  has  also  secured  figures  showing  largely 
what  the  rival  roads  had  been  doing,  and  he  has  placed  the  crop  of  the 
State  at  5,000,000  barrels.  However,  granting  that  his  estimate  was 
too  liberal,  it  cannot  be  placed  at  less  than  4,000,000  barrels,  which 
must  have  averaged  at  least  $2.50  per  barrel,  and  here  we  see  are  the 
$10,000,000  as  the  value  of  the  apple  crop  of  the  State,  without  any 
reference  at  all  to  the  dried  and  evaporated  output. 

A  few  additional  facts  in  this  connection  might  be  added  here. 
Marshall,  Mo.,  shipped  162  cars  ;  Boonville,  150  cars;  Lexington,  Cal> 
ifornia,  Nevada,  Independence,  Columbia,  Centralia,  Salisbury,  War- 
rensl'urg,  Louisiana,  and  a  hundred  other  leading  shipping  points^ 
forwarded  a  great  nnmber  of  cars,  and  almost  every  miirket  in  lb© 
country  was  represented.  A  dozen  cities  were  often  represented  in  the 
same  town.  It  was  a  great  season  for  speculators,  because  the 
markets  advanced  without  interrnption  from  the  start,  and  prices  are 
still  going  up,  and  few  if  any  cars  went  out  that  did  not  make  money 
for  the  owner.  G.  G.  Bell,  of  Boonville,  has  been  undoubtedly  the 
apple  king  of  the  State  for  1890.  He  handled  the  160  cars  that  left 
Boonville,  and  hia  rivals  at  other  points  figure  his  profits  on  the 
season's  work  at  no  less  than  $30,000,  as  he  had  fewer  rivals  to  fight 
t^an  any  other  speculator  in  the  State,  being  especially  favored  by  the 
merchants  as  well  as  the  orchardists  in  that  section  while  he  was  bay- 
ing and  shipping. 

As  showing  the  profits  in  apples  and  how  money  was  made  during- 
the  season  just  closing,  a  case  at  Marshall,  Mo.,  might  be  cited.  A 
gentleman  named  Bogers,  &om  St.  Louis,  was  about  the  first  bnyer  oq 
the  ground,   appearing  early  in  September  at  Marshall.    He  soon 


MiaOBLLANBOVS   PAPKBS.  171 

parchased  a  very  floe  orchard  for  t2S0,  one  of  the  first  sales  made  in 
that  sectioD.  A  Buffalo  man  came  along  soon  afterward  and  paid  the 
St.  Loais  man  $1,250  for  the  orchard.  Several  weeks  later  Earle 
Bros.,  of  Chicago,  who  had  by  this  time  acqnfred  a  good  appetite  for 
apples,  offered  the  Buffalo  maD  t3,000  for  the  fruit  picked  at  the  foot 
of  the  trees  loose.  The  first  buyer  cleared  $t,000  without  lifting  his 
hands,  while  the  next  man  cleared  much  more,  and  ootside  of  a  small 
deposit,  no  expenditure  of  time,  money  or  labor  was  involved  or  ex- 
pended by  either  Incky  investor — Colman'i  Rural  World. 


"THE  RURAL  HEW  YORKER  POTATO  KO.  2." 

We  have  received  the  following  instructive  and  interesting  letter 
from  a  aabsoriber : 

The  smmll  potato  lent  me  by  thn  "  The  llural  "  two  jekra  ago  was  planted 
and  yielded  me  16  ponuda  of  tine  potatoea.  Tliey  kept  well  and  1  plutted  tbem  the 
flth  or  Hay.  I  prepared  a  plot  of  gtavelly  ground,  60  by  31  feet,  b>  plowing  nnder 
one  load  of  stable  manure,  and  harrowing  until  It  was  thoroaRbly  pulverized.  1 
furrowed  ont  according  to  "  The  Koral "  trench  syatem,  making  tbe  rows  3}  feet 
apart.  In  the  four-lnota  deep  trenches  1  acattered  and  thoroughly  mixed  with  tbe 
ioU  '  Stock  bridge's  potato  manure  '  and  a  little  sulpbur.  Tbe  potatoes,  wbich  I 
cat  Into  one-eye  pieces,  I  placed  In  tbe  trencbes,  flesh  side  down,  18  Inches  apart, 
covering  them  two  Inobes  deep.  In  10  days  they  were  np  nicely ;  now  I  scattered 
on  more  fertillKer  and  fliled  up  the  trenches.  After  another  ID  days  I  sowed  bro&d- 
eaat  between  tbe  rows  more  fertilizer,  tbns  using  It  st  tbe  rate  of  1 ,000  pounds  per 
acre.  I  kept  tbe  ground  free  from  weeds  and  frequently  cultivated  until  tbe  vines 
covering  tbe  ground  made  tt  Impoasible  without  injuring  them.  The  potatoes  were 
dug  September  4,  yielding  IS  bushels,  or  at  tbe  rate  of  664  bushels  per  aore.  There 
were  very  few  among  tbem  as  small  as  the  one  I  received  from  "The  R.N.  Y," 
Many  large  ones  weighed  nearly  two  pounds  each.  They' were  shapely  and  free 
from  scab.  As  tbe;  laid  on  tbe  ground,  an  old  hrmer  passing  by  said  It  waa  the 
greatest  Bight  he  ever  aaw. 

C.  H.  Flbtcber, 
Chautauqua  county,  N.  Y. 


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ST1.TB  HOBTIOULTIRAL  BOCIBTTY. 


THE  MISSION  OF  THE  OOUHTEY  BOY, 

This  conotr;  boy  of  Nazareth  came  forth  to  atone  for  the  sine  of 
the  world  and  to  correct  thn  follies  of  the  world,  and  to  stamp  oat  the 
cruelties  of  the  world  and  lo  illumine  the  darkness  of  the  world,  and 
to  tranaflgure  the  hemisphere,  spoke  Dr.  Talmage  lu  a  recent  sermon. 
So  it  has  been  the  mission  of  the  country  boys  in  all  ages  to  transform 
and  inspire  and  rescne.  Tfaey  come  into  our  merchandise  and  oar 
cocrt-rooms  and  our  healing  art  and  oar  studios  and  our  theology. 
They  lived  in  Nazareth  before  tbey  entered  Jerusalem.  And  but  for 
that  annual  influx,  our  cities  would  have  enervated  and  sickened  and 
sMn  the  r»ice.  Late  hoars  and  hartful  apparel  and  overtaxed  diges- 
tive organs  and  crowded  environments  of  city  life  would  have  halted 
the  world,  but  the  valleys  and  mountains  of  Nazareth  have  ^ven  a 
fVesh  snpply  of  health  and  moral  invigoration  to  Jerasalem,  and  the 
coantry  saves  the  town.  From  the  hills  of  New  Hampshire  and  the 
hills  of  Vitgiuia  and  the  hille  of  Georgia  come  into  our  national  elo- 
quence the  Webstere  and  the  Clays  and  the  Henry  W.  Gradys.  From 
the  plain  homes  of  Massachnsetts  and  Maryland  come  into  oar  national 
charities  the  George  Peabodys  and  the  William  Corcorans.  From  the 
cabins  of  the  lonely  conntry  regions  come  into  onr  national  destinies 
the  Andrew  Jacksons  and  the  Abraham  Lincolns.  From  the  plowboy's 
farrow  and  village  conater  and  blacksmith's  forge  come  most  of  our 
^ty  giants. 


NEW  OR  LITTLE  KNOWN  PLANTS. 

THE  PELICAN  FLOWER  t-«TT»ioioeAi«  jjran-ii^o") 
The  remarkable  flower,  one  of  the  very  largest  known,  reproduced 
in  the  illustrations  of  the  present  issue,  was  grown  at  Bordentown, 
New  Jersey,  by  Mr.  E.  D.  Sturtevant,  who  commanicates  the  following 
note  with  regard  to  it : 

"About  a  year  ago  a  wealthy  amateur  residing  on  the  Hudson 
River  sent  me  some  vines  under  the  name  of  the  'Duck-plant,'  or 
'Aristoloehia  Pelican.'  It  was  said  to  be  new,  and  I  was  unable  to 
And  any  description  of  it  in  the  Gardeners'  Dictionary  or  in  the  cata- 
logae  of  any  narseryman.  Upon  inquiry  at  Kew  I  was  informed  that 
it  was  not  in  caltivatiou  there,  but  that  it  had  been  described  and 


Dgnz's:;!-.',  \_jV_;0' 


Sle 


MISOBLLANBOnS    PAPBBfi.  173 

figared  in  the  Botaoical  Magazine  nnder  the  name  of  Aristolochia 
grandifiora  or  Pelican  flower.  This  plant  has  proved  easy  of  cnlU- 
vatioD  and  rapid  in  growth  with  me.  In  December  of  last  year  a 
yonag  plant  was  placed  in  a  good-sized  box  of  rich  soil  in  a  warm 
green  hoase.  This  plant  in  June  had  made  a  growth  of  twenty  feet, 
and  began  flowering.  Many  bade  are  now  (October  lat)  well  devel- 
oped and  one  is  open.  At  first  sight  the  plant  reminds  one  of  a  large 
Morning-Glory  vine.  The  flower-bads,  banging  pendant  in  different 
stages  of  growth,  form  certainly  one  of  the  most  remarkable  sights  in 
the  veifetable  world,  and  eannot  foil  to  caase  exclamations  of  wonder 
from,  persons  seeing  them  for  the  first  time.  The  resemblance  to  the 
form  of  a  dnck  or  pelican  is  very  close,  the  head,  bill,  neck  and  body 
being  plainly  oatlined.  The  fully  developed  bad  measares  fifteen  to 
eighteen  iuchea  in  length,  and  is  as  large  as  a  good-sized  daok.  This 
is  exclosive  of  the  long  tail-like  appendage.  One  flower  fally  ex- 
panded last  June  measnred  twelve  by  eighteen  inches,  with  forty-two 
inches  of  tail,  making  the  total  length  sixty  inches.  At  the  time  the 
bad  opens  the  tail  assames  a  spiral  form,  and  appears  to  be  intended 
aa  a  ladder  for  the  use  of  insects  seeking  to  reach  the  flower.  The 
center  of  the  flower  appears  like  pnrple  velvet,  the  inside  of  the  throat 
being  lined  with  hairs  turned  downward,  and  intended,  apparently,  to 
prevent  the  return  of  the  insects  caught  within.  The  open  flower,  un- 
fortunately, emits  a  fetid  and  very  disagreeable  odor,  bat  this  is  not 
perceptible  before  it  expands.  I  find  that  this  plant  flonrishes  in  good 
loam  mixed  with  old  manure  or  other  fertilizers.  It  may  be  planted 
out  in  a  warm  green-bouse  or^rown  in  a  tub  which  can  be  kept  in  the 
open  air  during  the  summer,  and  taken  in  before  frost." — Garden  and 
Forest. 


THE  STRANGER  ON  THE  SILL. 

Between  broad  fleldi  of  wbe&t  and  corn 
Ib  the  lowly  bome  where  I  was  born  ; 
The  peaob  tree  leani  against  the  wall 
And  the  woodbine  wanders  over  all ; 
There  Is  (be  shaded  doorway  etUl, 
But  a  stranger's  foot  bas  crossed  the  sill. 

There  Is  the  barn,  and,  as  ot  ;ore, 
I  can  tmell  the  hay  ttom  tbe  open  door, 
And  see  tbe  busy  swallows  throng 
And  hear  tt>e  pewee'e  mournful  song  ; 
But  tbe  stranger  comes — oh  I  painful  proof- 
Hie  Bheaves  are  piled  to  the  heated  roof. 

D.|nz..byG00glC 


STATB  HORTIODLTTTEAI.  BOCIETT. 

Then  Is  th«  orch&rd— i^^h«  veiy  trees 
Wliere  mj  childbood  knew  long  bonre  of  eue, 
And  watcbed  tbe  Bbadowf  moments  run 
I'ill  my  life  Imbibed  more  Bbade  tban  sun : 
The  awing  from  tbe  bough  Btlll  sveept  the  air, 
Bat  tbe  stranger'a  oblldren  are  swiaglog  tbere. 

There  bubbles  the  shad^  spring  below. 

With  Its  bulrush  brook  where  the  ba/els  grow  ; 

'Twas  there  I  found  tbe  okUmng  root, 

And  watch  tbe  mlnnowg  poise  and  shoot. 

And  heard  the  robin  lave  Its  wing, 

But  the  strsiiger's  bucket  is  at  the  spring. 

O  je,  who  dally  eroas  the  alll. 

Step  llgbtlj,  for  I  love  It  still; 

And  when  joa  crowd  tbe  old  bam  eaves,  . 

Then  thlnli  what  oountleas  harvest  eheavei 

Have  passed  within  that  scented  door 

To  gladden  eyes  that  are.  no  more  I 

Deal  klndlf  with  these  orchard  trees. 
And  when  yoar  children  crowd  their  knees, 
Their  sweetest  f^lt  thej-  shall  Impart, 
As  if  old  memorlei  stirred  tbelr  heart ; 
To^onthful  sports  stlU  leave  tbe  swing, 
And  In  sweet  reverence  bold  tbe  spring. 

The  ham,  the  trees,  tbe  brook,  the  birds. 
The  meadows,  with  tbelr  lowing  herds, 
The  woodbine  on  the  cottage  wall — 
U7  heart  still  Ungers  with  then  all ; 
Ye  strangen  on  my  native  still, 
^  Step  lightly,  for  1  love  it  stlU! 

— T/umtaa  BveAanan  Rrad. 


LIQUID  MANURE  FOR  POTTED  PLANTS. 

Honse-pIaDts  do  not,  aa  a  rule,  flow«r  freely  nutU  their  pots  are 
filled  with  roota,  or,  as  it  is  QSnally  termed,  they  are  "pot-bonnd." 
When  this  is  the  case,  the  soil  soon  becomes  exhausted,  and  the  plant 
has  nothing  to  feed  npon.  In  snch  cases,  recourse  must'be  had  to  re* 
potting  with  fresh  Boil,  or  applications  of  liquid  maoare.  The  latter  is 
decidedly  to  be  preferred,  aa,  in  repotting,  the  plants  are  liable  to  re- 
ceive a  check,  either  ttom  root  disturbance,  or  firom  a  new  growth  con- 
sequent npou  the  new  couditione  in  tbe  supply  of  plant  food.  When 
a  plant  is  ready  to  bloom,  all  that  is  neceasary  is  to  famish  food  safll- 


MISOGLLANBOTIS   PAPBBS.  175 

cient  to  develop  the  flowers.  At  this  period  the  plant  reBeuta  dlstarb- 
aace,  and  requires  sastenance.  This  can  in  no  way  be  so  well  applied 
as  by  liquid  maDores.  All  free-fiowering  plants,  snch  as  geraniums, 
petnnias,  callas  and  oxalis,  are  greatly  benefited  by  this  treatment 

It  may  be  nrged  that,  in  the  use  ot  liqaid  manure  for  house- plants, 
a  disagreeable  odor  may  arise.  But,  if  applied  in  weather  that  will 
permit  of  &ee  Tentilation  by  openiQg  the  windows,  this  will  very  soon 
pass  off.  In  extreme  cold  weather,  commercial  fertilizers  can  be  used. 
In  this  case  a  tablespoonfal  to  a  pail  of  water  will  be  amply  sufiBcient. 
Tbis  should  be  prepared  at  least  a  day  in  advance,  as  some  of  the 
chemicals  used  are  not  readily  dissolved  in  water — simply  held  in  sns- 
pension— and  to  be  used  by  the  plants  as  required.  From  the  use  of 
liquid  manures,  in  some  form,  satisfactory  results  are  sure  to  follow. 


Fresh  fmits  should  be  cooked  with  boiling  water.  As  sugar  is 
rendered  no  more  solable,  palatable,  digestible  or  nutritious  by  cook- 
ing, and  is,  in  the  presence  of  some  acids,  changed  to  glncose  by  the 
heat,  consequently  is  much  less  sweety  it  should  be  added  only  long 
enough  to  dissolve  nicely,  before  removing  the  tmii  ftom  the  fire. 
Dried  &uit  should  be  washed  and  then  soaked  in  cold  water  until  no 
longer  wrinkled  in  appearance,  but  antil  it  has  imbibed  sufficient  water 
to  give  the  original  rounded  form,  then  cooked  slowly  in  the  water  in 
which  it  was  soaked.  If  cooked  rapidly  iu  boiling  water  without  first 
being  soaked,  the  cells  are  hardened  by  the  heat  and  lose  the  power  of 
imbibing  water,  and  the  frait  comes  to  the  table  unsightly,  unpalatable 
and  indigestible. 


ONLY  A  EOSE. 

The  following  little  story  from  the  "  Youth's  Companion  "  is  so  full 
of  pathos  and  truth  and  the  lesson  to  be  learned  is  so  good,  that  we 
pnblisb  it  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  have  been  blessed  with  plenty, 
but  have  never  learned  the  tnie  road  to  happiness:  "A  few  years 
ago  a  lady  living  in  the  city  retamed  one  evening  from  the  country, 
where  she  had  been  spending  the  day,  with  a  large  basket  of  roses. 
As  she  approached  her  own  house  a  ragged,  dirty  boy  followed  her  with 
such  wistful  eyes  that  she  gave  him  a  rose.  Before  her  door  was 
opened  he  was  beside  her  again  with  two  other  grimy  boys.    "  Ef  yoa 


176  STATB   HOETIOULTUBAL  SOCIETT. 

plaze,  mem,  ye'U  not  be  bavin'  one  to  spare  for  tbem  f "  pointing  to  his 
companions.  "  If  the;  bad  been  bnngry  and  asking  for  bread,"  sbe 
said  afterward,  "they  conid  not  have  watched  me  with  more  eager- 
ness. When  I  banded  them  the  roses  they  all  gave  a  shoat  and  darted 
away.  In  fifteen  minntes  the  steps  were  almost  filled  with  children, 
pale,  ragged,  starved  little  creatures.  I  do  not  know  where  they  came 
from ;  they  seemed  to  swarm  oat  of  the  earth.  I  gave  tbem  the  roses 
and  all  the  flowers  in  my  little  garden,  ashamed  to  think  bow  many  I 
bad  and  how  little  I  had  valued  them,  while  they  were  sach  priceless 
treaanres  to  these  children.  MoBt  of  the  children  ran  'home'  with 
their  flowers  as  if  H  had  been  rare  jewels.  Later  in  the  evening 
another  poor  little  wfuf  rang  the  bell  to  know  'if  this  was  the  house 
where  they  gave  away  flowers.'  I  determined  then  that,  with  Ood's 
help,  it  always  sboold  be."  Oot  of  this  chance  gift  of  a  rose  grew  the 
flower  mission  of  one  of  oar  great  cities.  Ko  one,  who  has  not  carried 
flowers  or  growing  plants  into  the  slams  of  oar  cities,  can  know  the 
delight  which  a  common  field  daisy  or  a  banch  of  clover  can  give  to 
their  wretched  inmates. 

A  little  incident  which  occarred  this  sammer  has  a  certua  signifi- 
cant pathos  of  its  own.  A  yoang  girl  one  day  bought  ttom  an  oM 
negro  on  the  sidewalk  a  bunch  of  purple  water-flags.  Going  into  a 
small  trimming  shop,  she  observed  that  the  saleswoman  eyed  tbem 
intently.  "What  are  those  flowers,  miss  I"  she  asked.  "I  never  saw 
them  before,  but  I  think  they  must  be  the  flags  my  mother  talks  aboat 
that  grew  on  the  creek  near  her  old  home  in  Delaware.  She's  never 
seen  any  since."  "  Give  them  to  her,"  said  the  customer,  kindly.  The 
woman  tried  to  thank  her,  bnt  the  words  choked  her.  "  She's  old  and 
very  sick,"  she  said  at  last.  ''  She  wont  be  here  long."  A  month 
later  the  yonng  girl  went  into  the  same  shop  again.  The  shop  girl, 
dressed  in  shabby  black,  came  to  her.  "  She  kept  those  dowers  by 
her  for  ten  days — as  long  as  she  lived,"  she  whispered.  "  She  tbonght 
they  came  from  her  old  home.  When  I  pat  her  in  her  cotBn  I  laid 
tbem  by  her.  There  was  a  little  color  in  them  yet.  They  had  given 
her  so  much  pleasure,  I  thought  I'd  like  to  have  them  go  with  her 
still."  It  is  not  necessary  to  beloug  to  a  dab  or  organization  to  joia 
in  this  beautiful  charity.  Any  child  who  lives  in  the  couatry  can  send 
a  box  of  wild  flowers  to  her  friend  in  town,  and  these,  if  taken  into  the 
nearest  court  or  alley,  will  become  a  missionary  charged  with  Qod's 
message  of  good  will  and  love.  Flowers  are  his  free  gift  to  man.  Pood, 
clothes,  even  knowledge,  we  must  work  for  and  bay,  but  flowers  grow 
for  the  beggar  on  the  wayside.  Shall  we  not  carry  His  gift  to  our  poor 
brother  imprisoned  in  city  walls,  who  has  not  received  itt " 


MISCBLLAHBOUS   PAPBES.  177 

We  have  jabt  received  a  sketch  of  the  life  and  aeivices  to  Ameri- 
c&Q  iLorticnltare  of  the  late  Peter  Henderson,  which  was  read  before 
the  Xew  York  Florists'  club  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Cowan.  One  of  the  inter- 
esting facts  brought  oat  in  this  paper  is  that  when  "  Gardening  for 
Profit "  was  prepared,  Mr.  Heuderson  was  occapied  with  hia  basinesB 
for  sixteen  hoars  a  day,  and  the  book  was  written  in  the  short  noon 
intervals  and  in  the  small  night  hours.  The  author  wrote  lying  on  his 
back  vith  bis  head  bolstered  up  to  rest  his  body  while  his  active  mind 
kept  at  work.  We  quote  this  not  so  mach  to  show  Mr.  Henderson's 
industry  and  energy  as  to  call  attenlion  to  the  fact  that  this  most  suc- 
cessful of  all  his  books,  and  probably  the  most  useful  work  on  market 
gardening  ever  published,  was  written  directly  from  the  author's  per- 
soual  and  daily  esperieuce.  Perhaps  this  will  help  to  account  for  its 
high  practical  valne. — Garden  and  Forest. 


TREE  LABELS. 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  when  asked  how  he  would  paint  a  picture  of 
folly,  said  he  would  represent  a  boy  climbing  over  a  high  and  difficult 
fence,  with  an  open  gate  close  at  hie  side.  We  are  reminded  of  this 
by  the  frequent  directions  often  given,  in  English  as  well  as  American 
journals,  for  the  construction  of  costly  and  elaborate  wired  tree-labels, 
while  the  simple,  cheap  and  durable  zinc  Tabels  have  been  repeatedly 
described  during  past  years.  A  small  strip  cut  from  scrap  sheet  zinc, 
the  name  near  one  end,  and  the  other  end  coUed  once  around  a  side 
branch,  vtll  remun  perfect  many  years.  The  name  is  written  on  the 
slightly  rusted  zinc  with  a  common  lead  pencil,  and  will  last  exposed 
to  the  weather  half  a  century, —  Country  Gentleman. 


Shall  we  throw  away  the  seed  ends  of  potatoes  t  Eefereuces  to 
flies  of  the  R.  N.  Y,  will  show  the  resnlls  of  our  own  experiments  to 
solve  this  much-mooted  question.  Mr.  Taft,  the  horticulturist  of  the 
Michigan  station,  cut  his  tubers  transversely  into  st«ms,  middles  and 
end  pieces.  The  conclusion  is  arrived  at  that  the  seed  end  is  as  valu- 
able for  planting  as  any  other  portion  of  the  tnber. 

Whole  potatoes  used  for  seed  yielded  293  bushels  per  acre,  halves 
317,  quarters  264,  eighths  221,  single  eyes  178. 

s  B — 12  I 


178  STATE  HOETICULTURAL  8O0IBTT. 

Mr.  Taft,  for  wbole  tuber  seeding,  used  oeatly  42  bnshels  to  the 
acre;  for  baJf-potato  seed,  20i;  for  quarter-eeediiig,  10  bneliels.  Tu- 
bers cat  into  eighths  reqaired  5  bnsbels  44  ponnde ;  single  eyes,  4  bush- 
els 10  ponnds.    The  seed  was  dropped  1  by  3i  feet  apart. 

The  half  of  a  large  potato,  of  a  medium  size^i  vhole  one  of  the 
same  weight  as  the  half — which  is  best  for  seed  1 

Here  is  Mr.  Taft's  report : 

Yield 
Qaftlltj  of  seed,    per  acre. 

'Whole  tubete  wotghlDg4j  oz 00  bnehelB    STO  bufibels. 

Whole  tubers  welgblDg  3i  OS U      "  361      " 

Half  tubere  welgbl  ng  1  j  oz 22      "         433      * ' 

Wbole  tubers  weighing  Ifoz 22      "         349}    ' ' 

Hslf  tubers  welghiag  i  oz II      "         809}    ' ' 

Single  eye,  cut  deep I'SJ    " 


THE  MERITS  OF  WOOD  ASHES. 

Id  an  essay  read  before  the  American  Horticnitaral  society  at  the 
Cleveland  (Ohio)  meeting  a  few  years  ago,  Mr.  J.  M.  Smith  gave  an  ac- 
cooQt  of  the  means  employed  for  the  prevention  of  the  evil  effects  of 
a  prolonged  drouth.  Among  these  means  a  free  nse  of  wood  ashes 
was  named  as  one  of  the  aimpleBt  and  most  effective. 

Becently  Mr.  Smith  has  made  a  comparative  test  of  the  effects  of 
wood  ashes  and  barn-yard  manure  on  a  acale  large  enoagh  to  show 
restilts  that  are  more  than  an  "indication."  Two  acres  lying  side  by 
side  were  treated  exactly  alike  in  every  respect,  except  that  one  was 
manured  with  unleached  wood  ashes  aud  the  other  with  stable  maunre. 
Mr.  Smith  reports  the  results  of  the  trial  to  the  "Prairie  Farmer"  as  fol- 
lows: 

The  acre  fertilized  with  ashes  yielded  51  bushels  the  most,  and  if 
there  was  any  difference  in  quality  it  wan  in  favor  of  those  that  had  the 
ashes.  !Now,  the  fair  inference  would  be  that  the  ashes  were  mach  the 
best  manure  for  potatoes.  Letns  look  a  little  further:  The  last  half  of 
May  and  the  first  half  of  June  were  wet  and  cold,  and  bo  for  the  two 
acres  seemed  to  keep  just  about  even.  After  June  15  the  weather 
became  veiy  dry,  and  there  was  little  rain  upon  the  plants  nntil  they 
were  ripe.  Very  soon  after  the  ground  began  to  get  dry,  it  could  be 
plainly  seen  that  those  manured  from  the  compost-beap  were  safferiug 
from  want  of  rain,  while  those  mannted  with  ashes  were  growing  very 
rapidly.    This  continned  until  they  were  ripe. 


uCoo<^le 


MISCBLLANEOnS  PAPEBS.  179 

The  simple  fact  ie,  potAtoes  or  Btrawberries  mannred  with  ashes 
stand  droath  that  would  be  ruinoaa  to  crops  feitilized  with  any  mattare 
I  have  ever  tried.  To  this  fact  I  attribnte  the  failure  of  the  compost- 
heap  acre  to  hold  its  own  with  the  acre  apon  which  ashes  were  aeed. 
I  have  tried  the  experiment  many  times,  always  with  precisely  the  same 
result,  provided  we  had  a  dry  season  daring  the  growth  of  the  crop.  I 
do  not  know  bat  the  rale  will  bold  good  with  all  f^rm  and  garden 
crops,  bat  with  the  above-named  there  >b  no  doabt.  I  do  not  nader- 
rate  ashes  as  luaaore.  I  have  nsed  them  in  preference  to  any  fertilizer 
I  coald  get  for  potatoes,  many  years. — Popular  Gardening. 


PLAHTAIN-IVT  P0IS05T. 

At  this  timely  seaeoa  the  "Karal  New  Yorker"  wants  information 
as  to  ivy  poison  and  the  "  cares"  for  it.  I  am  a  good  subjeet  to  exper- 
iment on,  for  1  get  poisoned  if  I  look  at  it,  and  I  get  it  "bad."  I  was 
laid  up  for  nine  weeks,  all  told,  with  it  last  summer.  Now  for  cures  : 
First  a  doctor  treated  me  with  sugar  of  lead ;  it  worked  "  beautifnllj," 
the  lead  and  ivy  worked  like  a  team,  and  it  took  me  six  weeks  to  get 
well.  Then  lobelia  was  tried ;  it  felt  really  nice,  bat  as  for  as  any  effect 
went,  I  could  feel  none.  I  was  advised  next  time  to  slake  some  lime, 
and  when  the  stuff  got  cold,  soak  my  band  in  it.  I  did  so,  and  so  far 
as  effect  was  concerned,  it  was  like  the  lobelia.  The  next  doctor  was 
more  "advanced."  He  said:  "Use  iodine  freely."  I  did — very  free- 
ly, and  the  skin  came  clean  off  in  aboat  twelve  boors.  It  was  then 
only  a  burn,  and  that  healed  in  a  week,  while  the  ivy  undisturbed  usu- 
ally took  three.  Here  was  progress,  bat  it  was  severe  treatment,  and 
quite  painful,  so  next  time  I  decided  to  do  as  a  friend  advised,  and  try 
St.  Jacob's  oil.  If  osed  freely  and  promptly,  I  fonnd  that  it  killed 
much  of  the  trouble ;  but  the  worst  spots  went  through  their  regular 
coarse.  This  brings  me  to  the  latter  part  of  last  summer.  Both  my 
hands  were  badly  poisoned  when  I  met  two  boys  on  the  road,  who 
kindly  told  me  I  was  a  fool  to  stand  that  pain  wheu  it  could  be  cnred  in 
a  day.  I  allowed  Ihem  to  "  doctor"  one  hand,  so  that  I  could  make 
comparison.  They  took  a  small  bunch  of  the  leaves  of  the  common 
plantain,  that  grows  everywhere;  grated  the  banch  on  a  stone  until 
the  sap  flowed  freely,  then  rubbed  my  left  hand  with  it  until  it  was 
green  with  sap.  I  was  told  to  wash  it  next  morning,  and  if  it  needed 
it,  rub  the  stuff  on  again.    It  did  not  need  it,  for  the  hand  was  practl- 


180  STATB   HOETICULTUEAI,  SOOIBTT. 

cally  well.  Still  I  did  pat  some  on  ooe  or  two  places  where  it  had 
been  very  bad,  and  that  "fixed"  Ihem,  At  the  same  time  I  rubbed 
the  sap  on  my  right  hand,  and  in  twenty^four  hours  I  coald  use  it 
freely.  I  have  been  poisoned  twice  since  then,  and  this  remedy  has 
given  instant  relief  and  speedy  cure. 


THE  PLANE  TREE. 

The  Platantis  is  Indeed  a  most  eccentric  and  extraordinary  tree,  as 
one  sees  it  in  Persia.  It  enjoys  water-courses  and  shady  valleys,  and 
it  grows  in  the  desert  far  ftom  water  with  equal  satisfaction  appar- 
ently and  with  eqval  graudenr.  It  is  by  far.the  noblest  tree  of  Central 
and  Western  Asia  in  its  form  and  dimensions.  The  Plane  tree  under 
which  Godfrey  of  Bonillou  encamped  liy  the  Bosphoms,  is  still  stand- 
ing, a  most  venerable  and  gigantic  palriarch.  Kot  many  years  ago  a 
aimilar  tree  was  standing  in  Asia  Minor,  which  was  reputed  to  be  tho 
tree  which  Xerxes  decorated  on  his  way  to  Greece Garden  and  For- 
est. 


A  LIVING  INSECT  TRAP. 

Not  a  single  creeping,  crawling  or  hopping  thing  is  to  be  seen  in 
oar  tomato  hot-bed  of  four  sashes,  except  one  toad,  which  in  reality  is 
nothing  else  than  a  wandering  (hopping)  insect  trap,  and  gobbles  up 
every  hapless  small  creature  that  gets  into  it.  Of  course  we  make  a- 
pet  of  our  living  insecticide,  and  have  almost  learned  to  admire  ita 
handsome  color,  and  its  intelligent  eye.  Sometimes  we  give  it  an  es- 
pecially dainty  morsel,  such  as  a  large  May  beetle,  or  even  a  potato 
beetle,  a  centipede,  etc.  Our  guest  takes  them  all  with  equal  gratitude 
and  appetite.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  toads  may  be  colonized  and 
put  to  good  use  in  cucumber,  melon  and  squash  patches.  At  any  rate 
we  intend  to  assign  to  them  the  duty  and  lesponsiblity  of  keeping  the 
vines  free  from  bugs  this  year,  and  it  will  be  safer  to  trust  lo  their 
watchfulness  than  to  depend  on  poisonous  appUcations. 


Following  are  lists  of  some  of  the  more  pleasing  flowering  trees, 
shrubs  and  plants,  classified  according  to  their  season  of  bloom : 

Earliest  Flowebing,  usually  befoee  iikY.— Shrubs — Mezerou 
Pink,  Forsytbia  or  Golden  Bell.  Ptants— Winter  Aconite,  Hellebore^ 
Snowdrops,  Crocus,  Pansies  in  frames. 


UI8CBLLANBOU8   PAPERS.  18l 

Hat  AND  June  Bloohbbs — Trees — Magnolias,  Bed  Bad  orJndas 
Tree,  White  Dogwood,  Horee  Cliestnat,  Yellow  Wood  or  Oladastris, 
Snowy  Mespilns,  Bird  Cherry,  Locasts,  Thorns,  Flowering  frnit  trees. 
S\rvhi — Carrant,  Azaleas,  Bash  Honeysnckle,  Japan  Quince,  Lilacs, 
Flowering  Plain  and  Almond,  Early  Spirees,  VibaruaniH,  Tamarisk, 
Galycantbns,  Deatzia,  Mock  Orange  or  Syringia,  Boees,  Weigelas,  Cle- 
matis. Plants — Talipe,  Hyacinthe,  Narcissns,  Peonies,  Columbines, 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  Garden  Pinks,  Hepatica,  Creeping  Phloxes,  Herba- 
ceone  Spines,  Violets,  Crown  Imperials,  Bleeding  Heart,  Oriental  Pop- 
pies, Lychnis,  Periwinkle. 

SUMMEE     AND    EARLY    AUTtTMN     BLOOMKES IVfl«— ChestDOt, 

Kolrenteria,  Sumachs.  Skrubt — Altbea  or  Bose  of  Sharon,  Clethra, 
Japan  Corchorns,  Panicle-fiowered  Hydrangeas,  Late  Bpirses,  Smoke 
Bash,  Trnmpet  Vine.  Planta — Monkshood,  Milfoil,  Japan  Anemones, 
Golden-eparred  Columbine,  Campanulas;  Sweet  Williams,  Plantain  Lily, 
Day  Lily,  True  Lilies  in  variety,  Hollyhocks,  Spiderwerts,  Sun-flowers, 
Annuals,  Tender  Plants. 

Atteaction  in  Fall  and  Wihtbe. — IV««— Evergreens,  White- 
foarked  Birches.  Shrvia — Box  and  other  Dwarf  Evergreens,  Burning 
Bash,  Barberry,  Waxberry,  Witch  Hazel.  Plants — Chrysanthemums, 
Hellebores. 


EABLT  THINNISG  OP  FEUIT  ESSENTIAL. 

The  honicultarist  of  the  Missouri  Experiment  station  has  made 
aome  analyses  of  apples  during  the  different  periods  of  their  growth, 
which  show  that  macb  the  greater  proportion  of  the  ash  is  stored 
np  in  the  early  part  of  the  growth  of  the  fruit.  This  is  urged  as  an 
additional  reason  for  thinning  as  soon  as  the  wormy^nd  imperfect  spe- 
cimens of  the  fruit  can  be  distinguished.  A  barrel  of  large  and  perfect 
apples  takes  a  smaller  amount  of  mineral  plant  food  from  the  soil 
thaa  a  barrel  of  small  inferior  frait.  The  apples  on  an  acre  of  ground 
where  the  trees  stand  thirty  feet  apart  and  yield  ten  bushels  of  fruit  to 
the  tree,  take  from  tbe  soil  more  than  43  pounds  of  potash.  This  sug- 
gests the  use  of  ashes,  or  of  the  potash  salts,  as  a  dressing  for  or- 
chards.— Popular  Gardening. 


There  are  no  roses  that  are  likely  to  prove  of  more  value  to  those 
florists  who  need  plants  to  flower  outside  daring  tbe  summer  months 
than  the  old  varieties  Malmaison  and  Dachees  de  Brabant.  Good 
plants  of  these  from  4-inch  pots  planted  outside  in  May  will  astonish 
many  by  the  profusion  and  quality  of  the  flowers  that  they  will  pro- 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_V 


\gk 


182  BTATK  H0ET10UI.TUKAL   SOOIBTT. 

dace.  Attend  to  them,  and  th?y  will  well  repay  the  labor  and  care 
expended  upon  them.  Duchess  de  Brabant  is  of  particnlar  valne  as  »■ 
plant  for  spring  sales  in  pot«.  There  is  no  rose  that  can  earpass  it  in 
this  respect,  very  few  that  can  eqnal  it. — Alfred  E.  Whittle  tn  American- 
Fluritt. 


Pruning  the  bashes  is  a  part  of  rose  culture  in  which  many  grow* 
ers  make  their  greatest  mistake.  We  refer  especially  to  the  annual 
pruning,  which  is  best  done  in  March  or  early  April.  All  kinds  must 
be  pruned  when  planted. 

In  the  case  of  Hybrid  Perpetnals,  a  proverb  of  "  spare  the  knife 
and  spoil  the  bush  "  is  decidedly  apt,  as  the  best  resulte  cannot  be- 
obtained  nnless  the  knife  is  freely  need  in  the  spring.  Tbe  operation 
of  pmning  is  a  most  simple  one.  Cut  away  all  weakly  growth,  and 
cutting  back  the  strong  stems  to  five  or  sereti  eyes,  keeping  this  in 
mind,  that  the  weaker  t'te  growth  the  more  closely  it  should  be  cut 
back.  Another  consideration  is  the  size  and  tbe  number  of  the 
flowers  desired ;  the  closer  the  cutting,  beuce  the  less  buds  remaining^ 
the  larger  will  be  the  tlowers ;  if  quantity  is  the  object  theu  more  buds- 
shoold  be  left.  Some  kinds  of  Hybrid  Perpetnals  should  be  pruned 
aftef  their  first  crop  of  flowers  to  induce  the  driving  of  flowering  wood, 
for  autnmn. — Popular  Qardming. 


AGBICULTUBAL  APHORISMS. 

Dont  rent  more  land  than  7011  well  can  work ; 
Don't  hope  to  succeed  if  f  on  love  to  ablrk ; 
Don't  think  jou  will  ever  get  through  learning; 
DoD't  think  that  Having  1b  lesB  than  earning ; 
Don't  starve  your  Htook  nor  o'erwork  jour  hands ; 
Don't  expect  good  crops  Ifyou  starve  your  lands  ; 
Don't  use  poor  tools  nor  let  good  ones  rust ; 
Don't  aBk  yoar  neighbor  for  time  nor  trust ; 
DoD't  make  a  debt  when  jou  know  you  can't  pay  It ; 
Don't  make  a  poor  rule  lest  none  will  obey  It ; 
Don't  get  behind  lest  you  work  In  haate; 
Don't  let  money,  time  or  manure  waste ; 
Don't  atlnt  your  home  to  help  swell  the  banks; 
Don't  M.\  to  give  for  a  favor,  thanka ; 
Don't  spend  your  time  at  tbe  corner  store  : 
Don't  give  a  little,  expecting  more ; 
Don't  hope  tbe  Lord  will  award  you  pelf. 


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MISOELLANBOUS   PAPBB8. 

Till  foa  make  an  effort  to  help  yourself; 
Don't  hope  nor  expect  a  bappj'  life. 
Till  foa  treat  as  well  as  joar  lioree,  your  wlfs ; 
Don't  growl,  don't  whine,  don't  cheat,  don't  lie, 
And  till  yon  have  done  your  part— don't  die, 

—  Co(ma»i'»  Rural  World. 


PEOPLE  WILL  TALK. 

You  may  set  through  the  world,  bat  'twill  be  very  slow 
If  you  listen  to  all  that  la  said  as  you  go. 
You'll  be  worried,  and  fretted,  and  kept  In  a  stew, 
Ab  meddlesome  tongues  must  have  something  to  do ; 
For  people  will  talk. 

If  quiet  and  modest,  you'll  fanve  It  presumed 
That  yoot  bumble  position  Is  only  assumed  ; 
You're  a  wolf  In  sheep's  clothing,  or  else  you're  a  fool. 
But  don't  get  excited— keep  perfectly  cool. 
For  people  will  talk. 

And  then  If  you  show  the  least  boldness  of  heart, 
Or  a  slight  IncllDBtlon  to  take  your  own  part. 
They  will  call  you  an  upstart,  conceited  and  vain. 
Bat  keep  straight  ahead- don't  stop  to  esplidn. 
For  people  will  talk. 

If  threadbare  your  dress,  or  old-fashioned  your  hat. 
Someone  will  surely  t»ke  notice  of  that. 
And  hint  rather  strong  that  you  can't  pay  your  way ; 
But  don't  get  excited,  whatever  they  say, 
For  people  will  talki 

If  yon  dress  In  the  fashion  don't  think  to  escape. 
For  they  orltlolse  then  in  a  different  shape : 
You're  ahead  of  your  means,  or  your  tailor's  unpaid  ; 
But  mind  your  own  business— there's  naught  to  be  toade, 
For  people  will  talk. 


KEEPING  CUT  FLOWERS. 

Tbere  are  two  importaat  pointa — to  keep  the  water  pure  and  to 
cut  o£f  the  ends  of  the  Btems  as  they  hardeo.  The  water  may  be  kept 
pare  by  &eqaeDt  change,  but  it  is  easier  to  nse  some  antiBeptic — am- 
monia, nitrate  of  soda,  or  salicylic  acid.  The  iBstnamed  is  the  best 
Be  careful  not  to  nse  too  maoh.    The  ends  of  the  stems  should  be  ot 


184  STATE   HOETICULTTIRiL  SOCIKTT. 

off  each  morDing,  at  least,  as  they  harden  and  close  the  sap  vesselB, 
and  water  cannot  be  absorbed ;  and  also,  the  ends  of  the  etems  should 
not  rest  on  the  bottom  of  the  vessel.  The  veesel  should  be  so  large 
that  the  stems  are  not  crowded  in  it.  The  flowers  can  be  kept  longer 
by  removing  them  from  the  vessel  over  nighty  sprinkling  them  nntil 
quite  damp,  and  wrapping  them  in  several  thicknesaes  of  paper  or  pat- 
ting them  in  a  pasteboard  box,  and  placing  them  in  a  cool  place.  Flow- 
ers  may  be  revived  by  catting  off  the  ends  of  the  stems  and  placing 
them  for  ten  minutes  in  water  almost  boiling  hot,  then  in  cold  water  to 
remain, — American  Agriculturist. 


In  many  French  villages  boards  are  set  ap,  bearing  the  following 
instractions :  "Hedgehog:  Lives  upon  mice,  snails  and  wire-worms, 
animals  injarioas  to  agricultnre.  Don't  kill  a  hedgehog.  Toad :  Helps 
agricnltare ;  destroys  twenty  to  thirty  insects  honrly.  Don't  kill  a  toad. 
Cockchafer  and  its  larvse :  Deadly  enemies  to  farmers ;  lays  seventy  to 
one  hundred  eggs.  Kill  the  cockchafer.  Birds :  Each  department  of 
France  loses  yearly  many  millions  of  francs  through  the  injury  done 
by  insects.    Don't  kill  the  birds." 


DOUBLE-FLOWERED  CHINESE  PLUM. 

(Prunus  triloba.J  There  are  but  few  more  beautifnl  hardy  flower- 
ing shrubs  than  this,  yet  one  seldom  meets  with  it.  For  small  gardens 
it  has  special  value,  as  it  does  not  grow  to  a  large  size,  forming,  when 
grown  as  a  standard,  a  dwarf-spreading  head.  For  this  reason,  when 
placed  in  shrubberies  where  vigorous  growing  trees  abound,  it  should 
be  brought  well  to  the  front,  where,  in  early  spring  when  crowded  witJi 
blossoms,  it  forms  a  conspicuous  object.  In  the  alaodard  form,  indeed, 
it  well  deserves  a  position  on  the  grass  ;  but  it  should,  if  possible,  get 
some  shelter,  for  rough  winds  and  heavy  rains  damage  the  expanded 
flowers.  It  may  also  be  grown  in  bush  form,  and  it  is  really  admirable 
for  forcing  under  glass  in  winter,,  as  it  flowers  freely  in  pots  in  a  small 
state,  and  rcQuires  bat  little  heat  to  induce  it  to  open  its  blooms.  The 
same  plants  may  be  need  year  after  year  if  carefully  hardened  off, 
plunged  or  planted  ont,  and  well  fed  in  summer,  bat  it  is  better  to  have 
two  sets,  allowing  one  year  to  recuperate. — J.  0. 


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MIBCBLLANB0D8   FAPBB8. 


HOT  WA.TEK  VS.  STEAM. 


Prof.  L,  B.  Taft  of  the  Agricnltaral  college  of  Michigan  has  aUo 
made  Bome  comparative  tests  of  the  hot  water  and  eteam  eysteme  for 
heating  green-houses,  Trhich  corroborate  Prof.  Maynard's  conclusions 
that  the  hot  water  system  is  less  expensive,  aod  consequently  prefer- 
able. The  records  kept  of  the  two  test  green-honaes  on  the  college 
groBDds  show  that  daring  January  the  hot  water  house  averaged  1.5 
degrees  warmer  than  the  stcam-beated  bonse,  and  to  secure  this  it  re- 
quired 675  poands  of  coal  less  than  was  used  in  the  eteam  heater.  Id 
Febroary  the  water  bonse  averaged  one  degree  warmer  tban  the  other, 
and  the  cosl  used  was  625  pounds  less.  Altogether,  Prof.  Taft  feels 
justified  by  these  results  to  say  that  while  the  old  metliod  of  piping  for 
water  beating  with  four-inch  cast-iron  pipes  was  nndonbtedly  less  econo- 
mical than  steam  heating,  the  present  system  of  water  heating  with  small 
pipes  will  certainly  prove  more  satisfactory  in  everyway  for  houses  less 
than  100  feet  in  length. — Popular  Gardening. 


POISONING  THE  ENGLISH  SPARROW. 

A  recent  report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  cootains  the  fol- 
lowing recipe :  Dissolve  an  ounce  of  arseniate  of  soda  in  a  pint  of 
warm  water;  pour  this  apon  as  much  wheat  as  it  will  cover  (in  a  ves- 
sel to  prevent  evaporation),  and  soak  twenty-four  hours.  Dry  the  wheat 
so  prepared  and  it  is  ready  tor  use.  The  sparrow  sbonld  be  baited  for 
several  days  previously  with  good  wheat,  and  the  poisoned  wheat  sub- 
atitnted  at  the  same  place  and  time.  The  utmost  care  must  be  used  in 
administering  poison  of  suy  kind  to  sparrows,  and  any  person  or  ani- 
mal eating  the  dead  sparrows  are  liable  to  be  fatally  poisoned. — Popu- 
lar Oardening. 


CALIPOKNIA  FLOWERS. 

The  average  bouquet  called  ttom  the  garden  consists  of  too  many 
flowers ;  it  is  a  crowded  mass  of  bloom  instead  of  a  charming  nosegay 
in  which  the  individual  flowers  show  to  the  beet  advantage.  That  the 
crowding  of  the  material  in  any  flower  arrangement  is  a  mistake  is 
easily  susceptible  of  proof.  Let  the  reader  take  a  liberal  quantity  of 
bloom  and  arrange  it  in  a  single  large  bunch ;  then  take  an  exactly 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_V 


igle 


186  STATE  HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

similar  lot  and  divide  it  iuto  two  or  three  bouquets,  spreading  tli& 
flowers  somewhat  so  as  to  h»ve  the  ontliues  of  each  aboat  equal  in 
size  to  first  oae  made,  and  note  the  saperior  results  from  an  equal 
quantity  of  flowers,  says  "Popular  Gardening."  This  t«st,  however,, 
presupposes  the  use  of  ordinary  garden  blooms  cut  with  long  stems, 
some  of  them  to  be  very  long,  say  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet  in 
length.  This  is  a  point  in  itself  not  safficientlj  appreciated.  For  to 
arrange  advantageously  one  should  employ  an  abundance  of  long  stems. 
Indeed,  if  such  stems  are  naturally  lacking,  it  may  be  well  to  follow 
the  florists  and  provide  suitable  artificial  sterna.  In  the  making  of 
every  kind  of  bouqnets  we  may  take  some  most  useful  lessons  from 
the  commercial  florist  VThere  flowers  have  a  money  value  it  of 
course  increases  the  profits  to  be  able  to  make  any  given  quantity  go 
as  far  as  possible,  and  yet  the  spreading  out  of  blooms  may  be  carried 
tar  with  no  disadvantage  to  the  buyer.  The  ideal  bouquet  has  every 
flower  uDcrowded. 

Where  tbe  stems  of  flowers  are  short,  or  the  object  is  to  tie  a  flat 
or  rounded  hand-bouquet,  bow  is  one  to  proceed  in  spreading  the 
blooms  1  Let  us  watcb  the  commerciial  florist  tie  up  a  nosegay.  lu 
the  first  place,  if  any  flowers  are  too  slender  to  be  stiffly  supported  by 
their  own  stems,  or  the  stems  of  which  are  very  short,  he  supplies  » 
wire  to  make  up  the  deficiency  ot  nature.  Then  he  commences  his 
bouquet  by  selecting  a  good,  bold  flower,  such  as  a  rose,  lily  or  oamelia 
for  the  center,  which  he  winds  with  strong  thread  onto  a  thin,  stiff 
twig.  Around  this  center  flower  he  then  places  a  few  leaves,  and  out- 
side of  these,  to  be  an  inch  or  two  below  the  flower,  he  binds  sufficient 
moss  so  that  when  a  circle  of  flowers  is  added,  they  will  not  unduly 
crowd  or  overlap  the  first  flower.  It  is  usual  to  start  with  smaller 
individuals  or  trasses  of  flowers  in  this  front  line  outward,  and  place  a 
few  light  sprays  of  bloom  between  them  to  stand  out  boldly  above  the 
regular  surface ;  next  another  ring  of  moss  is  bound  on  the  center  stem, 
after  which  more  green  is  applied  and  another  circle  of  flowers  and  of 
projecting  sprays.  In  this  manner  the  bouquet  is  proceeded  with  until 
a  suitable  size  is  reached,  when  it  may  be  finished  by  the  addition  of  an 
edging  of  pleasing  foliage,  as  smilax,  fern,  rose  or  camelia  leaves. 

In  the  making  of  a  bouquet  thus,  the  use  of  a  variety  of  flowers  is 
assumed.  But  the  style  now  very  much  and  very  sensibly  in  vogue  is 
the  use  of  but  a  single  kind  of  flowers  in  a  bouquet ;  it  may  be  of  roses^ 
sweet  peas,  mignonette,  violets,  pansies,  tulips,  lilies,  or  other  kinds.  In 
this  case  the  course  to  employ  for  preventing  crowding  is  not  dissimilar 
from  that  we  quoted.  Buttoavoida  stiff  and  monotonous  appearance 
in  the  boquet,  pains  must  be  taken  to  have  some  flowers  stand  out  con- 


HI80ELLANB0US   FAPEB8.  1S7 

siderably  bejont)  the  others  and  yet  not  be  crowded,  a  matter  easily 
effected  by  the  ase  of  plenty  of  moBB  back  of  the  ioner  line  of  flowers^ 
for  keeping  the  arraDgemest  open.  A  very  haudsome  style  of  boaqaet 
is  ooe  in  which  several  shades  of  the  same  flower  are  used,  arranging 
them  ufaiformiy  in  lines  crosswise.  We  allade  to  the  nse  of  the  datkest 
shade  on  one  side  of  the  bouqnet  and  then  grading  in  the  line  of  next 
darkest,  and  so  on  in  snccession  to  the  lightest  on  the  further  or  oppo* 
Bite  aide.  A  similar  style  may  be  employed  in  makingan  upright  anchor^ 
cross  or  other  floral  design  Boitable  for  a  fnneial.  For  instance,  it  may 
be  the  desire  to  make  a  harp  of  pansies  alone.  After  gathering  the 
flowers,  grade  them  according  to  color  and  shade.  Then  in  their  nse 
begin  with  the  lightest  ones  at  the  bottom  and  proceeding  with  the  va- 
rions  saccessiTe  shades  in  regalar  order  to  complete  the  entire  piece, 
ending  with  the  darkest,  even  if  it  be  black  pansies,  at  the  top.  What- 
ever the  nature  of  any  piece  of  flowers,  it  shoold  have  some  kind  of 
edging  or  setting  of  gree'n. — California  Fruit- Grower. 


THE  BIGGEST  APPLE  TREE  OST  EARTH. 

The  Boston  Jonmat  says  the  largest  apple  tree  in  Kew  England,, 
and  probably  in  the  world,  is  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Cheshire^ 
Conn.,  standing  in  Mr.  Delos  Hotchkiss'  dooryard.  Its  age  can  be 
traced  by  a  family  tradition  to  110  years  at  least,  and  it  may  be  twenty 
or  twenty-five  years  older. 

It  ia  at  the  present  time  of  symmetrical  shape ;  the  trunk  is  nearly 
round,  without  a  scar  or  blemish  on  it ;  there  are  eight  large  branches 
five  of  them  have  been  in  the  habit  of  bearing  one  year  and  the  other 
three  the  next.  Mr.  Hotchkiss  has  gathered  in  one  year  from  the  five» 
branches  eighty-flve  bushels  of  fi-oit,  and  his  predecessor  had  harvestet- 
a  crop  of  110  basbels  from  the  same  five  branches. 

By  cai-eful  measurement,  the  circumference  of  the  trunk  one  foot 
above  the  ground,  above  all  enlargements  of  the  roots,  is  thirteen  feet 
eight  inches.  The  height  of  the  tree  has  been  carefully  measured  and 
foand  to  be  sixty  feet,  and  the  spread  of  the  branches,  as  the  apples 
&11,  is  100  feet  or  six  rods.  The  fruit  jis  rather  small,  sweet,  and  of 
moderate  excellence.  But  only  think  uf  it :  85  bushels  of  apples  in  one 
year  from  a  single  tree,  and  110  bushels  from  another.  This  noble  old 
tree  has  no  peer,  thus  far,  in  the  apple  tree  history  of  this  or  any  other 
coantry. 


.y  Google 


BTATB   H0BTICT7LTDR1.L  BOCIBTT. 


TASTE  AND  TACT  IN  ARRANGING  GROUNDS.' 

[The  following  plan,  taken  from  "  Popnlar  Gardening."  I  consider  of  BufHclent 
value  to  give  us  some  tbonghts  In  regard  to  laying  off  oar  grounds.    The  cnt  bas 
been  kindly  loaned  qb  bj  tbe  publiabers  of  tbat  Journal.    A  little  study  of 'sacb  a 
plan  will  belp  any  one  who  wUbes  to  iraprove  tbeir  home, — Sbcbetarv.J 
SBOOND  PAPER. 

Onr  second  article  in  this  serial,  relates  to  tb«  home  groands  of  s 
New  York  State  &arsrrymBD.  This  gentleman  sent  to  os  tbe  npper 
£ketcli  of  grounds,  annexed,  with  a  request  for  an;  saggestionB  on  im- 


i- 


MISCELLANEODB   PAPEB8.  189 

proving  the  Bame  which  it  might  occar  to  ns  to  submit.  It  is  a  pleasure- 
to  comply  with  this  request,  for  if  there  is  one  class  more  than  another 
whom  we  are  glad  to  see  interested  in  tastefally  improving  their 
groands,  it  is  the  nurserymen. 

Indeed,  bat  little  argument  is  needed  to  uhow  that  not  only  every 
norseryman,  bnt  every  florist  and  seedsman  as  well,  should  follow  ttie 
example  of  the  present  applicant,  to  the  extent  of  providing,  as  his  op- 
portunities will  allow,  a  fine  object- lesson  in  ornamental  gardening,  for 
the  good  of  the  public  in  his  respective  locality.  These  men  sell  trees, 
vines,  plants  and  seeds  to  ©there ;  they  Bhould  show  others  by  example 
how  effectively  to  use  such  embellishing  materials.  Not  only  should 
their  grounds,  be  handsomely  arranged,  but  the  growing  of  many  speci- 
men trees  and  shrubs,  which  are  now  largely  unknown  to  planters, 
should  receive  mnch  attention,  with  a  view  to  scquaiuting  the  pnblic 
with  such.  They  should  aiso  undertake,  by  liberal  and  judicious  lead- 
ership, to  influence  public  sentiment  tov  ard  improving  the  public  high- 
ways, cemeteries,  parks,  squares,  school  grounds,  etc. 

61aneing  over  the  upper  plan  as  submitted  by  our  ftiend,  it  is  at 
once  seen  that  here  there  is  considerable  room  for  improvement.  The- 
.  place,  as  it  now  is,  presents  a  certain  poverty  of  garden  expression 
and  lack  of  pleasing  features.  An  exception  is  found  in  the  carved 
hedge  of  hemlock,  which  extends  from  the  office  to  the  highway,  and 
this  is  retained  in  the  new  plan.  The  merit  of  this  boldly-curving  hedge- 
liee  is  its  relieving,  very  decidedly  even  here,  the  numerous  straight 
lines  and  angles  which,  at  present,  constitate  one  of  the  chief  faults  of 
these  grounds. 

In  the  lower  plan  we  endeavor  to  show  how,  without  discarding,. 
or  even  varying  greatly  the  position  or  coarse  of  any  principal  element 
of  the  garden,  there  may  be  secured  a  strong  preponderance  of  grace- 
tn\  curves  and  Irregularity  throughout.  As  is  commonly  the  case  in 
gardens,  there  already  exists  in  this  one,  in  the  boundary  and  building 
outlines,  more  straight  lines  and  angles  than  is  conductive  to  pleasing 
garden  effects.  The  object  therefore  must  be,  instead  of  increasing 
this  characteristic,  by  embodying  these  into  the  walks,  drives  and  other 
features,  to  take  a  reverse  course,  so  that  the  fixed  lines  and  angles 
may  be  subdued  in  effect.  How  easily  this  can  be  done  in  the  present 
case  is  shown  by  the  details  of  the  lower  plan. 

Take  the  drive-way  and  walks  for  instaucc,  and  it  is  seen  that  with 
but  slight  curves  introduced,  they  may  be  nearly  as  direct  in  their 
coarse  as  are  the  old  straight  ones,  while  being  far  handsomer  in  con- 
tributing to  garden  beauty. 

Again,  to  have  the  front  yard  divided  by  a  straight  walk  through 
its  center,  and  then  each  division  centrally  occupied  by  a  ronnd  flower 


190  BTATB   HORTIOULTUEAL  SOCIETY. 

bed,  is  Dot  nearly  as  pleaeiDg  to  the  eye  as  to  liave  the  plat  or  plats 
nnoccnpied  at  the  center.  Let  it  be  laid  down  ae  a  fuDdamental  prin- 
ciple in  all  good  gardening,  to  which  there  are  very  few  exceptions,  that 
for  the  best  appearance,  the  centers  of  all  lawn  areae  should  be  kept 
clear  of  walks  or  other  featares  beeidee  grass. 

To  the  average  reader  it  might  appear  that  trees  and  sbmbs  are 
-snggeated  almost  to  excess  for  nse  tbroughont  the  grounds.  This  is 
not  trne,  especially  in  the  present  instance,  as  ihe  owner  desired  pro- 
Tisiou  for  many  specimen  ornamental  trees  and  growths  throaghont. 
Bnt  in  any  case  where  the  principle  here  illustrated  is  observed,  namely 
to  keep  the  plantings  largely  toward  the  margins  of  the  different  plata 
and  of  the  gronnds  in  general  with  the  centers  of  the  grass  areas  open, 
there  is  little  danger  of  introdacing  too  many  ti-ees,  shrubs  and  plants 
BO  far  as  appeaiauces  go.  The  cost  of  the  stock,  planting  and  main- 
taining might  be  an  objection  in  the  minds  of  some,  but  it  oaght  not  to 
be  to  a  nurseryman.  If  all  the  improvements  cannot  be  completed  in  one 
season,  it  is  yet  well  to  work  on  a  comprehensive  plan,  doing  a  portion 
of  the  work  each  year  until  all  is  accomplished. 

The  plan  of  arranging  the  shrubs,  plants  and  trees  mainly  in  groapg 
is  one  almost  always  to  be  recommended.  Numbers  in  a  mass,  espe- 
cially of  shrubs  and  plants,  contribute  boldness  and  character  in  a 
degree  not  attainable  by  scattering  the  same  about  singly.  In  the  ar- 
rangement here  shown,  if  judgment  and  taste  are  bestowed  on  tbe 
selection,  the  masses  of  shrubs,  flowers  and  rock-work  indicated  by  7, 
0, 11  should  contribute  a  most  attractive  part  to  the  garden.  Tbe  heavy 
masses  of  flowering  ehmbe  through  which  the  entrance  to  the  grounds 
at  1  is  made,  afford  a  charming  introdncllon  to  the  home  and  its  garden. 

With  locating  some  choice  evergreens  at  13, 13,  an  abundance  of 
shrubs  and  handsome  trees  along  tbe  western  boundary  near  the  resi- 
dence, a  tree  grove  in  the  southeast  portion  of  the  grounds,  and  having 
the  beautiful  earring  hemlock  hedge  at  one  extreme  side,  nierced  by  a 
passage- way  leading  to  the  fruit  plat  8,  and  plats  occupied  with  a  profusion 
of  sbmbs  and  flowers  at  7, 9,  It,  as  referred  to  above,  and  an  abundance 
of  other  choice  natural  material  scattered  over  the  place,  and  a  vine 
arbor  spanning  the  walk  at  5,  with  the  open  lawn  areas  affording  pleas- 
ant vistas  in  many  directions,  and  gracefully  winding  drive-way  and 
■  walks  throughout  the  grounds,  altogether  there  would  be  provided  in 
the  present  subject  tbe  elements  of  a  most  beautiful,  complete  and 
well-balanced  garden,  one  that  coald  not  fail  to  impart  endless  charms 
to  its  owner  and  to  all  beholders. 

•Copyright  1890,  by  "  Popular  Gardening  "  Pub.  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y, 


MI80BLLAMB0US   PAPERS.  191 

The  "  Sew  Xork  Herald  "  received  the  following  question  : 
I  am  a  country  boy.    I  came  from  a  farm  In  New  Hampehlre  to  New  York, 
-with  the  hope  of  making  a  rame  and  a  fortune.    Either  the  fame  or  the  fortune 
'would  aatiaff  mc<  bat  I  prefer  both  If  they  are  within  reach.    Will  yon  kindly  tell 
me  how  I  can  carve  out  tor  mveelf  a  «ncce«sful  career  i 

In  the  conrBe  of  its  inatrnctive  reply  Ihe  "Herald"  asks:  Is  a 
snrplue  of  cash  the  prime  factor  in  the  problem  of  bappineee,  and  is  a 
-citizen's  TiBefalness  to  be  tueasttred  by  bie  bank  accoant  solely  1  Yoa 
may  also  get  the  fame  yon  wish.  It  depends  on  yonr  edncation,  on  the 
■qnantity  and  qnality  of  yonr  brains  and  on  joni  native  genius.  With 
these,  everything  is  possible  ;  withont  them,  you  will  everlastingly  hun- 
ger for  the  unattainable,  and  in  the  end  draw  the  coverlid  of  a  wasted 
life  over  your  head  and  die  a  disappointed  man.  Don't  make  any  mis- 
take in  this  matter.  If  yon  wish  to  get  out  of  life  all  there  is  in  it — for 
jou — there  is  a  way  to  do  it.  Keal  happiness  consists  of  health,  self- 
respect,  the  good-will  of  the  commnnity  and  a  stifflcient  income  to 
gratify  yonr  reasonable  wants.  Everything  else  is  trivial  and  not 
worth  bothering  about.  The  man  who  has  steady  work,  fair  wages, 
a  cosy  home,  enough  to  eat,  a  thick  overcoat,  and  the  conscionsness  of 
personal  integrity,  is  a  mightily  favored  fellow,  in  possession  of  more 
than  three- quarters  of  the  best  tkings  which  this  world  affords.  If 
yon  are  mechanic,  or  artisan,  or  farmer,  be  proud  of  yourself,  and  the 
rest  of  the  world  wUl  soon  come  to  be  proud  of  yoa.  Nothing  is  needed 
«o  mach  in  this  generation  as  a  man  with  skilled  fingers.  You  may 
have  a  long  pnll,  but  the  clock  will  strike  an  unexpected  hour,  and  the 
■opportunity — which  comes  to  eveiybody  in  turn,  but  which  most  peo- 
ple miss — will  present  itself.  Study  the  bnll-dog,  and  when  you  get 
your  teeth  into  a  big  thing,  let  them  stay  there.  Save  money.  The 
coward  runs  in  debt,  the  brave  man  has  a  $5  surplus  in  his  pocket. 
"The  world  may  laugh  at  you  because  you  can't  have  a  fonr-in-hand 
neck-tie.  All  right,  let  it  laugh.  Ton  are  your  own  world,  and  the  peo- 
ple who  sneer  tire  simply  outside  barbarians.  When  they  see  that  $5 
"bill  growing  bigger,  they  will  all  want  to  shake  bands  with  yon  and 
aend'you  to  Congress.  Keep  well  within  your  income,  and  you  will 
save  yourself  from  skulking  round  the  comer  like  a  kicked  dog  when 
the  dun  is  on  your  track.  The  handiest  thing  on  the  planet  is  the  penny 
laid  up  for  a  rainy  day.  Kow,  young  sir,  get  rid  of  tbe  nonsense 
that  you  are  a  genius,  settle  down  to  the  conclusion  that  yon  are  just 
an  average  ■  Korth  American  boy,  and  then  start  in.  Keep  yourself 
alert,  look  after  your  digestive  apparatus,  don't  smoke  cigarettes,  get 
to  bed  early,  he  square-toed  in  ail  yonr  dealings,  and  we  will  wager  a 
cookie  that  at  sixty  yon  will  have  to  look  backward  for  those  who  be- 
gan the  race  when  yon  did.     Are  yon  ready  T    Then,  Go  I — Rural  2f.  T. 


BTATB   HORTICDLUEAL  SOCIBTTT. 


WHEN  TO  PRUNE  APPLE  OECHAEDS. 

Eds.  Gounibt  Gentleman — ThiB  is  a  Babject  on  which  a  great 
variety  of  opinioDB  have  been  expressed,  and  yet  does  not  appear  to  be 
fally  decided.  Having  bad  some  experience  in  the  matter,  and  having- 
chargeof  some  thoaeand  orchard  trees,  and  being  advanced  in  years^ 
I  thonght  I  wonld  make  a  statement  of  the  condasions  reached  in  my 
jndgment. 

Most  orchardists  know  that  the  practice  of  neglecting  to  prone  an 
orchard  for  some  years,  and  then  pruning  heavily,  is  very  injuriooa. 
If  trees  are  properly  pruned  while  yonng,  and  the  spronts  or  sockers 
rnbbed  off  once  or  twice  each  sammer,  it  will  obviate  a  great  deal  of 
after-pmning.  But  what  I  want  to  show  is,  when  it  is  necessary  to 
take  off  thrifty  limbs  of  Bome  size,  as  in  the  case  of  top-grafting  or 
opening  ont  the  top  of  a  tree — at  what  seaaon  of  the  year  it  shonld  be 
done. 

Aboat  twenty  years  ago  the  idea  was  current  in  many  papers  that 
Jnue  was  the  time  to  prnne;  that  if  done  then  the  wound  would  booq 
heal  over.  I  tried  tbataeason  and  pruned  some  trees,  and  was  pleased 
to  Bee  how  soon  the  new  wood  began  forming  over  the  stumps  of  limbs 
taken  off  at  that  time.  But  I  soon  found  that  the  healing  over  was  not 
the  main  object,  bnt  the  preservation  of  the  wood  below  and  down  the 
body  of  the  tree,  for  I  noticed  that  in  a  few  years  after,  the  stumps  of 
iimbs  taken  off  at  that  season  of  the  yearhad  decayed,  and  often  showed 
signs  of  decay  some  distance  below.  I  therefore  ooncladed  that  late 
spring  or  early  summer  was,  of  all  seasons,  the  moat  unfavorable  for 
pruning. 

I  had  noticed  that  where  limba  were  broken  off  in  the  foil  with 
weight  of  apples,  the  part  below  the  break  generally  remained  sound. 
I  therefore  detennined  to  give  each  season  of  the  year  a  fair  trial  for 
pruning.  I  selected  a  thrifty  apple  tree  abont  half  grown,  which  was 
famiBhed  with  a  nnmber  of  limbs,  and  cat  off  a  limb  abont  the  middle 
of  each  month  in  the  ^ear,  leaving  a  stamp  of  two  or  three  inches  long, 
labeling  it  with  the  date  of  the  operation.  I  observed  in  a  few  years- 
after,  that  the  etnmps  of  those  limbs  taken  off  in  late  spring  and  early 
sommer  were  somewhat  decayed,  while  the  others,  and  particularly 
those  taken  off  in  the  ^1,  were  Boand.  A  few  years  after,  I  cat  the 
tree  down  for  inspection,  and  found  that  the  decay  of  those  limbs 
showed  in  the  body  of  the  tree  by  colored  portions  approaching  decay_ 
Therefore,  I  was  folly  convinced  that  the  spring  of  the  year  and  early 
sommer  were  not  the  time  to  take  off  thrifty  limbs  of  some  size,  though 
it  might  do  for  small  pruning  or  for  decaying  branches.     Any  perBOD 


MISOELLANKOVS   PAFEBS.  193 

who  is  fatntliar  with  the  catting  of  yoong  timber  knows  that  a  sapling 
cut  in  the  spring  of  the  year  soon  sap-rots,  and  the  stamp  also ;  bat  if 
cat  in  the  fall  will  remain  soond  for  some  time,  and  the  wood  when 
dressed  will  have  an  oily  appearance. 

As  to  the  time  for  larger  prnning,  I  would  recommead  for  the  lati- 
tude of  Central  PennsylTania  to  commence  abont  the  middle  or  latter 
part  of  9mo.  (September).  Fmit-gathering  mayprevent  beginning  thus 
early,  bat  it  may  be  doae  immediately  after  the  apples  are  gathered. 
Another  great  advantage  in  pruning  before  the  leaves  have  fallen  off 
ia  that  we  can  more  readily  observe  those  limbs  which  Nature  has 
concluded  to  throw  off,  and  assist  her  in  the  operation.  I  would  say 
to  orchardists,  do  not  too  readily  take  np  with  the  conoinsions  of  oth- 
ers, but  experiment,  and  let  us  get  this  matter  of  the  time  to  prune 
settled W.  P.  Fitker  in  Country  Oentleman. 

Centre  County,  Penn, 


THE  BIG  TREES,  OALIPOENIA. 

It  has  been  saffloiently  shown  that  there  are  in  the  State  several 
foreala  and  groves  of  big  treeu  stilt  belonging  to  the  Government 
aside  from  those  embraced  in  the  Yandever  bill.  To  insure  the  safety 
of  these,  and  to  pat  them  beyond  the  designs  of  timbermen,  and 
above  alt  to  protect  them  ttotn  devastating  forest-flres,  it  is  exceedingly 
desirable  that  they  be  reserved  and  placed  under  expert  supervision. 
We  need  no  reminder  that  the  greed  of  timber  and  cattlemen  will  soon 
work  havoc  with  what  remains  unless  something  be  done  to  stay  the 
devastation ;  and  if  we  would  save  a  portion  we  mast  begin  at  once. 

Concerning  the  atility  of  the  region  embraced  in  these  limits  aa 
the  best  natural  reservolrfor  tbe  storage  of  waters  needed  for  irriga- 
tion, we  need  not  dwell.  But  for  a  moment  let  me  toucb  on  the  saita- 
bility  of  tbe  country  for  a  park  because  of  its  charming  natural 
attractions.  You  need  bardly  be  reminded  of  this.  The  heart  of  tbe 
Sierra  culminating  in  Mount  Whitney  affords  grand  scenery  of  pecniiar 
charm  and  great  variety.  Here  are  three  Yosemites  rivaling  their  noted 
prototype  in  many  features,  with  a  little  world  of  wonders  clustering 
around  the  headwaters  of  Eem,  Eaweah  and  King's  rivers.  We  will 
simply  mention  the  Qrand  canon  of  the  Kern,  where,  for  twenty  miles, 
the  mad  waters  of  the  river  are  walled  in  with  the  couttnnoue  battle- 
ments of  tbe  California  Alps,  crowned  with  nameless  and  unnumbered 
H  R— 13 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_)' 


Sle 


191  BTATE  HOBTICULTURAL  800IBTY, 

domes  and  towers.  Then,  only  a  few  miles  across  the  divide,  extends 
the  canon  of  King's  river  with  its  wealth  of  impressive  scenery,  and 
some  eight  miles  forther  to  the  north  lies  the  valley  of  Tehipitee — the 
gem  of  the  Sierra — with  its  wondroas  dome  of  rock  rising  in  ronnded 
majesty  some  6,000  feet  ftom  the  level  of  the  river-cleft  meadow  at  its 
foot.  Yet  a  view  of  the  most  impressive  and  charact«ri8tic  scenery  of 
the  region  is  to  be  earned  by  scaling  one  of  the  lofiy  peaks  of  the 
Kaweah  range.  At  least  a  hondred  peaks  here  rise  to  altitudes  ex- 
ceeding 10,000  feet.  One  never  can  forget  the  impression  who  has 
once  looked  out  over  California  Alps  ttotn  the  pinnacle  of  Miner's 
peak.  As  I  once  before  said,  in  describing  this  scence:  "Here,  amid 
the  companionship  of  peaks,  one  beholds  with  speechless  wonder  the 
spectacle  beyond.  No  satisfactory  view  of  the  Whitney  range  can  be 
fonnd  from  the  San  Joaqnin  plains.  The  intervening  Eaweah  range 
veils  tlie  view  of  the  higher  peaks  beyond.  But  here,  standing  on  the 
crest  of  the  Eeweah  Sierra,  one  looks  across  the  Qrand  canon  of  the 
Kern,  and  the  encircling  wilderaees  of  crags  and  peaks  is  beyond  the 
oower  of  the  pen  to  describe.  Monnts  Monache,  Whitney,  Williamson, 
Qdall,  Kaweah  and  a  hundred  nameless  peaks — the  crown  of  our 
country — have  pierced  the  mantle  of  green  that  clothes  the  canons  be- 
low, and  are  piled  into  the  very  sky,  jagged  and  bald,  and  bleak  and 
'  hoary — a  wilderness  of  eternal  desolation." — Garden  and  Forett. 


SHBUB  BUDDING. 

We  have  before  alladed  to  numeroas  examples  of  bedding  hardy 
shrabs  effectually  on  onr  grounds.  Fignre  5  shows  one  of  the  smaller 
beds  of  this  kind,  such  as  would  troxa  lis  extent  be  suitable  for  intro- 
docing  into  grounds  of  almost  any  size.  The  occnpants  in  this  case 
areas  follows:  Five  Golden  Bel\  fForaythia  vtridissimaj  ;  nine  Yarie- 
gated-leaved  Weigelias;  seven  Panicled-flowered  Hydrangea;  seven 
Mezeron  Fink ;  one  Strawberry  bush  fEunymutJ.  The  selection  is  ca- 
pable of  affording  bloom  almost  continaously  from  the  time  of  the 
Mezeron  Pink  in  April  to  the  end  of  the  Hydrangea  season  in  October, 
while  the  ftnit  of  the  Strawberry  bneb  gives  attraction  to  the  bed  ia 
late  antamn.  The  foliage  of  the  bed  is  also  pleasingly  varied  from  the 
light'Colored  leaves  of  the  Variegated  Weigelia  to  the  intensely  dark 
foliage  of  the  G-olden  Bell.  Between  the  shrabs  at  the  edge  of  the  bed 
are  scattered  Hyacinth8,Verbenas  and  other  flowering  plants — Popular 
Gardeiung. 


.jgk 


MISGBLLINBOUS  FAPBB8. 


AUTUMN  FAVORITES. 

Tbe  Uaple  IB  a  d«lnty  mftld, 

Tbe  pet  of  all  the  wocd. 
Who  llgbtB  tbe  dusky  forest  giade 

Wtth  dueky  oloak  and  hood. 

Tbe  Elm  a  lovely  lady  U, 

In  sblmmeriDg  robea  of  gold, 
They  catoh  the  aunllgbl  when  she  moTes, 

And  glisten  fold  oa  fold. 

Tbe  Sumach  Is  s  gypsy  queen, 

Who  flaunts  In  crtmson  dreat, 
ADd  wild  along  tbe  roadside  nina. 

Red  bloasoniB  Id  her  bresit. 

And  towering  high  above  the  wood. 

All  in  his  purple  cloah, 
A  monareh  In  his  spleodor  la 

The  proud  and  princely  Oak. 

— Youth's  Companion. 


BEES  AND  FRUIT. 

Professor  Cnshman,  apiariet  at  the  State  Agrionltaral  Experiment 
BtatiOQ,  declared  before  the  Rhode  Island  HoiticDltnral  society  that 
bees  never  attack  sonnd  frnit,  but  only  saoh  as  is  decayed  or  has 
been  already  injured  by  other  Insects;  and  his  words  were  indorsed 
by  all  bis  anditors. 


THE    SPRINGFIELD    (MASS.)    AMATEUR    HORTICULTURAL 

SOCIETY 

Is  only  two  years  old,  but  haa  already  a  membership  of  over  400, 
and  holds  two  exhibitions  a  year.  It  is  doing  mach  to  create  a  love 
for  the  cnltivation  of  flowers  among  tbe  people  here.  Every  one  is 
invited  to  show  what  he  can,  bot  no  premiams  are  offered,  so  there  can 
be  no  jealoasy  felt. 


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STATB   HOETIODLTUEAX   SOCIETY. 


THE  BLESSINGS  OF  HOBTICULTIJKE. 

Horticnltare  ia,  per  »e,  one  of  the  moat  pleasant  pnrsaite  wbich 
men  have  ever  followed.  It  bringa  into  healthfnl  exercise  both  mind 
and  body.  It  neither  racks  the  one  nor  wrecks  the  other.  To  the 
gardener — even  the  aged  gardener — the  aching  bones,  the  stiffened 
joints  and  distorted  form  and  hnngry  sonl  are  still  indefinitely  post- 
poned.— Dr.  Ridpaih. 


WILD  FRUITS. 

Are  any  wild  fruits  snsceptible  of  improvement,  so  that  they  may 
become  valnable  additions  t  We  have  severely  Blighted  onr  native 
fraits.  In  the  old  world  a  clasa  of  tmUa  has  been  developed  adapted 
to  their  soil  and  climate.  We  have  eonght  to  reap  at  once  the  benefit 
of  that  long  process  of  improvement  by  removing  their  fraits  to  onr 
land,  with  its  widely  different  climatiu  conditions. 

To  what  extent  onr  precarions  frnit  crops  are  assignable  to  this 
canse  I  do  not  know.  The  foreign  grape  we  have  abandoned,  and  in 
its  stead  has  sprang  ap  a  moltitade  of  vastly  improved  varieties  of  na- 
tive grapes.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  raspberry.  Wonld  it  not 
have  been  a  good  fortune  for  ne  had  the  imported  plam  and  cherry 
been  more  snsceptible  to  injory  from  the  cnrcnlio,  and  less  able  to 
endare  onr  winters  t  If  so,  by  this  time  perhaps  we  might  have  been 
rejoicing  in  delicious  native  plums  and  cherries  that  shonld  be  as 
hardy  as  their  unimproved  parents. 

One  boon  of  the  experiment  station  ia  to  demonstrate  that,  with 
some  exceptions,  America's  native  frnita  will  fumiah  varieties  equal  to 
those  of  the  old  world,  with  the  great  advantage  that  they  will  stand 
our  climatic  conditions. 

Probably  we  have  wild  fraits  not  yet  introduced  into  culture  that 
are  capable  of  amelioration.  The  Awart  Jaae-beny  f  Amelanokier  Oana- 
densitj  in  certiun  localities  offers  some  promise.  The  huckleberry  and 
blueberry  take  leas  readily  to  cnltnre,  but  are  enough  superior  in  qual- 
ity to  merit  more  efforts  for  their  improvement.  We  have  domesti- 
cated the  cranberry,  a  cousin  of  the  huckleberry,  by  suiting  our  treat- 
ment to  its  ascertained  needs. 

The  huckleberry  and  blueberry  should  become  profitable  market 
fruits  when  we  have  learned  how  to  compromise  between  their  exact- 
ing requirements  and  onr  arbitrary  cnltnre. 


UISOELLANBOnS   PAPBB8.  197 

IMPBOTESEHT  BY  SELBOTIOIT. 

To  what  extent  can  the  vigor  of  trees  or  plants  that  are  propagated 
by  grafts,  bnds  or  cnttings  be  increased  by  propagation  fi-om  excep- 
tional!; yigorouH  plants  1  Weakaess  and  disease  are  tranBmiBBible 
throngh  the  graft.  The  experience  of  President  Smith  with  the  Wilson 
strawberry,  and  the  New  York  Agrioattaral  Experiment  station  with 
potatoes,  have  shown  conclasirely  that  in  these  plants  at  least,  which 
are  propagated  by  offsets,  mach  can  be  gained  by  selections  from  the 
strongest  individoale. 

If  onr  frnit  trees  may  be  increased  in  vigor  in  a  similar  way,  an  im- 
portant point  will  be  made.  The  relation  of  the  grafted  or  bndded  tree 
to  its  parent  needs  to  be  thoroagbly  investigated.  Nareerymen  have 
assumed  that  it  makes  little  difference  where  they  obtain  their  cions  or 
bnds  when  they  are  of  proper  variety,  bat  the  most  observing  and 
Bkillfal  grafters  insist  that  it  does  make  a  great  difference. 

Carriere,  a  learned  French  hortiualtnrist,  declares  that  in  bndding 
roses  he  can  prodnce  plants  that  flower  profnsely,  sparingly,  or  not  at 
all,  by  selecting  bnda  &om  differenta  parts  of  the  same  plant,  and  he 
adds  that  it  is  very  probable  that  the  same  principles  apply  to  fmit 
trees.  Evidently  the  whole  science  of  propagation  has  not  yet  been 
worked  out. — Popular  Gardening. 


WISCONSIN  STATION,  BULLETIN  NO  23,  APEIL,  1890. 

Fbbtbntioh  op  Apple  scab,  E.  S.  Ooff  (illustrated). — This  con- 
tains a  brief  illastrated  account  of  the  apple  scab  fiingas  (Fufinladium 
dendritieum,  Eckl.),  and  details  of  experiments  in  the  nse  of  fangicides 
for  this  disease,  conducted  by  the  author  and  Mr.  A.  L.  Hatch,  of  Ith- 
aca, Wisconsin,  in  co-operation  with  this  department.  These  experi- 
ments are  also  reported  in  Bnlletin  No.  11  of  the  section  of  vegetable 
pathology  of  this  department,  pp.  22-29.  As  the  result,  the  author  is 
confident  that  damages  from  apple  scab  may  be  almost  entirely  pre- 
vented at  a  slight  cost,  by  spraying  the  trees  once  in  two  or  three 
weeks  during  the  summer  with  ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper,  of  a 
strength  not  to  exceed  1}  ounces  of  the  carbonate  and  one  quart  of 
ammoDia  to  100  quarts  of  water. 


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BTITE  HORTICTTLTTJBAL  SOCIETY. 


TASTE  AND  TAOT  IN  ABBANGING  GBOUNDS. 

[Tbe  foUowiDg  plan,  taken  from  "  Popular  Qardenlng."  [  consider  of  sufBclent 
value  to  give  ub  some  thongbt  In  regard  to  Uflns  o^  oar  groande.  The  cut  has 
been  klndl;  loaned  na  by  the  publishers  of  tbat  Journal.  A  little  stud]'  of  such  i 
plan  will  help  any  one  who  wishes  to  Improve  their  borne.— Sbcrbtarv.] 


FIBST   PAPEE.^ 


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Tbe  present  is  the  first  of 
a  series  of  illastrated  arti- 
cles to  appear  in  "  Popnlar 
Gardeniug"  on  the  snbject 
of  the  heading.  It  is  de- 
signed to  render  these  ar- 
ticles widely  nsefal  throngh 
imparting  ideas  on  arrang- 
inghome  and  other  grounds 
with  taste  and  discernment, 
basing  the  same  on  actnal 
examples.  Tbe  directions 
and  illastratioos  are  to  be  of 
the  most  simple  and  practi- 
cal character,  and  soch  as  it 
is  believed  there  is  a  large 
and  growing  demand  for  in 
the  present  day. 

The  plan  is  to  invite,  and 
we  hereby  do  cordially  in- 
vite, sketches  of  home  plats, 
raral  cemeteries,  town 
sgnares,  etc.,  from  onrread- 
ers,  with  a  view  to  oar  fur- 
nishing tfarongh  these  col- 
umns, and  withoat  charge, 
designs  and  suggestions  for 
improving  socb  grounds  to 
be  more  attractive  in  gar- 
den beanty.  That  there  is 
^  great  room  for  improve- 
ments in  snch  a  line  is 
widely  conceded.     As  a 

le  Second  Pipot  tru  printed 


D.-inz's:;!-.;  \_jV_IV_)V|1^ 


HI80EIXANP1OU3  PAPBBS.  199 

people  we  are  only  beginning  to  w&keo  up  to  the  possibilities  of  the 
garden  ait  in  embelllBhing  home  and  public  grounds  everywhere. 

To  render  this  pioject  as  profitable  as  posBible  to  all  readers,  we 
desire  not  only  to  make  use  of  such  sketcbes  sent  ns,  for  getting  Dp 
engravings  showing  the  location  of  the  objects  on  the  grounds,  bat 
along  with  snch  respectively,  the  new  plans  embodying  the  improve- 
ments it  occurs  to  ns  to  snggeet.  That  this  may  be  all  clearly  under- 
stood we  herewith  present  the  plans  which  are  to  serve  as  the  initial 
ones  in  this  serif^s. 

A  subscriber  in  Allegan  county,  Mich.,  whose  name  and  post  office 
are  withheld  (as  we  shall  always  do  in  these  articles),  sends  us  a  sketch 
from  which  the  upper  engraving  annexed  was  made,  with  the  following 
letter : 

September  9, 1S»0. 

Dear  iSir-^BelDg  a.  sabscrlber  to  "  ['opul&T  Gardening."  and  taking  a  very  great 
interest  in  the  bes.iitiO'l'>Kof  lioiQeB,  I  herewith  send  ]rou  a  sketch  of  our  home  and 
gronndg,  asking  you  the  favor  of  gaggestlng  Improvements  In  the  lawn  arrange- 
moDt,  as  the  Teatures  are  Dot  exactly  to  my  taste.  1  Intend  setting  out  some 
shrubs  and  eveigreens  neit  spring,  also  laying  ont  larger  beds  of  tulips,  hyacinths, 
tea  rosea,  etc. 

We  have  already  decided  If  necessary  to  move  the  office  (a  physician's),  as  it 
obstmotB  the  view  to  and  from  the  road. 

In  accordance  with  the  purpose  of  these  papers,  therefore,  and  in 
answer  to  this  sabscriber's  request,  we  present  the  plan  received,  and 
under  it  another  containing  certain  added  improvements.  The  nam- 
bers  in  the  upper  cot  represent  the  following:  1,  a  bed  cat  in  lawn, 
occupied  with  lalips  and  later  with  dahlias,  gladiolus,  etc. ;  2,  bed  of 
hyacinths ;  3,  bed  of  day  lilies ;  i,  bed  of  colens  ;  5,  bed  of  tea  roses. 
Various  trees  and  shrubs  besideB  are  scattered  over  the  ground  as 
ahown.  The  figures  in  the  lower  plan  may  be  explained  as  follows: 
1,  front  entrance,  2,  Bide  and  ofBce  entrance,  3,  3,  3,  beda  of  irregnlar 
outline  to  be  planted  with  shrubs  and  hardy,  tender  plants,  bulbs,  etc. ; 
4,  an  arbor  to  be  covered  with  hardy  and  tender  vines ;  6,  a  shrubbery 
walk  in  the  midst  of  irregular  masses  of  hardy  shrnbs,  and  surround- 
ing the  arbor  and  leading  from  the  lawn  to  the  small  fruit  plat ;  6,  fruit 
trees  irregularly  arranged  in  the  rear  lawn ;  7,  8,  vistas  extending  from 
the  house  toward  the  street;  numerous  trees  and  shrabs  abound- 
Some  evergreens  are  located  both  to  the  front  and  rear  of  the  office. 

JS'ow  briefly  for  the  lesson :  That  which  will  impress  the  reader  in 
comparing  the  two  sketches,  is  the  angularity  and  lack  of  general 
method  and  harmony  in  the  arrangement  of  the  features  of  the  upper 
one.  A  garden  of  any  size  to  be  most  pleasing  shoald,  especially  in  the 
growths,  present  a  degree  of  naturalness  approximating  the  pleasing 


v^n_n_'Vii^ 


300  8TA.TB   HOfiTlOTTLTVBAL   SOCIETY. 

arrangemeul  of  trees,  sbrnbs,  etc.,  to  be  met  in  natural  landscapes.  It 
has  well  been  said  that  nature  abhors  straight  tines.  But  nsaally  in 
starting  out  to  make  a  pleasing  home  garden,  we  meet  with  a  number 
of  lines  and  angles  in  the  ouUines  of  bnildingB,  the  boandaries  of  the 
place,  the  streets,  etc  Shall  we  therefore  add  more  straight  lines  by 
introdncing  anch  prominently  into  walks,  tree  rows,  ontlines  of  beds, 
etc.  The  aim  shonld  be  the  reverse  of  this  in  dealing  with  all  sach 
featnres  as  will  admit  of  variations  fl'om  straight  lines,  angles  and 
geometrical  figures.  Usually  the  walka,  drives,  trees,  plants,  etc.,  very 
readily  harmonize  with  this  principle. 

The  lower  plan  shows  how  we  sboald  prefer  the  improvements. 
Here  simplicity,  harmony  of  parts,  graceful  curves  and  irregalarity  are 
the  order — with  what  guns  for  garden  beauty  let  the  reader  judge. 
Not  only  do  the  objects  seem  to  fit  the  places  well  and  serve  to  the 
making  of  a  harmonious  whole,  but  the  grounds  appear  to  be  larger, 
wUhont  this  really  being  true — a  result  of  the  fine  open  centers  in  the 
grass-plats  and  the  delightful  vistas  that  extend  from  point  to  point. 
While  the  walks  present  bold  curves,  it  will  be  observed  that  they  lead 
very  directly  ttota  the  street  to  the  buildings. 

Let  the  reader  in  imagination  pass  over  the  one  plan  and  then  the 
other  as  if  examining  the  various  features,  and  he  cannot  but  be  im- 
pressed by  the  snperior  arrangement  of  the  lower  one ;  this  simply  be- 
cause better  principles  are  observed  in  the  arrangement.  Even  the 
fruit  trees  at  6  and  the  front  street  trees  are  located  with  the  idea  of 
keeping  down  straight  lines  and  regular  distances  apart. 

In  having  thus  complied  with  onr  subscriber's  request  for  assist- 
ance, it  is  possible  that  more  shmbs  and  trees  have  been  suggested 
than  can  at  once  be  planted  and  cared  for.  In  that  event  it  is  only 
necessary  to  carry  out  the  improvements  step  by  step,  constantly 
having  in  view  the  completed  whole. 

To  others  who  may  favor  us  with  sketches  of  grounds  to  be  im- 
proved, we,  would  say  that  such  plans,  even  if  made  crudely,  will 
answer  our  ends  very  well.  Of  course,  if  puns  are  talien  to  locate  the 
buildings,  trees  and  other  objects  by  scale,  the  result  may  be  slightly 
more  satisfactory.  We  will  be  pleased  to  consider  the  arrangement  of 
the  fruit  and  vegetable  garden  of  home  gronnds  as  well  as  the  orna- 
mental parts,  although  it  may  be  said  that  the  former  are  less  difficult, 
as  here  straight  lines  should  largely  prevail. 


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WINTER  MEETING  AT  CLINTON, 


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[Inorder  to  give  a  rather  oondeneed  report  of  tbe  RacceMfDl  meeting  and  tbe 
«Dtbu«1aRm  of  the  hortlonltarlete,  as  well  as  tbe  papers  read  and  wbat  others  think 
of  the  work  of  the  Bocletj,  I  append  at  the  outset  a  report  b^  Judge  Uiller,  and  oBo 
alioof  "Colman'sRoral  World.'"— Sbcs«t*ht.| 


ANNUAL    MEETING   OF   THE   MISSOURI   HORTICULTUEAL 
SOCIETY  AT  CUSTON. 

The  first  day  was  taken  up  in  arrangiDg  frnits  and  flovert,  vith 
some  of  tbe  regular  bnsineas  of  tbe  proj^ram.  Tbe  attendance  vas 
very  good  so  Car  as  members  vere  concerned,  and  tbe  crowd  of  citi- 
zeDB  of  tbe  plaee  at  the  night  eeseiotis  was  euoonraging,  and  shoved 
that  the  people  felt  an  interest  in  the  matter.        , 

The  display  of  apples  was  a  grand  one,  and  shows  what  Missoari 
CSD  do  in  tbis  line.  There  were  on  exhibition  346  plates  of  apples  and 
six  of  pears;  one  spoimen  of  Keiffer  weighing  over  one  poond,  appar- 
ently jnst  in  good  condition  for  eating,  from  Texas,  was  to  me  a  curi- 
osity, and  leads  me  to  believe  that  we  may  make  a  winter  pear  of  tbis 
variety  here. 

A  &ae  collection  of  ferns  and  other  green-bonse  plants,  an  orange 
tree  with  irnit  on,  two  India  rubber  trees,  some  eight  feet  bigh,  some 
handsome  flowers,  and  conspionoasly  a  bonqnet  of  a  new  Paseiflora  of 
oniqne  and  beaalifal  form  and  color. 

A  coUecUon  of  frait  ftom  New  Mexico,  showing  that  it  will  make 
its  mark  in  raising  fruit ;  also  a  bottle  each  of  wiae  and  brandy  &om 
the  same  place  by  the  same  contribntor.  Dr.  I.  H.  Bailey,  Mesilla,  N. 
M.,  who  told  me  that  they  conld  grow  as  good  grapes  there  as  in  Cali- 
fornia, ag  well  as  man;  other  of  their  brag  fraits,  and  that  they  were 
weeks  earlier  than  Callfomia.  The  doctor  is  well  started  with  a  large 
vineyard  of  Unseat  of  Alexandria,  for  the  purpose  of  making  raisins. 

Bnt  to  the  meeting.  To  my  notion  it  was  the  best  one  I  have  atten- 
ded for  many  years.  The  essays  and  discnseions  were  of  tbe  right 
metal,  ao  that  there  most  good  result  from  it.  The  only  Badness  was 
the  infortnatiou  given  that  our  old  and  beloved  Brother  Holman  had 
been  saddenly  stricken  with  parf>lysia,  and  perhaps  at  death's  door. 
If  be  never  meets  as  in  conncil  again,  may  his  greeting  at  tbe  Great 
Bar  be,  "  Oome  hither,  well  done,  thon  good  and  faithful  servant." 


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304  STATE  HOBTIOULTURAL   SOCIETY. 

The  old  officers  were  le-elected,  inclading  the  treasarer,  as,  whil» 
there  is  life  there  is  hope,  and  we  piay  that  we  may  meet  him  again. 

It  is  the  rale  for  the  citizens  of  a  place  that  ioTites  the  society  to 
entertain  the  membere,  which  the  good  people  of  Clinton  were  ready 
to  carry  out,  bnt  I  think  more  than  half  of  ^be  members  went  to 
the  hotels.  This  latter  seems  to  me  to  be  the  most  proper  thing,  as 
they  are  in  this  way  thrown  together  more  closely,  are  free  and  inde- 
pendent, are  no  trouble  to  the  citizens,  which,  at  times,  is  by  no  means 
a  comfort  or  a  convenience,  althoagh  they  welcome  the  gaest.  A  better 
plan,  in  my  notion,  wonid  be  for  the  citizens  to  make  arrangements 
with  good  hotel  keepers  to  entertain  the  members  at  a  reasonable  rate, 
and  then  pay  their  bills  at  these  places,  if  they  think  we  who  travel 
handreds  of  miles  and  pay  onr  railroad  fares  and  expenses  all  the  way, 
are  willing  to  impart  to  them  all  the  information  we  can  without  one 
vent  of  pecantary  reward.  If  not,  then  let  every  one  pay  his  own  way 
throaghont.  Bat  this  latter  necessity  might  keep  some  at  home,  for 
horticolluriBts  are  not  all  rich.  An  outsider  to  attend  one  of  these 
meetings  mast  be  struck  by  the  earnest,  social  and  Mendly  character 
of  the  whole  affair. 

These  meetings  are  becoming  more  interesting  as  the  years  roll  on, 
and  in  the  years  to  come  may  become  an  occasion  of  (he  greatest  im- 
portance. I  can  hardly  expect  to  attend  many  more,  bat  so  long  as 
able  will  lend  my  feeble  aid  to  the  good  cause.  I  was  obliged  to  leave 
before  the  close  of  the  session,  so  as  to  get  home  at  the  time  appointed. 

There  were  three  nnrseries  represented  by  trees  of  different  fruits. 
The  trees  were  taken  up  with  all  their  roots,  showing  the  nninitiated 
jnst  how  long  roots  are  when  not  too  roughly  cat  with  the  spade.  Her& 
was  shown  the  difference  between  whole  and  piece  root  grafts,  the  dif- 
ference between  crown  piece,  middle  piece  of  the  smallest  end  of  the 
root,  an  interesting  comparison.  Also  the  difference  in  growth  of  the 
pear  on  the  difTereut  stocks,  as  well  as  that  of  the  plum  on  the  different 
foundations.    The  Marianna  shows  to  great  advantage  in  this  test. 

The  Stark  Bros.,  of  Louisiana,  Mo.,  had  the  largest  display,  and 
sarely  convince  one  that  they  know  how  to  grow  and  handle  trees. 

A  beautiful  tree  of  the  Ktall  pear,  by  Bobert  Mallinchrodt,  one 
year  from  bud,  was  shown,  as  well  as  specimens  of  this  noble  winter 
pear.  A  tree  of  the  Clayton  by  Monsees,  of  Beaman,  Mo.,  with  fruit  of 
this  promising  variety  tied  to  it. 

A  complete  account  and  description  will  be  given  in  the  report  of 
the  committees  when  printed,  which  every  lover  of  horticulture  should 
procare,  and  which  can  be  got  annnally  by  becoming  a  member  of  the 
society  for  one  dollar;  and  the  next  dollar  in  same  line,  seeking  infor- 


:uCoeK^lc 


WINTER  MKBTING  AT   OLIMTON  206 

mntion,  send  for  th«  "Barat  World,"  id  which  there  eaa  be  ae  ninch 
□eefal  knowledge  on  this  snbject  foand,  bs  in  any  other  pqper  in  the 
Uaited  States,  and  a  great  deal  more  than  most  of  them,  , 

8.  MiLLBB. 


MISSOURI  HOETICULTUEIST8. 

THIBTY-THIBD   ANItnAL   MBETINQ  AT  OLIKTON. 
Prom  Colman'B  Rural  World. 

The  meeting  was  held  in  the  City  hall,  commencing  on  the  evening 
of  December  2.  The  attendance  was  nnnsnally  large  fur  the  opening 
aeasioD,  there  being  delegations  present  from  nearly  every  fruit-grow- 
ing locality  in  the  State.  The  large  collection  of  frnite,  vegetables  and 
floral  displays  gave  the  hall  a  oheerfnl  and  enchanted  air,  indicative  of 
that  CDltivated  and  refined  taste  which  is  a  part  of  each  and  every 
saocessfnl  borticDltarist.  The  aid  given  by  the  local  florists  and  frnit- 
£rowera,  supplemented  by  the  very  efficient  service  of  the  Faculty  of 
Baird  college,  was  conclusive  evidence  in  the  opening  of  the  meeting 
that  the  choice  of  Clinton  as  the  place  for  this  meeting  had  been  a 
good  one. 

The  ofScers  present  were,  J.  G.  EvauB,  President,  Harlem  ;  K.  F. 
Murray,  Vice-President,  Elm  Grove  ;  L,  A.  Goodman,  Secretary,  West- 
port.  Opening  exercises  began  with  music,  "Praise  God,  from  Whom 
all  Blessings  Flow,"  after  which  Rev,  Taylor  Bernard,  pastor  of  the 
O.  P.  cborch,  made  the  invocation.  This  was  followed  by  a  double 
quartette — Mrs.  George  Holliday,  Miseea  Barcafer  and  Jennings, 
Bopranos ;  Mrs.  Bernard  and  Misa  Salmon,  altos ;  Prof.  Hall  and  W.  L. 
Windsor,  tenors ;  Dr.  Babey  and  J.  L.  Elliston,  bassos  ;  A.  M.  Fnlker- 
aoD,  comet. 

Mayor  Carter,  in  a  brief  and  well-timed  address,  welcomed  the 
delegates  and  visitors,  and  referred  to  the  educationfil  institations, 
water-works,  gas  and  electric  lights  and  street  railways  as  synonyms 
of  a  live,  progressive  city.  He  hoped  their  deliberations  woald  result 
in  a  general  benefit  to  horticultare  thronghout  the  State. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Evans,  President  of  the  society,  responded  in  hia  happy 
manner.  Among  others,  he  said  the  fmit  product  of  Misaoori  had 
brought  $10,000,000  into  thia  State,  and  the  yield  from  many  orchards 
this  year  had  been  worth  more  than  the  price  of  the  land. 

Mr.  N.  F.  Murray,  of  Elm  Grove,  read  a  valuable  paper,  "Mia- 
soori'a  Opportunity." 


306  STATE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETT. 

Miss  Ardie  KlsUer,  of  GlintoD,  a  papil  iu  Fraokliu  public  school, 
delivered  a  tonching  recitation. 
,  J.  H.  Logan  waB  appointed  Treaenrer  pro  tern,  on  acconut  of  the 

absence  and  Berioaa  illueBS  of  D.  8.  Holman,  of  Springfield,  the  present 
Treasarer. 

Secretary  Goodman  read  a  list  of  the  nsual  committees. 

Mrs.  J.  M.  Pretzinger,  wife  of  the  President  of  the  Henry  Oonnty 
Horticaltnral  society,  read  an  appropriate  essay,  followed  by  a  history 
of  the  State  society  by  F.  A.  Sampson,  of  Sedalia,  read  by  the  Secretary. 

C  W.  MnrLfeldt  contributed  an  article  on  the  same  subject,  enter- 
ing more  fally  into  detail.  These  two  papers  will  do  much  to  preserve 
the  early  history  of  this  society.  The  paper,  "  Geology  iu  its  Relation 
to  Horticulture,"  by  Prof.  Edwin  Walters,  of  Kansas  City,  was  the 
bright  particular  star  of  the  evening ;  in  fact  it  opened  up  a  broad  field 
for  thought,  characterized  as  it  was  by  those  apt  illustrotions,  beautiful 
analogies  and  clear  statement  of  well-known  facts,  clothed  in  choice 
language.  It  was  received  with  undivided  attention,  and  many  ex- 
pressed themselves  as  anxious  to  see  the  same  in  print,  that  they  might 
stady  it  at  their  leisure.    It  will  soon  appear  in  the  "Bnral  World." 

The  roll-call  on  Wednesday  morning  showed  fifteen  faorticnltural 
societies  in  the  State  represented  by  regularly  appointed  delegates. 

Orcharding  iu  North  Missouri,  by  Charles  Patterson,  of  Kirksville 
brought  out  the  statement  that  they  had  a  good  crop  of  ft'nit  and  it  was 
sold  at  good  prices.  Their  surplus  crop  of  apples  shipped  out  of  Adair 
county,  he  stated  to  be  between  100,000  and  110,000  bushels.  He  be- 
lieves the  bnlk  of  fruits  will  in  time  be  raised  by  specialists.  The  ordi- 
nary farmer  will  not  jfive  the  cultivation  to  his  orchard  that  is  neces- 
sary to  success.  In  the  discussion  that  followed,  tfaorongh  caltivation 
was  pronounced  the  watch-word  of  perfect  success.  For  small  or- 
chards, the  cnltivatjon  of  sweet  potatoes  has  proven  not  only  a  succesa- 
but  old  grounds  have  been  renewed  by  this  crop,  said  8.  W.  Gilbert,  of 
Thayer, 

Orcharding  in  West  Missouri,  by  Henry  Spter,  of  Butler. — Some 
failures  were  noticeable,  but  they  were  mostly  owing  to  a  want  of  in- 
formation as  to  the  kinds  best  adapted  to  the  locality.  He  regarded  as 
elements  of  success  :  A  proper  location,  a  subsoil  without  hard  pan, 
and  for  varieties  would  plant  Maiden  Slash,  Grimes'  Golden,  Ben  Da- 
vis, Jonathan  and  Willow  Twig.  Gets  his  trees  A-om  the  nearest  relia- 
ble nursery.  Trim  carefully,  he  said,  cultivate  tboroaghly,  and  keep  at 
it,  and  yon  will  reap  your  reward  in  due  time.  It  is  the- uncared-for 
orchards  that  are  unprofitable. 


.y  Google 


WINTBE   MBBTIHG  AT   OUNTOH.  207 

I>iscuaaion. — Ae  to  the  kind  to  plant,  Secretary  Qoodman  woald 
study  the  market  to  be  supplied.  Vice-Presidenl  Mnrray  emphaaized 
this  point.  Jacob  Faith  gave  eome  excetleot  ilioBtratioas  as  to  the  site 
to  be  selected.  When  trees  fiiil  here  and  there  or  do  not  bear  freely, 
it  was  recommended  to  plant  between  the  rows  where  trees  die,  or  top 
graft  when  not  good  bearers.  J.T.  Stewart  woold  select  dry  locations, 
eloping  north  or  northeast  preferred. 

Low  Lands  for  Orekards — a  disoQBSion  only,  was  one  participat- 
ed in  by  a  large  nnmber,  which  brought  ont  the  fact  that  the  low  lands 
of-the  Missouri  bottoms  are  excellent  for  orcharding,  especially  for  the 
Winesap,  said  Mr.  Maxwell,  of  St.  Joseph,  He  prefers  a  northern  slope. 
Prof.  Walters  believes  the  Missonri  river  blnffstbe  best  of  apple  lauds, 
having  the  proper  snbsoil  and  porosity.  The  beneflcial  effects  of  bodies 
of  water  was  remarked  apon. 

Spraying,  by  Prof.  Olark,  who  elaborated  npon  the  several  sola- 
tions  nsed  on  the  different  kinds  of  f^t,  citing  a  large  nnmber  of  ez- 
perimentals,  form  different  esperiment  stations,  and  their  efforts  on 
spores,  fungi,  parasites  and  scab. 

WOOLLY  APHIS. 

J.  W,  Simpson,  of  Mammoth  Springs,  Ark.,  showed  several 
samples  of  trees  that  bad  been  attacked  by  this  insect.  Whatsballhe 
do  with  hie  orchard  f  After  a  lengthy  diseassion  the  oonclusion  was 
drawn  that  to  dig  np  and  bam  the  entire  planting  was  the  most  certain 
and  effective  means  of  getting  rid  ofthe  same.  It  was  also  recommend- 
ed that  he  reploDgh  the  ground,  buy  new  trees  from  some  nnrsery 
where  the  aphis  did  not  belong,  and  begin  again.  H.  B.  Francis  would  dip 
the  roots  of  alltrees  in  a  solution  of  water,  consisting  of  hlaf  a  barrel  of 
water,  two  ounces  of  carbolic  acid,  and  half  a  box  of  concentrated  lye. 
Has  always  nsed  this  when  planting,  and  has  never  been  troubled  with 
the  aphis. 

The  history  of  the  Apple,  byfA.  W.  Taylor,  of  Clinton,  was  a  well- 
prepared  paper  that  commanded  universal  attention. 

Berriea  in  South  Missouri,  by  G.  W.  Hopkins,  of  Springfield : 

Strawberries His  experience  was  that  in  his  locality  anyone  oan 

succeed  in  berry-growing  with  areasonable  degree  of  effort.  Believes 
the  crop  will  not  be  as  large  next  year  as  in  the  past  two  or  three 
years. 

Baspberries  do  not  do  as  well  in  his  locality  ae  farther  south  and 
west.    Crop  was  light  and  the  local  demand  took  all  produced. 

Blackberry — Grown  extensively  in  Gn-ene  county.  The  goose- 
beiry  is  not  cultivated  in  South  Missonri. 


.jgk 


203  BTA.IB  HOBTIOnLTUBAI,  SOCIETY. 

He  wonld  connaet  growers  agaiDstpIatitiDgnew  varieties  qdIU  folly 
tested  on  tbeir  owo  soil  and  latitude.  Prof.  Clark  gave  the  reBalts  of 
experimental  «  ork  at  the  Station.  Babach  "So.  5,  Crescent,  Haviland, 
Lady  Enst,  Staymaa's  No.  2,  and  Warfield  No.  2  proved,  ont  of  a  very 
large  nnmber,  the  best.  Lady  Rask  withstood  tbe  droath  better  than 
any  others,  bnt  had  too  many  doable  berries, 

Boadaide  and  yard-tree  ploTUmg  and  bett  to  plant,  by  0-.  B.  Kessler, 

Merriam,  Kansas He  recommends  White  Elm  and  White  Maple  as 

best  suited  for  roadside  planting.  For  city  streets,  Carolina  Poplar, 
Sfapleand  Sycamore.  Where  roads  and  streets  have  been  graded  down, 
large  holes  shonld  be  made  and  oare  taken  thatt  he  trees  are  not  planted 
too  deep.  N'orsery-grovn  trees  are  preferred  to  forest-grown.  A 
full  list  of  flowering  and  non-flowering  shrnbs  was  named,  bnt  we  mnat 
refer  to  the  society's  report,  in  which  the  paper  in  full  will  be  foaud. 

HortievUure  and  Home  life,  by  Mrs.  G.  E.  Dagan,  of  Sedalia,  was 
a  vivid  pictare  of  the  old  orchards,  and  meadows  and  the  spilng.  8be 
said :  "  Homes  that  are  not  homes,  have  no  frnit-trees  or  flowers."  It 
was  a  poem  in  prose. 

Siimbvgi,  by  J.  G.  Kinder,  was  a  paper  characteristic  of  the  sub- 
ject and  the  writer,  was  well  handled  and  commanded  the  closest  atten- 
tion. It  was  a  general  shaking  up  of  the  nursery  men,  the  shippers, 
the  freight  carrier,  and  lastly,  bat  not  leasUy,  the  commission  man. 

Pragres*  of  Florievlture,  by  J.  M.  Jordon,  of  St.  Louis,  was  a  short 
and  concise  paper,  well  prepared  and  just  to  the  point. 

Secretary  Goodman's  report  is  always  listened  to  with  great  inter- 
est, and  this  one  more  than  nsnal.  We  glean  as  follows :  20,000  farms 
are  devoted  to  fruit;  100,000  people  are  engaged  in  fruit  culture; 
110,000,000  is  the  value  of  the  fruit  crop  of  this  State  for  1890.  The 
work  of  the  horticulturist  is  now  divided  up.  The  florist  is  a  special- 
ist ;  the  tree-grower  is  a  specialist,  and  the  fruit-grower  is  a  fruit-grower 
only. 

The  growing  demand  is  for  special  fruits  for  special  localities. 
More  knowledge  needed;  more  reading  necessary.  The  timely  words 
of  warning  through  the  Bund  World  bad  made  thousands  of  dollars 
to  the  fruit-growers  of  tbe  State  who  were  laising  apples.  He  read 
several  letters  from  parties  who  claimed  they  bad  beeen  swindled  by- 
selling  their  crop  too  low.  The  general  belief  was  expressed  that  these 
"kickers"  were  the  same  fellows  who  are  always  "too  poor"  to  take  a 
paper,  or  want  a  flrst-class  paper  for  almost  nothing.  Some  of  these 
bad  lost  over  $500,  becaase  some  fellow  bad  told  them  there  was  a  big 
crop  of  apples  everywhere.  The  Secretary  reported  twenty-seven  hor- 
ticultural societies  in  the  State. 


WINTBB  M&ETIKG  AT  CLINTON. 


KLBCTIOK  OF  0PFICBB9. 

The  old  offlcerB  were  all  re-elected  aaaninioDBly. 

TBE  WORLD'S  FAIB.  . 

A  resolntioD  with  a  long  list  of  whereases  was  adopted,  asking  that 
in  Ttew  of  the  £aet  that  the  fruit  interests  of  the  State  now  exceed  $L0,- 
000,000,  we  hereby  ask  the  Legislature  of  this  State  to  appropriate  the 
fiam  of  $25,000  to  aid  in  an  exhibit  of  the  fruit  interests  of  the  State  at 
the  Golambian  Exposition. 

Berries  in  North  Missonri,  by  J.  N.  Menefee  and  Samael  Miller,  of 
BlnfftoD,  and  Berries  in  Soath  Missonri,  by  J.  H.  Logan,  of  Nevada,  were 
all  excellent  papers,  rich  in  practical  snggestions  eo  necessary  to  the 
amateur  berry  grower. 

The  disonsaion  which  followed  brought  out  the  oft-repeated  fact 
that  certain  varieties  hare  their  favorite  localities,  while  ont  of  these 
they  do  not  succeed  as  well.  Michel's  Early  so  for  as  fi-nited  iagiviaj; 
very  general  satisfoction  as  one  fit  for  general  planting. 

Mr.  Hopkins  asked  for  a  remedy  for  mat  on  raspberry  and  black- 
berry canee.  Prof.  Clark  believes  it  is  cansed  by  a  vegetable  or  fung- 
ons  growth  andkuoweof  no  remedythat  has  proved  effective.  Bordeaux 
Mixture  has  been  tried,  but  the  results  were  not  satisfactory. 

Mr.  Spieer  Ihinkaiuachof  the  ao-called  winter-killing  of  vines  is  dae 
to  thia.  Some  thought  it  sameas  the  red  mat  on  the  raspberry,  while 
others  thought  differently. 

VINEYARDS 

Mr.  Espenlanb  reported  the  beet  crop  of  grapes  for  years.  Says  we 
should  plant  for  early  grapes,  and  we  can  thus  avoid  competition  with 
the  eastern  product.  Mr,  Kinder  reported  in  favor  of  Moore'a  Early 
and  Diamond.  Empire  the  beat  early  white  grape.  Samuel  Miller  in- 
dorsed all  Mr,  Kinder  aaid.  Mr.  Espenlanb  had  good  success  with  the 
Niagara.  Maj,  Evana  thiuka  the  coming  grape  will  be  the  Jewell.  Mr. 
Espeolaab  aays  it  shows  more  wood  than  the  Concord,  is  a  great  bearer, 
thick  skin,  size  that  of  a  medium  Concord.  Mr.  Kinder  thinks  the  com- 
ing red  grape  is  the  Ulster  Prolific.  Samuel  Miller  thinks  the  Jewell  is 
as  good  a  grape  as  we  can  get.  The  Ooetbe  was  pronounced  the  best  of 
the  Rogers  family. 

Plwiiw,  by  Jacob  Paith,~ODe  of  those  really  good,  strong,  every-day 
papers,  highly  practical,  bristling  with  good,  common,  every-day  sense. 
Becommeuds  that  hogs  and  poallry  have  tree  access  to  the  pinm  orchard ; 


1  B_14 


ly  Google 


210  STATE   HOETIODLTUBAL   SOCIETY. 

also  that  tbe  plam  be  grafted  on  peacli  roots ;  should  be  picked  three 
to  fonr  days  before  nsing.  Wild  Goose  and  Orimson  Beauty  succeed 
best  Id  Vernon  count;.  S".  F.  &furr;  said  to  get  good  sauce  from  the 
Wild  Goose  they  shoald  be  pitted  before  cooking. 

Fruit  Packing,  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Bell,  of  Booaville.— Should  pack  the 
fruit  honestly — same  quality  all  through  the  barrel ;  ship  a  less  amonnt ; 
bnt  make  the  qnality  better,  and  the  shipper  will  receive  as  mnch 
money  and  have  the  poorer  fruit  for  other  pnrpoaes. 

Evaporating  Fruit,  by  J.  B.  Darand,  Prairie  City. — The  object  of 
this  paper  was  to  show  vrhat  to  do  with  the  fruit  that  vas  not  fit  to 
ship.  Belieres  every  fruit-grower  should  have  a  dryer  for  his  sarplaa 
atock.  Has  often  received  more  for  bis  cull  stock  when  evaporated 
than  for  his  choice  stock  when  shipped.  Every  bushel  evaporated  as- 
sists in  keeping  np  the  market  for  the  green  stock.  Evaporated  apples 
hare  the  world  for  a  market.  Can  bekeptforyearsif  properly  packed. 
A  very  excellent  paper. 

Planting,  Protecting  and  Pruning,  by  H.  B.  Francis,  of  Mulberry 

He  regards  good  horttenltaral  literatnre  an  absolute  necessity.  In 
«hoice  of  soil  and  location,  get  the  best  experience  you  can  to  aid  you, 
8take  ont  the  ground  for  rows  thirty  feet  apart  in  tbe  dead  farrows. 
Fill  in  the  dead  furrows  with  well-rotted  manure,  and  back-furrow  it 
under  and  set  the  trees  on  or  in  this  ridge.  Getting  the  trees— I  go  to 
the  nursery  sad  select  my  trees;  by  doing  this  I  have  no  trouble  in  get- 
ting good  trees ;  wash  the  roots  as  I  set  them,  in  a  mixture  of  half-bar- 
rel of  water  containing  two  ounces  of  carbolic  acid  and  half  a  box  of 
concentrated  lye,  which  kills  all  the  root  lice  or  "  woolly  aphis."  Would 
not  lean  them  to  the  southwest,  as  is  often  done,  but  set  upright  with 
.  the  largest  limbs  on  the  south  side. 

Pruning. — "Heading low"  and  "citting  back"  is  not  the  best 
method,  as  it  requires  too  much  time  for  the  tree  to  come  into  bearing, 
and  generally  grows  a  weekly  tree.  Discnssion :  Mr.  Strauss  prepared 
his  gronnd  the  year  before  by  plowing  from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches 
deep.  Planted  the  grafts  where  he  waQt«d  the  trees,  putting  two  in  a 
place.  Planted  the  ground  in  potatoes  and  thorougly  cultivated  the 
ground.     Trees  now  five  years  old  and  bearing  a  light  crop. 

Propagation  of  Fruit-bearing  Trees,  by  J.  G.  Kinder,  of  Kevada. — 
Believes  a  constant  deterioration  is  going  on  in  oar  ftnit-trees,  and  this 
is  owing  to  a  lack  of  congeniality  between  tbe  graft  and  root  nsed,  and 
often  tbe  use  of  grafts  from  scrubby  or  ill-conditioned  trees.  Oites 
the  Jenet  as  an  illustration  of  this  deterioration.  This  was  one  of  the 
papers  that  set  fruit-growers  to  thinking  and  most  likely  to  observing. 
It  opens  np  the  whole  field  of  "  breeding"  trees. 


WINTBB  MBBTING   AT   CLINTON.  211 

CLOSING  SES8I0S,  THUKSDAY  KVESINQ,  DBC.  4, 
The  beHt  of  recitations  and  music  both  instrumental  aod  vocal,  have 
been  freely  famished  by  the  citizeus  of  Clinton  for  the  evening  sesaion. 
7he  Acuity  of  Baird  college  showed  lis  breadtb  of  cnltore  and  willing- 
DesB  toco-operate  in  any  efforts  to  educate  and  instruct  even  those  not 
withia  its  own  special  line,  by  rendering  most  efBcif-nt  service  in  both 
day  and  night  sessions.  Personal  Association,  by  Judge  G.  I.  Bobards, 
of  Bntler — Moral  of  his  theme:  Though  gold  may  have  ita  use,  there  are 
better  things  than  gold.  We  mast  circulate  among  each  other  to  secure 
the  very  best  results. 

A  most  valuable  paper,  Entomology,  by  Miss  Mnrtfeldt,  which  was 
read  by  Secretary  Ohubbuck,  of  the  State  Board  of  Agricnltace,  and 
like  all  of  her  papers  was  well  received. 

The  closing  paper  was  by  L.  Geiger,  of  Boonville.  Subject:  The 
Poor  Horticaltarist.  Id  this  he  showed  readily  that  the  poor  horti- 
ealtnrist  was  bo  by  his  own  lack  of  efTort.  A  paper  that  will  bear  read- 
ing in  oar  spare  moments. 

AWASDS  AND    PBBMIUHS — VLOWEBS. 

Best  basket  of  flowers — First  premium  $6.00,  B.  S.  Brown,  Kansas 
■City.     Second  premium,  $4,00,  E.  A.  Bamhart,  Clinton 

Best  hand  boqaet:  First  premium,  $3.00,  M.  L.  Bon  bam,  Clinton. 

Beat  table  boqnet:  First  premium;  $3.00,  E.  A.  Bamhart,  Clinton. 

Collections  of  plants  :  E.  A.  Bamhart  and  M.  L.  Bonham,  each  a 
jfratuity  of  $5.00. 

Judges :  Mr.  Sam'l  Miller,  iVIrs.  L.  A.  Goodman,  Mrs.  Balrd. 

ON  APPLBB. 

Best  display,  twenty-flve  varieties :  lat  premium,  $20,  T.  J.  Bhinkle 
Bark;    2Dd  premium,  $10,  to  Shepbard  &  Wheeler,  lAMonte. 

Best  ten  varieties  for  family,  W.  G.  Gano,  Olden,  lat  premium,  $6; 
■J.  M.  MonBees,2d  preminm,$4. 

Best  ten  varieties  for  market,  Olden  Fruit  Co.,  Ist  premium,  $6; 
second  premium,  Shephard  &  Wheeler,  $4. 

Best  ten  varieties  for  show,  1st  preminm,  T.  J,  Bfaiakle,  $6. 

Best  five  varieties  for  market,  let  premium,  Shephard  &  Wheeler, 
$3 ;  2d  premium,  W.  Q.  Gano,  $2. 

Largest  apple,  Ist  premium,  W.  G,  Oauo,  $2  ( the  apple  selected 
was  the  Ben  Davia ). 

Haudaomest  apple,  Shepbard  &  Wheeler,  Ist  premium,  $2  ( also 
the  Ben  Davis);  second  premiam,  T.  J.  Shinkle,  $2  (the  Hantsoian,) 

For  quality,  Grimes'  Golden,  T.  J.  Shinkle;  2nd,C.  C.  Bell. 


212  STATE   HOBTICULTURAL  BOOIBTY. 

Best  seedling,  1st  premiam,  S.  Miller  ;  2iid  premiam,  M.  L.  Bonham. 

Committee  also  reported  on  ezbibitioa  on  tables,  about  forty-five 
varieties  of  apples  ;  also,  find  some  apples  by  0.  Hartzel,  of  the  crop  of 
1888  and  1889, kept  by  his  plan  of  preserving  fruits  ;al»>o,  a  collection  of 
seventeen  varieties  of  very  fine  apples,  exhibited  by  J.  T,  Scott,  of  Putnam 
<-.oanty  ;  also,  s  large  assortment  of  fraits  by  J.  H.  Baily,  of  Meailla, 
yew  Mexico ;  also,  some  fine  wines  by  Jacob  Faith. 

O.   F.   B3PBNLA.0B, 

6.  W.  Hopkins, 
L.  T.  KiEK, 

Committee. 


Miss  Bettie  Settle's  rendition  of  "  Uncle  Ked  and  his  Little  Mole'* 
was  rewarded  by  the  very  hearty  applause  of  the  audience  anda  basket 
of  the  premiam  apples.  , 

The  Gipsy  Oirl,  by  Miss  Kate  Holmes,  was  first-class,  as  were  all 
of  her  recitations  and  musical  performances. 

Major  C.  C.  Bell  had  several  photos  of  his  fntnre  assistant  in  the 
frnit-packing  hnsiness. 

The  vieitors  to  Baird  college  were  highly  pleased.  The  trip  to  the 
artesian  well,  which  is  eight  hundred  feet  deep  and  fiows  four  hundred 
gallons  a  minute,  was  appreciated. 

The  next  winter  meeting  will  be  held  at  Sedalia.  The  location  of 
the  summer  meeting  is  not  yet  fixed  by  the  committee. 

Mr.  Lamb  of  Sedalia  was  the  best  langher,  and  Jacob  Faith  the 
best  German  singer. 

Congratnlaiory  messages  were  sent  and  answers  received  from  the 
societies  of  Kansas,  Michigan  and  Indiana. 

Treasurer  D.  8.  Holmau  was  reported  to  be  dangerously  ill,  and 
a  message  of  sympathy  was  sent  to  Mrs.  Holman. 

A.  kelson  was  the  tallest  man  and  W.  Q.  Gauo  the  shortest. 

Chas.  Patterson  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  Illinois  annual  meet- 
ing, and  a  package  of  fruit  was  also  sent. 

The  usoal  reBolntions  were  passed.  This  was  the  beat  meeting  ever 
held  by  this  society.     Cau  Sedalia  duplicate  itl     We  shall  see.  B. 


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PROCEEDINGS. 


Oltntoh,  Mo.,  Dec.  2. 
The  fiiBt  day  was  spent  in  decoratini;  tbe  hall,  arranging  the  fruit 
and  flower  exhibits,  welcomlDg  and  asHlgniDg  the  vieitois  and  delegates 
to  homes,  and  other  preliminary  work. 

TUESDAY,  Dbcbmbbe  2,  8  p.  m. 

The  meeting  was  opened  with  singing  the  doxology,  "  Praise  God 
from  whom  all  blessings  flow,"  and  prayer  by  Rev.  Taylor  Bernard. 
ISext  came  a  doable  qaartette,  beantifally  reodered. 

IVELCOMB  ADDBBSS  BY  THE  MAYOR. 

Yoa  T>eople  who  are  acquainted  with  me  know  that  I  am  not  ao  orator.  When 
a  boy  1  Joined  a  debating  aoclety,  and  like  many  otber  boyi,  1  thought  that  the 
eloquence  of  flenry  Clay  woald  b«  laid  In  the  ihade  by  my  eObrta;  but  when  I 
made  a  apeech  the  aadieace  left  the  house .  Although  not  an  orator,  I  do  extend 
to  yoa  a  most  hearty  welcooie  here  to-night.  It  Is  claimed  by  the  east  tbat  we  of 
Mtaaoarl  are  on  the  ontsklrta  of  civilization  ;  but  bo  miuy  horticultnrlatB  here  to- 
night show  that  we  are  cot  so  far  oat.  Hortlenltare  ii  one  of  the  fine  arts,  and  Is 
developed  only  among  ciTlllzed  peoples.  The  name  of  Henry  Bhaw  it  almost  a 
taoaeehold  word  In  thla  oonntry,  and  bis  garden  Is  a  lasting  monument. 

Who  does  not  love  flower*  and  feel  tbat  their  caltlvation  ts  reflnlng  and  enno- 
bling? Among  tbe  most  Talnable  producta  of  art  are  those  whlob  Indode  the  cal- 
tlvation of  f^Dit,  vegetable  an^  flowering  planta.  Host  farmers  think  garden 
onltute  requires  too  much  work.  If  this  meeting  of  jour  Society  should  give  an 
Impetus  to  progress  In  the  dlrectiou  of  horticulture,  you  will  have  earned  our  grat- 
itude. There  are  men  here,  I  «ee  by  your  prog^m,  who  can  give  us  the  informa- 
tion we  need,  and  we  give  you  a  generous  welcome. 

When  yon  see  our  churches,  schools,  water-works  and  electric  lights  you  will 
be  oonvinced  that  we  sre  a  progressive  and  Christian  people,  I  tbink  there  ie  not 
abetter  school  in  the  State  than  our  public  sobooi,  Lampkin's  academy  holds  a 
high  rank,  and  Ust  but  not  lesst  Is  Baird  college.  I  wUh  and  hope  tbat  yon  will 
have  a  pleaeant  visit,  and  that  when  you  go  away  you  will  always  have  pleasant 
memories  and  a  kind  word  for  our  citizens. 


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STATE   HOETIOULTUEAL  SOCIETY. 


PRESIDENT  EVANS'  RE8P0NSB. 
I  will  say  tliat  on  bebalf  of  the  Slate  Horticnlturat  Soolet]r  I  tbaok  the  Mayor 
for  thlB  very  heart;  welcome  I  trust  they  will  continue  to  feel  tbua  toward  ns, 
and  that  they  will  continue  to  come  and  encourage  us  by  their  presence.  Oar 
nlgbt  sesaiona  will  cooslat  In  part  of  entertainment ;  our  day  eeasions  will  be  work 
almost  entirely.  You  will  And  out  somethlDg  of  what  we  have  been  doing  In  the 
past,  and  I  trust  yc>u  will  find  ont  enough  to  Interest  yon,  so  that  yon  will  watcb 
tie  much  closer  In  tbe  future.  Think  of  a  revenue  often  million  dollars  la  one 
year  for  Hlssoari  apples  alone !  The  mayor  eays  that  some  farmera  tbink  bortlcnl- 
tare  Is  not  a  paying  pursuit.  Uany  men  have  sold  their  crop  of  apples  for  more 
than  tbey  could  have  sold  tbelr  land  for  the  day  they  sold  their  apples.  Yet  soma 
eay  that  hortloultuie  don't  pay. 

We  will  DOW  have  a  paper  in  the  san^e  line. 

MISSOURI'S  OPPORTUNITY 

N.  F.  UORBAT,  ORKQON,  HO. 

Located  Id  tbe  geographical  center  of  this  great  Union  of  i^tates,  and  blessed 
as  she  Is  with  the  greatest  variety  of  soil,  climate  and  mineral  of  any  State  or  like 
area  of  eonntry  on  the  globe,  a  land  that  not  only  flows  with  tullk  and  honey,  but 
never  falls  to  produce  an  abundance  of  grain,  grass,  fruit*  and  vegetables,  and  the 
air  is  fragrant  with  the  riob  perfume  of  her  native  flora,  where  tbe  hosbaodmsn  la 
enre  to  reap  a  rloh  reward  for  bis  toll,  and  wltb  all  her  vast  undeveloped  w^altb,  sbe 
has  tbe  grandest  opportunity  before  her  of  any  of  onr  many  great  States  that  com- 
prise tbe  grandest  and  beat  government  lliat  Ood  has  ever  given  to  man . 

We  are  welt  aware  and  willing  to  confess  that  .Missouri  has  not  In  tbe  past 
embraced  and  made  tbe  most  of  her  great  opportunities.  But  If  W^atts  was  right 
when  he  penned  the  lines, 

Thkt  wblle  tbe  lamp  of  life  botdtontto  boTD. 
The  vlletf  ainoer  msy  Tetnra, 

Th«n  we  may  yet  hope  that  Missouri  may  repent  of  her  sins  and  ber  wasted  oppor- 
tunities, and  awaken  to  a  proper  sense  and  realization  of  her  true  greatuess  and 
grand  possibilities,  rise  up  in  ber  might,  shake  off  the  dust  that  bas  settled  over  her 
in  years  of  stupid  lethargy,  and  strike  oat  on  the  great  highway  of  progress.  mov» 
onward  and  upward  tlU  she  reaches  that  proud  position  that  Nature's  Ood  and  des- 
tiny seems  to  have  pointed  out  for  her,  the  empire  State  of  tbe  Union. 

[Tor  a  quarter  of  a  century  HIssourl  bas  looked  upon  wltb  almost  criminal  in- 
difference and  beheld  the  great  tidal  wave  of  emigration  rolling  through  and  far  be- 
yond her  western  border  in  answer  to  the  call  and  glowingdesorlpllonsof  tbe  great 
Eldorado  beyond,  so  beautifully  painted  by  the  able  and  well<pald  advertising  agenta 
of  railroad  corporations  and  land  syndicates,  to  struggle  with  all  the  adverse  condi- 
tions of  the  arldandbllxEard-strlckenplalneof  the  great  American  desert ;  many  of 
the  pale-faces  that  have  succumbed  lAtheunequnltask  will.doubt  less  rise  up  In  judg- 
ment to  condemn  these  heartless  men  for  tfaeir  crime  against  suffering  humanity; 
bat  tbe  great  tidal  wave  that  bas  rolled  out  over  the  plains,  up  over  the  Rockies, 
down  upon  tbe  golden  shores  of  the  Faddo  ocean,  and  far  out  to  the  northwest 
over  tbe  Dakutas,  has  at  last  spent  Its  forae  and  broken  to  fragments  over  the 
mountains  of  dllUcuItles  and  sad  disappointments  of  blasted  hopes  for  remunerative 
crops  for  years  that  failed  to  appear ;  hope  long  deferred  has  made  tbe  heart  sick, 


WINTER  MBETIMG  AT  OLIHTOM.  216 

and  thouBands  of  tbem,  like  the  wandering  prodigal  of  old,  have  «ald,  why  do  we 
and  oar  little  ones  longer  starve  In  these  unfruitful  lands,  when  ihere  is  p]ent7  and 
to  spare  In  good  old  MUsourl.  We  viU  arise  and  go  to  ibe  land  of  plenCj,  where 
the  climate  Is  mild  and  crops  never  fatl— to  a  State  that  has  ever  provided  for  her 
own.  A  wise  conclusion,  indeed,  and  for  months  we  have  almost  daily  beheld 
■cores  of  wagons  loaded  with  tbese  disappointed  people  returning  Into  this  goodly 
land  of  promise. 

Here  again  Is  Htasourl's  opportanitj.  Let  herpeoplerlse  up  to  give  a  Mendly 
greeting  to  these  way-worn  and  weary  travelers,  and  point  tbem  to  our  rich, 
broad  river  bottoms ;  to  our  beautiful  and  plccnresqne  bluff  ranges,  already  famous 
for  their  abundant  orops  of  lasciousfmlts;  to  the  beautiful  and  wonderfolly  healthy 
plateau  of  the  Ozarks,  and  their  gentle,  sunny  south  slopes,  so  famous  for  thetr 
never- falling  crops  of  peaches;  to  our  broad  rolling  prairies;  to  onr  Inexhaustible 
mines  of  coal,  iron,  zlno,  marble,  lead  and  granite,  and  to  our  vast  expanse  of 
cheap,  wild  lands.  Invite  them  to  make  their  homes  within  onr  borders,  and 
help  unlock  Nature's  store-bonse  of  wealth,  and  bring  forth  her  hidden  treasures 
to  supply  the  wants  of  a  rapidly  Increasing  and  higher  civilization. 

The  failure  of  the  fruit  crop  In  most  all  of  the  Eastern  States  the  past  season 
brought  a  email  army  of  buyers  to  Ulssourl  hunting  fruit.  They  were  not  disap- 
pointed, but  left  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  among  our  people  In  exchange 
for  their  fruit,  and  were  agreeably  surprised  at  what  they  saw.  A  New  Tork 
gentleman,  after  spending  a  week  In  Northwest  Uissourl,  remarked  that  It  was  a 
grand,  good  eountry;  that  he  was  very  much  pleased  with  the  people.  Said  he, 
' '  I  wrote  to  my  family  the  other  d»y  that  I  was  agreeably  surprised  with  Ulsaonrl 
and  her  people;  felt  quite  at  home  and  just  as  safe  as  I  would  Id  New  York." 
Anotber  remarked  that  Missouri  was  the  best  place  In  the  world  for  yonng  men  In 
the  Eastern  States  to  come  to  for  good  and  cheap  homes.  Another  opportunity 
for  Missouri :  let  us  bid  them  come,  and  give  them  a  kindly  welcome  to  make  acd 
build  their  homes  hi  this  ftnitful  land,  where  each  may.  With  a  little  capital,  In- 
dustry and  economy,  soon  sit  beneath  their  own  vine  and  fmlt-tree,  and  enjoy  such 
pleasures  and  luxuries  as  home  alone  can  give.  And  here  permit  me  to  earnestly 
urge  our  own  citizens,  who  have  not  secured  themselves  homes,  and  our  yonng  men 
who  are  Inclined  to  roam,  to  at  once,  while  you  may  and  can,  buy  some  of  our 
cheap  land,  and  make  you  a  pleasant  home,  surround  It  with  fruits  and  flowers, 
and  in  the  evening  of  life  you  will  thank  the  writer  for  this  advice. 

Renwmliet  that  the  world  hatb  lu  delight*  and  Its  delnilona  too. 
But  hame  to  calmer  bllaa  InTitei,  m>re  tranqnll  and  moTb  Ime. 

UlsBOurl's  fruit  crop  this  year  has  gone  east,  west,  north  and  south,  giving  an 
opportunity  to  tens  c>f  thousands  of  people  to  eat  and  test  the  superior  quality  o' 
Miasourl  fruit,  which  will  proveagraad  Bdvertlsemenl  for  our  State.  But  Mis- 
souri's grand  and  crowning  opportunity  to  show  the  world  ber  wonderful  products 
and  superior  fruits  will  be  at  the  World's  fair  at  Chicago  In  1803.  And  she  should 
at  once  prepare  to  embrace  this  golden  opportunity  and  arrange  to  show  ber  vast 
products  on  a  mammoth  scale  worthy  of  her  rank  among  our  sister  States.  And  as 
horticulture  Is  well  to  the  front,  If  not  In  the  lead,  of  all  other  Industries,  amount- 
ing In  the  aggregate  to  over  ten  millions  of  dollars  annually,  and  ought,  if  properly 
enconraged,  to  reach  fifty  millions  In  the  next  ten  years,  we,  as  a  State  Horticul- 
tural Society,  should  at  once  organize  and  muster  our  forces  and  prepare  to  do  our 
duty  and  act  well  our  part  In  this  great  drama,  that  we  may  acquit  ourselves  with 
credit  as  citizens  of  the  coming  empire  State  of  the  Union. 


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216  STATE   HOBTIOULTDBU.  BOOISTY, 

After  Mr.  Murray's  paper  came  a  lecitatioD  hy  Miss  Ardie  Eistler, 
of  the  ClintoQ  pablic  aohoole. 

The  following  committeeB  were  appoioted  by  the  President  for  the 
session : 

On  Fruits— G.  F.  Espenlanb,  L.  T.  Kirk,  O.  W,  Hopbine. 

On  Flowbrs— Samnel  Miller,  Hra.  Batrd,  Un.  L.  A.  Qoodmsn. 

On  FiNiNCB— J.  W.  Heniree,  Chas.  PatterBon,  Beor.v  Hp«er. 

OBrruARY— C.  I.  Robards,  C.  C,  Bell,  J.  G.  Kloder. 

O.v  tTiNAL  Rksoldtions— A.  NelBOD,  J.  H. Logan, S.W.  Gilbert. 

Treofiurer  D.  S.  Holman,  of  Springfield,  being  sick  and  unable  to 
attend,  J.  H.  Logan  was  appointed  treasarer  pro  tem. 
HOETICDLTUBB. 
MBB.  J.   M.   PRBTZIHOKR,  CLINTON'. 

We  have  asBembled  togetber  at  this  roeettng  to  engage  in  the  means  to  pro- 
mote an  art  tbat  U  suited  to  man  and  womaa'a  highest  Uestlny ;  It  is  an  art  that  la 
calonlated  to  afibrd  tbo  Intellect  abundant  thetnei,  to  wblch  a  patriarch's  long  life 
might  be  devoted  wttb  Increasing  gladness,  Tor  It  extends  attove,  aronnd  and 
beneath  us ;  Its  beauties  are  witbout  limit,  its  varieties  without  end  ;  tbere  is  no 
haman  science  that  is  soamplelniterange,  soattractlTe  in  Its  allurements ;  tbere 
la  no  oocnpatlon  of  man  that  1b  bo  ennobling, or  that  brings  blm  so  Intimately  Id 
connection  with  natore  and  nature's  God ;  its  votary  has  the  wide  world  of  beauty 
unfolded  to  bU  view  as  a  living  landscape.  Both  as  Bclenoe  and  as  an  art,  hortlcuU 
ture,  ifit  be  properly  appreolated  as  abundant  In  Its  reeources,  hag  numbered 
among  Its  votaries  the  wisest,  ablest  and  beet  men  of  all  ages  and  of  every  nation ; 
they  have  gathered,  transformed,  naturalized  and  adapted  to  our  uses  whatever 
of  earth's  products  can  pleaae  the  eye,  tatUfy  the  appetite  or  regale  thcsenseB,  or 
la  of  any  uie  whatever  In  Bustalnlng  life,  or  promotingthe  bapplneos  of  man.  An 
art  that  Is  so  abundant  In  its  resonroes,  and  that  baa  occupied  the  medltadone  of 
the  learned  for  pait  ages,  is  worthy  of  at  leaat  a  little  of  our  consideration.  It  la 
the  art  that  means  gardening  of  every  kind  the  world  over.  GardenlDg  by  the 
orchardist,  the  vlneyardlst,  the  florist  and  tbe  tree  planter.  It  Includes  the  amateur 
and  tbe  professional  cuttlvator,  tbe  market  gardener  with  his  broad  acres,  and  the 
poor  woman  with  one  solitary  geranium. 

In  all  well -organized  bodies  of  workers,  each  member  not  only  brings  to  tho 
meeting  the  experience  be  or  she  ban  gained  In  bla  avocation,  but  he  ebowi  a  dla- 
posttlon  to  help  others,  and  tf  dilTerenoee  arise  in  brushing  against  them,  he  may 
get  some  sharp  acglee  knocked  off.  But  he  will  return  home  a  (tetter  Informed  man, 
and  If  he  has  bad  a  good  time,  as  he  should  have,  be  will  be  younger  In  heart. 
The  Btudy  and  practice  of  bortlculture,  or  any  other  noble  subject  that  brlnge  man 
Id  contact  with  nature,  Inspires  a  tendency  to  keep  the  heart  young.  Horticulture 
Is  a  science,  the  t>tudy  and  advancement  of  which  la  well  worthy  of  emulation;  It 
has  reference  to  the  comfort,  the  beautyand  tberetlnementof  taomeand  Its  environ- 
ments, conducing  to  the  promotion  of  the  enjoyments,  tbe  pleasures  and  tbe  real 
luznrles  of  civilized  life;  it  prorootee  reflnoment  In  ihe  family  circle,  as  shown 
tn  tbe  cultivation  of  beautiful  plants  and  lovely  flowers,  tending  to  the  adornment 
of  home  ;  It  teaches  the  best  and  moBt  approved  methods  for  the  embellishroent of 
iMtth  city  and  rural  homes.  Our  homes  are  truly  what  we  make  them;  and  a 
home,  let  It  be  ever  so  humble,  there  la  no  place  like  home.    There  la  an  endleas 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_)' 


gle 


WINIBB  MBBTING  AT  CLINTON.  217 

Tarletf  of  waya  in  wblcta  we  may  fiil  onr  homes  with  beauty  It  we  will ;  when  every 
home  haa  Us  flower  garden  and  house  plants,  and  every  woman  does  half  her  honie- 
keeiilng  ont  of  doors,  making  the  borne  a  source  of  pleasure,  we  may  then  dedicate 
our  floral  treasures  to  the  Deity  and  huraanitj,  and  thus  carrying  the  love  of  God 
and  man  into  one  pleasure,  make  It  one  of  the  means  of  doing  our  Kttle  share  of 
blessing  and  being  blessed.  Our  floral  mlsslooa,  taking  the  brightness  of  freah 
dowers  into  rooms  filled  with  suffering,  and  oft-times  sin  and  grief ,  they  are  like 
angels  of  mercy  bringing  tidings  of  purity  and  praoe.  Hay  the  time  soon  come 
when  every  heart  may  welcome  them,  nnd  every  e^e  rejoice  at  the  presence  of 
these  gifts  of  love,  fresh  from  our  Father's  band.  * 

OUR  FLOWERING   BITLBS. 


ifr.  President,  Ladia  and  Qattltmtn: 

Having  been  assigned  the  pleasant  duty  of  fnrnlshing  a  paper  on  "  Our  Flower- 
ing Bnlbs,"  I  take  )t  fbr  granted  that  not  simply  a  longennmeratlonof  varletleaand 
kinds  which  could  be  classed  under  the  above  headlnif.  but  a  few  blots  as  to  their 
proper  cultivation,  would  be  what  thU  tioolety  requires  of  me.  Hence,  I  take  the 
liberty  to  oonflne  myself  to  sucb  classes  and  varieties  as  have  come  under  my  per- 
sonal observation  and  practical  experience  In  cultivating  the  same,  so  as  to  obtain 
the  best  results  In  large  and  perfect  flowers,  and  corresponding  richness  of  color. 
A  great  many  amatenrs  with  wboia  I  have  had  forreepondenoe  appear  to  bare 
forme<<  the  belief  that  Just  to  buy  the  bulbs  and  put  them  in  the  ground  Is  alt  that 
Is  required,  and  success  will  naturally  follow.  In  the  first  place,  I  would  state,  all 
4ulbs  require  well-drained  ground,  and  next  Is  the  proper  season  for  planting, 
proper  depth,  and,  lastly, effloleut  protection  durlngonr  quite  often  cold  aad  change- 
«ble  winters.  The  proper  time  for  planting  hardy  bulbs  Is  In  the  fall,  during 
September  and  October,  or  later  If  the  weather  permits.  Of  all  the  bulbs  In  general 
«nltlvation,  the  lilies  stand  pre-eminent  at  the  head  of  the  list  for  the  enormons  size 
«f  their  florets,  purity  of  color  and  msjestlo  appearance.  They  are  nearly  all  hardy 
in  this  State,  but  should  be  planted  about  six  Inches  under  the  snrfkce  of  the 
ground,  and  twelve  Inches  apart  in  the  row  or  bed.  If  the  eel)  is  of  a  heavy,  clayey 
loam,  I  should  prefer  to  plant  the  bulbs  on  a  thin  layer  of  sand,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
bulb  from  decaying  before  commencing  to  grow :  and  when  frost  sets  In  the  beds 
flboold  be  covered  with  four  or  flve  Inches  of  manure.  With  tew  exceptions,  lilies 
succeed  In  our  gardens  admirably,  and  continue  to  increase  tn  strength  and  beauty, 
especially  when  left  undisturbed  for  several  years. 

lAUam  Aunxtitm,  or,  as  It  is  commonly  called,  "  The  Gold-banded  Lily  of 
Japan,"  is  a  superb  variety,  producing  flowers  ten  to  twelve  inches  In  diameter, 
-composed  of  sis  white  petals  thickly  studded  with  rich  chocolate-crimson  spots  and 
having  a  bright  golden-yellow  band  through  the  ceuter  of  each  petal.  To  Its  size 
snd  beauty  it  adds  an  exquisite  vanllla-llke  perfume.  As  the  bulbs  acquire  age  and 
strength,  the  flowers  attain  their  maximum  size  and  number,  and  upward  of 
twelve  flowers  on  a  single  stem  is  not  an  uncommon  production. 

Liiium  Candidvm,  our  common  garden  variety,  with  pure  white  fl  otiers,  aod 
seen  in  almost  every  coHection,  Is  also  cultivated  extensively  In  pots,  blooming 
at>out  Easter.  It  forms  one  of  our  principal  flowers  for  church  decoration,  and  1b 
so  well  known  as  to  hardly  need  comment.  Lilitim  Earritii,  the  Easter  Illy  of 
Bermuda,  has  large,  pure  white,  trumpet-sbaped  flowers,  often  seven  or  eight 
inches  long.  It  Is  a  Illy  of  great  beauty  and  exquisite  fragrance,  and  la  probably 
the  most  valuable  and  popular  Illy  In  onltlvatlon.     It  Is  espedally  valuable  for 


218  BTA.TE   HOBTJGULTURAL   SOCIETY, 

winter  blooming,  when  tboaaitndH  DiJon  tbouiande  are  anaunll}' firown,  and  their 
beautlfal  bloBBoma  adorn  tbe  altars  of  our  cburcbes,  neddlng  tables  and  dinner 
parties^  also  In  large  clusters  for  funeral  eoibleme. 

Lillum  Laneifoliwn,  Album  and  Rubrum — Ibe  former  a  jiure  white  and  tta» 
latter  a  wblte  and  red  spotted  variety  of  the  Japan  class — are  botb  very  fine  for 
garden  culture.  If  Itlles  are  wanted  for  ninter  blooming  in  potd,  the  dry  bnlbft 
ehoald  be  placed  l:i  live  or  aix-inch  pote,  according  to  tbe  size  of  tbe  Dulb,  and 
abont  balf  way  down  In  tbe  pot.  The  reason  why  Illy  bulbs  should  be  so  planted 
is,  wben  tbey  have  grown  a  few  tncbes  above  the  pot  they  send  oat  a  number  of 
roots  along  the  steok,  and  nnless  these  roots  can  find  their  way  Into  the  soil  and  add 
etrength  to  the  plant.  It  Is  Impossible  to  obtain  the  best  success.  After  the  bulbs- 
have  been  so  planted  the  pots  should  be  sunk  In  the  ground  outside  In  a  protected 
place  and  given  a  good  watering,  after  which  they  should  be  covered  with  four  or 
five  inches  of  loose  eoII,  where  thej'  remain  until  the  pots  are  well  AUed  witb  root-s, 
which  generally  taues  six  or  eight  weeks.  Should  frost  appear  before  tbey  are 
removed  Into  tbe  house,  a  molohtng  of  a  few  inches  of  manure  would  be  well  as  a 
further  piotection.  After  tbey  have  been  removed  to  the  bouee,  tbey  afaould  be 
kept  In  a  cool  room  until  the  advanced  top  becomes  green,  when  they  can  stand 
and  should  be  given  more  heat,  acoordlng  to  the  time  they  are  wanted  to  bloom. 

Calla  EtMopiea,  or  Lily  of  the  Nile,  Is  an  old  but  favorite  variety,  which  noone- 
can  aflbrd  to  overlook.  It  grows  freely,  requiring  an  abundance  of  water,  pro- 
ducing during  tbe  winter  large  spade-like  pure  white  flowers.  Tbe  Calla  require* 
to  be  rested  during  tbe  hot  months  of  summer,  which  Is  best  done  by  withholding- 
water  and  turning  the  pots  on  their  sides  in  some  sbady  place.  Alter  this  rest  the 
Calla  should  be  repotted  Into  good  rich  soil  and  started  into  growth,  a  single  bull> 
often  producing  four  to  six  bioasome  in  a  season. 

The  Hyacinth  Is  J  ustly  entitled  to  the  great  popularity  it  bae  attained ,  as  no 
plant  will  produce  such  beautlfu!  spikes  of  blossoms  with  so  little  care  and  latior. 
Tbe  HyaclDtb  Is  perfectly  hardy,  and  If  wanted  for  tbe  garden  should  be  planted  oat 
In  October  or  any  time  later,  before  the  ground  freezes  up.  'Ihe  bulbs  should  be 
planted  about  four  inches  below  tbe  lurfaoe  of  the  soil.  A  light  rich  soil,  thor- 
oughly worked,  suits  them  best.  BeforBtheadventoffnAt  a  light  mulohing  should 
be  given,  in  the  spring  tbe  longer  parts  of  the  manure  should  be  removed  to  give 
a  better  chance  for  tbe  young  growth  to  posh  through.  When  well  underway 
they  should  be  covered  on  cold  frosty  nights  with  muslin,  and  wben  in  bloom 
should  likewise  be  protected  on  windy  days  against  duet,  as  their  beautiful  large 
spikes  of  bloasoms  are  of  such  a  character  as  to  be  easily  damaged  by  dust.  Wltb 
care  such  as  the  above  bestowed  upon  them,  tbey  will  surprise  the  cultivator  wltb 
an  array  of  flowers  which  for  splendor  and  richness  are  not  excelled  by  any  other 
class  of  plants.  Where  byaolntba  are  wanted  for  pot  cultare  tbey  should  be  placed 
In  5-)nch  pots,  near  the  surface  of  tbe  ]M>t,  and  afterward  treated  In  the  manner 
spoken  of  previously  for  liUea.  For  early  forcing  snd  winter  bloomlngtfae  single 
hyacinths  will  be  found  fsr  better  than  the  double  varieties. 

Tulips  make  an  excellent  show  in  our  gardens  during  tbe  spring  months,  and 
from  their  brilliance  or  color  and  easy  culture  have  become  general  favorites. 
When  wanted  for  pot  culture  only  tbe  early  varieties  should  be  selected,  and  given 
a  treatment  similar  to  byacintba. 

Tbe  NarcUsuB  are  another  branch  of  the  bulb  family,  deservedly  papular.  Alt 
the  varieties  of  this  clnss  are  hardy  with  the  exception  of  the  Polyantha  Narcissus, 
wbicb  Bhon'd  be  used  for  winter  bloouaiog  aud  treated  similar  to  hyacinths. 


.y  Google 


TIIfTBR  HBETINQ  AT   OLINTON.  219 

Now,  Mr.  FrMtdent,  the  Odd  ualgoed  U>  me  Is  h>  larg«  that  it  might  take  days 
to  onlf  mention  aPew of  ttaeendleaa  vnrletr  of  flowering  bulbi  Id  enltlTatlon,  and 
I  jhall  nov  odIj  allude  to  tbe  Snowdrop  and  Crocna,  which  ;oa  all  know  are  the 
bcBt  Indlcatora  of  the  coming  sprlne. 

I  Bhoold  have  liked  to  toncb  upon  the  sanimpr  flowering  bultw,  aneh  as  the 
Olsdlolus  and  others,  bat  time  forbids,  and  I  will  leave  them  until  tbe  summer, 
when  tbe  Socletjr  casta  Its  ftatlve  tent  around  the  Insclons  etrawben?  and  pro- 
claims with  tbe  rest  of  the  worid  "  there  la  nothing  like  It." 

Then  followed  a  recitation  by  Miss  Addie  Kiatler,  GlintoD,  very 
nicely  rendered,  iodeed. 

THE  INCEPTIOS  AND  HISTORY  OK  THB  MISSOURI  STATE  HORTICUL- 
TURAL »0U1E1'Y. 


In  undertaking  to  write  an  historic  sketch  of  the  Ulssoarl  State  Bortlcaltural 
Society,  its  life  and  transactions,  I  had  but  a  dim  Idea  of  the  formidablencas  of  the 
task.  Had  I  duly  oonsldend  It,  it  would  never  have  been  undertaken  bj  me.  Even 
now,  that  but  little  has  been  accompli ibed.  It  must  of  neoeaslty  be  fragmentarj, 
and  if  f  ou  will  remember  that  In  order  to  write  It,  the  consnltlng  of  all  tbe  volnmes 
of  ;oor  transactions  was  required  and  read,  in  part  at  least,  I  fear  I  ebsli  not  be 
able  to  hold  your  attention,  because  It  Is  difficult  to  avoid  repetition  and  to  make 
bare  facts  interesting.  Overlook  the  faults  you  are  snre  to  notice,  and  grant  me  your 
IndDlgent  attention. 

Of  one  thing  I  am  pleased,  namely,  that  the  early  history  of  which  President 
KvaoB  and  Jadge  Hlller  said  they  had  no  knowledge,  and  of  which  even  Henry  T. 
Hudd,  for  Dine  years  a  President  of  this  Society — even  In  tbe  time  of  tbe  ''  wah  '* — 
oonid  find  no  printed  record,  has  been  happily  brought  to  light,  and  will  now,  per- 
haps, have  an  enduring  place  In  yonr  transactions.* 

Vou  will  notice  from  what  an  bumble  beginning,  step  by  step,  the  Society  has 
made  progress,  until  now  It  ranks  with  tbe  best  In  the  land.  If  yon  argue  that  the 
membership  Is  small,  I  refer  you  to  the  volume  for  tSS7,  and,  granting  that  the 
membership  of  tbe  parent  Society  Is  amail,  we  point  to  the  large  membership  of 
the  county  societies  as  onr  legitimate  children.  Yon  will  then  please  notice  the 
Bleeding  modesty,  not  to  say  humllltj,  when  after  Ave  years  of  begging  among 
friends,  they  petition  the  Legislature  for  the  pitiful  pittance  of  onehundred  dollars — 
say  SlOO — a  year  to  assist  in  puOlisbtng  tbe  transactions  that  a  record  might  be 
pieserved,  while  all  the  time  the  offlcers  and  members  have  i^ven  time  and  money 
and  labor  to  keep  the  breath  of  life  In  the  Society. 

After  twelve  long  years  of  usefulness  the  'Society  receives  from  the  State  the 
mnnlllcent  sum  of  a  thousand  dollars  a  year,  Its  reports  being  printed  with  those 
of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  Is  thus  enabled  to  pay  Its  Secretary  $900 
per  year. 

From  such  small  beginnings  this  Society  became  the  mother  of  our  State 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  In  regular  sequence  also  of  our  Agrlcnltural  college  and 
tbe  Agrlcnltural  Experiment  station. 

Its  piibllsbed  transactions  are  a  hortlcultn/al  library  In  themselves.  Its  orig- 
inal papers  and  essays.  Its  poetic  quotations,  were  not  written  to  live  "but  a  day;" 
they  win  be  read  with  Interest  as  long  as  the  State  and  the  nation  exist. 

B  former  borticnltonl  ediloj,  with  rajtrlt  staod- 


D.:inz^;;K«^,V_;0' 


<g\e 


220  STATB  HORTIODLtUKlL  SOCIBTY. 

The  harmoDy  &nd  ^ood-fellowatalp  of  Its  members  aoiong  themselvet,  and  tbelr 
aDftelfiata  labors,  as  well  aa  their  btgh  morality  and  truly  Cbrlattan  coodnot,  vUI 
meet,  as  they  deserve,  the  approbation  of  all  right-thinking  men,  and  serve  as  ex- 
amples to  our  children's  children. 

And  wheo  we  consider  the  practical  writings  of  such  men  as  Dr.  John  A. 
Warder,  of  Ohio;  Drs.  Long  and  Hd!I,  of  Alton.  III.;  Wlllard  F'lagg,  of  Moro,  lU.; 
Rev.Chas.  Peabody,  Drs.  C.W. Spalding  and  B.(!lagg«tt,  of  Mtssonrl— and  I  might 
Justly  name  dozens  of  men  from  our  own  State  In  this  connection— we  are  led  to 
«xolalm,  "verily,  there  were  giants  lu  those  daysl "  Let  ns  twine  a  chaplet  of 
evergreens  and  flowers  of  sweet  odors  around  their  memory  to-day,  and  embody 
it  as  an  in  memoriam  In  this  historic  sketch. 

And  let  me  not  nmlt  here  to  record  the  fact  that  In  our  pnblio  acknowledg- 
ments of  Him  who  ruleth  In  the  heavens  and  doeth  His  pleasure  among  the  children 
of  men,  it  was  not  In  vain  that  we  craved  His  blessings  upon  our  transactions,  anb- 
mlsslve  to  His  will,  and  His  protecting  care  over  ne  In  our  travels  to  and  fto.  1  do 
not  now  recall  a  single  mishsp  toa  member  while  In  attendance  npon  onr  meet- 
ings.   To  Ood  be  all  the  glory ! 

OBIGIN  AND   HISTOBT  OF  MIgBOtJBI  STATE   HOBTICOLTITBAL  80CIBTT. 

[n  the  summer  of  1S5S  a  number  of  tbe  citizens  of  Heramec  township  united 
to  fbrm  the  Uemmeo  Horticultural  Society,  the  officers  of  which  were :  President, 
Dr.  A.  ff .  HoPberson ;  vioe-president,  Samuel  Wilson ;  recording  secretary,  Wil- 
liam Unlr;  corresponding  secretary,  Charles  H.  Haven;  treasurer,  Philip  TIppett. 
The  members  of  this  society  felt  the  want  of  a  State  organization,  and,  being  ^e-  . 
qnently  in  St.  Louis,  met  with  N.  J.  Colman,  Garew  Sanders,  F.  R.  Elliot  (then  ftom 
Cleveland,  Ohio),  John  Garnett,  Dr.  C.  W.  Spalding  and  other  lovers  of  hortlcultare. 
The  result  was  tliat  In  the  November  issue  of  the  Valley  Farmer  the  editor,  N.  J. 
Colman,  pabllshed  a  call  requesting  the  fruit-growers  of  Missouri  to  meet  at  Jef- 
ferson City  on  Wedneidsy,  the  second  week  after  the  Legislature  met,  for  the 
purpose  of  forming  a  HIssonri  Fruit-Qrowers'  Association.  The  object  of  this 
association  was  declared  to  be  to  have  the  fruit-growers  meet  together  annually,  or 
seml-annnally,  oroftener  If  It  bethought  advisable,  for  the  purpose  of  discussing 
the  merits  of  the  various  varieties  ot  fruit  that  were  cultivated,  to  determine  ^om 
experience  which  were  best,  and  to  recommend  such  varieties  as  were  worthy  of 
cultivation,  and  to  r^ect  such  aa  were  unworthy. 

Following  this  call,  tbe  fruit-growers  convened  at  Jefferson  City,  at  which 
meeting  It  was  reaolved  (January  S,  1S59)  to  form  a  state  organization,  for  tbe 
pnrpose  of  advancing  and  directing  the  frult-gtowing  Interests  of  Missouri  and  the 
West,  under  the  name  and  title  of  "The  Hlssourl  Frult-Qrowers' Association." 
Prof.  George  C.  t^watlow  was  oalled  to  the  chair,  and  F.  R.  Elliot  appointed  secre- 
tary. Messrs.  Elliot,  Wells  and  Hussman  were  appointed  a  committee  to  report  a 
consiltutlon  and  by-laws,  which  wa«  done  and  tbe  constitution  adopted.  Perma- 
nent officers  were  then  elected,  with  the  following  result : 

pRuaiDiiiT— Norman  J.  Colman,  of  St.  Louis. 

Vica-PB  aaiDKHTs— 
First  Congressional  district— Dr.  A.  W.  UcPherson,  AUenton. 
Second  Congressional  district — l^of.  George  C.  Swallow,  Columbia. 
Third  Congressional  district— Gen.  H.  Horner. 
Fourth  Congressional  district— Dr.  HcGnlre,  Platte  county. 
Fifth  Congressional  district— Eld  ridge  Snrden.  Lafayette  county. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_JV|1^ 


VINTBB  HBKTma  AT  CLINTON  221 

Sixth  OongresalODKl  district— William  C.  Ptloe,  Greeoe  county. 

Seventh  Congreislonal  district— John  Dedrick,  PUttii  Book. 
Kbcordinq  SbgritahV— F.  R.  Elliot,  of  St.  LonU. 
CoRBBSPONDUiO  SKCRBrAKY — Qeofge  HuMiiiftn,  of  Herm&D. 
.TRUHURKs—John  Garoett,  of  St,  Loaia. 
At  this  meeting  the  apple  was  fuUj  dlBcnssed ;  alao  tree-planting  and  grape- 

SPBCIAI.  IlKBTISa  AT  T&l  PAIR  QttOVSDe,   BT.   LOUIS. 

In  accordance  nlth  a  published  call,  a  number  of  the  members  of  this  aaaoota- 
tloo  convened  at  PomoloKical  ball,  on  the  Fali'  gronndB  of  the  St.  Louis  Agricaltaral 
sod  Mecbantcal  association,  on  Tuesday,  the  2rth  day  of  tleptember,  at  S  a.  m. 
Many  of  the  members  not  having  arrived,  on  motion,  the  Society  adjourned  to  meet 
at  the  same  place  on  the  following  day.  At  1  o'clock  p.  m.  Wednesday  the  Society 
met  according  to  adjournment;  President  Col  man  in  the  chair;  L.  D.  Horse,  of 
AJleoton,  elected  secretary. 

There  was  quite  a  display  of  fralta  aad  wines ;  also  several  varieties  of  new 
grapes.  A  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Hazelttne,  Hussman,  Haven  ,  Cannon 
and  Swing,  was  appointed  to  "test  the  wines,"  which  they  did,  and  daly 
reported. 

FIRST  AKNUAL  NBKTINa. 

The  first  annual  meeting  of  the  Hlssoarl  Fmit-Orowers'  association  was  held 
at  Jeflerson  City,  commencing  December  37, 1SG9;  Norman  J.  Colman  In  the  chair. 
This  session  was  largely  devoted  to  the  preparation  of  a  list  of  the  several  frnits  ; 
a  vote  being  taken  on  the  several  varieties  adopted.  "  The  protection  of  frnlt-trees 
Bgalnst  climatic  agencies  "  was  fully  discussed. 

The  election  of  ofHcers  being  In  order,  the  president  and  all  the  vice-presidents 
were  re-elected,  llecordlng  secretary,  William  Hnlr,  LaborvUle  ;  corresponding 
lecietary,  Dr,  L.  D.  Horse,  AltentOD ;  treasurer,  Dr.  C.  W.  Spalding. 

At  the  close  of  the  flrst  annual  meeting,  the  following  is  a  list  of  membera  and 
postoffloe  address  of  each : 

John  Oarnett,  St.  Louis. 

Ben.  P.  Hiokman,8t.  Lonis. 

Norman  J.  Colman,  St.  Lonis. 

Robert  S.  Mitchell,  St.  Louie. 

W.  W.  Stickney,  St.  Lonis. 

V.  S.  Rannells,  St.  Louis. 

P.  Papln,  St.  Louis. 

6.  B.  Lewis,  St.  Louis. 

F.U.  Elliott,  St.  Louis. 

Carew  Sanders,  St.  Louis. 

JobnPalton,  St.  Louis. 

G.  C.  Swallow,  Columbia. 

Odin  Gnltar.  Columbia. 

tt.  W  Welle,  Jefferson  City. 

E.  (..  Edwards,  JefferB'>a  City. 

A.  W.  UorrlsoD,  Jefferson  City. 

J.  I..  Uinor,  Jefferson  City. 

Isaac  Dwight,  Jefferson  City, 

P.  T.  Miller,  Jefferson  City. 


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322  STATB   HOBTIODLTDBAX   SOOIBT?. 

A.  W.  MoPherooD,  Allenton. 

Jolin  S.  Seymoiir,  AllentoD. 

OeoTce  HusBmBiiD,  Heraisnn. 

Jacob  Rommel,  Hermann. 

G.  G.  Uanwarlng,  Hermann. 

George  Kllnge,  Hermann. 

Jamee  L.  Bell,  Bell  Air,  Cooper  county. 

James  H.  Walker,  Belt  Atr,  Cooper  oountj. 

l^wiB  UtttchlBon,  Bell  Air,  Cooper  oonnty. 

N.  I^onard,  Bell  Air,  Cooper  ooantf. 

John  D.  Read.  TuscumblK,  Miller oouuty, 

W.  A.Davldaon.  Cambridge,  Saline  conntf. 

U.  P.Tarltoii,  Cambridge,  Saline  lount;. 

JobQ  F.  BuBtoD,  CarroUloa. 

W.  Klchter,  Morse's  Mill  P.  Q.,  Jefferson  county. 

W.  P.  Darnea,  Commerce,  Scott  county. 

Samuel  HoQutre,  Parkvllie,  Platte  county. 

£.  Burden,  Lexington. 

Wm.  Newland,  Uydeaburg,  Rails  county. 

Jochaa  Chilton.  Eminence,  tjbannon  county. 

T.  C.  WllUamB,  Iron  Hill,  Franklin  county. 

Sol.  P.  McCurdy,  Weston. 

Jamea  Raines,  Saicoxie. 

Walter  B.  Morris,  Bridgeton,  St.  Louis  county. 

J.  R.Rnby,  Bellmont,  St.  Louts connty. 

Henry M.  Hyen,  BoouTlUe. 

Alexander  Snyder.  Boooville. 

O.  Bralnard,  Oaaawottonile,  K.  T. 

O.  J.  Hallinckrodt,  Augusta,  St.  Charles  county. 

Dr.  J.  B.  H.  Beale,  Earetca,  Allenton,  St.  Louis  county. 

E.  R.  Mason,  tit.  Louis. 

L.  D.  Yoteaw,  Eureka,  Allenton,  St.  Loois  county. 

William  Wesselbotr,  Hermann,  Qaaoonade  connty. 

Wm.  Hulr,  LaborvlUe.  Melrose  P.  O.,  St.  Louis  county. 

Job.  O'Neil,  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  W.  A.  Curry,  JeBerson  City. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Spalding,  St.  LoaU. 

A.  L.  Tylei,  Bonbomnie,  St.  Louis  county. 

Gen.  J.  L.  Minor,  Jefferson  City. 

F.  J.  North,  Labadle,  Franklin  oounty. 

A  special  meeting  (President  Colman  In  the  chair)  was  held  at  Hermann, 
September  7th,  IS60,  at  which  twelve  new  members  were  admitted.  There  were 
presented  at  this  meeting  a  large  number  of  specimens  and  seedliog  apples ;  also 
samples  of  wines  and  some  canes  of  the  Catawlssa  raspberry.  There  were  over 
thirty  varletlcB  of  grapes  on  exhibition.  There  was  the  uaual  committee  on  wines 
and  their  report. 

It  was  on  motion 

Baolvtd,  TbatwecoTdJ&ll;  kppiova  of  the  objector  Ihs  "ManunecHortlcnltnralSooleC;," 


Tsoommendlag  tbe  calling  of  a  Farman'  oauTeatlon  to  meat  at  Jeffenon  City  fbr  the  pnniose  oT 
taking  Into  ooDddaiatlon  meaaniet  for  agrlcnltmal  ImpioTcmeiit  In  Hluonri. 

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WINTER  U&ETING  AT   OLinTON.  223 

TMb  was  the  nDol«Ds  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  and  the  AgrlculturaJ 
college. 

THE  aecoNit  &NKI 


Of  the  State  Fmlt-Growers'  aeBodatioD  was  held  in  St.  Louis,  January  Bth,  1861, 
PreBldent  N.  J.  Colman  preeidlng. 

Nineteen  new  raemhers  were  elected 

There  was  a  very  Urge  dliplay  of  frulta. 

Other  by-Iawg  were  adopted. 

PreeldeaC  Colman  teeliag'lj  declined  re-election  and  thanked  the  memben  for 
kindnesB  received  while  In  office. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Spalding  waa  elected  president.  All  the  vice-presidents  were  re- 
elected with  the  exception  In  the  Fourth  dlatrict,  W.  L.  Irvine  of  Buchanan  county, 
and  Seventh  district,  W.  S.  Jewett,  Pevely;  recording  secretary  and  treasurer, 
ffm.  Mulr  of  LaborvUle,  Melrose  P.  O. 

Lists  of  six.  twelve  and  twenty  varieties  of  apples  were  recommended  for 
orchards  of  a  thousand  trees. 

Small  fruits  were  also  discussed  at  lecgth. 

The  attendance  was  very  large,  and  a  wlde-apread  Interest  was  manifested  by 
the  press  and  all  olaases  of  citizens.    The  hotels  were  remarkably  liberal. 

TRB  THIRD  ANNUIL  MIBTIKO 

Was  held  in  the  room  of  the  Probate  court,  St.  Louis,  January  U,  1862. 

Dr.  C.  W.  ijpaldlng,  president-elect,  wbb  Introduced  by  Ms  predecessor,  N.  J. 
Colman,  wlfh  complimentary  remarks.  Dr.  Spalding,  on  taking  the  chair,  ad- 
dressed the  Society  In  a  most  beautiful  and  forcible  maDoer.  Id  the  ooDrae  of  fals 
remarks  he  alluded  to  the  Importance  of  changing  the  designation  ( name  )  of  the 
Association,  ao  as  to  allow  of  a  wider  scope  of  useful  knowledge  and  diaoussion, 
suggesting  the  name  of  "Missouri  State  Hortlcnitural  Society,"  as  more  appropri- 
ate than  the  name  of  Fruit-Growers'  Association. 

Before  the  close  of  this  session  the  title  or  name  as  recommended  was  adopted. 

Fourteen  new  members  were  admitted. 

Apples,  pears,  wine  and  Implements  were  on  exhibition  or  prcaented  to  the 
Society. 

THB   FOURTH   ANNUAL  MIRTINa 

Was  held  In  at.  Louis  January  13, 1863,  and  the  following  days.    Sickness  had  pre- 
vented the  President,  Dr.  Spalding,  from  preparing  his  regular  annual  address. 
On  motion , 

Raolvtd,  That  ftcammttteeoIfiTe.orwtiichthe  Preildent  sball  be  ode,  bekppolnled  to  memO' 
liallie  theSUteLeglBlataiein  Tegkrdto  tba  AgrleaUural  colle|:e>Dt  oi  CongreBB,  and  atbmmHteTB 
pettainiDK  to  the  sgrlaaltiirsl  inlereste  of  the  St>te. 

The  following  oamea  were  appointed  SDoh  committee :  Dr.  L.  D,  Horse,  N.  J. 
Oolman,  a«o.  flussman,  T.  R.  Allen  and  the  President.  The  programme  reported 
covered  the  entire  list  of  fruits  and  ornamentals.    (Another  step  forward.) 

On  moilon, 

Kaalaal,  That  the  State  hBTlnitieeently  le-dlBtTloted,  >o  mnoh  of  the  oonstltntlon  U  BtatCB. 
there  ahsUbe  a  Ttcs-preddeiitfrom  each  CongteBBtonal  dUtilct,  be  repealed,  and  that  the  8odct7 
■hall  elect  Bve  (S)  Tlee-preBldenta, 

The  following  offlcers  were  elected : 
President—Henry  T,  Mndd,  St.  Lonls. 
Vloo-Fresldent— Dr.  B.  F.  Edwards,  St.  Louis. 


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234  STATB  HOBTECULTCJB&L   SOOIBTT. 

Vioe-PreBident— O.  H.  P.  Lear,  Hanolbal,  Mo. 
Vlce-Preildent — iBaac  Snedlolier,  Jergeyvllle,  IIU. 
Vice-PreBlrtent— Wlllltm  Hadley,  ColllnBvllIe,  Ills. 
Vice-President— Geo.  Huatman,  HermaDO,  Uo. 
Corresponding  Secretary — Dr.  L.  D.  Morse.  St.  Louis. 
Recording  Secretary  and  Tretsurer— Wm.  Mulr,  Fox  Creeh,  Mo. 
The  sgTicultaral  oommlttee  report  In  favor  of  petlttoDing  the  Legislature  of 
the  State  to  aooept  the  coadltions  of  the  Agrlcaltaral  oollege  act  of  Congress. 

2.  To  pass  8D  aot  to  establish,  a  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

3.  To  appropriate  100  dollars  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  publication  and  d!i- 
trtbutlon  of  the  proceedings  of  this  Society. 

Adopted,  and  referred  back  to  the  committee  for  the  necessary  aotloo . 

An  able  report  upon  the  Imlts  on  the  table  was  made  by  Dr.  John  A.  Warder 
of  Ohio. 

(Notice  the  several  important  stepe  taheu  at  thie  meeting,  eepecl&lly  organiza- 
tion of  a  State  Board  of  Agriculture  recommended,  etc.,  and  the  membership. of  I11I- 
nolsana,  and  electing  them  as  officers.) 

PreildsTit  Spalding  Introduced  the  Preside nt  elect,  Henry  T.  Mudd,  who  re- 
turned thanks  for  the  honor  conferred,  and  hoped  to  be  excused  from  ofibrlng  any 
special  address  at  this  time. 

On  motion,  the  following  resolatlon  was  passed  : 

XtnlMi,  TbBt  wt  TMommend  sn  apprapTiBUon  by  ConKmi  of  meina  aundeDt  to  eatabUilt 
■Dd  nulntalD  aii  dxpeHmentkl  fmlt  and  vegeCable  garden  atoi  oear  WatMastoa.  D  C. .  nndnttae 
dlreotloD  ortheCominlaslouflror&gTlaDltiiTe.  from  whioh  depanmeat  w«  a*  hoTticnltadiU  eoler- 
tain  tbe  blKheat  bopea  to  tbl«  great  iDtereat,  to  wit;    The  agrlonltnre  of  our  oODDtTy. 

Dr.  W^arderreadsTery  Interesting  essay  on  the  Van  Uons  theory  of  propaga- 
tion,tIz..  by  raising  continually  ftom  the  first  ripened  seedB  of  the  trees.  (It  will 
be  remembered  that  Van  Mons  paid  especial  attention  to  the  raising  of  new  varie- 
ties of  pears.) 

Ml.  Willard  C.  Flagg,  of  Horo,  Illinois,  also  read  an  essay  on  the  apple,  which 
created  a  lengthy  discussion  on  varleUts.  (Ur.  Flagg's  papers  always  were  ex- 
haustive and  thorough.) 

An  essay  on  grapes,  by  Geo.  Hussman,  had  the  same  effect. 

The  "  Spiral  Theory  of  Pollation"  was  the  subject  of  an  essay  by  Dr.  Warder. 

Wm .  Mulr  offered  an  essay  on  the  pear. 

Dr.  Claggett  read  a  report  on  "Summer  Pruning,"  and  Jonathan  Hngi^ns 
offered  an  essay  on  "Timber  Trees." 

THZ  FlFrH  ANNUAL  UXKTtNO 
Was  held  In  St.  Louis,  January  13,  1864. 

The  session  was  0[>ened  by  prayer  by  Kev.  Dr.  Post. 

(Notice,  please,  another  step  to  the  right  direction.) 

President  Henry  T.  Mudd  read  his  annual  address. 

N.  J.  Colman,  ohalrman  of  the  business  oommlttee,  suggested  that  as  eaoh 
session  had  about  gone  over  the  same  ground,  that  Ibe  notion  of  this  meeting  be 
confined  to  the  selection  of  a  few  of  the  choicest  varieties  of  the  various  ftuUs  for 
l^mily  and  market.    On  these  lines  discussion  commenced  with  apples. 

Dr.  B.  F.  Long,  of  Alton,  Illinois,  read  a  paper  on  "Live  Fences." 

A.  PettingUI,  of  Bunker  Hill,  Illinois,  an  essay  on  the  "Pear  and  Its  Cnltnre." 
This  was  fbllowed  by  discussion  on  the.ssme  subject. 


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WINTBR  MBBtinO  AT  CLINTON.  225 

Dr.  C.  W.  Spalding:,  Wm.  Hadley,  B.  Smith,  Dr.  B.  F.  Long  and  Jamea  Keller 
acted  a«  a  committee  on  fruits. 

An  address  bj  K.  S.  Elliot, of  St.  Loals,  ontbe  '"Inflaenoe  of  Woman  on  Bor- 
ticaltnral  Pursnita,"  was  read.  (It  affords  me  pleaanre  to  be  able  to  aabmlt  a  oop;, 
anit  irtlme  allows  1  hope  It  will  be  read  at  this  meeting.) 

The  election  of  offlcera  resulted  aa  follows : 

President,  Henry  T.  Mudd;  Vlce-PreBldents,  Dr.  B.  F.  Edwards.St.  LottlB, 
T.  A.  Qalnette,  9t.  Louis,  B.  iitmltb,  Cuba,  Jonathan  Hngglns,  Illinois,  and  Dr.  B. 
S.  HdU,  Alton,  Illinois;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Dr.  L.  D.  Horae;  Beoordlng 
Secretary,  Wm.  Mutr;  Treasurer,  Jno.  H.  Tloe. 

TBB  SIXTH  AKNOaL  HBBnvo 
Wae  held  In  the  Supreme  conrt  room,  St.  Lools,  on  January  10, 1863,  and  the  fol* 
lowing  days.    President  Mudd  In  the  chair.    The  meeting  was  opened  by  prayer  by 
Bev.  Dr.  Elliott.    I^t  us  listen  to  the  llrst  opening  sentence  of  the  President's 
address  : 

"The  eTtar-vslGirul  cus  and  gaaidUoBhlp  at  Uim  whaTalelh  all  tblngB,  ritsnded  la  our  pi«- 
B«mUon  from  the  muif  dangen  wblcta  tbTfateued  ns  dDTlag  the  year  (hat  1b  pact,  enables  na  to 
mcctDnder  man; eTldeneeiorBlBOODtlanedraTorfOT  the  alith  annual coaTeDtloD  of  oni  Society." 

(When  we  remember  the  years  Just  closed  when  these  words  were  written,  we 
will  appreciate  their  slgnlflcanoe.  While  I  had  In  contemplation  to  write  thte 
sketch,  Mr.  Mndd  has  told  me  that  this  Society  was  the  only  one  of  Its  kind  la  this 
State  that  lived  and  held  Its  regular  meetings  during  the  entire  war.) 

On  motion  of  N .  J.  Colman,  the  publisher,  Ur.  C.  M.  Saxton,  formerly  of 
New  York,  now  of  St.  Louis,  was  elected  an  honorary  member.  (Another  step 
forward.; 

During  this  session,  qalte  a  discussion  was  had  on  the  propagation  of  grape- 
vine from  a  single  eye. 

About  a  dozen  members  took  part  In  disonsslon  on  the  strawberry,  among 
these  a  numberof  doctors,  to  wit :  Urs.  Claggett,  Uinor,  Hall  and  Long,  a  strong 
quartette . 

The  essay  of  Qeo.  Hussman  and  the  remarks  of  Dr.  Herman  Schroeder  pro- 
voked a  long  discussion  upon  the  diseases  of  the  grape— the  first  Intimation  we 
have  of  mildew  and  rot. 

Committees  on  fruits  and  wines  were  still  to  order. 

Prof.  Tice  read  a  paper  on  our  "Wild  Flowers,"  with  a  very  large  list,  giving 
both  the  commoa  and  scleutlQc  names.    I  copy  one  brief  sentence  and  a  couplet : 

"Fot  cheerful  ladaenoeB  that  speak  tD  thebearuof  all,  there  1>  nothing  like  Qaweri)" 
"WhOMfoleeleaBllps  are  living  preacben, 
Eichonp  apnlplt,  and  each  leaf  a  book." 

Here  also  we  encounter  another  trouble  for  the  horticulturist.  Dr.  Claggett, 
chemist,  reports  for  the  committee  on   "Pear  Blight." 

Prof.  Tlce  reports  from  Ihe  committee  on  entomology,  and  the  committee  sug- 
gest that  the  Legislature  now  tn  session  do  pass  a  law  for  the  protection  of  Inseo- 
ttvorouB  birds. 

Dr.  Minor  presents  an  essay  on  Bee  Keeping. 

B.  R.  Mason  offers  an  essay  on  Drainage,  which  we  find  full  of  good  sugges- 
tltms. 


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226  HTAIB  HOBTIOULTDBAI.  SOOIBTY. 

Tbe  oommtttee  on  vioeyarde  report  for  Alton,  Rlghlund,  UaecouUb  and  Belle- 
Tllle,  111.,  and  from  Hermann,  Mo.  Never  did  tbe  grape  lUt  reoelve  a  mors 
thoroDgh  overhauling. 

TBI  eiVCNTH  mSVih  HEBTUJQ 

Waabeldlnoneor  the  court-rooms,  St.  Lonl>,  January  a,  1S66.  PreBtdent  Henrr 
T.  Madd  in  the  ohalr.  £ver;  morning  aeuion  waB  opened  by  prayer,  Eevs.  Pea- 
body,  Coe  and  Prof.  Barler  offloiating. 

TblB  wai  the  first  wtBlan  In  which  yonr  hnmbiu  servant  took  a  part  at  th« 
representative  of  tbe  "Prairie  Farmer,"  of  Cblcago,  lU.,  and  I  And  the  record  oon- 
tatns  a  little  paper  whloh  I  had  the  privilege  to  offer.  It  oontalns  nothing  that  I 
wish  to  t&ke  back,  altboagh  some  of  my  propbecles  have  not  yet  been  fnlflUed. 
Padron,  If  you  please,  this  bit  of  egotism,  and  also  this: 

Mr.  Uartfeldt— I  wish  that  something  like  tbe  resolution  I  now  propose  might 
have  tweo  offered  by  some  one  from  Hlsiouil : 

Ritohitd,  That  Id  Hetr  oF  the  xmat  dastmotlon  iif  trait  and  rann  dop*  b;  blrda  *nd  bueeta, 
the  State  Hortlooltaral  90(det;  reeommBnda  to  tbe  Leglalatata  of  the  State  the  appointment  oT  an 
entomologlat  andoTnlthologlal  to  ((Ive  the  ceoaaaary  InformatloD  to  the  rariner  sad  fmlt -grower, 
to  enable  them  Co  deteimlne  wblch  blida  and  Inaeote  are  filenda  or  enemiea. 

The  Society  adopted  the  resolution.  As  far  as  my  memory  serves  me,  this  was 
a  very  interesting  and  weli-attended  session.  X  learn  also  by  a  motion  made  by  N. 
J.  Colroan  thai  tbe  memberihlp  fee  shall  be  two  dollars  Instead  or  one,  and  that 
the  Society  hitherto  had  ashed  for  and  received  voluntary  subscription.  In  the 
treasurer's  report  we  And  four  Items,  to  wit : 

Debit,  $166.80;  credit,  $9200;  balance  on  hand,  $74.80.  Notice  how  small  the 
account  and  how  rich,  with  a  balance  of  S74.S0. 

Progress  :  Four  standing  committees,  to  wit :  Buatness,  Entomology,  Vine- 
yards and  Orchards,  with  ten  specials,  Inclading  a  Committee  of  Arrangements  for 
meeting  of  American  Pomological  society. 

Officers  for  1S6H : 

President,  Henry  T.  Mudd;  Vice-Presidents,  Geo  Hussman,  O.  H.  P.  Lear, 
Barnabas  Smith,  Dr.  B.  F.  Edwards  sad  Dr.  W.  L.  Dyer;  C.  M.  ijaxtdn.  Cor- 
responding Secretary,  St.  Louis;  Wm.  Hulr,  Recording  Seoretarj,  Fox  Creek; 
JobnH.  Ttoe,  Treasurer. 

(We  hoped  to  have  the  reports  of  other  meetings  given  in  their 
order.  Mr.  Martfeldt  was  nnable  to  obtain  a  complete  report  of  all  the 
meetings,  and  there  are  necessarily  so  many  omissions  that  we  omit 
the  rest  and  hope  some  day  to  complete  tbem Secretary.) 

Then  followed  a  song  by  Frof.  Hall,  of  Baird  college,  Clinton,  Mo. 

HORTICULTURAL  GEOLOGY. 

FItOl'.  EtIWtN  WALTERS,  KANSAS  CrFY. 

We  are  dally  learning  that  all  truths  are,  In  some  way,  related— that  there  is 
a  point  beyond  which  one  cannot  consistently  "magnify  bU  offloe,"  especially  If 
be  does  so  to  tbe  disparagement  of  other  avocations  and  lines  of  investigation.  It 
is  the  work  of  this  generation  to  discover  truths.  Future  generations  wilt  harmon- 
ize and  correlate  them.  This  observation  IS  especially  applicable  to  tbe  truths  of 
all  of  tbe  natural  sciences  and  the  application  of  their  principles  to  the  daily  affiilrs 
of  human  activity.  TTe  gradnally  learn  that  one  cannot  be  thoroughly  welt  in- 
formed on  any  subject  without  being  acquainted  with  a  number  of  subjects  or 


WINTPiE  MBBTING  AT   CLIMION.  227 

bruichea  that  are  related  to  it.  The  aBtronomer  mnst  Qoderstsod  pbjBloB,  mathe- 
matlcB  aad  somettalngof  chemietr^.  The  ohemlat  mnst  be  Informed  in  phjaloi, 
and  have  at  leut  a  taXr  linowledge  of  mathematioa.  The  Hat  of  correlated  branohea 
could  be  extended  Indefinitely. 

Thla  much  can  now  be  safely  claimed :  The  natural  iclencea  Ke  at  the  foun- 
ditloii  of  a  thorough  Icnovledge  of  every  avocation  that  haa  to  deal  wllh  material 
thlDgs.  The  progress  of  the  human  race  is  measured  by  the  degrees  towhlcblt 
applies  the  principles  of  natural  science .  When  we  know  to  what  extent  the  peo- 
pla  of  a  given  age  or  nation  applied  the  principles  of  natural  science,  we  know, 
without  terther  Inqnlry,  to  what  plane  of  clvUlzatlaQ  It  attained. 

Claaelcsdlrectonrthougble  backward  for  models.  The  ectences  Invite  usto 
go  forward,  to  discover  something  better  than  the  dead  past  ever  knew.  If  civil- 
ization depended  on  the  past,  all  progress  would  be  in  a  circle ;  all  knowledge 
woDld  be  largely  seoond-handed  ;  all  the  principal  faculties  of  the  mind  that  would 
be  developed  would  be  memory  and  imitation.  Possibly  herein  lies  a  reason  for 
believing  that  man  descended  from  the  monkey !    The  monkey  Is  a  great  Imitator  E 

Let  us  put  away  childish  things  and  push  forward — leaving  the  wrangles  and 
disputations  of  Cicero,  Hare  Antony  and  Caesar  to  those  who  have  more  time  than 
wa  to  study  the  history  of  the  human  ruee  when  in  its  infancy.  Let  ns  Insist  on 
the  sciences  having  their  proper  places  In  our  school  and  college  courses  of  study. 
As  a  rule,  they  are  sadly  neglected.  A  few  second-hand  Ideas  are  given  oat  and 
labeled  "the  natural  sciences."  Too  often,  experiment,  observation,  personal 
investigation— aotnal  work — are  entirely  omitted. 

What  should  the  hortlcnlturtst  know  of  the  natural  aclBDoesf  A  knowledge 
of  all  of  them  would  greatly  benefit  him.  But  It  Is  essential  that  he  know  lometblng 
of  botany,  Including  plant  physiology,  agriouUursl  chemistry,  entomology,  orni- 
thology, the  elements  of  meteorology  and  geology.  Why  all  of  these  ?  The  higher 
an  avooation,  ihe  greater  and  wider  should  the  range  of  knowledge  be  to  success- 
fully pursue  It. 

Inasmuch  as  bortlcultDre,  Including  floriculture.  Is  the  highest  branch  of  hus- 
bandry, the  knowledge  necessary  to  fully  qualify  one  for  Its  pursuit  must  take  In 
an  extended  range.  No  other  rural  pursuit  requires  such  high  intelligence;  no 
other  Is  so  Important  to  a  high  civilization.  Without  it  the  present  civilization 
would,  at  best,  be  In  a  stste  of  "  hog-and-homlny  "  savagery. 

Before  proceeding  to  discuss  the  main  points  of  the  subject  under  considera- 
tion, attention  is  called  to  material  environments  as  factors  la  human  history. 
Geology,  meteorology  and  chemistry  afford  the  key  to  history.  A  thorough  know- 
ledge of  the  philosophy  of  history,  past,  present  and  prospective,  it  eeems  to  the 
writer,  must  depend  upon,  or  include,  a  knowledge  of  these  branches  of  natural 
aolenoe. 

The  chemistry  of  the  rocks  determines  the  physical  features  of  a  race  or  people. 
Han,  being  largely  a  creature  of  circumstances  and  environments,  must,  necessa- 
rily, conform  to  his  surronndings.  The  nearer  be  Is  to  a  savage  state  the  more  will 
he  be  iiifiuenct-d  by  attending  conditions. 

As  mental  and  moral  traits  so  universally  accompany  certain  physical  features 
of  the  person,  the  destiny  of  a  race  largely  depends  on  tLe  rocks  on  whiob  It 
dwells.  It  must  he  remembered  that  the  term  rock,  in  geology,  means  and  Includes 
any  and  all  earthy  substances,  such  as  soils,  clays,  shales,  coal,  limestone,  mud,  and 
even  water. 

If  the  human  race  would  ever  advance  to  the  high  plane  of  moral  and  mental 
manhood  that  is  its  gieatest  possibility,  the  circumstances  of  rocks  and  climate- 
meteorology — wonlu  not  enter  as  such  Important  factors  in  human  history.    But  we 


228  STATE  HOBTIGT7LT7BAL  SOCIBTTY. 

must  acknowledge  the  bets  as  we  discover  tliem,  even  though  brdolag  bqw« 
acknowledge  that  man  is  "of  the  earth  earthj."  The  most  civilized  and  enlight- 
ened peoples  are  no  exceptions  to  the  rule.  If  It  were  not  for  two  neutralizing  w 
distatbing  factore,  these  underlying  principles  of  the  philosophy  of  history  would 
have  been  discovered  and  applied  long  ago.  These  are  trnmlgratlon  and  the  Im- 
portation of  articles  of  diet.  The  Influx  of  new  races  and  food  products  Deutrallzea 
the  local  effect  of  rocks  and  climate.  When  a  race  lives  In  social  and  commercial 
Isolation  for  several  generations,  Us  physical  and,  consequently,  its  mental  and 
mnral  character  Is  tics  are  fully  determined  by  its  ohysloal  surroandlngB.  The 
topography  of  a  country  Is  stamped  on  the  physical  features  of  the  Inhabitants  of 
that  country.  The  use  of  lime  or  other  alkaline  waters  makes  the  complexion 
dark.  Those  who  live  In  moantalnous  countries  are  more  angular,  to  correspond 
with  the  proAleof  tfae  country  tbey  Inhabit.  Thoae  wbollve  on  high,  dry  plains, 
where  there  Is  much  sunshine,  have  the  pupils  of  tbetr  eyes  permanently  con- 
tracted. Rotund  people  originate  In  hilly  or  gently  rolling  countries,  'Vhe  Eiquf- 
maux  are  small  boaed  because  their  food  and  drink  contain  so  little  lime — a  bone- 
tnaklug  material.  Huxley  has  observed  that  staves,  or  nations  that  have  been 
enslaved,  lived  on  allavlal  soils,  and  that  no  people  who  lived  on  granite  or  granite 
rocks  were  ever  reduced  to  slavery.  Examples  sufSclent  to  occupy  the  space  of  a 
volame  could  be  given. 

If  thegreat  law  of  adaptation  to  geological  environments  Is  of  somuoh  Impor- 
tance In  the  study,  and  In  determining  the  destiny,  of  the  human  race, how  much 
more  important  Is  11  to  a  proper  understanding  of  plant  life. 

Certain  plants  must  always  be  aseociated  with  certain  rock  fbrmattons.  Many 
plants  have  a  wide  habitat,  considered  geologically,  but,  as  a  rale,  they  attain  tbetr 
highest  perfection  In  particular  geological  formations.  A  certain  narrow-fronded 
fern  is  called  to  mind,  whlcb  I  have  never  observed  except  growing  on  the  limes- 
stones  of  the  Carboniferous  and  Sub-Carboniferous  periods.  White  oak  Is  a  tree  of 
genera'  dUtrlbution  In  most  parts  of  the  temperate  zone,  yet  Itf  wood  is  not  valu- 
able for  the  highest  purposA  to  which  white  oak  Is  put,  unless  It  grows  on  clayey 
soils,  such  as  are  moat  abundant  in  the  Silurian  and  3ub-Carboolferous  periods. 

The  apple  and  all  frult-bearlng  plants  are  subject  to  this  law  of  geological 
adaptation.  It  Is  true  that  man  can,  by  the  application  of  manures  and  by  other 
artificial  means,  supply  the  deficiencies  of  nature  or  neutralize  the  antagonistic 
elements  of  the  soil,  but  these  results  can  only  be  obtained  to  a  limited  degree  and 
at  an  additional  expense  over  that  oT  more  favored  localities,  i^uch  attempts  are 
mora  or  less  abortive. 

When  fruit-plants  must  be  treated  as  exotics,  their  yield  will  be  deficient  in 
some  Important  particulars;  this  Is  usually  In  the  Item  of  flavor.  If  in  notbing  else. 
All  have  observed  the  wide  difference  In  the  flavor  of  the  apple  in  different  locali- 
ties. Apples  are  common  to  something  like  two-thirds  of  the  United  States;  jet 
the  belt  In  which  they  attain  their  highest  perfection.  In  the  particular  quality  of 
flavor,  Is  limited  to  two  or  three  geological  periods.  These  periods  are  the  Carbon- 
iferous, ^ub- Carboniferous  and  Ijower  Silurian  periods.  Take  a  gedogical  map  of 
the  United  States  and  examine  It.  You  will  find  that  the  finely  flavored  apples  of 
Western  New  York  grow  principally  on  the  Niagara  limestone.  The  Michigan 
applebeUlsprluclpally  on  the  Niagara  and  Lower  SUnrlan  llmeatonee.  Western 
Pennsylvania,  a  portion  of  Eastern  Ubio  and  Western  West  Virginia  are  cele- 
brated for  the  flavor  of  their  apples.  The  best  apples  of  these  localities  grow  on 
Carboniferous,  Sub- Carboniferous  and  Silurian  rocks. 


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Wma'BB  MEBTIBa   AT  OLINl-ON.  229 

Coming  farUier  west,  th«  great  apple  dletrlcta  of  ^outhwegtero  Ulseouri  taA 
Noithweatera  ArkaDiu  are  to  the  Sub- Carboniferous  and  Lower  Sllarlan  periods. 
Hen  we  tiod  tbe  famoug  cave — probably  BurllDgton  limestone — together  with  the 
chertf,  SiDty  Keoltuit  linieatoDe,  or  "JopUn  flint,"  botli  lo  common  to  the  Ozark 
region.  Tbe  loeu  or  blulT  formation  is  a  good  fiult  boII.  Tbe  jocts  of  the  carboD- 
iferoDB  period  form  a  baali  for  boIIb  adapted  to  tbe  growth  of  the  apple,  as  tbe 
tialta  of  Illinois,  Iowa  aod  Northern  uid  Weatero  Ulssonrl  attest.  Bat  there  is  do 
one  rock  formation  tbat  seema  to  form  bo  good  a  basis  for  apple  soils  as  the  cave 
limentoDB,  oommon  toHontbweetern  HisBonri,  Northwestern  Arkansas,  a  portion 
of  Kentuokf  «nd  a  portion  of  tbe  oonntrles  pientioned  above. 

Tbe  rooks  adapted  to  the  peach  are  Eomewbat  different.  It  requires  more 
Iron,  and,  being  of  a  semi-tropical  habit,  is  better  adapted  to  light,  sandy  Bolls. 

The  peach  belt  of  the  United  States  begins  with  the  sandy,  ferruginous,  Iron- 
like soils  of  Delaware  and  New  Jersey ,  and  extends  with  several  gaps  or  breaks 
to  the  sandy  Talleys  of  Calirornia  and  the  Facino  slope,  Sand  is  composed  of  de- 
composed quartz.  Quartz  originates  In  szolc,  granitic  rocks;  hence,  sand  is  most 
abnadant  In  the  azoic  period.  In  many  countries  the  azoic  rocks,  which  are  the 
lowest  rooks  In  the  earth's  crust,  have  been  lifted  -np  when  moantalns  were 
tbnned,  and  now  occupy  poattlons  higher  above  sea  level  than  tbe  newer  or 
yonngerroeks  do.  Aji  an  example,  take  the  granitic  rocks  of  the  Bocky  mountains ; 
tfaey  are  much  above  any  portions  of  Missouri,  yet  they  belong  from  five  to  six 
miles,  geologically  oonildered,  beneath  us.  As  these  gronltlr,  rocks  have  decom- 
posed and  eroded,  they  have  freed  granular  quartz  EuOlclent  to  aObid  a  layer  of 
s»nd  over  the  soils  and  olays  and  other  rocks  of  the  countries  that  oocnpy  lower 
levels.  Tbe  peach  tree  tbrivea  In  such  tolls  where  fuvorably  located  in  other 
rMpeots.    Bat,  aofortDDately,  meteorotogy  here  asserts  Itself  as  a  ruling  hctor. 

A  sandy  soil  la  favorable  to  rapid  evaporation  of  moisture  and  great  radiation 
of  heat.  Along  tbe  moist  ooast  of  the  Atlantic,  notably  In  Delaware  and  New 
Jersey,  tbls  tendency  of  sandy  soli  is  checked,  and  the  peach,  receiving  the  tail 
benefit  of  a  favorable  soli,  attains  tbe  highest  degree  of  perfection  known  in  the 
United  StMee.  To  snm  up  then ,  and  localize,  the  peach  flourishes  in  azoic  rocks, 
or  on  soils  derived  directly  from  them.i  |Tbe  slopes  of  tbe  Blue  Kidge,  Alleghany, 
Bocky,  and  of  all  of  onr  monn  tains  tbat  are  oompoeed  largely  of  granitic  bed-rook 
are  adapted,  geologioally,  to  the  growth  of  tbe  peach.  Where  too  dry,  as  Is  well 
known  to  most  of  you,  tbe  flavor  of  tbe  peach  Is  inferior.  In  some  of  tbe  driest 
portions  of  California,  the  peaches  are  almost  tasteless. 

The  pear  Is  quite  similar  in  its  geological  distribution  to  the  apple.  It  Is  fner 
twom  blight  In  a  sandy  loam.  With  sob-drainsge,  it  will  flonrish  almost  anywhere 
that  tbe  apple  will,  except  that  Its  natural  habitat  Is  not  so  far  north. 

It  win  be  seen  from  the  remarks  on  the  apple  that  tbe  favorite  rock  for  apple 
soils  Is  limestone.  But  all  limestones  are  not  favorable.  As  a  rule,  the  Devonian 
limestones  are  not  good  as  a  basis  for  fruit  soils.  It  Is  probable  that  It  Is  because 
they  do  not  decompose  so  readily  as  do  the  llmeslODes  of  the  periods  mentioned . 

The  rocks  that  are  Impervions  to  water  afford  a  poor  basis  for  fruit  soils. 
Hauy  western  [rult-growers  have  learned  this  to  their  sorrow.  Shales  of  fine 
texture,  improperly  oalled  aoap-atone.  unctuous,  oily  olays,  or  any  Impervious  ma- 
terial, make  bad  subsoils  tor  fruit.  If  they  are  not  too  close  to  the  surface  they  do 
not  Interfere  with  tbe  growth  of  grain  and  other  annuals  that  receive  their  earth- 
food  from  near  the  inrface,  but  trees  reach  down  to  bed-rock,  and  if  the  bed-rock 
atTords  their  roots  no  moisture  their  vigor  Ib  Impaired.  Tbe  reason  for  such  a  state 
of  affairs  is  mechanical. 


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390  STATE   H0BTI01TLTUBA1.  SOGIBrY. 

The  bed-rook  of  WeBtiirn  UiBBonri  baa  a  primary  dip  of  about  eleven  feet  to 
the  mile.  Id  &11  parts  of  the  couatiy  the  bed-rook  hai  more  or  leas  dip.  Wben 
water  fdla  od  the  nirfaoe  boUb  it  aoaki  down  to  bed-rook.  If  the  bed-rook  la  poroaa 
It  oontlouea  down  Indeflnltely,  and  la  brought  to  Um  aartkoe  by  eapillarr  attoae- 
tlon,  and  U  appropriated  by  the  roote  aa  It  la  needed  to  anataln  plaat^Ufe.  Bntlf 
the  bed-ro^k  ta  aoapatone,  ehale,  or  some  ImperriooB  material,  tbe  water,  on 
reaching  It,  commences  to  ran  down  bill  In  the  direction  of  the  greateat  dip— Juat 
aa  water  runa  down  the  eldea  of  a  roof,  it  ia  plain  that  thia  mechanical  condition 
will  aoon  drain  the  toils  above  of  moleture.  The  only  known  remedy  Is  a  pit  ander 
each  tree  of  Bufflolentalze  to  store  enough  water  to  laat  thronsb  the  dry  aeaaon. 
Where  there  Is  a  slnas  or  trough  in  the  bed-rock,  natnre  will  ttoro  the  neoessarf 
water  for  the  soils  above.  Where  the  bed-rock  la  Impervloua  to  water,  the  aeleotlon 
of  a  Bite  for  an  orchard  aboald  bo  determined  by  a  geological  anrvey.  Such  a  snr- 
vey  would,  bylevellngs  and  meaanrementa,  determine  tbe  location  and  extent  of 
snch  troughs  fn  the  bed-roclc.  A.  location  far  down  on  a  slope  in  the  bed-rock  might 
■erve  as  well,  or  even  better,  than  a  trough. 

Many  of  ns  know  by  experlenee  that  aometimesour  young  treea  do  splendidly 
above  snoh  an  Impervfons  be'd-rook  as  mnoh  of  the  West  afforda,  but  tbe  trees  get 
about  a  certain  age  and  then  begin  to  show  signs  of  a  loss  of  vigor.  This  Is  the 
date  at  which  their  tap-roots  reach  an  Impervious  rock  or  subsoil.  After  this,  their 
life  Is  uncertain.  When  the  t»ed-rook  is  porous,  tbe  trees  continue  to  grow  till  they 
almoat  rival  the  trees  of  the  forest  in  size  and  splendor. 

For  want  of  time  and  space,  fnrtbei  speclficatlun  of  the  different  species  of 
ftult  must  be  abandoned  tor  the  present,  and  all  of  our  temperate  zone  fruits  con- 
sidered  collectively. 

To  show  that  certain  fruits  are  beat  adapted  to  paitlcular  geological  forma- 
tiona  cornea  within  the  province  of  horticultural  geology,  but  to  give  the  reasons 
for  these  adaptations  would  lead  to  a  discussion  of  some  of  the  aubjects  Included 
in  botany,  chemistry,  entomology  and  ornithology ;  bence  the  aaaerllon  that  these 
branches  are  necessary  to  the  horticulturist.  In  this  Instance,  however,  it  la  only 
necessary  to  refer  to  those  Important  subjects  Incidentally  to  correlate  them  with 
tbe  one  under  consideration. 

The  cultivated  fruits  follow  the  same  laws  of  growth  and  organic  development 
tbat  all  plants  do,  bnt  being  more  tender  than  Indigenous  plants,  the  laws  of  growth 
will  admit  of  fewer  violations. 

When  woody  fibre  Is  burned,  the  resldne  or  ash  contains  small  quantities  of 
earthy  or  inorganic  substances  that  vary,  but  It  usually  oonsists  of  potassium, 
silica— a  foim  of  grit  or  quartz—lime,  magnesia.  Iron,  etc.  This  aeh  Is  only  a 
smallportlonof  tbe  bulk  or  weight  of  the  plant.  F^om  ninety  to  nlnety-slx  per 
cent  of  wood  consiats  of  cellulose  or  hard  cellular  tissue.  It  Is  composed  of  car- 
bon, hydrogen  and  oxygen.  The  hydrogen  and  oxygen  are  derived  from  water  and 
are  principally  aupplied  through  the  roots  in  the  form  of  sap.  The  carbon  Is  taken 
In  from  tbe  air,  mainly  through  the  leaves.  In  the  form  of  carbonic  add  gaa.  Tits 
Ilmeatonea  of  the  geological  periods  fkvorable  to  tbe  arple'are  easily  decomposed, 
and  con^'eqnently  give  up  their  carbonic  add  gaa  readily  and  In  about  tbe  proper 
proportions  todevelop  the  highest  plant  forma.  It  Is  true  that  rich  alluvial  solU  and 
those  that  contain  the  most  decomposed  organic  matter  stimulate  and  promote 
plant  growth,  but  there  la  proportionately  leaa  fruit  and  it  Is  of  an  Inferior  quality. 
i)Dch  soils  over-stimulate  and  bring  on  dlseasea  of  the  aap,  some  of  wblch  are 
known  as  "  blight,"  ■'  sour  sap,"  etc. 


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WINTBB  HBBIUfG  AT  (JLIHTON.  231 

One  or  the  reasons  wh^  undf  BOils  are  Bometlmes  objeotionable  to  the  hortt- 
cultorlBt  Is  becftnie  inseata  that  Injure  fruit  thrive  best  on  or  Id  a  warm,  sandy 
soil,  eapeelally  a  dry  one.  This  obiervRtlon  lead*  or  Into  the  domatn  of  eoto- 
mology.  Certain  Ineecta  brln^  certain  blrdB  that  prey  OD  them.  ThU  brings  the 
dlBcnasIon  wtthlo  the  province  of  ornithology.  To  correl&te,  certain  geologtoal 
(rock)  fbrmatlonB  are  favorable  to  certain  ftnlt  plants;  these  plants  conform  In 
their  chemical  constituents,  and  other  qualities,  to  the  rooks  on  which  they  grow ; 
certain  iniectB  prey  upon  these  f)rDlt.planta,  and  certain  birds,  and  other  Insects, 
prey  upon  these  Injurlons  lagecte;  thus  does  all  organic  life— whether  aalmal  or 
vegetable— depend  on  the  geological  formations  that  give  character  to  the  soil  for 
their  sustenance,  characteristloB  and  distribution. 

The  united  thioknesseB  of  the  rocks  which  I  have  assigned  to  the  apple  zone 
would  not  exceed  3,000  feet.  The  united  thicknesses  of  all  the  strailfled  rocks  trota 
the  highest  and  youngest  down  to  granite— the  lowest  and  oldest,  when  considered 
geoli^calty-- would  be  at  least  flfteen  tiroes  that  number  of  feet.  It  will  be  seen 
from  this  that  the  geological  range  of  the  perfect  apple  la  somewhat  limited, 

'llie  subject  of  this  paper  suggested  Itself  to  me  a  few  days  ago.  It  le  entirely 
too  vast  to  be  treated  Ihorongbly  without  a  lengthy  preparation.  The  object  of 
this  short  paper  Is  to  show  ths  possibilities  of  the  subject,  and  ask  you  to  observe 
for  yourselves.  Fruit  statistics  are  so  meagre  and  data  so  hard  to  obtain,  that 
nothing  more  than  a  general  theory  can  now  be  formulated.  Observation  verifies 
the  theory  as  Atr  as  tested.  It  Is  possible  that  in  localizing,  I  have  fallen  into  error, 
but  IbaveaUoonfldenceln  the  theory  that  the  great  law  of  adaptation  works  along 
the  line  of  geological  formations. 

To  aettie  the  question  of  tbe  local  application  of  this  theory,  it  is  necessary  to 
collect  fruit  statistics  for,  say  three  to  flve  years.  These  statistics  ahonld  be  ob- 
talned  from  the  portions  of  the  country  where  the  beet  of  each  kind  of  fruit  is  sup- 
poaed  to  grow,  and  should  take  in  a  wide  geographical  range.  The  statistics  ahonld 
be  arranged  by  count  lea,  with  difierences  noted  Insameoounty,  if  any  were  observed, 
and  such  data  would  aflbrd  a  connected  history  of  the  fruit  Industry  of  the  localities 
under  coo  si  deration.  At  the  end  of  tbe  three  or  five  years,  these  resolta  could  be 
correlated  with  the  geological  formations  of  the  several  counties.  The  geological 
fonnstioDs  could  be  ascertained  from  the  reports  of  the  various  state  surveys. 

The  geologist  must  of  necessity  "  ran  every  subject  Into  tbe  ground."  It  Is  In 
thellne  of  his  bnalnesB  to  do  so.  Having  brought  hortl  on  I  tn  re  down  from  poetic 
heights  to  the  rocks,  to  the  "  dost  of  earth,"  Into  the  ground,  I  leave  It. 

A  recitation  was  beautifully  rendered  by  MisB  Audrey  Knowles,  of 
Clinton  academy. 

WINTBB  WOBK  POE  THE   FBUIT-GBOWEB. 
J.  A.  D0REB3,  WUTOrr,  MO. 
"OnrrnilU  are  In  the  oellaT'i  bin, 
Whit  wealth  the  mow*  aad  graauie*  bold." 
After  the  season's  fruit-crop  has  been  stored  away  and  cared  for,  the  thought 
of  tbe  orchardlst  will  I>e  for  hU  trees,  the  best  manner  for  their  winter  protection, 
or  the  best  treatment  to  put  them  In  a  condition  for  a  fruitful  crop  the  coming  sea- 
son .     The  first  step  would  be  to  plow  the  ground  before  It  freeies ;  this  may  not  be 
Decessay  If  the  orchard  was  In  crops  that  had  thorough  cultivation  during  sum- 
mer, a  thorough  harrowing  and  raking  together  of  all  grass,  weeds ,  stubble  and 
decayed  branches,  and  bnrnlng  them  will  be  of  the  greatest  advantage,  for  in  these 


832  STATE   HOBTICULTUBAI.  800ISTY. 

we  bkTo  th«  fonadatloo  of  ^latold  lUa  the  fruit-grower  la  subject  to;  In  them  we 
hKv«  a  grent  harbor  tor  all  Ineects. 

Treea  In  orchards,  thus  treated,  will  be  free  ttoai  tbe  ravages  of  mice,  and  we 
have  noticed  tbat  rabbits  will  do  no  or  very  little  damage  to  young  oicharda  or 
narserlea  where  perfect  cleanllnees  was  tbe  rule,  and  all  barboring  pUcea  bad  been 
destroyed. 

The  apple  cnreallo  or  gouger  hibernate  or  batch  uoder  and  in  every  crevice  of 
wood  and  bark;  hence  the  complaint  of  knotty  peara  and  apples ;  and  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  trees  nearest  fences,  hedge  rows  or  woodlands  will  be  most  s^'octed. 
Thla  Is  an  important  task,  and  can  so  well  be  done  tbrongboat  tbe  winter  months. 

Late  fall  Is  also  a  good  time  for  planting.  Our  wiotera  are  often  CO  open  that 
we  can  do  this  at  any  time,  wherever  trees  can  be  had  near  tbat  there  wonld  be  no 
Iters  of  being  overtaken  by  a  freeze. 

Borora,  too,  can  be  looked  after.  Leaning  trees,  of  moderate  size,  can  be 
straightened  by  digging  around  them,  cuUtng  a  few  of  the  straining  roots,  filling 
In  again,  finnlDg  the  ground,  banking  up  somewhat  to  make  the  brace  stronger. 

In  ezamlniog  our  treea  we  will  find  broken  limbs.  Injured  places  in  the  bark, 
aa  well  aa  much  looae  bark  on  the  trankaof  the  older  trees  ;  these  are  tnfeeCed  with 
aphis  and  tbe  latvte  of  many  other  Injurioae  insects.  Destroy  everything  of  tbe 
sort,  and  next  ftnltlngaeason  will  sboK  tbe  results. 

PruDiog  Is  another  work  tbat  ought  to  be  attended  to— 


The  orchardlst  will  find  it  of  the  greatest  advantage  to  attend  to  as  much  of 
this  as  possible.  As  a  rule,  spring  and  the  growing  aeaaon  are  considered  the  best 
time  for  trimming,  but  the  press  of  other  work  at  those  seasons  often  result  In  total 
neglect,  or  a  partial  attention.  So  It  will  be  well  to  have  done  with  this,  to  be 
ready  for  other  work. 

Annual  pruning  ought  to  be  done.  The  beada  of  troea  ehould  be  well  formed, 
opened  in  the  center,  letting  In  the  aanllgbt  and  sir.  Suokera  will  grow,  small 
branches  thicken  up  the  center,  growing  to  right  and  left,  crossing  and  robbing 
thoae  we  wish  to  remain  ;  ont  them  out  with  a  close,  smooth  cut . 

To  enumerate  all  that  can  be  done,  and  should  be,  we  fear  would  make  thU 
paper  to  long. 

Tbe  fruit-grower  has  Indoor  work  when  the  days  are  too  cold  ;  his  frolt  needs 
looking  aCter,  sorting  over,  changing  about,  boxes,  barrels  and  bins  cleaned  and 
mended,  cellars  fumigated,  to  dHve  out  fungus  arising  from  decaying  fruit;  graft 
bis  own  trees  from  which  to  replant  his  orchards— a  much  better  plan  than  to  de- 
pend on  others,  eapecially  the  tricky  tree  agent. 

A  thoughtful  review  ofblspsBt  successor  failure  wlllbetbe  guide  for  his  work 
in  the  future ;  plans  are  made  now,  and  means  to  carry  them  out  may  become  tbe 
studies  of  his  long  winter  evenigs. 

Work  Is  always  plenty  for  the  busy  ones.  Now  his  attention  may  Iw  turned 
to  Intellect  work;  In  busy  times,  when  employed  in  oaring  for  his  ftnita,  bis  favor- 
ite books  must  be  neglected ;  now  the  time  has  come,  and  reading  and  studies  may 
be  resumed. 

Thua  we  see  that  there  Is  work  for  the  fruit-grower  in  winter — work  of  the 
most  pleasant,  of  the  most  proQtable  and  elevating  kind. 

Thpn  followed  a  dnet  by  Pro£  Hall  and  Mrs.  Taylor  Bernard; 
enjoyed  by  all. 


.y  Google 


VINTBB  MBBTINa  AT   OLINTON.  233 

WEDNESDAY— 9  A.  M. 

The  Society  was  opened  with  prayer  by  Rev.  Mr.  Armatrong. 

REPORTS  PROM  COUNTY  SOCIETIES. 
At  th«  ro]l-ca]I  flfteea  coauty  societies  answered.    Some  are  doing 
excellent  work,  while  others  are  sleeping,  bnt  the  uamber  of  workers 
hero  prophesy  a  good  session. 

OBOHAEDma  IW  MOETH  MI8S0UBI. 
READ  BX  CHAS.  rxTimtSOS,  URKSVILLE. 

Id  Att«mptlng  to  uy  something  on  the  aabjcet  ualgned  me.  It  ts  quite  grttl- 
fying  to  not  «atei  aoy  oompelltlon  or  rivalrjr  with  otber  aectlona  of  the  Slate,  but 
ibnply  to  Bhow  that  oar  (ectioo  enjo^a  a  astlafaotory  share  at  the  pbenomenal  oom- 
blnatloti  of  a  Kood  crop  and  uDoommoulr  good  prlcea.  Id  Buob  a  fonunate  combl- 
nation  eacb  aeotion  is  liable  to  conclnde  tbat  it  enjoys  speolai  sdYaotages  over  any 
ottaers,  or  has  adopMd  the  best  metboda  to  seoure  them,  and  thus  forget  to  Improre 
^ring  and  reprehenalbte  ■taortconlDgs  tbat  may  pre  van  t  forever  an j  recnrrence 
of  aooh  a  profitable  crop.  When  we  observe  the  general  oondltton  of  onr  oroliards 
in  any  part  of  the  State  that  I  bare  Tlaited,  and  the  methods  generally  pnrsued, 
we  And  grave  reaeone  to  apprehend  tbat  sooh  a  combination  ma^  never  ooiiar  again 
in  our  llfe-tlmo,  and  very  poestbiy  not  in  that  of  onr  children,  and  in  a  few  years 
we  may  forget  all  this  proaperltr,  or  think  of  It  as  the  good  o)d  times,  and  bear 
oroaklDge  abont  short-lived  trees,  unpropltlons  climate  and  uncongenial  soil; 
wbereaa,  If  we  read  the  lesson  that  onr  trees  plainly  present  before  onr  eyes  oor- 
rectly,  we  can  have  every  reason  to  hope  for  almoet  regnlar  recarrenee  of  profitable 
crops.  If  not  as  phenomenal  as  this. 

I  had  Intended  to  secure  a  fairly  correct  estimate  of  the  apple  crop  in  our 
eonnty,  bat  failed  to  get  returns  from  some  shipping  points,  and  at  others  It  was 
imptactloable  to  find  how  many  came  from  adjoining  counties  Into  this,  or  how 
many  weot  bvm  onr  county  to  stations  In  next  counties ;  hence,  I  can  only  make  a 
roBgh  estimate,  and  will  oudeavor  to  avoid  eisggeration,  so  often  liable  to  occur  In 
SQoh  eftlmatee.  By  this  method  I  would  place  the  crop  of  Adair  county  at  from 
100,000  to  I  IG.OOO  bashela,  and  the  net  Income  to  our  farmers  at  $34,000  to  137,000. 

I  am  well  aware  that  this  will  not  average  with  estimates  from  many  otber 
eouDties,  bat  It  Is  certainty  a  good  refutation  of  the  Idea  sometimes  entertained, 
even  at  home,  tbat  we  are  just  a  little  too  near  tbe  border  of  tbe  best  apple  belt. 
The  faot  U  only  thnt  we  bave  scarcely  a  single  oommerolal  orchard  worth  tbe  name, 
and  that  every  one  Is  just  left  to  grow  like  Topsy.  In  a  large  proportion  of  them 
yon  can  look  under  the  branches  down  tbe  row  and  not  see  a  single  green  leaf  In 
snmmer  time,  and  when  you  look  at  the  tops,  you  see  only  a  scattering  of  older 
apples,  and  that  in  orchards  less  than  twenty-Ave  years  old,  tbat  passed  for  models 
when  youDg.  They  have  never  had  a  knife  or  pmning  saw  about  them,  or  a  culti- 
vating tool  alnce  they  commenced  a  preoocious  fruiting,  but  have  been  pastnred 
with  calves  and  pigs,  If  not  larger  animals. 

I  have  quit  arguing  this  subject  with  common  farmers,  because  I  am  thoroughly 
flfltlslled  tbat  they  do  not  want  to,  and  therefore  never  will,  learn  to  take  half  ears 
of  trees,  and  tbat  tbe  bnlk  of  fruits  will  sooner  or  later  be  grown  by  spedallets. 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_)' 


,gle 


234  8TiTE   HOBTIOULTUBIX   HOCIBrY. 

For  their  benefit  I  keep  ■  natoh  of  two  orch&rde  in  my  Immediate  vicinity— both 
verf  nearly  the  Bame  size  (about  thirty  acrea),  planted  the  same  year  from  the  same 
block  of  nursery  trees,  but  one  kept  partly  in  sod  and  partly  onltlvated  liap-hazard 
In  the  oommon  way,  and  the  other  nndei  contlnnous,  clean  callivation;  one  sbont 
fonr^flfths  Ben  Davis,  the  other  sometbleg  over  one-fifth,  and  both  thirteen  jeart 
old.  The  net  Income  from  each  the  past  season  was  an  one  to  six.  This  may  look 
like  an  exaggerated  statement,  bat  It  Is  not.  The  dtflereooe  may  be  partly  dne  to 
the  disparity  of  Ben  Davie  trees,  but  all  are  now  old  enoagh  for  any  variety  to  bear, 
especially  In  sod.  If  there  Is  any  nnfitlrness  In  the  comparison.  It  Is  In  favor  of  the 
sod-orchard,  becanse  the  Ben  Davis  were  partly  cnltlvated  of  late  years.  Hence, 
on  meaanrlng  the  circnmference  of  twenty  average  Ben  Davis  In  each  orchard  last 
week,  1  found  less  diflbrexoe  In  size  than  I  had  expected.  Nevertheless,  on  redac- 
ing  the  measurement  to  the  oroas-sectlon,  I  find  the  cvlttvsted  trees  nearly  thirty- 
three  per  cent  the  largest,  which  sbowi  only  the  dIB'erence  between  partial  and 
clean  enlttvatioo,  and  not  the  differenoe  between  cnltlvatlon  and  no  cnltivatlon. 
And  I  am  well  satisfied  that  the  bearing  surface  of  the  eoltlvated  orchard  (the  top 
of  the  trees)  Is  fnlly  In  the  same  proportion,  although  they  were  trimmed  ap  two  to 
three  feet  higher  some  two  or  three  years  afler  planting,  which  mnst  have  stanted 
thetr  growth  to  some  ext«nt. 

Another  good-sized  orchard  In  the  same  vicinity 'oonBlsts  tn  part  of  a  good 
assortment  of  varieties,  and  In  part  trees  apparently  over  thirty  to  forty  years  old, 
of  unrecognized  varieties. 

The  entire  crop  sold  this  year  for  Just  the  same  per  hundred  pounds  as  that  of 
the  cultivated  orchard  sold  for  per  forty-eight  ponnds,  to  the  same  buyer  and  for 
the  same  purpose — evaporating,  1  accept  this  as  tangible,  substantial  evidence  that 
onltlvating  the  orchard  pays,  notwithstanding  some  old  farmers  have  told  me  that 
they  broke  up  the  sod  in  part  of  their  orchards  last  spring,  and  they  show  no  per> 
oelvable  dWerence  from  those  uDdtsturbed. 

DISCUSSION. 

Sam.  Miller — Tbat  ia  an  excellent  article.  It  comes  np  to  my  doc< 
trine  exactly. 

Mr.  Patt«rson — Tbe  sod  orchard  lias  a  number  of  varieties. 

Mr.  Gano — Was  there  any  marked  difference  in  the  merchantable 
qoality  of  the  apples  in  the  sod  orchard  and  the  valtiTated  orchard  1 

Mr.  Patterson — I  wilt  call  upon  Mr.  Tascott  to  answer. 

Mr.  Tascott — The  difference  was,  those  that  grew  in  the  sod  were 
worth  twenty  cents  a  bnshel  less  than  the  others.  We  made  a  differ- 
ence according  to  the  quality  of  the  apples.  Those  in  the  sod  were 
wormy  and  knotty. 

Mr.  Carpenter — Was  one  orchard  sprayed  J 

Mr.  Patterson — ISo ;  neither  was  sprayed. 

Mr.  Mniray — I  would  like  to  say  this ;  There  are  a  good  many  ways 
to  cnltivate  an  orchard.  To  deeply  break  np  a  sod  in  an  orchard  that 
has  gone  for  years  withont  caltivation  maycanse  great  injury  by  cutting 
the  roots  near  the  snr&ce.  I  think  that  shallow  caltivation  is  best. 
The  surface  of  the  soil  should  be  reduced  to  the  finest  possible  eon- 


WINTEB  HBETINQ  AT  OI.tNTOH.  235 

ditiOD.  I  nee  the  turning  plow  once  in  five  yeara.  In  other  years  ve 
cnltivate  with  a  fine,  sharp  steel  harrow  and  a  com  eattivfttor.  This 
jtax  we  caltivated  three  times  with  a  corn  cnltivator  and  three  times 
with  a  harrow.  The  orchard  is  eighteen  years  old.  The  orop  was  fiDe. 
It  was  sprayed  twice,  bat  sfaoald  have  been  sprayed  three  times.  I 
think  that  np  to  the  present  time  spraying  has  been  almost  entirely 
«zperiment&l.  It  is  not  rednoed  to  certainty.  I  nsed  this  year  a  pre- 
paration sent  ont  by  q  I^ew  York  company  which  I  think  a  great  im- 
proTement     This  will  come  Qp  again  nnder  the  head  of  "  Spraying." 

.    OBOHABDINQ  IN   WB8T  HIBSOUBI. 

Tbe  inbject  kislgned  me  1b  one  of  vast  lotereat  to  a  ipreat  many  pprsona  at  the 
present  time,  and  tbe  busioeoB  l«  odI.t  In  its  tnfanc}'.  The  fruit  crop  of  Weatern 
HiMoarl  li  an  Important  one  almoRt  any  season,  and  this  year  It  has  beun  espeolally 
■o  Mt  acconnt  of  fallnie  of  the  on^  In  the  apple-growing  reglona  east  of  as.  Bat 
how  vastly  more  Important  will  It  he  when,  Instead  of  oar  orchards  of  fifty  to  a 
hnndred  trees,  with  twenty-Ave  to  seventy-flTe  per  cent  of  them  worthless  on 
sooonnt  of  bad  selection  of  Tsrietles,  we  have  large  commercial  orchards  of  40,  60 
and  160  acres,  all  planted  to  choice,  productive  market  varieties;  and  these  large 
orchards,  not  as  now,  a  rare  sight,  bnt  a  common  thing,  and  dotted  all  over  onr 
hills  and  prairies— then  wilt  Western  Hlasonrl  fill  the  high  place  In  fruit  prodnctlon 
which  she  Is  destined  to  oconpy  at  no  very  distant  day.  The  experimental  work 
taas  been  done,  and  while  a  great  many  fallares  have  been  made,  still  orcharding  In 
Western  Miasourl  Is  a  grand  sacoes).  And  what  has  caused  the  failures  t  Simply 
the  same  thlnga  which  would  have  caused  failure  In  any  other  hnalness :  Lack  of 
knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  planters  and  cultivators  of  tbe  orchard.  One  lacked 
knowledge  of  the  proper  varieties  to  plant,  and  planted  largely  of  HoAfee'a  None- 
■aoh;  another  planted  ninety-nine  per  cent  Jannett,  and  then  planted  the  other 
Jannett.  Nearly  all  of  ns  planted  Yellow  Belle,  Rambo,  NooBuob,  Lawver  and  a 
boat  of  others  that  have  proved  anprofitable  to  the  irrower  commercially,  while  a 
great  many  of  them  find  a  proper  and  .naefai  place  In  the  hmlly  orchard ;  bnt  I 
have  yet  the  first  orchard  to  see  where  a  proper  selection  of  varieties  has  been 
made,  and  good  trees  planted  on  snltable  soli,  and  then  properly  onltlvatea  and 
«ared  for,  that  they  did  not  prove  profitable  to  the  owner.  Now,  what  are  the  ele- 
ments of  sncoesB  In  orcharding  t  The  first  thing  to  be  considered  Is  tbe  site,  and 
while  I  should  prefer  a  northern  exposure,  I  do  not  regard  It  as  at  all  eBsentlal ; 
neither  do  I  regard  the  character  of  tbe  sarfoce  soil  of  as  mucb  Importance  as  the 
enlMoIl.  Any  soil  which  has  an  open,  porous  subsoil.  In  which  the  roots  ran  pene- 
trate deeply  and  freely,  and  not  be  compelled  to  stand  In  stagnant  water  In  a  wet 
time,  and  be  dried  up  In  a  dry  season,  can  be  made  a  good  one  fbr  the  orchard, 
though  a  soil  sufficiently  sandy  to  dry  quickly  and  naturally,  rich  enough  to  give  a 
good  growth  of  wood,  Is  desirable.  A  close,  hard-pan  subsoil  near  the  Burftce  Is 
tbe  most  undesirable  of  all,  and  I  would  not  advise  the  planting  of  trees  for  profit 
on  snob  a  soil ;  bnt  If  nothing  better  is  to  be  had,  a  family  orchard  may  be  grown 
on  such  a  soil  by  extra  care. 

After  the  site  Is  selected,  the  variety  or  varieties  to  plant  Is  the  question. 
Some  say  plant  Ben  Davis  first,  last  and  all  the  time,  bnt  we  cannot  agree  with 
them.  While  the  writer  Is  a  firm  ftiendof  the  Ben  Davis,  he  does  not  believe  In  the 
ons-varlety  theory  any  more  than  In  the  other  extreme  of  too  many  varieties,  nor 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


23o  STATE   HORTICT)I.TTTEAL   SOCIETY. 

would  I  exclude  the  aummer  aod  bll  apples  from  ttaeltBt.  Were  I  planting  a  com- 
merotsl  orchard  In  Western  Ulseourt,  I  should  plant  Lowell,  Maiden  Blasb,  Grimes' 
Qolden,  Jonatban,  Ben  Davis  and  Willow  Twig,  and  no  more,  though  there  are 
others  that  In  some  sltuatioDS  are  profltable,  and  which  Bhouljl  not  be  neglected  In 
the  family  orchard.  Among  these  will  be  fouad  Huntaman,  which  In  aome  altna- 
tlons  Is  fine,  while  In  others  It  Is  worthless.  Hlnkler  la  generallr  profitable,  and 
may  come  to  the  front  as  a  commercial  apple.  Hissouil  Pippin  In  some  locations, 
and  while  the  tree  Is  young,  Id  flnebut  not  Id  every  respect  desirable.  White  Winter 
Pippin  IB  another  that  docB  well  In  Bome  places,  but  ^IIb  In  others,  t^ome  of  the 
newer  favorites  may  yet  anpersede  the  old.  but  their  claim  to  public  favor  is  yet  to 
beeBtabllahed. 

Next  in  order  comes  the  selection  of  the  trees.  Get  them  of  a  good  nursery, 
the  nearer  bome  the  better.  Plant  them  properly.  Protect  them  from  rabbits, 
mice  and  Btoek.  Give  the m  good,  fair  cultivation,  and  keep  on  at  It.  Don'tqult 
after  the  nrat  few  years.  Prune  moderately.  Fertilize  the  sot!  if  It  needs  it,  and 
you  win  reap  your  reward  In  abnndant  harveata  of  doe  fruit.  Spraying  the  trees 
with  arsenical  polBonB  may  be  neceB^iry  to  keep  down  Insect  peetf,  but  can  be  done 
cheaply  and  U  said  to  be  effective.  Oar  own  experiments  have  not  been  sufficient 
to  determine  Its  utility;  except  as  to  leaf-eating  Insects,  there  can  benodoubt  aliout 
the  matter  with  them.  There  is  one  point  the  fruit-grower  muBl  keep  In  mind : 
constant  care  and  nnremttting  attention  is  the  price  of  fine  fruit.  What  may 
reasonably  bo  expected  from  an  acre  of  bearing  orchard  F  1b  asked  by  one.  This  Is  a 
question  hard  to  answer,  but  brings  to  my  mind  one  small  orchard  of  less  than  five 
acres  of  Ben  DavU,  Willow  Twig,  WInesap,  Grimes'  Golden  and  Dominie,  planted 
twelve  yearB  ago.  We  bought  the  shipping  apples  and  received  them  In  tbe  plies 
In  tbe  orchard  as  they  were  picked  from  the  tree,  and  paid  the  owner  one  thousand 
and  elghtj-nlne  dollars  for  the  shipping  apples.  What  he  got  tqr  the  culls  1  do  not 
know,  but  probably  enough  to  pay  alibis  expenses.  Remove  the  orchard,  and  the 
farm  Is  not  worth  to-Hlay  what  we  paid  him  for  the  fruit  this  year.  Of  course  this 
Is  a  long  way  above  what  may  be  expected  as  an  average;  but  divide  It  by  four, 
and  an  orchard  of  forty  acres  will  pay  a  net  revenue  of  over  two  tbouaand  dollars, 
or  more  than  twice  the  average  vsloe  of  the  land.  Now,  J  do  not  pretend  to  say 
that  all  orchards  pay  this  kind  or  profita,  but  I  do  say  that  where  the  varieties 
named  (and  even  others  not  so  generally  productive)  have  been  planted  on  anliable 
soil,  given  good  care  and  cultivation,  properly  pruned  and  fertilized,  they  have 
proved  nnlversally  profltable.  It  Ib  the  uncared-for  orchards  and  those  planted  with 
nnproHtable  varieties  that  bring  orcharding  intodisrepute.  The  writer  knows  how 
It  Is  himself.  I  planted  without  knowlydge,  and  oh,  the  dead-heads,  tbey  have 
been  a  source  of  weariness  and  vexation,  anti  1  am  now  transferring  a  great  many  of 
them  to  the  wood-pile  and  brush-heap,  and  will  replace  them  with  the  varieties 
named.  Had  I  done  so  seveml  yearn  ago,  it  would  bare  saved  me  vexation  and  loss. 
In  conolnsion,  will  say  that  I  have  conllned  my  paper  to  the  apple,  and  will  leave 
the  other  orchard  A-uits  to  other  papers  and  more  able  writers.  And  If  anything  I 
have  written  shall  prove  an  aid  to  the  fruit-growers  of  Ulssourl,  [  am  more  than 
repaid  for  writing  It. 

DISCUSSION. 
L.  A..  Goodman — Yon  need  to  stady  tbe  reqnirementa  of  yoar 
market,  ss  well  as  yonr  soil  and  climate.    This  was  called  to  my  atten- 
tioD  by  tbe  orchardists  of  Soathern  DHqoIb.    They  make  money  oat  of 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


TTINTHB  MEBTING  AT  CLIMTOK.  237 

tb«  Winesap  gathered  early  and  elilpped  nortb  before  other  apples  are 
in  tbe  market. 

Mr.  MniTsy — I  consider  that  one  of  the  beet  papers  we  have  heard. 
Tbe  Jooatban,  by  picking  early,  September  15,  can  be  kept  through 
the  winter.  Samples  sent  to  Montana  came  back  the  next  May  in  per- 
fect condition.  Let  ns  profit  be  experience.  The  yottng  planter  need 
not  make  the  mistakes  we  older  planters  made.  The  joong  can  learn 
&om  the  older.  They  shonld  plant  the  standard  kinds,  such  as  Ben 
Davis,  Jonathan,  etc. 

Mr.  Faith^If  1  understood  Mr.  Speer,  he  said  that  trees  woald 
not  grow  upon  low  gronnd.  There  were  no  more  perfect  apples  in 
Yemon  coanty  than  npon  ten  acres  of  low  ground  in  my  orchard.  I 
planted  npon  little  monndi. 

Mr.  Armstrong — There  was  no  scientific  nonsense  abont  Mr. 
Spoor's  paper.  I  wonld  like  to  ask  if  trees  can  be  profitably  planted 
in  an  old  orchard  1 

Mr.  H.  B.  Francis — I  have  planted  new  trees  in  an  old  orchard  ; 
seven  trees  in  one  place  in  eight  years. 

Mr.  Speer — I  should  prefer  new  soil  by  all  means.  I  consider  it 
only  a  make-shift  to  replant  an  old  orchard. 

Mr.  Qoodman — I  have  had  some  experience  in  that  line.  I  should 
remove  the  old  stnmp  and  the  soil  in  the  fall,  fill  np  with  manure  and 
soil  from  another  place,  and  plant  in  tbe  spring. 

Sam.  Miller — 1  have  planted  new  trees  right  where  the  old  trees 
stood,  by  the  side  of  the  old  stump,  with  success.  The  old  trees  had 
not  died ;  they  were  cat  down.  When  an  old  tree  dies  it  has  exhausted 
the  soil. 

J.  6.  Kinder — If  I  bad  thrifty  trees  of  unprofitable  kinds  I  would 
top-graft  them.    I  call  for  experience  in  top-grafting. 

Sam.  Miller — 1  graft  about  one-half  of  the  tree  one  year  and  the 
other  part  the  next  year.  I  pinch  the  spronts  daring  the  summer,  and 
don't  remove  them  entirely. 

Mr.  Murray — In  a  small  orchard  top-grafting  will  do,  but  for  com- 
mercial purposes  it  is  time  lost.  It  is  too  expensive.  It  is  seldom  fnlly 
snccessfol. 

J.  N.  Menifee— My  experience  is  that  blight  almost  invariably 
mine  top-grafted  trees. 

L.  T.  Kirk — I  don't  know  whether  new  members  can  talk  here  or 
not,  but  I  will  say  that  I  never  knew  top-grafted  trees  to  live  very 
long.    The  better  way  is  to  dig  it  np. 

Mr.  Hopkins — A  top-grafted  tree  would  be  as  useful  as  a  cork  leg 
to  a  healthy  man. 


238  STATE  HORTIOTTLTtlBAI.  BOCIBTT. 

Sam.  Miller — Some  top-grafted  trees  make  as  soQDd  trees  as  I 
ever  saw. 

A.  Ambrose — Ferb&ps  moat  of  those  whu  ooBdemo  top-graftine 
are  Qareerymen,  who  have  new  trees  for  you  to  plant  in  the  places  of 
the  Quprofllable  ones. 

Ohas.  Patterson — I  dig  a  large  hole,  taking  oat  as  many  of  the 
old  roots  as  possible.  My  replanted  trees  did  well  in  cultivated  groand. 

Mr.  Dnrand — It  does  not  pay  to  replant  an  orchard  after  the  trees 
are  six  or  seven  years  old.    Plant  new  orchards  on  new  land. 

J.  G.  Evans — Some  of  as  have  no  other  ground. 

Jacob  Faith — My  observation  fnlly  agrees  with  Mr.  Darand's. 

A.  Ambrose — I  do  not  snppose  that  anyone  of  large  experience 
wonld  advise  planting  any  other  than  new  trees.  Top-grafting  might 
be  done  successfnlly  for  a  family  orchard. 

Sam.  Miller — If  yon  graft  a  whole  tree  as  large  as  a  stove-pipe  yoo 
will  have  a  dead  tree.  Graft  only  half  of  the  tree  and  leave  some  of 
the  snckers  at  first;  remove  them  gradnally.  N'ever  graft  branches 
larger  than  one  inch  in  diameter. 

J.  C.  Erans — If  intelligently  done  on  trees  not  too  large,  top- 
grafting  will  be  snccessfnl  if  the  eton  and  stock  are  congenial.  If  not 
it  will  be  a  fiulnre. 

G.  H.  Stark — We  find  that  top-badding  is  more  snccessftil  than 
top-grafting  for  large  trees. 

OBOHARD   LOCATION. 

J.  F.  Stewart — I  am  not  qoalifled  to  write  a  paper  npon  this  sub- 
ject, having  had  only  a  little  experience  in  planting  trees.  I  advise  to 
select  dry  locations,  sloping  to  the  east  or  northeast,  bat  I  have  seen 
good  orchards  npon  almost  all  slopes. 

G.  M.  Stark — As  to  late  frosts  and  orchard  locations,  the  main  point 
is  to  watch  oat  for  air  dr^nage.  The  cold  air  or  frost  drains  off  in  the 
same  way  that  water  does.  Lowlands  or  valleys  are  all  right,  if  there 
be  yet  lower  valleys  affording  anobstraoted  drainage  for  the  cold 
air.  However,  three  or  fonr  days  of  cold,  cloudy  weather,  with  driz- 
zling rains  and  cold  northeast  winds  dhring  blossoming  season,  or  even 
antil  the  frnit  be  as  large  as  backshot,  wilt  be  as  fatal  as  a  killing  frost. 
The  small  apples  tarn  yellow  and  drop  off;  hence,  orchards  protected 
on  the  northeast  have  often  borue  when  others  have  failed. 


.y  Google 


WINTER  MEETING  AT   CLINION.  239 

0BCBABD8  FOB  LOW  LANDS. 
C.  T.  UALLIKCKRODT. 

[Paper  will  be  printed  Id  uiother  part  of  the  report.] 

L.  A.  Goodman — I  gave  these  sabjects  to  britie  oat  the  point  that 
it  is  not  always  best  to  avoid  low  lands.  We  need  more  information 
upon  this  BQbject.  What  varieties  do  best  npon  low  groond,  what 
npon  high  T 

Mr.  Scott — Along  the  MisBoori  river,  on  tbe  loess  formation, 
whether  high  or  low,  fruit  can  be  planted  saocessfnll;.  The  river  pro- 
tects ftom  frost.  I  think  a  northeast  slope  is  better ;  the  soathwest  is 
too  hot  and  dry. ^Wind-breaks  sboold  be  npon  the  Bonth  and  west, 
not  on  tbe  east.  Here  high  grounds  are  in  every  way  better.  Some- 
times peaches  ean  be  grown  npon  our  high  prairie  when  yon  cannot 
nuse  one  npon  low  points. 

N.  F.  Murray — In  Northwest  MisBonri  oar  experience  is  abont 
this :  It  was  my  conviction  that  the  sandy  lands  of  the  Missoori  river 
wonid  grow  apple  orchards.  In  a  dry  seaaon  the  best  places  are  the 
MlssoDTi  river  bottoms.  Qnmbo  soil  will  not  do  unless  it  is  anderlald 
with  sand.  If  yoa  have  the  tree  topped  as  it  ought  to  be,  it  donH  make 
any  difference  where  the  wind  oomes  from  or  how  long  it  blows.  If 
your  land  slopes  sonth,  make  a  low  top  and  the  snn  will  not  bam  yoar 
tree.  As  to  varieties,  the  Jonathan  will  ripen  earlier  upon  south  slopes. 
If  you  plant  upon  wet  land,  rtuBe  a  monnd  or  nnderdrain  yonr  land; 
you  can't  grow  orchards  upon  wet  land  ;  it  would  be  like  a  man  with 
his  feet  in  cold  water.  The  top  of  a  hill  is  sometimes  flat  and  wet,  and 
the  worst  of  places,  lowlands  are  not  always  wet,  uplands  are  not 
always  dry. 

I  advise  to  plant  trees  twenty-five  feet  apart.  I  have  made  more 
money  at  twenty-five  feet  than  at  thirty.  Some  want  their  trees  forty 
feet  apart,  so  they  can  cultivate  between  them.  I  prefer  to  have  my 
orchard  in  one  place  and  my  cultivating  land  in  another.  I  want  to 
get  the  most  I  can  from  my  orchard  with  the  least  labor.  In  general, 
where  you  ean  grow  a  good  crop  of  com  you  can  grow  good  apples.  I 
donH  think  there  is  a  great  difference  in  a  series  of  years  between  the 
top  and  the  sides  of  a  hill. 

Mr.  Maxwell — I  have  an  orchard  planted  fifteen  years,  two  miles 
firom  the  Missonri  river.  Some  of  it  slopes  east,  some  northeast, 
Winesap  on  tbe  east  and  the  northeast,  on  the  high  land,  have  borne 
but  little.  In  the  lower  part,  where  they  cross  the  hollow,  I  have  had 
crop  after  crop,  making  twenty  dollars  there  to  one  on  top  of  the  ridge. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_)' 


Sle 


240  STATE  HUBTICULTtJBAL  SOOIETT. 

Willow  Twigs  bare  done  well  on  Ihe  lower  groand.  On  the  west  slope 
I  have  one  haodred  Ben  Davis.  They  hav^  done  better  than  on  top 
of  the  ridge.  I  woald  prefer  a  northern  slope  to  any  other  if  I  had  a 
choice. 

Mr.  Walters — I  don't  think  there  is  any  question  that  the  loess  is 
the  tnie  soil  for  an  orchard.  We  have  no  loess  in  this  part  of  the  State. 
The  loess  was  deposited  soon  after  the  glacial  period.  The  Missonri 
river  was  practically  the  sonthem  limit  of  the  ice.  The  cave  limestone 
is  the  land  for  the  fVnit-grower  in  Southwest  Missonri.  The  ice  stood 
many  hundred  feet  above  the  present  snrface  of  the  soil,  and,  moving 
to  the  south,  it  scratched  the  blnEFs  and  left  a  large  deposit.  Latitude 
40"  is  the  sontbern  limit  of  the  ice  in  Eansss  and  39°  in  Missouri. 
Farther  east  it  goes  even  further  south.  Some  call  tfce  Missouri  river 
bluff  formation  clay ;  bat  it  is  not  clay.  It  forms  the  basis  of  a  BOfl 
especially  favorable  to  tree-growing.  It  is  porous  and  has  the  proper 
chemical  elements  in  the  right  proportion. 

My  observation  in  regard  to  temperatnre  is  that  large  bodies  of 
water  modify  the  effects  of  cold  winds  that  blow  over  Ifaem.  The  effects 
of  frost  are  not  so  marked  in  the  vicinity  of  such  bodies  of  water. 

C.  W.  Murtfeldt — As  a  proof  of  the  position  the  gentleman  has 
taken,  I  instance  the  snccess  of  the  Alton  Illinois  orchards,  where  the 
Missonri  and  the  Mississippi  rivers  come  together.  On  the  east  side  of 
Lake  Michigan  they  can  produce  peaches  almost  every  year  so  far  as 
the  frost  is  concerned ;  on  the  west  side  not  at  all,  not  even  the  trees. 

TABIBTIBB   OP  APPLBB. 


HcoOi  HoNTGOumRY  Co.,  Ho.,  Deo.  1, 1690. 
7b  Iht  Prttidmtl  and  m^mberi  of  ihe  MUaouri  Stai«  HortieuUural  SoeUty : 

Altboagh  the  froU  men  of  our  Sut«  In  general  beve  made  a  good  thing  out  of 
their  applea  this  leuoo,  I  am  iwrry  to  have  to  state  tbat  such  waa  not  the  ease  In 
tMe  county  (Hontgomerf ) .  However,  what  few  apples  that  were  raised  bronght  a 
goodprl«e.  We  bad  a  number  ot  severe  froita  last  spring,  wbicb  bad  klUed  a 
great  deal  of  the  frnlt.  Of  what  was  left,  a  large  porttoo  waa  made  nnealable  on 
Bcoount  of  the  coddling  moth,  as  well  ae  the  foDgl  ftuitUiduttn  dendritieum,  generally 
known  ai  scab.  Tbe  continued  oold,  molat  weather  during  spring  waa  vexj  favor- 
able for  the  germination  of  the  spores  of  tbe  above-named  fungi.  1  have  noticed 
apples  not  larger  than  a  pea  to  be  covered  with  tbe  small  dots  wblch  mark  tbe  first 
appearance  of  tbe  fongua,  which  aoou  spread  to  such  an  extent  as  to  check  the 
growth  of  tbe  fnilt.  Missouri  Pippin,  Lawver,  Bed  June,  Sweet  June  aod  a  few 
otbers  never  ripened  any  specimens  that  were  even  fit  for  cider.  I  Intend  to  grub 
out  all  tbe  treea  I  have  of  tbe  above  sorts  or  graft  them  over  to  aomething  better. 

AsIwasblUedon  tbe  program  for  a  paper  on  varieties,  I  will  give  my  experi- 
ence with  a  few  ports  I  have  been  fruiting.  A  number  of  new  and  rare  varieties,  of 
which  [  have  only  a  tree  or  two,  and  In  moat  cases  not  more  than  a  few  top  grafts, 


WINTBB  HBETINQ  AT  OLINTON.  241 

w«re  80  Injared  by  tbe  late  froite  lut  spring  thkt  I  oonld  not  farm  ftnything  of  t 
correct  opinion  on  remaining  Bpeolmeoi.  The  flHt  tpples  th&t  got  ripe  In  my 
orchsrd  were  Early  Harvest;  fralt  poor,  knotty,  only  half  growa  and  fall  of  aeab 
(rhlclilB  moreorleia  the  oase  with  them  every  year);  treea  ahort-llved.  The  next 
were  aboat  one  week  Uter.  Yellow  Transp. ,  from  top  grafts  npoa  Early  Harvest ; 
fmlt  smooth,  perfect  and  free  of  Boab.  This  last  variety  last  year  ripened  nearly  a 
week  before  Early  Harvest,  bat  the  latter  were  full  tcrona.  A.  few  top  grafts  of 
the  Hist,  Bet  npon  Lawver,  bad  ripened  tbelr  fralt  aeversl  daya  ahead  of  Yellow 
Traesp.  The  frnlt  was  of  fair  size  aad  form,  bat  M  the  speolmeos  had  lain  apoa 
the  grouDd,  and  were  partly  eaten  by  chlokeni,  I  oonld  not  form  mach  of  an  oplnioo 
as  to  Its  value.  This  sort  must  not  be  oonfoaoded  with  EIcjC.  This  la  a  later  ap- 
ple, which  originated  with  B.  S.  Blest  or  Lsnoaster,  Fa.,  while  the  one  I  have  orig- 
inated with  C.  RIst  of  near  Table  Roek,  Neb.,  where  the  late  S.  Barnard  first 
propagated  It,  bnt  to  what  extent  I  do  not  know. 

Red  June  was  the  next  to  come  In ;  a  full  crop  of  deformed,  scabby  prodno- 
tlons,  wblcb  the  bogs  wonld  not  eat.  Thia  variety  ts  absolntely  worthless  here, 
unlets  It  is  for  a  breeding  place  fi>r  scab.  Sweet  Jane  was  hot  little  better,  while 
B.  Astrachan,  Oldenberg  and  Benoni  bore  fine  and  perfect  frnlt.  The  trees  seem  to 
be  hardy  and  fine  growers,  and  I  think  are  among  the  best  to  plant  here  for  early 
fruit.  All  8 a mmer  is  also  very  good,  but  does  not  come  ap  with  the  last  named. 
Maiden's  Blush ;  this  I  find  to  be  bat  little  afl'ected  by  aottb,  and  is  certainly  one  of 
the  best  and  most  profitable  early  fall  apples.  CbenaDgo  Is  a  very  fine  apple,  but 
a  tree  or  two  ia  enongh  In  any  orchard.  Lacy  Pew,  a  very  fine  apple  for 
■evaporating;  very  prodnotive,  bat  the  traes  are  short-lived.  Pa.  Redstreak  and 
Ramtw  I  find  very  fine  for  bnme  use.  The  former,  however,  Ib  quite  subject  to 
«cab,  while  the  trees  of  the  latter  do  not  seem  to  be  long-lived.  Grimes  I  find  to 
be  a  tine  apple  that  sells  welt,  free  of  scab,  but  not  productive  enough.  N.  Spy  I 
find  to  I>e  worthless  with  me.  Twentyonnce,  Gloria  Uundl  and  Lady  apple,  1 
would  only  plant  a  tree  of  each  for  exhibition  purposes,  not  otherwise.  White 
Pippin  rota  on  the  tree ;  not  desirable.  Yellow  Bell,  unprodnottve.  Smiley,  very 
fine ;  one  of  the  best  for  home  use  and  local  market ;  a  fine  upright  grower,  but  a 
little  subject  to  scab.  Holland  Pippin,  tolerable.  Stark  [  find  to  be  a  fine  large 
apple,  free  of  scab;  It  sells  well;  the  trees  are  fine  stocky  growers,  with  very  large 
leaves.  Prior's  Red,  Vandevere  and  Jeuets  I  find  to  be  very  good  winter  apples 
for  home  nee.  They  all  seem  to  do  welt  here ;  of  no  special  value  for  market. 
Withe:  of  this  I  only  have  one  tree,  and  am  very  favorably  Impressed  with  the 
trait ;  fine,  large,  and  nndonbtedly  a  good  keeper.  The  trees  are  spreading,  bloom 
late  and  have  rather  peculiar  fbllage.  Baldwin  is  a  fine  fall  apple  here;  very  pro- 
ductive and  free  from  scab ;  one  of  the  best.  Roman  Beanty,  unprodnctive ;  trees 
short-lived ;  1  expect  to  grub  out  every  tree  I  got  of  them ;  1  had  planted  it  quite 
extensively  for  market.  Ho.  Pippin  and  Lawver  still  worse ;  of  no  value  what- 
ever, except  as  a  breeding  place  for  scab.  Huntsman  la  Indeed  a  fine  apple;  sells 
well,  but  ii  nothing  to  compare  with  B.  Davis  for  market;  snbleotto  scab  toagreat 
extent.  Clayton,  I  have  only  fruited  a  few  speoimens ;  they  were  fine  and  free 
of  scab;  tree  a  rather  upright  grower;  It  seems  to  do  well  here,  bat  must  test  it 
further  before  forming  an  opinion. 

Ben  Davis— Tbis  apple  will  be  very  largely  planted  here.  Quite  a  number  of 
onr  members  are  setting  out  nothing  else.  There  will  also  be  a  great  deal  of  top- 
grafting  done  this  spring  by  our  members,  aad  most  of  the  worthless  scab-breeders 
will  be  transformed  to  B.  Davis.    I  do  not  think  that  any  other  variety  will  bring 


-16 


igle 


342  STATE  HOBTICTTLTUBAL   80CIBTT. 

In  as  mnch  tnooer  to  the  grower  as  thla  will  Jonathan,  I  tblnb.  oomee  next.  Wil- 
low Twig,  Wloeiap  and  Smith's  Cider  are  also  good,  bat  neither  of  theui  will  come 
npto  the  Ben.  Newton  ^ppln  la  also  flne  and  geI>B  welt ;  howerer.  It  will  never  be 
as  profltfible  as  some  of  the  others.  Those  are  about  sll  the  TarietieB  tbat  1  have 
fruited  so  fiir,  but  tblnk  that  I  can  report  on  about  Qfty  more  sorts  by  another  year. 
I  expect  that  some  of  our  fruit-growers  will  think  tbat  I  had  no  eeniie  In  setting  out 
such  a  mixed  lot  of  apples.  I  admit  that  I  did  not  have  much  ;  however,  I  had  n 
desire  to  fiod  ont  which  would  do  the  best  on  our  soil,  and  for  tbat  purpose  have  set 
out  a  plot  of  Just  a  tree  or  two  of  a  variety— Id  some  oases  only  a  few  to  grafts.  On  . 
one  tree  alone  I  have  over  thirty  different  varieties  grafted,  all  numbered  and 
recorded.  In  the  main  part  of  my  orohsrd  (about  1,000  trees)  [  have  aotblng  but 
Ben  Davto  and  Jonathan,  with  a  f«w  Willow  Twig.  A  word  more  about  that  appU 
Kob.  I  flud  It  to  be  a  very  serloas  drawback  In  apple-cuUnre.  Happily,  oar  lead- 
ing market  apples  are  not  very  subject  to  It,  unless.  Indeed,  the  weatber  Is  very 
bvorable  lOr  the  formation  of  the  spores.  A  few  years  ago  I  sprayed  a  few  treea 
tocheok  the  fungi,  under  tbe  Instruction  of  Prof.  Qallowav.  However,  the  formula 
used  happened  to  he  too  strong;  but  so  many  experiments  have  been  carried  oa 
slnoe  that  I  have  no  doubt  but  what  the  formula  of  tbe  cbemlcale  used  has  been 
properly  modlQed.  I  therefore  think  tbat  by  spraying,  the  fungus  oould  be  held  in 
obeok.  However,  as  tbe  remedies  have  to  be  of  a  preventive  and  not  of  a  enratlTe 
nature,  much  will  always  depend  upon  having  the  spraying  done  at  tbe  proper  time. 
for  that  reaiOD  I  thick  that,  unless  a  man  Is  a  close  observer,  wbo  will  iearn  by  ex- 
perience as  be  goes,  the  chances  for  suooess  will  be  small.  But  why  do  we  plant 
snob  varieties,  that  are  subject  to  the  disease,  at  all?  Why  not  discard  them 
out  of  our  orchards  ?  If  we  discard  those  scsb-breedlng  varieties,  there  will  cer- 
tainly be  leSB  spores  left  in  the  orchard  to  reproduce  the  scab  the  spring  following. 

SPEATIMO   OF  PEUITH. 

PBOP.   JOHN   W.  CLIBK,  COLUMBIA. 

As  the  cultivation  of  trees,  fruits  and  flowers  beuomes  more  general  In  this- 
and  other  States,  tbe  necessity  of  a  more  thorough  knowledge  of  tbe  nature,  habits, 
diseases  and  Insect  enemies  of  each  tree,  flower  and  fnill  becomes  more  apparent, 
and  there  Is  not  a  suocessftl  bortlcalturlst  In  the  country  wbo  does  not  admit  tbat 
the  time  Is  past  when  trees,  flowers  and  fruits  can  be  left  to  care  for  themselves, 
and  give  profitable  rBtnrns . 

The  ravages  of  Insects  (as  a  country  becomes  more  thickly  settled,  and  the 
native  growth  of  vegetation  gives  place  to  cultivated  crops)  becmne  more  marked 
and  Injurious,  for,  deprived  of  their  accnstomed  food,  they  seek  other  plants  on 
which  to  subsist,  aod  In  many  cases  multiply  more  rapidly  on  tbese  new  plants  than 
on  their  original  food ;  so  in  a  short  time  an  Insect  scarcely  noticed  becomes  a 
scourge  to  tbe  land.  The  Colorado  potato  beetle  {Doryphora  10-lineata)  is  a  marked 
example  of  such  an  insect. 

Insects  from  other  sections  and  lands  have  been  imported  and  added  to  those 
already  preying  on  our  crops,  until  their  numbers  have  Increased  to  such  an  extent 
that  we  may  almost  feel  content  If  anything  is  left.  Every  tree,  flower  and  fruit 
baa  its  Insect  enemies.  Saunders  In  his  "Insects  injurious  to  fruits"  gives  eighty- 
two  different  insects  that  prey  on  tbe  apple.  But  tbe  Insect  pest  is  not  the  onl^ 
drawback  In  the. way  of  successful  troXt  culture  ;  In  addition  to  It  comes  the  long 
line  of  diseases,  such  as  rusts,  smuts,  blights  and  mildews,  which  have  caused  a 
lose  of  millions  of  dollars  annually  In  this  and  other  States.    It  has  only  been  a 


WINTBB  MBBTING  AT  OLINTON.  243 

■hort  time  since  tbe  re^l  URture  of  manf  of  our  moat  destructive  plant  dtoeases 
hftTe  been  ODderstood,  aod  even  dov  we  have  ■  very  limited  knowledge  of  many  of 
tbe  diaeuea  affeotlng  our  fruits,  and  before  wbich  we  are  alnoet  powerless  in  onr 
elTorte  to  stop  their  nvages. 

Within  the  last  few  yeirs  greater  sdrancenient  has  bees  made  inlQndlog  out 
the  nature  and  cause  of  oiany  plant  diseases  and  how  to  treat  them  than  has  I>een 
made  before— due  to  tbe  b; atemattc  manner  la  which  the  investlgatloDS  are  now 
carried  on. 

The  Spraying  of  treet  and  plants  for  the  (le^tmctlon  of  insects  Is  of  recent 
date.  Paris  green  was  first  reoomaieDded  In  tbe  report  of  tbe  Departmentof  Agri- 
culture In  1S71,  for  tbe  Colorado  potato  beetle.  In  1872  It  was  flrst  suggested  for 
tbe  codling  moth.  b:r  Dr.  Le  Baron,  of  Illinois.  In  1679  a  Mr.  Woodward  of  Weston* 
N.  Y.,  In  a  paper  stated  "that  early  In  the  season  he  sprayed  apple  trees  with 
Paris  green  to  destroy  tbe  canker  worm,  and  found  that  the  fruit  grown  on  these 
trees  was  les«  Injured  by  the  codling  moth  than  on  trees  not  sprayed."  Since  that 
date  experiments  with  arsenical  solutions  have  been  carried  on  In  different  parts  of 
tbe  country,  and  by  different  Individuals,  nntli  their  use  is  acknowledged  to  be  the 
etaeapest  and  most  effective  remedy  for  the  conker  worm,  oodllng  moth  and  tent 
caterpillar.  Tbe  proper  time  to  spray  for  tbe  canker  worm  and  tent  caterpillar  la 
when  tbe  effect  of  their  ravages  is  first  discovered,  wblob  sbonld  be  before  any 
harm  Is  done  to  the  tree.  But  with  the  codling  moth  It  la  different :  the  Injury  Is 
not  seen  st  once.  The  moth  Isys  its  eggs  In  the  blossom  or  blossom  end  of  tbe 
ftult.  The  blossom  and  tia\t  while  small  stand  ereot  on  the  stem,  with  the  caJiz 
end  uppermoet,  which  forme  a  kind  of  cup  In  which  tbe  egg  Is  laid. 

In  about  a  week  tbe  egg  batohet.  Tbe  little  worm  does  not  leave  the  egg  at 
once,  bnt  reaches  out  Its  head  and  part  of  Its  body,  bltea  into  the  fruit,  but  does  not 
leave  tbe  egg  until  It  has  eaten  far  enough  into  the  f^olt  to  conceal  its  whole  body. 
Tbia  le  the  time  to  destroy  the  worm.  As  soon  ss  tbe  petals  or  leaves  of  the  flower 
tall  tbe  trees  should  be  sprayed. 

They  should  be  sprayed  at  least  three  times  before  tbe  ftnlt  has  become  of 
BufScient  weight  to  bend  tbe  stem  and  lose  its  upright  poaitlon.  In  order  that  the 
poison  may  be  held  In  the  cup  formed  by  the  calyx.  After  tbe  fruit  baa  lost  Us  ni>- 
rlgbt  position,  spraying  will  do  little  good.  There  Is  a  second  brood  of  worma 
hatched  about  July ;  spraying  for  these  7ilt  not  Ik  as  effective  a«  It  is  early  In  tbe 
season,  and  abonld  not  be  practiced  with  the  earlier  varieties  of  apples,  and  It  Is 
doubtful  if  tbe  results  obtained  will  pay  the  cost,  even  with  tbe  later  varieties,  If 
tbe  work  has  been  thoroughly  done  early  In  the  season. 

The  past  season  fOar  trees  were  selected  in  the  orchard  on  tbe  Experiment 
station  grounds,  two  of  which  were  sprayed  twice.  Hay  Sth  and  May  18th,  one 
with  Paris  green,  one  pound  to  one  hundred  and  sixty  gallons  of  water,  the  other 
with  London  purple  In  the  same  proportion.  The  remaining  two  trees  were  not 
sprayed. 

The  tree  sprayed  with  Iiondon  pnrple  gave  tbirty-one  per  cent  of  wormy  ft'ult, 
that  aprayed  with  Parla  green  twenty-five  per  cent,  while  the  average  of  the  two 
trees  not  aprayed  was  sixty-two  and  one  half  per  cent  of  wormy  fruit,  or  a  dlfier- 
ence  of  thirty-two  and  one-half  per  cent  In  favor  of  London  purple,  and  thirty- 
eight  and  one-half  per  cent  in  favor  of  Paris  green. 

The  reaulta  obtained  by  tbla  experiment  correspond  very  closely  with  those 
obtained  at  other  Experiment  stations. 

The  lemainlng  trees  In  the  orchard  were  sprayed  part  with  Paris  green  and 
part  with  London  purple.    Where  the  trees  were  sprayed  with  Paris  green  no 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


344  HTATB   HORTICULTUBAL   800IBTY. 

Injury  was  done  to  the  foU&ge,  but  where  London  parple  wai  need  the  foliage  waa 
eo  me  what  tojared . 

In  each  case  the  proportions  were  one  pound  to  one  hnndred  and  sixty  gallons 
or  water. 

Spraying  for  the  onrcuUo  (CoTutraeAelua  natphar)  Is  a  qnestlon  of  oonstderable 
interest  Jmt  at  the  present  time,  and  han  been  discussed  extenitrely  atnoe  the 
paper  of  a  Mr.  G.  H.  8mlth  was  presented  to  the  Hfohtgan  Hortlcnltunl  society  In 
JS69,  recommending  the  use  of  Paris  green  for  the  plum  ourauUo. 

A  prominent  entomologist  a  year  later,  referring  (o  the  paper,  says :  Even  if 
the  uniform  application  of  such  a  polsonons  drug  as  Paris  green  on  large  trees  were 
praotleable.  It  wonld  never  sacoeed  in  kllllag  one  curonllo  Id  a  hundred."  In  a 
letter  written  by  Prof  Riley.  Uarch  8,  L888,  and  published  in  the  last  report  of  the 
HassachusettB  Hortioultiirat  society,  be  says :  ''There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the 
advantage  of  spraying  plum  trees  wUh  some  one  of  the  arsenical  mistares.  The 
adnlt  beetle  feeds  somewhat  In  the  early  spring  and  In  mid-eummer,  and  spraying 
the  trees  soon  after  the  blossoms  fall  will  kill  a  certain  proportion  of  them  " 

Prof.  Cook,  of  Michigan,  says,  in  a  bulletin  just  issued,  "  that,  after  spraying 
for  the  plum  curcollo  for  about  ten  yeara,  I  never  seemed  to  have  met  with  any 
snooesB  until  1S88,  when  I  thought  1  received  signal  beneflt  from  spraying  with 
arsenites." 

Enoonraged  by  this,  be  commenced  a  series  of  thorough  experiments  to  test 
their  value  for  the  plum  curcullo,  and  gives  the  following  as  the  results  of  bis  ex- 
periments :  "  That,  while  I  would  not  aay  that  spraying  will  do  no  good ,  I  tCel 
certain  that  it  will  never  prove  satisfactory  and  reliable." 

Dr.  C  H.  Weed,  of  the  Ohio  Experiment  station,  reports  that  he  sprayed  on 
a  large  scale  the  past  season,  and  has  had  remarkably  good  results .  Other  and 
similar  examples  might  be  given,  but  those  already  presented  will  show  that  the 
value  of  arsenitee  for  the  pinra  onrcnllo  Is  not  fully  settled  and  needs  ftirther  trial. 

The  effect  of  the  various  arsenical  solutions  on  the  fruit  and  foliage  of  treea 
varies  with  the  material  used  and  attendant  circumstances.  Of  the  three  forms  of 
arsenltes  generally  used,  when  applied  with  equal  strength,  white  arsenic  (araenloaa 
acid]  does  the  greatest  Injnry,  London  purple  next  and  Paris  green  the  least. 

The  Injury  done  to  the  foliage  is  due  to  the  soluble  arsenic  contained  in  the 
snbstance  used.  In  white  araenio  the  arsenic  la  readily  soluble  In  water ;  London 
purple  partially  solnbte,  while  in  Paris  green  it  Is  practically  insoluble. 

The  addition  of  Sour,  milk,  soap,  etc.,  to  make  the  poison  stick  to  the  leaves, 
seems  to  increase  the  amount  of  the  damage  done. 

When  a  dashing  rain  follows  the  spraying  of  the  trees.  It  does  not  Increase  the 
Injury,  but  where  a  light  drizzling  rain  follows,  the  Injury  U  Increased.  In  the 
first  instance  the  arsenic  dissolved  li  washed  f^om  the  foliage  at  once,  bat  in  the 
second  case  it  has  time  to  penetrate  the  tissues  of  the  leaves,  causing  in  maoy 
oases  ooneldersble  injury.    Heavy  dews  have  a  similar  effect. 

Voung  foliage  Is  not  as  easily  injured  as  it  Is  when  It  ^ts  older,  on  acoount  of 
the  waxy  coating  which  It  has  that  prevents  the  arsenic  penetrating  the  leavea. 

The  strength  of  the  solution  of  either  Paris  green  or  London  pnrple  (which 
Is  safe  to  use)  varies  with  dlfierent  fruits. 

The  cherry  is  the  lesst  Injured,  after  which  come  the  apple,  pear,  plnui  and 
peach.  The  last  should  never  be  sprayed  with  either  white  arsenic  or  London  pur- 
ple, on  account  of  the  soluble  arsenic  they  contain,  which  Is  absorbed  by  the  peach. 
Although  solutions  as  strong  as  one  pound  of  Paris  green  or  London  purple  to  fifty 
gallons  of  water  have  been  used  without  Injury  to  the  foliage,  yet,  from  the  reeulta 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


WINTER  XEETINQ  AT   CLINTON.  245 

or  ezperimeoti  carried  od  In  different  aectioDB  and  bj  different  individuBls  under  b 
variety  of  clrcnmstanceB,  one  pound  of  either  Parts  green  or  London  purple  to  two 
hundred  gallons  of  water  (especially  London  purple)  seems  to  be  as  strong  u  tt  le 
■afe  to  use  ;  and  Paris  green  not  stronger  than  one  pontid  to  three  hundred  or  three 
houdred  and  tlftj  gallons  of  water  Tor  the  peach.  If  lime  Is  added  to  the  solution, 
the  danger  of  Injurj  to  the  foliage  le  lessened. 

One  great  reason  forthedtfference  in  the  results  obtained  ftom  the  use  of  Paris 
green  or  London  purple  Is  probably  due  to  the  difference  In  the  composition  of  the 
ftTtioleused.  Paris  green  unsdulterated  ehoald  contain  atwot  flfty  per  cent  of 
arsento  and  London  purple  at  least  forty  per  cent.  These  two  componnds  are  of- 
ten much  adulterated  when  pat  on  the  market — In  some  cases  to  such  an  extent  that 
no  good  Is  derived  tiom  their  use,  and  the  person  using  them  concludes  that  spray- 
ing for  Inseots  Is  useless. 

This  State  should  enaet  laws  compeltlDg  manufacturers  to  label  each  and 
every  package  offered  for  sale  within  Us  borders,  with  the  per  cent  of  arsenic  guar- 
anteed; this  would  not  only  protect  the  purabaser,  but  also  Increase  Its  sale.  The 
danger  from  the  use  of  Paris  green,  If  safflcient  care  is  taken  In  handling  It.  Is  not 
M  great  as  many  supposed  when  Its  use  was  first  advocated.  Experlmenta  have 
demonstrated  that  there  Is  lUUe  or  no  danger  of  injury  to  hogs  or  sheep  runalDg  In 
the  orchard  from  the  use  of  either  Paris  green  or  liondon  purple,  and  that  their  re- 
moval  is  anneoetsary . 

Professor  Eedzle  of  Michigan,  says :  '*  Paris  green  that  has  been  four  months 
In  the  soli  no  longer  remains  as  such,  but  has  passed  Into  some  lesa  soluble  state, 
and  Is  unaffected  bj  the  ordinary  solvents  of  the  soil.  The  power  of  the  soil  to 
hold  arsenlouB  acid  and  arsenltes  in  insoluble  form  will  prevent  water  from  be- 
coming poisoned,  unless  the  green  Is  used  in  excess  of  any  reqolrements  as  an 
Ineeotlidde." 

Turning  now  to  some  of  the  diseases  affecting  plants  and  fruits,  we  find  that 
many  of  them  are  caused  by  a  class  of  minute  parasitic  plants  called  fungi,  com- 
monly designated  as  rusts,  smuts,  blights  and  mildews,  whose  appearance  was  once 
regarded  by  the  superstitious  as  a  direct  visltatiOQ  or  Providence  bel»re  whioh 
man  was  powerless,  but  are  now  recognized  as  the  dlreot  effects  of  natural  causes 
capable  of  investigation  and  treatment.  In  speaking  of  plants,  inageaerat  way,  we 
understand  them  as  taking  their  food  from  the  earth  and  air  and  preparing  It  for 
their  own  use  and  that  of  man  and  beast,  which  they  do  through  the  action  of  the 
green  coloring  material  contained  In  the  leaf  called  chlorophy,  without  the  pres- 
ence of  which  animal  and  vegetable  life  upon  oar  globe  would  soon  cease  to  exist. 
The  class  of  plants  known  as  fungi  are  not  supplied  with  the  green  coloring  matter 
or  chlcrophyl  and  are,  therefore.  Incapable  of  taking  their  fbod  trom  the  crude  ma- 
terials of  the  earth  and  air,  but  must  obtain  it  from  other  plants  which  have  this 
power.  These  minnteplantsarever;  simple  In  their  Btmcture;  some  are  composed 
of  only  a  single  cell,  while  others  are  formed  by  a  combination  of  oells.  Fungi  do 
not  flower  or  develop  seed,  but  produce  what  are  called  spores,  which  take  tbe 
place  of  seeds,  and  by  which  they  are  propagated. 

These  spores  are  very  small  and  are  carried  for  long  distances  in  the  air,  In 
this  way  spresding  the  disease  from  one  locality  to  another.  The  spores  lodge 
upon  plants  and  their  fruits,  where  they  grow  if  the  conditions  under  which  they 
are  placed  are  favorable.  Some  kinds  of  fungi  affect  several  speci«s  of  plants, 
while  others  live  only  on  one.  The  plant  or  fTuit  upon  which  a  parasite  lives  is 
ealted  Us  host  or  feeder,  and  attacks  It  by  means  of  its  spores  or  by  the  germ  tubes 
emitted  by  tbe  a  pores.    Tbe  act  of  penetration  Is  accomplished  in  two  ways  :  tbe 


246  STATB   HOBTIODLTUEAL  SOCIETY. 

germ  tab«  orbraaoh  of  the  mrMltatn  either  grows  Into  tbe  Interior  tbrongli  tbe 
natnral  opitDtnga  Id  tbe  leftf  (tbe  atamata),  or  tbrongb  the  Arm  membrane  eoTerlag 
tbe  leaf  or  fralt.  Heat  and  moiBtnre  are  the  condltloni  necesaary  tor  tbe  germlna- 
tloa  of  tbe  aporea  of  fungi  the  same  si  foi  germination  of  seeds. 

Spores  deprived  of  moisture  canaot  germinate,  wlilob  explains  why  mlldem 
are  less  prevalent  la  dry  weather  (nnless  there  are  beary  dews)  than  when  It  Is 
warm  and  molBt.  Beavy  fogs  tend  to  Increase  the  amonnt  of  Injorfdone.  Fogs,  ac- 
cording to  tbe  Qow  accepted  theory,  are  oaased  by  motstore  collecting  aronnd 
mlnnte  particles  of  dust  floatlog  in  the  sir. 

Tbe  apores  of  vsrloas  forme  of  fnagl,  oontlnoally  floating  in  the  sir,  come  In 
coDtaol  with  the  particles  of  dust  and  are  deposited  with  them  ;  the  molatare  sor- 
Tonndlng  these  spores  oanseg  them  to  germinate  and  grow  if  the  plaot  or  ft'olt  apon 
which  tbey  lodge  Is  suited  to  them.  The  apple  scab  is  caused  by  a  mlnnte  parisUIc 
plant  {SuntUutium  DendrUieum)  whose  Spores  are  carried  by  the  air  from  tree  to 
tree.  The  scab  works  on  young  twigs,  leaves  and  fruit,  and  propagates  Itself  most 
rapidly  daring  the  moist  weather  of  spring,  early  manner,  and  again  In  autumn. 
Daring  the  hot  weather  of  summer  tbe  damage  la  usually  less,  yet  at  no  time  la  tbe 
apple  free  from  Its  ravages.  The  greatest  loss  from  the  scab  occurs  when  the  traW 
Is  attaolced  early  In  the  season  when  in  flower  or  while  the  fruit  Is  small,  When 
this  ooours  tbe  fruit  generally  falls  to  develop  and  drops  from  the  trees.  Tbe 
orchards  of  western  New  York  presented  a  marked  example  of  suob  a  case  tbe 
past  season.  The  trees  blossomed  full,  but  dropped  their  fruit  before  it  had  at- 
tained any  considerable  size,  which  upon  examination  was  found  to  be  due  to  the 
attacks  of  the  scab.  When  the  fruit  Is  attacked  while  small,  and  does  not  drop,  It  Is 
apt  to  grow  knurly. 

The  mjoeliam  of  the  fnngas  does  not  penetrate  Into  tbe  fletb,  but  works  In 
tbe  akin,  epidermis  or  cuticle.  In  many  cases  destroying  the  epidermis,  wbleb  turns 
brown  and  dies.  A  new  epidermis  Is  formed  nnder  tbe  one  destroyed,  which  In 
torn  Is  also  destroyed,  causing  tbe  part  to  become  thick  and  corky.  The  fruit  contin- 
uing to  grow,  while  the  diseased  partcannot,  causes  arnptare  of  the  skin,  which,  as 
tbe  fruit  grows,  opens  and  becomes  deeper,  producing  what  is  known  as  cracked 
fruit.  If  the  scab  does  not  attack  tbe  fruit  until  late  in  the  season,  the  mycelium 
does  not  penetrate  the  epidermis,  but  grows  upon  the  ontstde  and  shows  Itself  bf 
covering  the  «kin  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  with  a  cloudy  coating,  which  makes 
the  tia\t  present  a  bad  appearance  when  placed  on  tbe  market,  and  afi'eets  its  vaiae. 

Various  mixtures  have  been  experimented  with  to  test  their  value  in  checking 
the  scab.  Of  tbe  several  compounds  used,  that  known  as  tbe  Bordeaux  mixture 
has  In  nearly  every  instance  given  the  best  results— the  fruit,  when  It  was  used, 
being  larger,  more  perfect  In  shape,  and  less  covere<1  with  the  scab  than  ftDlt  grown 
on  trees  not  sprayed.  To  obtain  the  best  results  tbe  trees  should,  be  Bpray«d  thot- 
ongbiy  with  the  Bordesox  mixture  before  tbe  leaves  start,  doubling  tbe  quantity 
of  sulphate  of  copper. 

While  In  flower  the  trees  should  be  sprsyed  with  the  simple  mixture.  After 
the  petals  of  the  flowers  fall,  the  Bordeaux  mixture  may  be  mixed  with  either 
Paris  green  or  London  purple  when  spraying  for  insects. 

The  past  spring  two  rows  or  Jenltons  were  selected  In  the  station  orchard. 
One  was  sprayed  when  the  fruit  was  but  one-third  of  an  inch  In  diameter  with  the 
Bordeaux  mixture  mixed  with  Paris  green ;  tbe  other  row  was  sprafed  with  Paris 
green.  The  fruit  on  tbe  row  not  sprayed  with  the  copper  mixture  was  small, 
cracked  and  spotted,  while  that  on  the  row  sprayed  with  it  was  mneh  larger  and 
showed  less  cracked  and  scabby  fruit.    The  leaves  on  tbe  trees  sprayed  with  tbe 


WINTBB  MEETING  AT  CLINTON.  247 

mixture  were  lu%e.  of  good  oolor  and  remained  longer  od  the  treea ;  while  on  the 
trees  In  the  other  row  the  leaves  were  narrow,  bad  a  light  elckly  color,  and  the 
trees  durlog  the  euramer  looked  as  if  about  hsIC  of  the  foliage  had  fallen. 

During  the  nhole  season  the  oontrast  was  very  marked  in  favor  of  the  trees 
sprayed  wltti  the  copper  mixture. 

The  Tlnejard,  covering  aboat  two  aerea  of  land,  waa  sprayed  regnlarlf  wltlt 
the  Bordeaux  mixture  last  year  and  during  the  put  season.  The  crop  of  last  ^ear 
was  oonslderahly  Injured  by  the  rot,  while  this  season  fully  90  per  cent  of  the  fmlt 
was  saved. 

To  obtain  the  beat  results,  the  spraying  should  be  done  on  an  extended  scale 
and  for  a  number  of  years.  If  only  a  limited  area  or  single  tree  Is  sprayed  the  hen- 
eflt  may  not  be  notleed,  altboagh  a  large  number  of  Insects  or  spores  of  fungi  may 
liave  been  destroyed,  as  these  may  be  more  than  balanced  by  the  new  supply  from 
neighboring  fields  and  orchards. 

But  when  an  orchard  of  considerable  size  Is  sprayed,  or  where  sprayingls 
practiced  by  a  cojomunlty,  the  benefit  derived  from  tt  win  be  marked,  and  spraying 
will  be  found  to  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  and  neseseary  operations  in  tlie  on)- 
tivatlon  of  fruits. 

ExPEhiHBNT  Station,  Columbia,  Mo. 

DIBCUSSION. 

Mr.  Helvero,  of  ArkaoBae — What  time  does  the  codling  moth  de- 
poBit  its  eggs  t 

Mr.  Clark — The  egg  is  laid  jtist  aboat  the  time  the  blossom  fEtlls 
and  for  two  or  three  weeks  afterward,  If  yoa  spray  before  the  blos- 
aom  falls  it  will  poison  the  bees.  Spray  after  the  blossom  falls  and 
again  in  about  two  weeks.    One  insect  lays  abont  fifty  eggs. 

Mr.  Helvern— In  my  orchard  the  eggs  were  laid  before  the  leaves 
came  out. 

Mr.  Olark — Yoa  are  thinking  of  the  canker  worm. 

Mr.  President — What  is  the  experience  of  those  who  have  sprayedt 

Mr,  Clark — ^That  a  man  sboald  spray  only  one  tree  might  not  be 
mach  benefit,  for  the  insects  come  from  everywhere.  Spraying  large 
orchards  and  whole  neighborhoods  will  give  the  best  resolts. 

We  got  only  one  good  crop  from  the  college  \  ineyard.  The  grapes 
rotted  year  after  year.  It  was  a  regular  hot-bed  of  rot.  Last  year,  af- 
ter spraying  with  the  Bordeaux  mixture,  we  got  some  grapes.  This 
season  X  sprayed  regularly  and  got  a  better  crop  than  the  good  crop 
we  got  three  years  after  the  vineyard  was  planted.  It  has  to  be  done 
systematically  and  on  a  large  scale  to  accomplish  much  good. 

The  eggs  of  the  first  brood  of  the  codling  moth  are  laid  in  the 
calyx  or  blossom  end  of  the  apple.  They  are  not  covered  with  a  web< 
The  after-crop  is  laid  and  eats  its  way  into  the  fruit  If  you  spray 
thoroughly  for  the  codling  moth  you  will  kill  it  sorely.  I*a8t  year  one 
man  in  New  York  sprayed  five  times  and  had  fine  fruit.  His  neigh- 
bor's fruit  was  worthless. 


248  STATE   HOETIODLTCBAL  8O0IBTY 

J.  W.  Ssllee — I  lived  fifteen  years  in  California;  they  epray  there 
aa  resniarly  as  they  cultivate,  but  Hprayins  for  the  codling  moth  has 
never  been  very  satisfactory.  It  kills  insects  apoQ  the  foliage,  but 
the  codling  tnotb  has  almost  rained  the  bnsiness  of  apple  and  pear 
growing.  If  there  has  been  any  snccessfnl  experience  in  spraying  for 
the  codling  moth  it  voold  be  a  great  thing  for  the  Califomians.  Some 
of  the  horticnltnriste  of  California  spend  thonsande  of  dollars  a  year 
fighting  insects. 

Mr.  Carpenter — I  wonld  like  to  know  what  kind  of  pnmp  it  re- 
quires for  two  hands  to  spray  one  hundred  trees  in  a  half  day  t  Don't 
they  have  one  more  brood  of  the  codling  moth  in  California  than  we 
have,  and  might  not  that  make  a  difference  in  onr  fovorl  They  might 
increase  more  rapidly  there  titan  here. 

Mr.  Sallee — They  nse  a  force  pump  with  two  hose ;  one  man  at 
the  pnmp  and  one  to  carry  the  hose.  The  hose  has  attached  a  long 
piece  of  gas-pipe  for  reaching  all  parts  of  the  tree.  If  three  men  spray 
fifty  orange  trees  in  a  day,  they  do  well. 

Mr.  Speer — I  fonud  one  good  paying  orchard  free  from  wormy 
fruit,  and  the  reason  the  owner  gave  was  that  he  had  washed  the  trunks 
of  his  trees  every  year  with  strong  soap-sads  and  carbolic  acid.  He 
claimed  that  the  smell  of  the  carbolic  acid  kept  the  insects  away.  Bight 
in  the  same  neighborhood  I  found  insects  plentiful.  Whether  there  is 
anything  in  his  reasoning,  I  don't  know. 

Bam.  Miller — Is  the  codling  moth  a  night  or  day  insecti 

Mr.  Clark — It  moves  mostly  at  night. 

Sam.  Miller — I  have  raised  several  crops  of  plnms  by  smoking 
with  coal  tar. 

Mr.  Wade — My  experience  in  spraying  on  a  small  orchard  of  150 
trees  is :  I  bought  a  small  pnmp ;  I  have  used  it  for  three  years ;  one 
of  my  neighbors  has  borrowed  it;  we  have  sold  our  ft-nit  for  one  to 
two  dollars  a  barrel  more  than  our  neighbors;  we  gave  tliorongh  cul- 
tivation ;  in  an  orchard  sprayed  but  not  cultivated  the  fmit  was  wormy ; 
I  think  the  most  good  is  thorough  cultivation  and  not  in  the  spraying. 

Mr,  Clark — Mr.  Hazeltine  did  not  prune  or  cultivate  his  orchard, 
and  the  whole  soil  is  full  of  insects.  In  plowing  your  orchard  yoo 
made  your  trees  grow  thrifty,  covered  and  killed  many  insects. 

Mr.  Wade — This  other  neighbor  of  mine  who  sold  his  fruit  for  a 
good  price  did  not  cultivate. 

Mr.  Murtfeldt — The  treasurer  of  the  Kansas  Horticultural  society 
has  a  large  commercial  orchard  ;  he  spent  a  good  deal  of  money  and 
much  time  in  spraying  his  orchard,  and  when  asked  what  good  it  had 
done,  said:    "^one  at  all."    By  spraying  yon  are  killing  yonr  insect 


■WIHTKE  MBBTINa  AT  CLINTON.  249 

.  CriendB  as  well  as  yoor  foes.  I  doobt  whether  there  ia  one  iotelli' 
gent  horticnltnriBt  in  twelve  who  knows  ineeot  foes  from  fiiende. 
Spraying  will  kill  your  birds ;  yon  can  tam  your  swine  or  sheep  in  yonp 
orchard;  they  will  kill  may  worms. 

G.  W.  Hopkins — There  is  one  thing  to  which  I  wish  to  call  atten- 
tion before  we  pass:  We  have  something  in  Greene  connty  that  ie  be- 
coming qnite  serione ;  it  is  called  the  black  or  bitter  rot ;  is  there  any 
remedy  for  it! 

President  Evans — We  will  ask  Prof.  Clark  about  that  in  a  short 
time. 

H,  B.  Francis — When  a  yoong  man  I  saw  a  trap  in  a  California 
orchard  for  the  codling  moth,  I  don't  believe  it  can  fly ;  I  think  we 
can  trap  it. 


WEDNESDAY— 2  p.  M. 

The  Henry  county  society  invited  the  State  society  to  visit  the 
artesian  well  in  a  body. 

It  was  moved  and  carried  that  the  society  visit  the  well  at  8  a.  m. 
Thursday. 

An  invitation  to  visit  Baird  college  wae  accepted,  and  the  time  set 
at  1:15  p.  m.  Wednesday. 

Mr.  Simpson  of  Mammoth  Springs,  Ark.,  exhibited  samples  of  trees 
from  his  orchard  killed  by  the  woolly  aphis. 

Mr.  Simpson — I  have  been  in  baainess  twenty-one  years.  I  left 
the  farm  twenty-one  years  before.  When  I  had  been  away  from  it  that 
long  I  thought  I  conld  startin  again  jast  where  I  bad  left  off.  I  bought 
Bome  land,  had  it  put  in  good  condition  and  had  a  thousand  trees  set 
oat.  I  got  the  trees  in  Howell  connty,  Mo  ,  as  near  home  as  I  conld ; 
not  more  than  thirty  miles  from  where  I  planted  them.  I  thought  I 
was  safe  in  planting  them.  I  want  to  show  you  some  of  my  trees.  I 
had  them  cnltivated  and  the  ground  plowed  three  times  this  summer, 
but  I  foand  my  trees  were  dying,  and  the  leaves  falling  off.  I  pulled 
np  one  aud  found  the  roots  wrong.  The  neighbors  said  the  trees 
were  diseased.  I  have  taken  op  about  120  of  the  trees  and  have  not 
found  one  healthy.  Here  are  samples  of  them  :  (The  treee  had  knotty 
roots,  and  were  miserable  looking  specimens  in  every  way.)  Do  I  run 
any  risk  in  planting  new,  sound  trees  in  the  same  ground  t 


by  Google 


260  STATE   HOSTIOtTI'TTTBl.L  800IBTT. 

Mr.  FnnoiB — I  had  eome  trees  three  years  old  affected  with  the 
aphia.  I  took  a  barrel,  filled  it  half  fall  of  water,  and  added  a  pint  of 
ocffbolio  aoid.  I  washed  the  trees  in  thie  water,  set  them  oat  and  none 
of  them  died. 

Mr.  HeWera — In  June  I  told  Mr.  SimpBoa  I  thonght  it  would  be 
God's  blesBiDg  for  all  of  his  trees  to  die.  Thpy  were  all  diseased  and 
some  of  them  were  seedlings.  Those  trees  will  never  make  him  an 
orchard:  I  noticed  bat  one  tree  that  appeared  all  right.  In  t&cX  I  don't 
think  there  is  a  single  tree  in  the  orchard  that  I  woald  leave  standing. 
This  foil  he  asked  me  to  go  through  the  orohard.  I  marked  700  trees 
as  bad,  and  left  many  that  I  thought  were  not  good.  My  opinion  was 
that  he  would  have  to  dig  up  every  tree  and  burn  them  up. 

Mr.  Simpson — Is  there  any  method  of  treating  these  trees  1 

Mr.  Francis — I  have  trees  that  were  once  infected  with  the  aphis 
so  that  at  one  time  I  was  very  nneapy.  I  plowed  my  ground  thor- 
oughly and  put  ashes  around  the  trees.  That  was  some  seven  years 
ago.  They  have  borne  good  crops  since.  I  wash  the  roots  thoroughly 
before  I  plant, 

Mr.  Dnrand — The  gentleman  asked  what  he  coald  do  with  his 
trees.    If  I  had  the  orchard  I  wohld  dig  up  every  tree. 

Dr.  Bailey,  of  Xew  Mexico — I  had  Bome  trees  similarly  affected 
two  years  ago.  I  put  one  onnoe  of  carbolic  acid  ,into  one  gallon  of 
water  and  ponred  it  around  the  collar  of  the  tree.  I  don't  see  anything 
the  matter  with  them  now.  The  trees  were  not  as  bad  as  these  shown 
by  Mr.  Simpson. 

Mr.  Evans — It  is  evident  that  Mr.  Simpson's  trees  were  infected 
when  planted,  and  the  disease  has  grown  on  them. 

Mr.  Helvem — The  trees  are,  many  of  them,  seedlings,  old,  rongh, 
scrubby  stock. 

Mr.  Faith — If  the  trees  were  mine  I  would  dig  np  every  one  of 
them.  I  would  take  some  of  the  best  of  them  and  plant  them  in  nor- 
sery  rows  as  an  experiment. 

Mr.  Mnrray — ^The  light  thing  would  be  to  root  every  one  of  them 
ont  of  the  ground.  I  would  not  be  deterred  ft'om  planting  other  trees 
in  the  same  ground,  even  in  the  same  spaces.  When  trees  are  isolated 
it  is  not  as  dangerous  as  Bmall-pox  among  people.  I  would  plow  np 
the  ground  this  fall. 

Mr,  Carpenter — It  seeme  highly  probable  that  the  gentleman's 
trees  were  enervated  when  he  planted  them,  I  would  take  them  out 
entirely. 

Mr.  Wade— I  fear  that  he  might  fiul  to  get  rid  of  the  aphis.  Tim- 
ber land,  fresh  cleared,  seems  to  be  highly  favorable  to  this  insect. 


WINTBB  UEBTINa  AT   OLinTON.  251 

My  aon-in-lav  planted  two  acres  of  timber  laBCl  foar  years  ago,  and  bis 
trees  continae  to  die. 

Mr.  Tarner— I  think  tbey  Bhonld  be  eradicated^^the  gioaod  plowed, 
and  make  a  new  trial.  It  is  well  that  tbe  nurserymen  look  well  for  tbe 
woolly  aphis.  I  want  to  know  if  the  apbia  which  makes  a  spot  npon 
the  body  of  the  tree  is  the  same ! 

Several  members  said  it  was  the  same  thing. 

C.  M.  Stuk — I  would  take  the  dirt  away  from  tbe  roots  of  the  tree 
and  give  it  a  bath  of  boiling  hot  water. 

L.  A.  G-oodman — The  first  thoDsand  trees  I  plaQt«d  took  three 
times  a  thousand  before  I  got  a  stand  of  thrifty  trees.  Don't  be  dis- 
conraged  by  a  little  back-set.  Those  trees  were  diseased.  Take  every 
tree  oat ;  plow  ap  the  gronnd  this  fall ;  leave  it  rough ;  mark  off  newly 
md  set  twenty-flve  feet  apart. 

Mr.  BimpBOD— Woald  it  be  safe  to  plant  trees  in  the  same  places 
next  spring  1 

Mr.  Goodman — I  think  so.  Pay  no  attention  to  the  old  spaces. 
I  replanted  with  good  trees  on  the  same  groand. 

Sam  Miller— If  we  had  such  land  as  the  Arkansas  land,  I  would 
not  be  a&aid  to  plant  in  the  same  spaces. 

President  Evans — Those  trees  were  nearly  dead  when  he  planted 
them. 

Mr.  Nelson — I  think  Mr.  Wade  left  a  wrong  impression  in  regard 
to  planting  on  new  land.  My  plan  is  to  stake  the  groand  before  plow- 
ing it,  and  barn  the  brash  where  tbe  tree  is  to  stand. 

Mr.  Simpson — I  thank  yoa  for  yoar  information,  and  think  that  I 
can  profit  by  it. 

HtaXOBT   OF  THB   AFPLB, 

J.  W.  TIYLOB,  CLINTOW. 

The  origin  of  tbe  apple  Ib  sbroaded  la  obecnrlty,  'which  can  only  b«  removed 
by  tb«  patient  study  andreBearob  of  modera  hortlcuIturlBta.  Tbe  definition  of  the 
word  apple:  1.  Tbe  fleshy  pone  or  fruit  of  a  rosaceous  tree  {^Pyna  Malia),  culti- 
vated In  numberleM  varieties  Id  tbe  temperate  zones.  3.  Any  tree  of  tbe  genus 
(Pyrvt)  wbloh  has  the  stalk  sunken  into  the  base  of  tbe  fruit. 

The  first  mention  made  of  tbe  apple  Is  In  "Holy  Writ,"  before  Christ  1,000 
years.  Solomon,  In  speaking  of  the  mutual  lore  of  Christ  and  hts  church,  Bays  : 
"Stay  me  with  fiagouB  :  comfort  me  with  apples."  "As  tbe  apple  tree  among 
the  trees  of  the  wood,  so  is  my  beloved  among  the  song."  "I  sat  down  under  his 
shadow  with  great  delight,  and  hU  fruit  waa  sweet  to  my  tsate."  *  *  *  "I 
raised  tbee  op  under  the  apple  tree."  ProlVtae  history  by  Josepbus  says :  > '  There 
was  a  certain  place  about  flfty  furlongs  distant  from  Jerusalem,  which  le  called 
Elbam;  very  pleasant  It  Is  In  fine  gardens,  and  abounding  In  rivulets  of  water; 
thither  did  Solomon  use  logo  out  in  tbe  morning,  sitting  on  blgh  (In  his  chariot)." 
"fie  made  blmgardeus  and  orchards,  and  planted  trees  in  them  of  all  kinds  of  ^'ulta; 


D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_)' 


.gk 


353  ST&TB  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

be  made  bim  pooli  of  water  to  water  tbe  wood  (hat  bringeth  laixh  treea ;"  and  to 
the  finest  part  whereof  he  eeeme  to  allade,  when  l)e  eompaTes  his  Hpouse  to  a  '  'gar- 
den enclosed,"  to  a  ''Bprlng  shut  up,"  to  a  "rountaln  oeiled"  (CanticleB,  4-12],  a 
part  of  which  fouDtalne  (according  to  Hr.  Haundrell)  are  Btlll  extant.  Solomon 
also  built  other  cities  In  order  to  the  enjoyment  of  pleasures  and  delloaulea  In  them, 
such  as  were  naturally  of  a  good  temperature  of  the  air,  and  agreeable  for  fmlts 
ripe  in  tbeir  proper  ae&eoaa,  and  well  watered  with  springs.  (Antiquities  of  the 
Jews  ) 

Again  (In  tbe  sacred  writings),  tbe  lamentations  of  the  prophet  Joel,  800  jears 
before  Christ :  "  Be  ye  ashamed,  O  ye  husbandmen  ;  the  vine  is  dried  up  and  the 
fig  tree  langulshetb ;  the  pomegranate  tree,  the  palm  tree  also,  and  the  apple  tree, 
even  all  tbe  trees  of  tbe  field  are  withered,  because  joy  Is  withered  away  from  the 
sons  of  men."  Before  Christ  484  years  the  apple  |1b  mentioned  by  Herodotus,  also 
by  TheophraatuB  287  years  before  Christ. 

The  common  apple  tree  (I'yru*  Malua)  it  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  the  Eastern 
hemisphere.  Europe  furnishes  only  a  small  number  of  sweetlsh-Hold  fruits.  Of 
tbese  the  apple  and  the  pear  are  of  the  most  Importance.  The  apple  tree  Is  a  na- 
tive of  tbe  mouotKln  forests  of  temperate  Europe,  as  aUo  of  the  Caucasus.  A  pples 
were  raised  In  the  gardens  of  the  PbenlciaoB,  but  the  Romans  first  occupied  them- 
selves more  closely  with  the  oultivation  of  It,  and  produced  numerous  vsrietlee, 
among  which  we  may  recognize.  In  part,  the  kinds  of  apples  of  tbe  present  day. 

Some  of  the  kinds  were  introduced  by  Applus  from  Oreece  313  years  ttefore 
Christ.  'I'beophrastus  knew  two  kinds  ;  Cato,  334  before  Christ,  seven  ;  and  Pliny 
(the  naturalist),  wbo  lived  until  A.  D.  79.  knew  thirty-six  kinds.  Palladlas.  who 
lived  In  tbe  sixteenth  century,  only  knew  tblrty-seveu  kinds  of  apples. 

The  Pyrua  Baeeata.  ai  Siberian  crab,  is  so  distinctly  marked  as  to  be  admitted 
MB  species.  It  has  been  improved  by  culture,  and  Las  produced  some  quite  dis- 
tinct vsriettes.  Pallas,  who  found  It  growing  wild  near  Lake  Baiksl,  says  It  grows 
only  three  or  fonr  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  of  as  many  inches  In  diameter,  and  yields 
pear-shaped  berries  as  large  as  peas.  Among  tbe  early  writers  on  the  subject  of 
pomology  we  find  grafting  to  Improve  the  wlldllng  to  be  a  very  ancient  invention. 
Pltny,  the  naturalist,  certainty  deserves  onr  praise  for  his  wonderful  and  eompre- 
beniive  Industry  In  all  branches  of  natural  history.  In  regard  to  grafting  which 
seems  to  hnve  been  well  understood  In  bis  day,  he  says,  that  he  had  seen  near 
ThQlla  a  tree  hearing  all  mftnner  of  fruits,  nuts  and  berries,  figs  and  grapes,  pears 
and  pomegranate— no  kind  of  apple  or  other  fruit  that  was  not  to  be  found  on  this 
tree. 

That  the  Epirdlica,  ttum  Eplrus,  were  what  we  call  apples,  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  as  they  are  described  by  Pliny  as  a  ftuit  with  a  tender  skin,  that  can  be 
easily  peeled  off'^  and,  besides,  he  mentions  "crabs"  and  "wlldllngs"  as  being 
smaller,  "and  for  their  barth  sourness  they  have  many  a  foal  word  and  shrewd 
curse  given  them." 

Tbe  cultivated  apple,  probably,  was  not  very  abundant  at  Rome  in  Pliny's 
day,  for,  he  state),  "There  were  some  trees  In  the  villas  near  tbe  city  whlcb 
yielded  more  profit  than  a  small  farm,  and  which  brought  about  the  invention  of 
grafting."  "There  are  apples,"  continued  he,  "that  have  ennobled  the  countries 
(Tom  which  they  came;  and  our  best  varieties  will  honor  tbeir  grafters  forever; 
SQCb  as  took  tbelr  names  from  Hatiua,  Cestlus,  Manliui  and  Claudius."  Colum- 
ella, a  practical  huebandraan,  who  wrote  some  years  before  Pliny,  describes  several 
ways  of  grafting,  as  handed  down  to  him  by  the  ancients.  Borticultaral  pursuits 
were  deemed  so  honorable  among  the  Romans  that  many  of  their  dlstingalshed 


hvCoeH^lc 


WINTBB  MBBTirra  AT   OLINTOM  263 

bmilleB  derived  their  earnamea  from  some  species  of  fruit  or  vegetable  which  ther 
were  celebrated  for  cultivating.  In  modern  days  we  have  reversed  this  order  and 
bestowed  the  sortiamee  of  onr  eminent  botanists  on  the  plants  themselTee.  Even 
the  trees  sapplj  their  quota  of  nsmes.  Who  Is  not  aware  of  Mr.  Harper  Twelve- 
tree's  exletenco,  and  cannot  see  that  his  ancestor,  having  made  his  abode  beflde 
some  remarkable  group  of  birch,  oak  or  apple  trees,  has  been  et; led  by  bis  neigh- 
bors Peter  atte  Twelvetreesf  Bencethe  French  Qnatref^gee,  and  more  English 
Crsbtree,  Plnmtree,  Bonntree,  Appletree  and  Peartree.  Dr.  Prior  remarks  that  all 
these  names  still  exist,  and  entries  can  bo  found  (In  the  London  directory]  tA  prove 
that  they  existed  at  least  six  hundred  years  ago. 

Legends  respecting  the  apple  are  very  nameroas.  As  there  existed  In  far 
western  seas  the  garden  of  the  Uesperldes,  or  the  fortunate  Isles,  bo  we  find  In  tbe 
traditions  of  the  British  Isles  similar  stories  about  Avaloo.  "Of  all  fmlts,  the 
apple  seems  to  have  the  widest  mystical  history.  The  myths  oonoerning  It  meet 
us  In  every  age  and  country.  Apbrodit«  bears  It  In  her  hand,  as  well  as  Eve.  The 
serpent  guards  It,  the  dragon  watches  It ;  It  Is  celebrated  by  Solomon ;  It  la  the 
healing  fmlt  of  Arabian  tales.  Bat  oftener  the  apple  Is  tbe  tempter.  In  nortbem 
mythology,  the  Isle  of  the  Blessed,  of  which  we  read  In  Keltic  traditions,  is  the 
beaatlfDl  Avalon,  or  Isle  of  Apples, 

"WberarUli  noCball,  oitoId.  or  any  bdow. 
NorsrsTwind  blowi  londljr;  bnt  lln> 
Deep-meadowed,  Iiappy,  fall  with  arebaid  lawns 
Andboweily  bollowi  crown 'd  wltb  Bommer  lea." 
Among  other  adornments  of  the  Paradise  which  tbe  Polynesian  Imagination 
has  depleted,  we  flad  the  tabooed  bread-fruit  tree  and  the  sacred  apple  tree.    The 
priests  of  the  olden  time  are  said  to  have  held  that  the  forbidden  fruits  of  these 
trees  were  In  some  manner  connected  with  the  trouble  and  death  of  the  first  man 
and  woman ,  a  legend  which  reminds  us  of  tbe  forbidden  fruit  of  Eden. 

Closely  connected  with  this  tree  Is  the  tree  of  Life.  How  far  the  religions 
systems  of  the  great  nations  of  antiquity  were  afTeoted  by  the  record  of  the  Creation 
and  Fall  preserved  In  the  opening  chapters  of  Qenesls,  It  Is  not  perhaps  possible  to 
determine. 

There  are  certain  points  of  resemblance  which  are  at  least  remarkable,  but 
which  we  may  assign,  if  we  please,  either  to  Independent  tradition  or  to  a  natural 
darelopment  of  the  earliest  or  primeval  period.  The  trees  of  Life  and  of  Know- 
ledge are  at  onoe  suggested  by  the  mysterious  Dscred  tree  which  appears  In  Che 
most  ancient  soolptures  and  paintings  of  Egypt  and  Assyria,  and  thoseof  the  re- 
moter East.  Professor  Walters  claims  to  have  seen  ooplee  of  palntlnga  made  364 
years  before  Christ,  in  which  the  diameter  of  the  apple  was  only  twice  tbe  width 
of  tbe  leaf.  In  the  symbolism  or, those  nations,  the  Sacred  tree  sometimes  figures  as 
the  type  of  the  universe,  and  represents  tbe  whole  system  of  created  things,  but 
more  frequently  as  a  tree  of  Life,  by  whose  fruit  the  votaries  of  the  godd  are  nour- 
ished with  divine  strength,  and  prepared  for  the  joys  of  Immortality.  The  con. 
tamlnating  infloenoes  of  bad  manners  are  set  forth  by  the  Dutch  and  Spanish 
proverb:    "  The  rotten  apple  spoils  its  companion." 

The  custom  of  throwing  the  peel  of  an  apple  over  the  head,  and  Judging 
whether  single  blessedness  or  the  married  state  awaits  the  person  In  the  future,  is 
very  old,  and  still  well  known  In  England.  Some  read  In  the  shape  of  the  peel,  as 
It  fUls  on  the  ground,  tbe  Initial  letter  of  the  future  sweetheart's  name.  The  Qer- 
man  peasantry  shoot  an  apple-pip  from  the  fingers  on  Hew  Year's  night,  at  the 
same  time  ottering  a  prayer,  and  watching  the  direction  taken  by  the  seed.    The 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_)' 


..^ic 


251  8XATB   HOBTIOULTUBAL  BOCIBTT. 

sweetheart  mar  be  looked  for  rrom  the  B&tne  dlFection.  [n  AmIiIk,  we  are  told  that 
on  St.  Thomas'  night  an  apple  U  out  la  two,  aod  the  seedH  ia  each  baU  carefully 
counted .  If  they  are  even,  a  marriage  will  soon  follow  ;  tf  one  of  the  seeds  ihonM 
have  been  cut  Id  two,  the  course  of  love  will  not  be  smooth.  PerhapB,  however, 
this  is  not  to  be  altogether  regretted,  If  the  old  adage  that  "true  love  never  rune 
amoothlv"  be  true.  If  two  be  cut,  It  Indicates  coming  widowhood.  Something 
Blmilar  to  this  Is  found  in  the  cuHtoni  oomnion  still  among  oar  youDg  people,  of 
oountlog  the  aeeda  of  the  same  fniit,  or  sticking  them  on  the  forehead,  to  see  which 
win  remain  longest  in  position.  In  some  remote  German  villages  it  Is  customary 
to  pat  an  apple  into  the  baod  of  a  child  while  It  lies  in  Ira  little  coflin,  that  It  may 
have  the  apple  to  play  with  in  Paradise,  as  the  people  express  It.  The  apple-tree 
tus  l>een  regarded  to  some  countries  as  being  endued  with  the  power  of  prodacing 
showers  of  ratn.  In  Northamptonshire,  if  flowers  flourish  out  of  season,  sickness 
and  death  are  thereby  Indicated ;  thus  the  blooming  of  an  apple-tree  after  ttie  f^lt 
is  ripe,  Is  regarded  as  a  sore  omen  of  death ;  whence  the  following  couplet : 

'  'A  bloam  on  tb*  tree  when  ths  applet  ue  rlpa, 
Ii  a  anra  mmliiaUon  to  lomabwly't  life," 

Very  quaint  are  some  of  the  names  of  apples  as  employed  In  different  localities 
In  Devonnhlre  and  elsewhere.  A  few  examples  will  inffloe:  There  are  Stnbberds 
and  Quarranders,  Quinces  and  No-plps,  Tom-nrns  and  FIg-noees — namea  drawn 
ttoto  the  etraoge  shape,  flavor  or  other  peoullarltles  of  the  trait.  We  meet,  too,  with 
apples  called  Flesh -and-blood,  with  X^sther-hldes  (spoken  of  by  Shakespeare)  and 
White-heads  and  Tom-pots,  the  last  being  a  familiar  name  In  Somerset.  There 
are  Sweet-Iadens  In  Bnssex,  and  Flve-erowns  and  Dnck's-bills,  while  Bitter-sweets 
are  common  everywhere.  Then  the  Jack-tars  and  Boff-eoate,  Bow-billa  and  Win- 
ter Wardens,  not  to  mention  such  well-known  varieties  as  Sweet  Herefords  or 
Bibs  tone  pippins. 

In  some  of  the  disturbances  in  Italy,  party  spirit  ran  so  high  in  Bergamo  (says 
one  writer)  that  a  party  meaning  was  attached  to  apples,  peaches  and  other  frnlts. 
The  battle  of  Hastings  is  said  to  have  been  fought  {net  thnm  haran  Apnldran)  ''at 
the  hoar  apple  tree."  TbiH,  as  De  Dasent  remarks,  was  evidently  some  venerable 
tree ,  grey  witb  years,  and  well  known  as  a  landmark.  Prom  this  word,  Apnldran, 
we  get  the  idaoe-names  Appledore,  Appledram  and  Applednroombe.  In  Devonshire, 
the  peasantry  gather  in  apples  which  they  Intend  to  store  away  at  the  '  'shrinking 
of  the  moon."  80  long  as  the  moon  Is  Increasing,  the  apples  are  fhll,  and  will  not 
keep.  So  if  the  apple  is  stored  "full,"  It  will  not  keep  long;  but  it  begins  to  fast 
as  soon  as  the  moon  begins  to  wane.  That  Is  the  argument,  although  you  do  not 
hear  It  reasoned  out,  perhaps,  In  so  many  words.  Another  snperstttlon  among  th« 
same  simple  folk  is  to  the  eflect  that  tf  the  sun  shonld  shine  on  the  Apple  t»a  on 
Christmas  day,  and  the  day  be  flne.  It  Is  an  Indication  of  good  crops  the  ensolng 
year.  On  the  other  hand,  a  gloomy  Christmas  day,  with  nosnn,  aognraUl.  This 
may  perhaps  be  a  proper  place  for  mentioning  the  old  oostom  of  blessing  or  waa- 
saillng  the  apple  trees.  This  cnstom  has  not  yet  died  ont;  for  on  the  17th  of  Jan- 
nary  of  the  year  1882,  the  men  and  lads  of  Wlvelscombe,  In  the  west  of  SngUnd, 
went  round  singing  to  the  apple  trees  on  the  varions  farms  as  tbey  used  to  do  a 
oentnry  ago.  This  cnstom  owes  its  origin  to  the  superstition  to  which  Herrlok 
refers  that  In  the  foUowing  lines  from  his  flesperldee : 

WMsall  tba  tree*  Uist  tbey  mif  bear 
YoD  msnr  »  plmn  sod  maoy  ■  poaii 
For  ttunt  or  leu  troll*  ttaer  ^*IU  bdos, 
Aa  yon  do  stve  tbem  WMaatllns. 


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WINTER  MBBTUTG  AT  OUNTOIT.  266 

Tbe  tout  having  been  sung,  throe  oheen  tn  given  for  the  tree,  and  of  Ute 
jeare,  In  tbe  Delghborhood  of  Newton  Abbot,  gana  wero  flred  aa  well.  The  onetom 
boi  ■  long  and  intereatlng  hlttor^.  Some  have  euggcated  that  as  tbe  mistletoe 
growa  largely  on  the  apple  tree,  this  latter  came  In  for  a  share  of  the  sanctity  and 
reverence  to  wblcb  the  oak  had  latd  claim,  it  ia  said  that  tbe  Botnaiia  Introduced 
the  apple  tree  Into  England,  and  the  onatom  above  referred  to  Is  obaerved  In  honor  ■ 
of  Pomona,  the  goddesB  of  fruit  trees.  Otbera  And  In  tbe  cnstom  a  coanecttng  link 
with  the  Oerman  methods  of  inoltlng  the  trees  to  frultfalness,  while  other*  flnaltf 
tblnk  that  the  ceremony  Is  connected  witb  the  old  customs  observed  still  in  the 
Black  mountains  and  elsewhere,  and  corresponding  to  the  sun  worship  at  the  time 
ofthe  new  year.  Ht^g,  In  his  British  Pomology,  quoting  Owen,  says,  the  ancient 
Olsslonlmry  was  called  avallio  or  avallon,  meaning  an  apple  orobard,  and  from  this 
be  Infere  that  the  apple  was  known  to  the  Britons  before  tbe  advent  of  the  Bomana. 
We  are  told  that  In  973  King  Kdgar,  when  fatigued  with  the  chaae,  laid  himself 
down  under  a  wild  apple  tree,  so  that  It  becomee  a  question  whether  this  plant  is 
not  a  native  of  England  (ss  of  other  parts  of  Europe),  where  in  many  places  It  is 
found  growing  wild  and  apparently  Indlgenona.  The  making  of  older  was  Intro- 
daced  Into  Britain  by  tbe  Normans,  who,  It  Is  said,  obtained  the  art  from  Spain, 
where  tt  Is  no  longer  practiced.  This  liquor  la  supposed  to  have  been  llrst  koown 
In  Africa,  from  It  flrst  being  mentioned  by  the  two  African  fothers,  Tertulllan  and 
Augustine. 

Thornton  Informs  us  In  his  history  of  Turkey  that  apples  are  common  In 
TFallachla,  and  he  citea  among  the  varieties  one,  the  AnnxiaMo,  "which  Is  perhaps 
the  finest  In  Europe,  both  for  its  size,  color  and  flavor." 

The  Introduction  of  the  common  apple  tree  Into  tbe  British  North  American 
colonies  dates  back  to  the  early  periods  of  tbelr  settlements.  The  seeds  of  apples 
were  brought  tmia  England  at  the  order  of  the  "Qovernor  and  company  of  the 
Massaobusetts  Bay  In  New  England,"  In  1629. 

Apples  were  cultivated  near  Plymouth  by  the  Pilgrims  soon  after  their  arri- 
val, and  aome  of  the  original  trees  were  standing  there  np  to  within  a  few  years 
(A.  D.  lSo3}.  To  Massachusetts  we  are  indebted  for  tbe  famous  "Baldwin  apple," 
so  mncb  esteemed  for  Its  good  qualities  and  long  keeping.  Orchards  were  propa- 
gated freely  from  It  more  than  eighty  years  ago.  The  flrst  orchard  planted  In 
Bhode  Island  was  In  1836  by  Bev.  William  Blackstone.  Tbe  apple  was  planted  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  previous  to  the  year  1646.  An  ancient  tree  of  the  "  Pear- 
main"  variety  Is  still  standing  on  the  Charter  Oak  place  in  that  city,  which  was 
btongbi  from  England  by  George  Willis  more  than  200  years  ago.  The  "  Fisher 
apple"  was  brought  to  Portsmouth,  New  Bampablre,  by  John  Fisher,  a  merchant 
from  London,  In  17— .  The  original  tree  Is  still  standing  on  tbe  public  farm  of  that 
city.  In  good  bearing  condition  la  1741  apples  were  exported  from  New  England 
to  the  West  Indies  In  considerable  abundance.  Prior  to  that  period  one  hundred 
hogsheads  of  older  were  made  ftom  a  single  farm.  The  common  apple  was  grafted 
on  wild  crab  stocks  In  Tlrglnla  In  1647.  The  original  ■'  Newtown  Pippin  "  tree  Is 
stated  to  have  been  the  spootaneoas  productloa  of  a  seed  near  a  swamp  In  New- 
town, Long  Island,  New  York,  more  than  a  oentary  and  a  half  ago.  After  endur- 
ing more  than  160  years,  this  tree  died  in  about  the  year  1805  ftom  excessive  cut- 
ting and  exhaustion.  Its  scions  were  in  great  request  by  orcbardlsts  of  the  day, 
and  engrafted  trees  are  still  to  be  met  with  in  tbe  neighboring  towns,  which  have 
stood  beyond  the  memory  of  those  who  are  now  living.  A  "  Codling"  tree,  sent 
from  England  about  a  centuiy  ago,  to  Benedict  Calvert,  Is  now  standing  in  full 
vigor,  near  Mt.  Airy,  Prince  Qeorge's  county,  In  Maryland.    It  appears  from 


250  8TATB  HOKTIOULTUBAL  BOOIBTT. 

"  Dodelef 'r  London  Beglater  "  that  a  premlnm  of  teo  ponnds  wm  awarded  to 
Tbomas  Young,  of  Orster  Bay,  Id  1766,  fOr  the  largest  nareery  of  apple  trees,  tbe 
number  of  trees  being  37,133.  The  quantltj  of  apples  exported  trom  tS20  to  18G3 
amounted  to  010,803  barrels,  worth  $1,{>S3,837.  It  Is  said  that  the  apple  oropofth« 
United  States  in  a  single  year  had  reached  the  enormoas  amount  of  IK), 000, 000  bush- 
'  ela,  and  that  1,000,000 of  aores  are  planted  with  apple  trees. 

DISCUSSION. 

Conrad  Hartzell — I  am  well  pleased  to  eay  to  ;oa  a  few  tbinge.  I 
tbink  onr  fiieud  from  Holt  coaut;  left  a  wrong  impreseioD.  I  do  not 
find  Mr.  Murray's  trees  as  close  to  the  gronnd  sa  aome  seem  to  think. 
I  can  get  aroand  and  under  his  trees.  I  raised  tvo  orchards  in  tvo 
different  states.  There  ia  a  mistake  about  planting  orchards  and  mak- 
ing them  proiltable  in  seven  years  and  taking  them  out.  The  best 
orchard  I  know,  iu  Michigan,  the  trees  are  forty  feet  apart.  It  pro- 
duces more  fruit  per  acre  than  any  other  orchard  in  the  State  of  Mich- 
igan— not  per  tree,  bnt  per  acre.  That  gentleman  who  did  not  want  to 
make  any  mistake  mnat  not  plant  too  close.  The  talk  about  spraying 
reminds  me  that  here  is  another  mistake.  The  problem  of  keeping 
insects  in  subjection  is  solved,  but  I  cannot  make  yon  understand.  If 
I  gave  it  to  you,  yon  would  not  believe  it. 

Jacob  F^th — It  appears  to  me,  Mr.  President,  that  we  should  dis- 
cuss what  are  the  most  profitable  varieties. 

President  Evans — Ben  Davis  is  the  answer  to  that. 

C.  C.  Bell — The  gentleman  who  has  just  taken  hia  seat  (Mr.  Hart- 
zell) has  a  plan  for  keeping  apples.  That  might  be  good  for  the  dealer, 
bnt  not  for  the  producer.  I  still  think  that  there  is  nothing  like  clear- 
ing np  the  market 

Sam.  Miller — The  horticulturist  could  keep  his  own  trait, 
Mr.  Morray — A  neighbor  of  mine  has  need  Mr.  Hartzell'e  plan  of 
keeping  apples  for  years.    I  have  seen  him  sell  his  apples  for  three 
dollars  per  bushel,  after  I  was  done  selling  my  Early  Harvest  and 
Maiden  Blusb. 

KBEPIHQ  OUT  BOBBBB. 

Mr.  Murray — Screen  wire  cloth  will  keep  them  out.  When  they 
are  in,  cut  them  out  with  a  knife. 

D.  A.  Bobnett — Two  years  ago  last  fall,  I  commenced  planting  an 
orchard  of  one  hundred  acres.  I  got  them  troia  »  nursery  that  had  no 
borers.  I  pnt  wire  gauze  aionnd  the  trees.  My  man  who  looked  over 
1,600  trees,  stud  he  woold  give  five  dollars  for  every  borer  found  in 
tbem.  If  yOD  take  np  the  wire  iu  the  &11  and  loosen  it,  yon  will  have 
no  trouble. 

What  month  in  the  year  is  best  to  prune  apple  trees  I 


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WIHTEB  UBBTina  AT  OLINTGN.  257 

Jftcob  Faith — I  have  an  orchard  of  2,300  trees  in  which  I  will  pay 
ten  dollars  for  borers  fonnd.  In  another  eiffbteeu-year-old  a  man  coold 
get  rich  at  five  cents  a  borer.  I  make  a  solnUon  of  cmde  carbolic 
acid  with  which  I  can  wash  eight  hnndred  trees  a  day. 

S.  W.  Gilbert— I  have  need  a  wash  of  carbolic  acid  that  was  Bno- 
cesefal  with  apples  bnt  a  failure  with  peaches. 

Mr.  Robnett — Will  not  stronj;  alkali  injure  the  trees  t 

Mr.  Goodman— S'o;  the  alkali  does  good. 

Mr.  Patterson — I  have  washed  my  trees  for  seven  years  with  alkali. 

Sam.  Miller — Paper  wilt  keep  oat  borers.  A  man  told  me  that  a 
good  forkfnl  of  manare  woold  keep  them  out. 

Mr.  Francis — Thirty-six  years'  experience  proves  that  corn-stalks 
tied  around  the  tree  will  keep  them  oat. 

J.  G.  Kinder — Cut  elm  stove-wood  when  the  bark  will  peel;  put 
the  bark  aronnd  the  tree ;  it  will  protect  from  both  borers  and  rabbits, 

D.  A.  Robnett — This  wonld  be  very  injnrioas  to  trees.  I  killed 
some  of  my  trees  with  tarred  paper. 

Mr.  Walters — I  want  you  to  try  ants'  nests  around  your  trees. 
A  little  sweetened  water  will  induce  them  to  come  and  get  the  borer. 
If  the  ants  get  too  numerous,  kill  them  with  burning  salphar.  I 
believe  the  time  will  come  when  the  people  will  care  for  ants  as  much 
as  we  do  for  bees  now.     Ton  can  send  them  almost  anywhere. 

J.  W.  Sallee — Will  they  eat  the  parasites  from  the  trees  ! 

Mr.  Walters — They  most  certainly  will. 

BBBBIE8   IN   SOUTH   MISBOUBI. 

O.   W.   HOPKINS.   BFBINGFIZLD,  UO. 

The  subject  ossig^ned  me  Is  rather  of  an  Indefinite  obaracter,  and  I  hardlf  know 
what  is  expected,  but  will  endeavor  to  touch  upon  some  points  that  ma7  be  of  to ter- 
est.  Uy  experleoce  and  observation  on  this  question  <a  oonSned  to  &  ver;  small 
pifftion  of  Soath  Hlssourl,  and  I  cannot  and  will  not  attempt  to  speak  with  any 
degree  of  certatnty,  eicept  In  the  immediate  locality  In  which  I  reside.  1  shall 
begin  with  the  strawberry.  After  an  experience  of  four  years  in  raising  the  alMve 
fmit  In  this  locality,  I  am  satlsflei  that,  with  the  proper  preparation  of  tbe  soil  and 
good  cultivation,  it  can  he  brought  up  to  Its  highest  degree  of  perfection.  I  have 
never  seen  finer  strawberries  anywhere  than  myself  and  others  have  grown  In  the 
vicinity  of  dpringHeld.  There  I'eems  to  be  something  In  the  soil  which  gives  to  the 
berries  a  rich  color  and  glossy  appearance,  and  some  clf ma t Ic  Inflaence  which  makes 
the  berries  more  firm  than  the  same  varieties  are  found  to  be  further  north. 

There  Is  no  excuse  for  any  one  not  succeeding  in  raising  a  crop  of  strawberries 
in  South  Missouri.  The  soil  should  be  well  prepared,  the  plants  of  suitable  varieties 
and  well  selected,  carefully  set  and  thoroughly  cultivated  during  the  eeason,  and  a 
crop  of  berries  Is  almost  absolutely  certain. 


HE — 17 


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258  STATE   HOBTIOULTDRAL  flOCIETT. 

There  Is  but  tittle  dagger  In  tble  locftlitf  of  ftrawbenieH,  If  properlj  mulcbed, 
u  thej  abonld  be,  ever  being  Injured  by  drontb  dorlng  the  fruiting  mmod. 

The  rains  generally  continue  up  to  July  and  Angnst,  though  this  year  It  wae 
dtytbe  middle  of  June,  which  waa  too  late  tomaterlally  affect  the  strawberry  crop. 
I  sbtll  saj  nothing  about  varlettea,  as  that  qneatf  on  will  be  before  you  and  dlscusaed 
frum  another  standpoint. 

The  following  rarletles  are  principally  grown  In  this  locality :  Crescent,  Ru- 
baob,  Cumberland,  Windsor  Chief  and  some  Ht  Vernon  and  Oandy.  Other  new 
vftrietles  are  being  tried  In  a  small  way,  but  as  yet  are  not  sutBoIently  tested  to 
know  how  they  will  Bucoeed. 

The  present  year  witnessed  the  largest  crop  of  strawberries  ever  grown  In 
South  UlBsourl,  and  prices  were  ralnonsly  low.  Many  growers  were  ao  discouraged 
that  they  have  given  their  vines  no  attention,  while  others  have  plowed  them  ap. 
'l*be  present  outlook  would  indicate  that  the  orop  next  year  will  not  be  near  so 
large  and  the  prices  ranch  better. 

The  strawberry  Is  something  that  is  perishable.  When  It  is  ripe  it  must  be 
disposed  of  Immediately. 

There  are  some  things  which  the  grower  must  l^ce,  and  the  sooaer  the  better. 
We  must  have  better  transportation  rates,  utilize  the  surplus  fralt  la  canneries,  or 
grow  less  of  It. 


Hy  experience  and  observation  In  this  locality  has  convinced  me  that  the  rseit- 
berry  does  not  succeed  so  well  here  as  at  other  points.  My  Information  Is  to  the 
effect  that  It  does  better  farther  south  {la  Bowell  county  and  on  the  western 
borders  of  the  state)  than  here.  Whether  this  Is  uwlng  to  something  lacking  In  the 
soil,  or  to  high  altitude  and  sadden  dlmatlc  ohanges,  I  am  unable  to  say.  Uy  vines 
fbr  tb«  past  two  seasons  have  been  affected  with  some  kind  of  a  scab.  They  pre- 
sent the  appearance  of  having  been  visited  with  a  severe  hail-storm  or  stung  by 
souie  insect.  Some  say  It  Is  caused  by  hot  sun  In  summer,  while  others  attribute  it 
to  a  sudden  cold  spell  in  winter.  I  do  not  believe  that  either  is  correct,  as  1  found 
It  on  my  yonng  oanea  the  last  of  Uay.  I  made  a  careful  examination  several  times, 
bat  failed  to  find  an  insect  at  work.  Any  Information  on  the  subject  will  be  thank- 
fully received.  The  raspberry  crop  the  past  aeason  was  light  and  prices  good.  In 
fact,  the  crop  was  hardly  sufficient  to  supply  the  local  demand  In  the  city  of  Spring- 
field. The  varieties  mostly  raised  are :  of  Black  Caps;  Soubegan,  Hopkins,  Oregg, 
Mammoth  Cluster.  Ifewer  varieties  are  being  tried.  Of  red  varieties,  the  Tnrner 
and  Shaffer's  Colossal  are  principally  grown. 


Liketbestrswberry,  this  frnlt  seems  to  be  perfectly  at  home  in  South  Missouri. 
It  grows  spontaneously  all  the  way  from  Springfield  to  Arkansas.  The  blackberry 
has  been  set  quite  eztenalvely  in  Qreene  county  In  the  last  two  years. 

The  price  of  blackberries  is  considerably  affected  by  the  wild  orop.  Last  year 
there  waa  an  Immense  crop  of  wild  berries,  and  pricea  ruled  low.  Thta  year  the 
early  dtouth  cut  off  the  wild  ones  and  prices  were  better. 

The  principal  varieties  raised  here  are  Klttatlnny,  Western  Triumph  and 
Snyder.    Some  are  testing  the  Agawam ,  Erie  and  Knox. 

1  have  seen  hot  tittle  ruet  among  the  blackberries  In  this  locality  during  the 
five  years  I  have  lived  here.  The  gooseberry  seems  to  do  welt  In  South  Missouri , 
Though  we  seldom  see  it  growing,  except  In  the  wild  state,  or  a  few  bushes  Id  the 
gardens  for  home  use.    And  now,  in  conclusion,  I  want  to  caution  my  brother 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


WINTBB  MBBTINa  AT   OLINTON.  269 

frult-growera  mgalnet  the  practice  of  settlDg  largel;  of  new  Tarletles  of  berrlcB 
before  they  have  been  properly  tested.  There  eeeme  to  have  bern  Id  the  last  few 
yean  a  mania,  a  perfect  craze  amoog  nnrserymeii  to  propagate  and  Introduce  new 
Tarietiea  of  berries.  The  country  has  been  flooded  with  them,  and  while  some  few 
Jiavebeen  good,  the  great  majority  have  proved  worthless.  Bay  sparingly,  and  fully 
test  In  your  own  locality  belbre  planting  to  any  extent.  If  the  new  Is  no  better  or 
not  so  good  as  the  old,  it  Is  folly  to  plant  It  simply  beeauae  tt  1b  new.  Nurserymen 
«ommU  a  wrong  when  they  Introdace  a  new  berry  and  recommend  it  fOr  general 
planting  In  all  kinds  of  soli  and  climate  wltho|it  knowing  such  to  be  the  case.  The 
history  of  berry  culture  In  this  conntry  shows  that  among  stranberrles,  only  a  few  ' 
▼arleties  have  been  sDcoessfully  cultivated  in  all  parta  of  the  United  States.  The 
-old  WUerni's  Albany,  Charles  Downing,  Cresoent,  and  later  the  Bnbach  No.  6, 
seem  to  be  the  only  varieties  that  have  done  well  In  most  all  parta  of  the  Union. 
It  is  highly  necessary  that  new  varieties  shall  be  produced  to  take  the  place  of  old 
ones  that  are  on  the  decline,  bat  let  as  be  sure  they  are  an  Improvement  befcwe 
Introdaoing  to  the  pablic. 

DISOUSBIOIT. 

J.  W.  Clark — I  thought  perhaps  it  would  be  well  to  state  which 
Tarietiee  did  beat  at  the  station  this  year. 

Lady  Busk  is  very  flue  indeed.  It  does  Dot  noften  when  picked. 
It  is  a  good  shipper,  but  there  are  a  great  many  doable  berries. 

Haverland,  Stayman^a  Ko.  1,  Crescent,  Warfleld  and  Babaoh  did 
well.    Cloud  produced  a  fine  lot  of  folia^. 

Jessie  blossoms  very  early  and  is  injured  by  late  frosts.  It  is  not 
desirable. 

Lady  Knsk  stands  the  drouth  bast  of  any  kind  we  had, 

Capt.  Jack  did  tolerably  well. 

Oandy  is  a  shy  bearer. 

Monarch  of  the  West  is  only  &{r. 

Cumberland  is  good  for  home  use,  bnt  is  not  a  shipping  berry. 

The  Bordeaux  mixture  checked  and  prevented  the  rust. 

Bnbach  will  not  fertilize  itself  in  every  season.  It  would  be  a 
little  risky  to  plant  it  alone. 

Crescent  is  not  well  fertilized  by  the  Jessie,  which  blossoms  too 
«arly.    Capt.  Jack  is  good  for  this  purpose. 

President  Evans— The  Michel  is  the  best  fertilizer  of  any  berry  I 
know. 

Mr.  Clark — Manchester  is  not  profitable.  It  rusta  and  the  fruit 
fails  to  mature  well. 

Mr.  Ambrose — yurserymen  are  censured  for  sending  out  new 
kinds  which  often  fail  to  come  up  to  the  expectations  of  the  purchaser, 
bnt  they  are  not  always  to  blame.  The  originator  or  introducer  gen- 
erally gets  the  indorsement  of  prominent  boTticalturists,  so  that  nur- 
serymen have  to  get  and  sell  these  new  varieties  to  meet  the  demands 
of  their  customers. 


STATB  HOSTIOnLTTTBAL  SOOIBTT. 


BBBBIBS  IN  nOBTH  UlSSOCBI. 

B.  SCHNBLL. 


Mr.  PrtKiUnt  and  Men^>en  of  the  AftMoun  Stale  SortieuUunU  SoeUtg : 

Mj  n»me  Uon  the  program  for  a  paper  on  -'fieirlea  in  North  HlBaonrl."  A» 
I  Km  not  able  to  speak  for  North  Hlsaourl  In  general,  joa  will  have  to  be  c<mtent 
with  a  few  brief  notee  on  benisB  bere  st  Glugow.  You  all  know  tbere  Is  no  time 
to  viilt  fellow  ftDlt-growera  during  berry-picking  time  If  thioge  are  to  go  right  at 
home.  We  bad  the  promlae  of  an  immense  berr^  crop  the  past  apring,  but  drr 
weather  set  la  and  the  crop  waa  cnt  abort.  Red  raspberries  suffered  most ;  man; 
dried  up  oa  the  Tines.  Of  stTkwberrleH,  we  had  alMut  6\  acres  toft^lt;  1  acre 
tmarlng  third  crop,  1  aore  second  crop  and  1  acre  flrat  crop,  and  J  acre  planted  the 
fall  previous ;  from  these  we  gathered  18.000  quarts,  leaving  a  profit  of  $  ISO  per 
acre, or  4  cents  per  quart  after  paying  for  picking,  iwxes,  etc.  Raspberries— 3  acres 
in  Black  Caps  and  \  acre  In  Reds— 6,000  quarts ;  profit  per  acre,  {120,  or  about  & 
cents  per  quart.  Blackberries— 1  aore,  3, SOOquarts;  protlt  per  acre  about  S90,  or 
abont  3}  cents  perqua^t.  As  we  nsuailr  sell  plants  enough  to  pay  the  coetof  onlti- 
vatlon,  mulching,  etc ,  the  above  about  conttltnte  the  net  profits  per  acre.  This,  In 
a  dry  season  and  low  prices,  I  consider  a  very  good  showing.  WUd  blackberries 
were  so  plentiful  bere  that  we  had  toaell  ours  mostly  at  Scents  per  quart  or  SO  cents 
per  gallon. 

Instrawtwrrles,  B a verl and,  Jessie  and  Bubach  No.  5  head  tbe  Hat,  and  will 
take  tbe  places  of  Gre*cent,  Cumberland  and  (Windsor  Chief,  respectively.  Gandy 
is  tbe  best  late  one  ;  not  quite  productive  enough.  Stayman's  No.  1  and  Warfieid 
not  up  to  the  standard  here.  Ulchel's  Early  heads  the  list  for  tbe  beat  grower; 
never  saw  such  matted  rows  as  they  formed  ;  planted  In  rows  four  feet  wide  in 
April,  they  now  cover  tbe  entire  surface ;  foliage  6  inchee  high ;  noneed  of  any 
mulch,  tbey  bave  covering  enough  with  ttaelr  own  leaves.  Lady  Kuak  looks  well; 
not  fruited  yet. 

Of  raspberries  we  grow  Tyler,  Hopkins,  Ohio  and  Qregg,  blacks;  like  them 
all,  and  they  ripen  about  as  in  order  named.  Oregg  not  quite  hardy  here,  but  was 
very  fine  tbe  past  two  years.  Shaffer,  no  good  ;  canes  die  every  winter.  For  reds, 
we  grow  Turner  snd  Brandy  wine ;  Cuthbert  and  Marlborough  discarded. 

Blackberries— Principally  Snyder  and  Stone's  Hardy ;  some  Taylor  and  a  few 
Erie ;  the  latter  not  productive  enongh,  but  large  and  fine  and  good  quality.  I  find 
the  old  flaying,  "There  Is  room  on  top,"  very  appropriate  for  the  berry  grower.  I 
find  no  trouble  in  disposing  of  choice  berries  at  good  prices,  while  poor  stock  goes 
begging  and  does  not  pay  expenses^ 

Asone  of  tbe  committee  on  small  ftults,  1  will  say  that  the  prospects  for  a  full 
crop  for  the  coming  season  are  very  good.  Plants  all  made  a  One  growth  and  In 
good  shape  fbr  winter.  No  Insects  worth  mentioning  came  to  our  notice  the  pait 
season,  and  while  weather  wasdry  (he  fore  part  of  summer,  we  bave  had  floe  weather 
since  13ch  of  August,  when  the  drouth  was  broken. 


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WINTER  MSBTINQ  AT   CLINTON. 


WEDNESDAY— Deoembee  4,  8  p.  M. 

A  very  entertainiDg  violiD  daet  was  given  b;  MisBes  Doyle  and 
Simpson,  after  which  was  read 

BO&DSIDB   AND  YARD  PLANTINQ. 

BV  O.  ■.  mtSBLER,  IIEHKUH,    KU. 

In  ro&dalde  plftottng  In  onr  compkratlTelf  new  conntrj,  we  M«m  compelled  to 
«H)slder  only  the  ornamental  feature!  of  the  subject,  not  the  profitable  ■Ne. 

Many  000  si  deration!  make  It  ondeslnble  for  as  to  follow  the  excellent  exam- 
ple set  by  Tillage  communltkB  and  towns  In  some  European  couutrlei,  of  planting 
ftult  trees  along  the  oonntr;  roadways. 

"niere  the  trees  serve  the  double  purpose  of  giving  grateful  shade  to  travelers, 
as  well  as  paying  with  tfa el r  fruit  the  entire  cost  of  maintenance  of  the  nsnally  ex- 
cellent roads  along  which  they  are  planted. 

OoQld  such  trees  be  properly  protected  and  cared  for  here,  we  might  have 
country  roads  that  we  conid  travel  over  In  bad  weather  as  well  as  good.  How- 
ever, since  good  roads  and  absence  of  sneak  thieves  and  vandals  would  bring  us  too 
near  Utopia,  we  mugt  content  ourselves  with  planting  shade  trees.  And  after  all, 
the  cooling  shade  they  afford  makes  ns  more  willing  victims  of  bad  road  laws  and 
Mill  worse  road  overseers. 

Both  In  country  and  oltj  roadways,  shade  Is  the  principal  object  sought  for. 
To  obtain  this  In  the  country  or  aubnrb.  selection  can  be  made  from  c[ulte  a  large 
number  of  trees.  As  the  Conifers  do  not  seem  adapted  to  this  purpose,  we  will 
consider  only  the  decldoous  kinds. 

SInoe  It  Is  shade  that  we  plant  for,  the  tree  that  makes  the  most  lateral  growth 
Id  addition  to  good  height,  other  things  being  equal,  li  the  one  to  select,  and  as 
there  are  many  such  kinds,  the  one  that  appears  to  thrive  best  in  a  given  locality  Is 
the  tree  that  should  be  used  most  there.  Such  selection  often  gives  a  dtsttnotlve 
teatore  to  a  locality. 

Our  standard  trees  for  this  purpose  seem  to  be  the  White  Elm  and  the  Soft 
Haple.  Of  the  many  other  kinds,  the  following  are  exoellent  trees  and  do  equally 
as  Weill  Bagar  Maple,  Linden,  Box  Elder,  Walnut,  Ash,  Hickories,  Sycamore, 
Cotionwood,  etc.,  among  the  native  trees. 

Prom  the  nurseries  we  can  obtain  even  a  larger  selection  of  anltable  varieties. 
For  Instance  ;  Silver  leaved  Linden,  Bnropean  Linden,  Tellow  Locust  (Aoi.  Pteudo 
Aeaaa),  Oriental  Plane  (Sycamore).  Tulip  tree,  Norway  Maple,  Magnolia  Acuminata, 
AlianthuB  and  even  Horse  Chestnut. 

The  Bflleotion  of  trees  for  city  streets  nsrrows  down  to  only  a  few  kinds  that 
will  furvlve  the  many  hardships  they  are  subjected  to.  Where  much  coal  soot  pre- 
vails, the  smooth,  glossy-leaved  trees  seem  to  thrive  best.  The  hardiest  In  such 
positions  Is  found  to  i>e  the  Carolina  Poplar.  After  It  come  the  Maple,  Syoamore, 
Allanthoa  and  a  few  others.  This  last  tree  has  been  In  bad  repute  on  acconnt  of 
the  dtsagreeaMe  odor  of  its  flowers.  When  planted  near  dwellings,  there  Is  no  rea- 
son why  the  buds  should  not  be  cut  off  before  opening.  This  is  necessary  only  once 
In  one  or  two  years,  and  It  woaid  tnake  It  possible  to  again  use  a  very  serviceable 
and  easily  grown  tree.  The  Elm  Is  often  used  In  thickly  populated  distriots,  and 
al  ways  presonta  a  dingy  appearance  because  of  Its  rough  leaves  to  which  all  soot 


362  STATE   HOETIOULTDBAL  SOCIETY. 

kdbereB,  and  for  that  reason  nuthea  an  ondeBlnble  tree  there,  alttaongh  qalte  hardy 
nuder  encb  condlttoos. 

On  ordinary  roads  in  tlie  coaDtry  or  anburb  we  nsnally  And  good  land  to  plant 
trees  on,  and  on  auoh  places  nearly  all  viti  of  coarse  grow  well. 

The  planter  Is  frequently  called  on  to  place  trees  on  Etrcets  and  roads  that 
have  been  graded  down,  leaving  the  olay  surface  exposed.  Here  It  !■  necessary  to 
dig  the  holea  not  less  than  3  to  3  feet  deep,  and  with  a  diameter  of  4  to  5,  even  ft 
feet,  refllling  with  loam. 

Many  trees  are  killed  and  Taluable  time  lott  by  attempting  to  crowd  the  roota 
Into  a  hole  barely  large  enoogh  to  put  the  spade  Into. 

Again, planting  toodeeplyoauseemnchlosB  that  coo  Id  beavoided.  Toplace 
a  tree  3  to  4  Inchei  lower  than  It  stood  in  the  narsery  Is  folly  snfflolent  as  a  general 
thing,  bnt  when,  as  many  do,  the  trees  are  set  6  to  13  Inches  below  the  snrbce,  loss 
Is  sore  to  occar. 

For  Immediate  shade  It  fs  well  to  plant  street  trees  SO  to  26  feet  apart,  cottlDg- 
oat  every  seeoDd  tree  when  they  begin  to  crowd  each  other.  When  the  planting 
is  done  so,  the  alternate  trees  can  be  of  some  other  kind  than  those  Intended  to  tw 
permanent.  Under  all  clroumitances  it  la  best  to  plant  yonog  nursery-grown  trees. 
Nothing  looks  worse  than  to  see  a  large  tree,  when  planted,  cut  back  like  a  post. 
Bren  if  it  grows,  tbe  new  leader  and  lateral  branches  do  not  have  the  strength 
that  the  natural  ones  posseiB,  and  nsually  the  first  heavy  snow  or  sleet  breaks  them 
down  and  destroys  the  fnCure  appearance  of  the  tree. 

As  In  roadside  planting,  so  aUo  in  the  yard.  It  is  nndesirable  to  ooneider  ftnit 
trees  or  Bbmbs.  The  mistake  umally  made  when  planting  on  house  groonda  Ik 
that  of  completely  covering  the  lawns  with  trees  and  i>hrnbs.  When  trees  are  used 
on  lawns  they  should  be  placed  so  that  they  will  snpply  all  tbe  shade  that  Is  desira- 
ble without  obstrnctlng  the  views  to  or  from  the  house.  In  no  case  should  they  be 
planted  promlscaooely  over  the  gronnds,  but  should  be  grouped  where  they  will 
produce  tbe  most  pleasing  effects.  Used  as  screens,  to  cover  any  undesirable  spots, 
close  planting  becomes  neeeBsary,  but  as  a  general  thing  only  a  few  large  trees  ar» 
required  near  a  hoase. 

It  Is  with  the  shrubs,  both  evergreens  and  decldnoas,  that  the  yards  are  made 
to  look  best.  And  with  this  material  we  must  be  careful  not  to  overload  th& 
grounds. 

Shrubs  placed  In  clamps,  partly  around  tbe  grounds,  partly  in  smaller  groups 
on  the  lawns, form  pretty  pictares,  and  ebonld  be  selected  for  a  succession  of  flowers- 
throughout  the  sea  so . 

Amongthesbrabsaresome  with  bright  foliage  that  can  be  used  to  produce 
excellent  effects  of  light  and  shade  when  placed  In  contrast  with  the  darker  ever- 
greens, such  as  the  Silver  Thorn  {Elscagnut) ,  L,6%  Buckthorn,  the  variegated  AU 
theas.  Box  Elders,  etc. 

Of  the  flowering  shrubs  the  following  would  give  a  succession  of  blossoms 
from  late  April  to  September  andOotober.  Among  the  early  kinds  are  the  Daphne, 
Lilacs,  Dogwood,  some  Sptrfeas,  Golden  Bell,  Hsgnolla  glanca,  etc.  Later  on 
come  the  flowers  of  Welgel{a,Tamarlx,  White  Fringe  Deutzea,  Snowball,  Snow- 
drop tree  [Syringa],  Phlladelphns,  Altheae,  Corcboins,  Japonica,  and  many  others. 

Last  of  all  come  the  Hydrangea  and  Deemodium— the  one  with  Its  great 
white  balls  of  flowers,  contrasting  beautifully  with  the  pretty  purple  Desmodlum— 
not  to  forget  roses,  the  beet  of  all. 

Among  the  desirable  evergreens  we  flnd  the  Arbor  Vlts,  not  exactly  the  best 
bnt  at  least  the  hardiest  and  most  serviceable,  'ihen  Biota,  Retlnospora,  Janl- 
peis,  ITew,  Mahonla,  Hoont^n  Lanrel,  etc. 

D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


WINTER  UBETINQ  AT  OLINTON.  263 

Suoh  a  oolleotion  of  sliruba,  well  i^ouped  and  oared  for,  would  make  a  vary 
haodBome  loobtng  yard ,  and  lootlog  at  It  from  a  pare);  bnsinesB  atandpolnt  alone, 
woald  enhance  the  value  of  sucb  a  place  manj  times  tbelr  coat,  provided,  always, 
that  the  yard  and  all  within  It  i>  neat  and  well  cared  (Or. 

Mr.  Kessler — I  bad  occaaioQ  some  three  weefas  ago  to  iospeet  a 
sectioQ  of  land  south  of  Fort  Scott,  Kansas,  that  was  planted  in  timber 
trees  to  see  how  tbey  would  grow.  It  was  planted  very,  closely,  four 
by  four  feet,  eleven,  ten  and  nine  years  ago,  mostly  with  Gatalpa 
Speciosa.  They  are  now  thirty  feet  high  and  need  trimming.  Box 
Elder,  Ash  and  some  others  have  not  made  a  good  growth,  the  Oatalpa 
Speciosa  only  being  satisfactory. 

HUMBUGS. 

BT  J.  O.  KIKDIR,  IIEVADA. 

Our  worthy  Secretary  hat  given  me  the  above  subject  wltbool  designating  the 
kind  of  hambogs  I  should  proceed  to  dissect,  hot  as  this  Is  a  gathering  of  hortlcal- 
toiists,  and  as  there  are  qalte  enough  bortionltural  bumbags  to  consume  all  the 
balance  of  this  weeh  to  fittingly  write  them  up,  I  shall  have  nothing  to  say  of  any 
other  kind.  It  would  have  helped  me  greatly  If  some  entomologtst  would  have 
given  a  correct  definition  of  Just  what  family  of  bngs  this  most  destracttve  insect 
to  frult-growlDg  belongs,  but  I  doubt  very  much  If  It  Is  possible  to  do  so,  because 
of  the  many  rlzes  and  shapes  we  find  tbem.  However,  he  is  usually  foand  with 
two  loKB,  but  not  always,  because  tbe  completest  one  T  have  heard  of  lately  had 
only  one.  a:id  went  on  crutches;  but  he  "got  there  with  both  feet"  all  the  same. 

In  the  common  acoeptatlon  of  tbe  term .  to  humbug  Is  to  obtain  something  of 
value  fbr  an  article  that  is  worthless.  To  put  It  less  mildly,  it  Is  to  obtain  money 
ander  false  Dreteoses.  To  call  It  by  Its  proper  name,  it  Is  Just  tbe  meanest  sort  of 
stealing.  Ordinarily  tbe  thief  can  pick  your  pocket  and  he  only  has  that  sin  to 
answer  for,  but  if  he  humbugs  yon  he  goes  for  the  pocket  just  tbe  same,  and  has 
tbat  and  a  whole  batch  of  lies  added  to  tbe  other  sin  to  answer  Ibr;  and  his  victim 
not  only  loses  bis  bard-earned  money,  but  loses  the  care  and  labor  bestowed  on  the 
article.  Re  also  is  very  likely  to  loee  his  grip  on  tbe  hereafter  In  tbe  extremely 
forcible  manner  In  which  be  expresses  his  opinion  of  tbe  blankety  blank  soa  of  a 
gan  that  lied  to  blm.  Nurserymen  are  more  or  leas  to  blame  for  tbe  horde  of  hor- 
tieultnral  humbugs  perpetrated  on  tbe  community.  They  too  often  are  tbe  silent 
partner  la  tbe  transaction ,  Tbey  perhaps  do  not  tell  tbe  lie  themselves ,  but  hire 
others  to,  and  grow  or  purchase  the  article,  and  accept  tbeir  share  of  the  boodle . 
At  tbe  same  time  tbey  know  that  the  article  Is  atiBOlutely  worthless,  and  know  that 
tbey  are  accepting  a  price  for  It  from  five  to  twenty  times  Its  cost. 

Plek  np  the  catalogues  of  our  leading  nurserymen .  Do  tbey  carry  a  stock  of 
pruoee  SimonI,  Ogon,  Boton,  or  Mariana  plums?  Bave  they  tbe  Russian  mulberry, 
Utah  hybrid  cherry,  tree  gooseberry,  or  ever-bearing  raspberry,  and  dozens  of 
other  articles  just  as  worthless?  If  so,  what  price  do  tbey  receive  for  them,  and 
bow  can  the  transaction  be  completed  and  tbe  money  received  without  someone 
being defranded  and  humbogged?  But  nurserymen  ease  tfaelrconaclence  by  claim- 
ing that  they  grow  tbelr  stocR  to  sell,  and  much  of  it  Is  wholesaled  to  dealers,  etc. ; 
bat  In  law  the  receiver  of  stolen  goods  is  held  to  be  as  guilty  as  tho  burglar,  and 
nurserymen  cannot  bnt  be  Judged  as  accessory  before  the  fact,  when  they  know 


Dgnzs.uCoeH^IC 


264  STATB   HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY. 

only  too  well  the  destloatlon  of  sach  articles,  and  know  that  eomewtaere  there  K  % 
victim  waiting  to  be  defrauded. 

There  U  anotber  Bpeoies  of  taumbuggerr  tbat  la  snob  beoaase  of  the  meana 
naed  to  dliaemlnate  the  article.  For  iDstaDce,  we  can  take  the  Arkanaaa  black 
apple.  It  received  a  premium  at  the  New  Orleana  expositloa,  I  bellevo,  and  I 
gnppose  It  U  a  valaable  variety  where  It  oifglnated,  but  Ihig  fact  was  naed  to  give 
it  extraordinary  qualities  In  tbe  fertile  Imaginations  of  those  dlMemlnatlng  It,  and 
the  people  were  made  to  pay  from  five  to  ten  times  the  price  of  our  well-known 
roilable  varieties.  This  has  been  going  on  for  several  yeara,  nntli  now  a  few  of 
these  hlgh-prloed  trees  are  coming  into  bearing,  when  lo,  we  dad  the  Arkaosas 
black  a  very  ordinary  apple  Indeed :  that  Is,  if  true  to  name—a  thing  not  oecurrlDg 
In  every  tnittanoe  by  any  means. 

But  a  very  few  years  ago  [  picked  up  a  catalogue  of  one  of  our  prominent 
nurseries,  and  In  it  I  saw  a  very  strong  indorsement  of  a  certain  apple  by  several 
of  the  officers  and  members  of  the  HIssouH  State  Horticultural  society.  Now  I 
believe  their  Indorsement  was  entirely  honest,  and  [  have  no  donbt  but  this  apple 
will  be  foDDd  a  valaable  acqutsltlnn.  But  this  same  Indorsement  will  be  the  meana 
of  Inducing  the  people  to  pay  Ave  or  ten  times  as  much  for  It  as  tbey  could  procure 
the  Jonathan  for.  Yet  I  doubt  if  one  of  those  gentlemen  would  honestly  advise 
planting  an  orchard  of  It  In  preference  to  tbe  Jonathan,  even  if  trees  could  be  pro- 
oared  at  same  price. 

I  do  not  mention  this  as  lo  any  way  to  censure  any  one  for  pnblloly  Indorsing 
any  valuble  acquisition,  but  as  a  caution  that  In  doing  so,  they  place  a  leverage 
in  the  bands  of  those  disseminating  It  to  lift  the  hard  earnings  from  the  pockets  of 
the  people  that  could  be  expended  more  advantageously  In  other  ways. 

A  year  or  more  ago,  the  world  was  electrified,  so  to  speak,  by  the  advent  of 
the  Idaho  pear.  A  nicely  printed  pamphlet,  with  an  elegant  colored  plate  of  a 
mammoth  pear  as  a  frontispiece,  was  spread  broadcast.  This  pamptet  was  made 
up  by  giving  a  history  of  the  pear,  and  notices  copied  from  different  horticultaral 
loamals,  and  copies  of  letters  from  prwnlnent  hortlcniturtsts.  Of  course,  all  those 
who  spoke  highly  of  the  qaalltlea  of  the  new  fruit  were  copied,  but  1  saw  none  of 
tbe  other  sort,  and  perhaps  there'were  none.  But  with  all  this  flourish  of  trnmpets, 
the  doleful  cry  comes  to  us  tbat  the  mnch-vannted  Idaho  blights.  Now,  the  Bart- 
lett  can  do  that,  and  a  dead  Bartlett  Is  Jast  as  valaable  aa  a  dead  Idaho,  and  will 
only  cost  one-tenth  as  much.  Another  source  of  positive  evil,  and  one  that  It 
often  an  outrage,  Is  the  clause  all  nurserymen  have  in  their  cataloguea,  of  reserv- 
ing the  right  of  substituting  In  case  they  are  out  of  the  variety  ordered.  Of  course, 
sometimes  this  might  be  done  and  no  Injury  occur,  and  the  party  might  even  be 
beneOtted.  But  as  a  rule,  the  varieties  nurserymen  are  out  or  are  the  leadtag, 
reliable  frnlta,  and  It  would  be  safe  to  say  that  not  once  In  ten  times  does  the  cus- 
tomer get  aa  valuable  a  fruit  aa  the  one  ordered. 

I  was  somewhat  amused  last  aprlng  at  a  neighbor  who  aent  to  a  very  promi- 
nent nursery  in  New  Jersey  for  a  few  articles;  among  them  was  the  Wonderful 
Peach,  price  for  I-year  tree  3S  cents.  When  the  bill  oame  there  waa  a  peach  tree  In 
the  lot,  and  It  was  wonderfol  in  one  sense  r  It  waa  wonderfully  amall,  and  It  had  » 
label  tied  to  it  marked  Early  Crawford.  The  explanation  waa  tbat  be  was  Just  out 
of  Wonderfuis,  and  my  neighbor  concluded  be  was  pretty  near  out  of  Crawfords 
from  the  aize  of  the  specimens  sent.  The  moral  of  this  anecdote  lies  In  the  fhct 
that  be  could  have  bought  a  1-year  Early  Crawford  of  our  home  narserlea  seven 
feet  high  for  10  cents.  Only  a  few  days  ago  I  met  a  victim  of  substituting,  and  saw 
where  he  had  been  compelled  to  top-graft  about  100  trees  to  Ben  Davis,  the  variety 


WINTRB  UBETIKO  AX  CLINTON.  266 

orl^nallj  ordnred.  The  people  will  rise  up  aod  blega  the  fint  nnrserymtn  who  will 
«ropb*tlcall7  state  tbst  undr-r  no  clroamBtuiDes  will  he  aubstltute  one  variety  for 
another  without  the  written  consent  ol  caBtomer. 

It  mar  seem  nnjust  to  attack  a  bnilneag  Bo  ncoeasaTy  lo  horticulture,  and  I  am 
willing  to  admit  that  with  all  the  wrong  and  outrageoiiB  humbDgs  that  are  perp»< 
trated  bj  and  throogh  them,  tbej  do  a  great  deal  of  good,  aod  I  believe  there  &re 
a  few  coDBcleutlous  and  taooeflt  Dnrserymen.  1  have  never  counted  a  ben's  teeth, 
ooDsequently  oonld  Dot  say  whether  the  has  more  teeth  than  there  are  honeet  anr- 
serymen,  but  will  say  this :  that  If  she  hu  not,  she  will  need  to  go  to  the  dentist 
and  get  a  set  wblle  the;  are  cheap, 

Oo  out  among  the  people  and  listen  to  their  tale  of  woe.  Hardly  one  individ- 
ual who  haB  a  home  but  has  been  la  some  manner  defrauded,  many  of  them  shame- 
fully so,  acd  tbe  time  has  come  when  this  society  Bbould  put  tbemselves  on  record 
ss  strongly  condemning  tbe  present  methidB  used  to  drssemlnate  new  varieties  of 
ftalts,  and  to  condemn  tbe  misrepresentations  by  overdrawn  .colored  pUteB  or  of 
salesmen,  or  any  system  or  method  thtt  takea  more  from  the  people  than  the  arti- 
cle is  iatrlnsleslly  worth,  and  this  society  should  recommend  tbe  paBsage  of  strln- 
^nt  laws  that  would  punish  such  mlsrepreaentatlon  or  snbstltuttoD,  or  falsely  label- 
ing any  variety  by  aheavy  fine  and  tmpiiBonmeDt  la  aggravated  oases  They  should 
do  It  to  protect  the  people,  and  should  do  it  to  protect  our  legitimate  nureerymen 
who  hare  no  wish  to  wrong  any  man.  and  who  are  being  driven  out  of  the  buBioeBS 
by  IrresponBlble  men,  who  are  usually  too  far  off  (o  reach  by  tbe  ordinary  process 

Tou  will,  perhaps,  say  that  If  people  would  read  any  one  of  the  many  horti- 
cultural jonraals,  they  would  lioow  better,  and  could  not  be  humbugged  so  easily. 
In  answer  to  that,  I  will  say  that,  if  there  has  been  one  hombug  variety  of  fruit 
that  has  been  Introduced  Inthe  past  tweotyflve  years,  that  has  not  bean  advertised 
In  just  these  Journals,  and  lied  about  Just  as  industriously  in  their  columns  as  any 
perambulating  tree-dispenser  ever  did,  (hen  I  fail  to  remember  it.  No,  you  cannot 
depend  on  the  papers.  A  man  can  pay  so  much  for  a  space,  and  say  about  what  be 
pleases  In  it,  and  It  IB  looked  on  as  all  perfectly  legitimate.  Mo,  I  will  tell  joa 
what's  the  matter.  We  have  been  sending  too  many  mIsBlonarlee  to  the  heathen 
to  fumisb  a  change  of  diet  to  the  South  Sea  lalander,  and  all  that,  when  we  needed 
htm  right  here  among  us  In  the  fruit  buslneas.  What  time  he  could  spare  from  bis 
labors  with  the  nurserymen  and  their  employes  could  be  profitably  spent  In  super- 
vising some  of  our  packing  of  fruit,  bo  that  oocasloaally  there  would  be  a  choice 
specimen  not  on  top;  and.  forthatmatter,  hecouldgoalong  with  tbefriiit,  andon  the 
trip  he  oonld  labor  with  tbe  railroads  and  their  employes — the  one  for  more  reason- 
able rates,  and  more  careful  handling  on  the  part  of  employes.  When  fruit  1b  turned 
over  to  the  tender  mercies  of  tbe  commission  man,  then  It  la  time  for  this  miaalon- 
ary  to  put  in  his  best  licks ;  and  If  there  are  any  means  by  which  be  can  get  help 
from  on  high,  now  is  the  time  to  ask  fbr  it.  But  I  must  confeBs  that,  when  It  comes 
to  describing  ways  that  are  dark  and  tricks  that  are  vain,  as  practiced  by  tbe 
average  commission  man,  I  And  myself  totally  ineapscltated.  You  can't  call  them 
"  humbugs ; "  tbe  name  has  too  soft  a  sound.  And  why  call  them  anything  ?  JuBt 
as  though  every  man  who  has  shipped  any  fruit  doesn't  know  all  about  it,  and  know 
that  be  couldn't  express  his  feelings  on  the  subject  without  being  turned  out  ol 
-church.  So  I  trust  yon  will  excnse  me  for  so  slight  a  mention  of  the  commission 
man,  the  most  gigantic  humbug  in  the  whole  buslnesi. 

Recitation,  MIbs  Addie  Doyle,  of  CliDton,  was  very  sdmirably 
rendered. 


STATE  HOETICULTURAL  BOCIBTT. 


PEOGBB8S  IN   PLOBIODLTUEB. 


J.   M.   JORDAN — ST.  LOnU. 

Afr.  Pretitleni  and  Member*  of  the  Miuouri  Stale  BorHeuUural  Soeietjf  -■ 

Your  Beeretar.T  Informed  me  some  we«ki  ago  tbat  I  was  KHlgnad  to  the  dnt^ 
of  telllDft  tbe  memberB  of  tbla  ooDTentton  wbat  progreBi  hag  been  made  in  florlcal- 
tnre.  To  tbe  wel  1-1  □  formed  bortlcalturlat  tbia  would  seem  an  easf  task,  for  tbey 
woold  ooDsult  the  reports  made  b;  tbe  Agricultural  department  at  Washington,  D. 
C.  Bnt  flortonltnre  has  never  been  honored  by  any  statlittos  In  any  former  deoades 
bat  through  tbe  exertions  of  some  of  tbe  leading  florists,  the  Cen»ti>  bureau  IR  now 
making  a  full  report  on  floriculture  to  tbe  Census  department  on  this  Tery  Import 
tant  branch  of  hortlcaltnre.  Therefore,  all  I  can  do  la  to  show  by  a  few  compari- 
sons tbat  have  come  uoder  my  own  obseivatton  wltbln  tbe  abort  period  of  thirty 
rears. 

In  1860.  Boston  alone  held  the  proud  place  )n  this  country  of  producing  cot 
floweiB.  where  a  regular  supply  could  be  had  at  all  times  daring  the  winter  montba. 
Tbe  varieties  of  flowers  were  very  few,  and  bnt  two  kinds  of  rose*,  Softano  and 
Bon  Sllene,  were  all  tbe  vsrietles  grown  for  cut  flowers  at  tbat  time.  New  York 
then  boasted  of  one  place  wbere  a  floral  artist  occnpled  a  store  and  carried  a  sup- 
ply of  cut  flowprs  for  sale,  bnt  now  New  York  has  330  retail  stx>res  and  S3  wholesale 
dealers  wnere  flowers  can  be  bought  In  qnantlttes.  Tbe  sales  of  the  retail  florlsta 
should  average  100  dollars  each  day,  or  an  aggregate  of  23,000  dollars  spent  for 
flowers  each  day  by  the  people  of  New  T:  ork  City  alone ;  and  what  Is  trne  of  New 
York  is  true  of  all  tbe  cities  of  this  conntry  in  proportion  to  tbelr  wealth. 

In  1369  tbe  flrst  floral  store  waa  opened  in  St.  Louis  where  cut  flowers  werfr 
kept  on  sale  ready  for  delivery.  Now  there  are  49  retail  and  4  wholesale  establlsb- 
menta  where  flowers  can  be  had  In  quantities. 

FIfMen  years  ago  flowers  were  considered  to  be  a  luxury  in  the  winter,  and 
only  tbe  wealthy  could  sff'ord  to  psy  the  price.  But  now  nearly  all  can  enjoy  thetr 
reflnlng  influences. 

Tbe  increased  snpply  made  it  a  necessity  to  nee  flowers  in  many  ways.  Pew 
are  the  festive  boards  that  are  not  decorated  with  flowers.  We  sell  large  qnantltlea 
of  flowers  togo  Into  sick  rooms,  and  the  cures  wrought  by  their  assooiatlont  are 
wonderful.  Many  a  mind  detracted  and  depressed  has  taken  on  new  vigor  and 
been  restored  to  health ;  many  a  sad  bonsefaold  has  been  comforted  and  cheered  by 
tbe  silent  lesson  taught  by  these  mesaeiigera  of  love. 

Let  us  labor  for  a  more  general  use  of  flowers  on  all  occasions,  believing  Id 
their  elevating  and  refining  Influences.  By  so  doing,  we  will  evolve  Into  that 
higher  civilization  go  much  desired. 

After  thifl,  a  Bong  by  Prof.  Hall  waa  given  in  bis  aanal  excelleDt 
style. 

FEDIT   CULTtTRB  AND   ITS   INFLDBNCE. 


We  have  all  read  of  a  "fruit  garden,"  which  carries  na  back  to  tbe  early  days 
of  the  history  of  our  race,  when  the  "Lord  Qod"  plauted  a  garden, eastward  In 
Bden,  andont  of  tbe  ground  made  fie  to  grow  "every  tree  that  is  pkaaaot  to  th« 
sight  and  good  fornmit." 


D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


WUITKS  MKBTma  AT  OUJIXOH.  267 

We  are  left  to  Infer  tbat  the  keeplag  of  tbla  g&rdeti  was  a  pleasant  occnpa- 
tloD ;  tbe  InbabltantB  were  not  perplexed  about  tbe  kind  of  soil  they  ahonld  plant 
apOD — whetber  npoo  a  north,  lODth,  east  or  west  slope,  the  kind  and  variety  of 
trees,  vines  and  plants  they  thonld  chooee,  and  tbe  kind  of  oultlvatlon  and  protec- 
tloD  tbey  should  give  tbem. 

We  Infer  fartber  that  they  bad  no  frosts,  no  withering  winds,  no  Inteots  or 
germs  to  destroy  their  trees  or  Injure  their  finlt,  no  anilety  about  over-prodno- 
tlon,  supply  and  demand  ;  In  fact  nothing  to  mar  their  happiness  or  cause  care  for 
their  future  welfare,  until,  while  sitting  under  their  own  vine  and  flg  tree,  listen- 
ing to  tbe  melody  of  birds  and  rejoicing  in  tbelr  bounteous  and  glorloae  estate, 
there  appeared  to  them  a  "  frnit  agent,"  with  a  fine  specimen  of  fruit,  In  alcohol, 
magnified  by  deceptive  words,  beautified  by  arte  and  devlMB,  Its  color  so  rich,  its 
odor  so  sweet  and  delicious ;  what  will  Its  flavor  and  nectar  be  f 

From  aaored  history  we  Infer  our  first  parents  and  the  "finlt  agent"  ar- 
ranged a  partoei«hlp,  wherein  eaeh  was  to  have  greater  power,  dominion  and  hap- 
ptness,  and  tbe  fmlt  seemed  to  be  some  kind  of  exchange  whereby  the  transfer  was 
to  beoonao  valid. 

We,  to-day,  of  tbe  iBth  centnry,  recognize  that  this  fruit  agent  was  a  deceiver, 
that  tbe  oolorand  odor  of  his  fralt  covered  decay  and  canker,  that  his  atock  was  all 
watered  of  the  gall  of  bitterness.  That  beaatlful  and  prodaotlve  garden  wae 
Btraek  with  ftoets,  blight,  lnsect->  and  destructive  germs,  and  with  death,  and  tbe 
fruit,  withered  and  bitter,  was  carried  by  birds  and  the  winds  to  the  four  comers  of 
the  earth ;  the  seed  dropped  upon  fertile  and  barren  places  of  earth,  were  by  the 
action  or  frosts,  winds  and  Insects,  covered,  and  In  due  time  came  forth  seedlings, 
thorny  bashes,  producing  soar,  bitter.  Insipid  fruit. 

Later  it  appeared  there  was  a  transCer  made,  and  by  this  transaction  they 
quit-claimed  their  right  to  the  garden  and  were  moved  out,  and  In  tbelr  change  of 
location  and  surroandlnge  found  themselves  beset  by  the  perplexing  problem,  how 
can  we  change  these  thorny  and  scrubby  trees,  bearing  fruit  not  fit  to  eat.  to  those 
beautiful  In  sppearaoce  and  bearing  fcnit  pleasant  to  the  taste,  sustaining  and  1n- 
Tlgoiatlng  life? 

Insects  and  disease  are  wasting  our  trees  snd  fruit.  How  can  we  protect 
them  ?  Frosts  and  elements  sting  and  bite  tbe  buds  or  developed  fmlts,  snd  many 
seasons  we  are  deprived  of  all. 

What  can  we  plant  to  give  a  contltued  dally  and  yearly  snpply  ?  Thus  they 
then  realized  that  they  would  have  to  struggle  with  difflcultlea,  and  then  and  there 
was  organized  tbe  first  horticultural  society,  and  they  started  out  horticulturists 
Indeed,  and  from  that  day  to  tbe  present  hour  It  has  beenthelot  of  man  to  be  driven 
to  the  necessity  of  toil,  constant  watcbfalness  and  care. 

Their  descendants.  Inheriting  their  tastes  and  appetites,  look  up  tbe  work 
where  their  fitheis  left  off,  and  each  succeeding  generation  has  produced  many 
men  and  women  who  have  and  are  giving  much  thought,  work  and  money  to  make 
mankind  better  and  happier.  Surely  they  are  pnbllc  benefactors,  leaving  the 
woiM  a  great  deal  better  for  tbelr  living  in  It. 

Tbe  cultivation  of  frnits  contributes  In  no  small  degree  toward  enlarging  and 
developing  the  mind,  strengthening  the  body,  creating  a  fountain  of  health  at  our 
very  door,  beautifying  and  making  home  the  dearest  place  on  earth,  improving  and 
making  all  who  come  under  Its  influence  better. 

Beyond  the  sacred  cooflnes  of  the  happy  hearth-stone,  with  Its  dear  familiar 
circle,  there  can  be  no  more  pleasani  associations  than  those  of  the  garden  and 
orchard,  where,  In  our  tender  years,  we  hHTe  aided  loved  parents,  from  them  taken 

D.-iiiz'i:;!...  V^H_H_'Vil> 


268  STATE   HOBTIOULTITBAL   BOCIBTT. 

th«  flnt  teecoD  la  piBnt-aultare.gatheriDgtbelneotonBfralt  of  tbetr  planting  or  onr 
own ;  nor  of  tbe  rustic  arbor  In  wboM  refroablng  ahade  we  have  reclined,  to  rest 
and  meditate  nnder  Its  sheltering  canopj  of  vetdure ;  and  when  we  have  gathered 
tbe  pnrple  berries  of  the  noble  vine  at  a  later  period  of  tbe  rolling  year;  nor  of  tbe 
oroh&rd.  with  Its  bonnteooa  Bupplf  of  golden  and  mddf  apples,  blushing  peaches 
and  meltlog  pears. 

With  aooh  attractions  about  our  homes,  with  snob  ties  to  be  sundered,  ft  Is 
wonderfal  sod  soarcelr  credible  tbat  ^onth  should  ever  be  fnduoed  to  wander  from 
them  Into  paths  of  evil. 

The  physical  as  well  as  the  moral  qualities  of  our  nature  are  wonderfblly  pro- 
moted b7  the  exercise  tr\ilt  aOords  us—the  pleasant  excitement,  the  expectation  of 
tbe  first  fruit,  tbe  praise  of  fellow  man,  all  Inflnenoe,  strengthen  perseverance  and 
greater  endurance,  and  with  these  develop  a  noble  man  and  womanhood . 

The  fabled  fountain  of  Thygeia  has  been  located  In  an  orchard,  where  It  came 
from  earth  that  sustained  the  roots  of  the  tree  and  vine,  shaded  by  the  broDchea  of 
the  wide-spreading  apple  and  pear ;  approached  by  allejs  that  were  lined  by  peaoh 
trees,  laden  with  downy  fruit,  and  over-arched  by  vines  bearing  rich  clusters  of  the 
lasolons  grape  ;  and  they  were  garniabed  at  tbeir  side  by  the  crimson  atrawberry. 
tbe  plnlc  gooseberry  and  crimson  currant. 

The  family  wbleb  Is  at  all  timefl  supplied  with  delicloas  and  rettesblng  fruit 
from  Its  own  garden  and  orchard  has  within  Its  reach  not  only  a  very  Important 
means  of  economy,  but  a  real  domestic  comfort.  An  Influence  is  thus  created  of 
an  exalted  character ;  a  strong  teudenoy  Is  directly  exerted  toward  making  home 
the  dearest  place  on  earth,  parent?,  sisters  and  brothers,  the  kindest  and  dearest  of 
all,  each  contributing  to  the  other's  comfort,  pleasure  and  profit. 

What  fond  memories  oome  to  each  of  us  of  our  dear  old  homes !  Let  us  make 
our  homes  as  beautlftil,  attractive  and  ennobling  as  we  are  able,  planting  trees, 
vines  and  shrubs,  that  oar  children  will  be  so  Influenced  and  directed  that  they  will 
attain  higher  enjoyment,  greater  benetlts,  and  become  noble,  useful  men  and 
women,     We  reap  of  that  we  sow,  and  by  our  fruits  we  are  known. 

HOETIOULTUHB  IN  THE  PDBLIC   SCHOOLS. 
R£V,  W.  F.  ARHSTRONO,  CUKTOM. 

Popular  education  Is  Indeed  tbe  distlngnlstafng  achievement  of  modern  civill- 

In  it  are  the  patriot's  trust  for  tbe  permanency  of  free  Institutions  and  the 
philanthropist's  hope  for  the  well-being  of  the  race.  Of  all  the  Inventions  of  the, 
ages,  that  of  universal  education  Is  tbe  grandcHIn  Its  conception,  and  promisee  the 
most  varied  and  beneficial  resnltB.  It  marks  at  once  the  era  of  free  government, 
the  moral  development  and  physical  well-belrgof  ihehumsnTsce.  Bntln  nstlona 
as  well  as  Indlvldnala,  there  la  always  a  better  beyond — a  higher  and  still  higher — 
for  thn  achievements  of  tbe  ftature.  In  my  opinion,  tbe  next  great  educational  step 
is  to  be  an  Industrial  one.  Tbe  public  schools.  In  addition  to  the  general  training 
which  they  furnish,  must  also  ednratespeclally  with  reference  to  the  fntore  vocation 
of  the  student.  All  capital  Is  the  product  of  labor,  and  society  Itself  rests  on  the 
broad  sbonlders  of  laboring  men  and  laboring  women,  [f^l,  therefore,  that  alt 
efforts  to  Increase  the  educational  opportonltles  of  the  Industrial  classes  Is  a  work 
In  the  right  direction,  and  that,  In  tbe  advocacy  of  the  Introdnctton  of  borttontture 
as  a  study  Into  tbe  public  schools,  I  am  standing  on  firm  ground,  sustained  alike  by 
reason  and  experience.    It  is  objected  that  the  design  of  education  Is  mental  and 


WINTER  HBBTINO  AT  CLinTON.  269 

moral  Krowth,  and  that  *s  mind  is  snperlor  to  matter,  tad  knowlodg«  b«tt«T  than 
rlrhea,  that  system  of  education  ibonld  be  adopted  and  that  coorsa  of  stndf  pnr* 
saed  whtoh  will  fill  the  mind  with  the  greateBt  of  uMfal  Ideas  and  produce  the 
greatest  mental  and  moral  development.  This  objection  oomes  from  the  edncators 
of  yoDth  themulvei,  and  le  tn  trnth  the  onlj'  one  worth  a  moment's  consideration . 
I  accept  every  word  as  tmtb,  and  regard  it  tn  fact  as  a  powerful  argnmeot  In  fkror 
of  the  stDd;  of  the  Indnstrial  sciences,  tt  I  may  so  style,  in  tLe  pnbllo  schools.  If 
tt  Ran  be  shown  tlut  the  study  of  the  soienees  In  refbrenoe  to  and  Ulastrative  of  the 
indnatrtea  is  equally  as  well  adaptMl  for  mental  ealtnra  and  discipline  as  the  stady 
of  them  in  the  abstract,  or  with  no  snoh  referenoe.  then  the  value  of  aaoh  course  as 
a  disclpllnarlaD  is  eqnal  to  tliat  of  the  oourse  now  adopted  in  tbe  schools,  if  It  can 
be  shown  that  such  a  coarse  Is  better  adapted  for  mental  training,  then  the  argu- 
ment preponderates  tn  Its  favor;  and  In  either  ease  the  fact  that  the  student  Is 
thereby  the  better  fitted  for  life's  dattes  powerfully  reinforces  the  argument. 

"  Use  strengthens  powers,"  says  the  good  Spnrxhelm,  The  faotUtles  of  tbe 
mind  like  those  of  tbe  body  become  active,  vigorous  and  strong,  each  by  its  appro- 
priate exercise.  Now,  whloh  is  the  most  favorable  to  mental  excitement,  the  study 
of  a  science  with  or  without  reference  to  Its  practtoal  appUeatlon  ?  In  both  oases 
the  same  formnlsxies  and  theorems  must  be  studied  and  demonstrated.  In  both 
oases  tbe  same  soientiflc  principles  must  be  exemplified  by  experiment  and  by  facta 
In  nature. 

The  difference  will  be  that  In  the  study  of  solenoe  with  referrnee  to  Its  uses,  a 
greater  nninberof  experiments  will  be  made  and  a  greater  number  of  hmlllar  phe- 
nomena explained. 

HortlenltuTol  studies  are.  therefore,  valuable  In  the  foot  that  they  appeal  to  and 
teach  the  reasoning  bcnlty  during  the  whole  life.  The  horticulturist  employs  prac- 
tically nearly  all  the  physical  sciences,  and  very  wldo  Is  the  field  of  research  for 
the  educated  fruit-grower.  He  who  opposes  such  studies  as  saperficlal  la  In  great 
danger  of  proclaiming  his  own  sbaUownesi. 

It  Is  true  that  the  elementary  works  which  must  be  employed  fbr  a  time  at 
least  tn  the  dlstrlot  schools  may  not  contain  a  great  amount  of  theoretloal  science. 
They  will  nevertheless  contain  much  of  practical  and  useful  knowledge. 

Teachers  in  the  rural  districts  will  ontversally  attest  that  one  of  the  obstacles 
In  the  way  of  introdneiug  the  more  thorough  sciences  Into  their  schools  is  the  be- 
lief, too  prevalent,  that  there  Is  no  pnotlcal  use  In  them.  But  the  utility  of  ftult- 
growlng  as  a  study  Is  so  apparent  that  this  objection  will  not  be  urged,  or  If  urged 
at  all  will  be  easily  overcome. 

The  objection  that  there  are  no  snitable  text-books  ean  be  made  only  by  those 
not  familiar  with  the  literature  on  horticulture,  or  the  progress  which  thti  cwnpre- 
benslve  science  has  made.  Several  very  valuable  works  have  been  written,  aome 
of  which  would  serve  now  as  excellent  text-books  In  the  schools  and  colleges.  Be- 
aldes.  In  this  as  In  other  things,  the  demand  will  bring  the  supply.  Only  let  the 
want  for  saoh  text-books  be  known,  and  a  thousand  peas  will  contest  the  privilege 
of  supplying  tt.  Every  publishing  house  will  have  a  new  book  on  fruit-growing, 
dealcned  for  tbe  use  of  schools.  Their  agents  will  visit  the  schools,  horticultural 
and  agricultural  societies,  and  every  one  interested  at  »U  will  be  watted  on  with 
dlstingTilshod  consideration.  Competition  will  elevate  the  standard  of  these  norkg, 
and  tbe  horticultural  text-book  will  soon  equal  tn  learning,  depth  and  adaptation  for 
the  school-rocKD ,  and  in  every  other  excellence,  the  best  works  In  other  depart- 
menisof  education. 

Another  objection  aometlmes  urged  is  the  want  of  qualified  teachers.  To  this 
It  may  be  answered  that  the  teachersof  this  State  ore  an  intelligent  and  enterpriBlng 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


'270  STATE   HOBTIOULTDBA.L  BOOIETT. 

«laH  of  dtlzans.  Let  tt  be  estabUshed  as  a  tket  that  horttoaltore  Is  to  be  taagbt  In 
the  pabllc  acbools,  and  tbtj  will  not  be  slow  to  add  tbie  to  the  list  of  certified  qnal- 
IflcatioQS  to  teaoh. 

Again,  it  Is  objected  tbat  tbe  pupil  does  not  know  wbat  bU  Aitare  TOoatloD  Is 
to  be,  and  eboald  therefore  edncat«  htmself  wltboot  special  refbTenee  to  say  Toca- 
tlon. 

This  objection  Is  not  trae  In  fact.  Practically  the  future  calling  of  the  child 
Is  ver;  early  determined,  and  whatever  theories  the  rv  may  be,  whatever  teachers  may 
-advocate  to  tbe  contrary,  the  pupil  aotnally  does  educate  blmself  wltb  reference  to 
what  he  supposes  will  be  his  future  vocation ;  and  even  the  sturdiest  opponent  to  this 
raovemeotdoeB  not  stand  10  his  own  theory.  If  a  boy  Is  to  beeducatedrorolvllengi- 
neerlng,  whatever  else  he  may  be  taught,  he  Is  certainly  trained  In  mathematics.  If 
lie  Is  to  be  a  theologian  be  Is  certainly  taught  Greek  aod  Hebrew  If  possible,  and  care- 
fully instructed  in  the  opinions  of  tbe  early  fathers.  And  generally,  whatever  he 
Intends  bis  boy  to  follow,  he  will,  despite  bis  theories,  cause  his  education  to  be 
warped  into  tbe  character  of  his  future  pursuit.  His  general  education  maybe 
more  extensive,  he  may  lay  a  larger  foundation,  than  the  Htndent  of  the  district 
school^  hat  the  fact  remains  that  whatever  amonnt  of  general  culture  the b  oy  re- 
ceives, he  Is  yet  Bpflcialiy  edu(;ated  for  his  future  life-work. 

The  State  Itself  has  established  a  legal  department  la  the  State  University  for 
the  edocatlon  of  those  who  may  wish  to  practice  ihe  law.  This,  then,  being  the 
rule,  with  hardly  an  admitted  exception,  that  the  child  should  be  educated  In  refer- 
«noe  to  his  life  occupation,  is  it  Ju8t  that  those  who  cannot  attend  the  ifibools  of 
btgher  learning  should  be  deprived  of  its  advantages?  in  the  district  schools  the 
pupils  receive  a  limited  amount  of  general  InstTuotlon,  and,  In  my  opinion,  the 
public  interests  will  be  greatly  subserved  by  giving  also  the  opportunity  of  special 
lostmctlon.  It  Is  urged  sgatn  that  fruit  culture  is  so  extensive  a  subject  that  it 
will  be  dIflScult  to  know  what  amount  of  knowledge  is  neeessary  to  fit  one  to  teatdi. 
Properly  considered,  this  objection  admits  away  some  of  tbe  others  that  are 
sometimes  pertinaciously  urged.  If  the  tabjecl  Is  this  extensive,  the  pupil  who 
masters  It  will  have  the  general  education  so  often  set  np  in  opposition  to  special 
education,  and  the  argument  bo  plansibly  urged  that  It  is  better  t«  mske  a  man  of 
the  student  than  a  farmer,  or  mechanic,  or  lawyer,  or  doctor,  or  preacher,  flnds 
Itself  completely  answered  in  the  above  objection  stated.  It  might  not  be  aston- 
ishing If  even  those  who  use  thla  plan  Bible  sophism  should  be  compelled  to  recog- 
nize In  the  student  who  bad  mastered  tbe  bortlcultural  soieoces  a  man,  or  mayhap 
a  woman.  In  the  highest  and  noblest  sense  of  the  word. 

But  is  the  extent  of  the  science  an  objection  to  Its  study  in  the  schools? 
People  do  not  reason  so  foolishly  on  other  subjects.  Who  has  been  able  to  tell 
where  tbe  science  of  astronomy,  chemistry  or  mathematics  ends?  Tbu  sciences  In 
general,  like  their  great  anthor,  are  Inflnlte  Tbe  profonndest  philosopher  has  not 
tbe  wisdom,  nor  even  tbe  shallowest  pedant  the  aSBurance,  to  prescribe  bounds  to 
them  ;  hut  do  we  on  this  account  exclude  them  from  the  schools?  The  amoaot  of 
knowledge  necessary  to  teach  horticulture  will  regulate  itself  just  as  with  the  other 
sciences.  It  is  not  necessary  or  required  tbat  one  should  tio  a  t^lUimau  or  a  Draper 
to  teach  cbemlBtry,  or  a  Lyell  or  Miller  to  teaoh  geology ;  neither  is  it  necessary 
that  one  Bhould  be  a  Llebig  or  Downing  to  teach  the  science  of  fruit-growing; 
thoogh  lu  this,  as  in  other  subjects,  the  more  knowledge  one  pofseisei,  other  tilings 
being  equal,  the  l>etter  teacher  he  will  be. 

In  the  several  Eclencos,  as  taught  in  the  scboolB,  certain  text-Ixnks  have  been 
preparKl.  Precisely  so  will  it  be  wltb  horiicultuie,  and  the  teaclier  wilt  be  required 
to  pass  a  reasonably  good  examination  on  tbe  subjects  therein  treated . 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


WIMTBE  MKKTING   AT   OLINTON.  271 

As  on  other  labjeots,  wtaftterer  experience,  obaerratloD  or  other  reading  may 
add,  will  only  Increase  the  gnallfloatloDB  to  teach.  Obiervatlon,  InveBtlgation,  dte- 
flusiloD  woald,  frooi  year  to  year,  add  to  the  teacher's  knowledge,  and  correepond. 
tngly  elevate  the  standard  or  qaallflcatloD.  The  knowledge  which  would  have 
•eoaced  a  oertlBoate  to  teach  Engllih  grammar  ten  years  ago  might  not  enable  an 
applicant  to  paM  matter  to  day.  Ttali,  too,  would  be  progreanlon,  and  tbe  standard 
«r  qualification  would  be  fixed  to  afiob  on  adjastable  >cale  as  always  to  meet  the 
publio  demands. 

One  other  objection  and  1  will  close  this  part  of  the  argument,  wblcli  1  fear  U 
already  too  tedious.  TbU  Is  the  vague,  111-deflned,  tometlmee  wise,  sometimes 
foolish  objection  always  ready  agaiOBt  any  innovation :  It  is  said  to  be  Impraotl- 
cable.  But  why  Impraotloable  ?  if  the  introduction  of  fruit  culture  as  a  study  in 
tbe  public  schools  will  result  in  undoubted  good  to  tbe  Blate,  far  lurpaailng  all  the 
addlllouai  coats  and  looonTculences.  this  progressive,  utilitarian,  go-ahead  age  will 
demand  other  evidences  of  impraotlblllty  than  that  of  merely  looking  wise  and 
ominously  shaking  the  bead.  Befbre  tbe  single  power  of  ntlUty  these  flimsy  ot>< 
Jeetlons  will  be  swept  away,  and  we  shall  live  not  only  to  see  horticulture,  but  tbe 
solenoea  llluatrattve  of  all  the  Indnstrlea,  taught  in  the  pnbllo  schools. 

Id  that  good  time  comlDg  labor  will  t>e  honored,  and  laboring  men  and  laboring 
women  will  take  their  places  in  public  opinion,  as  they  are  now  in  fact,  the  teat 
aristocracy  of  the  Htate. 

There  was  a  time,  not  long  ago,  when  book  horticulture  or  edentlflo  forming 
was  the  standing  Jeat  or  farmers.  It  was  looked  upon  aa  a  piece  of  pedantry  set 
up  in  opposttioo  to  experience.  And  It  must  be  confessed  that  many  were  the  men 
with  heads  full  of  theories  and  poeliy  of  the  country,  whose  great  proraiBes  and 
great  failures  gave  point  to  tbe  general  Joke. 

If  Indeed  i  were  compelled  to  ohooie  between  theory  without  experience  and 
experlenoe  without  theory,  1  should  unhesitatingly  take  the  latter,  coattdently 
expecting  routine,  with  habits  of  industry  and  strong  muscle,  to  win  the  race  ;  for 
the  fruit-grower  needs  educated  muscle  as  well  as  educated  bialn,  and  hablta  of 
Industry  as  well  as  habits  of  thought.  Ho  one  should  t>e  foolish  enough  to  suppose 
that  theory  ot  itself  can  produce  great  crops,  it  is  theory  applied— a  skillful 
hand  guided  by  a  wise  head — that  must  aocoinplisb  results.  The  science  of  borti- 
calture— a  phrase  used  fttr  oonveoience—it  is  not  one  but  many  sciences,  or  such 
parts  aa  relate  to  and  explain  the  practical  operation  of  the  fruit  farm. 

Hortlcnlture,  aa  a  business.  Is  by  universal  consent  one  of  tbe  oldest  of  human 
purvulta.  it  dates  back  to  £den,  and  "'tis  said  was  the  bait  of  Eve."  Congress  bat 
made  valuable  donations  in  connection  with  general  agrioultore  for  tbe  purpose  of 
having  this  science  taught.  Its  otUlty  aa  a  collegiate  study  Is  admitted  while  it  li 
denied  that  it  may  be  Introduoed  Into  schools  of  lower  grade.  You  may  teach  It  in 
colleges,  bnt  not  In  township  schools.  1  cannot  conceive  of  a  proposition  more 
aophlstically  absurd.  Not  more  than  one  farmer's  son  In  a  thousand  takea  a  col- 
legiate coarse  of  atody,  and  of  those  who  do,  the  number  Is  very  small  who  return 
to  tbe  farm.  I  agree,  however,  that  tbe  introduction  of  a  course  of  horticultaral 
Btadle*  win  [greatly  increase  the  number  of  farmers'  boys  who  enter  college,  as 
well  as  the  number  of  those  who,  after  having  graduated,  wilt  return  to  rural  par- 
snlts. 

Bnt  after  making  a  liberal  allowance  for  this.  It  mast  Btlll  always  be  true  that 
only  a  very  small  per  cent  of  the  whole  people  can  ever  have  tbe  benefits  of  a  col- 
legiate education.  Whatever  of  horticulture  is  taught  to  the  grest  mass  of  the 
people  must  be  tanght  in  tbe  commiin  schools.    A  few  wealthy  men  will  be  able 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


272  BTATB   HOETICUHJBAL  SOCiaTTT. 

to  Hnd  their  oblldren  to  the  colleges,  a  few  young  men  of  great  energy  will  work 
their  way  throagh  the  collegiate  course,  but  the  large  majority.  naleK  it  can  bft 
taught  tn  ecboolB  or  lower  grade,  will  be  oompelled  to  forego  the  advantaget  of 
hortloultnral  Inatruotlon  entirely.  The  whole  people  ehoold  be  educated  In  the 
knowledge  ahd  buBtaest  of  practicftl  life.  Bj  denying  the  Introdaotlon  of  hortloal- 
teral  science  Into  the  dlBlrtot  and  towasUlp  sohoolB,  tbote  will  be  deprived  of  It 
who  moat  need  Its  advantages. 

The  farmer  tills  and  growl  fnilte  on  his  own  land.  Bte  hoya  take  tbe  place  of 
hired  help  and  cannot  well  be  spared  from  home.  Tbe  district  and  township  achoola 
are  their  only  op  porta  n  I  ties,  and  we  should  make  these  opportonlties  eqnal  to  their 
wants.  To  say  that  fruit  culture  shall  be  taught,  and  yet  not  taugbt  In  thote 
schools,  Is  to  deny  the  teaching  of  It  when  It  can  be  the  most  beoeflclal.  The  hired 
man  is  capable  of  doing  better  service  by  having  this  kind  of  education.  Be 
aocutnalates  means,  and  oltitnately  falmaelf  becomes  the  owner  of  land  and  in  hla 
tarn  the  employer  of  others.  In  order  that  thia  science  be  vftlnable  to  tbe  people, 
it  mnst  be  taught  where  the  people  can  have  access  to  It. 

The  question  of  nttllty  properly  stands  at  the  threshold  of  every  enterprise. 
Wbat  use  ?  On  tbe  proper  answer  to  this  question  will  depend  the  Anal  saeoeas  of 
that,  this  and  every  other  movement.  We  live  In  a  utilitarian  age ;  we  are  a  utili- 
tarian people  ;  and  In  the  widest  seaee  of  this  mutdi-abuMd  word  I  confeu  lo  the 
title  of  atllltarlan.  Utility  Is  the  motive  power  that  gives  force  to  enteri^lee  and 
overcomes  the  Inertia  of  popular  Indifferenoe.  By  It  let  us  test  the  present  move- 
ment,  and  let  Its  fate  be  decided  by  tbe  answer  to  the  question,  for  what  good? 
Tbe  flr^t,  most  manifest  benefit  srlstng  from  hortlcoltunil  education  will  be  the  in- 
crease of  these  products. 

As  already  stated,  the  fruit  farmer  applies  practically  important  prlnolpleaof 
science.  Tbst  to  order  to  apply  these  correctly  It  Is  necessary  to  ucderstand  them, 
is  a  proposition  that  needs  no  argument.  When  the  ftnlt  farmer  plows  and  plants, 
he  changes  the  mechanical  and  chemical  eoodltlOD  of  the  sotl.  When  he  plants 
and  cultivates,  he  Is  making  a  beautiful  experiment  in  organic  chemlstrr.  He  la 
alto  applying  the  principles  of  physiology  and  byi^ene,  and  finally  all  kinds  ot 
work  in  and  on  the  orcbard  require,  In  order  that  It  be  done  at  tbe  rigbt  time  and 
In  the  proper  manner,  praotloal  knowledge,  as  well  as  practical  skill. 

All  these  should  be  taught  In  the  schod  books ;  tbe  best  methods  explained 
and  the  reasons  for  them.  The  efi'ect  will  be  to  fbrm  early  habits  of  thought,  and 
to  cause  knowledge  and  Judgment  to  take  the  place  of  routine. 

We  should  expect  to  find,  as  Is  tbe  ftiot,  that  In  those  sections  and  oountrtea 
where  fruit-culture  Is  better  understood  and  better  applied,  a  oorresponding  Increase 
of  these  products.  Great  crops  of  anything  are  not  accidents.  The  laws  of  nature 
are  nnlform.  In  fruit  culture,  as  tn  ether  things,  the  same  causes  will  always  pro- 
duce the  same  effects.  Wherever  exist  the  necessary  conditions,  great  oropa  mnst 
be  produced.  To  explain  what  are  these  conditions — how,  at  the  least  cost,  to  pre- 
serve them  when  present,  or  to  produce  them  when  absent— U  the  legitimate  work 
of  horticultural  instruction. 

I-et  us  suppose  that  all  the  valuable  knowledge  on  this  subject  contained  In 
hortloultural  books  and  papers,  arranged  Into  convenient  and  systematic  form  and 
published  In  a  series  of  school  books,  numbering  1,  3.  3,  etc.,  from  easy  primary 
works  to  those  more  thoroughly  scientific,  and  that  these  were  made  a  part  of  the 
school  course  for  tbe  farmers'  boys,  what  great  resnlts  might  we  not  reasonably 
expect  f  Within  the  next  generation  thebortlcultoreof  Missouri  would  take  a  new 
form  and  a  hundred  per  cent  be  added  as  the  product  of  ftult  caltora.    These  oon- 

D.-iiiz'i:;!...  V^H_H_'V|1> 


WINTEB  UBEIIITG  AT  OLINTON.  273 

ditlona  properly  met,  oar  gloiiooa  Ulsaonrl  would  become  the  Aroadla  of  tbe  United 
States. 

The  HiDgle  fact  of  proper  nnder-dralnlog  for  fraiti)  alone,  the  State  would  be 
-compentateii  more  than  a  huodred  fold  for  all  the  aoat  of  teaching  hortloultare 
In  the  public  schools.  Edncatlonal  Institutions  are  for  the  young.  The  youth 
should  have  opportunities  to  prepare  for  tbe  life  battles  in  which  they  ore  soon  to 
«Dgage.  Let  the  farmers'  sons  be  thoroughly  ednoated  in  the  prinoiples  of  solen- 
tifie  bortlonlture.  Let  theory  and  praotloe  go  hand  In  hand.  While  the  musoles 
are  being  ednoated  to  babtt  and  skill  in  work,  let  tbe  mind  be  instructed  in  such 
knowledge  as  will  make  their  skill  valuable.  The  year  that  witnesses  the  adoption 
of  tbts  measure  wfU  mark  the  era  of  improvement,  and  tbe  person  of  middle  age 
will  live  to  see  advantages  accruing  beyond  all  calculation. 

I  do  not  mean  to  teaob  that  the  student  should  give  his  attention  to  this  subject 
alone,  or  to  the  exclusion  of  other  needed  information.  I  would  not  shut  htm  out 
Arom  other  sources  of  knowledge  or  whatever  there  may  be  of  refining  and  human* 
izing  culture.  Every  child  that  comes  into  the  world  has,  by  virtue  of  its 
humanity,  an  inalienable  right  to  the  growth  of  its  powers,  and  should  have  not 
only  daring  minority,  but  through  life,  the  best  opportunities  for  mental  and  moral 
outtnre. 

With  the  improvemeut  of  ftult-growing  will  come  a  correspoudlDg  Improve- 
ment in  tbe  other  Industries  and  of  society  Itself.  Endless,  indeed,  are  tbe  collat- 
eral advantages  which  would  result  from  this  education.  Certainly  a  general  io- 
«reaifl  of  InteLllgence  among  the  people  would  of  necessity  follow.  The  great  re- 
sulting moral  advantages  must  not  be  forgotten  It  has  been  beautifully  said  that 
the  laws  of  nature  are  tbe  "elder  word  of  Ood."  The  student  of  horticulture  Is 
tbestadeatof  natUT^,  and  whether  studying  or  applying  tbls  "elder  word  of  God," 
he  will  feel  that  bn  Is  ever  in  the  presence  of  the  Invisible  but  omnipotent  Qod,  to 
whom  Btady  and  labor  are  at  once  a  homage  and  a  prayer. 

HOBTIOTTLTUBB  AKD  HOME  LIPB. 

BY  URS.  a.  E.  DUQAM,  SEDALU. 

Then  li  not  s  ipot  on  thli  wtde-paopleit  eaitb 

So  deal  to  tbe  hsart  u  tbe  land  of  ooi  birth ; 

'Tia  theboouot  onrcblldbood,  tbe  besntlfal  Rpot, 

Which  mem' ry  leUlni  when  all  Flasliftitsot. 

Can  the  langaegs  of  ntnaKerB,  In  amenta  nnknowu, 

Send  B  Ihiitl  to  oni  beart  like  that  or  ooi  ownt 

The  fuw  1DB7  be  tall  aud  theimlle  maj  be  bland. 

Bat  It  bTBithei  not  the  tonea  or  onr  desT  native  land. 

In  the  sweet  saoredness  of  memory's  whitest  chamber  hang  tbe  Ineffably 
beautiful  and  exquisitely  wrought  pictures  of  home.  In  tbe  foreground  in  the 
clearest  light  is  always  tbe  dear,  care-crowned  face  of  our  mother. 

Grouped  around  the  hearthstone  are  the  other  members  of  the  family,  and  we 
look  back  wltb  glances  of  love  and  tenderoeei  to  oar  childhood  home.  A  soft  re- 
flectiva  radlancesblneslikeahaloabout  the  scenes  of  our  earlier  years,  and  when 
weary  with  the  trials  and  perplexities  of  a  later  existence,  involving  toll  and  con- 
flict. It  is  restful  and  comforting  to  wander  back  and  to  dwell  once  uioro,  by  the 
m agio  of  memory,  amid  the  quiet  rural' pleasures  which  rendered  our  childhood 
-cheerful,  if  not  perfectly  happy. 

H  B— 18 

Digitize,  by  Google 


271  BTATB   HOBHOULTDBAL  SOCIETY. 

Associated  with  oar  memory  ot  home  there  are  alwa^a  tbe  orcbards.  Ueadons 
may  gleam  fair  and  fragrant;  the  soft  sweep  of  the  aouth  wind  may  bend  tbe 
plumed  bead!  of  the  timothy  and  bluegrais;  g^reat  waves  of  sunlight  and  shadow 
ma;  play  at  blde-ftnd-eeek  there  as  the  clouds  alternately  veil  and  unveli  tbe  snu ; 
but  the  orchards  have  a  loveliness  never  attained  by  tbe  meadows,  and  In  all  the 
world  there  Is  no  fragrance  eo  ezqulsllely  dainty  and  refreshing  as  tbe  perfume  of 
the  apple  blossoms.  Lovers  dellgbt  to  linger  about  the  orchards,  and  all  tbe  novel- 
ists choose  thU  place  for  their  beroee  to  declare  their  unaylng  affections ;  and  the 
maidens  wooed  beneath  the  apple-trees  are  always  kind,  and  not  cold,  haughty  and 
sarcastic,  like  those  who  are  won  In  palaces  beneath  the  unsympathetic  glare  of 
brilliant  chandeliers. 

•  Horticulture  and  home  life  are  indissoluble.  Ton  cannot  disassociate  the  two. 
JEvery  person  who  was  resred  In  a  country  home  has  enshrined  In  some  qul^t  cor- 
ner of  bis  heart  a  favorite  apple-tree. 

Other  t^lts  may  have  left  a  lingering  taste  of  their  lusciousness  In  bis  mouth, 
and  be  vaguely  recalls  that  tbe  blooms  were  pink  or  white,  fragrant  and  pretty ; 
but  with  his  every  sense  of  remembrance  dwells  the  knowledge  that  the  apple-tree^ 
were  proUllo  of  fbllage,  sheltering  him  from  the  fierce  rays  of  the  summer  sun  ; 
that  the  clustering  blossoms  were  sweetest  of  all  the  offerings  of  spring-time,  and 
that  the  fruit  was  perfection. 

What  ts  home  withont  fruit  trees  ? 

Charles  Lamb  has  said  In  one  of  bis  essays  of  EIIh,  *' There  are  homes  which 
are  no  homes,"  and  we  Invariably  think  of  this  trite  saying  when  we  pass  by  d 
human  abode  In  the  country  where  there  are  to  be  seen  no  orchards. 

I  sometimes  tblnk  that  the  llrst  thing  our  T'nrltaQ  ancestors  did  on  landing  at 
Plymouth  Rock  was  Co  set  out  rows  of  orchards.  Right  certain  am  I  that  in  those 
weird  old  pioneer  days,  about  which  cluster  dim  ghosts  of  camp-fires,  rude  log 
cabin',  and  those  fierce,  red-xklnned  creatures  who  went  prnwiing  through  the 
dense  forests  thirsting  for  blood— that  amid  all  these  discouragements  and  desola- 
tions, our  thoughtful  forefathers  did  not  forget  to  plant  fruit  trees  Jnst  as  soon  as 
the  wilderness  yielded  a  place  for  them. 

'■Homes  that  are  no homes"have  no  fruit  treesaround  them.  There  are  no 
flowers  In  the  door-yards,  and  the  aspect  of  these  places  Is  unlovely  and  repellant. 
On  approaching  such  an  abode  tbe  weary  traveler  feets  a  chlU  ss  he  notices  the 
desolation,  and  be  will  hesitate  to  ask  shelter  there  even  from  a  hall'Siorm.  Frutta 
and  flowers  mark  the  home-like  homes,  and  thpugh  they  may  be  only  village  places, 
with  grass  plats  Instead  of  gardens,  along  the  borders  of  the  tiny  lawns  will  be 
olMCtved  dwarf  ffult  trees  and  currant  bushes.  Even  a  vegetabie  garden  may  lie 
Idealized. 

The  daintiest  flowers  may  twine  gracefully  about  among  the  tomato  vines  ;. 
marigolds  may  smile  along  tbe  cabbage  rows  ;  about  the  fruit  trees  may  be  benches 
of  pansles  and  sweet  violets,  a  beautiful  union  of  the  poetic  and  the  practical,, 
delightful  to  contemplate. 

There  is  just  Huch  a  garden  as  this  In  the  quaint  little  city  of  Washington. 
Ulssouil,  and  It  is  well  worth  a  visit  to  the  place,  merely  to  see  how  harmoniously 
flowers  and  vegetables  get  along  together,  and  how  each  assist  in  glorifying  the 
other. 

But  we  must  not  be  heard  for  our  mdc'h  speaking.  Is  a  lesson  taught  by  divine 
authority,  and  so  1  will  not  presume  to  occupy  valuable  time,  but  will  ha8t«n  to 
conclude  my  brief  essay,  after  earnestly  entreating  all  who  have  so  kindly  listened 
to  me  to  plant  fi'ult  trees- 

D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_H_'Vil> 


WINTBB  MBBTINO  AT  CLINTON.  275 

If  jtra  have  neither  orchard  »pace  nor  garden  spot,  let  the  fragraot  and  beaatl- 
ftal  dwarf  epecimenB  of  fine  fruits  adorn  jour  door-f  arda.  A  pear  tree  la  prettier 
than  a  maple ;  a  oherrj-  tree  aurpasBea  an  elm ;  an  apple  tree  is  better  than  a  box 

Hake  home  so  delightful  that  it  shall  forever  be  a  hallowed  memorj  to  your 
children.  We  pass  thla  war  but  once.  Let  ua  leave  behind  ns,  when  we. step  over 
the  border  to  the  other  land,  the  lienedlctlon  of  deeds  well  done.  Let  ne  strive  to 
make  the  world  a  little  brighter  and  better  for  our  Jonrnej  through  it,  and  let  na 
at  all  events  make  sure  of  a  moaumeat  that  will  remind  oor  frleoda  that  once  we 
lived  and  loved,  by  planting  as  many  fmlt  trees  as  possible. 

"Tbs  bieei«-lika  mnsiawuidertng  o'er  the  boughs, 
Eaoli  tren  ■  ustuiil  barp— esob  dintomt  leaf 
A  difftient  note,  blent  In  one  TUt  tbanksglTbis." 

Let  ns  aid  to  the  utmost  of  oar  ability  this  grand  thanksgiving  chorus. 

HOBTIOULTUBB   IN   HISSOITBI. 
BBV.  ABBISTROKO. 

We  have  a  flne  evening.  As  my  sight  la  not  very  good.  I  was  a  little  fearful 
that  I  could  not  read  my  own  paper  by  gaslight,  ao  I  will  apeak  off-hacd.  [  am 
getting  old,  going  on  seventy-three. 

We  are  living  In  a  great  time  and  In  a  great  coontry— a  oonntry  of  great  area, 
great  prodnote,  and  great  people;  from  Maine  with  her  Iumt>er.  to  California  on 
the  west  with  her  wine  and  her  olive  oil ;  South  Carolina  with  her  negroes  and 
war  of  races;  but  greatest  of  all,  with  the  richest  and  moat  varied  products,  old  Hle- 
sonrl,  with  her  climate,  her  soils,  ber  lead,  zino,  Iron,  coal,  her  timber,  and  higher 
than  all,  her  women  and  men.  That  la  the  subject  of  my  exhoriatlon,  and  an  ez- 
horter  has  the  privilege  of  scattering.  I  have  a  good  deal  in  my  mind,  for  I  have 
a  good  deal  to  do.  I  should  like  to  say  a  good  deal  upon  the  subject,  for  it  em- 
braces horticulture,  garden.  ftuUe  and  flowers. 

UlSBonri  is  exceeded  In  the  amount  of  her  fruit  only  by  two  States,  New 
York  and  Michigan.  This  Is  owing  entirely  to  their  earlier  settlement.  She  will 
soon  outstrip  them.  Her  progress  In  ten  years  Is  almost  incredible— over  ten  mill- 
looa  of  dollars  In  apples  alone  this  year.  Just  think  of  It!  When  we  think  of  Hts- 
soorl  with  ita  wide  area— and  there  la  not  a  county  In  the  State  poor  for  apple 
growing— what  shall  be  the  result  F  There  Is  hardly  any  part  of  the  State  wbere 
they  cannot  grow  fruit  for  home  use  and  for  market.  Southern  Mlssoari  is  es- 
pecially suited  to  the  peach. 

I  took  a  little  run  to  California  once— I  am  a  traveled  gentleman .  I  nave  been 
as  Atr  as  Callfbmla.  I  saw  everything  ever  seen  In  Southern  California  In  summer. 
I  bought  a  few  grapes.  They  were  sbout  assourgrapea  as  I  ever  tasted  anywhere. 
Outside  of  the  raisin  grape,  Missouri  can  sarpats  CallfOTQla.  Southern  Missouri 
lands  are  cheap.  As  luscious  peaches  grow  there  as  anywhere,  California  not  ex- 
cepted. When  people  (co  to  California  tbey  pay  a  thousand  dollars  an  acre  for  land. 
That  does  not  seem  to  me  to  be  the  right  kind  of  tblog. 

Referring  to  the  apple,  bow  many  people  in  Ulssourl  are  growing  them  that 
ought  to?  Convince  the  farmers  that  an  acre  of  ground  will  hold  forty-eight  apple 
treea,  th»t  In  seven  years  will  produce  five  bushels  of  apples  pet  tree,  worth  S^.SD 
per  barrel. 

There  are  several  aids  that  MlBscurl  requires.    Let  me  name  a  few  : 
Common  sense.    The  world  has  more  need  of  good,  common  sense  in  this 
than  In  any  previous  generation.    Put  common  sense  Into  fruit  culture  and  It  will 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_)Q  IC 


276  STATE   HOBTICTTLTTTBAI.  SOOIBTT. 

always  be  sacceBBftil.  Proper  atteation  with  common  miim  will  always  pa^  In  tbii 
bailneiB  I  sboald  like  to  tell  yoa  what  I  tblnk  and  hope  oan  be  done  la  aD  orebatd 
under  proper  training.  Hy  Impression  Is  tbat  an  orchard  trained  from  Tonr  to  six 
feet  Crnnka  and  properly  coltlv&ted  win  yield  fnilt  tbree  times  at  large  and  of  better 
color  than  the  loi^  neglected  orchard. 

t  have  a  few  plum  trees  near  a  large  cistern .  The  plums  are  large  and  perfect: 
I  think  It  would  be  a  good  Idea  tor  frnlt  growers  to  dig  cisterns  In  their  orchards 
to  hold  water  for  dry  seaaonB  and  tor  draln&ge  In  wet  seuoos.  Finlt  oonld  be 
grown  under  snch  cironmstances.  Bat  I  am  going  to  stop.  I  said  at  the  beginning 
of  this  exhortation  that  1  was  going  on  73,  bnt  I  lack  a  good  many  years  Oi  being 
there. 

The  State  society  needs  more  money  to  forward  her  work  and  to  advertise  tbe 
State.  Horticulture  should  be  taught  in  our  public  schools,  so  onr  children  may 
understand  Its  principles  and  practice.  Agriculture  shonlcl  be  taught  there,  too. 
Text-books  would  soon  come  If  we  wanted  them.  I  am  quite  sure  that  when  hor- 
ticulture Is  being  taught  to  the  children  that  the  whole  State  will  become  enthusi- 
astic. Then  will  we  have  orchards  that  will  be  an  honor  to  tbe  horticnltur«l 
society  and  the  wonder  of  tbe  world . 

C.  W.  Mortfelt  spoke  of  the  caUore  sad  beauty  of  flowers — more 
particularly  of  the  chiysanthemiim  as  improved  of  late  years.  There 
are  more  than  100  varieties  of  this  flower.  Tbey  cau  be  had  for  eev- 
ernl  weeks  in  the  late  &1I,  and  are  certamly  very  beautiful. 

Amiyag  the  roBes  welt  worthy  of  caltivation  he  iiamed  Madame 
Charles  Wood,  Madame  Wm.  Wood,  Geo  Jack,  Empress  of  India,  Paal 
Keyrou  and  the  Bride. 


THUE3DAY,  Drobmber  5,  9  A.  M. 

At  the  opening  of  the  session  the  Secretary  presented  the  follow- 
ing telegram,  which  be  had  sent  to  tbe  varioas  State  societies  now  in 

session ; 

Clintojt.  Dec.  3,  189C. 
The  Hissourt  State  Horticultural  Society,  now  In  session  at  Clinton,  sends 
greetings  to  her  slater  society. 

L.  A.  OooDMiN.  Secretary. 

Sent  to  the  Secretary  of  Michigan  State  Horticultural  Society,  in 
seesion  at  Kalamazoo,  Mich, 

Also  to  Secretary  of  Indiana  State  Horticaltnrat  Society,  in  ses- 
sion at  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Also  to  Secretary  of  Kansas  State  Horticnltoral  Society,  in  session 
at  Topeha,  Kansas. 

The  Secretary  reported  also  that  he  had  sent  to  Mrs.  D.  B.  Hol- 
man,  Spribgfield: 

Climtoh,  Dec.  3,  1890. 

Tbe  State  Society,  now  in  session,  sends  sympatby  to  yon  and  yonrs  and  asks 
news  about  tbe  condition  of  Bro.  Holman. 

L.  A.  OoODUAN,  Secretary. 

D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


WIITTSE  MEETING   AT   OLINTOK.  277 

The  f^lloTiDg  telegrams  were  read  in  response  to  those  sent  on 
December  3 : 

Indianapolis,  Inc.,  Deo.  3. 
L.A.  Goodman,  Ctintoti,  Mo.  1  t 

Th«  Indiana  Hortlciillural  Society,  now  In  aeislon,  wnde  greeting  to  her  eta- 
tersoclety.  C.  M.  Hobbb,  Secretaiy. 

ToPBKA,  Kan.,  Dec.3. 
L.  A .  Ooodman,  (Pinion,  Mo .  : 

The  Kanaa*  Horticultural  Society  gieet  yon  with  kind  regards  and  wishes  for 
the  saeoeas  of  jonr  anoaal  meeting. 

O.  C.  Bracest,  Secretary. 
Tbe  following  letters  were  read: 


Hr.  J.  C.  Etaks,  Harlem.  Ho.: 

Dear  Sin— Yonr  letter  of  the  8tb  IngtantUJast  received,  and  I  am  glad  to  hear 
ttoca  yon  again,  as  Is  always  the  case.  It  wonld  be  a  great  pleasure  to  me  to  visit 
yonr  Society  and  have  a  talk  with  yoarself  and  others  of  my  good  friends,  but  this 
will  be  impossible  for  me  this  time.  If  yon  have  anything  special  In  mind  relatlTe 
to  my  work,  either  favorable  or  unfavorable,  I  shonld  like  to  know  It.  I  feel  certain 
that  you  have  a  deep  sympathy  with  the  work  of  this  division,  so  t  want  the  best 
advice  that  can  be  had.  in  order  that  I  may  conduct  Ita  affairs  with  discretion  and 
satisfaotion  to  the  fnilt-growers  of  tbo  country.  Please  be  kind  enongfa  to  erprcM 
to  the  members  of  jour  Society,  at  some  convenient  time  dnring  the  meeting,  the 
sympathy  I  have  with  theto,  and  allow  me  to  r^olce  with  all  of  you  who  raised  a 
big  orop  of  apples  this  year  and  got  a  good  price  for  them. 

H.  B.  Van  Duian, 

Pomologist. 

UusouRi  AaniCDLTniiAL  Rxfrrihbnt  Station,       \ 
Columbia,  Boone  County,  Mo-,  November  3B,  1S90.  { 
h.  A.  Goodman,  Esq  : 

My  Diar  Sir— I  have  been  absent  for  two  weeks,  to  attendance  upon  tbe 
annual  meetings  of  the  representatives  of  the  Agrlcnltural  colleges  and  Experiment 
stations  of  the  United  Slates,  and  of  the  American  Fat-Stock  association,  and  on 
my  return  I  found  your  kind  Inyltatlon  to  attend  the  annual  meetings  of  Hlssouri 
Horticultural  Society  next  week,  and  an  annoancemeot  of  a  part  assigned  me  for 
Thuraday,  December  4.  1  had  fully  intended  and  expected  to  be  present,  but  I  find 
that  tbe  work  assigned  me  by  our  Executive  committee  at  their  meeting  this  week 
Is  of  snob  a  character  that  tt  will  be  oat  of  the  question  fOr  me  to  be  absent  at  tbe 
appointed  time.  I  very  much  regret  the  fact,  as  I  am  very  anxious  to  meet  and 
make  the  acquaintance  of  the  live  men  who  compose  the  State  Hortlcoltural  Society 
of  HtsBonrl. 

With  beet  wishes  for  a  pleasant  and  profitable  meeting.  I  am 

Yours  respectfalty, 

Edwd.  D.  Fortbb. 

BusBnaiia,  Jrpfkrson  County.  Mo.,  December  2, 1S90. 
ii.  A.  OooDUAK,  Esq..  Secretary  Mitaouri HbrtieuUural Soeitty,  Clinton,Mo.! 

DxAR  Sir— tt  is  with  sincere  regret  that  I  have  had  to  forego  the  pleasare  of 
being  with  you  at  your  meeting  at  CUnton,  but  I  have  been  unable  to  get  time  even 
to  prepare  a  few  notes  on  tbe  subject  of  vineyards,  the  Ane  weather  of  this  fall  hav- 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


278  BTAT£   HORTICDLTUBAL   SOOIBTr. 

Id^  prolonged  onr  buay  season  to  ka  unuanal  extent.    So  I  must  onoe  m^re  &«k  your 
kiDd  Indulgence  for  ray  sliortoomiiig. 

WlBbing  thit  your  meeting  may  be  a  sncceaRful  one  in  every  reapect,  as  I 
know  U  will  be  pleassnt  for  aU  wbo  attend,  I  remain 

Very  trnly  youra, 

a.  E.  Mbissnzb. 

South  St.  Lonis,  Ho.,  Dec.  1, 1890. 
Mr.  L.  a.  Oooduan  : 

Dbir  Sir— I  am  sorry  that  I  cannot  be  witb  yon  at  Clinton  this  week,  but  my 
■eboolandotber  buBtneai  tbat  happens  to  come  this  week  will  keep  me  at  borne. 

I  have  finished  one  case  or  those  birds  and  have  mounted  quite  a  numt>er  far 
ttaeotberoase,  but  1  And  It  dlfSealt  to  proonre  good  speclmena  of  certain  species 
that  are  not  very  abundant  and  yet  of  considerable  importanoe  to  the  hortlcul- 

tOTlBt. 

1  am  making  a  careful  dissection  of  all  birds  I  mount,  as  well  as  of  other  spe- 
otmeng  that  are  not  to  proper  condition  for  monotlng,  so  as  to  be  able  to  give  a  correct 
Booonnt  of  their  food  In  different  seasons  of  the  year  and  dtSerent  localities,  By 
the  time  I  get  all  the  birds  mounted  I  will  have  ready  a  full  account  of  their  habits, 
distribution,  etc.,  wblch  I  will  plaoe  In  your  bands  tor  the  reports. 

I  wrote  to  you  some  months  ago  with  reference  to  the  beat  manner  of  mount- 
ing tbe  birds,  and  also  for  a  report  of  last  year,  but  received  no  answer  or  report. 
Please  send  me  a  report  as  soon  as  you  can. 

Beat  regards  to  all  my  (blends  In  tbe  H.  H.  S. 

Yours  respectfully, 

H.  W.  Spkckinq. 

Orxoom,  Uo.,  November  37, 1890. 
L.  A.  QoonuiM : 

DuR  Frikkd— I  have  been  waiting  to  write  you  for  the  last  week,  hoping  t 
could  make  a  favorable  report,  but  now  at  the  last  moment  I  am  compelled  to  write 
you  that  owing  to  my  BioknesB  I  will  not  be  at  the  meeting  or  give  you  a  paper.  I 
have  had  a  oarbuooie  on  back  of  neck— and  if  you  ever  bad  the  pleasure  of  tbts  lux- 
ury you  know  what  that  meana— then  It  was  followed  by  a  crop  of  bolls,  so  I  have 
been  sick  for  two  weeks ;  was  conflned  to  my  bouse  for  over  a  week,  did  not  eat 
or  sleep,  so  was  in  no  oondltion  to  prepare  a  paper,  and  am  now  so  weak  1  can  hardly 
get  around.  I  am  very  sorry,  but  I  see  from  the  program  It  la  a  full  one,  and  1  will 
not  be  mlued  much,  but  I  would  have  liked  to  meet  with  you  oooe  more,  but  tbe 
memories  of  one  year  ago  would  detract  very  much  from  the  pleasure. 
With  best  wishes  for  self  and  family,  I  am  as  ever, 

Yours  truly, 

A.  GosuN. 


L.  A.  Goodman,  Scervtary  Miaaoiiri  HbriieitUurai  SoeUtj/ : 

Uy  Dear  Sir — Your  kind  fsvor  was  awaiting  reply  on  my  return  after  a 
week's  absence. 

December  2d  to  4th  seems  to  be  a  favorite  date  with  horticultural  societies, 
no  less  than  six  of  which  In  the  West  aod  Northwest  have  cboaen  tbts  week  tor 
their  annual  meetings.  Of  these  I  will  try  to  give  at  least  part  of  a  day  each  to 
Michigan,  Indiana,  and  possibly  Kentucky,  taking  In  Illinois  the  following  week. 


WINTBB  MBBIIHQ  AT   CLINTON.  279 

I  suppose  It  will  not  be  poBalble  to  b«  at  IndlaiiKpolls  on  tbe  3d  and  reach  your  place 
on  the  4th.    If  such  were  practicable  I  would  make  a  great  effort  to  do  bo. 
Very  truly  yours, 

T.  T.  Lyon. 

ORkaoM,  H.O.,  October  34, 1890. 
Mb.  J.  G.  Evans,  Harlem.  Ho. : 

Dear  Sir  and  Friend— At  your  request  as  to  my  views  on  Hlssouri  making  ft 
fibow  of  her  friilta  at  the  World's  fair,  I  would  say  that  tt  wems  to  me  the  frutt  In- 
tereet  of  onr  State  has  become  one  of  aneh  magnitude  and  importance,  amoanting 
to  nearly  fifteen  inlUlonB  of  dollars  annnally,  that  It  should  be  a  matter  of  State 
pride  to  make  a  grand  display  of  Missouri  ftults  at  the  World's  fair,  and  do  it  In 
such  a  way  and  manner  as  will  place  Hiasonrl ,  where  she  of  right  belongs.  In  the 
front  rank  as  a  fruit-growing  Slate.  In  order  to  do  this  properly  and  to  make  sac- 
cess  sure,  preparations  must  be  made  very  soon.  We  shontd  commence  next  anm- 
mer  to  pot  up  in  glass  jars  specimen  fruits,  and  also  organize  all  onr  ooanUes  and 
get  them  into  shape  for  effective  work.  Of  course,  snefa  a  display  as  I  have  In  my 
mtod  win  cost  a  large  amount  of  money  and  bard  work.  We  can  get  our  societies 
to  do  a  great  deal  for  tbe  honor  of  the  State  and  the  good  of  the  cause  In  the  way 
of  work,  bat  we  will  need  at  least  twenty  thousand  dollars  In  cash  to  carry  the 
work  tnrongh  in  a  Satisfactory  manner.  For  this  we  can  only  appeal  to  onr  State 
for  an  appropriation,  and  I  have  faith  enough  In  our  Legislature  to  believe  that  if 
we  will  only  present  our  cause  to  them  fairly  and  on  Us  true  merits,  they  will 
respond  to  ourreqaest.  But  some  no  doubt  will  ask,  why  fahonid  the  State  asstit 
•nch  an  enterprise  ?  And  how  and  In  what  way  will  she  be  repaid  for  so  doing  ? 
I  answer,  by  the  more  speedy  development  of  this  growing  Industry,  which  should 
be  ten-fbld  what  It  la  at  present.  The  show  of  fnilt  we  contemplate  would  attract 
the  attention  and  win  the  admiration  of  visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  adver- 
tise HIsBoorl  as  the  ftuit  garden  of  the  world.  In  this  way  we  will  not  only  induce 
imm1gration,!.bnt  will  draw  a  class  that  will  make  desirable  citizens,  as  fruit' 
growers  must  own  their  lands,  and  hence,  are  tax-payers.  In  fact,  we  have  such 
an  amount  of  desirable  and  very  cheap  fruit  land  In  this  State  that  It  is  my  honest 
opinion  that  the  twenty  thousand  dollars  given  by  the  State  to  make  this  show 
would  in  the  ten  years  following  be  returned  ten-fold  to  the  State  treasury  by  In- 
creased taxable  property.  Then  it  will  add  largely  to  the  internal  trade  and  pros- 
perity of  our  State.  It  would  open  up  employment  fOr  thousands.  It  would  add 
much  to  the  prosperity  and  happiness  of  onr  people,  while  the  elevating  and  refin- 
ing influence  upon  onr  people  by  the  development  of  this  great  industry  could  not 
be  computed  by  dollars  and  cents.  I  am  so  impressed  with  the  importance  of  mak- 
ing onr  fmit  display  so  it  will  be  a  grand  success  and  reflect  credit  on  onr  great  State, 
that  I  would  suggest  and  urge  you  to  wait  on  our  worthy  Governor  and  present  this 
matter  In  its  true  light,  and  ask  his  assistance  'and  co-operation  in  securing  such 
legislation  as  we  may  need .  1  feel  sure  he  Is  a  man  of  progressive  views,  but  in  his 
ofBctal  capacity,  his  duties  are  certainly  too  numerous  for  blm  to  notice  in  detail 
all  of  the  many  great  interests  of  our  great  and  glorious  State. 

KespectfuUy  yours, 

N.   F.  MuEtRAT. 

InvitatioDR  were  preaented  for  places  of  holding  the  next  meeting. 
InvitationB  for  the  next  meeting  were  received  ftom  Carrollton, 
Sedalia,  St.  Joseph  and  Kirkeville. 


.y  Google 


280  STATE   HORTIODLTnOAL  SOOIBTT. 

L.  T.  Kirk— lu  behalf  of  the  Pettis  Gouoty  Society,  I  iavite  the 
society  to  come  to  Sedalia.  The  county  court  has  offered  ng  the  use 
of  the  conrt-hoase,  one  of  the  best  and  most  commodions  in  the  State. 
We  would  like  to  show  yoa  the  great  city  that  has  grown  np  there  in 
the  center  of  the  State  in  the  last  few  years. 

K.  F.  Murray — There  is  a  newly  organized  society  at  St  Joe,  and 
they  desire  me  to  invite  this  Society  to  meet  in  that  city.  I  think  we 
coald  do  a  great  deal  of  good  there  in  the  way  of  aiding  and  encour- 
aging them.  The  large  and  fine  coart-honse  we  can  have  for  the  meet- 
ing, with  rooms  for  the  several  committees.  St.  Joe  annaally  packs 
ttom  200,000  to  300,000  barrels  of  apples.  It  is  the  center  of  a  great 
frait  garden. 

Ohas.  Patterson — I  feel  free  to  invite  the  Society  to  meet  at  Kirks- 
ville.  Too  have  never  met  in  that  section  of  the  State.  We  have  the 
same  advantages  as  a  frnit-growing  coantry  as  well  as  the  western  part 
of  the  State. 

Mr,  Armstrong — I  shoold  be  opposed  to  meeting  in  a  large  city 
like  St.  Lonis  or  Kansas  City.  Tbey  have  too  mach  to  do  and  no  time 
to  attend  or  entertain  this  Society.  Sach  a  place  as  Clinton  or  Sedalia 
woald  be  mach  better. 

Mr. The  gentleman  is  mistaken  in  thinking  that  the  citi- 
zens of  St.  Joe  do  not  take  any  interest  in  the  meeting  of  this  Society. 
We  have  a  local  society  there  and  wonld  he  glad  to  welcome  yon.  We 
have  fourteen  railroads,  making  it  easy  of  access  from  all  pacts  of  the 
State. 

President  Evans — We  all  know  we  can  not  have  a  snocessfol  meet- 
ing in  a  large  city.  Yon  are  mistaken,  Mr.  Armstrong:  St.  Joe  is  not  a 
large  city. 

Mr.  Mnrtfeldt — I  wonld  be  glad  to  go  to  St.  Joe.  Sedalia  is  also 
a  good  place  for  a  meeting,  bat  I  think  it  is  too  close  to  Clinton.  We 
don't  want  to  stay  too  long  in  the  same  place. 

The  place  for  the  next  meeting  was  left  to  the  selection  of  the 
Executive  committee. 

[It  was  decided  to  hold  the  semiannoal  meeting  at  St.  Joseph  on 
June  2,  3  and  i,  1891,  and  the  thirty-foaith  annual  meeting  at  Sedalia 
on  December  1,  2  and  3,  1891.— Sec'y.] 

The  following  resolution  was  presented  and  adopted,  and  the  sec- 
retary ordered  to  notify  the  Commissioner- General  of  our  wishes : 

Faolved,  Thftt  the  HliBoari State  Horticultural  Society,  In  ttB 3M  »e»8ton  aSHm- 
bled,  belteveB  tt  will  be  to  tbe  belt  Intereita  or  horticulture  In  the  United  SUtes 
that  Mr.  Parker  Earle  be  placed  Id  the  char^  of  all  matters  appertalnlog  to  horti- 
cultunl  exhibit  at  the  Colniublaa  exposition  of  Chicago  in  IBOi  and  1893. 


D.:inz^;;K«^,V_;0' 


<g\e 


WINTBB  MBBTina  AT  CLINTON. 


SECRETARY'S  REPORT. 


Mr.  Pretident  and  Members  of  the  Missouri  State  BorUoultural  Sooiety 

and  Friffndg; 

For  one-tbird  of  a  oentary  hae  the  Society  been  meetio);  in  annnal 
seesions.  Tbirty-tfaree  years  ago  the  Society  wae  organized  for  the 
same  parpoee  that  we  now  meet  together.  Some  of  the  members  of 
that  first  organization  are  still  engaged  id  the  same  work.  What  these 
thirty-three  years  have  done  for  Miseoari  we  can  ail  see  in  the  growth 
of  grand  cities  where  there  were  none,  in  the  opening  of  farms  wbere 
there  was  nothing  but  wild  prairie  and  timber,  so  that  to-day  we  are 
over  300,000  strong  farmers  at  work  on  oar  rich  soils. 

These  thirty-three  years  have  seen  pat  upon  Missonri  soils  over 
8,000  miles  of  railroads;  they  have  seen  a  thonHand  cities  grow  ap  and 
prosper  in  the  Hi  connties  of  the  State ;  mines  opened,  the  richest  in  the 
world,  of  lead,  zinc,  iron  and  coal;  some  of  the  finest  qnanies  of  stone 
that  can  be  foand  anywhere.  These  years  have  seen  the  rich  lands  of 
Missouri  coyered  with  the  finest  farms  in  our  whole  coantrj ;  the  best 
horses,  mules,  cattle,  sheep,  hogs,  poultry  grown  anywhere  in  the  whole 
United  States.  Instead  of  going  outside  of  the  State  for  our  stock, 
to-day  we  see  the  other  States  coming  to  as  for  their  fine  stock,  and 
to-day  thousands  of  carloads  are  annnally  shipped  to  other  lands. 

These  thirty-three  years  have  seen  the.  Stale  increase  from  a  few 
thousands  of  people,  until  now  we  have  nearly  three  millions,  and  room 
for  many  millions  more.  Onr  fruit  interests  have  grown  from  a  few 
growers,  and  a  few  orchards,  and  a  few  fruit  farms,  and  a  few  interested 
people,  until  now  we  have  over  20,000  farms  wholly  devoted  to  horti- 
cnltnre,  and  100,000  people  wholly  engaged  in  horticiultoral  work,  and 
more  than  another  100,000  partly  devoted  to  this  work. 

Then  there  was  no  demand  for  qnantities  of  fruit,  and  every  farmer 
had  bat  to  plant  the  trees  and  gather  the  fruit.  The  trees  seem  to  grow 
almost  spontaneonsly  and  to  bear  abundantly.  A  few  thousands  of 
bushels  of  apples  would  supply  the  market,  while  now  it  takes  millions 
of  bushels. 

To-day  we  have  orchards  which  singly  produce  more  than  whole 
connties  wonld  then,  and  to-day  we  find  that  our  fruit  crop  is  worth 
over  $10,000,000  to  our  state.  Today  we  see  orchards  sell  for  $6,000, 
$8,000,  $12,000,  and  up  to  as  high  as  $100  and  $150  per  acre  for  the 


282  BTATB  HOETICULTURAL  SOCIKTT. 

apples  alone.  To-day  we  find  the  apple  crop  of  the  State  worth  millions 
of  dollars.  The  small  frait  plantations  have  grown  as  well,  and  now 
we  see  a  ten,  twenty,  forty  or  eighty  aorea  wholly  devoted  to  small 
fhiit-growing. 

In  vegetable  gardening,  in  floricaltare,  in  seed-growing,  in  nursery 
growing,  in  roadside  and  yard-planting,  in  parks  and  cemeteries,  in  the 
stadyof  the  insect  life,  onr  fiends  and  enemies,  in  the  study  of  botany, 
of  the  rnsts  and  mildews,  in  our  agrioaltural  colleges,  in  our  experiment 
stations,  in  onr  horticnltaral  press,  in  the  reports  of  our  State  societies, 
in  the  experiences  of  onr  workers,  In  every  avenue  of  study  and 
thoaght,  of  experiment  and  experience,  of  practice  and  preaching,  we 
find  a  wonderfnl  development  in  the  last  thirty-three  years. 

If  we  have  anything  to  be  proad  of,  after  being  proad  of  our  State, 
it  is  to  be  proad  of  the  development  of  borticultare,  nntil  now  we  have 
avenues  leading  in  all  directions  and  open  ways  for  any  to  foUov ,  as 
well  as  great  work  still  to  do,  and  great  studies  still  to  be  entered  into, 
and  great  problems  still  to  be  solved. 

So,  then,  meeting  here,  dear  friends,  we  do  bo,  as  no  idlers  in  this 
world  of  work  or  atady ;  we  are  no  laggards  in  this  onward  rush  and 
push  of  the  age.  We  hare  plenty  to  do,  and  are  doing  it  with  a  will 
and  a  way  which  means  success.  We  have  plenty  of  stady  and  inves- 
tigatiou  and  experiment,  and  are  following  it  witb  the  utmost  zeal  and 
energy,  which  means  success.  We  are  lovers  of  the  work  and  tbe 
study,  and  expect  to  follow  it  to  its  final  success. 

We  are  trying  to  systematize  all  our  efforts  in  the  different  lines  of 
onr  work,  and  are  accomplishing  better  work  and  more  profitable. 

The  florist  has  separated  his  work  from  tbe  vegetable  grower,  or 
the  fmit-grower,  or  the  nurseryman,  or  the  seed-grower,  or  the  land- 
scape gardener. 

The  nurseryman  is  a  nursery  grower;  tbe  ftuit  man  is  a  small 
fruit  grower,  an  orchardist,  or  a  vineyardist,  or  all  together,  but  leaves 
off  tbe  nursery,  the  greenhouse  or  the  vegetable  grower.  Each  part 
or  department  of  this  great  work  is  being  put  in  its  proper  cfaanQel, 
and  we  find  this  a  day  of  specialists. 

There  is  enough  for  any  man  to  learn  in  any  one  department  of 
this  work  to  engage  the  interest  and  attention  of  any  one  who  wishes 
to  enter  in  upon  it.  When  once  yon  begin  the  stndy  or  the  practice  of 
horticulture,  yon  will  find  fields  open  up  before  you  so  broad  that 
yon  will  never  fear  of  rnnning  across  or  exploring  tbe  whole  of  it,  but 
yon  will  begin  to  wonder  how  it  is  that  there  is  so  much  to  do  and  so 
much  to  learn. 

And  then  the  capabilities  of  our  State  and  the  needs  of  horticnl- 
tare — can  I  begin  to  toncb  npon  them  T 


WINTBB  MBBTIKG  AT  CLINTON.  283 

Either  of  these  sabjects  wonld  reqaire  a  paper  by  itself.  The  hill 
and  blntf  laads  all  along  the  Miasoari  river  are  the  locatioDs  for  our 
orchards.  From  the  Qorth  lioe  of  the  State  to  the  aonth  line  there  are 
thooBands  of  locations  for  the  best  frait  farms  in  the  coantry.  'There 
are  openings  near  thonaands  of  our  towns  for  good  small  f^ait  planta- 
tions, or  good  florists,  or  good  small  narseries. 

Special  varietiee  for  special  locations  is  the  secret  of  snocess^ 
frait-growing.  In  every  part  of  the  State  study  yoor  market  and  what 
it  demanda.  If  they  want  some  early  apples,  plant  them.  If  cherries 
are  wanted  plant  them.  If  an  early-mataring  winter  or  late  foil  apple 
is  wanted,  plant  them.  If  peaches  are  demanded,  plant  them,  always 
having  in  view  the  special  adaptation  of  yonr  soil  and  climate  to  what 
yoQ  plant.  If  the  market  wants  strawberries,  plant  them.  If  raspber- 
ries or  blackberries  are  in  demand,  plant  them,  keeping  always  in  view 
the  demand  and  supply,  and  the  adaptability  of  your  special  fmits.  If 
good'keeping  winter  apples  are  called  for  and  yon  are  far  from  market, 
plant  them,  and  plant  them  in  quantities  large  enough  to  be  an  induce- 
ment  for  the  buyers  to  come  to  yon  for  them. 

The  capabilities  and  possibilities  of  the  State  will  fulfill  every  de- 
mand made  upon  them  in  the  location,  soil,  climate,  market,  varieties, 
and  soccess  is  sure  if  intelligently  followed. 

The  needs  of  horticulture  are  too  many  but  to  enamerate  here. 
They  embrace  the  needs  of  the  orchardist,  the  gardener,  the  tree 
phtuter,  the  yard  deoorator,  the  florist,  the  seed-grower,  the  nureery- 
man,  the  forester,  the  landscape  gardener,  the  botanist,  the  entomolo- 
gist, the  geologist,  the  ornithologist. 

The  needs  of  horticulture  are  to  show  our  advantages,  our  possi- 
bilities, our  saccesses.  We  need  more  knowledge,  closer  communica- 
tion with  each  other,  more  business-like  methods,  more  instraction 
from  our  scientists,  more  study,  better  work,  more  intelligent  use  of  the 
opportunities  given  ns.  We  want  to  know  how  to  feed  and  how  to 
breed  oar  froits,  so  that  we  may  know  something  of  the  results. 

We  need  new  blood  in  our  work.  Every  time  I  go  out  through 
the  State  I  find  some  good  worker  who  should  be  with  us  in  heart  and 
body,  both  for  his  success  and  oars,  as  well  as  the  benefit  of  the  State. 
We  need  the  assistance  of  every  true  horticulturist  all  over  the  State 
in  this  work.  There  are  hundreds  or  thousands  of  good,  earnest 
workers  and  enthaaiostio  students  who  ahould  let  their  light  shine  for 
the  good  of  the  State. 

Above  all,  we  need  the  lovers  of  the  work  and  the  cause. '  If  a 
lover  of  the  profession  like  Brother  Miller,  we  will  let  other  people 
know  what  we  are  doing  and  what  can  be  done — not  all  of  as  like  him 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_)' 


Sle 


281  STATE  HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOOIBITT. 

in  writing  ao  mnch,  for  we  are  Dot  so  handy  with  the  pen,  bat  we  can 
tell  it  tcom  word  of  moath,  and  it  will  help  others. 

The  work  of  the  Society  for  the  past  year  has  been  one  of  improve- 
ment^Dd  eneoaraRement.  We  have  now  twenty-seven  hortioaltara) 
Bocieties  in  different  parts  of  the  State,  and  some  of  them  are  doing' 
good  work  for  the  members  iodividnally,  and  the  society  collectively, 
and  the  State  work  continnally.  In  the  followine  eottnties  there  are 
societies  formed :  Adair,  Atchison,  Barry,  Bates,  Barton,  Bacbanan, 
Bntler,  Camden, Oooper,  Greene,  Henry,  Holt  (2),  Howell  (2),  Jasper  (2)^ 
La&yette,  Laclede,  Linn,  Mercer,  Montgomery,  Pettis,  Polk,  Phelps^ 
Bipley,  Vernon,  Missonri  Valley  Hortionltaral  society,  Kansas  Oity. 
Many  of  these  are  helping  themselves  and  their  connty  far  beyond 
what  they  have  any  idea,  possibly. 

Yon  will  not  find  the  weIl>posted  members  of  any  of  onr  local 
societies  compliuuiug  that  they  kaew  nothing  of  the  prices  of  apples 
this  fall,  and  consequently  losing  hnndreds  of  dollars  by  their  neglect. 
I  shall  instance  two  sach  complaints,  which  came  to  me  a  few  days  ago, 
by  snch  persons,  who  never  can  afford  a  dollar  for  their  society,  or  for 
papers  either,  probably.  One  complained  that  all  the  apple-bnyers  were- 
swindlers,  becanee  he  sold  his  orchard  to  one  for  t30O,  and  it  tnmed 
ont  that  the  man  packed  900  barrels  of  apples.  He  lost  only  about 
$1,500 — that  is  all — on  that  one  deal. 

Another  reported  that  a  buyer  was  a  rascal  becanse  he  came  and 
represented  the  great  snrplns  crop  there  was  all  over  the  State,  and 
that  apples  woald  be  very  low  this  year.  He  sold  his  apples,  gathered 
in  piles  on  the  groand,  at  50  cents  per  barrel,  and  now  is  growling  that 
on  the  600  barrels  he  lost  over  $1,000. 

Do  yoQ  want  stronger  proofs  of  the  benefit  of  organization  and  in 
keeping  posted  in  all  onr  matters  1  1  hope  to  see  60,  70  or  80  good,. 
live  horticnltnral  societies  in  oor  State,  and  we  will  not  only  do  onr 
State  good  and  onr  connty  good,  bat  will  make  for  onrselves  money. 

From  last  Jnly  I  have  been  receiving  letters  from  ftait-bayere,. 
evaporator  men,  cider  men  all  over  our  coantry,  yorth.  South,  East 
and  West,  "Where  shall  I  go  to  get  plenty  of  good  packing  applesT*^ 
**  Where  can  I  get  apples  enough  to  pay  me  for  pntting  up  an  evapora- 
tor I"  "Where  can  I  get  100,000  bushels  of  cider  apples T"  "I  want 
160,000  barrels  of  apples  ;  where  can  I  get  them  t  "  "I  want  nine  car- 
loads of  apples;  where  shall  I  got"  "No  apples  in  Western  New 
York;  I  must  have  some  to  supply  my  customers;  where  can  I  get 
them  t  how  is  Missouri  off  for  apples  I "  "  Our  apple  crop  is  a  failure 
here  in  Michigan  ;  how  is  it  in  Missouri  1 "  "  Northern  Ohio  will  have 
a  very  short  crop  of  apples ;  what  can  Missoori  do  !  " 


u  Google 


,  WINTBB  MBBTINO  AT  OLlIfTON.  285 

And  BO  on  to  the  end.  I  really  believe  that  there  were  looate.d  in 
the  State  hattdreds  of  bnyers  of  apples  ftom  iDformation  seat  ont  by 
the  State  Society,  and  that  haodreds  of  thonsandB  of  dollars  were  saved 
to  onr  &nit  men  by  encoaraging  and  locating  so  many  frnit-bayers  in 
the  State. 

The  report  for  1SS9,  although  late  in  its  appearance,  has  been 
"well  received,  and  is  auxioasly  called  for.  The  call  for  oar  volume  is 
80  great  that  next  year  we  should  have  onr  edition  increased  to  at  least 
4,000  copies.  We  could  then  supply  moie  of  onr  own  State  also  with 
the  report,  as  well  as  send  to  other  State  libraries,  societies  and  fntit- 
powers. 

The  report  begun  by  Miss  Murtfeldt  has  been  highly  complimented 
Aud  called  for,  and  we  should  by  all  means  have  the  same  continued  in 
«ach  year's  issue  until  completed.  This  is  just  the  work  we  should  do 
for  the  information  and  instruction  of  onr  people  in  entomology,  and 
I  hope  to  see  the  good  beginning  go  on  to  a  good  completion. 

The  World's  Fair  sbonld  demand  onr  attention  and  earnest  begin- 
ning of  the  work  for  a  complete  display  of  horticaltaral  products  of 
the  State. 

Onr  Society  should  prepare  a  lot  of  large,  fine  jars  for  the  showing 
of  fruits,  and  they  should  be  put  np  next  summer  as  a  test  of  what 
ahonld  btf  done,  and  then  added  to  as  we  tind  we  are  able  to  do  during 
the  next  two  years. 

We  are  in  hopes  that  the  wishes  of  the  States,  expressed  at  Chi- 
cago last  August,  be  complied  with,  and  that  borticnltnre  be  given  a 
department  by  itself^  and  that  Parker  Earle  be  made  its  chief.  A 
strong  vote  on  these  points  by  the  State  Horticaltaral  Societies  this 
-winter  woald  have  an  influence  in  deciding  the  matter  with  the  commta- 
wonera. 

I  think  that  the  State  aociety  of  this  State  should  take  the  work 
of  making  the  hortlcnltnral  part  of  the  displ^  for  onr  State.  With 
the  assistance  of  all  onr  local  societies  and  all  our  borticaltarista,  we 
think  that  Misaouri  would  stand  in  the  lead  in  the  show  of  fhiita.  It 
seems  to  me  that  a  display  made  something  like  the  one  in  St.  Lonis, 
by  connties,  would  be  most  jnst  to  all  concerned  and  give  the  State  as 
a  whole  as  good  a  display  as  can  possibly  be  made,  and  then  each 
county  would  get  their  proper  credit. 

It  does  seem  to  me  that  such  display  should  be  made  by  the  States, 
and  that  no  premiums  should  be  given,  but  each  strive  to  do  its  best, 
and  leave  the  judgment  of  the  displays  to  the  people  as  a  whole. 
Every  State  should  pay  for  its  own  work  and  displays,  and  thus  leave 
off  these  petty  jealousies  and  troablea  which  so  often  arise  ttom  com- 


28S  BTATE  HOBTICULTUBAL  SOCIETY 

petitive  exhibitions.  If  each  State  wonld  pay  enooffh  to  do  the  work 
well  and  no  preminniB  offered,  each  wonld  be  put  oa  ita  State  pride  to 
do  its  very  best,  and  leave  the  judf^ent  to  the  body  of  people  and 
passers  by. 

Our  State  shoiild  appropriate  at  least  $10,000  for  the  department 
of  horticoltnre,  and  not  leave  ns  like  they  did  at  New  Orleaoa,  witboat 
a  dollar  to  work  with,  while  others  had  as  high  as  97,000  for  horticul- 
ture alooe. 

Onr  State  is  fost  becomiiig  noted  as  a  fhiit  State,  and  $10,000  is 
little  enough  to  represent  this  State  in  all  the  departments  of  faorti- 
cnltnre  as  we  nuderstand  it. 

FEUIT-GEOWIHG. 

Some  plain,  simple  directions  in  ftrait-growing  from  the  strawberry 
np  to  the  pear  are  being  called  forth  often  by  the  citizens  of  oar  State. 
Ofttlmes  I  will  receive  a  full  letter  with  a  dozen  or  more  qaestions  to 
answer,  when  to  answer  them  satisfactorily  would  take  a  half  day's 
writing,  and  I  find  it  impossible  to  do  it.  I  think  a  little  pamphlet  with 
instructions  to  beginners  on  the  different  fi-aits  would  be  something 
which  would  reach  the  mass  of  onr  people  better  tht^i  in  any  other 
way.  How  it  is  best  to  do  this  and  who  shall  do  it  will  be  a  matter  of 
disenssion.  It  seems  to  me  that  some  one  who  has  made  a  specialty  of 
the  different  lines  of  work  should  be  chosen  to  do  that  part  which  they 
coald  do  best — strawberry  to  one,  raspberry  and  blackberry  to  another, 
grapes  to  another,  cherry  and  plum  to  a  fourth,  peaches  to  the  fifth 
person,  currants  and  gooseberries  and  quinces  to  another,  apples  to  a 
seventh,  pears  to  the  eighth  person,  nnt  trees  to  the  next  one,  yard 
planting  to  the  tenth.  By  this  plan  we  would  get  the  best  in  each 
department,  and  it  would  be  of  great  value  to  every  beginner. 

If  we  do  not  do  this  now,  I  shall  arrange  the  subjects  for  oar  next 
annual  meeting  in  such  a  plan,  and  use  the  papers  thus  presented  and 
discussions  on  them  for  the  purpose  here  stated. 

OUB  WOEK. 

Of  one  thing  I  shall  always  be  proud,  and  that  is  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri. There  has  not  been  a  year  since  I  entered  the  State  in  1867  but 
that  I  have  planted  hundreds  and  often  thousands  of  trees  each  year 
In  oar  orchards.  It  has  been  our  aim  to  prove  to  onr  people  that  we 
have  a  grand  fruit  Slate,  not  only  by  showing  its  advantages,  but  by 
planting  and  planting,  and  it  has  been  oar  province  to  be  one  who  has 
planted  the  largest  and  finest  orchard  to  be  found  in  any  part  of  the 
western  country,  down  on  the  Ozark  mount^ns,  where  we  now  have 
50,000  peach  trees,  20,000  apple  trees,  5,000  other  trees,  and  40  acres 


WIKTBB  MBBTIWa  AT   CLINTON  287 

ID  berries.  We  hope  to  prove  to  the  people  of  thia  and  other  States 
by  our  works  that  we  have  one  of  the  best  States  in  the  Union. 

It  has  been  onr  province,  since  being  Secretary  of  this  Society,  to 
assist  and  indace  more  planting  of  apple  orchards  than  asnally  falls  to 
the  lot  of  man ;  and  to-day  those  who  planted  only  wish  that  I  had  made 
them  plant  more. 

Oar  work  has  grown  and  grown,  until  now  its  inflaence  is  being 
felt  Id  every  State  of  the  Union ;  and  I  speak  the  tratb,  soberly  and  in 
earnest,  when  I  say  that  no  other  State  has  a  better  State  Society  or 
more  earnest  workers  than  has  Missoari ;  and,  with  the  nnity  and  sym- 
pathy of  feeling,  all  palling  together,  nnited  and  strong,  we  shall  step 
npou  a  higher  plane  of  asefnlness ;  and  we  say  now,  as  we  said  to  yon 
at  the  beginning  of  oar  work  in  1883,  that,  if  we  were  united  in  onr 
efforts,  we  had  no  fear  of  saccess. 

There  are  grand  possibilitiee  before  ns  yet>  and  it  is  my  ambition 
that  onr  Society  attain  the  highest  point.  I  have  three  great  plans  and 
snbjects  in  my  mind  which  I  am  asing  every  effort  of  my  make-up  to 
do  all  that  is  in  my  power  to  do  in  reaching  the  end  desired. 

Tbe  first  is  my  daty  to  God  in  matters  pertaining  to  His  kingdom  ; 
the  second  is  the  advancement  of  the  interest  of  horticnltnre  in  onr 
State,  and  the  third  is  education. 

Horticaltare  in  oar  own  State  is  my  ambition,  and  not  in  others.  I 
am  proad  of  Missoari,  and  want  other  people  to  know  what  we  have 
oat  here,  so  that  when  indaoements  come  to  me  from  other  places  or 
national  organizations,  I  give  only  one  answer:  "I  am  for  Missoari, 
and  have  plenty  of  room  to  work  here."  And  that  is  what  I  told  tbe 
Americat)  Horticaltaral  Society,  at  its  meeting  in  Texas,  when  they 
wanted  me  to  beeome  secretary  of  that  society.  I  cannot ;  there  is  too 
mnch  work  in  Missoari. 

When  I  look  back  over  the  work  which  we  have  accomplished  in 
the  last  half-dozen  years,  I  am  delighted  to  see  oar  progress ;  bat  when 
looking  ahead  at  the  work  to  be  done,  progress  seems  slow.  Bat 
we  have  every  reason  to  be  proud  of  the  work  and  the  opportunity 
offered  ;  and,  with  a  united  effort  and  as  one  man,  working  with  a  will, 
our  end  will  be  attained,  and  we  have  uo  fears  of  the  result. 

OUR  EBPOET. 

On  November  27  I  visited  Jefferson  City,  tbe  Commissioners  of 
Public  Printing  and  the  State  Printers.  I  am  happy  to  state  that  I 
have  secured  the  order  for  oar  priuting  to  be  done  at  once,  and  work 
will  be  begun  on  it  this  week.  Z  have  sent  the  report  of  the  June 
meeting  to  them,  aud  in  a  few  days  after  this  meeting  I  will  have  in  readi- 
ness the  report  of  this  meeting,  and  we  hope  for  once  in  our  history 


288  STATE  HOBTIODLTDBAI,  SOCIBIY. 

that  we  shall  have  oar  report  ready  for  distribntioa  soon  after  the  first 
of  January,  1891. 

The  report  for  last  year  has  received  a  great  number  of  favorable 
notices,  and  is  being  callect  for  to  soeh  an  extent  that  tJte  edition  is 
nearly  exhausted. 

THB   HISTOBY   OP  OVB.  SOOIBTY 

For  its  thirty'three  years  I  consider  of  much  interest  and  value  for  the 
future.  In  looking  up  this  matter  I  find  that  the  Society  has  very  few 
of  the  old  reports.  If  any  member  has  any  of  them  in  duplicate  or  any 
which  he  will  part  with,  Z  wish  be  would  send  them  to  me,  for  we  are 
ansioas  to  get  a  complete  set  in  duplicate. 

We  are  wanting  reporU  of  1859, 1860,  1861,  1862, 1863,  1864,  1865, 
1868,  1869,  1872,  1873, 1877,  1878  and  1882.  If  you  have  any  or  know 
where  any  of  these  can  be  obtained,  we  shoald  be  thankful  indeed. 

The  History  of  the  Society,  by  F.  A.  Sampson,  of  Sedalia,  and  G. 
W.  Murtfeldt,  of  Kirkwood,  will  give  yon  the  &ct6  and  a  list  of  the  re- 
ports pablished.  We  owe  to  them  many  thanks  for  their  painstaking 
researches. 

THB   BOOIBTY  LIBEABT 

Has  been  increased  according  to  the  recommendation  made  one  year 
agO)  by  the  purchase  of  eighty  of  the  best  works  on  horticoltare  Ut  be 
found  in  the  land.  We  shall  be  glad  indeed  when  we  can  have  snch  a 
location  and  complete  library  as  is  now  foand  in  some  of  oar  eastern 
libraries.  We  have  now  lists  of  reports  firom  most  of  onr  State  socie- 
ties for  a  nnmber  of  years  back,  and  it  is  my  aim  to  secure  as  com- 
plete a  set  of  reports  trom  each  State  as  can  be  had.  These  of  them, 
selves  would  be  quite  a  library,  and  if  completed,  as  I  now  hope,  I  hope 
to  be  able  at  our  next  meeting  to  give  yon  a  rather  complete  list  of  all 
the  States.  Our  own  report  is  now  being  called  for  and  sets,  especially 
from  so  many  libraries,  that  I  find  myself  unable  to  fill  them. 

Shaw's  School  of  Botany  is  going  to  be,  and  in  fact  now  is,  one  of 
the  great  educators  in  oar  work.  By  a  wise  provision  scholarships  were 
'  provided  for  a  number  of  young  men  and  a  six  years'  course  provided 
for  them.  They  are  under  the  charge  of  the  bead  gardener  and  are  ad- 
vanced to  different  work  as  they  become  competent.  They  are  paid 
the  first  year  $200,  the  second  year  $250  and  the  third  year  and  after 
$300,  together  with  a  convenient  lodging  house.  It  was  our  good  pleas- 
ure to  meet  with  the  director  of  the  garden,  the  head  gardener  and 
some  of  the  trustees  last  October,  and  learn  much  more  of  the  work- 
ings and  the  value  of  the  plan  laid  out. 


ly  Google 


WINTBR  MBKTING  AT  CLINTON.  289 

The  Society  has  two  yoang  men  in  the  icbool,  the  nephew  of  onr 
Vice-President,  and  the  son  of  friend  Nelson. 

Two  scholarships  are  given  to  onr  Society,  and  we  shall  see  that 
they  are  always  full.  It  is  possible  that  there  will  be  another  place 
vacant  next  year,  and  if  80,  we  mast  see  that  it  is  filled. 

The  best  wishes  of  yonr  Seoretary  will  always  be  the  portion  which 
belongs  to  this  Society,  and  with  the  same  united  effort  in  the  fntore 
as  in  the  past,  we  have  no  fears  of  onr  snccess. 
Beapectfolly, 

L.  A.  Goodman,  Secretary. 

Somt  of  the  u»t»  vK  put  the  mimes  °f  the  SooUty  to  Jor  th»  bmefitof  ourStaie. 

1.  Organizing  local  societies  (oouatj). 

3.  Frnlt  BUtiatioeforobardB,  etxt.) 

3.  Nom«Dolatare  and  new  fruiti. 

4.  Entomology  andorolthotogy. 

5.  lojurions  fnogi. 

6.  Frnit  shows  and  delegates  to  sister  sooteties. 

7.  A  grand  Missouri  frait  show,  b;  coantles,  at  the  World's  fair. 

8.  AdTerttse  oar  poiiibilltlee  (for  growers). 

9.  Advertise  our  fruits  (for  bnjeit}. 

10.  Oeneral  promotion  of  b<«ttoaltiire. 

11.  TraniportatloD  (B.  R.  and  oars). 
13.     AoDDal  and  semi-annual  meetings. 

13.  Hold  county  Instltates  with  State  Board  of  Agrloultnre. 

14.  Dissemination  of  all  this  informatiOQ. 

IB.     Ornamentation  of  pnbllo  grounds  and  school  yards. 

15.  The  general  apbailding  of  the  eanse  of  bortloaltare. 

atCXKIAXY. 


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STATE  HOBTIODLTUSAL  80CIBTT. 


REPORT  OF  TEBASUREK. 


Tbe  TreftHorer,  D.  S.  Holman,  being  y«ry  alck,  probttbly  apon  bla  death  b«d, 
tbe  Seoretarj  reported  tUat  be  bad  none  of  the  bills  wbloh  had  beea  paid,  bat  could 
gi\t  tbe  amouDt  of  warrants  drawn  since  tbe  last  report  of  tbe  Treaaurer  at 
Poplar  Bluft,  In  Jnne,  1B9D. 


June?..  Balance  on  band  as  per  report 

JulyS..  Warrant  No.  153— map  for  report.. 
Ang.  6.  Warrant  No.  155— library  booki... 
Ang.  30 

Aug.  30  Warrant  No.  167— Tribune  Printing  Co.. . 
Sept.  22  Warrant  No.  1S9— binding  1,000  reports.. 

Oct.;.-  Warrant  No.  160-P.  O.  bill 

Oct.  10.  Warrant  No.  lei—P   0.  bill 

Total 

Balance 


.  $«8»  aa 


sao  00 

107  OO' 


as  ooj 

167  75 


.:$«7  63 


At  this  meeting  there  will  be  a  good  atKoy  bills  to  be  paid  which  are  oiiaallf 
settled  ap  at  the  meetings  Rfter  being  referred  to  the  Finance  committee,  which  I 
am  sorry  to  say  I  am  not  able  to  give,  because  they  are  all  fn  tbe  hands  ot  the 
Treasurer.  Ar  soon  after  this  meeting  as  possible  1  will  see  the  Treasurer  and 
get  tbe  bills,  and  refer  to  our  iinanoe  oommlttee. 

StCRBTARY . 


ELBCTION   OF  OPPIOBES. 

By  motion,  tbe  rales  were  etiBpended  and  the  eutire  corps  of  offl- 
cerB  were  reelected  by  special  ballot. 

WORK    OP  THE    SOCIETY. 

Secretary  Goodman — I  want  Bnggestions  from  tbe, members  as  to 
what  we  oagbt  to  do  to  better  onr  condition  and  accomplish  tbe  work 
we  have  to  do.    We  want  all  tbe  help  we  can  get. 

Mr.  Lamb— I  don't  believe  I  liave  taken  np  any  of  yoar  time,  bnt 
I  will  aay  a  few  words  now.  We  want  information  in  regard  to  the 
amoant  of  tbe  different  f^its  prodnced  in  each  coanty  of  tbe  State. 
What  county  prodaces  the  most  applesi  which  tbe  moBt  strawberriest 
which  the  most  grapes  1  I  move  that  we  have  a  committee  appointed 
to  get  np  a  plan  to  get  at  frait  i*tatistic8. 


WINTKB  HKEXma   AT  OLINTOK.  291 

Levi  Ohabbnck — It  is  part  of  the  basinees  of  the  State  Board  of 
AnpioDltnre  to  gather  etatigtics  of  agricnltiire,  which  inclodea  horti- 
«Tiltnre.  I  want  to  get  the  Legislature  to  pass  an  act  reqairiog  the 
county  aBBeseoFB  to  list  tbevacree  and  the  prodnct  of  each  and  every 
kind  of  &rm  crop  and  every  kind  of  ^uit,  and  send  the  lists  to  the 
State  Board  of  Agrioaltnre,  and  there  yon  will  have  all  the  data.  It 
IB  snccesefuUy  dtfbe  in  Ohio  and  other  states.  If  this  Society  will  lend 
its  aid,  it  will  help  us  to  get  such  a  law  passed. 

Mr.  Lamb — The  snggestion  of  Mr.  Ohabbnck  may  help  as  in  years 
to  come,  bat  I  don't  believe  it  will  help  us  now — for  the  next  meeting. 

Mr.  Patterson — I  often  get  requests  for  such  information ;  but  I 
feel  wholly  incompetent  to  express  any  opinion  even,  in  the  absence 
of  any  definite  information.  I  hope  we  wUl  not  hesitate  to  give  Mr. 
Chnbback  the  assistance  he  requires. 

Secretary  Goodman— To  get  the  desired  information  costs  a  good 
deal  of  money,  and  the  Society  cannot  afford  to  do  it.  Before  you 
want  the  statistics  next  year  the  Legislature  will  have  met,  and  if  we 
«an  get  them  to  pans  such  a  law  we  can  get  the  statistics  for  next  year. 
If  they  refuse,  then  we  can  try  to  do  somethiug.  I  have  tried  the  plan 
of  sending  out  cards  with  utter  failure.  Such  incomplete  reports  as  I 
have  been  able  to  get  do  little  or  no  good. 

Mr.  Blake— The  State  Board  can  do  bat  little  with  $3,000.  Ulinois 
gives  $25,000  for  institutes  alone,  and  $100,000  to  the  State  Board,  and 
$5,000  to  tJie  State  Horticaltnral  Society.  We  are  far  behind.  We 
mast  capture  the  Legislature.  We  mast  get  them  by  prayer  or  by  force 

Mr.  Lamb's  motion  wae  put  to  a  vote  and  lost. 

THE  WOBLD'S  pair. 

Mr.  Hartzell — This  Society  oaght  to  have  $25,000  to  make  an  ex- 
hibit of  the  horticnltaral  products  at  the  World's  fair. 

BEPOBT  OF  GOMMITTBE. 

Ur.  PsBStDBErr :  Your  Committee  on  World's  Pair  resolDtiona  would  enbmlt 
tbe  following : 

Wrbbsib,  the  bortloultur&l  intereats  of  the  State  of  MImouiI  as  now  developed, 
amonDtloK  to  over  ten  mtllloDS  of  dollars  anauallr,  and  not  exoelled  bf  any  other 
one  product  of  the  farm ;  and 

WsMitKAS,  if  properly  enconraged  would  very  soon  double  tn  value;  aod 

WtfKitiAS,  the  beaeflts  derived  from  horticulture  are  general  in  cbaracter,  as  all 
are  benefited  directly  or  ladlreotly;  and 

Whbreah,  a  display  of  our  horticultural  prodncts  at  the  World  Palrin  1893  that 
win  do  Justice  to  our  great  State,  which  now  ranks  third  la  fruit  products,  will  be 
attended  with  a  great  amount  of  work  and  expense ;  therefore  be  it 


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392  BTATK  HOETIOULTTJBAL  SOCIETY. 

£moIi>e(J,  by  the  State  HortlDultarftl  Society  in  sestlon  mswmbled  at  Clinton, 
Mo.,  tbat  we  ask  of  onr  Legtslatare  an  appropriation  of  S2S,{X)0  to  l>e  plaoed  nnder 
the  oontrol  of  the  State  Uorttculturst  Society;  2nd,  be  it  further 

Jiaohed,  that  we  recognlie  the  great  importance  of  the  great  agrlonltaral  la- 
tereatB  of  our  State,  anoh  as  llTe-stocb,  dairy,  cerAla.  etc;  that  we  appoint  a  com- 
mittee of  onr  State  Hortlenltnral  Society  to  oonfer  with  the  State  Board  of  Agrlcol- 
tnre  in  the  near  fhture,  to  formulate  a  plan  and  work  In  harmony  to  secure  libera) 
appropriations  to  make  the  dISiBrent  displays.  •    N.  F.  Udrbat, 

A..  Nelsor, 
Hbnrt  Speir. 
DIB0UB8ION. 

0.  C.  Bell — I  eecoDd  the  motion  to  adopt  the  reeolations,  and  want 
the  amonnt  left  at  $26,000. 

The  reBoIatioQ  aeking  for  $25,000  was  adopted. 

0.  C.  Bell — I  sappoae  it  will  be  the  dnty  of  the  Governor  to  ap- 
point a  commisBion  in  ebarj^e  of  that  fand  in  case  it  efaoald  be  allowed. 
This  cammiasion  should  consist  of  our  practical  horticaltnrists  of  thia 
State,  and  not  of  politiciane,  I  think  we  shonid  designate  the  mem- 
bers of  the  commission.  We  know  better  than  the  Qovemor  who- 
woald  salt  as. 

C.  M.  Stark — I  move  that  the  ofHcers  of  the  Society  be  recom- 
mended as  the  officers  in  charge  of  the  fond. 

Mr.  Blake — Let  ns  go  alow,  boys  ;  let  as  get  the  money  first. 

Mr.  Speer— We  might  defeat  onr  object  by  asking  too  much. 

Secretary  Goodman— I  hope  we  will  be  careful.  Let  ns  not 
ask  for  too  mach.  I  am  satisfied  we  can  have  enongh  inflnenoe  with 
the  Goveniorto  have  him  appoint  good  men.  Let  ns  go  at  it  with  » 
vim. 

Mr.  TTpton — T  think  if  the  State  society  gets  that  money,  it  goes  to- 
the  treasurer. 

Mr.  Bell — I  desire  to  ask  for  information.  In  that  reeolntion  wfr 
ask  for  $26,000 ;  is  that  money  to  be  granted  to  this  Society  t 

Mr.  Murray — That  is  the  way  the  resolations  reads. 

President  Evans — I  know  that  Governor  Francis  will  pnt  the  light 
men  in  the  right  place. 

Mr.  Oano — I  have  a  motion  to  offer.  It  will  come  in  place  if  we- 
are  to  make  an  exhibit.  I  move  that  we  have  one  handred  flint  gtas» 
jars  of  ft-ait  pnt  np  for  the  benefit  of  onr  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair. 
Carried. 

LANDSCAPE   QABDENINa. 

Mr.  Kessler  exhibited  a  plan  for  the  improvement  of  the  grounds 
of  the  MisBoari  Yalley  college  at  Marshal),  Mo. 

Secretary  Goodman — The  grounds  embrace  thirty  acres,  lying 
beaatifnlly  on  a  ridge,  and  have  nothing  on  them.    They  asked  us  ta 


WIKTBE  MBBTING  AT  OLIHTON.  293 

prepare  plaos  for  the  improTetnent  of  the  groandg,  aa  ve  did  at  SprlDg- 
field.  We  do  this  as  a  part  of  oar  missionary  woik.  We  aek  for  Kifts 
of  trees  to  plant  the  grounds. 

Mr.  Keseler — We  plant  closely  at  first.  We  onght  to  have  some 
«f  the  best  native  trees,  deoidaoos  and  evergreen,  that  do  best  in  this 
climate. 

A  voice — Bnssian  innlberryt    [Langhter.] 

Mr.  Kessler — We  can  use  a  large  number,  or  we  can  do  with  a 
smaller  nomber.  Aboct  1,000  are  needed  in  the  groands,  and  140  street 
trees  of  one  or  two  kinds. 

The  following  list  of  donations  was  seemed : 

J .  C.  Etbda,  Htrlem,  IIM  treeB. 

L.  A.  Ooodman,  Weetport,  100  treea. 

A.  Ambroae,  Nevada,  100  trees. 

E.  A.  Barohart,  ClIntoD,  100  trees. 

C.  I.  BobardB,  Butler,  100  trees. 

J.  bagby  &  Son,  New  HaTen,  100  trees. 

Holloway  A  Speer,  Butler,  100  trees. 

Stark  Nnrsery  Co.,  Louisiana,  100  decldaona  trees. 

Stark NuTsery  Co.,  Louisiana,  100 evergreen  trees. 

J.  T.  Stewart,  Blackburn,  -26  evergreens. 

Cbas.  Patterson,  KlrksvUIe.  100  trees. 

a.  H.  Sbepard, Lamonte,  100  trees. 

M.  L.  BoDbam,  ClintOD,  100  trees. 

Blatr  Bros.,  Kansas  City,  100  trees. 

J.  vr.  Turner,  Headvllte,  fiO  trees. 

C.  M.  Stark — I  move  that  a  donation  for  Baird  coUege  be  in  order. 

Secretary  Ooodman — If  Baird  college  will  put  theii  grounds  in  the 
hands  of  the  State  Society,  and  allow  them  to  be  laid  out  right,  we  will 
do  it.  We  don't  wish  to  send  the  college  500  trees  and  tell  them  to 
plant  th«m  out  helter-skelter.  Let  ns  lay  ont  the  grounds  oareMly, 
and  then  plant. 

Mr.  Chnbbnck — The  grounds  of  Kidder  institute  have  never  been 
planted  according  to  Mr.  Kerns'  plans.  Some  of  the  tTustees  asked  me 
to  put  the  matter  before  yon.  1  would  suggest  that  any  Barplns  at 
Marshall  be  sent  to  Kidder, 

Much  good  might  be  done  to  encourage  landscape  gardening  by 
planting  the  grounds  of  rtulroad  statious.  The  roads  would  in  many 
cases  pay  for  the  trees  if  plans  and  suggestions  for  the  work  were  fur- 
nished. If  this  Society  bad  the  money,  I  think  it  would  pay  a  landscape 
gardener  (500  or  $1,000  to  visit  the  stations  and  make  plans  for  their 
planting. 


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STATE   HOBTICULTtmAX  SOCIETT. 


BBBBIE8  IH  HOBTH   HIS80UBI. 

BY  J.  N.  HBNIPBB,  ORKON. 


Secretary  L.  A.  Gooduan  : 

Dbak  8ib— 1  received  your  call  for  a  paper  to  be  prepared  for  tbe  State  meeting-. 
I  aappose  It  toqM  be  entirely  ont  of  the  regular  order  of  thtnga  far  me  to  decline, 
as  It  seems  to  be  generally  nnderatood  that  to  be  loyal  to  the  bortienltural  rraternlly 
we  mnrt  always  be  ready  to  answer  when  called  to  tell  all  we  know,  and  cheerfnlly 
to  divide  all  our  good  things  among  tbe  brotberbood,  and  sorely  I  must  not  be  tbo 
exception  to  so  good  a  rnle  aa  this,  thongb  tbe  tssk  be  bard. 

There  has  been  lo  much  said  and  written  abont  tbe  great  fralt  belt  of  Central 
and  Southern  Hlssonrl  that  one  wonld  naturally  Infer  that  we  were  Just  a  llttlo 
beyond  the  limit  of  guccesifol  fruit  growing.  Well,  while  we  do  most  heartily 
congratulate  oar  brethren  sooth  of  as  in  their  world-wide  and  well-deserved  repn- 
tatlon  as  having  a  fine  ft'nit  country,  yet  nntil  facts  aod  figures  cbsnge,  we  most 
modestly  decline  to  admit  that  there  t»  a  belt  anywhere  In  Mltsourl  or  anywhere 
else  better  adapted  to  successful  fruit-growing  than  North  Hiesourl.  Let  tbis  snf- 
flee  on  the  subject  of  fruits  In  general,  as  the  subject  assigned  me  was  "Berrlee  in 
Morth  Hluonrl." 

That  our  soil  and  climate  is  exceUent  for  the  production  of  berries  may  be  seen 
In  tbe  Atct  that  wild  berries  grow  in  great  abundance  wbere  they  have  not  becD 
destroyed  to  make  room  for  something  better.  Hundreds  of  bosbeln  of  wild  black- 
berries were  sold  and  shipped  annually  from  one  station  alone  in  Holt  county.  But 
that  Is  a  thing  of  the  past. 

When  the  writer  planted  his  first  berry  patch,  consisting  of  one  sore  of  Wil- 
son's Albany,  Triompb  DeOand  and  Jncunda  strawberry,  one  acre  of  Doollttle  aod 
some  wild  raspberries,  and  one  acre  of  Lawton  and  Kittatlnny  blackberries,  be  was 
hooted  at  by  most  all  who  chanced  to  hear  of  It ;  and  later,  wben  a  thonsand  eacli 
of  Crescent  strawberry,  Gregg  raspberry  and  Snyder  blackberry,  which  cost  $113, 
were  added  to  the  patch,  the  whole  nelghlMrbor'd  whispered  "  crank,"  planting 
snch  costly  berry  plants  when  the  market  Is  already  full  of  wild  berries. 

Two  years  later  and  the  three-acre  berry  patch  netted  as  mncb  as  the  80-aorfl 
term  bad  done  previously,  which  bad  been  poorly  cultivated  for  want  of  proper 
teams  and  tools.  The  demand  fbr  berries  and  plants  Increased,  acre  was  added  to 
acre;  many  other  "cranks"  also  planted  berries.  Eighteen  years  have  iwssed 
and  berries  are  grown  all  over  tbe  country. 

While  we  estimate  the  last  crop  short  one-half,  there  were  shipped  from  my 
shipping  point  alone  about  twenty-tlve  hundred  crates,  beside  handreds  of  crates 
that  were  sold  on  the  grounds  or  delivered  to  customers  by  wagon ;  and  to-day  the 
demand  for  both  berries  and  plants  is  as  great  If  not  greater  than  ever  before. 
People  are  Jnst  learning  that  berries  are  not  only  a  Inxury  hut  a  staple  article  of 
food,  possessing  just  the  acids  necessary  tor  our  physical  condltlou  after  living  so 
long  a  time  on  salt  and  dry  food ;  for  berries  contribute  as  much  toward  good  health 
as  powders  and  pUts,  and  are  not  only  cheaper  but  easier  taken. 

When  we  consider  the  growing  North  sad  West,  the  strcBni  of  Immigration 
pouring  Into  North  Ulssourl,  Iowa,  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  that  a  much  larger  per 
cent  of  our  population  are  finding  homes  In  tbe  towns  and  cities,  where  they  be- 
come consumers,  the  rapid  growth  of  our  towns  and  cities,  the  Increased  railroad 
or  transportation  faotUtles,  the  advantage  of  canneries  and  evaporators,  by  which 
gluts  in  the  markets  may  be  avoided,  and  our  surplns,  canned  or  evaporated. 


WINTER  MEETING  AT   OLINTOM.  296 

maybe  shipped  by  frelitbt  to  dlat&nt  markeU  where  berrlee  oannot  be  grown— 
with  all  theM  facts  before  ua  who  can  estimate  the  magnltade  of  thla  brancb  of  In- 
dustry In  tbe  next  eighteen  years  ?  When  with  oar  experience  In  growing,  hand- 
ling and  marketing  the  f^alt,  onr  Improved  varieties  of  all  kinds  of  small  fraits,  the 
anperloT  packages  and  cheap  lands  of  North  Uissourl  Is  certainly  a  gaarantee  that 
the  iterry  bustoess  !□  North  Missouri  must  beoomean  Immense  Industry,  that  will 
give  remnnerative  employment  toeveryldle  man,  woman  and  child  who  Is  able 
and  willing  to  work. 

We  coIUvate  the  blackberry,  dewberry,  raspberry,  strawberry,  servlceberry, 
gooseberry  and  ourrant  In  all  their  varieties.  The  huckleberry  alone  persists  In  de- 
manding Its  native  wild,  uncultivated,  rocky  hillside,  where  its  Bballow  creeping 
roots  are  kept  moist  and  cool  by  the  shade  and  fallen  leavesoftreeeand  other  brnsb. 
Onr  berry  crop  last  season  was  cnt  short  about  one-half  by  late  Troet  und  hall- 
Btonat,  followed  by  a  most  distressing  drouth,  which  leaves  us  at  this  writing  witb 
a  very  abort,  inferior  plant  growth  lor  the  'Oomlng  eeaeoa ;  yet  we  hope  the  hvor< 
able  open  fkll  will  so  recuperate  theplant  roots  that  the  spring  growth  will  be  bet- 
ter than  the  present  appeuaooes  indicate.  All  go  loto  winter  quarters  well  ma- 
tured. 

Give  North  Hisaonri  the  next  Jane  meeting  and  come  and  see,  taste  and  be- 
lieve that  North  Hissonri  Is  equal  to  the  best  in  the  production  of  berries. 

BBEET-GEOWIHG  IN  SOUTH   MISSOtlEI. 


I  hardly  know  Just  how  to  oommenoe  on  the  subject  assigned  me  In  any  otDer 
way  than  by  giving  my  own  experience  as  a  small  fruit-grower  In  Southwest  His- 
sonri. I  purchased  aforty-acre  tract  of  timbered  land  near  the  city  of  Nevada,  in  the 
fall  of  1SS3,  paying  thirty  dollars  per  acre.  This  astonished  the  natives:  thirty 
dollars  per  acre  for  land  that  was  thought  to  be  almost  worthless.  They  said  sev- 
eral men  bad  starved  out  and  left  the  country,  that  had  tried  to  make  a  living  on  It. 
There  were  twenty  acres  of  the  tract  under  cultivation,  and  about  one  hundred 
bearing  apple  and  peach  trees  on  the  tract.  The  following  winter  I  commenced 
to  improve  the  cnltlvated  portion  of  it  by  haallng  barn-yard  moDure .  The  follow- 
iDgspiing  I  set  out  eon  strawberry  plants  and  6(H)  raspberry  plants.  This  was  my 
first  experience,  having  never  seen  a  atrawberry  patch  in  my  life,  except  wild  ones, 
and  my  means  was  Just  about  as  limited  as  my  experience,  labor  being  my  only 
capital,  having  two  sons  large  enough  to  do  most  of  the  hard  labor.  To  be  brief, 
will  say  that  we  gave  onr  plants  ordinary  care  the  following  sammer,  and  by  fall 
we  bad  raised  enough  plants  to  set  ont  one  and  a  half  acre ;  the  followtDg  spring 
one  acre  more.  We  obtained  excellent  results  during  the  berry  season ;  sold  all  of 
onrcrop  In  onr  home  market.  I  also  set  out  four  acres  more  raspberries,  irouhegan 
and  Oregg  mostly,  and  they  grew  finely  and  produced  a  fine  crop  the  next  season . 
So  we  still  kept  oD  increasing  our  plantation,  so  that  during  the  season  of  1888  we 
sold  from  about  five  and  one-half  acres  of  strawberries  and  eleven  acres  of  raspber- 
ries $3,480  worth  of  fruit ;  had  for  our  net  retarng  about  #2,500.  after  paying  for 
box  material  and  picking.  We  were  sttll  encouraged  to  press  onward,  and  have 
foand  the  buatoess  profitable  with  the  exception  of  the  season  jnst  past.  And  as 
every  strawberry-grower's  experience  has  been  aboat  the  same,!  will  not  relate  my 
own.  Bnt  we  have  Increased  onr  plantation  now  to  eighty  acres — seventy-five  of 
this  being  in  berries— thirty -six  seres  In  strawberries,  twenty-fOur  acres  In  rasp- 
berries, and  fourteen  acres  set  to  blackberries. 


...  v^.wO' 


<gk 


2W  STATB   HOETICULTTIEAL   800IBTT. 

We  faftr«  gtran  our  pluitatlon  tba  psBt  Mason  good  oaro.  We  have  a  field  of 
twenty-five  aorsB  of  BtFawboTrleB  tbat  not  an  armfnl  or  weeds  or  grass  of  any  Mitd 
oonld  be  found  Id  tt ;  have  also  ftbont  one  and  a  half  acre  set  to  plums,  and  aver 
3,000  other  ftnlt  trees  on  tblrtj-slz  acres  of  the  berry  field.  OnraoU  is  sandy,  graT- 
elly  loam,  all  of  It  being  timber  land,  on  quite  ft  high  elevation  for  onr  part  of  the 
country.  Now  I  will  say  to  those  engaged  In  the  business  that  It  requires  a  good 
deal  ot  saDd  (Id  the  oraw)  for  any  one  to  be  enoonraged  to  stick  to  tbe  bnsluest  after 
such  a  disastroas  season  as  the  one  Just  past,  but  I  think  the  prospeeta  are  enooor- 
aging  for  the  next  seasoD.  Onr  planto  are  all  looking  finely.  Hany  plantations  all 
over  the  oonntry  have  been  neglected,  and  i  have  nottoed  some  fields  have  been 
I^owed  ander.  Although  I  do  not  attribute  tbe  low  prices  obtained  the  past  Ma- 
son was  caused  by  an  over  production,  but  the  oondltion  in  which  our  berries 
reached  tbe  markets. 

I  will  not  say  anytbing  Id  tbis  paper  as  to  onr  mode  of  cultivation  or  planting. 
Now  as  to  the  adaptation  of  our  soils  for  producing  fine  fruit  and  In  paying  qoan- 
tltles,  HIsBonrrs  reputation  isireachlng  out  all  over  the  oountry  as  being  one  of  the 
finest  hortlcultnial  States  In  the  Union.  From  my  own  observations  and  experi- 
ence, aod  after  traveliog  over  dlfi'erent  sections  of  the  country,  from  the  PacUlo 
slope  to  the  Atlaotlc  coast,  from  Dakota  to  Sonthern  Florida  and  Texas,  having 
visited  many  of  the  largest  strawberry  plantations  In  Sontbem  Hlssisslppl,  I  think 
Missouri  can  safely  challenge  tbe  world  as  a  fmlt-growfng  country. 

1  think  the  problem  fbr  the  fruit-grower  to  solve  Is  transportation.  This  Is 
becoming  to  be  a  great  question  to  solve.  Many  of  yon  remember  that  during  the 
past  year  tbat  a  large  nnmber  of  our  smalt  fruit-growers  organised  «  frult-giow- 
ers'  and  shippers'  association,  and  made  arrangements  to  ship  In  car  lots,  using  the 
Thomas  refrigerator  car.  I  notice  in  reading  over  the  Secretary's  report  that  tbe 
society  shipped  thlrty-olne  car-loads  of  berries — all  of  them  strawberries  with  one 
or  two  exceptions— 18,658  orates  of  twenty-four  quarts  each,  or  463,699  boxes.  These 
were  all  shipped  In  car  lots.  These  berries  were  shipped  fhim  Nevada,  Carthage, 
3arcoxle,  Lamar,  Liberal  and  Golden  City.  1  notice  that  he  conclndes  by  saylnj;  tbat 
they  realized  66  cents  per  crate  net  on  an  average;  but  I  go  on  down  and  find  a  lit- 
tle Item  of  an  expense  account  paid  to  the  offlcers  for  looking  after  this  business, 
stencils,  etc.,  of  $640,  leaving  tbe  average  oet  price  of  about  63  oeots  per  crate. 
How  I  presume  the  experience  learned  through  the  losses  sustained  by  this  asso- 
ciation may  be  worth  something  to  tbe  frnltgrower  In  general.  We  shipped  our 
fmit  by  express  with  one  exception.  We  were  induced  to  ship  one  shipment  of 
raspberries,  6o  crates,  In  tbe  refrigerator  oar  attached  to  a  regular  freight  traio,  to 
Omaha,  Nebraska,  and  our  net  returns  were  GO  cents  per  orate.  At  the  snme  time 
we  shipped  twenty  crates  by  express  (soft  berries)  to  Kansas  City  and  received 
{3.37  per  orate.  I  was  told  by  the  manager  of  tbe  car  that  If  our  berries  were 
sound  when  placed  In  the  car  that  tbey  would  be  sound  If  taken  out  In  seventeen 
days.    This  Is  what  led  me  totry  the  experiment.     What  next  i 

BEBBTE5   IN   1880  AT   BLUFFTON,   MO. 

BlUOEL  MEU-Ht. 

7^  Strawberry. — As  this  U  about  the  first  lo  ripen  In  the  season,  and  perhaps 
the  most  popular  and  useful  of  all  the  berries,  It  deserves  special  mention . 

The  number  of  varieties  were  but  few  this  year ;  therefore,  this  report  Is  not 
as  extensive  as  might  be  expected  from  one  who  le  looked  upon  as  a  regular  straw- 
berry grower. 


WINTRB  UBBTina   AT  OLIMTON.  297 

The  first  TJpe  Btrawbenr  wu  a  Cretcent,  altliongb  Hlobel'a  Early  and 
8chn«ll'B  Early  are  on  my  gToiind ;  but  as  tb«  Hlcbel  were  plants  reoelved  last  rail 
add  small  plants  at  that,  they  had  do  chance,  and  SchaeH's  were  In  too  crowded  a 
mass  to  oome  oot  as  early  as  tbey  otherwiu  ml^ht  have  done. 

Crescent,  (JapUln  Jack.  Bnbacb  and  Warfleld  No.  3,  that  bad  b«en  established, 
bore  fine  orops. 

Stayman's  No.  1  did  nobly,  and  this  berry,  I  believe, has  come  to  stay. 

Among  the  newer  tmes,  snch  as  Enreka,  Mrs.  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Centennial, 
Townsend'aNo.  SandNo  7,  all  showed  np  well;  bat  the  beantlfal  and  ezoel  lent 
Eureka  satfered  with  the  drouth  more  than  any  other  one.  Perfection,  Comet, 
IfUler  trom  La.  and  Cload,  did  not  scqnlt  tfaemselvea  to  snlt  me.  Haverland  and 
Payne  were  splendid.  To  test  some  of  the  almost  forgotten  varieties  along  with 
the  new  onea,  I  procured  last  spring  Harvey,  Big  Bob,  Pineapple,  and  tbey  gave 
■ne  some  fine  berries.    Hoffman  I  mast  not  forget ;  it  promtsea  well. 

In  a  test  bed  I  set  out  last  spring  Payne,  Blla,  Pineapple,  Hotnoan,  Harvey, 
Big  Bob,  several  Nos.  of  Thompson's,  Van  Deman,  Bessie,  Begins  Noe.  1  and  3, 
Bloh'a  Seedlings,  Gen.  Patnam  (In  Sept.)  last.  All  these  were  well  cultivated,  and 
each  variety  allowed  to  make  six  plants,  which  were  set  out  in  a  new  place  in 
Angatt  and  September ;  all  of  which  look  as  If  they  might  show  fmlt  In  perfection. 

In  addition  to  these,  six  plants  each  of  qnlte  a  host  of  varieties  were  set  the 
past  Ail,  all  of  whtoh  may  give  ftrult  to  taste  next  season,  bat  of  course  cannot 
show  off  to  any  adrantage,  among  which  are  Stephens'  AJabaroa,  Jefferson  and 
some  others,  thirteen  seedlings  of  our  own,  some  of  which  look  promising.  All 
brid,  there  are  about  100  varieties.  If  apared  until  18S3,  these  will  all  have  an  equal 
ebtnoe,  and  out  of  the  multitnde  there  shoald  be  something  good. 

None  of  these  please  me  so  far  better  than  Van  Deman,  which  will  not  be  let 
out  jet,  I  understand,  Bnt  it  must  be  remembered  that  only  about  one  dozen  of 
those  set  out  last  spring  bore  fruit,  so  that  we  cannot  judge  of  the  merits  of  the 
othen. 

I  almost  forgot Vem,  a  splendid  large  one. 

Some  will  think  sod  may  say:  What  Is  all  tbls  fbr?  The  answer  U  that  some 
one  ought  to  test  them,  whether  there  Is  money  In  it  or  not,  and  aa  the  making  of 
more  money  than  Is  necessary  to  keep  myself  and  fltmily  comfortably  has  never  yet 
fallen  to  my  lot,  why  should  I  refuse  to  try  thisf  particularly  when  men  send  me 
their  new  seedlings  from  all  parte  of  the  country,  even  from  the  Pacific  coast,  to 
test  for  them,  what  can  I  doT  Not  throw  them  away,  surely.  Some  have  gone  so 
fiu  as  to  say  that  they  have  more  confidence  In  my  report  than  tbey  expect  from 
the  experimental  stations. 

How  this  will  turn  ont  time  will  tell.  Some  of  the  earliest  are  planted  on  a 
alopa  on  the  south  eide  of  the  lofty  ollA,  while  the  latest  ones,  such  as  Oanily  and 
Memphis,  are  on  the  north  slope  of  a  bill.  This  will  show  bow  long  the  straw- 
berry season  ean  be  prolonged, 

Raspberria  —Centennial,  Hopkins,  Mammoth  Cluster  and  Gregg  are  my  choice 
black  orops ;  Turner,  Thwack,  Cnthbert  and  Shaffer's  Colossal  for  red  ones ;  Caro- 
line and  Golden  Queen  for  white,  although  the  latter  has  not  yet  fruited  with  me. 

Btadifema.— Snyder,  Triumph,  Taylor,  Stone's  Hardy,  Freed,ETleaud  Mlnne- 
wsska  are  all  good  and  worthy  of  cultivation . 

OoDMtcrriu.— Houghton,  Downing  and  Orange  are  the  only  ones  1  hav<i.  They 
4o  well,  but  SB  they  nanally  go  by  the  board,  I  pay  but  little  attention  to  them. 
fVhen  we  have  plenty  of  other  berries  no  one  seems  to  care  about  them. 

CkiTTonto,— Red  Dutch  and  Whitti  Grape  are  my  main  crop.  Fay's  Prolific  I 
got  some  years  ago,  but  they  don't  stand  the  hot  summer,  and  they  were  all  loet. 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


z98  8TATB  HORTIOTJLTnEAL  80CIBTT. 

Lut  Bprlng  another  lot  waa  planted,  and  we  wIR  give  tbeni  aootber  trial.  Cran- 
dall's  Large  Black  la  also  planted,  bat  trom  appearanctB  I  don't  expect  mnota 
from  tt. 

I><ic£«TTM.— Lncretia,  as  a  trailer,  fa  the  be«t  I  have  tried — early,  large  In 
afze,  good  Id  qualftf  and  bears  well;  but  they  are  BQch  rampant  growers  that  It 
takes  work  to  keep  tbem  within  bounds.  I  tie  the  fruiting  vines  to  stakes  so  the 
fruit  la  easily  gathered. 

TA«J>u)(ir/5'«rvteeierTy.—TbIa  splendid  little  fmlt  deserves  inor«  attentioa  than 
It  has  received.  Tbej  come  In  early,  can  be  planted  like  currants,  and  bear  full 
^vtry  year.    The  rrnlt  is  about  the  size  of  onr  medium  wild  ones. 

In  conclnelon,  1  will  say  that  the  farmer  who  has  do  berries,  and  an  abnndance 
ot  them,  la  behind  the  times,  and  don't  live  as  It  Is  Intended  be  should. 

These  very  men  who  say  tt  Is  too  small  a  matter  to  bother  with  have  eome- 
tblng  small  In  their  estimation  of  the  good  things  of  this  world. 

DISCDSSIOK. 

Sam.  Miller— From  my  earlist  recollectioD,  aiace  I  knew  aoything, 
my  fotber  bad  aQ  abaDdance  of  fruit.  A  man  with  sacb  aarroaDdingB 
Id  childhood  is  a  bom  borticolturist,  and  I  bope  to  die  one. 

Mr.  Helvero,  of  Arkansas — I  am  acqufunted  with  the  bietory  of 
Michel's  Early  strawberry  from  tbe  first.  It  bas  proven  for  four  years 
one  of  tbe  best  known  in  that  section  of  coantry,  and  by  all  odds  tbe 
earliest.  Id  1889  it  was  shipped  to  Bt.  Loais  from  Arkaasas  as  early 
as  April  15,  tea  or  twelve  days  earlier  tban  the  Crescent.  From  two 
and  one-fourtb  acres  tSOO  worth  of  frnit  was  sold  before  the  Crescent 
began  to  ponr  into  market.  From  the  same  patch  $1,300  were  realized 
in  fruit,  and  after  picking,  Mr.  Michel  sold  two-tbirds  interest  in  tbe 
two  and  one-fourth  acres  for  $2,000. 

Mr.  Tnmer — Aronnd  Fort  Smith  and  Van  Buren  it  seems  to  be  a  very 
vigorons  grower,  yet  not  too  thick.  It  is  earlier  than  Crescent,  of  suf- 
ficient size,  and  productive  as  lar  as  tried.  They  think  they  have  tbe 
thing  in  the  way  of  an  early  berry.  Every  man  should  get  it  at  once. 
We  don't  look  for  any  berry  to  succeed  everywhere,  bat  we  believe 
this  to  be  worthy  of  trial.  The  plants  sell  from  $2.60  per  hnndred  to 
as  low  as  $1  per  hundred. 

J.  C.  Evans — I  am  glad  to  know  that  the  Michel's  Early  la  doing 
so  well.  I  said  to  our  people  two  years  ago  that  I  believed  it  waa  tbe 
coming  berry.  I  saw  it  two  years  in  its  native  country,  and  thonght 
that  with  all  its  good  qualities  it  wonid  come  to  the  ^ont. 

Mr.  Helvem — I  oonid  write  ap  its  history  for  your  next  report,  but 
that  would  be  too  late  for  next  spring  planting. 

Hoffman  is  early  and  fine,  but  not  prolific. 

During  the  last  season — a  dry  one — Michel's  Early  grew  and  set 
twice  as  thick  in  the  row  as  the  Crescent.  Reports  from  Kentucky 
and  Nebraska  all  speak  well  of  it.    It  has  only  two  faults:  it  is  rather 


WINTBB  MBBTIHa  AT  CLINTON.  299 

pale,  not  red  enongh,  bnt  it  comes  so  early  that  it  is  salable.  The 
first  crate  of  eizteeu  qnarts  sold  for  $5.35.  It  is  also  rather  soft — not 
softer  than  the  Crescent.  It  should  be  picked  early  before  the  son  is 
warm.  There  is  very  little  complaint  on  that  gronnd.  I  can  secare 
plants  for  $2.50  per  thonsand  ft'om  reliable  men.  They  have  been  sold 
for  firom  $5  to  $10  per  Ibonsand.  It  has  a  perfect  flower,  and  can  be 
planted  aloQC.  I  have  known  ten  acres  of  it  planted  withoat  other 
kinds,  and  never  saw  an  imperfect  berry  in  the  patch. 

Mr.  Ambrose — All  the  good  varieties  should  be  known,  bat  I  don't 
believe  any  grower  shoald  plant  ten  acres  of  it.  It  may  do  well  and  it 
may  not.  Some  powers  a  few  years  ago  planted  the  Jessie  largely — 
resnlting  in  failure.  One  grower  planted  12,000  plants  of  it  on  the 
strength  of  what  he  had  read.    He  made  a  mistake. 

Mr.  Logan — I  never  go  very  mnch  on  these  new  varieties  as  they 
come  oat.  I  thought  I  coald  rely  on  Mr.  Helvem,  so  I  set  a  few  plants 
in  November,  and  I  expect  to  set  30,000  or  40,000  in  the  spring. 

Jacob  Faith — I  have  abont  seventy-five  kinds  of  strawberries. 
None  promise  better  than  Michel's  iSarly.    Tbat  is  all  I  can  say. 

J.  O.  Kinder— Judge  Miller  spoke  of  raspberries  six  inches  aronnd. 
Wonld  not  that  be  a  good  kind  to  send  out  T 

Sam.  Miller — I  meant  strawberries. 

G.  W.  Hopkinds — I  woald  like  to  know  how  to  escape  the  rnst  od 
raspberries. 

Henry  Speer — I,  too,  wonld  like  to  know  Bomething  of  the  rasp- 
berry cane  rast. 

J.  W.  Clark — It  is  a  rast  of  the  cane  and  leaves  tbat  sncks  the 
juices  of  the  plant  and  stops  its  growth.  The  Bordeaux  mistnre  is 
being  tried  for  the  disease,  bnt  when  in  the  plant  there  is  very  little 
nee  to  fight  it.  The  department  at  Washington  gives  no  remedy.  The 
Bordeax  mixture,  so  far  as  it  is  effective,  is  only  a  preventive  of  this 
disease.  I  shonid  spray  before  the  leaves  start  in  the  spring.  Spores 
are  lodged  anywhere  and  everywhere.  Wherever  they  happen  to  light 
there  they  are.  If  the  conditions  are  favorable  they  will  grow  when 
the  heat  and  moisture  are  snfflcient.  Yoa  must  flgbt  it  before  it  gets 
into  the  plant.    Stop  its  germination  before  the  leaves  start. 

Mr.  Speer — My  fiist  observation  of  the  raspberry  rust  was  at  West 
Plains.  When  I  went  home  I  looked  for  it.  1  found  that  it  had 
affected  my  plants  and  injured  the  crop  of  the  year  before.  During 
the  summer  the  canes  will  be  spotted.  When  bad  it  will  go  clear 
around  the  cane  and  kill  it,  and  the  berries  will  dry  up  prematurely. 
I  have  no  donbt  that  in  many  cases  of  winter-killing  the  damage  was 
done  by  the  rust  the  summer  before. 


SOO  STATE  HOBTIOULTURAI,  SOOIBTY. 

J.  M.  dark — The  black  raspberry  and  tbe  red  raspberry  have  no 
red  dust  on  them,  bat  it  ia  tbe  same  rnst  that  injores  the  blackberry, 

Mr.  Oano — My  obeerration  ia  that  it  commencea  about  the  last  uf 
May  or  the  first  of  Jane  as  a  little  spot.  Then  the  bark  appears  to 
borat.  The  cane  never  makes  a  ffood  growth  after  that.  I  have  never 
seen  it  on  the  cane  of  the  second  year's  growth. 

Mr.  Hopkins — I  have  seen  it  on  the  old  cane.  I  have  seen  them 
spotted  clear  to  the  gronad.  It  comes  first  on  the  new  cane.  It  is 
entirely  different  from  the  old  blackberry  rnst.  It  does  not  affect  the 
leaves. 

Mr.  Hartzell — An  acconnt  of  the  troable  and  the  remedy  was  pnb- 
lished  in  the  "Boral  World"  of  iN'ovember  13.  The  whole  caase  of  the 
troable  is  tbe  want  of  moisture. 

Mr,  Hopkins — It  is  worse  in  a  wet  season. 

Mr,  Hartzell — Too  much  moisture  is  worse  than  too  littie. 

Mr.  Olark — Some  have  said  that  this  mat  wae  canaed  by  not  stir- 
ring the  groand.  Onr  patch  was  stirred  every  few  daya,  but  the  mat 
was  there  right  along.  It  ia  cansed  by  a  little  plant  that  works  like 
the  grape-rot. 

Mr.  Hartzell — It  never  harts  the  cane  when  there  ia  a  good  growth. 

Mr.  Pollard — The  Shaffer  is  one  of  the  strongest  growers,  and  it 
is  the  most  injured. 

President  Evans — The  discnesion  seems  to  ran  more  upon  Aingi 
than  npon  small  fraits. 

Mr.  Kinder — The  more  fangi  the  smaller  the  f^ait, 

BBBBT   CROP  OF  1890  FOB  DOtFQLAB   COUNTY,   EAKSAB. 

BKFOBTXD   BY  B.   f.   8UITH,   LAWBBHCB,   EAB. 

Tbi>  hkB  been  k  verr  busy  year  wltb  me.  I  gfttbered  tbe  iBrgeet  orop  of  berrlea 
I  ever  raised.  Uf  a trawberiy- picking  began  on  May  3u,  ending  with  blaokberrteB 
thelast  of  July.  Owing  to  tbe  extreme  drontb  continuing  throagb  June  and  July, 
raspberrlea  and  blaekberrleH  were  aerloualy  tojored .  But  uotwlttiBtandlDg  tbe  long 
droatb,  my  crop  of  all  kinds  of  berries  rounded  up  above  4S,000  quarts,  40,000  of 
whiob  were  strawberries.  This  erop  in  Douglas  county  was  the  largest  berry  crop 
In  Its  record.  Almost  every  blossom  produced  a  perfect  berry.  We  had  tbe  longest 
berry  season  ever  known  In  Kansas,  liBtlng,_as  It  Jld,  thirty-two  days.  Uwlng  to 
the  favorable  weather  for  ripening,  the  crop  waa  abundant ;  In  fact,  the  supply 
greatly  exceeded  the  demand.  The  overplns  was  due  In  part  to  there  being  less 
than  one  week's  difference  between  the  ripening  season  of  Southwest  Missouri, 
Southern  EauBas  points  and  Lawrence  Prices  ruled  lower  than  ever  before  In  our 
oounty.  Our  Western  markets,  which  heretoforehad  returned  remunerative  prices, 
were  so  glatt«d  that  the  consignments  of  our  large  berry-growers  brought  them  In 
debt,  while  others  received  hardly  enongb  to  pay  for  crates  and  picking.  Hence, 
our  strawberry  •farmer  friends  are  becoming  somewhat  discouraged  over  future 
possibilities.    Again,  when  we]read  that  in  all  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  large 

D.|iiz^:-|...  V^H_H_'V|1> 


WIHTBR  UEETIIfG  AT  CLINTON.  301 

berrj-growsTB  receive  from  ten  to  Qfteen  cents  per  qaui  for  thslr  entire  crop,  tt  ia 
Btill  more  dlBooimglDff  when  we  remember  ttut  some  of  as  came  Wwt  feua  ago, 
where  we  espeoted  better  prloea  for  our  fralts  than  we  had  received  in  our  Baatera 

The  leesoo  of  the  leason  teaches  as  that  tt  Is  do  longer  worth  while  seeking 
Western  locations  fbr  profitable  herry-growlng,  and  that  It  Is  better  to  contlnne  the 
baeineu  near  the  more  densely  popnlated  distrlou  of  the  East. 

NOTir  ON  VABIBTIBB 

Captain  Jaek—Thlt  grand  old  variety  led  the  van  for  italpping  a  long  distance. 
For  three  weeks  in  saoceaslon  I  shipped  Ita  Iwrrtes  to  Albnqoerqne,  N.  U.-  -1,100 
milei  from  Lawrence.  Mo  other  berry  stood  the  wear  and  tear  so  well  as  this  one. 
Many  growers  think  Its  berries  too  small,  bat  give  me  the  berry  that  sells  for  the 
most  money  In  a  distant  market,  regardless  of  Its  size. 

Creaeent—Thle  sort,  as  asoal,  prodaoed  a  large  crop  of  berries,  but  the  market 
being  glutted  with  them,  and  prices  too  low  for  any  profit,  we  gave  the  plcken  all 
tbey  would  take  away  and  left  the  balance  tor  the  blids  and  bees,  while  we  picked 
firmer  and  better  berries  for  the  markets.  When  the  Crescent  Is  aI>ont  half  gone 
the  rest  of  the  crop  U  of  no  valne  for  shipping  purposes.  In  fact.  It  Is,  all  through 
the  season,  a  hindrance  to  the  sale  of  good  berries,  and  the  sooner  berry-growers 
drop  It  from  their  list  of  Aommerulal  berries,  the  sooner  will  the  markets  of  the 
country  become  more  active,  and  growers  will  make  more  money  on  the  less  pro- 
ductive varieties. 

fiuiacA— This  berry  was  a  surprise  and  wonder  to  all  who  saw  it  on  my 
grounds,  but  my  oommlielon  merchant  In  Denver  wrote  me  to  "stop  shipping 
those  large,  soft  berries,  and  send  more  of  the  Captain  Jack  or  other  sorts  that 
could  be  resblpped  to  the  mouDtalns." 

Jusi«— This  much- advertised  Wisoonsln  Uammoth  berry  is  not  as  large  as  the 
Illinois  Babach,  but  Its  fiavor  has  not  been  sorpassed  by  any  of  the  newer  varieties. 

Burt — If  any  of  our  friends  have  the  pure  Burt,  they  have  the  genuine  Captain 
Jack,  and  vice  serta. 

AficAe^rhls  Is  the  earliest  of  all  my  fifty  vartelles.  We  picked  the  first  itpe 
berries  of  the  Michel  t«n  days  before  the  Crescent  was  ripe.  Its  berries  are  not  of 
the  mammoth  order,  but  large  enough  for  an  early  sort.  It  Is  flilrly; productive,  and 
win  be  retained  until  an  earlier  variety  Is  brought  out. 

Cloud  Seedlitiff — Am  real  sorry  that  I  am  unable  to  say  a  good  word  for  this 
Mlsaissippi  wonder.  In  all  my  twenty-flve  .years*  experience  I  never  was  so  disap- 
pointed In  any  new  strawberry.  Onr  Southern  blends  sent  It  North  with  a  blow 
equal  to  a  Kansas  cyclone,  claiming  it  to  be  earlier  than  the  Crescent  fay  at  least  a 
week ;  but  with  me  It  Is  not  as  early.  On  the  poor,  thin  soils  of  the  South  It  may 
have  been  a  success. 

PintappU — A  real  dead-twat.  In  fact.  I  have  destroyed  several  of  my  own 
seedlings  that  fere  ten  times  more  productive. 

Peart — The  plant  Is  a  good.  Strong  grower,  and  while  Its  berries  are  not  as  large 
as  those  of  some  other  sorts,  they  are  firmer  than  the  Crescent,  Miner  or  Downing. 

Haverland — The  many  visitors  who  were  dally  on  my  grounds  looking  after 'the 
behavior  of  the  newer  varieties  were  loud  tn  their  praise  of  this  variety.  It  Is 
nearly  ae  large  as  the  Bubaoh,  but  Its  berries  must  be  tenderly  handled  befbre  and 
while  being  shipped  to  market, 

WarfUld—Bta  a  long  future  before  tt,  and  wilt  stand  shipment,  it  is  as  prth- 
ducllve  as  the  Creseeot  and  more  attractive  to  the  eye. 


u  Google 


9v2  BiAiE  hubtioultuba:^.  sooiett. 

Qandy — &  flue,  valuable  berry  for  Kanua.  I  have  fralted  It  for  two  yeara,  aud 
■hall  ooDtlnne  It,  aa  It  ootnea  tn  after  many  other  eortB  are  out  of  tbe  way.  The 
plant  la  a  atrong  grower,  aDd  Is  at  home  in  our  rich,  black  goll. 

Now  I  have  a  host  of  old  worthy  aorta  that  you  all  know.  I  mean  the  Down- 
ing, Miner,  ManoheBter,  Olendale,  Ut.  Vernon,  Hay  King,  and  others  that  need 
no  Introdnctlon.  Then  I  have  a  boat  of  wortblesa  new  varieties  se&t  from  tbe  east, 
where  It  1b  snppoBed  all  the  good  things  oome  tiom.  Their  acquaintance  will  do 
yon  DO  good.  These  are  the  Jewel,  Gold,  Dutter,  Itaaea,  Belmont,  Mammoth, 
Monmonlh,  and  othere  ;iol  worth  the  writing  of  their  names. 

I  carry  several  varieties  In  my  list,  partly  for  comparison  with  good  aorta,  as 
well  aa  for  patrons  who  are  often  behind  the  times  by  waltlag  to  purohan  at  lower 
prices. 

BABPBaRBlIB. 

Tbe  raspberry  crops  were  less  satisfactory  In  product  than  they  were  last 
year.  While  It  was  too  wet  then,  this  season  was  too  dry.  Beirlea,  however,  were 
firmer,  and  stood  tbe  racket  of  transit ;  and  prices  were  better  than  they  were 
last  year. 

BeAaniar  o/eoi'ie^iu.— For  earllneaB  and  prodnctlveneas  the  Boubegan  Is  first. 
However,  It  la  not  giving  the  satisfaction  It  did  a  few  yeara  ago.  The  cane  growth 
Is  becoming  more  spindling,  while  Its  fruit  is  not  so  large.  In  fact,  some  of  its 
friends  are  loalng  confidence  In  It,  and  they  are  looking  for  an  early  variety  tbat  has 
more  vitality.  The  Qregg  is  likewise  growing  less  productive,  while  Its  cane 
growth  1«  not  aa  large  as  formerly.  The  old  McCormIck,  Miami,  Smith's  Iron-clad, 
and  even  flopktut,  are  not  the  berries  they  were  eight  or  ten  years  ago.  Hence  It 
is  advisable  that  we,  aa  berry  growera,  be  on  the  alert  for  varletleB  of  black  caps 
that  will  stand  tbe  extremes  of  our  seasons  and  return  ns  value  for  labor  bestowed 
<in  their  growth. 

The  red  varieties,  Cuthbert,  Thwack  and  Brandywine,  seem  to  be  as  vlgorona 
In  growth  of  bush  and  product  as  formerly.  Likewise  the  Sbaffer,  which  is  neither 
blade  nor  red,  bnt  purple,  SEIII  holds  Its  own  In  vigor  of  growth.  The  hult,  how- 
ever,  is  too  tender  for  dlstaat  shipments. 


In  the  race  among  the  blackberries  for  a  long  llfb,  the  Snyder  and  Taylor  are 
In  the  lead.  These  two  varieties  ore  as  strong  and  vlgorona  as  they  were  In  the 
beginning.  While  there  are  other  sorts  whose  fruit  Is  larger,  their  eanes  are  fUll 
of  disease,  made  so,  probably,  by  cold  winters.  Hence  the  experience  among  berry 
growers  Is  in  favor  of  the  Snyder  for  the  first  plaoe,  and  the  Taylor  next  in  the 
race.  The  Eariy  Harvest  Is  too  small  and  too  early,  coming  as  tt  does,  along  with 
the  Sonhegan  raspberry.  Stone's  Hardy  is  but  little  larger  than  the  Early  Harveat, 
the  only  merit  In  It  being  Its  continuing  a  few  days  after  the  Snyder  has  gone. 

There  is  more  anxiety  among  email  fruit-growers  for  Improvement  In  the  rasp- 
terry  and  blackberry  than  there  is  on  the  strawberry.  We  haveat  least  a  dozen 
profitable  market  varieties  of  the  strawberry,  while  we  have  only  two  or  three  of 
blackberries. 

There  Is,  therelore,  an  inviting  field  open  to  the  finder  or  producer  of  a  few 
good  raspberries,  and  for  at  least  half  a  dozen  good  blackberries. 

TUTINQ  »EW  TBUITS. 

Every  season  new  varieties  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  are  ofifered  tor  sale,  and,  usn- 
«lly,  at  high  prices.    I  do  not  bite,  however,  at  every  new  thing  advertised ;  bat 


WINTBB  MBBTIHG  AT  CLINTON.  303 

when  I  ue  ttatt «  new  fralt  liu  been  testsd  at  some  one  or  mon  of  tb«  experlmeDt 
ttatloDR,  with  &  good  repoiC  tber«on,  then  I  feel  Inclined  to  give  It  a  trial  in  a  small 
waj.  M7  bite  at  the  Cload  Seedling,  before  referred  to,  was  an  exception,  as  It 
had  never  been  teat«d  at  any  exp«rltiient  station.  Bot  new  BirmntterrteB  are  fre- 
quently Introduced  by  a  long  story  abool  their  origin,  with  the  asserttoo  by  the 
Introdnoer  that  their  favorite  IB  the  Ideal— In  fact,  the  beat  strawberry  In  the 
oonntry.  Now,  some  alLowanoe  should  tM  made  for  the  entbaelasm  of  the  origins- 
tor  of  a  new  fralt. 

There  are  possible  merits  In  some  of  the  new  seedllogs.  Probably  one  In  ten 
U  worthy  of  propagation.  In  order  to  be  abreast  of  tbe  times,  we  must  keep  test- 
ing, and  by  so  doing  we  sball  improve  on  those  we  now  have .  It  was  by  testing 
Dew  sorts  that  we  now  bsve  the  firm  shipping  berry  In  the  Captain  Jack,  and  the 
large  size  In  tbe  Shsrpiesa,  Bubsoh,  Jessie,  Bsverlsnd,  Parry,  Jersey  Queen,  Man- 
chester and  others.  It  was  by  experimenting  and  testing  that  we  got  the  Crystal 
City  and  Hicbei  for  early  berries,  and  tha  Glendale,  Haunt  Vernon,  Atlsnt'c  and 
Gandy  tor  late  varieties.  So,  when  I  look  back  twenty-flve  years  ago,  when  I  began 
berry-culture,  when  tbe  old  Wilson  was  tbe  Ideal  of  every  berry-grower,  I  think 
we  have  made  great  progress,  and  sbonld  never  grow  tired  of  well-doing,  but  should 
continue  testing  new  fruits  as  long  as  there  is  any  possibility  of  Improvement. 

I  am  now  testing  the  Orest  Psdflc,  Sdgar  Queen  and  Lady  Eusii,  all  from  Illi- 
nois j  and  Boblnson's  and  Sproul's  seedlings,  of  Esn  a  as  origin,  with  a  few  of  my  own 
aeedllags. 

MABKETING  THB  BBRBT  CBOF. 

The  question  ofmarketlngfrnit  has  grown  tu  be  a  serious  one,  and  by  no  means 
easy  of  eolation.  The  berry  product  the  Isst  two  years  has  been  larger  than  the 
demand,  or,  In  other  words,  the  berry  growers  are  Increasing  faster  than  the  eon- 
snniers.  Again,  the  cost  of  transportation  Is  not  in  keeping  with  tbe  low  price  of 
our  berries.  Another  serious  matter  is  tbe  careless  handling  of  our  berries  when 
transferred  from  one  road  to  another.  The  wagon  and  truck  drivers  tn  the  employ 
of  the  transportation  companies  seem  not  to  understand  the  imperative  neuessity  of 
csrefnilf  handling  easily- bruised  and  easily-damaged  fruits.  Tender  faults  must 
be  handled  tenderly  when  In  transit,  even  for  a  short  distance,  in  order  that  the 
packages  may  arrive  at  their  destination  in  a  flt  condition  to  meet  the  wants  of  con- 
snmere.  Were  a  petition  signed  by  all  the  small  fr nit-growers,  and  sent  every 
season  to  the  transportation  officials,  asking  for  the  proper  handling  of  on r  berries, 
the  evil  might  be  remedied.  Let  us  think  over  this  matter,  and  see  If  we  can  have 
our  berries  bandied  In  a  better  shape  next  year. 

Before  closing  this  long  report,  I  wonld  like  to  discourage  tbe  planting  of  large 
fields  of  berries  anywhere  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  Unr  cities  are  too  small 
yet,  to  consume  tbe  product  of  our  fertile  lands ;  therefore,  for  the  present,  let 
us  conOne  ourselves  to  smaller  patches  of  strawberries.  Should  the  price  advance 
to  SC  or  $0  per  orate  occasionally,  let  us  not  become  wild  over  it  and  double  the 
acreage  with  the  view  of  doubling  our  product  and  also  the  price.  We  should  re- 
member that  every  berry-grower  may  be  like  minded  on  the  Increase  of  acreage. 
So  if  we  would  only  content  ourselves  with,  say  from  tbe  half-acre  plots  up  to  the 
two  or  three-acre  patches,  then  wlthadiverslty  of  olher  fruits  togo  with  our  hlgb- 
prtoed  berries,  we  will  be  slowly,  but  surely,  climbing  the  hill  of  prosperity ; 
otherwise ,  we  shall  be  left  In  tbe  valley  of  adversity.  We  should  so  gauge  all  our 
planting  that  we  may  not  become  demoralized  by  severe  adversity  nor  unduly 
elated  by  great  prospeTlty.  The  tendency  of  the  age  is  to  become  suddenly  rich. 
We  woQid  plant  to-day,  and,  if  possible,  reap  to-morrow.    To  become  wealthy  in 


804  STATE  HOBTiaULUBAL   800IBTTT. 

K  few  yeara,  and  spend  the  remainder  of  tbelr  Uvea  In  ease  and  laxaiy,  appears  to 
be  the  paramouat  desire  of  &  large  majority  of  our  bnstneaa  meo  In  tbis  fait  age. 
I(  we  would  be  proaperouB  beirr-onltlTatora,  we  mast  ttudy  how  not  to  produce  a 
■arplDS,  or  when  we  have  a  year  of  great  abundance,  instead  of  glnttlngr  the 
markets  of  OQT  country  with  oar  berries  In  tbelrfresh  state,  we  mast  preierre  the 
OTerplos  (br  a  winter  market.  Every  berry-grower  ml^t  learn  aome  method  tit 
preserving  the  surplus  product,  and  thai  have  a  maitetable  product  ft>r  the  doll 
winter  season . 


To  the  (rnlt-grower  who  has  chosen  the  occupation  for  life,  It  may  be  said, 
that  wttb  all  tbe  hindrances,  there  la  encouragement  In  the  fact  that  all  kinds  of 
farm  products  are  on  tbe  upward  tendency,  and  these  who,  on  account  of  the  low 
prices  of  grain  products,  were  seeking  for  the  avenues  of  hortlcultaral  life,  will 
now  switch  off  or  return  to  the  old  well-beaten  road  that  leads  to  agricultural  pro^ 
perlty. 


THUBSDAY— Dboembeb  5,  2  p.  H. 
Special  sobjectB  were  taken  ap  at  the  opening  of  the  session,  and 
reports  from  committeea  were  first  in  order. 

BBFOBT  OF   COUMITTBB   ON   PLOWBBS. 
Belt  Basket  Flowers— 

B.  8.  Brown,  Kansas  City,  first  premium,  SQ.OO. 
E.  A.  Barnhart,  Clinton,  second  premium,  14.00. 
Best  Hand  Bouquet — 

M.  L.  Bonham,  Clinton,  first  premium,  fS.OO. 
Best  Table  Bouquet— 

B.  A.  Barnhart,  Clinton,  ftrst  premium,  $3.00. 
Collection  of  Plants— 

E.  A.  Barnhart,  gratuity  of  95.0(1. 
Collection  of  Plants— 

H.  L.  Bonham,  gntutty  of  |6.00. 

Saudxl  Miller, 
itsB.  L.  A.  QooowiM, 
Mbs.  Baird. 
Tbe  committee  take  leave  to  compliment  tbe  contributors  of  the  flowers  on 
the  excellent  condition  of  their  plants.     Quite  prom  toe  at  among  the  collection  are 
two  India  Rubber  trees  and  a  collection  of  green-house  trees. 

EEPOET  OP   aOMMITTBB   OK   FEUITS. 

Your  committee  have  made  tbe  fbllowtng  awards,  to  wit: 
Best  display  of  twenty-five  varletlee— 

T.  J.  Shlokle,  West  Plains,  first  premium,  faO.OO. 

Shepard  &  Wheeler.  Hedalla,  second  premium,  110.00. 
Beat  ten  varieties  for  family— 

W.  O.  Oano,  Olden,  first  premium,  16.00. 


ly  Google 


WINIBB  MBETING  AT   OLINTON. 


305 


J    H.  H  on  »ees.  Beam  an,  »eoond  premium,  S4. 00. 
Beat  ten  rarieties  for  market — 

Olden  Pratt  oomp&nv,  Olden,  flret  premium,  $6.00. 

Shepud  &  Wheeler,  SedilU,  second  premium,  f4.00. 
Ten  Tarleties  for  show — 

T.  J.  milnkle,  West  Platne,  flret  premium,  $0.00. 
Five  varietlei  for  market  {South  UisMuri)— 

Shepard  &  Wheeler,  SednIU,  flr*t  premlam,  $3.00. 

Olden  Fralt  compiny,  second  premium,  $3.00. 
largest  apple — 

W.  O.  Oano,  Olden,  first  premtam  (Ben  Oavts),  $3.00. 
Handsomest  apple— 

Sbepard  A  Wheeler,  first  premlara  (Hen  Davis),  $3.00. 

Olden  Fruit  company,  second  premium  (Buntsman),  $1.00. 
-Quality— 

T.  J.  ShlQkle,  first  premlam  (Qrimea).  $2  00. 

C.  C.  Bell,  second  premium  (Qrlmes).  $1.00. 
Best  seedling- 
Samuel  Miller,  first  premium,  $3.00. 

H.  L.  Bonham,  second  premium,  $3.00. 

We  also  find  on  the  tables  about  fortj-flve  varieties  of  apples,  some  very  flna 
plates  from  the  Henry  County  Horticultural  Soicoty.  We  also  find  a  number  of 
plates  of  apples  exhibited  by  C.  Hartzell,  some  of  the  crop  of  1388  and  also  of  1889 , 
"kept  by  hli  plan  in  an  excellent  state  of  preserratton,  which  have  lost  none  of  their 
original  flavor;  we  also  find  a  collection  of  about  seventeen  varieties  of  very  flna 
apples  exhibited  by  J.  T.  Scott,  Powersvllle,  f^tnsm  oonnty  ;  we  also  find  abont 
fifteen  varieties  of  apples,  some  pears  and  quinces  and  large  Spanish  onions 
all  very  fine,  from  J.  H.  Bailey.  Hesllla,  N.  H.;  we  alao  find  samples  of  blackberry 
-and  cherry  wine,  also  unfermenled  grape  wine  by  Jacob  Faith. 

All  of  which  we  respectfully  submit. 

O.  F.  ESPENLAOB, 

L.  T.  Kirk, 

O.  W.  HOPKIHS. 


XAtt  of  2A  varitluM  taking  Itt  premium. 
Rome  Beauty. 
Ben  Davis. 
"Wlneeap. 
'Huntsman. 
Minlcler. 
-Jonathan . 
W.  W.  Pearmaln. 
■Willow  Twig. 
Missouri  Pippin. 
Grimes  Golden. 
Ortley. 

Smith's  Cider. 
Penn.  Readstreak. 
Ingram . 

Red  Romanlte. 
Lawyer. 
Nicalaok. 
Yellow  Bell. 
Baldwin. 
WlnierMay. 
Ozark  Imperial. 

H  a— W 


Litl  nf25  varietia  taking  id  _ 
Wlnesap. 
Smith's  Cider. 
Large  Bomanlte. 
Cannon  Pearmaln. 
Jonathan. 
Vandlvere  Pippin. 
Bed  Vandlvere. 
Clayton. 

Missouri  Pippin. 
Stark. 

Rome  Beauty. 
Lawver. 
Wlnrer8pl«e. 
Pryor's  Red . 
Limber  Twig. 
Rawles'  Janet. 
Small  Romanlte. 
Lanslngbnrg. 
MioUer. 


ly  Google 


STATE  HOETICULTDEAL  SOCIETY. 


Ben  Davis. 
Elrby  Red. 
White  Pippin. 
Wjllow  Twig. 
Ked  Cnnads. 
Hontemaa. 
lAtl  of  10  varietia for  family  taking  l»l  prem. 
JonfttbsD . 
W.  W.  PeBTmaln. 
Roma  Beauty. 
WlaeBBp . 
KDnteman. 
Orlmes. 
Ram  bo. 
Seedling. 
B&ldwlD. 
Minkler. 
lAH  of  10  mxriedtt  taking  8d premium. 
Ben  DavU    . 
SUrk. 
Rome  Be  tat  J". 

Cl&JtOD. 

Htsuuri  Pippin. 
Hunt  em  an . 
Jonathan . 
Wtneeap 
White  Pippin. 
WlllowTw  Ig. 
lAvt  of  10  variHea  for  market  taking  lal  prem, 
Rome  Beauty. 
Ben  Davis. 
Winesap. 
Jonatbao. 


HlDkler. 
Huntsman. 
WHlow  Twig. 
Ortlev. 

Smith's  Cider. 
QllplD. 
Liti  of  10  porietiei  for  tAoiB  taking  lat  prtm, 
Rome  Beauty. 

iten  Davta. 

HnntBman. 

Missouri  Pippin. 

Reedling. 

Tulpebacklng. 

Yellow  Bell. 

Smith'B  ader. 

Qrlmee. 
lAat  5  varitiia  for  market.  South  Minourir 
taking  Itt  premium. 

White  Plppla. 

Huntsman. 

Kome  Beanty. 

Willow  Twig. 

Ben  Davis. 
Lilt  of  5  varietiu.  South  Miuouri,  taking  t£ 
premium. 

Ben  Davis. 

Rome  Beauty. 

Winesap. 


EVAPOBATIira  FRUITS. 


The  object  ortfals  paper  is  not  so  mucb  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  advan- 
tage and  proflts  of  the  evaporating  business  as  It  le  to  show  tlie  l)eneflt  which  it 
brings  the  fruit-grower,  by  converting  a  perishable  and  almost  worthless  pn>< 
duct  Into  a  good  marketable  condition ,  at  fair  paying  prices. 

All  fru>t-growers.  and  most  especially  of  the  apple,  know  that  more  than  one- 
half  of  their  fruit  is  unflt  for  market,  either  being  wormy,  specked,  scabby,  knotty 
or  small.  Now  all  this  fruit  can  be  utilized  by  the  evaporator  and  placed  upon 
the  market  at  remunerative  prU:es.  It  is  not  necessary  to  have  a  large  e stab II sh- 
ment  to  accomplish  this  result.  There  are  driers  with  their  oapaoities  ranging 
ftom  one  to  two  bushels  of  green  apples  per  day  up  to  thousands. 

The  work  can  be  done  Just  as  well  and  as  chi>aply  on  a  ten-bushel  machine  as 
In  any  of  the  lar^  factories,  and  my  experience  has  been  that  they  are  Ibc  least 
expensive. 

I  think  every  fruit-grower  should  have  an  evaporator  of  sufficient  capacity  to 
work  np  all  bis  inferior  stock,  and  In  seasons  of  low  prices  and  glutted  markets,  it 
will  often  pay  to  evaporate  the  whole  crop. 

I  have  often  realized  more  for  my  culls  than  for  the  shipping  fruit. 

One  band  can  run  a  ten-bushel  drier,  with  twenty-five  cents  worth  of  fuel,  and 
make  fifty  pounds  of  white  fruit  per  day,  which,  at  ten  cents  per  pound,  about  the 
average  price,  would  net  four  dollars  and  seventy  cents,  making  nearly  flfty  cents 
a  bushel,  Including  the  day's  work,  and  at  this  year's  prices,  would  be  over  70  ceots^ 
and  If  the  waste  is  dried,  almost  a  dollar. 


...  v^n_n_'Vii> 


WIITTBR  HBBTIIfG  AT  CLINTON.  307 

Again,  one  Important  point  thns  gained  Is  onHtng  out  yonr  shipping  fk'uit,  mak- 
ing It  grade  ftuic^,  and  thereby  obtain  the  blgheit  mftrfcet  price  for  tt. 

Market  only  the  best,  evaporate  the  rest.  Thus  yoa  Aonld  «TOld  the  breaking 
down  the  matkets  for  the  green  fruit.  This  is  always  done  by  Inferior  stock  being 
run  on  the  market,  and  never  by  good  choice  frnit.  Tbis  wonld  !«  more  satlsfac* 
torj  all  round  to  the  growers,  the  shippers,  the  dealers  and  the  consumers.  We 
can,  at  nearly  all  times,  see  apples  quoted  on  the  markets  at  from  7B  cents  to  S1.35 
per  barrel.  Now  every  one  knows  these  are  lost  to  the  grower.  All  of  this  kind 
aboaldnevergoon  the  market,  but  In  the  evaporator;  then  the  markets  would  keep 
active,  and  this  stock  realized  from;  but  until  It  la  used  In  thUwayit  will  be 
thrown  on  the  markets,  breaking  them  down,  Injuring  the  sale  of  the  flrst'Ckes 
frntt. 

When  once  the  fruit  is  evaporated  you  have  the  world  for  a  market;  you  have 
nearly  four  barrels  of  apples  In  a  fifty-pound  box  that  can  he  shipped  Just  as  safety 
to  Alaska,  China  or  India  ss  to  St.  Louis,  and  yon  need  be  in  no  hurry  to  market  It. 
Next  spring  le  ae  good  a^  this  fall,  and  often  better  prices  are  obtained, 

When  properly  packed,  and  with  proper  storage,  it  can  be  kept  for  years  as 
fresh  and  sweet  as  when  tlrst  prepared,  except  a  little  losa  In  color,  bat  even  this 
may  be  overcome  by  cold  storage. 

If  prices  are  as  low  as  they  were  two  years  ago,  when  It  was  worth  only  from 
four  to  stx  cents  a  pound,  and  the  waste  and  chop  less  than  one  cent.  It  can  safely 
be  kept  over  until  there  is  a  sbortage  like  the  present,  when  fifteen  cents  can  be 
obtained  for  the  white  fruit,  and  four  to  five  cents  (or  chop  and  waste.  The  chop 
U  apples  sliced  Just  as  they  are  without  any  paring  or  coring,  and  dried  ;  in  this 
Iheamall  and  knotty  apples  that  cannot  be  pared  are  used.  The  work  Is  done  quite 
rapidly  with  a  machine  made  for  the  purpose ;  forty  or  fifty  bnshela  can  be  sliced  In 
an  hour  by  two  hands. 

One  bushel  of  apples  will  make  ten  pounds  of  ohop,  which  Is  now  worth  four 
cents  a  pound . 

The  waste  Is  the  skins,  cores  and  trimmings  from  white  fruit,  which  needs  no 
>  other  preparation  only  to  put  It  in  the  evaporator,  dry  It  and  pack  It  In  sacks  or 
barrels  ready  for  shipment.  It  Is  used  for  making  Jellies,  and  usually  brings  about 
oue-balf  cent  more  than  the  chop.  Host  of  the  chop  Is,  I  understand,  shipped  to 
Europe  and  there  manufaotnred  Into  fine  wines  and  sent  back  to  this  country  and 
sold  from  one  to  five  dollars  a  bottle.  The  price  is,  therefore,  greatly  influenced 
and  governed  by  the  grape  crop  in  the  old  country.  Many  thousands  of  tone  are 
manufactured  each  year.    Jfve^thlng  can  be  used,  nothing  wasted. 

Mr. 1  tbink  still  more  cau  be  done  thaa  tbe  gentleman 

Bftj-s.  I  evaporated  some  1,400  pouuds  of  fruit  whicli  sold  for  ten 
cents  per  pound.  I  made  use  of  every  part  of  the  fi-uit,  except  the 
worm;  part.  Yinegar  was  made  of  tbe  waste.  I  sold  some  ten  or 
twelve  banele  at  20  cents  per  gallon,  $9.60  per  barrel  of  forty-eight 
gallons. 

I  picked  out  the  choicest  to  ship  and  evaporated  the  cnlU  and 
second,  which  wonld  have  damaged  the  whole  lot  if  shipped  together. 
The  vinegar  apples  made  nearly  as  much  money  as  any.  I  netted  $85, 
using  a  cider  mill  that  cost  $15.  We  used  a  pear  eorer  and  slicer  to 
prepare  the  apples  for  drying.  Wife  and  two  little  girls  did  (he  work, 
apples  and  wood  being  brought  to  the  house  for  them. 


S08  STATE  HOBTIODLTnBi.L  SOCIBTT. 

Some  of  the  apples  kept  a  year  and  a  half,  were  ae  white  and  good 
aa  wheu  first  pnt  np.  ISo  trouble  to  keep  them  five  years.  We  used 
about  a  tablespoon  of  enlphnr  to  a  half  bnshel.  When  dry,  we  put  the 
fruit  riKht  into  flour  barrels,  and  headed  it  np  tight.  Some  kept  eighteen 
months,  are  as  nice  and  fresh  as  when  first  pnt  up.  They  are  better  to 
cook  than  fresh  fruit,  as  they  don't  require  sugar,  while  tteeh  fruit  does. 

We  pack  them  hot,  right  ft'om  the  trays.  If  they  stand  open,  the 
miller  will  get  intp  them.  Turn  them  ftom  the  tray  into  the  barrel, 
and  keep  them  perfectly  close.  Jnst  as  booq  as  a  barrel  is  fnll  I  headed 
them  np. 

OM   PLAITTINO,  PEOTBOTING  AND  PEONING. 

H.  B.  FRANCIS,  UUUBRRV. 

I'hlnklDg  that  a  few  tbougtitn  on  tbtB  subject  might  be  IntereatlDg  to  eome,  I 
will  tr;  and  contiibnte  something,  hoping  thereby  to  bring  out  some  ideas  dllTerlng 
somewhat  rnim  what  we  used  to  practice.  Then  one  coald  plant  an  orchard  almost 
anywhere  and  have  It  succeed ;  but  now,  when  our  orchards  have  become  Infested 
with  so  many  kinds  of  Insects  and  diseases,  we  hear  some  sav  that  frutt-ralilng 
won't  pay.  Then  the  question  arises  in  the  mind  of  the  tree-planter :  How  am  I  to 
proceed  ?  Nothing  affords  me  more  plesBure  than  to  walk  tbroagh  the  orchard  and 
explain  the  different  methods  on  the  treatment  of  the  apple-tree.  And  now,  If  j'on 
care  to  walk  along  with  me,  I  will  point  out  some  of  tht-  most  common  mistakes 
made  by  the  beginner  in  tree-planting,  and  the  result  of  the  same. 


We  win  sappose  one  to  have  some  knowledge  on  this  subject,  and  that  be  takes 
ftn  Interest  In  the  baslness.  or  it  will  be  almost  □Heli^ss  to  try  and  explain  or  teach 
him  much  about  this  very  important  Industry.  Now,  one  of  the  very  best  helps  on 
this  subject  tsgood  horticultural  literature  in  the  house,  that  onr  children  and  ever; 
one  else  may  have  nccesB  to  every  day;  but  as  anile,  [  am  sorry  to  say,  I  find  those 
who  have  passed  middle  life  the  most  anxious  to  'earn. 

0(TR  BOIL  AVD   ROW  TO  FRBPARB   FT. 

In  oar  county  there  area  variety  of  soils,  and  on  some  kinds  it  Is  useless  to 
try  to  raise  an  orchard.  How  select  this  soil  and  location  ?  A  beginner  had  better 
obtain  his  Information  from  some  one  who  has  bad  experience  In  the  boBlDess,  or  he 
might  make  a  mistake. 

After  trying  various  ways  In  preparing  the  ground,  I  have  adopted  the  fol- 
lowing method:  First,  stake  out  the  ground  in  rows  tblrty-tbree  or  more  leet 
apart;  then,  with  a  heavy  team,  plow  the  ground,  beginning  in  the  middle  of 
each  row  and  flntab  where  the  trees  are  to  stand ;  then  haul  and  put  In  this  furrow 
plenty  of  well-rotted  manure  ;  then  again  plow  up  this  subsoil  as  deep  as  you  can 
and  mix  with  the  manure ;  If  properly  done  you  will  bave  made  a  ridge  or  back- 
furrow  In  the  dead-furrow ;  the  gfround  Is  now  ready  for  planting ;  dig  no  holes  hat 
set  the  trees  upon  the  loose  ground,  mound  them  np  nicely  and  then  with  the  plow 
turn  some  furrows  back  to  the  trees.  There  are  two  reasons  for  doing  the  work 
this  way:  the  flist  Is,  you  bave  all  the  ground  tborongbly  cultivated  tinder  tfae 
tree,  a  thing  you  can  never  do  again  ;  the  second  reason  Is,  It  gives  tbe  snrplns 
water  a  chance  to  soak  away  along  the  furrow.    But  If  a  tree  Is  set  In  a  hole  and 


■WINTER  MEBTIKG  AT  OLIMTOM.  309 

aeavfraiiiB  come,  70a  will  find  a  mortar  bed  around  tbe  tree  that  will  bake  when  It 
again  tnmB  dry  and  thne  veiy  mucb  cbeck  tbe  growth  of  tbe  tree. 


I  take  m^  wagon,  pnt  on  the  alde-boardi,  put  In  some  wet  bay  or  straw,  go 
to  thennisery.and  ae  I  select  each  tree  i  have  It  taken  np; they  are  then  tied  into 
bundles  and  set  in  the  wagon.  In  doing  this  way  1  have  no  tronble  in  getting  tbe 
beat,  and  when  tbey  are  aet  oat  tbey  will  all  grow  oiT  eTeoly ;  but  if  one  takes  sec- 
ond or  thlid-claBS  stock,  tbere  will  always  be  some  that  appears  to  be  dwarfed,  and 
win  aever  keep  np  with  the  rest ;  Just  wby  this  is  so  I  don't  know,  but  think  as 
moat  of  oar  trees  are  grafted  on  pieces  of  roots,  that  the  last  or  lower  part  of  tbe 
root  IB  what  produces  the  dwarfed  trees;  time  Is  too  preoloae  with  meto  set  them 

WASHISO  BOOTS. 

For  a  number  of  years  I  have  practiced  washing  the  roots  as  I  set  the  tree.  I 
find  many  good  reasons  for  this.  Sometimes  the  ground  In  the  nnrsery  is  muddy 
and  sticks  to  or  among  tbe  roots,  and  If  set  out  In  this  condition,  It  will  get  bard 
and  bake  almost  like  a  brick  when  the  weather  becomes  dry.  This  will  most  always 
kill  the  tree.  Another  reason  Is,  sometimes  we  And  root-Ilce  ;  a  bluish  looklngmold 
at  first  sight,  but  on  closer  observation,  one  finds  them  resembling  hen-lice,  tt  is 
no  trouble  to  detect  their  presence,  for  when  they  have  been  on  long  the  roots  be- 
come TBiy  knotty  and  full  of  little  fibers  grown  tight  together  like  a  sponge.  This 
kind  of  a  tree  is  not  so  good,  and  should  not  be  planted.  I  put  In  half  a  barrel  of 
water,  which  we  sit  lo  some  convenient  place,  about  a  half  box  of  concentrated  lye 
and  two  onoces  crude  carbolic  acid.  In  this  we  dip  each  tree  til  washed  clean.  I 
have  not  yet  seen  any  Injurious  results  from  this  treatment,  and  tbe  trees  treated 
this  way  have  always  mads  a  splendid  growth. 


Most  nurserymen  advise  leaning  the  tree  toward  the  southwest.  This  theory 
le  contrary  to  natnre,  and  a  bad  mistake.  All  new  shoots  or  limbs  will  come  out 
on  the  top  side,  and  If  the  tree  la  leaned  to  the  southwest,  the  top  will  all  start  on 
the  north  side  Just  where  we  do  not  want  them.  And  aa  the  tree  straightens  up 
with  the  prevailing  south  wind,  tbe  top  will  be  all  on  tbe  north  side,  and  bang  out 
like  a  flag  on  a  pole.  But  says  one,  bow  are  we  to  remedy  this  difficulty  ?  I  say 
easy  enough.  Tbere  %re  two  ways :  If  yon  prefer  very  young  trees,  say  one  year 
old,  Just  lean  them  to  tbe  northeast,  and  when  tbe  little  limbs  oome  out,  they  will 
mostly  be  on  tbe  sonth  side  ;  they  wilt  do  this  the  first  summer;  then  go  along  and 
with  tbe  band  push  the  tree  np  straight,  and  press  the  earth  with  yoiir  foot  to  tbe 
north  side,  and  the  work  is  done.  The  other  way  is  to  get  tbree-year.old  trees,  out 
ofi'  the  lowest  branches,  and  set  them  perfectly  straight,  taking  care  to  place  the 
larger  limbs  on  tbe  sonth  side. 


This  requires  more  study  and  practice  than  any  thing  else,  and  tbe  worst  mis- 
takes  are  made  or  have  been  made  by  us  all.  When  we  first  began  to  plant  we  had 
BO  horticultural  societies  where  we  could  get  together  and  talk  over  these  subjects, 
■o  we  would  ask  the  nurseryman  or  tree  agent,  and  generally  do  as  tbey  told  us, 
that  was  to  head  low  and  cut  back— both  wrong— claiming  that  as  the  roots  were 
abort  10  must  the  top  be.  Now,  this  forever  dwarfs  the  tree  and  also  shortens 
its  natural  life  and  makes  it  several  years  longer  in  coming  Into  bearing;  my 
erperience  of  five  years  says  this  Is  a  Act,  and  who  can  afford  to  practice  it  when  a 


310  STATE  HORTICULTDEAL  SOCIETY. 

tree  aet  and  the  center  or  trunk  left  in,  It  will  grow  to  be  a  tree  and  begin  to  bear 
Kt  leutflvejearasoonertban  the  one  that  Is  topped  and  make  to  grow  with  a  great 
lot  of  limba  like  the  bead  of  broom-corD,  to  split  off  one  at  a  time  and  deatroi*  the 
tree  before  it  baa  had  time  to  half  psy  tbr  itself? 

Now,  the  true  wayls,  the  center  must  be  kept  In,  then  the  branchea  wilt  come 
ont  nearly  at  rtgbt-anglea  and  one  above  another,  like  a  cedar  or  water-oah,  and  as 
theybpcome  loaded  with  fruit  they  will  bi-nd  and  hang  down  wil bout  breaking  or 
apllttlDg  with  their  preciona  load.  Under  thla  proceas  1  believe  the  life  of  the  tree 
to  be  prolonged  for  many  more  years.  With  low  bead  a  one  can't  cultivate  and  rhe 
treea  will  aoon  die,  and  while  they  do  live  they  won't  bear  much  good  fiult. 

PROTECTINO  THE  TREE. 

There  Is  nothing  of  so  much  importance  as  tbia,  and  it  is  the  most  generally 
neglected.  I  have  tried  and  seen  tried  nearly  everything  recommended,  but  the 
beat  and  moat  satlsfaotory  of  all  la  coraatalks  cut  twenty  or  twenty -four  inches  long, 
tben  epltt,  then  aot  up  around  the  tree  and  tied  top  and  bottom  with  binder  twine. 
This  nicely  put  on  and  weU  tied  will  stay  on  three  years,  and  has  for  rae  kept  out 
the  borer,  the  mice,  the  rabbit,  and  also  baa  kept  the  body  protected  from  tbe  sun- 
scald.  tJtalka  put  on  this  way  seldom  ever  get  tifibt,  and  they  never  wilt  hurt  a 
tree,  for  as  the  tree  grows  the  stalks  dry  up  and  dust  out,  leaving  only  a  thin, 
tender  shell. 

PROPAGATION   OF   FBUIT-BBABIKG  TREES. 

J    Q.  KIN'DBR,  NEVADA. 

In  choosing  tbe  above  subject,  I  do  aomore  with  tbe  intent  of  drawing  out 
diacu^aloD  than  frooi  any  new  light  I  profess  to  being  able  to  throw  on  the  aobject. 
That  there  la  yet  much  to  be  learned  or  tbe  beat  methods  of  reproduclug  our 
fruit-bearing  trees  there  can  be  no  doubt.  Shut  our  eyes  to  tbe  fact  as  we  may,  it 
3'et  remains  that  there  la  a  constant  deterioration  going  on  In  many  of  our  heat 
varieties  of  fruita.  How  much  of  thla  la  due  to  our  preaent  syBiem  of  propaga- 
tion no  one  can  say.  but  there  la  evidence  on  every  hand  to  prove  that  much  of  it  la 
due  to  that  cause.  Take  the  peach  as  an  instance.  We  are  wont  to  say  that  our 
beat  varletiea  of  peachea  are  not  ao  hardy  aa  the  common  seedling,  without  stop- 
ping to  think  that  all  our  improved  varieties  of  fruita  were  once  aeedlings,  and  were 
once  as  bsrdy  perhaps  as  any  other.  Why  are  budded  peachea  lesa  hardy  than 
aeedlings  ?  la  It  becauie  tbey  are  budded,  or  Is  It  because  they  have  been  worked 
Indiscriminately  on  an;  fort  of  aeedling  stock,  whether  hardy  or  otherwlae?  Tbe 
question  arisea,  doea  there  exist  what  we  might  term  a  congeniality  or  an  antipa- 
thy between  two  varieties  of  tbe  saute  apeclea  of  fruit,  making  their  union  in  the 
one  cate  advlFsble  and  in  the  other  not?  In  anawerto  tbia  I  aak,  how  else  can  we 
account  for  the  extra  vigor  or  tbe  extreme  weakneas  of  Individual  trees  of  any 
given  variety  growing  under  apparently  the  same  conditions?  Yet  who  Is  there 
but  has  noted  juat  this  very  thing? 

Another  proof  can  be  cited  of  this  congeniality  and  antipathy  in  the  case  ot 
the  pear.  Some  varieties  unite  readily  when  worked  on  the  quince,  and  are  Im- 
proved by  being  so  worked.  Tbe  Ouchesa  pear  ia  an  Inatanoe,  while  we  find  many 
varieties  that  refuse  to  unite  with  the  quince,  or  else  do  very  poorly,  and  never 
make  a  perfect  union,  and  in  order  to  dwarf  them  tbey  must  be  dou ble- worked . 
That  there  doea  exist  congeniality  and  antipathy  between  varieties  of  the  same  or 
of  slightly  diff'erent  apccles,  I  have  not  tbe  sllghteat  doubt,  but  perhaps  less  pro- 
nounced than  ia  ahown  in  tbe  caae  of  aome  varieties  of  peara  and  the  quince.    The 


WIKTEB  UBBTINQ  AT  OLINION.  311 

difference  tn  rewilts  lo  working  tbe  Wild  Goose  and  the  Dsmaon  plum  on  the  peach 
root  Is  Terr  near  as  conclnsive — the  Wild  Ooose  being  Improved  and  the  Oamaon 
being  very  much  weakened  bj  this  forced  union.  Now,  I  contend  that  when  there 
is  a  forced  union  between  different  species,  or  between  different  varieties  of  the 
some  species  (and  remeniber  that  all  seedlltig-etocks  are  varieties),  that  when  this 
union  Is  uncongenial,  that  there  is  a  deolded  weakening  of  the  constltutlOD  of  the 
tree,  and  this  going  on  and  on,  under  our  present  hap-hazard  method  of  propaga- 
tion, win  eventually  so  weaken  a  variety  u  to  make  It  practlcallf  worthless.  This 
I  believe  Is  tbe  canse  of  the  weakening  of  the  oonBtltatlon  of  all  budded  peaches, 
la  the  cause  of  tbe  failure  of  the  Jennet  apple  the  last  few  years.  I  t)elleve  Its  work 
Jb  beginning  to  tell  on  the  Ben  OavU  and  is  the  primary  cause  of  pear-blight,  th« 
black  knot,  and  many  other  evils  ne  must  contend  with. 

How  often  do  we  hear  the  remark,  when  speaking  of  the  many  hardy  seedllDg 
pears  that  may  be  found  In  almost  any  section  of  the  country,  they  admit  their 
hardiness  now  In  their  natural  condition,  but  say  that  they  will  not  remain  so  when 
propagtsdas  others  are.  Why?  There  can  be  only  one  anawerand  that  U  that  when 
yon  propagate  as  under  our  present  system,  the  variety  becomes  weakened  In  con- 
stitution because  of  the  noeultablllty  of  the  stocks  upon  which  It  Is  grafted,  and 
soon  falls  a  prey  to  disease.  Another  proof  oan  be  found  In  finding  here  and  there 
Individual  trees  of  almost  any  variety  that  are  apparently  healthy  and  bllghi-proor. 
Why?  Because  In  this  Instance  the  stock  upon  which  it  was  fortunately  worked 
proved  especially  favorable  Jo  that  variety,  and  gave  to  It  a  vigor  that  enabled  tt  to 
resist  the  attacks  of  disease.  Of  course,  U  oan  be  argued  that  some  other  cause 
tnlgbt  have  ocoaaloned  this  favorable  result,  and  this  would  be  true  In  some  In- 
Btanoes;  but  there  are  too  many  iastancea  whore  only  one  out  of  perhaps  a  dozen  of 
A  certain  variety  remained  healthy  i  yet  all  apparently  were  under  tbe  same  con- 
ditions of  soil,  climate,  etc.  1  speak  of  this  Infiuence  in  regard  to  the  pear  because 
Its  growth  with  us  Is  more  unoenaln  tban  of  any  other  fruit ;  but  1  believe  this 
Influence  is  ever  present,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  in  the  growth  of  nearly  all  our 
fruits,  and  believe  it  is  of  saUlclent  Importance  to  receive  the  closest  investigation 
of  those  Interested  In  fruit-growing  and  In  thegeneral  welfare  of  our  State,  because 
if  we  are  Journeying  on  the  wrong  road,  the  sooner  we  turn  back  the  better.  I  will 
again  mention  the  Jennet  apple.  The  universal  decision  Is  that  it  does  not  succeed 
as  formerly.  Why?  Do  the  trees  get  less  care?  Are  the  climate  and  soil  less  favoi^ 
able  T  I  Chink  not.  I  believe  the  Jennet  apple  Is  simply  played  out,  or.  In  other 
words,  propagated  to  death,  or,  at  least,  so  weakened  by  propagation  that  it  has 
become  unfruitful,  and  rots  on  the  tree  to  tbat  extent  that  In  a  very  short  time  this 
most  excellent  variety  will  be  entirely  discarded.  In  line  with  this,  X  wish  to 
■relate  an  Instance  that  came  under  my  otiservatloo  in  connection  with  the  Ben 
Davis  apple. 

About  twenty  years  ago  1  bought  the  crop  of  an  orchard,  mostly  of  the  Ben 
Davis;  the  main  part  of  tbe  orctwrd  was  trees  abont  twelve  years  planted,  but 
there  was  one  tree  tbat  stood  to  one  side  ot  tbe  orchard  at  least  twenty  years  older 
than  the  balance,  and  also  one  tree  that  had  been  top-grafted  on  a  Limber  Twig, 
and  It  was  surprising  wliat  a  difference  there  was  in  tbe  shape,  size  and  flavor  of 
the  applea  growing  on  these  two  trees  to  that  on  the  balance  of  the  orchard ;  they 
were  much  morejolcy,  were  slightly  longer  and  more  perfect  iu  shape  ;  this  differ- 
ence was  frequently  remarked  by  several  who  saw  the  fruit.  I  had  almost  forgot- 
ten the  circumstance  when  it  was  forcibly  brougbt  to  mind  a  few  weeks  ago.  On 
•  the  ^m  of  J.  P.  Legg,  near  Calhoun,  Henry  county,  Hissourl,  stands  what  I  be- 
lieve to  be  the  oldest  Ben  Davis  in  tbe  State;  at  any  rate,  it  Is  over  forty  years  old. 


b,  Google 


312  BTATB   HOBTIOULTUBAL   SOOIBTT. 

and  It  has  a  aonnd,  stnrdr  trunk  yet,  but  tbe  limbs  st^  moBtlj  decayed.  At  tb» 
fi)ot  of  tbtB  old  tree  lay  a  ip«olmen  of  Its  fruit,  and  It  certainly  waa  not  all  Imagln- 
Ctlon  when  1  noted  the  superiority  of  Its  flavor  over  the  modern  Ben  Davie ;  and 
so  Impreesed  was  I  with  It  that  I  took  eclona  from  the  tree,  and  If  there  la  a  deteri- 
oration going  on  in  onr  varieties  1  ahall  escape  about  forty  years  of  It  by  going 
bach  to  this  old  tree  and  coming  forward  again. 

Kow,  it  would  be  idle  to  advance  such  a  theory  witbont  attempting  to  point 
out  or  suggest  aome  remedy  to  avoid  this  evil.  If  It  exist,  and  which  I  for  one  (Irmly 
believe.  The  remedy  I  would  suggest  would  be  either  to  propagate  entirely  by 
cuttings,  or  at  leaat  uotll  by  experience  a  certain  variety  of  atook  has  been  found 
upon  which  a  certain  variety  of  fruit  baa  proven  Its  especial  fitness,  then  1  would 
reprodnoe  that  stock  by  cuttings  and  use  it  for  that  certain  variety,  and  for  notbiOK' 
else,  unless  it  had  proven  suitable  for  other  varieties  also. 

Already  we  hear  of  the  LeConte  pear,  because  of  its  being  easy  to  reprodnce- 
fromcuttltige,  highly  recommended  and  widely  advertised  as  valuable  for  a  stock 
upon  which  to  work  other  varieties  of  pears.  While  I  have  no  doubt  the  LeCont« 
will  be  (bund  to  be  of  especial  value  aa  a  stock  for  some  varieties,  and  It  Is  a  valoe- 
we  can  secure  and  count  on,  but  I  am  positive  It  will  be  found  the  reverse  of  valu- 
able In  others,  aa  for  Instance  the  Duuhesa,  which  has  been  shown  to  need  check- 
ing In  growth  to  produce  the  best  resulta,  and  la  not  desirable  aa  a  atandard,  con- 
sequently would  Dot  be  desirable  worked  on  a  atroog  growing  variety  like  tbe 
LeConte.  Were  I  to  suggest  a  suitable  stock  for  the  Duchess  as  a  standard,  it  would 
be  the  hardy  but  alow-growing  Seckel,  which  I  believe  will  be  found  to  exert  th« 
proper  Influence,  or  In  that  direction.  I  merely  mention  these  aa  hints  of  the  In- 
fluences that  may  possibly  be  under  our  control  should  we  take  the  trouble  to  lo- 
Teatlgate.  To  prove  that  I  am  not  trying  to  point  out  the  way  for  others  to  travel 
vtlthoutjonmeylngon  that  road  my  eel  f,  will  staU  that  while  in  Honlteau  county- 
tbls  fall  I  noticed  an  extremely  hardy  and  vigorous  peartree;  beside  it  and  attout 
fbrty  feet  distant  atood  another  of  the  same  variety,  but  It  had  many  dead  limbs 
and  was  on  tbe  road  to  deaiructlon ;  these  treea  were  each  about  thirty  years  old 
and  had  borne  annaal  crops  of  fruit  for  many  years.  Now,  under  the  healthy  tree 
were  about  a  thousand  thorny  sprouts  from  six  to  eighteen  Inches  high ;  under  the 
unhealthy  tree  there  were  none.  What  did  thta  show  ?  It  showed  thai  one  was 
grafted  on  a  seedling  that  had  gone  back  toward  the  original  wild,  hardy  rarlety; 
the  other  from  Its  throwing  up  no  spronta  showed  that  It  was  of  a  more  improved 
variety,  but  less  hardy,  and  perhaps  was.  If  the  matter  could  have  been  determined, 
a  better  variety  than  the  one  grafted  on  It.  So  Impressed  was  1  with  tbe  value  of 
that  particular  variety  of  stock  that  1  dug  up  all  the  sprouts  and  shipped  them  home, 
audi  also  procured  grafts  from  the  healthy  tree,  and  If  I  do  not  reproduce  that  tree,* 
root  and  branch,  blight-proof  and  ait,  I  shall  be  very  much  mistaken  in  my  judg- 
meLt ;  and  supposing  I  find  upon  testing  It  that  this  variety  of  stock  Is  able  to  Im- 
part  a  like  vigor  to  tbe  Bartlett  and  make  it  blight-proof,  or  any  other,  or  even  j)ne 
other  of  our  best  pears,  who  could  compute  the  value  of  the  discovery  ? 

Let  no  one  imagine  that,  once  such  a  discovery  Is  made,  it  will  be  too  mneb 
trouble  to  reproduce  these  vigoroua  stocks.  They  could  be  propagated  by  millions 
by  cuttings  with  bottom  heat.  And  this  work  need  not  stop  with  the  pear,  but  can 
be  extended  to  the  apple  and  other  fruits.  I  will  warrant  that.  If  any  one  will  take 
the  trouble  to  wander  through  old  orchards,  and  note  the  instances  of  extra  bardl- 
neaa  and  extra  productiveness  shown  by  individual  trees  that  have  outlived  all  their 
fellows,  be  will  And  It  hard  to  explain  this  vigor  upon  any  ground  so  reasonable  as  ' 
that  there  had  beeb  a  fortunate  congeniality  between  tbe  stock  and  the  scion.    And 


WINTBB  MBETING  AT  OLINTON.  31S 

when  Bach  an  Instance  Is  foand,  [  believe  tbat  all  that  la  DecesBBiy  to  reproduce  tbU 
hvorable  reaitlt  Is  to  exactly  reproduce  ttie  tree,  root  and  braoota,  aod  plant  od  Elm< 
llai  soil. 

I  will  Dot  wear  oot  year  patience  bj  glTlog  other  evidence  Id  proof  of  tlie 
theory  herein  advanced,  though  I  have  noted  them  by  hundreds  since  giving  the 
matter  my  attention,  and  trust  that  I  have  awaliened  snfflclent  Interest  on  the  eab- 
Jeet  that  others  will  also  give  the  matter  their  attention,  and  will  aid  In  proving  or 
disproving  my  theory  by  experimenting,  as  1  thsll  contlnne  to  do.  Before  closing 
1  wish  to  make  a  few  remaiks  on  another  branch  of  this  eubjeot,  or  one,  at  least, 
closely  allied  to  it. 

Too  much  attention  Is  given  to  the  dissemination  of  fruits  of  accidental  origin 
that  could  better  be  bestowed  on  ascertaining  the  better  methods  of  growing  the 
varieties  we  have.  But  If  we  must  have  new  varieties,  let  them  be  originated  in  a 
scientific  manner  by  bybrldtzatloc.  We  want  an  apple  with  the  size  and  prodnctlve- 
ness  of  the  Ben  Davis,  the  color  and  quality  of  the  Jonathan,  the  tough  sklu  of  the- 
Wiuesap  and  the  late-keepIng  qualities  and  hardiness  of  the  Little  Bomanlte.  Now. 
how  long  will  it  be  t>efore  we  acctdentalty  secure  all  this  ?  A  very  long  time,  I  fear. 
But.  by  a  sclent  IQc  hybridization  of  these  varieties,  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  iMiteve 
that  the  result  could  soon  be  accomplished. 

But  this  Is  a  work  that  no  ordinary  Individual  can  carry  on  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, because  the  time  required  to  determine  the  value  of  experimtnts  is  such 
that  It  would  land  most  of  us  In  the  poor-house  before  we  could  realize  nuy  profit 
flrom  It.  These  experiments  In  improved  methods  of  reprodnolng  frult-bearlng 
trees  and  producing  new  varieties  by  hybridization,  are  a  work  that  should  be  car- 
ried on  under  the  supervision  of  this  Society  and  at  public  expense.  It  seems 
ridiculous  to  think  that  wo  are  fitting  with  folded  hands  as  it  were,  and  waltlng- 
for  accident  to  discover  those  varieties  of  fruits  tbat  Just  salt  our  latitude  and 
soli,  and  are  making  no  well-directed  effort  to  obtain  them.  Ten  thousand  dollars- 
carefully  expended  would,  by  growing  seedlings  and  top-grafting  on  bearing  trees, 
give  results  from  at  least  ten  thousand  varieties  In  ten  years'  time,  and  even- 
less.  If  those  seedlings  were  ^m  valuable  varieties  grown  In  close  proximity  to 
other  varieties  that  would  add  to  their  good  qualities,  it  Is  only  reasonable  to  t>e- 
lleve  tbat  very  valuable  results  would  be  obtained .  Who  would  undertatEe  to  com- 
pote the  value  of  OOO  seedlings  of  the  Jonathan  apple  crossed  with  the  Limber  TwigT 
Stiould  there  be  but  one  that  would  retain  most  of  the  good  qualities  of  the  Jon- 
athan and  be  lengthened  three  months  In  i»  season  of  use.  It  would  be  worth  mil- 
lions to  the  fruit-growers  of  Missouri. 

Look  at  the  results  lA  the  breeding  of  our  domestic  animals.  Lead  up  the 
thoroughbred  running  horse  beside  the  heavy  draft  animal,  and  note  the  power  of 
man  over  the  things  of  this  world.  It  Is  Idle  to  say  that  man  has  not  an  equal 
power  In  producing  any  certain  type  or  quality  of  fruit  If  he  should  put  the  atten- 
tion to  it  that  Is  used  In  the  breeding  of  domestic  animals.  But  on  account  of  the 
rapid  manner  in  which  fruits  can  be  reproduced,  no  matter  how  valuable  a  discovery 
might  be  made  or  how  valuable  a  variety  ml>!ht  be  originated.  It  Is  of  such  a  nature 
tliat  the  discoverer  cannot  control  it  to  his  personal  advantage  or  profit.  Hence  the 
slow  progress  made  in  this  direction.  Therefore,  such  investigation  should  be  msdo 
by  the  State  and  at  public  expense,  and  tlie  public  should  receive  gratis  the  benefits 
of  this  research.  I  will  no  longer  tire  your  patience,  hue  will  invite  a  careful 
scrntlny  of  the  ideas  herein  advanced,  and  ask  the  co-operation  of  all  In  proving  or 
disproving  the  correctness  of  my  theories.  The  horticultural  field  Is  broad,  and 
glorious  solentille  resolts  may  be  reached  by  him  who  will  dig  and  delve  la  its. 
fertile  depths. 


Sii  STATE   HOBTIOULXnBAL  SOCIETY. 

Mr.  Ambrose — I  doo't  think  the  gentleman  believes  more  than  half 
of  what  he  has  written. 

Mr.  Murray — I  thank  friend  Kinder  for  that  paper,  whether  be  be- 
lieves more  than  one-fourth  of  it  or  not.  A  large  per  cent  of  the  pear 
trees  being  sold  are  from  the  sonth.  Ttees  apon  LeConte  root«  blight' 
TThe  two  best  pear  trees  I  know  are  grafted  upon  apple  roots.  The 
pear  will  throw  oat  roots,  thaa  making  the  tree  npon  its  own  roots. 
Perhaps  this  lessens  the  danger  of  blight.  1  know  of  the  Winesap 
apple  grafted  upon  Hews'  Vs.  Grab,  which  are  not  mnoh  larger  than  the 
crab.  I  think  we  will  have  to  go  to  selecting  and  breeding  our  varieties 
-of  frnits.  The  naraerymen  of  the  United  States  are  growing  most  of 
their  apples  upon  seedlings  grown  from  seed  of  the  French  crab.  May 
not  this  have  a  tendency  to  make  the  fruit  reaemble  the  crab  f  Yon 
will  find  that  the  frnit  of  the  same  variety  grown  npon  trees  in  the  same 
orchard  is  very  different. 

I  heartily  concur  in  the  ideas  set  forth  in  the  paper. 

Mr.  Blake —  Kinder  simply  knocked  the  bark  off  in  a  fresh  place. 
Along  the  same  line,  the  Illinois  society  asked  for  $6,000  to  experiment. 
They  pot  this  into  the  hands  of  Ave  different  persona.  The  first  meet- 
ing held  only  six  months  after  this  arrangement  was  made,  was  eager 
to  hear  the  reports  from  these  experimenters.  In  reference  to  this  breed- 
ing of  fraits;  if  you  breed  your  live  stock  indiscriminately  yon  will  get 
plug  stock.  There  is  in  Illinois  a  carious  genius  who  crossed  the  Tel- 
low  Bellflower  upon  the  Ben  Davis.  The  result  is  an  apple  like  the 
Ben  Davis  on  the  outside  with  the  quality  of  the  Bellflower  inside.  He 
is  going  to  graft  it. 

Secretary  Goodman — Peter  Gideon  in  Minnesota  found  only  one 
seedling  in  5,000  that  was  good.  He  produces  seedlings  tcom  seedlings. 
He  keeps  them  from  being  fertilized  by  accident.  It  has  cost  an  im- 
mense sum  of  money;  it  is  an  expensive  work;  but  who  knows  how 
mach  it  may  be  worth  to  the  State  1 

When  we  say  that  seedlings  are  hardy,  we  say  what  is  not  true. 
Take  seedlings  from  some  of  the  best,  and  Prof.  Trealesse  says  it  will 
take  from  twenty-five  to  fifty  years  to  prove  any-thing  positive  in  re- 
gStTd  to  it.  The  seedlings  we  use  for  stocks  do  not  come  true.  With 
peach  frees  nurserymen  have  tried  to  keep  up  the  vigor  of  the  trees 
by  procuring  sound,  healthy  seed  from  seedling  trees  and  from  a  sec- 
tion of  the  country  where  the  peach  thrives  and  is  free  from  disease. 
Tennessee  peach-pits  are  noted.  We  want  this  matter  taken  up  and 
studied  by  the  experiment  stations.  The  experiment  stations  sbonld 
work  together.  Fifteen  stations,  each  working  in  a  special  line  to  pro- 
duce some  special  result,  could  accomplish  much  more  than  if  they 
-worked  independently. 


WINTBB  MEETING  AT  CLINTON.  315 

Again,  why  coald  we  Dot  feed  oar  fmita  to  make  them  firmer  or 
«ofter  1 

President  Evans — I  have  in  mind  an  orchard  which  I  viaited  once 
in  the  fall  of  tbe  year,  which  was  made  in  this  way:  Seed  of  the  Ben 
Davis  and  the  Limber  Twig  grown  together,  and  not  fertilized  with 
aoything  else,  was  planted.  From  these  seedlings  was  planted  an 
orchard  of  700  trees — 700  varieties  of  apples  in  one  orchard.  He  had 
had  many  good  kinde  of  aammer  apples,  and  I  saw  the  frnit  of  some 
sixty  fall  and  winter  apples.  I  don't  know  that  I  would  oare  to  have 
any  other  kind  of  apples  than  some  of  these  aeedliags.  I  found  one 
resembling  the  Ben  Davis  and  of  the  best  quality,  some  not  quite  so 
good  and  quite  a  nnmber  of  good  ones.  The  Limber  Twig  gave  them 
quality ;  Ben  Davis,  size  and  color.  Anybody  can  get  aoions  from  these 
trees  in  White  county,  Arkansas. 

J.  G.  Kinder — There  isa  Ben  Davis  tree  in  Henry  county  that  is 
certainly  forty  years  old.  It  has  a  sound  trunk  and  a  very  good  top, 
only  some  of  the  branches  blown  off  tty  storms.  It  mast  have  a  good 
root,  some  kind  that  was  sailed  to  it.  Let  as  ase  that  root  and  graft 
the  Ben  Davis  on  it  and  we  shall  have  the  same  results. 

Secretary — You  are  not  sure  of  it  by  any  means. 

J.  W.  Sallee — I  think  tbe  gentleman  is  mistaken  when  he  thinks 
he  can  reproduce  the  parent  root  from  cattings.  They  don't  make  weU 
rooted  trees. 

Jacob  Faith — I  have  grafted  from  two  trees  of  Ben  Davis  in  my 
orchard  that  bear  finer  frnit  tbau  the  others. 

Mr.  Hartzell — The  author  of  the  first  paper  was  exactly  right  in 
his  thorough  preparation  of  the  ground.  He  plowed  his  ground  first, 
kuowing  that  he  could  not  doitthoroughly  after  the  trees  were  planted. 
Every  &rmer  in  Missouri  has  two  farms — one  below  the  other.  Few 
of  them  caltivate  the  lower  farm.  As  to  planting  two  kinds  of  trees 
together  with  a  view  to  cutting  half  of  them  out,  if  we  want  a  tree  to 
live  fifty  or  seventy-five  years  we  mast  not  plant  so  close.  High  top 
trees  will  be  in  profitable  bearing  when  low  tops  are  dead  and  gone. 

Mr.  Stranz— I  have  planted  several  orchards.  In  the  first  I  pre- 
pared my  gronud  the  year  previous,  in  the  fall,  with  a  heavy  team  of 
three  horses  and  a  14-iuch  plow,  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  deep,  lu 
the  winter  I  went  to  the  nearest  nurseryman  and  had  him  to  graft  me 
one  thousand  grafts  of  such  varieties  aa  I  wanted.  In  the  spring  I  laid 
off  my  ground  and  planted  the  grafts  two  in  a  place,  just  where  I  wanted 
the  trees  to  stand.  When  the  time  came  I  planted  the  land  in  potatoes 
and  kept  it  perfectly  clean.  My  neighbors  said  I  could  not  grow  an 
orchard  in  that  way.    One  of  them  planted  an  orchard  of  the  largest  nnr- 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_V 


<gk 


316  8TATB  HOBTIOULTDBAL  SOOIBTT. 

sery  trees  he  coald  ^et.  He  aaid  they  wonld  bear  In  tbree  years.  Id 
five  years  mine  bore  a  few  apples.  My  neighbor  baa  not  bad  an  appl» 
and  my  trees  are  larger  than  his. 

I  planted  last  spring  thirty-five  acres  more  In  orchard,  ten  acres  in 
Btrawbenies  and  thirty-flve  acres  in  raspberries  and  blackberries.  I 
prepare  my  groand  a  year  in  advance,  turn  under  clover  in  Jane,  plow- 
it  as  deep  as  I  can  in  September  and  plant  in  the  spring.  I  grew  aboat 
one  hundred  bushels  of  potatoes  to  the  acre  in  the  orchard.  Trees 
started  from  the  graft  will  have  deep  and  wide- spreading  roots. 

FRUITS  OB  FLOVEBS  FOB  UONEY. 

H.  I~  BONOAM,  CLINTON'. 

Tbe  growing  of  ifratts  aad  flowers  for  money  Is  All  easy  enongti  to  talk  aboutr 
but  60107  It  li  tbe  difflcnlt  tblng  wltb  most  people.  I  tblnk  I  should  prefer  Ibo- 
fruits  as  ■  staple,  yet  botb  are  profitable  If  rightly  followed. 

The  apple,  I  believe.  Is  tbe  flrst  on  tbe  list  of  faults,  and  I  think  the  most 
profltable  for  the  care  neceesary.  A  great  many  make  mistakes  and  sad  fatlnreft 
with  apple  planting,  ae  they  think  If  the  orchard  Is  planted  that  IB  all  they  hare  to- 
do,  while  la  fact  they  have  only  begun.  Like  planting  a  garden  and  then  letting  It 
take  care  of  Itself,  how  soon  you  wonld  fall.  The  tree  la  planted;  you  then  muat; 
cultivate  tt,  keep  It  pruned,  protect  It  flrom  rabbits  and  Insects  that  will  aoon  de- 
atroy  It  If  left  to  itself;  even  after  the  orchard  Is  In  full  bearing  tho  ferttltzlng  and: 
constant  care  must  be  kept  up.  As  the  prioea  of  apples  ate  high  this  season  a  great 
many  will  embark  In  tree  planting  that  will  stop  at  that,  and  En  a  few  years  70a 
will  bear  of  their  failure ,  and  consequently  crying  against  Missouri  as  an  apple- 
growing  country.  MUsourl  has  Its  faults  as  a  fruit-growing  cotintry,  yet  I  predict 
It  to  take  the  Hrst  In  the  Union  In  producing  abundant  and  line  specimens  of  almoet- 
alt  torts  of  frnlt  grown  In  our  temperate  climate.  For  this  part  and  north  I  do  not. 
think  there  is  any  fruit  that  will  pay  better  than  the  apple ;  and  I  may  also  say 
there  is  no  sort  that  will  pay  equal  to  the  Ben  Davis.  There  is  mora  demand  for 
the  Ben  Davis  tree ;  In  fact.  I  have  received  more  Inquiries  where  they  can  be  had 
and  the  reply  from  our  best  wholesale  nurseries  is,  I  osnnot  furnish  more  than 
1-6  or  1-10  Ben  Davis  on  orders.  Some  object  to  a  certain  apple  because  it  does  not 
suit  their  taste,  but  I  have  learned  that  If  people  want  a  thing,  that  is  what  X  must 
grow  If  I  would  make  money.  The  peach  mnst  of  course  he  a  great  crop  In  tbe 
southern  portion  of  tbe  State,  but  trom  the  perishable  nature  of  the  fruit,  I  think  I 
should  prefer  the  apple  tree  for  Eure  success,  although  when  peaches  fail  in  tbitf 
part  and  farther  north,  the  prollt  would  be  greatly  Increased.  The  quiuce  Is  gen- 
erally  very  unsatisfactory  as  a  profltable  fruit  here.  The  requisites  for  suooesa  t 
think  are  good  heavy  soil,  protecting  in  winter  (and  also  fertilizing)  with  coarse' 
manure  and  salt.  Tbe  raising  of  the  pear  is  very  profitable,  provided  you  can  g«t 
them,  bnt  my  experience  wllh  them  is  very  unsatisfactory. 

The  growing  of  small  fruits  for  proflt  depends  agieat  deal  on  the  market  that 
yon  can  reach,  and  I  sbonid  prefer,  when  I  can  get  It,  a  local  market.  Consigning- 
such  fruit  to  commission  men  is  generally  very  unreliable  busiDess.  Strawberries 
pav  me  better  than  either  raspberries  or  blackberries,  although  all  are  very  satis- 
factory In  a  good  market,  hut  the  small  fruits  all  require  good  culture  and  plenty 
of  work.    ABonrfaclUtlesincreaeeforgettlng  to  market  through  fast  fruit  trains  r 


WINTBS  MBETIN8  AT   OLINTOK.  317 

■WIT  perlsti&ble  fruit  will  become  more  profitable  and  reliable.  The  taite  fnr  euch 
fraita  has  growD  to  suob  an  extent  Id  the  last  few  jeara  tbat  instead  of  oor  email 
fnilta  being  a  Inxary,  tbey  are  now  b;  many  ooneldered  a  necessity. 

I  can  remember  twenty  years  ago  1  raised  a  row  of  strawberries  and  bad  two 
or  three  gallons  to  spare,  and  brought  them  to  market  In  this  city.  I  left  tbem  in 
-one  of  our  groceries  Where  this  hall  now  stands ;  the  grooeryman  could  not  tblnk  of 
risking  so  mach  as  to  buy  them,  but  he  would  take  tbem  and  see  what  he  coald  do 
with  ihem ;  be  poured  them  out  of  my  basket  into  a  wooden  tray.  They  attracted 
a  great  many  as  the;  passed  by,  and  would  run  their  fingers  through  them  as  yon 
have  seen  them  dolnabsrrel  ofbeans.  Ina  day  or  twomy  conslgnmentof  straw- 
berries  was  exhansted  by  cnrrlous  tasters  and  decay.  I  raised  no  more  berries  for 
near  ten  years.  Now  this  city  will  consume  ten  to  twenty  bushels  sometimes  in  a 
day.  I  will  leave  the  growing  of  flowers  for  money  to  some  one  more  able  than 
myself,  and  will  ask  my  friends  to  not  criticise  this  weak  attempt. 

THB  viVbtabd, 

Hr.  Presidkkt  and  Gen'tlsubm— I  regret  very  much  that  I  cannot  be  with  yon 
this  time,  owing  to  mj  health  at  present  n/lll  not  permit  me  to  be  with  you,  so  I 
will  attempt  to  give  you  a  short  note  on  vineyard,  and  hope  to  be  excused  as  It  Is. 

No  onltnre  bears  sncb  ynrlouB  results  as  the  grape-vine — owing  to  localities 
and  soils— and  so  I  will  confine  myself  to  my  nelghborbocd  or  county,  Gasconade. 
Our  leading  grapes  cultivated  mostly  are  Concord.  Ives,  Norton's  Virginia,  Elvira, 
Martha  and  Goethe;  we  have  sleo  on  trial  many  of  the  newer  tclnds,  such  as 
Niagara,  Empire  State,  Jewel,  Hoore's  Early,  Moore's  Diamond,  Honteflore  and 
many  others,  all  very  fine  grapes— bo  we  ver,  all  more  or  less  subject  to  black  rot. 
The  Bordeaux  mixture,  copperas,  lime  and  water,  spraying  the  vine*  as  soon  as  the 
berries  are  fairly  set,  and  every  two  weeks  thereafter  or  after  every  heavy  rain, 
has  met  with  good  resnlte.  The  bird  is  another  destroyer  of  our  grapes,  and  fore- 
most of  all  Is  the  Orcbard  oriole.  The  English  sparrow  is  reported  to  be  very  de- 
structive. We  have  them  not  as  yet  In  our  vlneyardx,  and  hope  we  will  never 
have  them.  The  red-bird  and  thrush  does  but  little  harm  compared  to  the  Or- 
chard oriole.  But  by  no  means  do  all  birds  pick  grapes.  Such  as  remain  all  sum- 
mer In  our  vineyards,  such  as  blue-hlrds,  wens  and  many  others,  are  useful  and  are 
killed  to  the  belief  tbat  they  pick  grapes. 

To  control  the  black  rot  remains  our  foremost  object  to  be  successful  In  grow- 
ing grapes,  and  In  selection  of  sncb  kinds  that  Is  the  least  subject  to  black  rot ;  such 
as  Norton's  Virginia,  Ives,  Elvira,  Goethe,  Montefiore,  Delaware,  Etta  and  Wood- 
ruff Red  have  been  the  least  affected,  and  here  I  wish  to  report  that  I  suggest  In 
producing  a  seedling  vine  from  Delaware  that  bas  proved  ItKelf  entirely  free  ftom 
black  rot  In  all  the  many  destructive  seasons.  If  we  have  one  that  has  proven  en- 
tirely free  from  black  rot,  why  sbould  we  not  be  able  to  produce  more  tbat  would 
prove  entirely  rot-proof  ?  It  would  be  a  blessing  to  our  grape-growers,  and  snob 
originators  would  be  benefactors  to  the  grape-growers  and  mankind.  To  produce 
new  seedling  grapes  is  an  easy  matter,  but  to  produce  grapes  of  general  value, 
free  from  all  drawbacks,  and  especially  free  frDU  black  rot,  will  remain  something 
rare  and  vainable.  In  conclusion,  I  would  not  forget  to  name  a  few  of  onr  old  and 
good  standard  grapes  which  have  been  neglected;  they  are— the  Delaware  and 
Catawba ;  and  among  the  newer  ones  Woodruff  Red .  This  covers  my  main  object 
In  grape  culture.    Bemalnlng  your  humble  servant, 

Jacob  Bouubl. 
UoriisoD,  Gasconade  county,  Uo. 


ly  Google 


818  STAIB  HORTIOULTDEAL  SOOIBTT 

TIITEYABDS. 
Mr.  Espenlaab — We  want  earlier  grapes  that  we  can  market  be- 
fore the  Ohio  grapes  ripen.    The  Jewel  promises  to  be  one  of  the  best. 
It  has  little  rot  and  little  mildew. 

Mr.  Kinder — I  want  to  refer  to  Moore's  Diamond.  It  is  a  week 
earlier  than  the  Concord.  The  Empire  State  is  the  best  white  grape  I 
have  ever  ripened.    The  Niagara  is  inferior.  / 

Sam.  Miller — What  more  conid  be  desired  than  Moore's  Diamond 
and  Empire  State  t 

Mr.  Espenlaab — We  have  to  sell  all  white  grapes  for  low  prices. 
The  Ives  will  bring  more  money  than  Moore's  Diamond.  Niagara  is 
Uie  best  white  grape  with  us. 

President  Evans — I  don't  want  to  boom  any  grape,  bnt  if  the  com- 
ing  grape  gets  there  in  the  next  few  years  it  will  be  the  Jewel. 

Mr.  Espenlaab — I  have  seen  it  growing  by  the  acre.  It  shows 
more  frnit  than  the  Concord,  ripens  before  the  Champion,  is  better 
than  the  Concord,  skin  tough,  making  it  a  good  shipper,  equal  in  size 
to  a  medium  Concord  in  berry  and  bnnch,  black  with  a  heavy  bloom. 
J.  W.  Clark — The  Moyer  grows  too  like  the  Delaware,  slow. 
Mr.  Kinder — We  are  too  far  soath  for  the  Moyer,  Delaware  and 
Fonghkeepsie  Bed.  Ulster  Prolific  is  the  coming  red  grape.  It  is 
saperior  to  the  Catawba,  in  sugar  at  least. 

Sam.  Miller — I  have  planted  it  twice.     It  won't  grow.    The  Jewel 
is  about  as  good  as  a  grape  can  get,  though  it  is  a  slow  grower. 
Mr.  Turner — Which  of  the  Bogers  hybrids  is  the  best! 
Sam.  Miller— Goethe,  Ifo.  1. 

J.  W.  Clark — It  is  far  ahead.    It  rots  less  than  any  of  the  others. 
Mr.  Kinder — Barry,  Merrimao  and  Salem  are  the  best  in  flavor  to- 
my  taste. 

Mr.  Espenlsnb — Massasoit  is  one  of  the  best  in  flavor  among  the 
early  ones.     It  Is  a  good  bearer. 

J.  G.  Kinder — The  Brighton  is  better  and  more  productive. 
Mr.  Patterson — The  Brighton,  where  it  does  well,  is  a  splendid 
good  grape. 

THE   PLDM — ITS   CDLTUEB  AND   VALUE. 

BT  JACOB  FAITH,  MOKTKVALLO. 

Mr.  Pretidai/,  Sterelary  and  Memben  : 

When  joung  I  was  ao  good-looking  that  I  had  to  tak«  k  dog  on  each  aide  of 
me  to  keep  the  kIt'b  away.  But  70U  see  my  ornamental  daya  are  gone.  Now  £ 
wish  to  make  myself  aseful,  and  I  don't  know  of  a  better  way  than  to  write  tb& 
following  paper : 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


WINTER  HBETINO  AT  OLIHTON  SIS' 

No  tree  or  fnitt  hu  received  bo  Httle  ntteDtlon  aa  the  plom,  yet  fev  are  more- 
attraottTe  Id  appe&rftoce,  or  more  pleasant  to  taete . 

Nofralt  la  more  tempting  tban  a  well-ripened,  beautifully  tinted,  jnloy  plum. 
Ite  color  is  like  a  Kleam  of  gold ;  Its  cheek  la  delicate  &nd  sort,  and  It  breatbea  a 
delialona  perfume,  causing  one  to  yield  to  the  temptation  to  bite  into  tbe  goldeiv 
Bkla.  No  preserves  are  more  detlcioas  than  that  of  welt-rlpened  plums.  Of  all 
grains  and  fruits  none  Is  equal  to  the  plam  .to  fatten  swine,  proportioned  to  tbe 
amooDt  of  labor  required  to  produce  it.  Uany  failures  have  been  made  bj  not 
knowing  what  to  plant  for  our  latitude  and  how  to  fertilize. 


Caddo  Chief  is  the  first  to  ripen,  but  late  frosts  often  kill  them.  Three  weekft 
later  the  Wild  Oooee  ripens,  the  most  profitable  at  that  time  of  ripening.  Three 
weeks  later,  when  ffild  Goose  is  about  gone,  Crimson  Beau tj ripens.  It  produces- 
a  wonderful  crop,  much  like  the  Wild  Qoose — both  tree  and  fruit.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  Brown's  Late,  which  ripens  about  one  week  after  the  Wild  Ooose.  The 
Golden  Beauty  ripens  about  one  week  after  Brown's  Late.  lu  color  It  Is  a  greenlshi 
yellow,  it  is  less  subject  to  curcullo  than  those  mentioned  before,  but  is  subjeot 
to  over-bearlDg,  und  thus  the  fruit  is  small.  It  la  also  subject  to  cracklngor  burst- 
ing like  the  Geaettlng  apple,  after  a  dry  apelt  when  fall  rains  come,  and  take  a 
second  growth. 

Blue  Damson,  Marianne,  Weaver,  Miner,  etc.,  failed  to  yield  aatisfBctory 
crops.  One  cause.  I  do  not  underatand  with  all  my  study  and  experience  how  to 
plant  and  fertilize  these  varietlea. 

The  best  way  to  plant  plums  is  to  ulternate  varieties  in  the  plum  orchard.  A 
vaiiety  that  might  be  a  poor  bearer  when  depending  on  Its  own  pollen  may  greatly 
improve  when  intermingled  with  other  aorta.  Again,  if  the  weather  during  the 
bloBBOmlng  period  Is  hot  and  windy,  a  variety  niay  waste  Its  pollen  before  tbe  stlg- 
maa  are  ready,  and  in  auch  the  pollen  of  adjoining  sorts  may  supply  the  want. 

A  few  years  ago  I  woa  alarmed  about  plum  trees  in  my  apple  orchard,  as  1  have 
about  300  planted  between  standard  apple  treea,  to  be  cut  out  when  the  apple  trees 
need  tbe  room,  but  I  have  since  come  to  the  conolaflon  that  plum  trees  are  profita- 
ble to  an  apple  orchard,  both  for  fruit  and  an  Insect  catcher.  Tbe  Insects  prefer 
the  plum  to  tbe  apple,  and  plums  stung  will  fall  to  the  ground.  Only  a  few  insecta 
reach  maturity  In  the  plum. 


Spray,  eammeoclog  after  the  bloom  drops.  1  prefer  jarring  early  at  morning. 
Hogs  will  soon  learn  to  follow  andeatmorethan  ten  times  the  amount  of  Insects  they 
dotn  apples.  To  saw  off  a  limb  will  make  a  place  to  strike  on,  as  it  requires* 
snddeu  Jar  to  bring  down  the  stung  plum  in  reach  of  the  fowls  or  piga,  which  is 
Indispensable  In  a  plum  orchard.  Where  no  poultry  and  pigs  can  be  allowed  to 
pasture,  plums  ahould  be  picked  up.  The  ourcullo  will  remain  In  the  plum  about 
nine  days  after  it  falla ,  Tbe  eurcullo  will  deposit  their  egga  In  both  cold  and  warm 
weather,  but  In  cold,  wet  weather  they  will  seldom  hatch. 

This  season  at  our  Vernon  county  fair  I  bad  on  exhibition  asmaay  as  six  applea 
on  a  half-inob  limb.  Several  times  I  heard  the  remark,  all  on  that  limb  are  free 
from  worma.    My  premiums  amounted  to  over  SI4. 

Sis  years  ago  we  planted  half  gallon  w  lid  Ooose  plum  seeds .  About  600  came 
up,  growing  to  about  the  size  of  a  lead  penoll.  We  planted  seventy 'five,  favoring 
In  selecting  for  orchard  those  having  large  leaves.  At  three  years  old  some  com- 
menced bearing.    Host  all  have  ftra ite d- plums  in  size  from  a  common  oherry  to  » 


ugle 


320  ST4TB1  HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOCIETT, 

medium  plum.  If  they  doo't  betaave  better  witblD  two  yean  they  will  be  out  down. 
That  plumii  will  reprodace  tiom  the  seed,  tbe  eame  aa  the  parent  tree,  la  a  mlatafce. 
There  are  several  sorts  or  peaohea  that  will  reproduce.  If  J  was  to  take  time  In 
this  paper  to  relate  my  fallarea  In  experlmeottng  Id  plum  cnlture,  some  of  you  would 
leave  the  room. 

Twelve  years  ago  we  planted  sixty  Wild  Goose  plum  trees ;  forty  of  them  were 
budded  on  seedling  peaeh  trees  and  twenty  were  grafted  on  seedling  peach  roota. 
for  grafting  plums  we  use  whole  toots,  graft  at  the  crown,  ualug  as  near  as  poMl- 
ble  a  graft  the  size  of  root. 

The  forty  trees  budded  on  peach  atocfc  oommeneed  dying  at  six  years  old  and 
are  now  all  dead ;  these  twenty  grafted  on  peach  roots  soon  grew  on  their  own  roota 
and  thirteen  out  of  the  twenty  are  yet  alive  and  healthy.  A  plum  tree  grafted  as 
described  will  throw  out  sprouts  which  certainly  will  bear  the  same  tra\t  as  the 
paront  tree,  i  much  prefer  those  sprouts  of  ploms  and  Early  Klchmond  cherries 
than  those  budded  on  other  stock.  It  is  true  a  plum  budded  on  peach  atock  will 
come  Into  bearing  one  to  two  years  sooner,  but  those  from  the  sprouts  will  make 
much  the  healthiest  trees.  Further,  one-half  of  my  Early  Richmond  cherry  trees 
have  been  killed  by  gophers  eating  their  roots  ofT,  while  I  seldom  lose  one  grafted 
from  the  sprouts.  I  bear  one  say  "I  don't  want  a  sprout  on  my  place."  Ifhogsrun 
in  a  plum  orchard  they  will  eat  them  very  readily,  and  cherries  will  sprout  bnt 
little.  For  aie  they  don't  sprout  enough  to  sell  to  my  neighbors.  Fiara  trees  wtQ 
get  their  full  growth  In  about  eight  yean.  I  planted  mine  twelve  feet  apart;  should 
be  eighteen  to  twenty  feet  apart.  Plums  require  such  land  and  culture  as  peaches, 
bnt  the  peach  tree  needs  more  pruning  than  any  tree  I  know  of.  The  plum  tree 
needs  the  least.  Pick  plums  fOr  market  three  or  four  days  before  you  would  for 
family  use. 

Plums  that  have  proved  best  adapted  or  most  profitable  for  my  locality  are  the 
Wild  Goose  and  Crimson  Beauty.  No  trult  nor  griin  pays  more  to  the  amount  of 
work  required  than  that  of  plum.  One  acre  of  plums  will  make  more  pork  than 
five  acres  of  corn.  No  business  requires  more  care  and  study  than  that  of  horti- 
culture. One  mistake  In  agriculture  can  be  remedied  in  one  season,  but  if  a  tree  la 
planted  it  is  eltber  a  lifetime  vexation  or  a  lifetime  pleasure  and  treasure. 

For  catching  moths  and  beetles  i  use  a  simple  tin  lamp.  The  lamp  is  set  on  a 
stake  three  to  four  feet  high,  one  end  of  which  Is  driven  Into  the  ground.  On  the 
other  enil  a  little  Ixiard  is  nailed  for  a  pan  to  set  on,  which  Is  filled  half  full  of 
water  and  a  few  drops  of  coal  oil.  The  light  attracts  the  bugs,  and  as  they  dive  at 
the  light  they  burn  their  wings  and  thus  fiill  Into  the  pan  of  water  and  oil. 

When  death  shaU  claim  us  we  shall  realize  that  a  llfb  of  toll  and  love  for  Ood 
and  for  man,  though  a  failure  here,  Is  not  a  failure  above. 

DISOUSBION   UN   THE   PLUM, 

Jacob  Faitb — I  nse  a  little  cheap  coal  oil  lamp  which  I  set  in  a 
plate  of  water  to  catch  ineecte  at  night.  The  insect  seems  to  love  the 
light.  I  believe  that  plnms  planted  in  an  apple  orchard  save  the  apples 
from  insects.  Kow.  there  is  one  thing  I  woqid  like  to  know.  I  did 
very  wroDg  in  not  sending  some  of  these  insects  off  and  having  them 
examined  to  see  what  proportion  of  friends  and  what  of  enemies  I  had 
caaght. 


.y  Google 


wiNraa  mbeting  at  olinton.  321 

Mr.  Blake — I  woald  like  to  ask  why  every  plam-grower  speakB  so 
highly  of  the  Wild  Goose  plam,  aad  every  woman  woald  rather  have 
a  peck  of  Green  Gage  or  Damsons  than  a  wagon  load  of  Wild  Goose " 

J.  C.  Evans — Farmers  generally  don't  call  the  Damson  a  plum, 

Mr.  Murray — I  once  condemned  the  Wild  Goose ;  bnb  take  the 
pits  out  and  make  a  pie  of  them,  and  you  will  not  want  any  more  Cali- 
fornia apricots.  Pick  them  before  folly  ripe  for  shipping,  jnst  as  they 
begin  to  color.  I  have  been  shipping  and  selling  them  at  trovo  eight  to 
seventeen  cents  per  quart,  averaging  with  the  blackberry  in  price. 
One  grower  in  my  knowledge  realized  $250  from  one-half  an  acre  of 
Wild  Goose  pinms ;  another  $300  from  one-fonrth  of  an  acre.  I  woald 
not  give  it  for  all  of  the  other  varieties.  The  Damson  don't  amonnt  to 
anything;  don't  produce.  1  have  thrown  away  the  Marianua.  The  Wild 
Goose  ia  known  everywhere,  but  the  people  don't  know  how  to  ase  it. 

J.  H,  Logan— I  have  400  trees  of  the  Wild  Goose  plnm,  aad  find 
them  profitable  every  year.  Caddo  Chief  is  too  early,  and  is  not  worth 
a  cent  a  bnshel.  They  come  in  the  strawberry  season,  so  we  could  not 
find  any  use  for  them.  They  are  too  soiall.  We  shall  cat  them  down 
in  the  spring.    I  wish  I  had  500  more  Wild  Goose  plnm  trees. 

Dr.  Bloan — Does  the  cultivation  of  plums  increase  the  nnmber  of 
insects  on  tbe  apple  1 

Jacob  Faith — Insects  prefer  tbe  plum,  and  they  will  sting  tbe  plum 
in  preference  to  the  apple,  and  tbe  hogs  will  eat  the  plnm.  Hogs  love 
plums,  and  will  eat  fifty  times  as  many  insects  in  plums  as  in  apples. 

Mr.  Turgeon — It  appears  that  something  should  be  done  In  regard 
to  the  plum.  There  is  one  thing  very  essential ;  the  plnm  will  not  suc- 
ceed when  planted  scatteriuK-  They  should  be  planted  thick  In  clus- 
ters or  groves.    Plant  where  chickens  run. 

Mr.  Carpenter — How  do  they  cnltivate  the  Wild  Goose — those 
who  make  a  snccess  of  it  t 

Mr.  Ambrose — The  Wild  Goose  is  more  productive  than  any  other 
we  can  plant  in  Missouri.  It  is  nearly  free  from  the  ravages  of  tbe 
curcnlio.  It  is  not  of  very  good  quality.  We  have  many  others  that 
are  of  better  flavor,  bat  we  cannot  grow  them  for  profit.  Mr.  Logan 
has  made  money  out  of  plums,  but  yoa  must  fertilize  it  to  be  snccess- 
fa!. 

DISOnSSIOH   ON  UABKBIIHG. 

Sam.  Miller — It  is  the  duty  of  men  in  every  business  to  put  up 
straight  goods.  There  have  been  so  many  badly  packed  cases  of  frnit 
on  the  market  that  the  buyer  don't  know  what  to  bay,  unless  yon  put 
year  name  on  every  package.    So  moch  bad  fmit  is  shipped  that  it 

H  B— 21 


S22  STATE  HOBTIOULTURAL   SOCIETY. 

gluts  the  market  for  all  kinds  of  &ait.  It  is  rolnone  to  the  hortJcaN 
taral  interest.  Fifty  per  cent  good  frnit  vill  bring  as  mnch  money  as 
all,  good  and  bad  shipped  together.  If  every  grower  vonld  ship  only 
good  Irnit  he  wonld  avoid  glutting  the  market  This  applies  not  only 
to  apples  bnt  to  everything  else.  Ship  frnit  of  good  quality  rightly 
packed. 

C.  C.  Bell — I  believe  in  early  picking.  We  sometimes  pick  the 
Genet  too  early.  I  sometimes  tell  my  farmers  to  make  two  pickings, 
first  selecting  the  largest  and  best  ripened  irnits,  and  leaving  the  others 
t«  grow.  Pick  the  first  Ben  Davis  the  last  week  in  Aagast,  the  re- 
mainder tt^ree  weeks  later.  The  trade  calls  for  the  Ben  Davis  early, 
,  Mr.  Dorand — The  Ben  Davis  is  green  in  August. 

Mr.  Bell — I  ship  them  as  early  as  the  24th  of  Aagnst.  They  are 
red  at  that  date.  This  year  was  an  exception.  All  sorts  ripened  ear- 
lier  than  usual. 


THUBSDAT,  Dbcembkr  5,  8  p.  m. 

A  number  of  songs  and  recitations  were  given  by  the  popils  of 
Baird  college.  With  the  assistance  of  Prof.  Hall  and  the  choir  of  the 
Presbyterian  church,  a  very  delightfal  as  well  as  profitable  evening 
was  spent.  The  songs  were  good  and  the  recitations  were  well 
rendered. 

LOW  LAHDS  FOH   OBCHABDINO. 


Aea  rale,  blgb,  dry,  poroue  and  warm  land  Is  considered  beat  adapted  for 
BucceBBful  orcharding,  which  rate  will  not  be  abandoned  soon,  nor  should  tt  be. 
Snob  soils  are  natnrally  beet  adapted  to  develop  a  healthy  growth  of  tree,  shrub 
or  vine,  wltbont  wtalcb  buocobb  canuot  follow. 

Thia  fact  does  not,  bowever,  exclude  the  successfnl  cnltlvstlon  of  some  of 
"Pomona'B  girtB"  on  soils  devoid  of  the  above  characteristics,  as  for  as  attitude  la 
concerned. 

The  apple,  the  Chickasaw  tribe  of  plum,  the  pecan,  blokory  and  walnut,  for 
instance, can  be  and  are  grown  wltb  excellent  results  cfti  the  "tow  lands"  (bottom b) 
usually  found  bordering  rivers  or  large  streams,  provided  always  that  either  anr- 
face  or  under-ground  drainage  Is  sufficient  to  conr  off  the  surface  waters. 

The  only  indigenous  groves  of  pecan  wblch  1  ever  met  wltb  were  on  such  bot- 
toms. Many  portions  of  these  lands,  especially  ttie  ctaolcest  agricultural  parcels,  are 
very  rich  and  liable  to  cause  an  overgrowth  of  wood  and  foliage,  to  the  detraction 
of  the  productiveness  of  the  trees,  and  also  the  coloring  and  texture  of  the  fruit. 
These  evils  may  bo  counterbalanced  to  aome  extent  by  dlBtaut  planting  and  careful 
pruning,  in  order  to  allow  the  atmosphere  to  circulate  freely  and  to  penetrate 


WINTER  MBBTING   AT   OlilflTON.  323 

Among  ttaa  braachea,  Oo  t-uoh  ground  &pple-treei  should  never  be  Mt  less  than 
fort;  f^et  apart  each  way,  wliUe  fift;  feei  would,  1  think,  be  the  more  advisable 
distance. 

The  more  sand;  and  conaequeott;  leaa  fertile  tracts  produce  tees  growth,  and 
treea  planted  on  snob  come  Into  bearing  aooner,  sod  produce  better  colored  ftnit 
with  denser  texture  of  flesh,  aa  well  as  of  richer  and  better  developed  Savor.  The 
best  teaulta,  however,  with  the  apple,  plum  and  pecan,  1  noticed  on  snch  low  lands, 
were  on  a  third-claaa,  aometimea  deacrltied  as  waxy,  black,  sticky,  also  gumbo,  only, 
though,  after  proper  drainage  as  above  referred  to.  This  class  of  soil  appears  to 
be  inexhauatibly  fertile,  bnt  is  so  tenaciotis  and  unoomatable,  If  you  will  allow 
that  term,  u  to  cause  the  roota  of  treea  a  hard  stmggie  to  extract  the  nourishment 
they  seek ;  hence  the  treea  make  no  undue  growth  and  come  into  fruit  earlier  than 
on  either  of  the  classea  of  soil  above  mentioned.  As  the  tree  gains  atrength  of  root 
It  of  course  permeates  the  aoii,  and  along  the  roota  the  air  and  water  penetrate  and 
set  free  thoae  elementa  needed  to  maintain  growth,  by  which  means  the  treea  are 
«nabled  to  sustain  large  crops  of  fruit  as  well  as  a  long  life  of  uaefulneas. 

I  mast  not  by  any  means  be  understood  as  recommending  these  lands  aa  the 
beat  for  the  apple,  etc.;  only  for  the  pecan  nut  I  claim  them  as  such,  and  the  last 
clasa  described  is  oertalnly  the  best  for  that.  Aa  the  aubjoot  ssalgned  me  by  your 
committee  oonflnes  my  remarka  to  the  clasa  of  lands  intimated,  I  have  endeavored 
to  impart  eucb  facts  ae  have  come  under  my  observation,  and  to  state  in  how  tax 
ench  fields  may  be  aafely  traatcd  to  bring  forth  satisfactory  results  to  the  orchard- 
lat. 

I  will  close  with  a  few  remarka  as  to  what  I  would  or  would  not  do  if  I  contem- 
plated embarking  in  ftult-growing  on  "low  land."  J  would  aeleet  as  beat  tbe 
gumbo,  as  second  the  sandy,  and  last  the  very  rich;  on  latter  would  set  apple -trees 
fltty  feet  apart,  would  crop  the  land  with  corn,  potatoea,  or  even  wheat,  until  the 
trees  came  of  good  bearing  size,  after  whtoh  would  cultivate  only  enough  to  sus- 
tain healthy  growth ;  prune  to  rather  open  heads.  On  the  two  other  kinds  of  soil 
would  either  crop  tbe  land  or  not,  according  to  growth,  etc.;  would,  after  coming 
to  fruitage,  sow  an  occasional  crop  of  clover  to  turn  under ;  would  be  governed  In 
pruning  by  the  growth,  etc. 

I  would  not  plant  iiefore  drainage ;  would  not  plant  at  foot  of  bluff  nor  ao  near 
timber  as  to  Impede  clrcalatlon  of  air ;  would  not  allow  weeds  or  brush  to  encum- 
ber the  land,  nor  would  I  head  a  tree  less  than  live  feet  and  expect  good  fruit  from 
the  lower  branches  after  the  tree  became  of  mature  size.  I  would  not  venture 
largely  on  peara,  peaches,  cherries,  or  other  than  plums  of  tbe  Chickasaw  doss,  nor 
would  I  venture  into  small  frnlts  to  any  extent  beyond  what  was  needed  at  home, 
before  a  thorough  experimental  teat. 

SS8AT  ON  THE  ALLEGED   DEOBPTIOns    PQACTIOBD   BT  NUaSBRFVEN 
OK   THBPDBLIC. 


Vfe  f^quently  bear  such  expresaions  from  Airmers,  who  have  young  orchards 
Jnst  coming  Into  bearing,  OS,  every  nurseryman  and  fruit-tree  agent  Is  a  swindler. 
I  bought  my  trees  from  auch  a  nursery;  they  were  said  to  be  reliable  men.  But 
look  at  the  fruit  I  have  got,  and  then  aay  if  I  have  been  swindled  or  not.  It  la  true, 
my  friend,  your  fruit  Is  not  what  you  expected  It  to  be,  but  are  you  so  very  sure 
that  the  agent  or  nurseryman  Is  entirely  to  blame  for  It?  I^et  ua  look  at  the  sub- 
Jectln  its  proper  light.    Perhaps  when  yoit  located  in  these  parts  you  came  from 


324  STA.TB   HORTIOVLTnOAI,  SOCIETY, 

some  dUtant  8tate  where  the  coDdltlone  were  entlrelj  different  from  this  looalltjr. 
Soil,  moisture,  temperatare  and  altitude  were  perhaps  &fc  diBBlmflftr  tothlscountix 
aaday  Is  to  night.  Where  you  oame  trom  you  had  certain  kinds  or  fruits,  applea, 
pears,  peaches  and  plums,  which  were  standard  varieties,  and  yon  linew  them  to  be 
good.  So  when  you  located  in  thla  country  you  wished  to  plant  the  beat,  and  what 
was  t)est  where  you  came  rrom  must  also  he  the  beBt  where  you  went.  Now,  my 
dear  sir,  here  is  where  you  made  the  first  grand  mistake.  Yon  did  not  take  the 
changed  climatic  oondititions  Into  consideration.  The  apple  which  In  New  York 
might  be  a  standard,  in  Hlesouri  probably  was  worthless.  The  pear  which  sought 
its  equal  In  Penasylvaiiia  may  not  lie  worth  planting  in  Illinois.  The  peach  that 
was  nnsnrpassed  in  New  Jeriejr  might  be  a  nuisance  In  Kansas.  The  nurseryman 
had  all  the  varieties  you  wanted.  Be  might  have  told  you,  they  were  unsnited  to 
this  climate,  but  you  would  not  have  believed  him ;  and  be  was  hut  human  when 
he  sold  yon  a  bill  of  nursery  stock,  and  took  your  money  (or  the  same.  Hj  friend, 
we  can  best  attain  wisdom  by  experience.  The  writer  of  this  has  been  there.  Be 
has  been  one  of  the  fools,  and  he  had  plenty  of  company.  His  experience  (like  that 
of  many  others]  has  been  profltable  to  him,  and  he  has  realized  the  fact  that  what 
may  be  flne  fruit  In  one  locality  may  be  an  abomination  in  another.  He  invested 
largely  in  fine  plums  and  pears.  The  plums  went  long  ago  where  the  woodbine- 
twinetfa,  and  hie  experience  In  pear  culture  bad  better  not  be  told,  lest  It  discourage 
the  new  beginner.  He  had  an  Idea  that  this  country  was  Butted  to  grow  the  White 
Bellflower,  the  McAfee  Nonc-ench,  the  Seek-no-furtber  and  the  Winesap  to  perfec- 
tion; that  all  the  flne  varieties  of  plums  and  pears  were  or  ought  to  be  natives  of 
these  parte ;  and  when  he  bought  his  goods,  the  nurseryman  did  not  say,  the  kinds 
you  ordered  are  not  suited  for  these  paita,  but  pocketed  his  money.  Now,  my  friend , 
let  me  say  this  to  you:  Neverplant  anything  but  what  experience  has  shown  to be^ 
good.  Never  meddle  to  any  great  extent  with  new  and  untried  varieties,  for  that 
business  consists  of  too  many  probabilities  and  very  few  facts.  Common  sense 
ought  to  teach  you  that  an  apple  suited  to  the  climate  of  New  York  or  Canada  la 
totally  unfit  for  oar  climate, and  it  is  only  in  rare  Instances  that  it  Is  sucoessfui.  Every 
variety  of  fruit  has  Us  zone  where  It  attains  its  greatest  perfection,  and  deteriorates  * 
when  It  is  removed  therefrom.  Now,  my  dear  sir,  do  not  put  all  the  blame  on  the 
nurseryman;  shoulder  some  of  it  yourself;  be  honest  for  once  in  your  life,  and  con- 
fess you  were  In  fault  yourself,  and  will  shoulder  your  share  of  the  responsibility. 
Beflolve  to  do  better  In  the  future  than  you  have  done  in  the  poet, and  you  will  have 
madealongstepin  the  right  direction,  profitable  to  yourself,  and  instructive  to  your 
fUends,  neighbors  and  the  coming  generation. 

BESULT  OF  OEQANIZATION. 

1,  KKLSOH,  LBBAHON. 

JIfr.  Praident,  etc..  State  Hortieultwal  Soeiett/! 

The  paper  assigned  to  mc,  the  "Ueaaltof  Organization,"  covers  such  a  vast 
space  that  one  hardly  knows  where  to  begin  or  where  to  stop.  What  great  work  or 
works  is  there  to  day  but  what  has  been  brought  ahont  by  organization  ? 

The  telegraph  cables  crojsing  the  different  bodies  of  water,  connecting  the  old 
world  with  the  new,  were  brought  about  through  organization ;  the  mammoth 
steamships  running  between  New  York,  Boston  and  differents  ports  of  foreign 
countries,  wi>re  brought  about  through  organization;  the  land  telegraph  wires  run- 
ning from  ocean  to  ocean  were  put  up  and  put  in  operation  tbrough  organization  ;. 
the  thousanda  upon  thousands  of  miles  of  railways  of  the  United  States  as  well  &a. 

D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


WIKTBE  MEEUMO   AT   OLINTOIT.  326 

foreign  couDtrlea  were  put  In  ezlBience  throagb  orguilzBllon ;  tunnels  are  out 
through  mouDtalaa,  rivers  are  (panned  by  bridges  or  oolossftl  dtmeDBlons,  sod  this 
hubeenftnd  is  being  aecompliahedthroQgli  orgaDlzstlon;  and oomlng  nesrer  home, 
we  see  and  know  dAlly  of  whet  le  being  done  by  a  few  men  through  organization ; 
the  number  you  can  count  on  the  fingers  of  your  hand,  yet  through  this  organlssation 
the  Interests  of  millions  of  people  are  afl«cted.  I  refer  to  the  Big  4,  as  so  called  ^ 
this  handful  of  men,  as  It  were,  controls  the  meat  food  of  this  great  country;  and 
let  us  look  for  a  moment  at  another  handful  of  men,  less  even  la  number  than  the 
meat  combine :  1  refer  to  the  Standard  OH  company ;  this  is  no  doubt  one  of  the 
richest,  wickedest,  most  powerful  ornanlsatloos  In  the  world.  Think  you,  Hr. 
Preeident,  such  work  as  has  been  done  by  these  few  men  could  be  done  only 
through  organization  ? 

We  will  look  for  a  moment  at  what  has  been  donethroughorgaoizatlon  among 
the  (krming  classes  In  all  the  fiaetern.  Western  and  Northern  States,  as  well  as  re- 
oently  in  more  Southern  States ;  organizations  for  cheese  making  and  butter  making 
have  apruog  up,  until  now  the  factories  for  mannfactnrlDg  butter  aod  cheese  can 
be  eounted  by  thousands,  and  the  products  of  some  swell  Into  millions  of  dollars 
per  aonnm. 

But  how  is  the  horticulturist  to  be  benefited  through  organization  ?  liCt  us 
«ee.  Let  us  look  first  at  the  starting  point  i  ten  men  want  to  plant  100-acie 
orchards,  each ;  tbey  have  the  capital  to  buy  the  land,  clean  it,  fence  It  and  plant 
trees.  They  look  for  a  location  separately,  but  find  laod  held  at  {10,  Hi,  $ietotSO 
per  acre,  In  100-acretracts;  each  of  these  men,  however,  has  beard  of  a  party  holding 
1,000  acres  of  fruit  land  that  can  be  bought  In  a  body  at  f  4.  These  ten  men  get  together 
and  organize  a  Fruit-Growers'  and  Shippers'  association,  eleot  offloers  and  go  to 
work,  and  they  find  through  organization  that  as  great,  or  nearly  as  great,  reduction 
can  be  made  all  along  the  line,  as  in  purchasing  the  ground  to  start  their  orchards — 
their  labor,  trees,  wire  (Or  fence,  railroad  transportation,  barrels  for  packing  (tnlt.  In 
facteverythlngpertalolDgtowhattheywlshtobnyOT  what  they  have  to  sell.  lam 
not  refSorrlog  to  the  Ulden  Fruit  company,  but  how  should  the  common  or  every- 
day fruit-grower  be  benefited  through  orgnnlaatlon.  In  every  fruit  locality  or 
«t  every  shipping  point  there  should  be  an  organization,  possibly  not  of  the 
«ame  kind  as  referred  to,  but  would  bring  about  same  results.  These  organUatlons 
could  be  gotten  up  euUy  where  there  were  wide-awake  horticultural  societies, 
bat  nothing  to  hinder  them  where  there  were  no  such  societies.  Hr.  President, 
you  must  understand  that  the  county  L  live  in  has  not  been  put  down  on  the  map 
of  HlBsonri  only  for  a  few  years,  and  we  no  doubt  are  laboring  under  disadvantages 
that  other  looallties  do  not  have  to  contend  with. 

In  our  iocility  we  Intend  to  get  up  an  organization,  first,  to  make  oar  own 
barrels  and  boKes  for  shipping,  and  second,  we  hope  to  get  up  Interest  enough  to 
build  a  oold  storage  for  holding  fruit.  Those  who  have  closely  watched  the  fruit 
maAet  from  September  let  to  December  1st  can  readily  see  who  has  made  the 
money  on  fruit  of  the  last  year's  crop.  As  usual,  the  brmei  and  local  dealer  have 
got  for  the  fruit  grown  and  labor  In  picking,  packing  and  shipping—the  farmer,  I 
•ay,  and  local  dealer,  between  them  have  got  Just  about  one-half  what  the  fruit  is 
selling  for.  This  Is  all  wrong,  and  may  we  not  hope  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when 
either  through  local  or  county  or  State  organization  theseevlls  may  be  overcome  par^ 
tially.if  not  wholly.  Thus  far  the  fruit  Is  not  yet  shipped.  Now  there  Is  none  of  us 
but  wbat  well  knows  that  companies,  BocletieHororganlzatlons  get  better  rates  over 
express  and  rail  routes  than  can  the  Individual.  To  illustrate  a  case  of  freight :  I 
know  an  Individual  who  had  200  tons  of  hay;  was  anxious  to  ship  ;  rates  were  93.36 


826  STATE   HOETIOULTUBAL   BOOIBTY. 

per  ton  (prohtbltor^),  bat  as  an  fodlvldaal,  all  his  efforts  were  of  no  avail.  Heap- 
piled  to  tbe  PrealdeDt  of  the  Farmers'  ln(tltnt«  of  his  town  to  bave  blm  see  what 
he  coald  do.  Notd  the  results  brought  about  at  onoe  through  this  organization. 
Bates  were  at  once  reduced  from  33.3G  to  $3.25  per  ton.  Through  this  reduction 
the  railroad  got  Stty  can  of  hay  to  haul  aud  tbe  farmer  a  benefit  of  $1.10  par  ton 
on  it  all,  and  ;et  the  railroad  got  big  money  for  doing  the  work.  And  still  this 
same  Farmers'  institute  or  President  of  It  secured  another  redaction  of  3G  cents 
per  too .  Now  when  we  hare  It  to  go  to  market,  nay  one  gets  a  car  for  $3  per  ton, 
whether  one  car  to  ebip  or  twenty. 

8o  mnchfbra  little  organization;  and  so  It  would  go,  Mr.  President,  all  along 
the  line.  Through  organization,  well  conducted,  almost  any  obstacle  can  be  over- 
oome;  and  I  firm I7  believe  that  now,  right  at  this  time,  and,  as  we  may  say,  the 
opening  up  of  a  new  fruit  era  to  Mtssonri,  thousands  upon  thousands  of  dollars  can 
l>e  Bared  yearly  to  benellt  the  farmers,  fruit-growers,  their  wives  and  families.  I  do 
not  want  to  be  understood  that  I  am  making  war  upon  the  commission  or  middle 
man,  for  be  is,  as  I  believe  they  all  are,  a  necessary  evil,  and  an  evil  that  yon  cannot, 
for  a  time  at  least,  dispense  with,  fou  and  I,  Ki.  President,  may  not  live  to  see 
the  middle  or  oommlaslon  men  dispensed  with,  but  there  are  young  men  in  this  hall 
who  will  live  to  see  them  a  good  deal  harder  to  (tnd  than  It  Is  to  find  hens' teetb. 

And  In  closing,  Mr.  President,  may  we  not  look  for  and  trust  some  action  may 
be  taken  at  this  very  meeting  looking  to  the  organization  of  fruit-growers,  either  of 
State,  county  or  locality,  furely  this  Is  as  favorable  a  time  as  will  ever  he  had  for 
putting  the  ball  in  motion. 


HOBTIOULTUBB  IN   ITS  BBASIHG   OM   SOCIBTT. 

W,  A.  SMILEY,  BOONVILLB, 

By  hortlcnltnre  we  do  not  mean  simply  gardening,  as  tbe  word  literally  taken 
would  Imply,  hut  tbe  cnlture  of  trees,  flowers  and  vegetables,  and  the  artistic  ar- 
rangement of  them  for  profit  and  for  pleasure. 

When  Ood  created  tbe  first  human  pair,  sinless  though  they  were,  he  placed 
them  In  a  garden  '  'to  dress  It  and  to  keep  it,"  signifying  by  this  that  their  well- 
being  and  enjoyment  would  he  maintained  and  promoted  by  such  employment. 

HowdellgbtfUl  their  at  taation  must  have  been  when  we  know  that  this  garden 
contained  every  tree  "that  is  pleaaant  to  the  sight  snd  good  for  food,"  and  that 
weeds  and  thorns  and  thistles  were  nnknown. 

By  disobedience  man  forfeited  his  estste  and  was  driven  out  of  tbe  garden  to 
subsist  on  the  herb  of  the  field  and  '  'earn  his  bread  In  the  sweat  of  his  face . " 

It  is  not  tbe  object  of  this  essay  to  tell  of  all  the  woes  produced  by  man's  first 
dlsolKdlence — how  a  paradise  was  loit  or  how  a  paradise  may  be  regained. 

SufSce  to  say  that  man  is  In  a  condition  to  become  happier  and  t>etter,  and  we 
may  say  generally  desires  to  become  happier  and  better.  Without  saying  that  the 
road  to  happiness  leads  back  to  Paradise,  It  certainly  leads  forward  to  It.  True 
religion  Is  progressive.  If  "cleanliness  Is  next  to  godliness,"  surely  the  beautify- 
ing of  onr  homes,  our  Bcfaool  and  church  grounds,  and  our  pnbllo  highways  with 
trees  that  are  "pleasant  to  the  algbt  and  good  for  food,"  with  flowers  and  starnb- 
t>ery  beautiful  to  twhold,  is,  to  say  the  least,  an  Indication  that  the  people  doing  so 
are  refined.  Intelligent  and  progressive,  and  are  a  Christian  community,  or  are 
highly  aueoeptlble  to  Christian  Influences,  as  we  shall  attempt  In  the  progress  of  thtft 
article  to  show. 


WINTBB  MEETING  AT  OI.IHTON.  327 

Ttae  condition'  of  (ooUtf  tn  a  aavage  or  Kmt -civilized  state  la  generally 
migratory,  snbBlstlng  on  their  Hocks  uid  berda,  or  depending  on  tbe  more  prerarl- 
oos  reeoltB  of  the  ohmBe  for  a  llrelthood. 

Sncti  a  mode  of  life  from  Ita  very  nature  predndea  almost  entirely  even  the 
cnltivatlon  of  the  soil,  without  eaylag  anything  about  the  onltlvatton  of  fruits  and 
flowers.  After  a  weiry  march  under  a  burning  ann  tiiese  nomads  no  doubt  wel- 
come with  delight  the  cool  shade  of  ttae  trees  of  tbe  forest;  but  the  glory  of  Ood, 
•B  manifested  In  the  "Rose  of  Sharon  and  the  Lily  of  the  Valley,"  is  no  doubt 
unseen  and  unfelt  by  them. 

God  h&s  done  much  to  beautify  tbe  earth  for  mitQ,  bnt  to  the  man  who  has  not 
made  the  laws  and  beauties  of  nsture  a  study,  ber  beauties  are  like  some  flowers, 
■■born  to  blush  unseen  and  waste  their  sweetness  on  the  desert  air." 

To  be  benefited  by  the  productions  of  nature,  we  mast  try  to  improve  on 
nature.  We  must  use  our  head  and  our  hands.  The  curse  pronounced  on  Adam  Is 
Indeed  a  blessing  to  hU  posterity.  If  we  look  at  It  aright.  The  gronnd  must  be  pre- 
pared with  labor,  the  seed  sown  with  care,  the  growing  plant  most  be  nourished 
and  eultlvated,  but  notwithstanding  much  weariness  and  perhaps  some  disappoint- 
ments, how  gratifying  are  tbn  results. 

Nature  responds  readily  totbemagle  touch  of  tbe  Intelligent  and  palns-tak- 
Ing  husbandman.  We  have  first  the  blade,  then  the  ear,  then  the  full  corn  In  the 
ear. 

He  is  rewarded  by  seeing  old  varieties  of  ftuits  and  flowers  Improved  and 
new  varieties  orlginatf'd. 

Here  Is  exercise  for  the  body  and  food  for  ttae  mind.  He  is  Incited  to  greater 
attainments  In  ttae  study  of  ttae  laws  of  nature  and  greater  diligence  In  ttae  applica- 
tion of  his  knowledge. 

Thus  the  mind  la  expanded  and  tbe  body  strengthened,  and  henoe  the  indi- 
vidual is  benefited  and  society,  of  which  such  Individual  fbrms  a  part,  is  oorre- 
■pondlngly  Improved.  Our  subject,  however,  leads  ns  to  consider  tbe  Infiuence  of 
hortlcalture  on  national  progress  and  wel&re.  As  before  stated,  the  uncivilized 
nations  plant  no  trees,  cultivate  no  gardens,  In  order  to  gratify  a  taste  ft>r  the  beau- 
tiful ;  hence  It  Is  an  evidence  of  a  civilized  and  refined  community  where  such  a 
taste  U  manifested.  Point  to  any  nation  where  horticulture  receives  marked  atten- 
tion, and  you  (vlllflnd  this  ttae  case  In  a  high  degree,  while  tbe  want  of  It  ts  indica- 
tive of  coarseness,  stolidity  and  Im providence. 

We  will  take  for  our  lllnstration  those  two  empires — Russia  and  Japan.  Trav- 
elers In  Japan  tell  ns  that  ttae  Japnese  have  an  eye  for  the  beautiful ;  that  In  clear- 
ing their  lands,  they  leave  a  tree  or  ctnmp  of  trees  on  prominent  or  plctnresqne 
points ;  hence,  their  landscapes  are  never  bare,  monotonous  or  proay. 

With  one  hundred  and  fifty  varieties  of  evergreens  in  the  empire,  there  is  a 
verdant  touch  in  field  and  forest  even  In  mld-wlnter.  This  Is  but  a  glimpse  of  the 
horticultural  surroundings  of  a  people  which  Joseph  Cook  calls  the  "diamond  edi- 
tion of  humanity." 

Though  we  are  sending  our  misBlonarles  to  christianize  them — and  I  may  add, 
wboee  labors  are  attended  with  wonderfnl  success— may  we  not  receive  one  lesson 
at  least  from  them  tn  the  art  of  beautifying  our  laodBcapes,  ornamenting  our  public 
grounds  with  trees  and  shrubbery,  and  neatness  In  onr  domestic  surroundings. 

Where  Is  the  farmer  amoog  us  who  In  tbe  felling  of  his  forest,  In  the  arrange- 
ment  of  his  fields  and  grounds  near  his  boose,  has  an  eye  to  the  pleasing  effect  It 
will  produce  to  the  bebolder  ?  Why,  It  seems  to  me  tlixa  the  crowded  condition 
of  oar  door-yards,  tbe  amount  of  weeds  and  rubbish  In  or  near  tbe  roadside,  the 

D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


328  STATE  HOKTIOULUEAI  BOOIBTTT. 

contrary  effect  1b  lnt«Dded.  To  put  the  most  favorable  construction  on  tbe  matter, 
manj  seem  to  be  governed  In  these  thlDgs  lolety  by  motive«  of  eoontHur  and 
couvenienoe. 

Tbese  are  well  enongh  when  combined  with  taste,  bnt  without  it  are  apt  to 
lead  to  avarice  or  laziness,  either  of  which  Is  tbe  bane  o(  good  society. 

Now,  let  as  take  a  cursory  view  of  that  other  empire,  great  in  the  extent  of 
her  territory,  great  in  her  physical  force,  and  great  as  the  world  goes  Id  her  army 
and  all  the  paraphernalia  of  war. 

What  U  tbe  condition  of  Bussla  with  regard  to  hortlcaltnre  and  all  Chat  adcffu- 
ment  of  home  which  goes  far  to  make  a  happy  and  contented  people?  I  quote  from 
an  article  in  the  "Century:"  "The  outward  aspect  of  a  Russian  village  Is  not 
attractive,  and  there  is  little  choice  In  the  aurroandlag  country  between  wide,  gray 
plains  with  a  distance  of  sorabby  pine  forests,  or  the  scrubby  pine  forest  with  distant 
gray  plains. 

"The  peasaDtb'  houses  are  scattered  np  and  down  without  any  order  or 
arrangement,  and  with  no  roads  between,  built  of  trunks  of  trees,  unaquared  and 
mortised  into  each  other  at  the  corners,  the  interstices  Hlled  with  mud  and  mou— 
a  mode  of  building  warmer  than  it  Bounds. 

"in  the  interior  there  is  always  an  enormous  brick  atove  Ave  or  alx  feet  high, 
on  which  and  on  the  floor  the  whole  family  steep  in  their  raga.  The  heat  and  etench 
are  Mghtfut,  No  one  andtesses,  washlag  IB  unknown,  and  sheep-Blcia  pellaees, 
with  wool  inside,  are  not  conducive  to  eleanlincas.  Wood,  however,  is  becoming 
very  scarce.  Klfty  years,  It  Is  said,  will  exhaust  the  present  forests,  and  hreah  trees 
are  never  planted." 

Over  this  stolid,  ipMrant  and  unprogreaslve  mass  of  human  beings  is  plaoed 
the  most  corrupt  set  of  offlclala  to  be  found  in  the  whole  world,  from  the  caar  down 
to  the  lowest  tax-gatherer.  The  subject  plotting  tbe  destruotloa  of  the  ruler,  and 
the  ruler  seemingly  only  seeking  his  own  glory  and  the  extension  of  bis  dominions, 
without  oonsideratlon  for  the  weU-belng  of  his  subjects,  will  complete  the  picture. 

Now,  whether  the  attention  paid  to  horticulture  has  produced  the  delightful  state 
of  society  la  Japan,  or  the  want  of  It  baa  brought  about  tbe  deplorable  condition  of 
society  among  the  rural  BusBlan  population,  I  am  not  warranted  In  saying  from  the 
premises.  Perhaps  the  nataral  temperament  of  the  people,  the  facilities  fbr  edu- 
cation, clliuatlc  influences  all  combined  have  something  to  do  with  it )  but  we  wlU, 
perhaps,  all  agree  that  advancement  in  horticulture  and  attention  paid  to  the  embel- 
lishment of  landacapes  and  home  surroundings  are  evidences  to  the  intelligent 
traveler  of  a  refined  and  progressive  state  of  society.  And  we  may  conclude  that 
the  reflex  Influenoes  of  such  surroundinga  must  be  to  deepen  the  Bensibllitles  of  the 
adult  population,  and  to  fix  and  increase  these  happy  conditioue  on  rising  genera- 
tions. Time  will  not  permit  to  call  your  attention  to  the  bearing  of  thla  subject 
upon  the  health  and  longevity  of  man.  I.iet  us  then,  as  a  people  and  commonwealth, 
learn  lessons  of  wisdom  from  other  societies;  and,  while  we  are  sending  them 
teachers  to  point  the  way  of  everlasting  life  and  happiness,  let  ua  study  horn  them 
those  elements  which  tend  to  the  stability  of  government,  tbe  promotion  of  hoalth 
and  the  present  happiness  of  our  people. 

EEPOBT   ON   ENTOMOLOGY. 

BY  HABT  X.  MURTFKLDT,  RIRKWOOD.  MO. 

The  past  season  was  In  many  respects  unusual.  Tbe  winter  months  were 
cbaracterlised  by  a  uniformly  higher  temperature  than  for  several  years.  There 
were  some  very  heavy  rains  but  very  little  snow  or  ice.    The  spring,  on  the  eon - 


WINTER  UEKTING  AT  CLINTON.  329 

tnij,  wM  YtTf  cold,  wet  and  baofeward,  while  the  beat  of  the  sammer  wa*  exces- 
sive, and  aocompaoled  bj  an  almost  unbrokeD  drouth  for  two  moQthi,  which  w^a, 
after  some  alight  taIdb,  saoceeded  by  a  dry  autumn . 

That  theae  climatic  eoDdltlonB  ohould  have  had  their  effect  upon  the  develop- 
meot  of  iDseot  life  la  not  aarprldng.  Many  species,  eapecialljr  those  that  htberaate 
in  the  larva  or  perfect  form,  were  greatly  redooed  lo  numbers,  the  warmth  of 
the  winter  raontbs  keeping  them  In  a  state  of  semi -activity,  while  there  was  no 
suitable  vegetation  on  which  they  conld  feed,  and  thua  he  enabled  to  oomplete  the 
cycle  of  their  lives. 

Again,  many  Insects  that  are  usually  rather  riire  appeared  In  destructive  num- 
bers, the  warmth  of  the  winter  being  favorable  for  their  contlnuanoe  and  multlpll- 
«atlon.  Among  those  to  which  the  season  was  adverse  may  be  mentioned  various 
species  of  cut-worms,  flea-beetles,  the  Colorado  potato -bee  tie,  the  blister-beetles, 
«nd  even  that  hardy  and  adaptive  tnaect,  the  plum  onrcallo— the  dlscomflture  of 
this  pest  being  eorapleted  by  the  mid-summer  drouth,  by  whtoh  the  ground  was  bo 
bested  and  hardened  that  the  few  larve  which  bad  entered  It  frotn  early  fruits 
could  not  efiect  their  tranaformatlons.  Canker-worm  moths  also  appeared  out  of 
due  season,  and  many  of  the  females  perished  without  laying  their  eggs,  or  the 
larvfb  hatched  Id  time  to  be  cut  .off  by  the  severe  cold  of  Haroh.  The  chinch- bug, 
too,  was  missing,  or  but  scantily  represented  In  the  grain  fields,  the  cold  and  wet 
spring  producing  the  fatal  "bronchial"  trouble  to  which,  according  to  an  entomo- 
logical H.  D.,  this  Insect  Is  peculiarly  liable. 

Bat,  because  of  these  immunities,  and  others  of  less  Importance,  let  it  not  be 
Inferred  thnt  the  farmer  and  fruit-grower  had  opportunity  to  rest  from  their 
labors,  so  far  as  Insect  pests  were  ooncemed.  On  the  contrary,  nature  tookoare 
to  more  than  flU  up  the  depleted  ranks.  Jf  there  was  no  chlnch-bng,  two  species 
-of  grain  aphlds  took  Its  place  and  exceeded  It  in  destruotlveness.  Prom  Texas  to 
fflBoonsin,  farmers  bewailed  tbe  "blight"  that  bad  settled  on  tbelt  promising 
acres.  Bye  and  wheat  suffered  very  considerably,  but  the  severity  of  the  attack 
fell  upon  oats,  thousands  of  acres  of  which  were  plowed  under  instead  of  being  har- 
vested. Nor  were  these  the  only  speeles  of  plant-lice  that  were  conspicuous,  but 
It  seemed  that  all  the  direct  and  collateral  descendants  of  the  family  Sphididce  pre- 
sented tbemselres  at  onoe,  like  one  of  the  plagues  of  Egypt,  taking  possession  o* 
field,  orchard  and  garden— the  oold  and  dampness  of  the  spring-time  favoring 
their  development,  while  It  retarded  the  increase  of  their  catural  enemies,  eo  that 
It  was  not  until  June  that  Syrphus  flies,  Lace-wing  flies  and  Lady-bird  beetles  ob- 
tained tbe  mastery  over  tbe  minute,  but  InQumersbie  hosts.  And  In  the  mean- 
time, unless  artiflolal  remedies  were  employed,  all  plants  Infested  were  dwarfed 
and  dlatorted,  If  not  killed  outright. 

Among  the  newer  Insecticides  which  proved  very  satisfactory  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  Apliids  in  tbe  flower  and  vegetable  garden,  and  for  use  on  a  small  scale  on 
yooDg  trees,  was  the  X.  O.  dust— a  preparation  of  tobacco  and  creosote  In  fine  dow- 
der.  Where  applied  thoroughly  with  an  insect  powder  bellows  or  a  "puff,"  It 
caused  every  Insect  that  It  touched  to  drop  to  tbe  ground.  In  a  short  time  after- 
word, If  desirable,  the  powder  may  be  blown  from  tbe  plant  with  the  empty  bel- 
lows, or  shaken  from  It  by  one  or  two  sudden  taps.  I  found  it  best  to  apply  when 
the  dew  was  off,  as  it  was  less  dlshguring  to  the  plants. 

A  dilute  kerosene  emulsion  is  also  very  effective  against  plant  lice,  and  almost 
every  species,  except  that  Infesting  the  chrysanthemutn,  yields  to  the  power  of 
the  California  Bubach  or  Pyrethnim  powder.  These  little  insects,  subslstlDg  on 
sap,  which  they  obtain  by  the  insertion  of  tbelr  needle-like  beaks  deep  into  tbe 

D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'Vil> 


330  STATE  HOBTIODLTURAL  SOCIETY. 

vegetable  tiBSnes,  nre  not  affected  by  ttie  treenlcal  mixturea,  aod  it  le  of  no  hh  to 
spray  Infested  plants  wltb  Paris  green  or  London  purple. 

Among  the  larger  iniects  whtob  attraoted  mucti  attention  In  diSerent  parts  of 
ttie  State,  and  were  sent  me  ^m  other  states  si  well,  were  several  species  of  gre- 
garious caterpillars,  which  were  very  destruotlve  to  shade  and  orchard  trees. 
CoDSpicuonB  among  these  were  the  common  web-worm,  the  greea-ttrtped  maple- 
worm,  the  willow  and  poplar  spinner,  the  blaclc-necked  and  the  yellow-neeked 
Datanas  and  the  red-linmped  apple-tree  caterpillar. 

The  wel>-worm  ( Syjihantria  cunea,  Drary)  occurs  throngbout  the  country  and 
ftedson  the  foliage  of  a  great  variety  of  trees.  It  Is  often  called  the  "tent  cat- 
erpillar," but  It  differs  widely  from  either  of  the  true  teot  caterplllAre.  The  eater- 
pillar  of  the  web-worm  is  much  lighter  colored,  and  when  full  grown  only  about 
half  the  size  of  the  others,  and,  to  quote  from  Prof.  BUey's  third  report, '  'it  hiber- 
nates In  the  papa  state,  they  In  the  egg  state ;  It  occurs  mostly  in  the  fall,  they  In 
the  spring ;  Its  eggs  are  deposited  on  a  leaf  and  hatch  before  the  leaf  falls,  theirs 
are  deposited  around  a.  twig,  because  they  liave  to  pasa  the  winter  and  would  get 
lost  with  the  leaves  If  deposited  npon  them ;  It  feeds  solely  oa  tbe  parenchyma  of 
the  leaf  under  Its  web,  they  devour  the  whole  leaf  outside  of  their  tent." 

la  tbe  New  England  States,  where  the  habits  of  the  web-worm  were  drat 
studied.  It  Is  only  single- brooded,  Its  webs  not  beln^seen  on  the  trees  until  August 
or  September,  hence  Its  name  of  fall  web-worm .  In  the  latitude  of  Missouri  and 
southward  it  Is  invariably  two-brooded— tbe  webs  appearing  on  the  trees  In  June 
and  again  during  late  summer  and  early  autumn.  This  Insect  has  a  large  number 
of  natural  enemies,  such  as  birds,  not  Including  the  English  sparrow — toads,  pre- 
daceoas  b-igs  and  parasites,  wbfch  mostly  attack  It  after  it  has  deserted  Its  web 
and  Is  wandering  aboiit  In  search  of  a  suitable  spot  In  which  to  effect  its  transfor- 
mations, tio  long  as  It  remained  under  Its  web  It  was,  until  recently,  compara- 
tively safe  from  molestation.  l>urlng  tbe  past  summer,  however,  an  enemy  was 
found  "within  its  borders"  that  threatens  to  wage  npou  It  a  war  of  extermination, 

I  had  observed  that  tbe  webs,  of  which  there  were  an  unusual  number  during 
June,  In  and  around  KIrkwood,  were  unnsnally  small,  many  of  them  never  extend- 
ing over  more  than  a  single  tuft  of  leaves.  As  I  was  about  to  Investigate  the  mat- 
ter, I  received  a  oommunlcatlon  from  Hr.  J.  C.  Duffey,  hortlcaltnrist  at  Shaw's 
garden.  Informing  me  that  he  had  found  the  larva  of  a  small  carabld  beetle  living 
under  the  same  tent  with  the  web-worm  and  destroying  the  worms.  Accompany- 
ing the  letter  was  a  box  containing  a  web  with  Its  usual  occupants  and,  besides,  a 
numl>er  of  speclmenB  of  an  exceedingly  active,  though  small,  dark-colored  carabld 
larva.  Placing  the  Insects  in  a  cage  upon  my  table,  I  was  very  soon  able  to  verify 
Hr.  Duffey's  Interesting  and  Important  observations.  This  little  creature,  not 
more  than  half  an  Inch  In  length  and  one-tenth  Inch  In  diameter,  would  not  hesi- 
tate to  attack  a  nearly  full-grown  caterpillar,  biting  Into  Its  side  or  back,  sometimea 
almost  severing  It  In  the  course  of  Its  meal,  the  violent  contortions  of  Its  victim 
t>elng  unavailing  to  loosen  its  fierce  and  relentless  hold . 

Desirous  of  learning  whether  It  occurred  in  KIrkwood  also.  T  Immediately  ex- 
amined a  number  of  deserted  webs,  Rndlng  much  olrcnmstantlal  evidence  In  favor 
of  Its  presence,  but  none  of  tbe  Insects.  The  appearance  of  the  second  brood  of 
the  weI>-worm  was  awaited  with  much  Interest,  In  order  to  note  whether  there  was 
a  second  brood  of  the  attacking  larvse  also.  To  my  great  satisfaction  1  fonnd  sev- 
eral in  the  very  first  web  examined,  and,  later,  very  ftw  colonies  of  tbe  worma 
seemed  to  enjoy  Immnnitj'  from  them. 


.y  Google 


WINTER  MBETlNa  AT  CLINTON.  331 

In  tbe  (DeBnttnie  both  Mr.  Daffey  knd  mtrgelf  had  obtained  the  perfeot  Inaect, 
a  small,  flattened,  shlnlDg,  dark-brown  beetle,  that  was  kindly  detennined  for  me 
by  Dr.  Riley  as  PlocMomuK  fimidvt — the  specific  name  very  aptly  reftrrlng  to  lt» 
rapid,  furtive  moTementa  and  Its  habit  of  concealing  Itself  dnrlDg  the  day-time. 

This  larva,  that  laandoabtedlydentined  to  prove  snchabenefiictorto  the  arbori- 
enltBrlst.  Is,  as  I  have  said,  one-half  Inch  in  length  wben  fall  grown,  the  form  being 
mach  like  that  of  n  miniature  alligator.  Tbe  surface  Is  smooth,  the  groand  color  a 
dingy  white,  but  with  almost  the  entire  uppersurfaoeof  each  Joint  dull  black,  and  a 
row  of  smaller  black  spots  along  each  aide.  Thehead,and  two  homy  plates  oovering 
tbe  tops  of  tbe  Sret  and  seccwd  Joints,  are  reddish  brown,  the  small,  strong  Jawa 
being  armed  with  need te-like  teeth.  Tbe  papa  Is  of  a  transparent  white  color,  and 
is  sometimes  found  in  the  folds  of  withered  leaves,  in  the  web,  and  sometimes  con- 
cealed onder  rahblsh  on  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

I  have  Dot  been  able  to  learn  over  how  wide  an  area  of  the  state  it  appeared 
this  year,  but  from  obBervations  made  in  llllnots  and  Indiana  during  Angust,  I 
found  that  It  bad  not  spread  much  to  tbe  eastward  of  St.  Loula. 

As  Mr.  Duffey  wished  to  use  tbe  insect  as  tbe  subject  for  a  aclentlflc  thesis, 
[  will  reserve  any  further  notes  on  the  apecles  until  after  tbe  publication  of  bis 
paper,  which  has  recently  been  read  before  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science  and 
wiU  ahortly  be  printed. 

In  some  parts  of  the  State,  and  especially  in  and  around  tbe  city  of  Sedalla, 
tbe  ravages  of  the  green-atrlped  Uaple  worm  (the  larva  of  Anisota  rubieanda)  were 
notably  severe  and  extensive  on  the  popular  shade  tree  from  which  they  are  named. 
These  worms  hatch  from  clusters  of  small  yellowish- green  eggs  depoalted  by  the 
parent  moths  during  the  month  of  Hay,  on  the  under  aides  of  the  leaves.  They 
feed  upon  the  yonng  leaves  during  June,  eating  all  parts  except  the  midrib  and 
some  of  the  principal  veins.  Whtin  full  grown  they  are  an  inch  and  a  half  In  length 
and  of  tbe  thlckneasof  an  ordinary  lead  pencil  In  the  middle,  from  wbloh  they  taper 
slightly  In  both  directions.  They  are  striped  longitudinally,  in  alternate  bandn  of 
light  and  dark  green,  and  from  =the  top  of  tbe  second  joint  two  small  black  horns 
project  forward  over  the  head. 

About  the  flrat  of  July  theae  worma  disappear  ftom  tbe  trees  and  enter  the 
ground.  Here,  three  or  four  Inches  below  tbe  surface,  they  change  to  a  rough  and 
characteristto  dark  brown  chrysalis,  which  toward  tbe  end  of  the  month  works 
itself  upward  through  the  soli,  and,  splitting  near  the  forward  end,  allows  the 
escape  of  the  moth .  The  latter  expands  rather  more  than  two  inches,  and  Is  very 
delicately  colored  in  pale  yellow,  more  or  leas  banded  and  shaded  with  pink.  This 
moth  almost  immediately  lays  its  eggs  for  a  eecond  brood,  and  by  tbe  middle  of 
Angust  the  trees  are  again  covered  with  tbe  voracious  worms,  which  destroy  all 
their  beaaty  and  their  value  as  shade-producers  fbr  tbe  remainder  of  the  season, 
and.  In  tbe  case  of  young  trees,  seriously  Interrupt  their  inowtb.  This  brood  of 
worms  enters  the  ground  in  September  and  hibernates  In  the  pupa  state.  Its  life 
cycle  being  completed  by  the  appearance  of  tbe  moth  about  the  first  of  Hay.  The 
yonng  worma  are  subject  to  the  attacks  of  several  iparaEltea,  and  the  latter  are 
often  so  numerous  on  the  second  brood  Ibat  but  comparatively  few  survive,  and 
consequently  the  insect  la  seldom  noticeably  destructive  for  two  snccesaive  aeasona. 
In  some  mysterious  way  It  recalls  Us  ranks  every  few  yeara,  probably  when  atmos- 
pberie  or  other  oODditloDB  are  adverse  to  the  multiplication  of  its  insect  enemies. 
Tbe  soft  If  aples  (Attr  datyearpum  and  A .  rubrum)  are  the  most  subject  to  attack, 
but  other  trees,  such  as  the  Box  Eider  (Negundo  aceroida)  and  the  oaks,  are  oooa- 
lionally  defoliated.    I  do  not  know  that  "spraying"  baa  ever  t>een  usedagalns 


ugle 


332  BTATB   HOaXIOULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

these  Maple  worma,  but  where  the  trees  are  not  too  large.  1  have  no  doubt  that  the 
use  of  the  arseDtcal  insecClcldeB  or  the  kerosene  emnlaioii  would  so  effectually  root 
the  first  brood  that  there  would  be  very  few  left  to  perpetuate  the  eeoond. 

There  occurred  also  during  the  past  summer,  not  onlj  In  Missouri,  but  In  all 
the  neighboring  dtatet,  a  notable  outbreak  of  two  other  oloaely-allled  speoles  of 
large  caterpillar,  viz.:  the  yellow-necked  and  black-necked  DatanaefDa^anoJtftneifra 
and  Datana  Angusii) .  These  worms,  when  fall-grown,  are  more  than  two  Inches  In 
length,  c;llndrlOBl,  gailf'Stilped  In  cream  white  or  pate  yellow  and  black,  and 
spartoly  elothed  with  long  white  hairs.  They  are  very  gregarious,  feeding  side  by 
side,  clustered  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  nibbling  It  tiom  the  edge  inward,  and 
when  one  leaf  is  devoured  moving  in  a  body  to  another.  Thoy  also  rest  In  com- 
panies on  the  limbs  and  branches,  and  assume  a  very  peculiar  position ,  ollngtog  to 
the  tree  with  the  abdominal  prolegs,  with  the  fore  and  hinder  ends  of  the  body  held 
aprighi  at  right  angles  or  curved  over  the  back.  In  moulting  thay  partly  descend 
the  trt«,  all  at  once,  and  rest  in  a  body  on  the  trunk,  to  which  they  leave  attached 
their  cast  skins  when  ready  to  resume  feeding.  Upon  oomplettng  their  growth 
they  erawl  down  the  trunk  In  procession  and,  one  after  another,  enter  the  groond, 
Btlll  keeping  together  as  much  as  ts  possible.  They  appear  in  Jaly,  feeding  for  about 
six  weeks.  The  species  Datana  Anguiii  i3r.  was  especially  destructive  to  the  walnut, 
often  entirety  denuding  the  trees,  no  doubt  seriously  Injuring,  If  not  killing,  many 
of  them — the  trunks  presenting  a  disgusting  speotaoie,  covered,  as  they  were,  with 
the  numerous  oast  skins.  Late  in  September  the  black-necked  form  appeared  on 
the  oaks  In  and  around  Kirkwood,  but,  as  It  was  late  In  the  season,  the  defoliation 
-did  no  serious  Injury. 

Speolmene  of  still  another  gregarious  caterpillar  have  been  sent  me  from 
Southern  Missouri  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Gilbert  for  several  snooesslve  years.  This  Is  rather 
a  striking  larva,  and  is  called  the  Bed-humped  Prominent  {(£d»miuia  eandama).  It 
feeds  upon  apple  preferably,  but  is  also  occasionally  found  upon  plum,  cherry  and 
pear.  Like  the  epeolee  previously  described,  this  insect  feeds  In  companies  and 
rests  In  rows  along  the  branch  which  it  has  denuded.  The  body  is  striped  length- 
wise, in  fine,  white,  yellow  and  black  lines,  and  has  a  double  row  of  black  points  on 
the  back  and  another  row  on  each  side.  The  head  is  bright  red,  and  on  the  fourth 
Joint  Is  a  hump  of  the  same  color.  The  hinder  part  of  the  body  tapers  sharply  and 
is  always  held  in  an  elevated  position.  When  disturbed,  these  caterpillars  emit  an 
offensive  fluid  which  doubtless  repels  their  enemies,  both  birds  and  other  insects, 
to  whose  attacks  they  would  be  peculiarly  liable  on  account  of  tbclr  habit  of  con- 
gregating in  large  groups  In  exposed  situations,  in  thU  State  this  insect  is  double 
brooded,  the  worms  appearing  In  June  and  In  August.  The  moth  Is  very  variable  In 
shade,  being  either  of  a  pale  brown  or  grayish  color,  prettily  variegated  with  lon- 
gitudinal brown  and  purplish  streaks,  with  a  conspicuous  eye-like  spot  on  the  lower 
margin  of  the  wings.  The  antenna  are  feathered  and  the  legs  tufted.  They  un- 
dergo their  transformations  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  or  Just  beneath  It.  Un- 
less very  numerous,  the  worms  can  easily  be  kept  In  check  by  cutting  off  the  branch 
on  which  they  are  congregated.  If  abundant,  spraying  with  Paris  green  or  London 
purple  would  undoubtedly  break  up  their  ranks. 


It  Is  a  well-known  fact  that  many  of  our  insect  foes  are  Immigrants  from 
Europe  and  other  foreign  countries.  Dr.  Riley,  In  his  second  report  on  the  Insects 
-of  Missouri,  published  nearly  twenty  yean  ago,  enumerated  aboat  thirty  species  of 
destructive  Insects  that  had  come  to  us  from  Bnrope  alone.    This  list  Included  such 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_H_'V|1> 


WINTBB  UEETINO  AT   OLIHl-OH.  333 

tttst-clasH  pestB  as  the  HeBsi&n  flj,  the  Gratn  apbls,  the  Cattbftge  aphis,  the  Godltng 
moth,  the  Currant  worm,  the  Meal  worm,  the  Asparagus  beetle,  the  Cabbage  but- 
terfly and  others.  Since  that  time  scarcely  a  year  has  passed  In  which  the  advent 
of  some  new  foe  has  not  been  registered,  so  that  th«  earlier  list  ts  nearly  doubled  at 
tlie  present  time.  Nor  Is  It  from  Europe  alODe  that  we  are  receiving  those  nnwel- 
come  guests.  Aftica,  Asia  and  Australia  are  beginning  to  contribnte  to  our  insect 
r&ana.  Some  of  these  Insects,  owing  to  their  habits  an<t  the  more  frequent  ex- 
change of  the  products  they  Infest,  are  Tjery  rapidly  disseminated  over  the  entire 
country ;  while  a  few,  from  which  our  eastern  friendB  have  been  suffering  for  several 
years,  have  not  yet  approached  the  Mississippi  valley.  But  unless  we  take  palDS  to 
EDsrd  against  them,  their  appearance  In  our  fields,  orchards  or  store-bousus  is  a 
mere  qoestlon  of  time;  while  a  most  dlscoaraglng  phase  of  the  matter  Is  that  all 
Imported  Insects  seem  to  obtain  new  vigor  and  redoubled  destructive  power  as  the 
etfect  of  our  climate  and  more  abundant  food  supplies.  Many  of  them  also  acquire 
atastefora  variety  of  plants,  and  even  If  kept  in  check  on  the  crops  usually  af- 
fected, they  are  enabled  to  perpetnate  themselves  on  others  upon  which  we  do  not 
sDspect  their  presence.  The  Imported  Cabbage  worm  (Pierit  rapes)  is  an  example  of 
this,  as  it  now  feeds  and  develops  upon  more  than  a  dozen  cultivated  plants  and 
weeds  (many  of  them  not  even  belonglDg  in  the  order  Cruaferw)  which  it  was  not 
rormerl;  supposed  It  would  touch. 

Within  the  last  two  or  three  years  two  Insects  la  particular  have  appeared  In 
the  Eastern  states  which  It  behooves  db  to  guard  against  most  carefully.  One  of  these 
is  the  ' '  Born  fly"  {Hfemalobia  aerraia),  a  cattle  pest  of  the  moat  nefarious  character. 
As  this  possesses  an  indirect  if  not  a  direct  Interest  for  Che  horticulturist,  I  beg  per- 
mission to  devote  a  few  moments  to  Its  consideration.  It  Is  a  small,  dark,  two- 
wlngtd  fly  about  one-half  the  size  of  the  honse  fly.  It  oongregates  In  immense 
swarras  on  the  heads,  shoulders  and  under  parts  of  the  body,  having  the  instinct  to 
select  positions  out  of  reach  of  the  tail,  and  also  from  which  it  cannot  easily  be  dis- 
lodged by  rubbing.  It  derives  Its  common  name  from  Its  habit  of  clustering  around 
the  baseof  the  horns  In  a  dense  mass.  Its  bite  Is  very  irritating,  and  the  suffering 
cattle  are  at  times  almost  maddened  by  its  attacks,  and  dash  wildly  about  their 
pastures  in  their  efforts  to  escape  ftom  It,  losing  flesh  and  giving  but  scant  sup- 
plies of  fevered  mllb.  As  It  makes  its  appearance  In  May  and  continues  until  f»>Bt, 
It  will  be  seen  that  It  Is  no  Insl^lfloant  enemy  of  the  herdsman  and  dairyman. 
Horses  and  mules  are  annoyed  by  It  to  some  extent,  hut  Its  preference  Is  for  horced 
cattle.  The  flrst  account  of  the  tnseot  was  published  In  "Insect  Life"  for  October, 
1860,  bot  Dr.  Biley  and  some  of  his  office  assistants  had  been  engaged  in  studying 
Its  habits  for  nearly  two  years  previous,  and  a  complete  history  of  It  Is  given  In  the 
department  report  for  1888-90.  It  has  been  Identified  with  a  cattle  pest  longknown 
In  Enrope,  and  Is  supptraed  to  have  been  introduced  into  this  country  with  cattle 
imported  (torn  France  and  Holland.  It  was  flrst  observed  hi  tbe  neighborhood  of 
Philadelphia,  but  la  already  established  along  the  seaboard  of  the  middle  Atlantic 
states.  It  has  not  yet  made  Its  advent  In  the  West,  but  unless  the  most  careful 
precautions  are  taken  by  Importers  of  cattle, It  will  surely  manifest  itself  In  our 
midst  to  make  bovine  life  a  burden  and  raise  the  price  of  beef. 

Another  Insect  which  Is  supposed  to  have  been  Introduced  into  Massachusetts 
with  some  sllk-producing  species,  with  which  a  gentleman  was  experimenting  a 
number  of  years  ago,  has  recently  excited  serious  alarm  In  some  portions  of  the 
State,  by  Its  wholesale  ravages  on  the  foliage  of  fruit  and  fbrest  trees,  as  well  as 
upon  many  kinds  of  herbaceous  plants.  This  insect  Is  the  Gipsy  moth  (Oeuo-ia 
ditpar),  one  of  the  most  dreaded  pests  of  Europe.    Prof.  C.  H.  Femald,  Entomolo- 


33i  STATE  HOETIODLTUBAI.  SOOISTT. 

^■t  of  the  Agrlcnltnrtt  college  and  Bsperlmeot  itAtlon  of  UMaftcfametts,  pub- 
lished B  full  account  of  It  In  the  Station  balietln  for  Janaary ,  1880,  proving  its 
IdflDtttj  with  the  EaropeaD  Bpecleg,  and  tracing  up  tbe  hletoiy  of  its  acclimation 
In  thla  country.  During  Che  pMt  Bummer  Us  ravages  were  so  eerere  wtd  the  dan- 
ger of  ItB  spreading  to  other  sections  of  the  State  and  ooaotiy  so  Imminent,  that 
eapeclal  government  aid  was  Invoked  for  Its  extermination.  The  moths  are  rather 
large  and  handsome,  expanding  fh>m  one  and  one-half  to  two  and  three-fourths 
inches,  the  females  t>elng  much  larger  than  the  males.  They  are  of  a  pale  yellow 
cr  yellowlsh-whlte  color  with  dark-hrown  crose-Unes  and  spots,  and  tlie  antennm 
are  prettily  feathered.  Prof.  Fernald  thus  desoilbed  the  caterpillars:  *'Wben  full 
.grown  they  are  about  an  inch  and  three- roorths  In  length,  very  dark  brown  or  black, 
finely  reticulated  wltb  pale  yellow.  There  Is  a  pale  yellow  line  along  tbe  middle 
-of  the  baok  and  a  similar  one  along  each  side.  On  the  first  six  segments  following 
the  head  there  Is  a  bluish  tnherole  armed  with  several  black  spines,  on  each  side  of 
tbe  dorsal  line,  and  on  the  remaining  segments  these  tnberdeB  are  dark  crimson 
red.  On  the  middle  of  tbe  tenth  and  eleventh  segments  there  Is  a  smaller  red 
tubercle  notched  st  tbe  top.  The  whole  surface  of  the  body  Is  somewhat  hairy,  but 
along  each  side  the  hairs  are  long  and  form  quite  dense  clusters." 

The  papa  is  of  a  chocolate  brown  color  about  tbree-fburths  Inch  long,  bus- 
pended  in  an  open  net-work  of  silken  threads  In  the  fold  of  a  leaf  or  among  a  dus- 
ter of  leaves.  The  moths  emerge  during  summer  and  lay  ihelr  eggs  In  dusters 
-on  the  branches  and  twigs  of  trees  and  shrubs.  The  Insect  hibernates  In  this  egg 
state,  and  the  caterpillars  hatch  the  following  spring. 

Anotherinsect,  of  especial  Interest  to  peacb-gro vers,  is  not  uollkely  to  reach 
us  some  dty  from  the  Pacific  coast.  This  Is  a  species  of  Oarpoeapia,  dosely  allied 
to  our  codling  moth,  and  Is  one  of  the  principal  enemies  of  the  peaoh  in  japan.  As 
It  works  in  tbe  fruit  almost  cootluuously  ftom  June  to  September,  it  Is  dlfBcult  to 
tell  whether  there  are  two  or  three  distinct  broods.  The  larva  Is  much  like  our 
apple-worm,  and  works  around  the  stone,  causing  tbe  ftnlt  to  decay  or  to  fall  pre- 
maturely, ff  ben  full-grown  it  leaves  the  fruit  and  spins  a  cocoon  under  an;  con- 
venient shelter.  In  these  days  of  rapid  transit,  nothing  Is  more  likely  than  the 
introduction  of  this  insect  into  California,  by  means  of  the  steamers  entering  ber 
ports,  which  presumably  fUmlsh  to  their  passengers  Japanese  peaches  as  a  dessert 
fruit.  Prof.  Alley  has  this  Insect  under  conslderatloo,  and  Is  In  correspondence 
with  a  Japanese  eotomologlst  in  referenoe  t<i  Its  life  history,  and  the  practicability 
-of  spraying  with  Ihearsenltes  to  diminish  its  unmbers.  "  Foie- warned  "  ought  to 
be  "  fore-armed  "  In  this  case. 

I  will  mention  bat  one  more  species  in  tbe  list  of  insects  against  which  we  must 
be  on  our  guard.  This  one  is  not  a  foreigner,  but  "to  the  manor  bom."  I  refer  to 
that  pern  Icloos  pest  tbe  "apple-maggot,"  which  Is  even  more  destrnctlve  to  dur 
staple  ftult  than  the  codling  moth.  It  Is  tbe  larva  of  a  pretty  little  smoky-winged 
fly,  sdentlfically  known  as  Tryptta  pomonella. 

More  than  twenty  years  ago  Mr.  B.  D.  Walsh,  the  pioneer  State  Entomologist 
of  the  West,  worked  np  the  history  of  this  insect,  and  proved  that  It  occurs  In  all 
parts  of  the  country  In  our  native  crab  and  tborn  apples;  and  yet,  strange  to  say. 
It  Is  In  tbe  New  England  States  only  that  It  has  acquired  tbe  habit  of  feeding  on  the 
onltlvated  apple— driven  to  the  latter,  perhaps,  by  tbe  scarcity  of  its  accustomed 
wild  fruits.  The  fiy  lays  Its  eggs  upon  the  ripening  fruit,  which  the  larvse,  upoo 
hatching,  bore  Into  and  tunnel  in  all  directions,  nntll  the  entire  apple  is  a  mass  of 
corruption  and  falls  to  tbe  ground.  When  full-grown,  the  short,  tblok,  legless  mag- 
gots burrow  Into  the  earth  to  change,  where  they  remain  over  winter  and  until  late 


VINTF.B  UBETlNa  AT   OLIHTON.  336 

In  tbe  spring  before  ^vlng  forth  the  By.  Thia  apecies  U  bnt  alngle-brooded,  but  1b 
imgnlar  In  development,  and  to  oorera  the  entire  period  of  the  ripening  of  the 
apple.  There  la  not  mnch  danger  of  Ita  IntroductioD  among  as  In  ehipmenta  of 
frnit  tiom  the  Eaat,  beoanae  before  the  packing  aeaeon  arrives  It  baa  moBtly  left  the 
fruit  and  enteied  the  ground.  In  dlaoasalng  thla  matter,  not  lonf{alnee,  with  Ur, 
Bllef ,  I  mentioned  our  Immanlty  from  this  Iniect  aa  a  matter  of  congrata)atlon,  bnt 
vac  oOQSlderablf  taken  aback  when  Informedthat  the  apple-feeding  race  waa  slowly 
bnt  anrelj  advancing  westward,  having  already  appeared  tn  certain  localltlea  in 
Ohio  and  In  Intermediate  territory.  That  Ita  migration  maybe  Intermpted  by  a 
careful  watch  for  Ita  advent,  and  the  complete  destrnctlon  of  every  fruit  showlDg 
the  least  sign  of  being  Infected,  la  quite  possible;  but  that  snfflciPDl  care  will  be 
taken  to  do  this  Is  more  than  donbtful,  nnleas  the  State  or  Station  Entomologlata 
of  those  States  upon  whleb  It  Is  beginning  to  encroach  give  their  personal  anper- 
vislon  to  Its  eradication. 

A  single  concluding  word  In  regard  to  spraying.  My  own  limited  experi- 
ments, and  thoae  of  others  that  have  come  ander  my  observation,  have  not  satlsfled 
me  that  there  Is  a  snfflolent  per  centage  of  gain  In  fi'itlt  saved  topayfor  the  expense 
In  labor  aod  material,  while  the  resalta  of  the  use  of  acrid  poisons  upon  the  vege- 
table tlssnes  cannot  bnt  be  Inimical  to  the  healthfhlness  and  longevity  of  the  tree . 
The  foliage  of  Che  peach,  and  to  some  extent  of  plum  and  cherry  also,  Is  always 
mnch  Injured  by  tbe  arsenltes,  and  even  apple  leaves  have  a  dull  and  unhealthy 
look  after  two  or  three  drenchlngs  with  Paris  green  or  Tjondon  purple,  even  when 
used  at  no  greater  strength  than  one  pound  to  two  hundred  gallons  of  water. 

1  And,  however,  by  extensive  Inquiry,  that  the  process  is  gaining  In  favor  with 
those  owning  large  commercial  orchards,  bat  as  there  Is  usually  no  means  of  com- 
parison. It  is  dif&calt  to  estimate  the  exact  amount  of  fruit  saved.  It  would  seem 
almost  useless  to  apray  apples  after  they  have  tamed  down,  as  the  moth  always 
seeks  the  calyx  end  for  the  deposition  of  her  eggs,  and.  In  a  drooping  position,  the 
larva  could  easily  make  Its  way  Into  the  fruit  without  coming  In  contact  with  the 
poison.  With  very  carefbl  management  the  fluid  may,  of  course,  be  forced  against 
the  calyx  end  of  the  fmlt,  even  after  tt  has  begun  to  droop ;  hot  unleas  one  has  for 
an  object  the  eradication  of  the  codling  moth  from  hia  orchard,  regardless  of  ex- 
pense and  of  temporary  Injury  to  the  treea,  he  cannot  afford  to  spray  every  two  or 
three  weeks  daring  the  entire  summer.  And  if  he  should  be  thus  thorongh,  and 
his  neighbors  were  not,  It  would  not  avail  to  keep  hU  orchard  clear  of  pests  another 
year. 

In  reply  to  a  question  on  this  subject,  Dr.  Goslin  writes;  "The  codling  moth 
was  very  bad  with  us.  Hr.  Hurray  and  myself  were  the  only  onee  who  attempted  to 
spray,  and  we  were  deceived.  We  sprayed  In  Hay  and  again  In  June,  and  about  July 
I  we  carefully  examined  our  orchards  and  could  And  scarcely  any  (of  the  worms),  and 
we  bellavedltunneoessary  to  spray  In  July;  but  when  August  and  September  came, 
they  aeemed  to  increase  very  rapidly  np  to  the  time  of  gathering.  The  early  apples 
were  almost  tne  ft'om  the  moth,  but  the  winter  fruit  waa  badly  Infested.  Our 
enthusiasm  la  somewhat  cooled,  yet  I  believe  If  we  had  sprayed  In  Jnly  and  again 
la  August,  the  results  would  have  been  satisfactory.  If  I  am  spared  another  year, 
I  will  teat  this  matter  more  fnlly.  We  must  light  this  pest,  or  apple -growing  will 
not  be  profitable." 

It  la  rather  discouraging  that  so  much  doubt  still  remains  and  experience  is 
still  ao  conflicting  as  regards  tbe  utility  of  tbe  ■rsenlcal  spray  for  the  fTult-feedlng 
pesta.  Its  value  for  leaf-feeders  is  established,  bnt  In  tbe  case  of  these  It  does  not 
require  to  be  used  more  than  once  or  twice  during  the  season.     If  It  mast  be  used 


ugle 


336  STA.TB   HUKTIOOLTVEAL  SOOIETY. 

coDtinuouBlr  ejoTj  two  ar  tiiree  weeks  from  Ha^  to  September,  tbe  peroeDtage  of 
fruit  Raved  will  not  cover  the  ezpenie  of  tbe  repeated  appItoattotiB.  Then  there 
la  the  direct  danger  of  aach  frequent  handling  of  deadly  poiBoas  to  be  taken  into 
considentiOD )  also  the  Inevitable  Injary  to  the  tree  and  the  neceaalty  of  esclnding 
poultry  and  other  animals  ft«in  the  orchards  treated.  Altogether,  1  more  than  ens* 
pect  tbat  foroodllDg  moth  and  cnrcnilo,  the  remedy  still  remalni  tobefoaod. 

FEBBONAL  ASSOCIATION. 
C.  I.  ROBArna,  butlkk. 
There  Is  an  ancient  legend  to  the  effect  that  Mldaa,  King  of  Phrygla,  for  some 
favor  bestowed  by  him  upon  the  Qod  Baccline,  was  offered  the  granting  of  any 
wish  that  he  might  propose.  The  king's  request  waa,  bo  tbe  story  goes,  that  every- 
tblDghe  touched  might  be  transmuted  Into  gold.  Forthwithashetakeahtsseatatthe 
table  to  et^oy  Us  evening  repast,  tbe  fish  upon  the  platter  becomes  •  solid  gold«n 
fish,  the  bread  between  his  fingers  becomes  a  wedge  of  gold,  and  the  rare  old  wine 
in  hts  goblet  runs  down  his  thirsty  throat  a  stream  of  liquid  gold.  The  king,  re- 
penting ot  his  rash  and  foolish  choice,  appealed  to  Bacchus,  who  Id  compaaaion  took 
away  the  fkui  gift.  Moral— " Though  gold  may  have  Us  use's,  there  are  better 
things  than  gold.' 

Useful  knowledge  that  may  Instruct  as  what  to  seek  and  how  to  rightly  use  our 
faculties  and  poesesslona  may  be  better  than  gold.  The  world  Is  full  of  knowledge. 
The  preaent  times  are  suicbarged  with  new  and  wonderful  developmenta.  and  he 
who  reads  or  he  who  listens  can  acquire  a  store  of  knowledge  greater  than  he  can 
use  or  apply,  unless  he  distributes  or  imparts  to  those  whom  he  may  benefit. 

While  man  is  laboring  to  invent  new  devices  and  improvements,  nature  in 
these  recent  times  startles  the  highest  inventive  genius  by  her  unaided  bestowal  of 
unexpected  gifts  and  magnificent  developments.  Only  a  few  years  since  the  people 
of  this  civilized  portion  of  tbe  earth  were  groping  in  semi-dsrkneSH  at  olght,  re- 
lieved occaslcMially  by  expensive  and  imperfect  manufactured  lights;  but  suddenly, 
without  the  aid  of  man's  Inventive  genius,  natum  sends  to  her  surface  material  for 
light,  so  brilliant  as  to  eoUpae  the  combined  pc^wers  of  all  artificial  ligbu.  Nature 
Is  progressive.  Unaided  and  unasked,  she  exceeds  man's  highest  eflorta  and  ex- 
pectations by  ber  gratuitous  bestowal  of  wonderful  gifts  and  transformations. 

Ten  years  ago  it  was  not  generally  believed  or  admitted  that  supplies  of  flow- 
ing water  could  be  obtained  by  means  of  artesian  wells  In  the  valley  of  the  Hlssla- 
eippl;  hut  in  answer  to  the  bold  and  energetic  efforts  of  the  people  of  Clinton, 
Missouri,  all  the  world  was  made  to  know  that  the  water  supplies  of  tbe  West  are 
Inexhhnstlble. 

Not  alone  In  the  mineral  kingdom,  however,  do  we  behold  wonderful  develop- 
ments. In  the  field  of  horticulture  we  find  each  year  new  surprises  to  convince  us 
that  He  who  made  all  things  Is  greater  than  the  creataie ;  that  not  only  can  He  cre- 
ate, but  that  He  can  perfect. 

The  rose  that  my  grandmother  thought  the  Idealof  beauty  in  ber  girlhood,  the 
rose  that  bloomed  eo  delightfully  all  through  the  month  of  June,  hsa  gone  entirely 
out  of  fashion ,  and  no  longer  admits  of  any  comparison  with  Its  bigh-bred  sucoeasor 
that  flashes  Its  nnequaled  beauties  all  summer  on  every  beholder,  and  scatters  its 
perfumes  on  every  breeze  e'en  up  to  the  ^osty  air  of  mld-Kovember.  Down  Id  tbe 
paatare  where  1  used  to  go  to  drive  the  cows  when  I  waa  a  boy  we  found  straw- 
berries, and  their  sweet  odor  lingers  in  my  memory  yet ;  but  I  think  tbe  remem- 
bij^nce  of  their  delightful  fragrance  made  a  more  permanent  impression  on  me 


V^H_H_'V|l> 


WIKTEB  MBBllNO  AT  OLINTON.  337 

becsDBe,  unfortunately,  tbeir  odor  was  nearlf  all  tbere  was  of  them.  It  aeems  to 
me  DOW  It  would  take  about  alzteen  of  those  primitive  berrlee  to  mak«  one  of  tbeee 
latter  da^  sorts. 

Tbere  wns  tbe  long-neoked  strawberry  and  tbe  sbort-necked,  tbe  woods  strftw- 
berry  and  tbe  Seld  berry  ;  but  wbere  would  tbe  biggest  of  tbem  etaad,  or  bow  could 
the  best  of  them  hold  up  tbelr  heads  by  tbe  aide  of  a  slx-lncfa  Sbarpless,  Qandy  or 
Jessie  ? 

In  the  memory  of  every  horticultural  reader  and  grower  we  know  that  Kawla 
Janet  waa  a  abort  time  ago  the  most  popular  and  most  extensively  planted  winter 
apple  Id  all  this  great  (Southwest,  but  nature  set  herself  quietly  to  work  and 
evolved  an  all-purpoae  and  an  all-climate  apple  that  yet  stands  agaluat  all  critics  at 
the  head  for  profit.  I  allude  to  the  much-abused  bnt  triumphant  Ben  Davis.  All 
these  results  are  nature's  evolutions  freely  offered  ;  and  It  appears  to  me  tbat  if  we 
would  seek,  accept  and  retain  tbe  beat  that  nature  offers,  we  would  be  sufficiently 
progreaslve.  Let  nature  lead:  It  will  require  all  our  physical  and  mental  activity  to 
keep  pace  with  her.  If  we  believe  then  that  nature  is  tbe  beat  Inventor  and  most 
generous  giver,  how  can  we  best  select  her  most  useful  gifta  ?    , 

How  may  we  dlacrlmlnate  between  the  values  of  productions  so  as  to  select 
only  those  which  arc  most  profitable?  Certainly,  not  invariably  by  reading  popu- 
lar horticultural  Journala.  These  ohannels  of  communication  and  the  catalogues  of 
the  land  Informed  me  tbat  a  new  and  remarkably  valuable  fruit  had  been  discovered, 
known  as  the  Russtau  mulberry—"  fruit  large,  productive  and  sweet."  The  trees 
all  grew,  and  the  fruit  excelled  tbe  leaves  in  number,  but  the  birds  will  forever  be 
my  only  pickers.  Then  the  books  Informed  me  tbat  a  wonderful  plnm  had  recently 
been  discovered,  known  as  the  Blackman.  The  tree  was  the  finest  grower  I  ever 
taw,  except  the  Carolina  poplar.  I  tried  to  dUcover  whether  the  tree  waa  tryin); 
to  be  a  peach  or  plum;  but  to  convince  meof  Ita  family  they  aent  me  a  remarkable 
picture,  and  that  conviaced  me  tbat  It  wae  to  he  a  plum.  It  hloomed—I  mean  the 
tree — and  Its  blosaom  waa  tbat  of  a  plum,  but  It  didn't  do  anything  more  except  to 
grow,  and  then  they  told  me  It  was  a  failure.  But  who  wants  to  cultivate  failures? 
I  am  sure  I  don't. 

Outt  thing  I  have  discovered  after  long  experience  and  some  loss,  and  that  Is 
that  men  will  not  deceive  face  to  face  aa  they  will  in  print.  There  Is  an  Influence 
of  soul  upon  soul,  of  mind  upon  mind  In  personal  association  that  causes  men  to 
unbosom  their  honest  convlctlona,  and  surpasses  any  other  means  of  elleitlog  tbe 
truth.  There  Is,  in  the  presence  of  each  other,  an  Influence  of  accountability  that 
enables  them  to  resist  tbe  Influence  of  nnlawfal  greed,  and  stand  forth  as  honest 
men.  In  &1I  commercial  relations  we  find  more  aatlafactory  resulta  by  peraonal 
presence. 

Corree  pun  donee  by  letter  or  oommunlcatlona  In  print,  are  liable  to  miscon- 
struction or  misrepresentation ;  but  in  the  presence  of  each  other,  every  gesture, 
every  look  and  the  indeflnable  Influence  of  one's  presence,  bring  to  aid  an  Influence 
to  decide  not  only  more  promptly,  but  more  satisfactorily. 

By  personal  association  wltb  those  engaged  in  kindred  occupations,  we  not 
only  obtain  the  beneflts  of  practical  object-lessons,  but  we  may  receive  new  Incen- 
tives to  action  by  witnessing  the  results  of  their  successes. 

We  must  ctreulate  among  each  other  If  we  would  receive  the  benefits  of  health- 
ful growth  in  our  profession.  We  are  to  each  other  what  the  life-blood  Is  to  tbe 
■ystem . 

H  B— 22 

Digitize,  by  Google 


STATE   HORTIOULTUBA1>  SOCIETY. 


WHAT  I   HA.TB  LBAUNED   IN    MY   TBAYSL8. 

J.  M.  RICE,  S4RC0XIE. 

What  I  bave  learned,  I  must  conresa,  whtle  much  to  me,  wUl  poistblr  be  bnt 
email  IntereBt  to  yon,  for  as  a  learner  1  am  at  beet  a  poor  acholar  and  at  or j- teller. 
However,  the  Secretary  may  have  bad  mj  horticultaral  experience  wben  be  placed 
me  In  the  predtcament  of  trying  to  tell  It  to  70Q 

Tbe  acleuce  of  horticulture  ban  aever  worried  me  ranch,  but  the  bualneaa  of  It 
baa  glTen  me  an  experience  of  Ute  that  I  And  Is  practical!;  the  experience  of 
otfaera  all  over  tbe  United  States,  who  have  found  a  white  elephant  on  their  hands 
when  thef  thought  they  owned  aa  orchard.  1  will  venture  the  aeaertlon,  however, 
that  we  bave  all  learned  that  the  great  problem  that  coQfronts  tbe  frolt-growera  of 
to-day  la  tlint  of  transportation. 

After  two  mllllona  of  horticulturists  bad  mastered  the  science  of  fruit  culture, 
nod  were  ready  to  reach  out  for  their  reward,  they  saw  a  transportation  company 
anatcb  the  prize  tmai  them,  and  laugh  at  tbeir  misfortune  and  penury. 

At  tbe  national  meeting  at  Austin,  Texas,  last  Pebmary,  I  met  gentlemen  thus 
oppressed  {rom  every  section  of  the  United  States. 

The  corporation  octopus  had  apread  Its  tentacles  ail  over  tbe  country  and  was 
choking  the  Indaatry  Into  submisaion,  and  left  It  fallen  and  proatrated  mid  tbe  most 
fmltful  fields  blighted  by  an  unholy  alliance  commerce  had  made  with  corporation 
greed,  sanctioned  by  law  and  covenanted  by  I  aw- makers. 

Ten  milllona  of  horticultural  prodacts  are  wasted  annually  because  of  the  lack 
of  ample  and  adequate  tranaportstlon  facilltlea,  and  the  greateat  of  industries, 
worthy  of  governmental  protection,  was  partially  and  sometimes  wholly  ignored, 
and  left  to  the  hap-hazard  methods  of  individual  eHort  to  market  hia  product  and 
realize  upon  the  fruits  of  bis  labor. 

1  have  had  a  presentiment  from  association  with  many  bortlculturiats  that  tb«y 
are  possessed  of  the  national  sin  of  American  agriculturists— distrust  of  each  other 
by  failure  and  refnsal  to  cooperate  for  the  betterment  of  their  condition,  flnsnclally 
aa  well  as  aooialty. 

I  believe  those  who,  by  .supine  inactivity,  are  guilty  of  contributory  negligence 
of  their  best  interests  will  tie  Impressed  only  with  their  real  privileges  wben  they 
have  learned  all  the  bitter  lessons  that  bitter  experience— the  real  tutor  of  us  all- 
has  opened  their  eyes  to  their  mistakes. 

It  Is  conceded  by  all  that,  among  other  things  that  most  oppress  us  as  pro* 
ducers,  are  exorbitant  railroad  ratea.  outrageona  express  rates,  refrigerator-car 
ayetema,  dishonest  commission  men,  slow  movement  to  market,  Improper  handling 
and  unorganized  distribution.  These  arc  the  giants  men  shrink  f^om  encountering, 
and,  like  a  lot  of  primeval  hortlculturista  Uoses  sent  to  poaaesa  the  vineyards  of 
Canaan,  came  tiacic  bearing  a  buiich  o!  grapes  on  a  pole  between  two  men.  and 
reported  that  it  was  Indeed  a  fruitful  land,  but  was  owned  by  giants  and  the  sons 
of  Ana1t . 

These  sons  of  Anak  are  tbe  giants  of  commerce  to-day,  existing  beomuse  tbe 
faith  of  men  who  raise  pomegranates  and  grapes  Is  so  small  that  a  mustard-seed 
would  hold  ten  thousand  such  faithless  souls,  and  then  they  would  rattle. 

now  long  we  will  permit  the  sons  of  Anak  to  occupy  the  land  the  Lord  hath 
given  us,  is  the  burning  question  of  the  bonr. 


ly  Google 


WINTER  HBBTING  A.I  OLINTON. 


TBB  RBIMDT. 

Tnvel  wltb  our  grlevaDoee  to  headqanrtera.  Let  goTernmental  legUlattoQ 
clothe  tbe  InCerstute  Commerce  commlsaion  with  the  sdine  Jurledlctton  to  control 
rates  bj*  eipreei  companies  as  It  does  railroads,  over  whose  highways  they  do  basl- 
UMs,  and  subject  them  to  tbe  operations  of  laws  governing  all  transportation  com- 
paales  posseaaed  of  the  right  of  eminent  domain. 

Enlarge  the  Jarlsdlctlon  of  the  ifltate  Railroad  Commissioners  in  this  respect, 
or  bj  special  enactment  Of  tbe  Legislatare,  giving  hill  and  competent  Jarlsdlctlon 
over  express  companies  doing  bnslness  in  tbe  State . 

Adopt  a  refrigerator  system  of  oars  to  all  long-distant  points,  and  grow  suffi- 
cient acreage  at  each  gtalpplng  station  to  load  at  least  one  oar  per  day  ;  thus  by 
thoroagh  and  effective  organization  meet  tbe  discrimination  of  express  companies 
by  an  active  and  vigorous  policy,  and  by  protests  to  tbe  traffic  managers  of  rail- 
roads ;  show  the  extent  of  the  actual  business  done  and  prospective  baslness  to  be 
done  under  a  liberal  support  of  tbe  railroad  line  Interested  equally  with  us  In  tbe 
full  developmeot  of  business,  mutually  proQtable  II  reciprocal. 


By  organization  of  the  Southwest  Missouri  fruit-growers,  oomposing  several 
counties,  last  season  thirty-nloe  cars  of  atrawbercles  were  handled  over  three 
dUTerent  roads  not  prorating  with  each  other,  consigned  from  seven  different 
points,  shipped  to  Pueblo,  Denver,  Omaha,  Lincoln,  UlDneapolls  and  St.  Paul, 
using  the  California  fruit-car  at  a  cost  of -2S  oenta  perorate,  or  about  {160  per  oar  In 
addition  to  the  freight.  We  succeeded  In  obtaining  ti.li  per  crate  on  a  day  when 
other  berries  were  sold  for  the  freight,  and  when  the  rains  set  in  later  In  the  season, 
when  the  berry  shipments  all  over  the  United  States  were  practically  too  aoft  for 
ehlpmenC,  we  averaged  GU  cents  net  for  car  after  oar.  and  according  to  the  Chicago 
bulletins  were  the  only  association  In  the  United  States  that  made  a  dollar.  During 
this  new  experience,  however,  we  paid  the  lallroada  97,539.21  freight,  and  to  the 
Hefrfger&tor  Car  company  $3,318.16  ;  besides  this  obtained  three-fourths  of  one 
cent  per  nalle  track  charges  from  the  roads  over  whose  line  they  were  run.  Yet, 
as  expensive  as  this  was,  we  beat  the  express  rate  as  follows :  To  Denver  our  rate 
$].S5,expree8  S3.00=S1.1S  per  hundred,  and  about  the  same  proportion  to  Pueblo. 
Tost.  Paul  the  Saving  was  $1.30  per  hundred,  same  to  Uinneapolls ;  to  Om  aba  the 
saving  was  over  (1.00  per  hundred. 

Our  total  receipts  were  S2S,45(.67,  yet  it  took  folly  one-half  this  amount  to 
market  tbe  crop,  the  aet  being  $13,933.66. 

We  made  the  commission  men  pay  the  expense  of  the  association  by  rebating 
ua  back  3  per  cent  of  their  commission. 

A  central  office  was  maintained,  where  the  whole  business  was  managed,  and 
any  fair  man  In  the  association  stands  ready  to  be  beneflted  by  onr  experience  and 
mistakes. 

Tbe  Iftbor  of  procuring  rates  and  perfecting  the  details  of  tbe  business  de- 
volved on  an  executive  committee  that  did  not  cost  tbe  grower  or  shipper  any- 
thing but  Sl.OO  membership  fee. 

We  have  a  trade-mark  of  tbe  association,  wblcb  Is  to  be  placed  only  on  first- 
clasB  fmlC  in  good  oocditlon,  under  penalty,  tbe  object  *of  which  is  to  Insure  the 
association  from  tbe  machinations  of  designing  persons,  and  eEtabllsb  a  reputation 
for  our  fruit  that  would  be  creditable  and  profitable. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_V 


igle 


340  STATE   HOETICDLTUEAL  SOCIETY. 

Every  failure  has  taught  ua  the  mntsbUUyof  man,  but  we  hope  to  Mettaeijs- 
tem  perfected—not  too  perfect — and  when  we  see  the  wlngg  sprouting  on  our  an- 
gelic brethreu,  we  will  stop  and  wait  for  Gabriel,  and  will  not  be  purprlsed,  how- 
ever, if  Bome  man  who  has  out-Ucked  a  mule,  and  who  ban  mistaken  bU  liver  com- 
plalni  for  religion,  to  call  him  to  time,  and  prance  around  on  hie  bind  legs  If  he 
should  toot  before  he  la  ready. 

THE   POOR  HOBTICOLTDEIST. 

L.  GEIGEB,  BOONVILL8. 

Mr.  Praident,  Ladia  and  OenlUmen,  Men^trr  of  the  Mimouri  State  Bortieultaral  Socidy  : 
OlanclDg  over  the  Unea  of  the  program  of  the  Thirty-third  annual  meeting  of 
the  Ulesourl  State  Horticultural  Society,  wbloh  oame  to  hand  Just  a  week  fram 
to-day,  having  been  mlsmalled.  and  having  seen  it  again  published  In  the  "Rural 
World  "  of  St.  Lonla,  in  last  week's  issue,  1  was  surprised  to  find  a  aubject  assigned 
to  mo  to  be  read  before  your  meeting  In  Clinton,  Henry  county,  Uissonrl.  What 
has  caused  all  tbla?  Are  there  spiteful  motives  underlaid,  or  U  It  to  make  a  con- 
vert? Nevertbeleas,  I  shall  try  to  do  Justice  to  the  subject,  and  will  exert  my  beat 
effbrts  In  treating  of 

THB  POOB  HOBnCCLTUBIST. 

A  Hhort  time  ago  I  saw  a'statement  concerning  thn  fr>]lt  crop  of  the  United 
States  and  the  country  at  large,  and  Ihere  it  Is  said :  "Amiing  the  fruit-growing 
States  of  the  United  States,  poor  old  UlBsourl  Is  taking  the  third  rank,  only  super- 
seded by  the  States  of  New  York  and  Michigan."  What  good  news  for  ui  all :  This 
does  not  show,  seemingly,  poor  horticulture,  nor  that  Missouri  1b  a  State  inhabited 
by  a  great  anmber  of  poor  horticulturist  a,  In  spite  of  all  the  slander  "that  life  and 
property  are  Insecure  by  Bald  Knobbers  and  traln-robliers." 

Glorious  Missouri  1  thou  art  able  to  show  to  the  world  equal  to  any  of  your 
sister  States  advantages  superior  to  aU  in  horticulture  In  producing  the  Anest  and 
best  apple  In  this  blessed  part  of  America,  "  the  United  States."  And  bow  beauti- 
fully are  you  situated,  watered  by  the  tbe  great  rivers,  the  Missouri  and  the  Mlssii' 
sippi  and  their  tributaries,  and  stiffened  by  the  backbone  ot  the  Ozark !  No  portion 
of  your  soil  is  unproductive ;  every  foot  of  your  esrth  is  capable  of  bringing  forth 
wealth  and  nourishment  to  sustain  life.  There  Is  unseen  wealth  concealed  in  your 
bosom,  awaiting  the  hand  to  extract  It ;  happiness  and  ricbes  for  tbe  tiller  of  your 
surface  soil. 

The  art  to  Improve,  to  better,  to  bring  forth  nicer  flowers,  better  fruits  and 
vegetables,  and  better  Implements,  Is  called  horticulture.  Brain,  heart  and  muscles 
combined  In  tbe  pursuit  to  improve  upon  Is  a  necessary  condition  to  produce  good 
results,  and  such  Is  the  aim  of  the  bortlculturlst . 

But  tbe  question  is  on  the  contrary :  Whoever  Is  not  a  good  horticulturist 
must  be  the  reverse.  So  we  have  to  look  to  tbe  one  as  well  as  to  the  other,  and 
learn  and  teach  as  well.  If  knowledge  Is  a  blessing,  Ignorancecsnnot  be  that;  and, 
though  there  are,  Ignorant  people  very  often  more  bleespd  than  the  learned  and 
refined,  conteotment  makes  happy,  and  happiness  is  riches.  But  you  are  possessed 
of  tbe  best  garden,  or  your  orchard  brings  forth  abundant  proflts,  and  you  are  not 
contented,  you  are  not  happy,  and  make  your  wire  and  children  and  all  your  aur- 
roundlngs  feel  the  same.  The  poet  says:  "Kindness  It  Is  that  shines  from  withla 
and  brightens  and  warms  up  and  makes  your  surroundings  cheerful. " 


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VIHTBB  XBEIING  AT  OUNTON.  34t 

He&d  and  heart  and  bands  combined  must  work  together  la  7onr  garden, 
orchards  and  flelds.  &  One  sense  of  cultnre  will  and  does  make  a  good  ImpresaloD 
upon  dwellera  of  tbe  booae,  Burroandod  In  a  taatefal  garment,  clothed  the  home  of 
the  hortloQlturiat  with  a  carpet  of  bluegrasa  and  starnbs  and  fiowera,  ornaiSeDted 
hj  stately  and  loftj  trees. 

Poor  as  joa  maj  be  (povertf  la  no  shame),  think  profonndly,  work  Inoeasantlj, 
indnslrioKslT,  with  confident  hope  of  final  success.  You  mast  read  hortlcnltnral 
articles  of  eminent  writers,  practical  hortioaltarlsts ;  70(1  must  oonsalt  the  most 
prosreaslve  and  successfnl  hortlcnltnrlit  in  your  Immediate  nelghbtirhood ;  yon 
nnst  regularly  attend  the  meetings  of  your  friends  engaged  in  horticaltural  pur- 
snlts;  yon  must  frequently  visit  the  homes  and  gardens  and  orchards  of  hortloul- 
tnrlstH,  Inquire  Into  mattters,  and  try  even  to  excel  yonr  neighbor  of  snoh  articles, 
coromonlr  called  "truck,"  or  the  fruit  out  of  the  orchard;  keep  your  garden, 
yonr  orchard,  your  henry  beds,  your  potato  land,  etc.,  in  a  good  state  of  fertiliza- 
tion, in  proper  cultivation  ;  do  your  work  In  aeasonable  time  ;  select  and  plant 
good  seeds,  plants,  etc  ,  before  the  time  you  need  them  ;  deal  with  trusty  and  reli- 
able arms;  plant  your  fruit-trees,  shrubs,  berries  and  flowers  as  you  have  been  In- 
fhrmed  by  yonr  trusty,  progressive  and  succesifnl  neighbor^  do  yonr  part  well  and 
learn  to  wait  ;Teward  will  come  In  a  short  time,  abundantly,  and  after  six  days'  work, 
rest  on  Sunday,  go  to  your  church  and  pay  tribute  to  yonr  Maker.  If  yon  are  not 
possessed  of  any  lands,  do  oot  be  discouraged;  If  you  are  the  right  kind  of  a  man, 
yonr  landed  freeholder  will  cheerfully  assist  you ;  he  will  give  you  all  tbe  encourage- 
ment and  will  furnish  all  the  land  you  may  need  for  your  business  and  the  necessary 
tools,  and  help  in  general. 

There  Is  another  kind  of  poor  horticulturist,  and  I  may  not  be  very  wrong  In 
presuming  this  class  of  horticulturists  Is  meant  In  tbe  premises,  and  needs  to  be 
looked  after. 

Not  long  ago.  when  In  one  of  Uissouri's  great  cities,  I  visited  the  hortlcnltnral 
hsU  and  examined  tbe  exhibits.  My  attention  was  drawn  to  a  party  standing  be- 
fore the  apple  show  admiring  the  different  spec  1  mens,  which  were  worth  seeing  and 
studying ;  but  when  It  came  to  the  final  point,  ordering  from  a  sllck-tongued  f^nlt 
man,  nurseryman,  or  agent  or  tree  peddler,  my  best  feelings  revolted,  knowing  and 
being  perfectly  astlsfled  that  the  party  mentioned  Is  duped  and  cheated ;  now  In 
good  hope,  but  after  fruiting  time  he  would  ask  himself,  is  that  the  apple  I  have 
seen  on  exhibition  f    A  worthless  article. 

This  same  party  would  never  buy  from  a  home  nursery  nor  from  any  other 
acquaintance.  l>elng  too  high-toned  to  even  look  at  hfs  neighboring  nnrseryman. 
who  would  have  gladly  sold  him  stock  true  to  name  and  good  in  order,  guaranteed 
to  be  the  same  as  furnished,  and  cheaper  and  better  besides.  Poor  horticulturist. 
Bometlmes  and  very  otten  indeed  men  possessed  of  hundredsand  thousands  of  acres 
of  good  fertile  lands,  and  money  besides,  do  enga^  la  orcharding.  Having  land 
enough,  why  not  set  out  trees  enough  ?  and  money  enough  to  bankrupt  Jay  Gould. 

If  such  men  are  successful  in  horticulture,  my  horilonltQral  knowledge  Is  at  an 
ebb.  Haughtiness,  vanity,  selSshness,  Is  very  often  the  cause  of  poor  horticulture  ; 
carelessness,  negligence.  Imprudence,  Is  a  sign  of  nils-horticulture.  And  from  such 
men,  possessed  of  landed  estates,  or  Int-go  farmers,  or  slovens,  there  is  seldom  a 
ray  of  hope  of  success  In  horticultural  pursuits  to  be  expected.  They  are  the 
grumblers  ;  they  are  misleading  a  poor— In  money — horticulturist ;  they  are  the 
drawbaoks  In  bortlcnlture— the  poor  horticulturists. 


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MS  STATE   BOBTICULTUBAL  80CIBTT. 

NUBBEBYUEN'S  TRIALS. 

'  H.   J.    1VKBBR,    OARDENVIJ.LB. 

Lapies  and  Oenixkubn— I  tkiu  ver^  eorry  that  I  cannot  be  with  700  tbU  lime, 
becaoae  I  have  slwaye  apeut  some  of  my  boat  hoars  In  UTe  with  the  horticultnral 
■acietlea. 

The  enbjeot  you  have  uslgoed  to  me,  called  "  Nateerymea's  Trials,"  seema  to 
me  llbe  a  high  monntalii,  and  I  do  not  know  where  to  start  and  where  to  end . 

For  the  last  tweoty-flve  years  thst  I  have  been  in  the  business,  I,  for  my  part, 
have  been  tried  In  so  many  ways  tbat  It  would  take  a  long  time  to  speali  only  of 
myeeir.  So,  In  order  to  make  short  worii  of  it,  I  must  lay  that  It  always  tried  my 
pocket-book  moie  than  >ny thing  else.  No  matter  how  I  would  worry,  and  bow 
mnch  pains  1  wonld  take,  there  always  would  be  eomelbtng  that  should  have  been 
otherwise  had  I  known  It  before.  And  I  see  now  tbat  it  will  remain  eo  antil  I  am 
oalled  away. 

Take,  for  Instauoe,  a  very  wet  planting  season,  where  you  cannot  get  a  team 
on  the  land  before  it  Is  too  late  to  plant ;  then  getting  good  help  to  do  the  work 
speedily  and  properly ;  and  the  fan  fomes  in  when  everything  is  In  good  working 
order.  A  strike  is  iaaugnrated,  and  away  goes  your  help,  leaving  yon  in  a  lurch. 
Next,  as  It  frequently  happened,  a  railroad  strike  sets  things  upside  down. 

But  tho  worst  trial  comes  In  when  you  have  spared  no  time  and  expense  to  get 
the  very  best  of  varieties  to  propagate  from,  and  think  that  now  you  have  a  list  that 
certainly  will  sell  In  three  years  from  the  time  they  are  planted  In  nursery.  Now, 
when  the  stock  is  salable,  what  do  we  hear  ?  Only  tbat  some  horticultnrai  societies 
have  passed  the  death  warrant  on  just  the  kinds  we  were  sure  of  three  years  ago . 

Now,  what  must  we  do  to  get  at  least  enough  for  that  stock  to  dig  It  up  and 
burn  It  In  order  to  make  room  for  something  else  to  take  Its  place,  and  then  run  the 
same  risk  again?  The  only  way  that  I  can  see  Is  to  seU  to  a  tree  dealer  who  has  a 
good  chance  of  making  Just  the  kind  people  want,  get  the  money  and  skip  out. 

If  onr  horticultural  societies  could  tell  us  Just  what  people  would  want  three 
years  from  now,  we  would  be  greatly  relieved,  becaaee  It  takes  no  more  to  propa- 
gate one  variety  than  another.  All  we  would  like  to  know.  Is  wbst  will  the  people 
want?  and  thatie  hard  to  tell  under  the  circumstances. 

ForinBtance,iravariety  of  fruit  falls  to  give  satisfaction  for  three  01  Ave  years 
insuecesatoa,  it  la  discsrded  and  the treesare  cutaway,  isbould,  however,  aspecimen 
be  left,  and  It  would  bear  a  rail  crop  for  several  years,  then  the  question  will  arise, 
where  can  I  get  such  a  variety  again? 

Nnrserymen  are  not  to  blame  if  they  have  none  in  stock.  I  }iave  cnstomers 
who  bring  me  specimens  of  fruit  that  I  was  well  acquainted  with  when  a  boy  forty 
years  ago,  they  being  turned  oat  on  account  of  new  snd  better  varieties.  Now  they 
are  wanted  again.    iLIke  a  woman's  ixinnet.  tt  gets  new  when  it  gets  old.) 

This  reminds  me  of  a  flock  of  geese  In  the  spring  or  fall.  When  the  weather 
changes  you  see  them  with  one  In  the  lead  and  all  the  rest  following.  They  are 
hardly  out  of  sight  when  the  wind  turns  Its  course  and  you  see  them  coming  back 
in  the  same  manner-  so  they  go  forwsrd  and  backward  until  they  reach  their  des- 
tination ,  but  not  to  tiay. 

Several  years  ago  the  cry  was,  down  with  the  Ben  Davie,  ' '  I  would  as  soon 
eat  a  sponge  as  a  Ben  Davis."  What  do  they  say  now?  "Dear  nurseryman:  Can 
you  furnish  me  with  10,000  Ben  Davis  straight,  and  at  what  price?" 


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WINTBB  MBBTING  AT  CLINTON.  343 

If  we  eonld  bftv«  known  Ih&t  three,  or  even  two  fears  tgo,  we  could  have  btd 
ftll  BeD  Davis,  and  could  have  sold  oat  at  a  profit.  Now  joa  will  pleue  excuse  me 
If  I  haye  defined  the  question  wrong.  To  m;  notion  those  ue  all  nurserymen's 
trials,  and  the  pocket-book  generally  tells  the  story. 

floplnc  I  am  not  imposlnj;  on  yonr  Tslnable  time  by  saying  too  maob,  I  will 
now  oloM  and  wish  you  all  a  prosperous  and  happy  meeting. 

NURSBBTMBN'S  TRIALS. 

[Dadle^tad  )>r  a  brotbcT  nimer;maB  of  twenty- lire  yean'  expsllence  In  Illinois  m  s  torsi  but- 

INDIES  AND  Obhtlemek :  The  subject  assigned  me  Is  benllderlogi  It  ta  Ilko 
counting  the  sands  upon  the  sea-shore. 

NuneTymen  as  a  class  have  done  very  much  to  develop  horticulture  slnco  the 
days  of  Noah,  who  was  a  nurseryman  with  a  very  fair  record  until  hla  vlney«rd 
came  Into  bearing.  Then,  history  Informs  nt,  he  got  drunk  and  neglected  hla  bus- 
InesB,  and  his  stock  ran  down,  bis  labels  got  out  of  place,  and  bis  business  went  to 
the  dogs. 

Nnnerymen  may  be  divided  Into  three  great  cUtaea:  the  local  norseryman, 
the  wholesale  nurseryuian,  and  the  nurseryman  or  dealer  who  sells  altogether 
thioagh  the  aid  of  agents,  plDtures  and  fruits  magnltled  in  glaas  Jar?. 

The  local  nurseryman  la  '  'little  "  and  unknown.  He  tolls  early  and  late  to 
have  hie  stock  correct,  and  to  have  the  best  that  the  country  afibrds  and  big  trade 
demands.  He  Is  the  beacon  light  in  horticulture  to  the  community,  although 
scarcely  known  outside  of  bis  county.  The  people  oonte  to  him  for  Information, 
but  very  often  get  their  trees  from  the  fellow  with  the  pictures  and  glass  jars.  The 
local  nuraeryraan,  trying  to  keep  Just  what  the  people  want,  about  the  time  he  gets 
a  good  assortment  of  well-grown  trees,  that  have  cost  hlni  much  money  and  labor, 
bis  customers  don't  want  any  assortment,  but  all  want  one  kind.  At>out  the  time 
tie  expects  to  be  able  to  let  up  on  sixteen  hours  a  day.  seven  days  In  a  week  hard 
tolling,  he  tlnda  one-third  or  more  of  his  crop  of  trees  that  has  coat  him  two  to 
three  years'  toll  must  go  to  the  brush-pile  and  be  turned  Into  ishes. 

It  is  generally  supposed  the  fellow  who  sells  through  agents  suffers  no  losses 
through  not  having  varieties.  He  makes  varieties  very  rapidly  to  suit  hla  wants 
and  demands.  The  local  nurseryman  is  the  target  on  which  the  tree  man  with  an 
agency  Ares  all  his  stray  shot,  hut  he  baa  a  way  of  doing  business  that  the  agent 
flode  hard  to  adapt  himself  to,  so  be  finds  It  necessary  to  He  about  him  and  misrep- 
resent him;  to  steal  hla  trade,  he  seeks  to  destroy  bia  good  name  for  truth  and 
veracity.     Yet  like  Qod's  worthy  poor,  he  stays  with  you  always. 

Re,  too,  likes  wonderful  new  things,  and  SO  often  gets  wonderfully  taken  In 
with  the  appalling  yearly  supply  of  new  huoibugs.  The  agent  makes  a  sale  to  him 
occasionally  of  a  Lawver  apple  or  a  Lawson  pear  or  a  tree  blackberry.  H«  then 
llnde  it  so  much  easier  to  ecll  In  that  community  If  he  can  get  on  the  blind  side  of 
tblB  unsophisticated  rural.  He  then  walks  with  much  more  elastic  step,  and  says  . 
*  I  have  an  order  from  your  local  onc-horae^ureeryman." 

Of  course  this  so-called  one-bor^e  nuraetyman  hopes  it  will  prove  a  good 
thing,  and  airains  every  nerve  to  get  a  smnll  supply  to  sell  at  a  few  cents  more  than 
ordinary  prices,  but  by  the  time  he  gets  a  small  aupply  of  this  and  a  half-dozen 
other  new  varieties,  the  bubble  has  bursted;  nobody  wants  them  as  a  girt;  they 
■re  all  but  two  or  three  which  be  plants  to  go  to  the  brush  pile.    If  be  chances  to 


344  STATE  HOBTICDLTUBAL   SOCIETY. 

sell  a  h&lf-dozen  and  tbey  do  not  prove  to  be  yaliiable,  lie  te  accnsed  of  taking  ad- 
TRDtage  of  bl§  nelgbbor'a  Ignorance  fortbe  paltrj  earn  of  a  few  cents,  when  th« 
fact  la,  be  ia  rapidly  filling  np  bis  best  grounds  experimenting  for  tbe  commnKlty, 
who  no  doubt  are  calling  btm  a  crank. 

When  spring  opens,  after  three  days  of  sanahlne,  his  cnstomere,  no  matter  how 
many,  thinkiie  ihonld  be  able  to  wait  on  (hem  all  the  same  day,  and  if  he  should 
Ikll  to  get  their  order  otf  as  aoon  at  they  desire,  they  will  torment  bira  wllbletter« 
and  telegrams  telling  him  to  ship  their  order  at  once  or  cancel  It  by  returning 
money.  They  never  think  that  be  la  working  sixteen  bouts  a  day  and  half  the 
night  with  all  tbe  hands  he  can  master  to  get  their  order  to  them  in  rotation  as 
received,  and  In  time.  But  nine  out  of  every  twelve  customen  will  act  as  thongh 
be  had  but  one  customer,  not  atopplog  to  tblnk  that  from  60  to  IGO  orders  were  In 
ahead  of  his.  If  there  should  he  one  tree  In  twenty-flve  plants  abort,  the  chances 
are  he  will  get  a  letter  that  will  make  hie  hair  stand  on  end— the  pnrchaaer  seldom 
stopping  to  think  that  the  poor  worked-to-death  nurseryman  cannot  count  a  hun- 
dredth part  of  tbe  plants  and  trees  he  ships,  but  must  necessarily  depend  on  his 
help,  which  is  very  often  not  of  the  beet,  but  tbe  beat  he  can  get. 

Nurserymen,  as  in  every  branch  of  hneinesB,  must  boy  aad  sell  from  one 
another.  It  is  utterly  tmpoasible  to  avoid  miatakes  occaaionally.  Every  man  that 
has  tried  It  will  testis,  but  nurserymen  are  expected  In  their  complicated  business 
to  make  no  errors  or  mistakes.  If  he  should  chance,  through  clons  or  buds  pur- 
chased fronj  a  supposed  reliable,  careful  man,  do  get  mixed,  he  is  often  accused  of 
anbetitutlng.  Often  he  could  substitute  and  give  bla  customer  something  better 
were  he  permitted  to  do  so,  but  his  Judgment  Is  supposed  to  be  readily  warped  for 
the  paltry  price  of  the  trees  be  desires  to  sell  them. 

The  local  noraeryman  never  Kcta  credit  for  half  tbe  good  he  does  until  dead, 
but  he  ls,daring  a  busy  life,  building  living  monument)).  Bow  sadly  would  we  miss 
the  vines  and  trees  around  our  prairie  homes.  The  trials  of  a  nurseryman  cannot 
be  told.  It  Islike  trying  to  empty  the  ocean  with  a  tea-spoon.  He  la  apubliotwne- 
fikotbr;  do  try  and  spread  a  gleam  of  sunshine  upon  his  pathway. 
FINAL  BE80LUTI0NS. 

Your  Committee  on  Final  Resolutions  beg  leave  to  report  tbe  following: 

1.  Amo'd^i^,  That  this  Society  tender  their  heartfelt  thanks  to  the  generous 
citizens  of  Clinton  who  have  opened  their  doors  and  welcomed  ua  most  hospitably 
to  the  best  tbe  land  affords. 

3.  That  our  tbanke  are  due  and  are  hereby  tendered  to  the  varloua  railroad 
companies  who  have  granted  us  excuralon  rates  over  their  llnea. 

3.  That  our  thanks  are  gratefully  tendered  to  Balrd  college  for  the  use  of  their 
piano;  also,  the  music  and  dramatic  reel tatlona  rendered. 

4.  Our  thanks  are  also  tendered  to  tbe  Committee  on  Uusic,  to  Prof.  Hall  and 
his  associates  for  the  most  excellent  music  rendered). 

5.  Our  tbarika  are  also  due  to  Mr.  Edward  Barnbart  for  a  generous  collection 
of  green-house  plants  and  Howers  for  decorating  the  hall. 

6.  Our  worthy  President  also  desires  to  express  hla  heartfelt  thanks  to  Mrs. 
Edward  Barnbart  for  a  beautlFnl  basket  bouquet. 

7.  Last  but  rot  leaBt,  we  tender  dUr  moat  slnoere  thanks  to  the  Henry  County 
Horticultural  society  fur  their  most  aucoeaaful  effort  in  procuring  and  adorning  the 
city  ball  for  our  meetlnga ;  also,  for  escorting  us  in  a  body  to  Balrd  college  and  a 
ride  to  the  artesian  well.  J.  U .  Looan, 

S.    ff.  GlLBBBT. 

A.  NaLsoM, 

Committee. 


DigitizEi 


bv  Cookie 


WINTER  MBETIITG  AT   CLINTON.  346 

President  Evans — Miss  Bettie  Settle,  I  am  reqaeeted  to  preeent 
jaa  this  plate  of  preminm  Bea  Davis  apples  for  yonr  most  excellent 
rendering  of  the  "  Mule  and  the  itfigger." 

( To  tbe  aadteuce ) :  As  we  are  abont  to  eeparate,  I  want  to  say 
that  I  feel  very  mnclt  gratified  at  the  snccess  of  oar  meeting.  I  feel 
faappy.     Each  year  onr  last  meeting  is  always  the  beet. 

CLOSING   BBMABEB. 

Rev,  Mr.  Armstrong — I  have  no  long  speech  for  yon  to-night.  I 
oordially  thank  the  members  of  the  Horticnltoral  society,  also  the 
citizens,  for  the  vast  amount  of  information  we  have  received  in  this 
session  of  tbe  State  Horticultnral  society.  Some  think  there  is  no  hell 
and  DO  devil,  bnt  horticnltnrists  have  to  fight  the  devil  in  the  form  of 
insects,  rnst  and  rot  There  is  a  hell  in  the  fntnre,  ftom  analogy,  as 
there  is  one  in  this  world. 

Yon  have  had  the  privilege  of  meeting  with  a  geoerona  and  a  pro 
gresBtve  people.  The  people  of  Olinton  have  been  happy  in  entertain- 
ing yon,  and  now  at  the  close  of  the  program  we  have  to  part.  I  hope 
we  will  pnt  new  energy  and  resolotion  into  the  execntion  of  our  work 
for  the  next  year,  and  that  we  shall  have  even  a  better  report  next  year 
than  we  have  had  this.  Let  aa  every  one  that  can  sing  join  in  singing 
the  doxology: 

Praise  God  from  whom  all  bleSBtngi  flow, 

PralM  Him  all  craatures  here  below, 

Praise  Blm  above,  ye  heavenly  host. 

Praise  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Obost. 
The  blessing  of  Qod  the  Father,  the  Son  and  the  Holy  Ghost,  one 
Ood.  be  with  this  State  Horticnltaral  society,  with  this  people  and 
with  all  people  everywhere,  forever  and  ever."  Amen. 

DEATH  OF  D.  8.  HOLMAN. 
D.  8.  Holman,  treatuTer  of  the  Hlssouil  ijtate  Bortlonltural  Sooletr,  died  at 
bis  home  Id  Sprlngfleld,  Ho.,  Saturday,  December  eth  Inst.,  of  paralyals.  He  was 
bom  in  Iredell  countj,  Notth  Caroliaa,  November  13,  1824,  and  was  slxty-slx  years 
old  at  the  time  of  bis  death.  His  parents,  Lazaroo  and  Elizabeth  Holmsn,  moved 
to  Rutberford  ooanty,  Tenn.,  when  he  was  eight  years  old .  After  remaining  there 
a  few  years,  they  moved  to  Missouri  in  1837,  settling  In  Franklin  county,  where 
David  was  educated  Id  the  county  schools .  He  was  licensed  to  preach  for  tbe  M. 
B.  Church  South,  by  the  quarterly  conference  In  tbe  district  embractng  the  olty  of 
SU  Louie.  He  preached  In  tbe  coantles  of  Oregon,  Crawford  and  Lafayette.  For 
a  time  be  was  put  upon  the  African  mission  and  built  a  ohnrch  for  them.  He  oaAe 
to  SprlDgfleM,  spent  a  year  and  then  went  to  Jasper  oonnty.  Hie  health  failing,  be 
eogaged  in  the  nursery  business  there  In  1860.  In  18114  he  moved  to  SprlngBeld  and 
«stabll8hed  one  of  the  largest  nnrterles  in  this  section.  On  December  14,  1866,  he 
married  BUes  Hary,  dangbter  of  Bllwood  8.  James,  of  Carthage,  an  early  settler 
of  Jasper  county,  who  served  twenty  years  as  county  clerk.     Four  oblldreu  were 


846  STATE  HOBTIOULIURAL  BOOIETY. 

born  ofBald  marrfagQ— RouiB.,  Sadie  L.,  David  l£.  &n<l  Joy  H.  Deceaaed  was  a. 
Royal  Arch  Ma«oii,  an  ofBcer  of  the  Stato  Horticultural  Society,  a  Democrat,  and 
wrote  ezteoBlvely  for  tbe  Knral  World  over  the  nom  c(epi«me  of  "Jot."  The  offi- 
cers of  the  State  Hortlcaltnral  Society  and  Mr.  A.  Nelson,  president  o(  tbe  Laclede 
Count?  Bortlonltaral  Society,  attended  the  funeral. 


Just  ae  I  was  preparing  this  for  the  printer  came  tbe  ssd  news  In  tbe  letter 
following,  and  In  a  day  or  two  the  telegram  telling  of  the  death  of  our  old  friend 
Patterson.  How  few  of  na  expected  at  Clinton  that  Brother  Patterson  would  be 
called  hence  to  toon  !  Our  sympathy  certainly  goes  ont  to  tbe  friends  and  relaclreB 
who  bave  been  so  qniokly  bereaved.  Every  member  of  the  eoolety  will  tinlte  In  oar 
expression  of  sympathy. 

SECRETAsy, 

K1BKSVIIJ.B,  Ua, Dec. 28,  1690,  4p.  ra. 
Mr.  L.  A.  QoODUiN  : 

DeibSir  and  Prrmd:     Fatber  bad  a  paralytic  stroke  affecting  bta  entire 
right  aide,  which  be  now  has  no  use  of  whatever.    He  Is  unoonsclons,  can  neither 
see,  hear  nor  speak  at  present.     Was  attacked  yesterday  evening  at  6:25. 
Yours  trnly,  his  son, 

E.   A.  pATTKRaOII. 

KiRKsviLLB.  Ho.,  Dec.  31,  ISUO. 
L.  A.  600DMAN,  Weetporc,  Mo. 

Father  died  at  4  p.m.  yesterday.  .Fnneral  Thursday  at  10. 

K.  A.  PaTTEBBO!4. 


.yCOOglC 


MISCELLANEOUS  LETTERS,  REPORTS,  QUES- 
TIONS AND  PAPERS. 


„  Google 


„  Google 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Cavendish,  Mo.,  December  II,  1890. 
Mr.  L.  A.  Goodman  : 

Sir — At  a  loeetiag  in  the  court-room  in  Chillicothe  on  Jnne  17th, 
the  Livingston  Connty  Hortionltnral  society  was  orjfanized,  a  consti- 
tntion  adopted,  and  officers  elected  to  serve  for  one  year.  The  following 
officera  were  elected ;  6.  W.  Weatherby,  president,  W,  B,  G.  Hum- 
phrey, vice-president,  M.L.Brooks,  secretary,  John  Hndgins,  treasn- 
rer.  The  regular  meetings  of  the  society  are  on  the  second  Saturday  in 
Jnne  and  September,  besides  adjourned  and  called  meetings.  The  society 
have  had  three  meetings  eo  far,  which  have  been  quite  interesting; 
and  they  had  the  finest  display  of  fruit  at  the  connty  fiwr  the  first  week 
in  October,  that  has  ever  been  made  in  this  part  of  the  State.  But  few 
of  the  fmit-growers  of  the  connty  have  joined  the  society  yet,  but  we 
hope  to  see  quite  an  increase  in  the  membership  at  the  next  meeting. 
Out  connty  is  rapidly  increasing  in  fruit-growing,  and  will  soon  be  one 
of  the  leading  industries  of  the  connty.  About  20  train  loads  of  apples 
were  shipped  from  Ohillicothe]this  fall  ;-one  buyer  shipped  25,000  barrels, 
another,  20,000,  and  several  others  were  buying.  One  of  our  leading  fruit- 
growers estimated  that  the  apple  crop  alone  of  this  connty  this  year 
was  worth  $600,000.  A  good  many  new  orchards  will  be  planted  in  the 
spring.  Kespeclfully  yoars, 

M.  L.  Brooks,  Secretary. 

GAKTHAaB  Mo.,  November  2,  1890. 
L.  A.  Goodman,  Esq.,  jS«cr^ary  Miagouri  State  Horticultural  Society: 

Dbab  Sib — The  card  you  sent  me  to  fill  out  as  "  Beport  for  Octo- 
ber" was  filled  out  a  few  days  ago,  but  was  forgotten  when  I  went  to 
town.  I  will  send  it  this  week,  hoping  that  it  may  still  be  in  time  to  be 
of  some  service. 

In  regard  to  writing  a  report  for  this  county  for  this  year,  I  must 
say  that  I  don't  snppoee  I  will  have  time  to  do  any  writing  of  that  kind 
this  &11  or  winter.    I  begin  work  in  the  county  collector's  office  this 


350  BTATB  HOBTiauLTUBAL  BOCIEIY. 

week,  and  as  I  have  not  worked  tbere  before,  I  don't  know  vhetber  I 
will  have  any  spare  time  or  not,  bat  don't  sappose  I  will,  and  witboat 
some  time  and  comparative  freedom  from  otber  careH,  it  is  impossible 
for  me  to  prepare  a  paper  or  a  report  that  I  woald  be  willing  shonld  be 
read  before  aa  intelligent  audience.  And  besides,  the  last  year's  results 
don't  make  me  feel  mncb  like  writing  on  hortionltnral  sabjects,  and 
especially  on  those  phases  of  it  which  are  osnally  shown  ap  in  snch 
bright  colors.  In  fact,  as  for  as  berries  are  concerned  ( and  they  are  my 
specialty  as  yoa  know ),  the  fntnre  looks  dark  and  gloomy.  I  don't  want 
to  hear  any  more  to  the  effect  that  **the  demand  is  for  in  excess  of  the 
supply,"  as  far  sb  berries  are  concerned  at  least.  I  think  it  is  all  a  mis- 
take to  try  and  indaoe  more  people  to  go  into  the  business  of  growing 
em^I  fruits  for  the  market.  However  it  may  be  at  other  places,  there 
certainly  are  too  many  of  them  grown  here  unless  we  could  get  much 
better  rates  and  focUities  for  handling  the  crop,  which  ia  by  no  means 
certain,  and  if  we  coald,  there  is  no  Chicago  to  send  them  to,  and  there* 
is  bound  to  be  a  limit  to  the  amonnt  that  will  be  taken  at  prices  which 
will  leave  a  profit  to  the  grower,  who  is  the  last  one  to  get  his  pay  if 
there  is  any  left  for  him ;  which  there  was  not  here  this  year.  The  ship- 
ping organization  here  has  been  a  failure  as  for  as  getting  good  pricea 
is  concerned,  and  it  is  hard  to  tell  whether  or  not  it  won't  be  the  end 
of  organized  efforts  in  that  direction  here  for  some  time  to  come.  At 
present  we  appear  to  be  all  at  sea,  and  know  not  which  way  to  turn. 
Of  course  we  have  acquired  some  experience  and  learned  many  things 
that  probably  will  be  of  service  to  us  if  an  organization  can  be  main 
tained  on  such  a  basis  as  to  allow  of  their  being  made  available ;  other, 
wise  this  year's  costly  experience. must  mostly  go  for  nanght.  I  wish  I 
could  come  to  the  Olinton  meeting,  but  I  can  not,  as  I  mnst  hold  my 
position  and  try  and  make  all  the  money  I  caa  honestly  until  I  get  in 
better  circumstances,  when  I  hope  to  attend  not  only  all  of  oar  meetings 
but  also  the  meetings  of  other  important  societies. 

If  you  have  any  thonghts  to  offer  in  regard  to  a  shipping  organi- 
zation here,  I  shall  be  more  than  pleased  to  receive  them. 
Yours  fraternally, 

Z.  T.  Russell. 


Bbbmont,  MOt  November  29, 18tM). 
L.  A.  Goodman,  Esq.,  Westport : 

Dear  Sib — I  sometime  since  received  a  copy  of  33nd  annual  report 
of  Missouri  State  Horticultural  Society,  for  which  please  accept  my 
thanks ;  it  is  interesting  and  valuable  reading,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 


-'8le 


HI80ELLANBOITS  Pi.PBB8.  351 

that  the  meetings  and  work  of  tbe  society  may  bring  horticnltnre  to 
dae  prominence.  I  also  received  blank  for  October  report,  bnt  had 
nothing  of  benefit  to  report. 

I  am  only  growing  ft-nit  and  berries  for  nse  in  iny  own  family,  and 
np  to  this  time  hardly  enongh  for  that,  bnt  am  enlarging  somewhat  in 
that  line. 

There  is  very  little  frnit  grown  for  market  here ;  some  few  have  a 
sarplas  of  apples,  bat  they  find  sile  for  the  SQrpIas  among  neighbors. 
Aa  to  peaches,  crops  are  so  few  and  &r  between,  that  few  trees  are 
planted,  and  these  generally  neglected.  Small  fruits  and  berries  conld 
and  should  be  grown,  but  few  seem  to  realize  how  easily  they  might 
have  them  in  their  season;  bnt  there  seems  at  this  time  to  be  more  in- 
terest in  the  matter.  A  few  pioneers  in  the  frnit  bnsiness  In  each  neigh' 
borhood  would  soon  create  a  lively  Interest  in  fruit-growing. 

Hoping  yon  may  have  an  interesting  and  profitable  meeting,  I  am 
Yonrs  truly, 

M.  £.  Arhbibono. 


Secretary  L.  A.  Ooodmak,  Esq: 

Bead  Sib — I  am  disappointed  that  I  am  not  able  to  meet  with  you, 
aa  I  have  looked  forward  to  your  meeting  as  a  pleasant  and  profitable 
occasion.  First  on  account  of  tbe  uuaeaaJ  wet  weather,  and  then  on 
account  of  the  extreme  drouth,  onr  small  fruit  proved  unprofitable 
and  oar  early  apples  were  almost  a  failure,  bat  oar  fall  rains  brought 
out  onr  late  fbll  and  onr  winter  apples  beyond  all  expectation;  espe- 
cially tbe  Ben  Davis  was  very  fine.  This  variety  has  again  famished  us 
more  market  apples  than  all  other  varieties  combined ;  it  has  been  to  as 
what  Horace  Qreeley  denominated  the  Concord  grape,  "  the  fruit  for 
the  million." 

For  several  years  many  of  the  yonng  twigs  on  our  apple  and  Sibe- 
rian crab  trees  have  commenced  to  wilt,  and  to  gradually  die  back  to 
the.  point  of  union  between  the  present  and  last  year's  growth,  and  by 
cutting  through  the  bark  at  this  point  an  appearance  is  plainly  observ- 
able as  if  the  twig  bad  been  stung.  It  is  nsnally  denominated  a 
"sun-blight,"  but  I  believe  it  to  be  the  work  of  an  insect.  What  say 
the  society  t    Please  pardon  haste. 

Yonrs  truly, 
H.  A. 


.y  Google 


362  STATE   HORTIOULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

Gabbollton,  Mo.,  December  1,  1890. 
L.  A.  G-OODMAN,  Eeq.,  Secretary  Sortioultural  Society  MitMourt : 

The  writer  was  mach  disappointed  ia  not  meeting  with  ;od,  and 
have  a  good  representation  £rom  Carroll  county.  Some  people  that 
wanted  to  meet  with  you  conld  not  go ;  some  shoald  bare  joined  that 
wonid  not. 

The  beet  calculation  I  can  make,  we  have  shipped  from  Carroll 
county,  getting  statement  from  each  railroad  station  in  the  county,  and 
estimating  evaporated  frait  and  canned  goods  (apples),  we  have  a  total 
of  42,000  barrels.  This  was  not  a  full  crop,  bnt  the  price  may  have 
broaght  out  more  apples  than  wonld  have  been  cared  for  if  it  had  been 
less.  Evaporators  did  much  to  use  up  culls,  and  all  kinds  were  ia 
demand,  from  packing  to  cider. 

A  number  of  orchards  have  paid  as  mach  as  ( 100  per  acre.  Those 
who  sprayed  their  trees  while  in  blossom  had  almost  perfect  fruit;  paid 
them  a  large  profit  for  expense  and  labor. 

We  have  an  increase  of  small  fruit  cultnre ;  it  is  growing  in  volume, 
quite  healthy.  Yours, 

W.  S.  Cbodch. 


MILLER   COUNTY. 

Our  county  is  in  Central  Missouri.  Has  an  outlet  to  market  by  a 
branch  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroad,  connecting  at  Jefierson  City. 
The  Osage  river  runs  through  the  center  of  the  county,  and  that  part 
is  considerably  broken ;  bnt  there  is  considerable  prairie  in  both  the 
northern  and  southern  portions.  The  soil  and  locality  are  well  adapted 
to  fruit-growing,  althongh  as  yet  very  little  attention  is  paid  to  it — there 
being  bnt  little  surplus  fruit  besides  apples,  while  a  large  number  of 
farms  have  but  an  indifferent  supply. 

Experience  has  shown  that  much  of  our  laud  that  cannot  be  cul- 
tivated to  an  advantage  will  grow  good  crops  of  fruit  if  properly  man- 
aged, and  much  that  is  only  considered  as  valuable  for  pasturage  could 
be  made  more  profitable  by  growing  fruit.  Itis  evident,  however,  from 
the  large  delivery  of  trees  made  in  the  last  few  years  that  fanners  are 
taking  more  interest  in  this  branch  of  the  work ;  yet  there  is  certainly 
plenty  of  room  for  improvement.  Our  county  papers  keep  urging 
our  formers  to  plant  more  fruit,  and  some  good  will  result. 

We  have  no  horticultural  society,  but  have  a  farmers'  club  that 
meets  once  a  month  at  which  farm  questions  are  discussed.  J.  C.  Mor- 
rison is  president,  and  myself  secretary. 

N.  J.  Shepherd, 

Eldon,  Miller  Co.,  Mo. 


UISGBLLANBOnS   FAFEBS.  353 

November  8, 1890. 
L.  A.  Goodman,  Secretary : 

Deab  Sib — In  reporting  the  frnit  crop  for  Andrew  county,  will 
Bay  apples  were  our  principal  crop.  The  qnality  was  poor;  the  pro- 
longed dronth  made  them  small ;  I  think  we  had  abont  one-third  of  a 
crop.  I  am  anre  we  had  a  traet  formed  in  St.  JOe,  for  they  were  pay- 
ing fil.25totl.60  for  all  apples,  nutil  eastern  bayers  came  in  and  began 
to  pay  good  prices ;  then  they  sent  their  rnaDers  all  through  the  connty 
and  bonght  all  tbeycoald  before  the  farmers  fonnd  oat  they  were  scarce, 
and  I  W&8  of  the  namber;  sold  the  middle  of  Aagust;  received  only 
$500  for  900  barrels  in  the  orchard. 

As  to  small  frnit,  there  is  a  much  larger  acreage  planted  every 
spring ;  bnt  I  have  no  knowledge  of  nnmber  of  acres  of  each  variety. 
Strawberries  were  very  fine,  and  were  sold  in  St.  Joe  as  low  as  $1.25  per 
crate.  Raspberries  were  winter-killed  some,  and  the  first  to  ripen  were 
good,  bat  the  last  of  the  crop  were  damaged  by  the  drouth.  Blackber- 
ries were  about  the  same,  except  they  were  not  winter-killed.  There 
were  many  acres  planted  last  spring  of  al!  kinds  of  berries,  and  they 
are  better  eared  for  than  they  were  years  ago. 

The  good  prices  paid  for  apples  this  fall  will  etimalate  heavy  plant- 
ing in  the  spring,  I  think.  Very  respectfully  yonrs, 
T.  F.  MiLLBB, 

Avenue  City,  Mo. 

LiNNBUB,  Mo.,  ITovember  17, 1890. 
L.  A.  UOUDMAN,  Westport,  Mo.  : 

Dbab  Sib — I  have  been  looking  forward  and  expecting  to  attend 
the  annual  meeting  at  Clinton,  Mo.,  bat  &nd  it  impossible  on  acconnt 
of  sickness  in  my  family.  Bnt  I  hope  you  may  have  a  grand  meeting, 
and  when  next  annual  report  comes  oat  that  it  may  eclipse  1889  (but 
I  donbt  it),  for  I  consider  that  the  information  it  contains  is  equal  to 
ten  years'  experience  saved,  and  I  think  the  State  should  appropriate 
more  money  for  the  Soraety's  use.  Linn  county  ie  taking  a  boom  ia 
horticultural  parsaits.  Many  tboossnds  of  trees  will  be  planted  this 
fall  and  next  spring,  and  then  the  next  thing  is  to  be  educated  how  to 
care  for  them,  and  we  look  to  a  great  extent  for  information  from  yoar 
noble  order.  I  hope  the  Society  may.  favor  North  Missouri  with  the 
summer  meeting.  In  repori  1889,  pages  19  and  438,  regarding  cider 
vinegar  and  vinegar  law,  I  think  it  very  important  to  both  producers 
and  consumers  ttiat  there  should  be  a  law  made  compelling  mana&o- 
turers  to  brand  each  barrel  just  what  it  contains.  I  have  100  barrels 
pure  cider  vinegar,  two  and  three  years  old,  but  even  to  sell  it  in  Lin- 
H  B— 23 


SSI  STATE  HOBTiaULTUBAL  BOCIBTY. 

Hens,  I  have  to  compete  against  avid  viDegorthey  claim  cost  them  nine 
cents  per  gallon,  inclading  barrel  and  freight  The  same  is  sold  and 
even  branded  "pare  cider  vinegar,"  Yon  know  that  pure  cider  vine- 
gar made  from  matnred  and  free  from  rotten  apples  cannot  be  made  for 
lesfi  than  fifteen  cents  per  gallon,  less  barrel  and  ft-eight.  With  well 
wishes,  I  remain,  Yonra  tmly, 

Chas.  J.  Dbat. 


KSOX  COUNTY. 

I  will  here  make  a  short  report  of  the  frnit  interest  of  the  north- 
ern part  of  Knox  connty : 

Tbe  apple  crop  is  rather  a  short  one,  considering  the  early  promise 
of  an  abundant  one.  The  trees  showed  a  heavy  bloom ;  a  large  propor- 
tion showed  a  strange  behavior:  abont  two-thirds  of  the  lower  portion 
of  most  varieties  leaved  oat  and  blosaomed  properly,  while  the  apper 
third  did  not  leaf  oat  antil  the  lower  part  was  oat  of  bloom ;  then  the 
npper  part  leaved  oot  and  bloomed  as  fall  as  the  lower  part  had  done 
ten  days  or  more  before.  In  the  latter  end  of  the  bloBSom  period  we 
had  several  killing  night  frosts,  and  nearly  all  of  the  bloom  dropped 
ofiF,  and  also  a  goodly  portion  of  the  early  bloom,  cansing,  according  to 
locality,  a  very  short  crop,  and  in  some  cases  a  fair  crop,  owing  to  ex- 
emption ^om  injary  from  heavy  fi'oste. 

Orchards,  in  this  ( north )  part  of  Enox  connty,  are  mostly  small, 
from  fifty  to  two  hnndred  trees — more  of  the  former  than  the  latter. 
There  is  plenty  of  frait  for  home  nae,  and  some  for  market,  althongh 
there  is  not  one  orchard  in  twenty  that  receives  intelligent  care,  and 
yet  oar  frait  is  of  &ir  size  and  qaality,  showing  what  coald  be  done 
with  proper  care.  The  codling  moth  did  do  some  work  in  the  latter 
end  of  summer,  damaging  abont  ten  per  cent  of  apples.  The  ronnd- 
head  borer  needs  close  watching ;  it  will  destroy  seventy-five  per  cent  of 
apple  trees  not  taken  care  of,  which  is  the  case  with  eighty  per  cent  of 
all  set  ont  in  this  part  of  the  conntry.  In  July,  all  of  a  sadden,  be- 
fore a  person  was  aware  of  it,  a  crop  of  caterpillars  began  defoliation 
of  apple  Trees,  and  also  of  walnnt  trees;  they  resembled  the  common 
tent  caterpillar,  but  made  no  tent.  I  reported  the  case  to  Department 
of  Agricnltare  at  Washington;  they  reqnested  to  send  specimens,  bat 
by  this  time  they  had  disappeared. 

We  have  had  longest droath  in  the  twenty-two  years  I  have  lived 
in  the  State-  Trees  have  made  a  fair  growth,  and  have  a  liberal  crop 
of  frait-bade  for  a  fall  crop.  Trees  that  bore  the  best  crops  in  my 
orchard  are,  first:     Ben  Davis,  then  Small  Bomanite,  Wineeap,  Janet; 


HISCELLANBOUS  PAPBBB.  355 

« light  crop  of  early  fruit.  Early  Bed  June,  Maiden's  Blash,  S'ortbem 
Hpy,  in  the  order  named.  We  hod  about  one-fourth  nrop  of  peaches; 
-quality  fine.  Pears,  flue  crop ;  elightly  touched  by  scab ;  no  other 
disease.  Plums,  fall  crop ;  beet  iu  the  order  named,  with  me,  Wild 
Goose,  Forest  Boee,  Mariauoa — in  which  latter  I  am  disappointed ;  it 
is  a  shy  bearer  and  sabject  to  rot  on  the  tree.  Orapea,  an  abnndant 
-crop ;  good  quality ;  no  black-rot  on  account  of,  drouth,  the  fall  rains 
filling  them  out  to  perfection.  Strawberries  were  a  fair  crop,  except 
lender  varieties,  like  Sharpless,  that'  were  killed  by  late  frosts.  Baep- 
berries,  early  sorts,  fur  crop ;  late  sorts,  abont  three-fourths  dried  np 
-on  bushes.  I  have  three  varieties  of  blackberries;  first  to  ripen,  Early 
Harvest,  which  has  proved  tender  with  me,  and  a  very  moderate  but 
■early  bearer,  beginning  to  ripen  with  the  Gregg  raspberry;  not  a  snc- 
«esa  ;  Snyder,  nearly  all  dried  up  on  the  bushes  ;  Eittatinny  matored 
Abont  three-fourths  of  a  crop  of  fine,  large  berries,  bat  these  last  some- 
times sutFer  from  our  test  winters,  which  do  not  seem  to  hart  the  Sny- 
iler,  bat  kill  Early  Harvest  to  the  ground. 

In  regard  to  strawberries,  according  to  my  experience,  I  would 
place  the  Bubach  No.  5  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  a  dozen  sorts  that  I 
have  tried.  My  soil  is  a  dark  chty  loam,  rather  heavy,  A  new  begin* 
ner  shoald  always  inquire  ftom  some  man  in  his  neighborhood,  who  has 
a  similar  soil  and  climate  and  exposure,  and,  if  he  be  a  gentleman,  he 
will  tell  him  what  kind  does  best  for  him,  and  also  what  modes  of  col- 
tare  and  care,  both  summer  and  winter,  are  neoessai?  for  success,  I 
will  state  an  experiment  I  made  the  past  season  on  a  plam  disease, 
viz.,  plum-pocket.  My  Wild  Goose  and  Forest  Rose  plum  trees  have 
been  infested  with  that  disease,  and  I  concluded  to  declare  war  with 
the  knife,  to  try  and  bead  it  off.  I  began,  as  soon  as  I  saw  its  presence, 
by  nipping  or  cutting  off  of  all  diseased  plums  or  yonng  shoots  which 
had  a  resembling  of  the  cnrled-leaf  disease  of  the'  peacb,  and  bnmed 
every  plam  or  shoot  that  showed  the  disease,  and  I  believe  that  I  have 
stamped  it  out,  for  I  cannot  see  any  sign  of  it  on  any  of  my  trees  at 
this  date,  but  shall  watch  for  a  reappearance,  should  any  .occur. 

I  woold  like  to  ask  a  question,  and  have  it  answered  by  yoo,  or  by 
discussion  at  the  near  meeting,  in  regard  to  strawberry  plants.  I  have 
Always  found  that  a  small  proportion  of  plants  were  barren.  Ko  matter 
of  what  variety,  those  barren  plants  will  continae  to  be  barren,  as  also 
plants  grown  irom  them.  As  I  grow  some  plants  for  sale  in  a  small 
way,  I  would  be  glad  to  hear  &om  some  men  of  experience  on  that 
point,  as  my  experience  is  rather  limited,  and  which  might  easily  be 
Avoided  by  weeding  oat  all  barren  plants  that  show  no  fhiit  in  fruit 
time.    All  these  little  occurrences  ought  to  be  known  and  brought  oub 


356  BTATE  HOBTIOULTURAL  800IBTT. 

la  discaBsioB,  bo  that  parties  intereBted  coold  steer  clear  of  disappoint- 
ment I  woald  like  to  know  the  saccess  of  members  who  tried  spray- 
ing apple  trees  against  the  codling  moth ;  how  often  spraying  is  needed 
to  save  the  crop,  and  what  injnry,  if  any,  to  trees  reenlted  from  re- 
peated spraying,  and,  what  mixture  was  most  effective  and  the  least 
harmfnl  to  the  trees. 

I  will  bring  this,  to  a  close  with  best  wishes  for  a  good  and  {nter> 
esting  meeUng,  and  remain,  Tonrs  truly, 

Baring,  Enoz  Co.  Pbtbb  Dailino. 


Obbick,  Ray  Co.,  Mo.,  Nov.  16, 1890. 

Mr  Dear  Sib  :  I  beg  permission  to  respond  to  yoar  reqaest,  as 
Z  find  it  impracticable  to  visit  your  meeting  at  tliis  time,  which  wonld 
give  me  great  pleasare,  eto. 

My  brother  and  I  (J.  8.  Leake  &  Bro.)  began  setting  oar  orchard 
A.  D.  1880,  '82,  '83,  >84  and  >85.  Oar  apples  are  mostly  Ben  Davis. 
We  have  oaltivated  onr  orchard  every  year  in  wheat,  oats,  rye,  com 
and  clover.  We  have  manured  about  our  trees  and  likewise  over  tbfr 
entire  sorfoce  of  the  orchard.  We  used  horse  excrement  mostly. 
Wood  ashes,  leached  or  nnleaohed,  thrown  about  the  trees,  stimdlated 
wood  growth  to  such  an  extent  that  they  present  the  appearance  of 
willow.  We  were  forced  to  head  back  to  prevent  the  trees  from  being 
broken  off  by  the  wind.  We  have  been  careful  to  remove  all  borers 
from  aU  trees.  We  are  now  removing  all  rubbish  ftom  the  base  of 
trees,  and  whitewashing  the  trnnks.  We  whitewash  every  fall,  and 
wrap  the  trunk  in  summer  to  prevent  the  field  mice  and  rabbits  from 
gnawing  the  bark.  We  have  twenty-two  acres  set,  of  apples,  pears^ 
plums,  cherries,  peaches,  quinces,  apricota,  etc.  We  want  to  set  black- 
berries and  strawberries  in  the  spring.  In  this  short  commanieation  I 
can  fpvB  but  a  brief  description  of  our  sacoessfal  plan  of  orchard- 
growing.  I  am  not  an  egotist  when  I  say  we  have  bad  almost  one- 
qnaled  success  in  this  part  of  the  country  in  growing  an  orchard.  We 
have  finished  harvesting  the  fourth  profitable  crop  of  apples.  This 
year  some  of  our  tr^es  (ten  years  set)  have  made  $9  per  tree. 

I  wish  you  a  good  meeting  and  hope  to  become  identified  with  any 
movement  of  this  kind  which  may  foster  the  best  interests  of  frnit- 
raising.  I  may  at  a  future  time  give  a  concise  description  of  our  pro- 
ceedings. Our  motto  has  been  to  "give  the  orchard  sam^  care  you  do 
any  other  valuable  crop." 

J.  S.  Lbaeb  &  Bbo. 


MIS0EI.LA.NGOUS   PAPERS,  8S7 

Etbbsontillb,  Mo^  Jifovember  X8, 1890. 
Jf  r.  L.  A.  GooDHAH  : 

Dbab  Sis — I  would  be  happy  to  compl;  with  your  reqneat  if  I 
irere  ao  eitnated  that  I  could,  bnt  I  am  in  the  northwest  comer  of  Lino, 
within  two  miles  of  the  Livingston  connty  line.  As  I  have  been  one  of 
those  terrible  fellows,  a  tree  peddler,  in  the  past  for  some  four  years,  I 
-can  give  yoa  a  general  description  of  the  orchards  in  this  part.  Some 
tax  years  ago  we  had  a  very  severe  storm  through  here  that  nearly 
wrecked  the  old  orchards ;  some  are  dying  from  starvation,  the  trees  all 
tKtnnd  np  in  sod,  and  have  not  been  properly  proned. 

Bnt  there  is  a  brighter  side  to  it :  the  good  prices  of  apples  in  the 
past  two  years  have  stirred  the  farmers  np  so  that  they  are  planting  a 
greekt  man;  trees.  And  the  orchard  of  the  past,  with  forty-nine  varie- 
ties, with  no  salable  apples,  will  give  place  to  Ben  Davis,  Willow  Twig, 
Jonathan,  with  a  few  of  the  later  new  varieties. 

Every  one  is  planting  more  or  less,  and  in  most  instances  the;  are 
taking  care  of  them;  the  farmers  have  learned  it  is  no  use  to  plant 
anleaa  they  care  for  them.  There  are  no  small  fraits  here  only  for  home 
nse ;  some  cherry,  plnm  and  pear  are  being  planted.  I  have  a  small 
orchard  of  one  hnndred  and  six  trees ;  most  of  them  have  been  planted 
three  years,  I  have  been  cnltivating  in  a  hoed  crop ;  from  now  on  shall 
«altivate  witboatany  crop.  I  am  going  to  plant  some  four  hnndred 
more  apple,  mostly  Ben  Davis.  I  have  some  pear  and  plnm  planted 
also. 

Many  thanks  for  report ;  it  seems  to  me  that  each  nnmber  is  better 
than  the  last.  I  can  asanre  yon  it  is  eagerly  read  by  me ;  I  do  not  wish 
to  make  the  mistakes  I  have  made  in  the  past. 

If  I  were  so  situated  that  I  oonld  attend  the  meetings  I  wonld  like 
to  join  the  State  Horticnltnral  Society,  as  I  am  getting  deeply  interested 
In  the  fmit  qaestion ;  it  is  a  anbject  I  never  get  tired  of. 

The  prices  paid  for  apples  here  this  season  were  50  cents  for  good 
&I1  and  60  to  75  cents  for  winter. 

Hoping  yon  may  have  a  good  meeting.at  Clinton, 

I  remain,  respectfiilly  yours, 

T.  A.  Hakc 

Linn  connty,  Evereonville,  Mo. 


Gbant  GiTT,  Mo.,  S^ovember  16, 1890. 
Mr.  L.  A.  Goodman,  Westport,  Mo. : 

Dbar  Sib— I  received  yonr  card  some  time  ago,  bnt  laid  the 
eotd  away  and  forgot  to  answer  it,  and  I  commenced  fllling  it  out  bnt 


358  8Ti.TB  HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOOIBTT 

conclTided  to  write  yon  a  letter,  as  I  can  expliwn  tbinga  better.  I  filled 
oat  a  card  in  8ept«mber,  and  sent  yoa  abont  the  Damber  of  barrels  of 
apples  there  vonld  be  in  this  coantj.  I  then  pat  it  at  3,000  barrels, 
bat  I  was  badly  fooled,  for  since  the  apples  are  gathered  and  sold  the 
amount  is  near  S,000  barrels  that  has  been  and  will  be  shipped  f^om 
Grant  City.  Sandnsky  and  Co.,  of  St.  Joe,  have  shipped  20  car-loads 
from  Grant  City ;  they  shipped  abont  150  barrels  per  load. 

P.  0.  Sears  of  Ghioa^  has  and  will  ship  near  3,000  barrele  ftom- 
here ;  he  bought  my  orcbard  in  Angnst;  an  orchard  of  aboat  500  Ben 
Davie  yields  him  nearly  900  barrels  No.  1  apples,  and  about  300  barrela 
of  No.  2 ;  he  gets  aboat  1,300  barrels  in  all,  for  $1,000.  I  lost  fnily  $500 
by  aelling  when  I  did.  I  never  had  finer  Ben  Davis  nor  fuller  trees  than 
we  had  this  Beasoo,  but  over  two-thirds  of  my  orchard  did  not  bear  to- 
do  any  good.  The  Jonathans,  Ben  Davis  and  Winesaps  were  aboot  all 
that  bore.  My  cherry  crop  was  only  aboat  half  a  crop  ;  blackberries^ 
raspberries  hardly  half  a  crop  on  account  of  dry  weather ;  but  take  all 
together  this  season,  my  f^ait  crop  will  net  me  aboat  $1,300,  and  onr 
market  hereafter  will  be  better  than  it  has  been  in  the  past.  I  am  in 
better  spirits  then  I  ever  was  in  regard  to  the  sales  of  apples.  I  do 
not  know  if  this  letter  will  be  of  any  benefit  to  yoa,  but  any  time  you 
want  to  know  anything  that  I  can  give  you  any  light  on  in  regard  to 
frait,  I  will  try  and  do  so  with  pleasure. 

Bespectfully  yours, 

Jebby  Davidson. 


CowGiLL,  Oaldwbll  Coontt,  Mo.,  April  15, 1890. 
Mr.  L.  A.  Goodman,  Secretary  Missouri  State  Horticultural  Society, 

Westport,  Mo. : 

Dbab  Sib — Your  circular  informing  me  of  the  meeting  of  the 
MJBSoari  State  Horticultural  Society  at  Olintou,  on  the  2d  and  41b  of 
December  next,  has  been  duly  received.  I  hope  the  meeting  will  be 
profitable  to  tbe  frait-growers  of  our  State  and  elsewhere. 

Oar  apple  crop  here  in  Caldwell  ooaaty  was  likely  about  a  half 
crop.  Very  nice  Ben  Davis  and  Willow  Twig  apples  sold  in  Cow^ll 
to  apple  packers  for  seventy-five  cents  per  bushel.  I  sold  mine,  in- 
cluding large  and  small  apples,  for  forty-five  cents  per  bushel  on  tbo 
tree.  The  oldest  part  of  my  orchard  is  thirty-six  years  9ld,and  is  now 
on  the  decline,  and  the  apples  somewhat  wormy  and  small. 

The  great  drouth  that  prevailed  here  last  summer  was  broken  on 
the  19th  of  July;  after  that  time  the  apple  crop  improved  very  much,, 
and  many  thoneaads  of  bushels  have  been  shipped  from  this  (Caldwell) 
connty. 

D.-|nz,=  U  Cookie 


MI80ELLANB0DS  PAPBBS.  359 

The  soft  in  this  part  of  Miasonri  is  very  favorable  for  the  i^rowiDg 
of  frnits  of  all  hinds,  as  the  sab-aoil  is  geoerall;  poions  and  rich  in  the 
cbemlcal  substances  necesBarj  for  the  growth  of  fruits  and  berries. 
A  hard-pan  snb-soil  is  very  aufavoiable  for  the  growth  of  orchards,  as 
the  roots  of  the  trees  cannot  easily  penetrate  soch  soils  in  search  of 
food  for  the  growth  of  the  trees. 

^ow  is  a  good  time  for  persons  who  are  saited  for  orchard  grow- 
ing to  set  out  orchards,  and  take  good  care  of  them,  as  neglect  of  the 
orchard  will  sorely  cause  a  fwlnre. 

Kansas  City  is  our  great  city  now,  and  may  be  much  greater  than 
we  now  expect  in  the  near  fature :  in  fiwt,  we  cannot  tell  or  know  what 
it  will  be  fifty  years  hence.  Wonderfal  changes  will  take  place,  no 
doabt,  and  the  people  that  are  coming  in  the  great  fature  will  crave  or 
want  fruits  the  same  as  we  do.  AH  yonng  or  middle-aged  people  that 
will  plant  and  take  good  care  of  their  orchards  will  pursue  a  wise 
course,  no  doabt. 

I  hope  the^forthcoming  meeting  of  the  ftnit-growers  of  Missonri 
will  be  profitable  to  all  our  people.  Yonrs  truly, 

William  McCeat. 


Sbymoub,  Mo.,  December  7, 1890. 
Mr.  L.  A.  Goodman  : 

Dkab  Sib — The  program  for  the  December  meeting  at  Clinton, 
Missonri,  sent  to  my  son,  E.  Beazley,  received,  and  as  he  was  not  here, 
and  it  was  not  so  as  he  or  myself  coald  attend  the  meeting,  I  thought  I 
would  write  you  something  in  regard  to  this  part  of  the  country  about 
&nit-raising  to  be  read  at  your  next  meeting,  if  yon  think  it  worth  any- 
thing  to  the  fruit-raisers  of  Missouri. 

In  the  first  place,  will  begin  with  the  whole-root  graft  business. 
There  are  agents  here  selling  what  they  call  whole-root  apple  trees  at 
fi^y  cents  each;  these  agents  argne  that  a  piece-root  graft  is  not  worth 
planting.  As  for  myself,  I  do  not  believe  a  word  of  this  whole-root 
process,  and  will  give  an  instance  of  it  that  happened  fifty  years  ago. 
My  father  set  out  an  orchard  of  ten  acres  of  apples  fifty  years  ago  in 
Boone  county,  Missouri ;  the  trees  were  grown  of  piece-root  grafts,  set 
two  rods  apart,  with  peach  trees  set  between  the  apple  rows ;  about 
one-third  of  the  orchard  sloped  to  the  north,  and  two-thirds  eloped  to 
the  south ;  the  trees  on  the  southern  slope  lasted  from  fifteen  to  twenty- 
five  years,  while  the  ones  planted  on  the  northern  slope  were  good 
bearers  when  forty  years  old.  Is  not  this  instance  proof  enough  that 
piece-root  trees  are  good  enongh  for  the  average  fruit-grower  of  Mis- 
sonii  1    I  think  this  will  be  a  very  fine  fruit  county  some  day,  when  the 


S60  BTA.TB  HOBTIOULTURAX  SOGtETT. 

many  young  orchards  tbat  are  now  being  raised  come  into  tteariog. 
I  commenced  tbe  fmit  bosiness  here  tvo  years  ago,  by  starting  my  own 
nnrsery ;  boagbt  tbe  grafts  from  G.  H.  Pink,  Lamar,  MisBonri,  and  my 
trees  are  now  two  years  old,  and  average  aboat  five  feet  high,  large  and 
thrifty,  and  have  aa  fine  roots  as  any  I  ever  saw, 

So  I  will  nrge  on  tbe  fmit-growers  of  Missouri  to  bny  tbeir  grafts 
and  raise  their  owa  trees.  I  have  also  planted  my  ovn  peach  seed,  and 
have  bndded  them  myself;  by  so  doing,  they  will  not  cost  me  more 
than  two  or  three  cents  each  if  I  bad  hired  all  my  help.  By  starting  as 
I  have,  many  conld  go  into  tbe  &ait  business  tbat  coald  not  otberwise 
do  BO.  I  expect  to  continne  growing  and  setting  ont  ftait-trees,  until  I 
have  out  100  or  more  acres,  for  I  see  from  my  neighbors  aronnd  that 
more  caa  be  made  oat  of  fmit  than  ont  of  stook-raisiDg  or  gener^ 
forming. 

But  I  will  conticne  farming  and  stock-raising  in  connection  with 
frnit-raising,  as  I  find  the;  are  profitable  carried  on  together.  In  some 
of  tbe  most  thrifty  orchards  in  this  part  of  tbe  conntry,  sheep  or  hogs 
are  permitted  to  run  at  will,  and  eat  tbe  grass  and  &llen  frnit.  So  tbe 
mannre  is  all  left  on  the  gronnd  to  enrich  it.  I  know  of  some  orchards 
here  a  part  of  which  is  cultivated  and  a  part  mulched,  and  tbe  malched 
seemed  to  be  doing  the  best. 

Some  of  tbe  finest  trees  I  know  of  only  have  a  pile  of  rooks  around 
them,  and  that  kind  of  mulch  is  so  plentiful  iu  this  pari;  of  the  oonntiy 
it  would  be  profitable  to  put  our  rocky  land  in  apple  orchard. 

In  regard  to  fruit  lands  in  this  (Webster)  county,  will  say,  they  can 
be  bongbt  very  c^eap ;  wild  land  from  $1.25  to  $5.00  per  acre,  and  im- 
proved farm  from  $5.00  to  $25.00  per  acre ;  and  we  have  two  m^n  lines 
of  railroad  through  tbe  county,  and  grain  and  fruits  of  every  kind 
bring  good  prices.  Yours  respectfully, 

E.  B.  Bbazlbt. 

REPORT  PROM  PLATTE  COUNTY. 

Tbe  fruit  crop  of  Platte  county  was  foir,  over  50  per  cent ;  quality 
an  average  one ;  in  many  localities,  wherever  trees  existed,  peaches 
bore  well. 

Our  older  orchards  are  fost  passing  away,  and  with  younger  and 
more  vigorous  trees,  a  thorough  warfare  for  the  extermination  of  all 
insect  enemies,  a  better  and  more  approved  method  of  culture,  it  is  to 
be  hoped  that  onr  fruit  in  the  future  may  be  better,  as  near  perfect,  if 
possible,  »a  can  be. 

The  soil  of  our  county  is  very  rich,  fully  adapted  to  grow  every 
agricultaial  product  in  tbe  highest  excellence. 


MISGELLAITBOUa   PAPEBS.  361 

Aa  a  frnit  region,  the  soil  in  all  its  fonnatioDB  is  suitable ;  the  sita- 
ation  of  its  valleys  and  hills  for  the  prodnction  of  first-class  &nit  is  all 
that  can  be  desired,  besides  the  presence  of  large  bodies  of  water 
and  flowing  streams,  necessary  for  the  production  of  good  frnit  and 
eoDStant  crops,  which  we  have  in  good  snpply :  in  the  northwest  part 
of  the  county,  two  large  lakes  are  sending  op  their  vapory  moistnre  ; 
the  broad  Missoori  flows  along  oar  western  boundary;  the  Platte 
winds  its  tortaons  coarse  from  north  to  south,  while  many  minor 
streams  flow  through  every  part  of  it. 

Oar  market  facilities  are  good  ;  four  large  cities  surround  us,  with 
'OUT  local  towns,  while  the  great  West  will  be  always  ready  for  oar  SDr> 
plus.  J.  A.  Ddbebs. 


Stoutland,  Dec.  1,  1890. 
L.  A.  Goodman,  Secretary  State  Sorticultural  Society,  Westport,  Mo.: 

Camden  coanty  is  west  of  the  central  part  of  Missouri  and  mostly 
aouth  of  the  Osage  river;  contains  about  nineteen  (19)  congressional 
townships,  with  a  population  of  about  (11,000)  eleven  thousand,  with 
an  assessed  valuation  of  $995,000.  Lying  principally  south  of  the 
Osage  river,  it  is  beautifully  interspersed  with  rivers  and  streams,  and 
contains  large  caves  or  caverns,  and  some  of  the  most  romantic  natural 
scenery  in  the  world.  It  has  some  wonderful  mineral  deposits,  sach 
as  lead,  zinc,  precious  stone  (onyx). 

Camden  county's  diversified  sur&ce,  her  soil  and  her  products  tell 
plainly  and  tmthfhlly  of  her  immense  agricnltaral  as  well  as  horticul- 
tural resources.  Messrs.  Adams  and  Hallowayhave  a  young  nursery 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  coanty,  and  John  Letcher  has  a  small  nursery 
in  the  western  part  of  the  coanty.  Many  trees  have  been  planted  in 
the  last  year  with  a  view  to  commercial  orchards.  Camden  county  has 
a  large  acreage  of  land  that  could  be  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of 
fruit  with  profit ;  and  more  attention  is  being  paid  in  the  last  two  years 
than  before.  We  may  look  forward  to  the  day  that  fruit-raising  will  be 
a  leading  feature  of  this  county. 

We  must  learn  from  experience  and  give  each  other  our  views,  as 
well  as  saccess  or  fulure,  for  each  is  worth  knowing  to  all  interested 
workers. 

I  will  close,  wishing  you  all  who  attend  the  State  meeting  at  Clin- 
ton a  good  time,  and  in  the  hope  of  meeting  with  you  at  some  future 
meeting  is  the  wish  of  Bespectfully  yours, 

J.  W.  BUBHANS. 


.y  Google 


362  STATE  HOSriOXJLTUBAI.  aOOIBTT. 

ILLINOIS  STATE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 
At  Cairo,  Deeembtr  9t\  tc  ISA,  1S90. 
[Report  ttr  Chas.  Patterson,  ftlrksvilie.J 
Mr.  L.  A.  Goodman,  (Secretory  MUaoKri  State  Rortteultural  Society: 

■  Deab  Sib — Thanke  to  your  bind  instractions  and  outfit,  I  agaia 
bod  the  plc-asore  of  atteoding  the  ananal  meeting  of  this  active  and 
progresaive  society,  and  wae  as  well  received,  ae  horticaUnnstBalTays  ' 
know  bow  to  make  visitors  abate  eaob  other's  pleaaares.  As  this  was 
my  fifth  visit  in  that  sncceasion  of  years  I  begin  to  feel  almost  as  much 
at  home  there  as  in  my  own  State,  and  nothing  short  of  a  calamity  will 
prevent  me  from  repeatiag  it  next  year  and  indeflnitely.  The  fruit 
consigned  to  me  in  care  of  Secretary  A.  C.  Hammond  was  already  in 
good  place  for  display  when  I  arrived.  The  aanal  oommenta  on  Mis- 
sonn  ftuits  would  indicate  that  as  a  matter  of  course  they  should  makft 
a  better  showing  than  theirs,  bat  I  think  we  should  consider  that  their 
exhibits  generally  come  A:om  the  north  central  parts  of  the  Stale  and 
above,  and  scarcely  any  from  the  southern  parte,  while  onra  generally 
come  from  the  soathem  and  western  parts.  What  they  might  do  if  the 
southern  part  of  the  State  should  make  as  much  effort  to  exhibit  as  the. 
central  part  now  does,  I  am  not  so  confident  of.  However,  if  I  had  a 
mnseum  orchard,  as  some  of  them  seem  to  have,  I  woold.have  th« 
courage  to  compete  with  any  of  them,  if  I  do  live  near  the  northera 
border, 

E  will  not  attempt  a  detailed  statement  of  instrnetive  papers  and 
discaseions,  but  rather  refer  to  such  as  I  think  would  be  of  general 
interest  to  our  members.  One  of  these  was  a  paper  by  Prof.  Trench 
on  a  new  insect  pest  called  the  Fruit-Tree  bark  beetle,  which  it  waa 
estimated  would  destroy  all  the  cherry,  plam  and  pescfa  trees  in  Southero 
Illinois  in  five  years,  if  not  checked.  A  specimen  section  of  tree  and 
branches  was  exhibited,  some  one  to  three  inches  in  diameter,  closely 
perforated  with  smalt  holes  through  the  bark  and  sapwood,  whiclt 
seemed  to  fully  justify  the  estimate.  I  did  not  catch  the  scteutlflo 
description  of  it,  nor  any  other  remedy  than  to  cut  and  burn  the  treo 
as  soon  as  discovered.  We  must  keep  a  close  look-out  for  it.  The 
Gipay  moth,  which  I  think  has  been  described  in  some  paper,  was 
also  brought  to  notice.  Spraying  raspberries  and  blackberries  with 
blae-stoue  solution  before  leaves  come  out,  against  fangii  similar  to  or 
identical  with  antrcenosi,  was  indorsed  by  Prof.  Bnrrilt  and  others. 

Prof.  Burrill  gave  a  very  interesting  lecture  on  "Infiuence  of  Boot 
on  Trees  as  regards  Health  and  Hardiness."  While  such  a  lecture  from 
him  is  always  highly  instructive,  this  was  evidently  intended  to  settle 


MISOELLAKEOUS  PA.PEB8.  363- 

the  mooted  qaeation  of  BO-oalled  whole-root  (grafting,  which,  I  think, 
has  been  givea  tar  more  promioence  in  the  last  five  years  by  that  so- 
ciety than  snch  a  hnmbng  deservee  fi-om  sach  a  body  of  men.  It  is  doe 
to  eay  that  very  few,  if  any,  well-informed  members  ever  undertake  to 
defend  it,  and  that  the  only  object  of  the  discaseion  is  to  meet  the 
piolix  5x9  nonpareil  literature  Bcattered  broadcast  to  catch  gadgeons  : 
bnt  it  shonld  be  remembered  that  these  gudgeons  seldom,  if  ever,  at- 
tend snch  meetings  or  read  the  reports,  and  that  the  skillful  anglers 
will  t>e  very  snre  to  change  their  bait  long  before  common  reports  can 
reach  their  victims — as  instance  budded  trees,  French  crab  stocks, 
etc.  If  there  has  ever  been  an  improved  variety  or  method  introduced 
throngh  these  nibblers,  and  sustained  by  experience,  I  am  not  aware  of 
it,  bnt  the  gudgeons  are  as  nameroas  and  as  gullible  as  ever.  It  la 
very  hamiliating  to  see  some  of  onr  well-informed  men  lending  them- 
selves to  spit  on  the  baits,  presumably  for  very  small  favors. 

A  committee  of  three  was  appointed  to  place  the  society  in  com- 
munication with  the  Division  of  Pomology. 

I  did  not  bear  if  any  actioa  was  taken  on  the  Oolnmbian  exposi- 
tion, bnt  it  seemed  to  be  left  with  the  executive  board.  By  inquiry  I 
learned  that  they  expected  to  ask  not  less  than  C50,000  appropiiation 
from  the  State,  with  no  misgiving  that  they  would  be  beaten  down. 
Will  our  otQcers  and  Legislature  please  govern  themselves  accordingly?' 

Mr.  J.  Webster,  Gentralia,  was  re-elected  president,  as  well  ae  A. 
C.  Hammond,  Warsaw,  secretary.  Next  place  of  meeting  will  be- 
Olney,  also  in  southern  part  of  the  State. 

On  jny  return  I  stopped  over  one  day  with  friend  Webster,  at 
Gentralia,  and  had  the  pleasure  of  inspecting  as  many  strawberry  llelds- 
and  orchards  as  the  weather  and  short  time  would  permit.  These 
fields  and  orchards,  and  appliances  for  handling  the  crops,  show  not 
only  that  they  mean  basiness,  but  that  tbey  are  actually  doing  an  im- 
mense amount  of  it^  in  both  these  lines,  on  correct  bnsiness  principles^ 
The  early  decline  of  sod-bound  orchard  trees  is  not  likely  to  afflict 
that  section  very  soon — at  least,  not  as  a  rule-  We  must  keep  the 
plows,  harrows  and  cullivatora  going  in  our  orchards  if  we  will  not  be 
ontdone  by  sheer  physical  force  and  intelligent  energy. 


HuaO,  MONTGOMEEY  OOUNTT,  Mo. 

Montgomery  county  is  beginning  to  come  to  the  front,  to  a  great 

extent,  as  a  good  fruit  county.     While  at  present  there  are  not  a  great 

many  large  commercial  orchards  in  bearing,  there  will,  in  a  few  mor& 

years,  be  a  great  many.    This  will  especially  be  the  case  in  the  south- 


■S64  BT1.TB  HOBTIOUt,TnKAL  800IBTT. 

■em  part  of  the  county.  Eight  years  aRO  the  vicinity  of  Hugo  was 
■almost  »D  nQbroken  forest.  It  vaa  soon  fonad  ont  that  the  land  vas 
well  adapted  for  fraib.  A  horticaltarat  society  was  organized  and  the 
^it  interest  taken  ap  in  dead  earnest.  A  great  many  commercial 
orchards  have  since  been  set  ont,  and  in  the  coming  spring  more  trees 
will  be  planted  than  ever  before.  In  the  first  plantings  some  mistakes 
were  made  in  sotting  oat  varieties  not  snited  for  our  land,  thoagh 
otherwise  good  market  sorts.  Nearly  all  of  these  will  be  grafted  over 
the  coming  spring.  At  least  three-fonrths  of  the  trees  that  will  be 
planted  £rom  now  on  will  be  Ben  Davis,  the  balance  Jonathan  and  Wil- 
low Twigs.  The  Ben  Davis  seems  to  ontgrow  any  other  tree ;  it  beare 
yoang  and  constantly,  and  there  is  always  a  good  demand  for  the  apples. 
A  good  number  of  our  members  have  also  planted  pears  quite  exten- 
sively. Olapp's  Favorite,  Howell  and  Keiffer  I  find  among  the  best. 
The  Bartlett  do  not  seem  to  do  well ;  too  much  of  the  &nit  is  deformed 
and  knotty.  Ponnd  is  the  largest  pear  that  I  have  seen  grown  here. 
I  had  a  specimen  last  year  that  weighed  28  oances.  I  also  had  27  spe- 
isUnens  that  weighed  30  ponnds  (half  bnshel)..  Size,  however,  is  aboat 
the  only  good  qaality  that  this  pear  has.  Doyenne  d'Ete  and  LeOonte 
are  absolntely  worthless  here  on  acooont  of  blight.  Cherries  and 
plnms  do  well  here,  bnt  cannot  see  that  there  is  mncfa  profit  in  grow- 
ing them. 

A  great  interest  is  also  taken  in  strawberry  cnltore.  Oar  land 
seems  to  be  especially  adapted  to  their  growth.  One  of  oai  members, 
two  years  ago,  has  raised  170  gallons  on  1-5  of  an  acre.  I  had  myself 
helped  to  measore  the  ground,  and  the  party  had  a  list,  telHng  where 
every  gallon  had  been  sold.  Onr  last  crop  of  berries,  however,  was 
nothing  to  br^  of.  The  late  frosts  had  greatly  injured  the  crop,  while 
the  continued  wet  weather  made  the  balance  too  soft  to  handle.  Oom. 
berlayd,  Crescent  and  Captain  Jack  are  still  giving  the  bestresalts.  A 
nnmber  of  other  new  and  promising  sorts  will  have  a  chance  to  show 
themselves  the  coming  season,  sneh  as  Michel's  Early,  Warfleld  No.  2, 
Babaoh  No.  5,  etc. 

Jessie  I  find  to  be  absolutely  worthless.  I  do  not  see  how  it  can 
l)e  recommended  as  a  good  fertilizer,  from  the  &ct  that  it  blooms  a 
week  or  ten  days  sooner  than  any  other  variety.  For  extra  late  I  find 
Oandy,  W.  Chief  and  Cornelia  among  the  best.  For  qaality  alone,  how- 
ever,  I  yet  claim  the  banner  for  Piper. 

Blackberries  do  well  here  and  generally  bring  a  good  price.  Kitta- 
tinny  takes  the  lead  so  far,  and  will  continue  to  do  so,  unless  it  finally 
succumbs  to  the  rust,  as  I  hear  it  does  in  other  sections.  Lawton  and 
Western  Triumph  are  also  good. 


HiaOBLLAMSOTTS  PAFBBS.  365- 

B.ngo  and  vicinity  has  a  great  many  iudacements  to  offer  for  new 
settlere,  especially  frait-growerg.  There  is  yet  plenty  of  good  fruit  land 
that  oao  be  bonght  cheap.  We  havti  a  good  school,  two  churches,  a 
postoffloe  and  a  daily  hack  line  to  the  railroad,  a  distance  of  four  miles. 
The  time  is  not  &r  distant  when  there  Till  be  some  business  honsea 
put  up.  Sach  will  certainly  be  the  case  as  soon  as  our  young  orchards 
will  hefux  to  bear,  for  then  storage  buildings  for  barreU  and  the  box 
material,  large  Bvaporators  and  cider  mills  will  become  a  uecessity. 
Bespectfully  submitted. 

F.   LlONBBBOBB. 


Honr  cotWTT. 

I  received  your  card  of  October  20, 1S90,  and  I  will  try  and  comply 
with  your  request  as  best  I  can.  To-day  I  received  program,  for  wbioh 
I  am  obliged. 

Aa  the  object  of  this  Society  is  to  better  the  condition  of  the 
human  &mily,  you  desire  nothing  but  facts.  I  will  try  and  give  &ct8,, 
ae  a  mlBrepresentation  might  worse  the  condition  of  some  people. 

The  late  ftosta  last  spring  and  the  unusual  dronth  cut  oar  small 
fruits  and  stone  fruits  somewhat  short.  Some  strawberries  made  $200- 
per  acre;  raspberries,  $100  per  acre;  blackberries,  $100  to  $200; 
oherries  and  plums,  half  crop. 

We  estimated  our  apple  crop  about  60  per  cent  this  year.  The 
anuaoal  drouth  caused  the  apples  to  ripen  early  and  drop  off,  which 
was  a  ^eat  loss. 

Mr.  E.  F.  Loomis  &  Co.,  of  Xew  York,  shipped  $45,000  worth  of 
apples  out  of  Holt  oounty  this  &1L  As  near  as  I  can  get  at  it,  the 
apple  crop  of  Holt  coonty  amounted  to  $100,000  in  cash.  This  is  cer- 
t^nly  a  good  help  to  the  connty.  Besides,  many  of  these  orchards 
afforded  nearly  or  quite  as  much  pasture  or  hay  as  if  the  trees  were  not 
there. 

I  believe  when  our  State  authorities  will  see  what  an  immense 
revenue  there  is  in  the  fruit  crop  of  Missouri,  they  will  appropriate  at 
least  as  mnch  money  for  horticultare  as  they  do  for  agriculture,  so  that 
the  fruita  of  Missouri  can  be  duly  represented  at  the  World's  fair  in 
'92,  without  so  mnoh  expense  to  a  few  of  her  citizens.  Every  citizea 
in  this  State  is  benefited  by  such  an  exhibit,  and  this  is  the  true  and 
honest  way  to  advertise  the  products  of  the  country.  Then  the  world 
can  see  with  their  own  eyes  what  oar  State  can  do.  So  let  every  citi- 
zen bear  his  part  of  the  expense,  and  the  exhibit  can  be  made  a  credit 
to  the  State  of  Missouri,  with  but  little  expense  to  each  citizen. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_V 


<gk 


■366  BTATE  HOETIOrLTDBAL   BOOIBTT. 

Holt  coautf  ia  admirably  adapted  to  fraits  of  all  kinds,  or  anjlhinif 
we  wisb  to  pnt  in  the  groDod  and  give  it  some  work.  The  better  we 
caltivate,  the  better  it  pays.  Apple  trees  will  pay  in  fmit  in  seven  or 
ei^ht  years  trojn  setting.  We  cau  raise  any  kind  of  vegetables  or  com 
in  the  yonng  orchard.  This  cnltivates  the  trees,  and  no  loss  of  gronnd 
till  the  frait  pays.  I  prefer  corn.  This  protects  the  trees  fit>ai  the 
bard  wind  and  fi-om  the  hot  Aagnst  snn  and  the  cold  in  wiDt«r.  My 
trees  have  always  done  better  in  com  than  anything  else. 

Celery  can  be  raised  here  as  profitably  as  anywhere ;  in  quality  it 
snrpasses  any  that  has  been  shipped  into  onr  market.  All  other  vege- 
tables can  be  easily  grown  and  of  good  quality,  as  onr  soil  is  very  pro- 
ductive, with  a  natural  nnder-drainage,  which  makes  it  very  easily  cul- 
tivated. 

Timber  land  for  the  purpose  of  fire-wood  or  for  the  timber  and 
«ord-wood  don't  sell  any  higher  than  it  did  36  years  ago,  whOe  all  the 
improved  farms  have  advanced  very  mnch.  Improved  land  can  be 
bought  from  $25  to  $75  per  acre — owing  to  the  improvements  and  loca- 
tion ;  unimproved  land  from  $10  to  $25  per  acre — owing  to  the  location. 
The  land  in  Holt  county  is  all  very  prodnotive.  In  a  summer  da;  the 
waving  fields  of  grass  and  golden  grain  present  a  beantifcl  view  to  the 
passer-by. 

We  usually  have  rain.fall  enough  to  mature  any  crop  we  may  plant. 

Kearly  all  the  Christian  denominations  tae  represented  here,  and 
their  doors  are  always  open  for  new-comers  and  strangers.  Anyone 
«eekiiig  for  a  home  to  locate  would  do  well  to  look  at  Holt  county 
before  they  locate. 

Our  county  is  out  of  debt ;  our  taxes  light — 75  cents  to  $1. 

Missouri  has  monutains  of  wealth  untouched.  When  fnlly  devel- 
oped,  it  will  make  her  the  greatest  State  in  this  Union.  We  have  good 
water  and  good  health,  which  is  above  all  else.  There  are  seventy-six 
achool  districts  in  the  coanty,  all  with  good  houses  and  fixtures;  be- 
sides there  are  six  graded  schools  where  from  two  to  eight  teachers  are 
«mployed  for  two-thirds  of  the  year.  The  county  has  a  school  fund  of 
nearly  $100,000,  which  increases  every  year — the  interest  of  the  sum 
amounting  to  nearly  $8,000  yearly,  which  is  applied  to  the  support  of 
the  schools  of  the  county.  Besides  this,  a  large  sum  is  received  an- 
nually from  railroad  and  telegraph  assessments.  We  have  young  men 
and  young  women  in  the  county  that  are  competent  to  fill  any  station  ia 
life  with  credit  to  themselves  and  credit  to  the  county,  that  have  not 
been  tanght  in  any  school  outside  of  the  county,  and  without  costing  the 
student  one  cent.  Our  schools  are  free  to  all,  from  the  age  of  six  to 
twenty. 


MISOBLLANEOUB  FAFEBS.  367 

Wherever  I  have  met  with  the  Society  in  different  parts  of  the 
State,  I  coald  nee  the  eame  intelligence  manifested,  especially  in  the 
yoang  folks,  by  their  well-wiitten  and  well-read  essays.  I  believe  Mis- 
-sonri  is  settled  with  as  good,  honest  and  intelligent  people  as  any  State 
in  the  Union,  and  it  has  ae  good  society. 

Had  I  been  a  king  or  President  of  the  United  States,  I  ooald  not 
liave  wished  for  better  entertunment  than  I  received  from  the  citizens 
-while  attending  these  meetings.  I  am  only  too  sorry  I  coald  not  meet 
with  yon  at  Olinton.  I  don't  know  as  anyone  conld  learn  anything  from 
me,  bat  I  have  always  been  benefited  very  mach  by  meeting  with  yon. 

Wh.  Bbodbboe. 


lUr.  L.  A.  Goodman,  Secretary  MUaouri  State  Horticultural  Society : 

There  has,  in  Oregon  oonnty,  Mo.,  no  extensive  progress  been  made 
yet  in  ft'nit  oaltnre,  although  there  is  snEQcient  proof  that  as  fine  froit 
in  all  the  varipns  varieties  can  be  raised  in  Oregon  connty  as  in  any  of 
lier  Bister  connties  in  Soath  Missoari. 

The  soil  contains  every  essential  element  that  is  reqaired  to  pro- 
dnce  size,  color  and  due  flavor  to  the  fmit;  and  as  Oregon  county  is 
-wholly  located  on  the  sonthern  slope  of  tbe  Ozark  monntains,  and 
therefore  protected  from  the  rough  and  cold  wind-storms  that  occasion' 
ally  blow  from  the  west  and  north,  it  makes  it  a  favorite  location, 
■especially  for  the  raising  of  peaches.  There  are  f^it  orchards  in  this 
coanty  that  are  over  forty  years  old,  and  many  of  the  trees  are  as 
-floaud  as  a  dollar.  There  are  pear  trees  forty  years  old,  and  show  no 
decay  and  bear  nearly  every  season.  There  are  a  number  of  old 
orcbards  in  good  condition  and  bearing  fine  apples,  though  but  little 
care  has  ever  been  given  them — at  least,  not  the  care  that  tbe  yOnng 
orchardists  of  to-day  are  learningto  give  the  trees  that  are  now  planted. 
Of  the  late  planted  frait  orchards  of  any  note  in  this  connty  may 
lie  named  the  S.  W.  Gilbert  and  Clinton  Barnard  and  Dr.  P.  F.  Carter, 
all  of  Thayer,  who  will  in  the  near  fntare  reap  Incrative  rewards  for 
their  enterprising  features  in  tbe  good  work.  Mr.  Gilbert  is  drifting 
into  berry-growing,  and  Mr.  Carter  has  started  an  extensive  vineyard 
of  many  of  the  leading  varieties  of  grapes,  of  which  some  are  now  two 
years  old,  and  have  already  brought  him  good  returns  for  his  labor,  and 
he  feels  encouraged  to  plant  more  grape-vines  every  year.  Mr.  Carter 
tells  the  writer  that  the  stone-covered  bill-sides  are  tbe  best  for  the 
grapes.  Such  land  as  many  would  pronounce  worthless  will  prove  the 
most  profitable  to  him. 


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368  STATS   HOBTIOULTDKiLL  SOOIETr. 

It  may  not  be  ont  of  place  to  atate  that  the  OToere  and  managers 
of  the  well-known  Otden  frnit  (strm,  in  Howell  connty,  have  laid  the 
foandatioD  to  encoarage  the  planting  of  millions  of  fimit-trees  all  over 
the  adjoining  coanties  east  and  west  of  Howell.  The  fonndera  of  that 
grand  frnit  &rm — now  talked  and  read  aboat  f^  over  the  United  States^ 
and  even  reached  Enrope — have  not  only  laid  the  foundation  for  a  for* 
tnne  to  themselves,  bnt  also  for  many  others  who  are  willing  to  profit 
by  these  enterprising  men's  experiment  and  gigantic  ondertaking. 
Thonsands  of  others  can  now,  wtthoat  risk  or  fear,  follow  their  example^ 
and  if  not  on  as  large  a  scale,  on  a  less  one,  according  to  each  one's 
means  and  circnmstances. 

The  writer  is  buoyant  with  good  hope  that  every  land  owner  in 
Oregon  connty,  being  one  of  the  best  coonties  on  the  sontbem  slope 
of  the  Ozarks,  will  try  to  imitate  the  ones  who  are  now  taking  the  lead 
in  scientific  manner  of  raising  trees  and  fruits,  and  that  every  effort  made 
in  that  direction  will  be  crowned  with  success,  not  only  for  health  and 
satis&cdon,  but  also  to  help  to  fill  the  purse. 

What  we  need  and  must  do  in  Oregon  county  is,  to  organize  a 
connty  horticnltnral  society,  as  by  this  means  a  great  amount  of  good 
would  be  accomplished  in  enconraging  fruit-raising,  which  wonid  in  the 
Dear  fatare  bring  a  great  amount  of  revenue  to  the  formers  of  OregoD 
county;  in  fact,  every  connty  in  Sonthern  Missouri  should,  without 
delay,  organize  a  horticultural  society.  Sot  too  many  froit'trees  can 
be  planted  all  over  this  vast  region  of  country  on  the  Bouthem  slope  of 
the  Ozarks,  which  is  so  especially  adapted  to  the  raising„of  the  dif- 
ferent fruits  and  berries. 

The  writer  of  this,  though  past  sixty  years  of  age,  bnt  having  gained 
encouragement  and  valuable  information  by  attending  a  few  meetings 
of  the  Missouri  State  Horticultural  Society,  will  now  begin  to  plant 
frnit-trees  in  Oregon  county.  However,  this  will  not  be  his  first  venture 
in  planting  frnit-trees — having  in  his  day  planted  fine  apple  orchards 
in  Illinois,  but  was  not  much  crowned  by  snocess,  as  Oentral  Illinoia 
has  not  proved  to  be  a  fruit  country  to  give  enconiagement  to  the  plan- 
ters of  trees. 

I  will  here  give  a  list  of  a  few  Oregon  county  fiwmers  who  are  the 
.owners  of  the  most  noted  orchards:  Capt,  8.  Oreer,  James  Powell,  the 
Judge  Woodside  &rm,  Thomasville  ;  Benj.  Guns,  Mrs.  G-roves,  A.  Cop- 
penhagen,  and  a  few  others  whose  names  I  am  not  able  to  mention. 
Yours  truly, 

SAM'L  KA.nPHA.HN. 


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MISCBIXAITKO0B  PAPBBS.  .  369 

VEENON  COUNTY  HOBTICULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 
Mr.  L.  A.  Goodman  : 

Deab  Sib — In  makiDg  a  report  of  the  workioge  of  onr  coaDty  so- 
ciety, I  am  forced  to  confess  that  there  faaa  been  some  &JliQg  ofif  in 
membership  and  in  the  interest  taken  in  the  meetings.  There  have  been 
several  uanaes  tending  to  this  resnit.  One  canse,  perhaps  more  promi- 
uetit  than  any  other,  is  that  it  Is  hard  to  make  each  meetings  interest- 
ing when  it  is  left  to  a  few  to  keep  the  interest  alive ;  to  get  np  in  a 
tiOFticnltiiral  society  and  rehash  the  facts  that  erery  one  recognizes  as 
settled,  becomes  somewhat  tiresome.  Upon  a  correct  coant,  oar  So- 
ciety has  recommended  the  Crescent  Seedling  and  Miner's  Prolific  ae 
the  two  most  profitable  strawberries  to  plant  jast  seventeen  times  in 
saccession ;  and  in  order  to  have  a  slight  change  in  the  programme, 
some  of  as  are  seiionsly  thinking  of  having  this  recommendation  set 
to  masic,  bo  that  members  can  either  sing  or  whistle  it  at  fatnre  meet- 
ings. I  may  bare  lied  a  little  in  the  above,  bnt  still  there  is  enongh 
tmth  i4  it  to  be  worthy  of  serione  oonBideralion.  The  remedy  I  wonld 
suggest,  and  one  that  perhaps  wonld  be  fonnd  beneficial  in  all  local 
hoTticoltnral  societies,  woold  be  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to 
formulate  a  comprehensive  plan  of  experiments  to  determine  many 
questions  that  are  as  yet  unsolved,  and  to  detail  members  who  appear 
best  qnalified  to  conduct  these  experiments  and  report  results.  Then 
in  the  coarse  of  the  meetings,  these  reports  conid  be  [  read  and  dis- 
cussed, and  would  very  likely  bring  out  new  and  correct  information 
that  it  is  unlikely  wonld  ever  come  to  light  without  some  aneb  well- 
directed  system.  We  want  to  know  more  of  the  fertilization  of  the 
blossoms  of  fruits  and  berries.  We  want  some  reliable  tacts  as  to  the 
value  of  commercial  fertilizers.  We  want  to  know  when  and  how  to 
trim  our  trees  and  vines  to  give  best  results.  We  want  to  know  the 
value  of  a  tap-root  to  a  fruit  tree.  It  wonld  be  interesting  to  note  the 
difference  between  two  peach  trees,  one  grown  from  a  seed  planted 
where  the  tree  is  to  stand  and  to  never  cut  off  any  of  its  roots,  and  a 
tree  taken  from  a  nursery  with  its  tap-root  and  all  others  cut  off. 

There  are  thousands  of  questions  that  can  be  advanced  that  noth- 
ing bnt  a  systematic  test  can  ever  determine.  This  is  the  labor  lying 
before  the  members  of  our  horticultural  societies,  and  it  requires  the 
performance  of  some  such  labor  to  make  them  interesting  and  to  bring 
out  a  full  attendance.  Our  past  season  has  been  rather  trying  to  our 
smatl-frnit  growers,  and  tbe  formation  of  a  shipping  association  occn- 


I  B_24 


.y  Google 


370  STATB  HORTICULTURAL  800IBTT, 

pied  as  mncfa  of  the  time  during  the  beny  season  aa  they  coald  spare 
to  snch  matters.  Oar  experieoce  of  ebipping  frnit  in  refrigerator  cars 
gave  rather  nnsatisfactorj  resalts.  There  were  many  Cannes  for  this 
that  oircamstaDcee  made  it  imposBible  to  avoid — freqneot  rains  daring 
the  stravberr;  season,  making  the  frnit  too  soft  to  pat  on  the  market 
Id  good  eouditioD  ;  but  the  principal  cause  of  failure  was  because  of  be- 
ing nnsble  to  secure  the  fruit  of  some  of  our  principal  f[rowerB,uid  the 
eoDsequence  vas  the  cars  had  to  be  held  sometimes  two  and  even  three 
days  before  sufQcient  fruit  could  be  bad  to  fill  the  cars.  Had  not  these 
same  growers  encouraged  the  formation  of  juat  saoh  an  organization^ 
aud  assisted  in  its  formation  up  to  that  point  where  their  assistance 
would  have  been  of  some  beueflt  to  it,  then  no  harsh  jadgment  could 
Justly  be  brought  against  them,  but  as  it  was,  it  only  gives  added  proof 
of  the  old  Indian's  assertion,  that  "white  man  mighty  ousartaiu ;"  aud  this 
same  uncertainty  is  the  mill-atone  around  the  neck  of  all  organiza- 
tions formed  to  benetlt  mankind. 

Onr  raspberry  and  blackberry  crop  gave  fair  reinrns.  Flams  and 
peaches  were  almost  a  total  failure.  Onr  apple  crop  was  la]^e,  the 
fruit  of  fair  size,  but  badly  affected  by  the  codling  moth.  Prices  were 
unusually  high,  ranging  from  twenty  cents  per  bushel  for  the  poorest 
all  the  way  ap  to  one  dollar  for  choice.  Two  evaporators  and  one  can- 
ning establishment  look  large  quantities  of  the  more  inferior  fruit  and 
did  a  successful  buBiness.  Our  apple  crop  is  estimated  at  abont 
three  hundred  and  Aft;  thousaud  bushels. 

Ou  the  whole,  our  horticnitural  interests  are  on  the  advance  all 
along  the  line,  and  is  tending  toward  less  perishable  fraits.  Some  large 
pear  orchards  are  being  planted — one  of  600  Duchess  pear.  The 
English  morrelU)  cherry  is  also  being  planted  extensively. 

There  are  several  apple  orchards  of  over  a  thousand  trees  each, 
will  be  set  the  coming  spring,  and  of  our  most  reliable  vfffieties,  the. 
Ben  Davis  and  Jonathan  being  largely  in  the  lead.  As  an  illastration 
of  extensive  farming,  I  herewith  give  the  past  season's  crop  from  a 
plat  cultivated  by  Mr.  Per  Swainson,  treasurer  of  our  county  society. 
The  plat  contains  one-tenth  of  an  acre,  and  consists  of  what  we  con- 
sider oor  very  poorest  land,  because  of  being  underlaid  at  the  depth  of 
foni-teeu  inrhes  with  a  tough  putty-like  gumbo.  He  manured  heavily 
and  bad  hydrant  water  to  assist  daring  the  drouth  of  abont  six  weeks: 
40  quarts  strawberries,  76  quarts  gooseberries,  3  quarts  beans,  10  bead 
cabbage,  5  head  cauliflower,  20  head  kale,  6  bnnches  rhubarb,  5  dozen 
cucumbers,  1  peck  onions,  12  quarts  peas,  15  dozen  salsify,  100  gladio- 
lus bulbs,  200  tube  rose  bulbs,  i  bushel  carrots,  400  stalks  of  celery, 
GOO  pounds  parsnips,  1,500  pounds  beets,  150  pounds Ooacord  and  lona 


Dgnzs.uCoeH^lc 


MI80BI,LA.NBOX:3   PAPBR8.  371 

grapes,  4  bashels  potatoes,  2  basheU  tomatoes,  and  eammer  and  winter 
radishes  for  &iiiilyuae.  Among  these  vegetables  are  growing  12  young 
grape-vines,  24  raspberry  and  blackberry  bashes  to  bear  another  year. 
A  list  of  these  articles  gives  bat  a  slight  idea  of  the  qoalitj  and  sizes : 
celery  stalks  weighiog  over  a  pound,  and  winter  radishes  over  foox 
pounds.  The  entire  1,500  poanda  beets  growing  on  just  four  rods ;  all  the 
celery  was  grown  as  second  crop  on  the  potato  gronnd,6tc.,  the  whole 
crop  being  a  proof  (hat  Americans,  as  a  rale,  are  cultivating  all  the 
way  from  ten  to  ten  thousand  times  too  mnch  land,  and  that  one  acre 
in  celery,  under  the  very  best  conditions,  will  sell  for  more  than  the 
average  prodect  of  an  hundred  and  sixty  acre  farm. 

J.   G.   ElNDBB. 


BAY  COUiTTY. 

OsBicK,  November  30, 1890. 

To  any  person  seeking  a  permanent  home,  or  an  investment  of 
funds,  there  is  no  connty  in  this  State,  or  in  the  West,  that  offers  bet- 
ter  opportunities  than  this. 

The  resources  of  almost  every  kind  are  almost  boundless.  The 
opportunities  for  business  of  almost  every  kind  are  good.  The  facili- 
ties for  spiritual  enjoyment,  mental  improvement  and  social  opportuni- 
ties are  as  good  as  elsewhere.  The  county,  on  the  south,- is  one  con- 
tinuous broad  belt  of  flat  lands,  broken  at  one  place  on  the  east  end, 
where  the  high  lands  touch  the  river.  This  belt  consists  of  the  finest 
agricnlturat  lauds  in  the  world.  The  cereals  of  all  kinds  bless  the 
labors  of  the  former  with  an  abundant  product.  This  belt  consists  of 
three  distinct  varieties  of  soil.  The  black  loam  constitutes  the  larger 
part,  and  on  this  are  some  of  our  finest  farms.  The  sandy  loam  con- 
sists of  land  intermixed  with  alluvial  deposits.  The  gumbo  or  waxy 
soil  seems  to  have  been  the  bottom  of  lagoons ;  the  subsoil  to  this  is  a 
hard-pan.  The  cereals  all  produce  abundantly  on  each  of  these  soils. 
Hemp  succeeds  well.     Potatoes  do  better  on  the  sandy  and  black  loam. 

The  north  side  of  the  county  consists  of  hills  interspersed  with 
■beautiful  table  lands,  much  of  the  soil  of  which  equals  the  fine  bottom 
lands.  The  most  broken  part  of  the  county,  by  the  free  use  of  clover, 
can  be  made  to  produce  abundant  crops  of  all  kinds.  I  have  known 
the  poorest  clay  hills  to  produce  crops  of  corn  which  actnally  sold  for 
twice  as  much  as  the  land  would  sell  for  at  the  same  time.  It  is  not 
an  absolntely  unknown  thing  to  have  a  crop  here  to  sell  for  more  than 
the  farm  will  bring  on  the  market. 


.yCoOglc 


372  8TATB  HOETICDLTUEAI,  SOCIETY. 

I  hope  I  shall  not  be  considered  egotistic  when  I  say  that  my  crop 
this  year  is  worth  more  on  the  market  than  I  have  ever  been  able  to  get 
offered  for  my  entire  farm.  The  north  and  northeast  part  of  the  connty 
consists  of  beantifal,  rich  prairies ;  the  sooth  and  soathwest  of  fine 
timber.  There  is  an  abundance  of  timber  for  all  practical  purposes. 
The  entire  connty  is  anderlaid  with  a  good  article  of  coal,  the  mining 
of  which  gives  employment  to  more  than  a  thousand  people. 

The  mining  indostry  gives  a  good  home  market  to  tmck  farmer, 
and  all  surplus  farm  produce,  sach  as  vegetables,  poultry  and  butter, 
at  a  remunerative  price.  Tlie  mining  industry  is  extending.  New 
mines  are  being  opened,  and  the  present  outlook  indicates  a  continued 
extension  of  this  industry.  I  may  here  mention  the  prospects  for  an 
early  development  of  petroleum.  Some  efforts  have  been  made  and 
capital  expended  on  this  line,  aud  a  first-class  article  of  lubricating  oil 
developed,  but  not  in  safflcient  quantity  yet  to  pay  a  dividend. 

Our  railroad  accommodations  are  all  that  one  should  desire.  We 
have  direct  com  mnni cation  with  all  of  the  best  markets  of  the  countrj- — 
Chicago,  Kansas  City,  St.  Louis,  and  many  metropolitan  towns.  Our 
county  is  permeated  by  four  different  roads,  and  the  Bftli  is  in  process 
of  construction.  I  may  add  that  there  is  strong  apprehension  that 
lead  and  silver  are  both  existing  here  in  paying  qnantities,  and  that 
prospecting  has  been  carried  on  to  a  limited  extent. 

Our  towns  are  in  a  thrifty  condition,  and  mannfactoring  is  being 
carried  on  with  a  good  prospect  for  a  broader  coutiuaauce.  We  hare 
flouring  mills  which  vie  with  the  best  establishments  in  the  country. 
Our  metropolis  has  introduced  the  electric  light  on  its  streets.  It  has 
four  newspapers  and  three  banking  honses.  There  are  several  other 
papers  in  the  county  and  quite  a  number  of  banks.  The  town  of 
Orrick,  on  the  Wabash  railroad,  has  two  banking  houses.  One  was 
established  this  fall,  with  good  prospects  of  snocess.  The  other  house 
is  well  established,  and  has  been  doing  a  lucrative  business.  The  edu- 
cational advantages  are  nnsarpaased.  We  have  good  country  schools. 
We  have  a  college  in  the  town  of  Richmond  which  is  doing  a  grand 
work.  In  the  same  town  there  is  in  process  of  building  an  institnlion 
by  the  Methodist  denomination  for  the  education  of  females,  which  is 
expected  to  rank  high  as  a  literary  and  scientific  iDStitation. 

Last  but  by  no  means  least  of  these  grand  and  good  advantages 
is  the  strong  religious  iuflnence  at  work  in  the  county.  The  Mission 
Baptists  would  seem  to  have  the  lead  ;  the  Methodists,  Presbyterians, 
Disciples  of  Christ,  Christian  Union,  Catholics  and  Iron-Jacket  Bap- 
tists all  are  struggling  on  and  up.  I  come  now  to  conclude  my  brief 
report  by  calling  attention  direct  to  the  raising  of  fruits  of  various 
kinds. 


MI80ELLAHBOU8  PAPERS.  373 

Apples  of  all  kinds  succeed  most  admirably  here,  and  there  seems 
to  be  a  general  observation  of  the  importance  of  more  extended  inter- 
est in  the  raising  of  frnits  of  all  kinds.  Tbe  raising  of  apples,  however, 
takes  precedence  of  all  other  fruite..  I  can  hardly  say  that  there  are 
as  yet  any  particular  apples  or  apple  which  takes  tbe  lead  in  popularity 
among  oar  fkrmera.  Old  prejadices  seem  to  prevail  generally  in  the 
setting  of  orchards,  and  farmers  rather  seek  those  varieties  which  they 
prefer  for  their  own  nse,  of  the  kinds  which  their  fathers  have  raised. 
Tbe  conseqaence  of  all  this  is  that  the  man  who  has  made  carefol 
selections  exclusively  for  market  finds  himself  in  a  dilemma,  and  gets 
no  more  for  bis  apples  than  is  given  for  the  entire  crop,  *atthoagh  his 
crop  may  be  superior  to  the  entire  crop  of  the  commnnity.  The  orchards 
consisting  of  carefol  selections  for  market  are  so  few  and  far  apart  that 
the  speoolator  and  bayer  take  advantage  of  these  conditions  to  give 
the  specialist  and  indastrions  orohardist  the  same  price  for  extra  well- 
assorted  varieties  that  he  gives  for  common  Torieiies,  thereby  making 
good  the  losses  sustained  in  handling  the  ftnit  of  tbe  slip-shod  or- 
ohardist by  realizing  largely  on  the  extra  varieties.  This  condition  of 
atbirs  is  very  humiliating  to  the  man  who  raises  fruit  as  he  would  any 
other  crop,  expecting  to  realize  in  ratio  to  the  labor  expended.  How 
this  can  be  remedied  or  prevented,  to  me  is  an  open  qoestioa. 

Of  alt  the  varieties  raised  in  this  county,  notwithstanding  the  deep- 
rooted  prejudice  to  this  variety,  the  Ben  Davis  is  tbe  most  sought  after 
by  apple  buyers.  This  apple  deserves  a  large  place  in  the  esteem  of 
every  orchard  grower.  With  na  it  comes  into  bearing  early  and  bears 
regular  and  remnnerative  crops.  This  year  I  sold  $9.00  worth  of 
apples  off  of  one  Ben  Davis  tree  which  had  been  set  ten  years.  The 
rapid  growth  and  hardiness  of  the  trees,  the  tendency  to  bear  early 
and  regularly,  the  beautiful  appearance  of  tbe  fruit,  combined  with  extra 
good  qualities  as  a  sauce,  make  it  one  of  our  most  desirable,  if  indeed 
it  is  not  the  best  apple  we  have. 

Other  varieties  rank  hlgb.  Tbe  Missouri  Pippin  and  Jonathan  ore 
highly  praised  and  mneb  sought  after.  The  Wineeap  does  well  here, 
bat  unfortunately  it  is  much  inclined  to  shed  its  fruit  prematurely. 

The  culture  of  the  pear  has  been  greatly  neglected  in  this  county. 
It  seems  to  be  the  general  opinion  of  tbe  people  that  pears  will  not 
succeed  so  far  north,  and  hence  such  a  thing  as  a  pear  orchard  is  sel- 
dom seen.  I  know  of  but  one  pear  orchard,  except  my  own,  in  this 
county.  Why  such  a  deep-rooted  prejudice  to  the  growing  of  this 
valuable  and  appetizing  tniit  should  exist  is  more  than  I  can  compre- 
hend. I  have  a  promising  young  orchard  of  pears,  which  is  growing 
as  thrifty  as  the  apples.    The  trees  appear  to  endure  the  cold  and  heat 


37i  8TATB   HOBTIOVLTURAL  SOCIETY. 

qnite  as  well  ab  other  orchard  trees.  I  have  raised  some  fine  speci* 
meoH  of  pears  of  the  Bartlett  and  Flemish  Beanly,  My  Keiffer  is  grow- 
ing well,  but  has  not  come  to  bearing  age.  Cherriea  and  plams  do 
well  here.  Strawberriee,  blacbberriee,  raspberries,  currants  and  goose- 
berriea  eacceed  well.  We  have  many  small  vineyards,  all  of  which 
sacceed  well.  Grapes  have  never  been  raised  here  to  any  extent  for 
market, 

I  regret  that  I  am  in  troth  compelled  to  say  thatoar  climate  is  not 
adapted  to  the  production  of  the  peach.  The  cold,  damp  winters  kill 
the  frait  and  often  the  trees.  The  consequence  is  that  we  have  only 
an  occasional  crop  of  this  fniit.  Peaches  are  very  profitable,  however, 
and  often  sell  for  a  remnnerative  price.  To  the  person  who  desires  to 
seek  a  home,  for  the  prodnction  of  frait  or  otherwise,  I  wonld  say, 
come  to  Ray  county.  We  have  room  for  industrious,  sober  people, 
and  I  feel  sare  a  better  location  for  the  same  money  can  hardly  be  bad. 
The  Methodist  presiding  elder,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Obryant,  made  the  follow- 
ing remark  at  Omuk  last  week :  "  I  have  traveled  in  thirteen  Slates, 
and  I  have  never  seen  a  better  country  than  this."  The  home-seeker 
can  get  land  for  almost  any  price.  Good  frait  farms  which,  under  the 
care  of  the  indnstrioas  farmer,  may  soon  be  made  to  "  blossom  as  the 
rose,"  can  be  had  for  $12.50  to  $25  per  acre.  Someof  the  finest  and  best 
forms  in  the  county  have  recently  changed  hands  at  $35  per  acre. 
Respectfully  submitted. 

Jahbs  S.  Lgaee  &  Bbo. 


MARKET  FOR  HORTICULTURAL  PRODUCTS. 

Mb.  L.  a.  Goodman  : 

Dbab  Sib — Yours  at  hand,  and  in  reply  will  say  that  the  sabject 
yoa  allade  to  has  a  wide  range  for  study.  I  must  confess  that  I  have 
Dot  been  able  to  bring  forth  all  the  facts  as  to  the  best  methods  to 
dispose  of  oar  surplus  products  at  good  living  prices  at  some  seasons 
of  the  year.  As  for  myself,  I  have  been  in  the  gardening  business  for 
twenty-five  years;  twenty  years  in  this  city.  I  started  here  when  the 
town  was  small,  about  twelve  or  thirteen  hundred  people.  My  means 
were  small,  and  the  demand  for  what  I  grew  was  small  also,  but  I 
thought  I  would  try  again.  I  rented  a  house  and  four  acres  of  land  for 
three  years,  at  $150  per  year,  cash.  After  that  I  bought  land  close  to 
town,  paying  to  the  tune  of  eleven  hundred  dollars  for  five  and  one- 
half  acres.  I  began  to  raise  vegetables  and  small  fruits,  and  retailed 
'•---    '^ut  about  town ;  I  have  at  times  shipped  small  lots  of  vegetables 


HISOBLLANEOnS   PAPEB8.  375 

from  here;  I  always  had  the  horrora  when  the  express  company  had 
anything  to  do  with  it,  as  the  margin  was  small  after  it  had  been 
tbroagh  their  hands.  As  a  role  there  has  never  been  enoagh  small 
fruit  raised  about  here  to  supply  the  home  demand.  My  land  was  too 
costly  to  put  it  all  into  that  &ind.  I  think  the  time  will  not  be  long 
before  there  wilt  be  more  in  the  basiness.  I  always  contend  that  a 
home  market  is  best  for  this  reason,  there  is  one  saving  in  boxes  and 
crates.  At  many  places  where  I  sell  my  berries  I  can  get  the  boxes 
and  crates  and  use  them  again  without  cost  of  time  in  going  and 
coming  to  market,  the  many  times  of  going  back  and  forth  for  the  many 
things  that  are  necessary  for  garden  use.  I  cannot  see  it  in  the  same 
light  that  some  do,  in  flooding  the  markets  and  running  down  to  starva* 
tiou  prices.  There  are  marketa  some  distance  from  here  where  straw- 
berries sold  as  low  as  four  cents  per  quart  by  the  crate.  At  that  time 
we  were  getting  eight  and  one-third.  What  can  the  grower  get  oat  of 
that,  if  yon  connt  boxes,  crates  and  two  cents  per  quart  for  picking! 
Then  there  is  commission  and  rent  of  land.  The  profit  mast  be  slim 
indeed. 

The  demand  for  small  frnits  at  this  place  is  getting  better  every 
year,  as  onr  city  grows.  Ten  years  ago  we  had  2,264  population,  now 
we  have  4,534  people.  Our  prices  vary  with  the  season.  We  had  a 
very  dry  spell  of  weather  in  May  and  Jone,  that  cut  our  crops  short. 
I  have  taken  the  trouble  to  ascertain,  as  near  as  possible,  the  amoant 
of  berries  shipped  to  this  place  this  season  over  and  above  what  was 
raised  here ;  it  amounts  to  750  crates,  and  not  any  were  shipped  out ; 
this,  of  course,  means  raspberries,  blackberries  and  strawberries.  We 
have  a  thriving  city  and  a  fine  farming  conntiy  here ;  farms  with  good 
improvements  on  them  can  be  bought  for  $40  per  acre  near  town,  and 
less  in  proportion  as  you  get  farther  off,;  my  land  has  donbled  in  value 
aince  I  bought  it,  but  land  fifteen  miles  off  is  not  increased  three  per 
per  cent.  I  have  not  been  doing  a  land-office  business,  but  I  have 
planted  oat  this  year  Ave  acres  of  berries  and  one  handred  and  thirty 
pear  trees  on  new  land ;  I  have  two  green-houses,  some  nnrsery  stock 
and  vegetable  garden. 

Any  person  wishing  to  correspond  with  me  as  to  locating  in  this 
part,  I  will  gladly  answer  every  question  in  regard  to  horticulture,  as 
&r  as  I  know. 

In  concladiog,  I  would  say,  locate  near  a  market  if  yon  want  to 
grow  small  fniits  to  sell,  so  that  the  good  Lord  may  deliver  yoa  from 
all  express  companies. 

Joseph  Gamble, 

Brookfleld,  Linn  Oo. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_V 


,gk 


876  STATE   HORTICULTURAL  BOOIETY. 

[.The  fbUowing  report  In  OenaaD  l»  from  a  Oermtn  bortionltuml  society  ^t 
Hngo,  Montgomerj  county,  whicb  1b  the  only  QermaD  county  organization  In  th« 
country  that  I  know  of.  They  are  doing  good  work,  and  have  hundreds  of  acres  in 
ftnlt  and  thousande  of  fruit  trees  planted  where  five  or  six  years  ago  there  were 
Boaroely  any.    I  wish  we  had  many  more  such  workers  In  onr  State.— SscBitTABr.) 

aRit{)lie^et  bti  ^ugo  Obfi<  unb  @aitcnbau<@ef;ll|'4aft: 

9118  Sttpott  ubei  bit  ben  Obftbaumen  {^cibli^en  $i(jt  fd  ^olflcnbtfi  gefagt : 
aSie  ti  alien  aRUflliebetn  biefet  ®efellfiftflft  leibtr  yut  flenuj  befannt  iff,  f)aben  bit 
genannlen  $ilje  Ic^tcn  @ammec  nieber  Diel  Sifiaben  getbon  in  ben  etnbetmifi^en 
ffetnobpforten,  Sefonber8  war  bie6  bet  S"I1  mil  ben  JHoftflMfeii  (Fusicladium 
dendriticum )  mil  nelifttn  etlidie  QltpfelfoTten  fo  bebaffel  maren,  bag  bicfelben  ju 
feinem  ^mtie  benugt  merben  tonnten.  ^itfe  f^ablicben  ^il^e  befinben  fii^  je^t 
noift  im  adetbeftcn  Suftinbe  in  ben  (leinen  fcfcleiftfen  J^ruditen,  bit  nic^t  einflefom- 
melt  Ivutben,  fo  nie  auik  an  ben  auf  bcm  93oben  lifflenben  Slatletn-  ^itr  bleiben 
btefelben  in  gulem  Suf'^nbe  burc^  ben  9Sinter,  um  im  r^riibiabt  fogleidi  mieber 
bereit  ju  fein,  weiteten  S^aben  an^uricfelen.  ©ie  fleinen  Somfntorptrdien,  (?Ri' 
(roben  genannt)  |inb  fo  (lein  (bloS  10  biS  20  M.)  bnfe  Siefelbfn  mit  unbenjoffnrtcn 
Slugen  nic^t  gefe^en  tnerben  fonnen.  Diefelben  ffimebcn  im  griifijobr  in  ber  9uft 
Return,  feljen  fiifi  auf  bit  frif*  gtformten  Slepfel,  mo  bi([elben,  nienn  bie  SBittemng 
giinftifl  ift,  fogleidi  anfangen  ju  wacbfen  unb  fo  ibr  oet^ecTenbee  SSett  fortfrtf^n 
34  glnube,  ein  gutet  ¥Ian  ift,  \o  Diel  »ie  moglitii  bur(^  ben  Winter  ben  %<ium> 
gotten  rein  fo  fallen,  unb  oHen  aiigefammelten  Uitratb  iju  ocrbtennen.  gerner 
wtiibe  i^  lalben,  teine  @arten  Don  Sernobft  ju  pflanjen,  bie  biefet  ^ilttiantbtit 
unterWoTfen  finb.  ^o  Diele  Don  Foldien  @orten  in  tintm  Vaumgatten  ftnb,  foQttn 
bie  betreffenben  Saume  umge))fro|]ft  mtibtn,  bai  ift  mo  bie  Sauine  nodi  gefunb  finb, 
im  anbeitn  galle  abet  ijl  tS  beffer  bitfelben  auSjugiaben  unb  ju  Dttbrtnnen. 
Solves  mar  Wtalitb  meint  91r6eil  flemefen  0o  3emanb  gtfonnen  ift,  Baumt  urn* 
gupfropftn,  mo4te  ii^  no(^  bemerttn,  ba|  t8  eon  bet  gtblten  SBitbtigteit  ift,  bie 
*Pfii)pf'  unb  DcuIit'JRtifer  nut  Hon  gan^  gefunben  ^auracn  ju  ft^neibtn.  3* 
glaube,  bag  e^e  mir  obige  SSagregel  befolgtn,  t9  ni^t  Diel  nii^en  mitb,  Don  Silfe* 
mittein  @ebtau<$  ju  matben,  wtUit  meinei  91nRi^t  mij  nut  in  ben  $anben  folt^et 
99aum)iiibtet  gute  SItfuttate  ^aben  metben,  bit  gute  Seobaditer  nnb,  btncn  bit  gonfc 
SebenSgeri^i^te  bet  ^ilje  belannt  if),  mo  @ol(be^ni(^t  bet  ^aO  if),  mug  nalut> 
li^  bloB  auf  baS  @ttat^emo^[  gt^anbclt  merben. 

Srgtbtnft, 

g.  ^ionbttgtt. 

Slnben^ciifibenten   unb   bie   3!NitgfieberbeiObfl'unb 

lSotttnbau«®efeIlf(baft: 

©ie  $ugo  Obfl'  unb  @)attenbaus@efeaf(baft  Itbt  immer  noi^,  tro|bem  fit  mtnig 
SRitgliebet  jablt.  @i(  befiitanft  fid|  noilb  immet  ouf  btn  ^ugo  SiftuUCifltitt. 
®od|  i^  bente,  mir  metben  balb  unfet  @ebiet  trmeitetn,  unfrrt  Wat^baiDttt  finb 
etfiount  iibtt  bie gtu(^t,  welibe  mit  jitben  ;  mit  wetbtn  ^in  unb  miebet  gt ftagt,  mie  ift 


UIBOELLA^HEOnS   PAPERS.  377 

obn  raie  tommt  e9,  baft  S^t  fol(^  fctonc  ^tui^t  jie^en  fonnt,  unb  nit  ni^t?  Unreie 
Slntnoil  ift  Qtmo^nlii^ :  tnaium  fc^littit  3^i<Su<4  ni^t  btt  Horticultural  Society  an; 
36t  muibtt  bann  balb  Kfa^Kn,  auf  lotHe  3(ct  fione  unb  gute  gtutbt  gejogen  to«« 
ben  tann.  Unf«  Society  ^at  ItJttB  §Tui)ja^T  Berry  Boxes  unb  Orate. aRofetiol 
im  @TO&tn  fiii  unftit  SKitglicbtr  aefauft,  wai  rin  gutcr  %oit^til  fui  unS  toot. 

S)er  bicSjabiige  @ttiag  uj>n  Stbbfeten  nar  auSgcjiit^net,  abet  bie  ^teife  toartn 
nitbrio,  funf  I5.ent8  bat  Quart  im  ©uH^fdinitt.  Berrj-  Patches  finb  in  guttt  Orb* 
nung  unb  beifpre^en  eintn  qxoitn  Srtcag  fut  na^ftee  3a^i.  ^e})fe(  ^atltn  toir 
ni^t  Dili  bitfeS  3q^i,  ftma  50  Sufcfiel  Ben  Davis  auf  mtinem  iDb^garttn  ;  aOe 
anben  @orttn  mattn  mtt)t  obet  ntniger  ben  SXoflfltcten  untcmorfen.  gait  aOt 
unftKc  Obftgarten  finb  jung,  ein  flTOicT  %)it\\  ju  jung  urn  ju  tiagtn.  Soufenbe 
Don  Saumen  finb  It^tti  j^tii^'  unb  ^patiabt  gepflanjt  notben,  unb  bie  ^ue^i^t  >ftf 
bag  no(6  tiiti  ntt^r  (ttp^anjt  toeiben.  S>ei  ^oitfc^titt,  bei  etgennaTHge  @tanb  unb 
bit  jutunftigtR  QJuBfic^ten  unfetti  Horticultural  Society  fmb  fe^r  juf  riebenftedenb. 
@tnt  wicEitiee  iSiftnba^ti,  bie  Sgabnf^,  buK^frcujt  baS  @.ounl4  uon  @iiboft  nait 
9toibtDefl.  ^ai  Sountq  ^at  nienig  obti  flat  ftine  Sibulbcn  unb  bie  Sa^en  finb 
niebiig.  @enug  auegc^tic^nele  Sc^ulen  unb  Jtir^cn.  Sxr  Sobtn  i^  fruc^tbaiunb 
tignet  fic^  am  aQetbeflen  fur  Dbftjudjt.  9Sir  ^aben  ^la^  fur  mt^t  ^ntfimmlinge, 
nomentliib  fiit  tol^t.  bie  fi(i|  bti  Obftjuc^t  mibmtn,  unb  ^eigen  fie  btr^ltcb  nilltoffimcn. 

S-  b  1 1  ft,   §  a  u  f  1 1. 


SRilflliebeT  bet^ugo  06ff>  unb  Garten  bau<@l(fe[If(gaft: 

9IIe  Somite  iibtr  bie  bui4  ^iije  neiurfa^ten  .ffiranf^etttn  i>ti  jfeinobfteS,  I)abe 
14  §olgenbe8  ju  betiiiiten  ; 

St^i  grofieii  @Anbfn  bcruifat^ten  bie  fogenonnten  dtcftfleden  an  btn  Sepfein 
(Fusicladium  dentriticum).  ®a6  faltf,  ftu^tt  Sgttter  lefetcB  J^tii^laftt  mar  febr 
giinpig  jui  SntmidEung  unb  jCeimung  btr  Fletnen  ^anien'AoTpeiAtn,  welilbe  tibci- 
baupt  fo  ririn  finb,  ba|  fie  mit  bem  nactten  ^uge  gar  nii^t  gtfetifn  meiben  tonnen. 
2aut  I(|tten  SetmeifunBtn  betragt  i^re  ®ro6e  1-2500  jtoH  Steite  unb  1-  250  SoD 
gonge.  Biefe  Kfirpttditn  Bifg'n  im  griibialir  in  ber  Suft  6«um  unb  fejen  (i(^  Quf  bie 
titinen  ftifdigefottnten  Slelifel,  mo  biefelbtn  fogEei^  teimen,  baS  i^  Dcnn  bie  <Sit> 
tetung  gunflig  ba(U  ifl.  ©an^  nienige  baoon  teimen  bei  roatmrm  unb  troifenem 
SBSetter.  ©8  fcStint,  bag  etliie  aepftlforttn  biefer  Rtontbtit  argtt  auSgefeftt  finb 
aiS  iinbere.  SWeine  Missouri  Pippin,  Lavirver,  Bed  June  unb  Sweet  June 
maien  not^  nii^t  gtBger  alS  flirfdjcn,  dI6  ftbon  bie  griintn  fammttfarbigen  gledcn 
bemertbat  muiben,  ntlcbe  fi(^  fo  fi^neD  DtrgrBlerltn,  bafi  bii  ^epfel  tlcin  unb 
nttt^loB  blieben. 

@o  tiiel  ii^  eerneiimt,  finb  in  ben  (c|t(n  ^tittn  diemif^e  a7ti;tuien  etn))fo^len 
norbtn,  um  bit  93aumt  bamit  ju  btfpti^en  unb  baS  £tinien  bet  llrinen  @amcn> 
fi5r|}er$en  ^u  berbinbtrti.  9i  ift  natiiTlid)  (ti^t  ju  begieifen,  ba^  curatibc  3Rittel 
feinen  SScrtd  bobtn  ronneti,  fonbecn  bafi  nut  prdoenliDe  cifolgrdi^  ftin  tonnen, 
unb  miiffen  biefelben  ni(f|t}U  f(ar(  fein  unb  mabtenb  bfrgunftigi1tn3"tangen)tnbet 


878  8TA.TE  HOETIOULTUBAL  BOOIBTT. 

neiben.  Wtint  9{nft4t  barubti;  ijt,  bag  tin  9Rann  tin  gutti  ^lobaikiex  fein  mug, 
urn  Don  bet  \>raU\ii)tn  ^niDctibung  bitfei  VtitM  flutt  Dtefultate  etjitltn  ^u  fonnen. 
3(^  fann  m(t|t  ft^cn,  iDatum  man  ficb  tPiet  mit  benjenigen  ^tt)fe[(orttn,  bie  biefe; 
ffrantfifit  am  meifttn  unttrmorftn  finb,  qualtn  foQ.  SDtttn  9tal^  an  bit  Witglit* 
bet  bttfti  @efeQf(^aft  be|iE|alb  ii't,  bitftlben  Sotten  umjUpfTopftn,  no  bie  ®aume 
gcfunb  finl),  anbetnfaQS  fie  auSiugraben  unb  unbebingt  (eine  foliftt  Morten  mti|E 
gu  pf(anjen.  @S  iR  Iti^t  ju  begreifcn,  bafi  je  wtnigeT  Mtfer  unbiauAbaien  9ltpfel 
tm  Saumflarten  lirqtn  bitiben,  je  wcnigci  @amtn  im  gnibja^t:  boe^anben  fein  fann. 
golgenbe  Sorten  finbe  iift  am  nenigfien  oiefen  fftofiflerfen  aulgtft^t  aa  fein  :  Wine 
sap,  B.  Davis,  Jonathan,  W.  Twig,  G-rimes,  M.  Blush,  Renoni,  Baldwin, 
Duchess,  R.  Astrachan  unb  Yellow  Transparent. 

@ine  anbeit  buret  ^iljc  DeTUTfa(^te  fiiantbeit  ift  ber  foatnannte  ERojl  ober 
Roestetia  S)ie  iicbenegefc^ii^fe  bieftr  ^'df,t  ifl  ft^r  ihttTefTont,  befonbeid  baburdi, 
bag  man  biefelben  in  einem  ®tabium  an  ben  totfien  S-ebetn  (virg  Jimiphus)  (inbet, 
tnd^Tenbbem  in  einem  anbeten  Stabium  bie  milbcn  &rabe  (Pirua  coronaria)  unb 
bit  cultiDtiten  Slepfel  bamit  bebnfCet  finb.  IJa  jtbo^  biefe  flranfEfeit  bier  notb 
teinen  SdiabtR  get^an  biit*  fo  ift  ti  ni(^t  noltiiDtnbig,  DitI  barubtc  ju  fagen.  Cte 
Soulard  Grab  ift  bit  tin^tge  @ort(,  moran  it^  biefe  ^iEjt  bemerft  bob;. 

@int  anbttc  ft^r  f{^ablid|t  Jtianf^tit  ift  bei  Sonntnbranb  an  btn  9)irnen 
(Pear  Blight),  unb  t8  fc^tint  biefelbt  immtt  nocfi  tin  Btatbftl  fur  bie  feetBorraflenb* 
ften  9Taturfoir(4tr.  3<^  Derlor  baburi)  le|ten  @onimcr  brei  %dume,  Doyenne  unb 
Ella,  bie  i4  ^attt  son  bUfet  Sortt,  jroei  SBaume  Le  (Jon  e,  einen  Clapp's  Favorite 
unb  einen  ^albtn  %aum  Bloodgood.  T^aB  tinjigt  ^itttl,  baS  ii}  meig,  ift,  roai 
ubtc^aupt  f^on  lange  bti  SBaumjiiditern  btlannt  ift :  bit  angtftetften  S^eile  beS 
SaumeS  ttma  fec^e  ^oi  unter^alb  ber  trant^nfttn  @telle  abjuf^neibtn  unb  ju  btt* 
brenntn.  l^.S  fei  jebotf)  no4  btmerrt,  ba|  el  abfolut  not^ntnbig  ift,  bai  3Rtfftt 
obet  bie@age  gut  }U  reinJQtn,  btDor  bieftlbeongefunb(n¥aumen  gebiaui^tuirben. 
Srgebenft, 

ff.   Sionberger. 


MONTGOMERY  COUNTY  HOBTIOULTUEAL  SOCIETY. 

At  the  December  meeting  of  Hugo  Obat  and  OartenbBngesellscliaft, 
beld  at  the  residence  of  Fred  Utz  on  Deeember  23,  among  other  biisi- 
ness  the  following  proceedinj^s  were  had : 

The  minates  were  read  and  adopted,  after  which  Mr.  F.  Lionberger 
atmnonnced  the  death  of  D.  S.  Holmao,  late  Treasnrer  of  the  State 
Horticnltaral  society,  at  the  same  time  making  a  motion  that  a  com- 
mittee of  obituary  be  appointed. 

Motion  adopted,  and  the  following  committee  was  appointed:  F. 
Lionberger,  Fred  Utz  and  W.  Loane. 


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MIBOBLLANEOnS  PAPBBB.  379. 

The  Committee  on  Orcbards  then  reported  trees  in  flue  condition, 
with  wood  well  ripened.  Serions  complaintB  were  made  aboat  the 
damage  done  by  the  codling  moth  the  past  seaeon.  The  life  history  of 
the  insect  waa  tbea  explained  by  F.  Lionberger,  as  well  aa  the  mode  of 
destroying  them  by  spraying,  after  which  a  general  discnssion  followed. 
It  was  farther  reported  by  the  committee  that  the  apple  had  been  very 
much  affected  by  scab,  especially  Mo.  Pippin,  Lawver,  Red  June,  Sweet 
Jane  and  Early  Harvest. 

Mr.  Dtz — My  Winesap  were  even  more  affected  than  Mo.  Pip- 
pin; they  all  cracked  open. 

*Mr.  Gntmann — My  experience  with  Winesap  is  the  same;  I  have 
not  got  a  perfect  Winesap  in  my  cellar. 

Mr.  F.  Lionberger  —  I  did  not  get  any  Winesap  at  all,  and  bo 
could  not  compare  them. 

Mr.  TTtz — Ben  Davis  was  less  affected  than  any  other. 

The  cycle  of  the  life  of  the  fungns  in  question  was  then  expl^ned 
by  F.  Lionberger ;  also,  the  remedies  giving  the  best  results  to  prevent 
the  spreading  of  the  disease. 

The  above  caused  a  lengthy  discnesion.  It  was  finally  agreed 
apon  that  in  order  to  meet  with  any  success  in  spraying,  it  was  neces- 
aary  to  become  better  acquainted  with  the  life-history  of  the  faogaa. 

Mr.  Lionberger — How  about  the  borers  t 

Mr.  F.  Gutmann — Plenty  of  them,  that  is  the  round  beaded  spe- 
cies, bat  no  flat-beads  were  noticed. 

It  was  agreed  that  a  wash  with  soft  soap  (not  too  strong),  with  a 
little  sulphur  or  carbolic  acid,  wonld  beep  them  off. 

Mr.  Lionberger — It  is  very  important  t-o  see  that  the  wash  is  ap- 
plied at  the  proper  time. 

Mr.  Gntmann — I  lose  a  good  many  trees  {torn  a  disease  at  the  col- 
lar. It  seems  to  commence  below  the  gronnd,  working  npward,  caus- 
ing the  bark  to  decay.  I  think  that  we  ought  to  make  some  inquiries 
about  the  disease. 

The  subject  of  small  fruits  was  then  taken  up : 

Mr.  Uts — Oumberland  looks  better  at  present  than  any  other 
variety  I  have. 

F.  Kimmicb — Orescent  looks  best  at  my  place. 

F,  Gntmann — Michel's  Early  is  the  fastest  grower  I  have ;  it  looks 
the  best  of  any  I  have  at  present.  Bubach  No.  5  is  a  slow  grower  ; 
however,  the  plants  are  very  stocky.  Sbarpless  and  Jersey  Qneen 
ahow  the  least  vigor  of  any. 

F.  Lionberger — While  I  admit  that  a  good  strawberry  should  be  a 
fine  grower,  yet  it  must  not  be  understood  that  the  slow  grower  cannot 
be  profitable.    The  feeble  growers  I  think  should  be  planted  closer 


380  STATE   HOaTIOULTHHAL   8O01BTT. 

For  instance,  Jersey  Qaeen  planted  at  ten  inches  would  not  mat  over 
the  groand  any  more  than  Michel's  Early  at  three  feet.  At  my  place 
Michel's  Early  shows  the  most  vigor;  next,  Crescent,  Warfleld  No.  2, 
Gandy  and  Haverland.  Gnmberlaud  and  Bnbach  JS'o.  5  I  find  to  be 
slower  groweTB,  bat  they  make  fine  stocky  plants,  forming  nice  stools. 
Jessie  and  Harts'  Minnesota  I  expect  to  drop  &om  my  list  by  another 
season. 

A  member — What  abont  blackberries  1 

F.  Lionberger — Kittatinny  is  my  best.  In  sections  where  it  is  not 
sabject  to  rnst,  it  is  yet  ahead  of  others.  Western  Triamph  and 
LawtoD  are  also  good.  Snyder  is  the  most  hardy,  and  is  Talnable 
where  most  others  fail. 

A  few  remarks  were  then  made  on  vineyards. 

F.  Gatmann — I  do  not  think  that  we  prane  close  enough  in  the 
spring.  We  ask  too  mach  from  onr  vines.  I  also  believe  in  trtuning 
the  bearing  canes  np  high.  Fruit  that  is  high  np  on  the  trellis  does  not 
seem  to  rot  so  badly  with  me.  Elvira  rotted  the  most  for  me  the  past 
season,  while  Ives  and  MisBonri  Biesling  were  the  most  exempt. 

A  few  remarks  were  then  made  on  ornamentals  by  F.  Lionberger. 

A  report  by  the  Committee  on  Injorioas  Fungi  was  next  read, 
after  which  a  short  discassion  was  had.  This  sabject  bad  received 
considerable  attention  at  the  beginning  of  the  meeting. 

Next  was  a  short  lecture  on  practice  Botany  by  F.  Lionberger,  ex- 
plaining the  cell  strncture  of  the  trees,  cirenlation  of  the  sap,  manner 
of  growth,  etc. 

W.  Loane  next  annonnced  the  serious  illness  of  J.  J.  Gentry  of 
Big  Spring,  who  is  au  honorary  member  of  the  society.  It  was  agreed 
for  some  of  the  membei-s  to  visit  him. 

Committee  on  Obituary  then  reported  the  following  resolutions: 

Whirbas,  Agktn  the  bortlcnltorUtB  of  the  State  of  Hlssoarl  are  reminded  of 
the  nncertaloty  of  lifo  and  called  to  mourn  the  Iom  of  one  of  their  co-worlcen  in 
the  person  of  the  late  Treaeorer  of  our  3tate  Hortloaltiir»I  society,  D.  S.  Holmao; 

WBEREta.  Hr.  Holman  was  one  of  the  oldest  members  of  oar  State  Hortlonl- 
tnral  society,  and  a  life-long  hortlcultarlst ;  he  was  a  man  of  maTked  ability  and 
one  whose  acqiialntaace  and  frleodBhlp  was  held  In  high  esteem  by  all  who  were 
fortunate  enough  to  poBseae  them ;  be  it  therefore 

Raalned,  By  the  HogoObst  nnd  Oartenbaugesellshaft,  that  in  hUdepartare  wo 
have  lOBt  a  falthfal  oo-laborer.  and  that  we  will  attempt  to  continue  the  work  h« 
bas  left  behind  him  by  emulating  his  rlrtues  and  practtclpg  the  good  example  be- 
set fbr  onr  Imitation. 

Saolttd,  That  we  will  extend  to  the  mourning  friends  onr  heartfelt  aympa- 
tbleafoT  their  loss. 


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MlBOBLLANSlOnS   FAPBRy.  S81 

!,  Thmt  «  copy  of  these  resolutions  he  tranemltted  by  onr  correepond- 
(ng  KcretsiT  to  the  family  of  our  departed  brntber. 

F.  LiOHBKitaBB, 
Prbd  Utz, 

W.  LOANE. 

The  resolationB  after  beiag  read  were  ODBnimously  ailopted. 

Mr.  Lionberger  then  epoke  of  the  importance  of  holding  regnlar 
meetings,  to  revise  the  list  of  standing  committees;  he  was  also  in 
favor  of  holding  a  fruit  show  .during  smumer  and  &11,  and  above  all, 
«ee  that  onr  Society  is  properly  represented  at  the  next  winter  meet- 
ing of  the  State  Horticnttnral  Bociety,  to  be  held  at  Sedalia.  We  mast 
send  one  or  more  delegates  with  a  good  display  of  frnit,  in  order  to 
show  to  Uie  State  what  we  are  doing.  It  will  not  be  long  antil  we  will 
have  apples  to  ship  in  quantities,  and  I  can  see  no  better  way  to  ad- 
vertise onr  frnit  than  to  make  exhibits  whenever  there  is  a  cbance  for 
ns  to  do  so. 

After  the  transaction  of  some  important  basineBS,  the  Society  ad- 
journed. 

F.  LlONBEBQEB, 

Corresponding  Secretary. 


HENRY  COUNTY  HOKTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

Olintoh,  Mo.,  November  1, 1890. 
Mr.  L.  A.  OooDUA.IT,  Secretary  of  State  SortieuUural  Sonets: 

I  herewith  submit  a  partial  history  of  the  Henry  Connty  Horticul* 
tnral  society  and  Henry  county  resoarces. 

The  Henry  County  Hortionltoral  society  was  organized  March  the 
Sth,  1884.  For  a  time  its  progress  was  slow.  The  attendance  of  ^nit- 
growers  and  others  was  limited,  yet  this  society,  with  its  few  members, 
continued  its  monthly  meetings;  by  hard  work  added  a  few  members 
each  year.  June  the  9th,  1887,  we  adopted  a  constitution.  We  now 
commenced  to  have  eammer  meetings  at  the  coantry  homes  of  oar 
members.  The  meetings  were  more  of  a  saccess,  as  it  seemed  more 
like  a  picnic  and  social  gathering.  All  would  bring  their  baskets  filled 
of  the  many  good  things  to  eat  and  feast  on  what  our  horticultnral 
ladies  had  prepared  for  these  occasions.  Each  meeting  became  more 
interesting.  Essays  were  read  on  horticulture,  floriculture  and  re- 
marks for  the  good  of  oar  society.  We,  as  a  society,  concluded  to 
make  a  display  of  our  fruits  and  flowers  at  our  county  fair.  Commit- 
tees were  at  once  appointed.    The  best,  nicest  and  most  nearly  perfect 


382  BTA.TE   HOBTIOULTUBAL   800IETY, 

fraits  vere  gathered,  such  as  apples,  peaches,  plnms,  grapes,  pears, 
qainoea  and  other  kinds  of  frnit.  All  were  arranged  in  floral  hall  oo 
&ir  gronnds.  All  that  saw  the  exhibit  coald  hardly  believe  snch  an 
exhibit  could  be  made  of  fruits  gathered  in  Henry  county.  Besides 
this  mnch  other  frnit  was  exhibited  by  priTate  parties.  This  society 
vas  awarded  first  premiam.  This  exhibit  did  not  only  show  that  our 
coanty  coald  raise  a  few  Tarieties,  bat  many  varieties  of  all  kinds  of 
frnits  of  the  best  qnality.  This  exhibit  has  commanded  the  attention 
of  many  of  onr  best  citizens.  They  now  are  taking  a  oommercial  view 
of  it.  Getting  interested  in  one  thing,  and  not,  ie  another.  When  they 
see  the  thousands  of  barrels  of  apples  shipped  from  this  coanty,  at 
good  prices,  this  year  and  other  years,  the  question  is  asked,  what 
kind  of  apple  tree  to  plant  for  profit ;  how  to  keep  rabbits  off,  and 
borers  oat  of  trees.  In  the  first  place,  we  woald  say  to  one  wanting 
to  plant  a  commercial  orchard,  to  take  the  experience  of  those  who 
have  had  experience,  of  those  nearest  to  him,  if  he  has  had  no  experi- 
ence. It  ie  a  mistaken  idea  to  plant  many  varieties.  Any  one  who 
plants  an  orchard  for  profit  expects  to  make  money  by  so  doing,  and 
it  is  very  essential  that  he  plant  right.  He  need  not  make  any  serious 
mistake;  in  fact,  there  should  be  no  mistake  with  one  having  experi- 
ence by  which  he  has  profited.  With  the  new  planter  it  is  different,  as 
he  has  access  to  the  experience  of  him  who  has  planted  many  kinds  of 
fruit  trees.  If  be  is  a  close  observer  and  up  to  snaff,  he  will  see  at 
once  which  is  hardiest,  best  bearer, and  for  market;  he  woald  say,  I 
always  see  apples  on  the  Ben  Davis  apple  trees  every  year,  and  ship- 
pers want  them  and  pay  the  highest  price  in  this  eoonty  for  them. 
Yes,  we  say  the  Ben  Davis  grows  in  every  part  of  this  coanty. 

This  coanty  lying  directly  in  the  great  fomoas  f^uit  belt  of  Mis- 
soari,  its  soil  and  climate  are  adapted  to  the  Ben  Davis.  iN'ext  best  is 
the  Limber  Twig  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county.  So  far  as 
known,  the  Jonathan  does  as  well  in  same  sections.  Success  sorely 
will  follow  the  man  that  will  plant  a  Ben  Davis  orchard  in  this  coanty, 
if  he  does  not  neglect  it. 

Second  question — How  to  keep  rabbits  from  eating  the  tree.  This 
is  easy.  Use  a  strip  of  fiy  screen  around  the  tree ;  cheap  and  effect- 
ive, and  the  same  is  used  to  keep  the  borer  beetle  from  depositing  her 
eggs  in  the  trees,  yet  the  trees  each  year  shoold  be  examined  for  borers; 
if  foand,  gouge  them  out  with  a  gouge. 

I  am  now  taking  too  much  time  aside  of  a  report  of  our  Society. 
I  will  get  back  to  our  fruit  exhibit  at  the  fair.  Our  premiam  fruit  was 
packed  in  barrels,  nine  in  all,  and  sent  to  Southwest  Missouri  Immi- 
gration society,  to  Secretary  J.  K.  Gwynn,  in  Exposition  bnildiag,  St. 


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UISOELLANBOUB  PAPBBS.  383 

Loaie.  Onr  winter  meetings  vere  beld  in  Clintoa,  as  asual,  in  the 
court-room  or  some  office.  The  following  sommer  onr  meetings  were 
held  at  the  members'  honaes,  giving  premiums  at  all  of  these  meetings 
for  best  display  of  all  kinclB  of  frnit,  honorable  mention  for  best  vege* 
table  display,  also  bonqoets. 

Lasb  fall  our  meeting  was  jnat  before  the  State  meeting,  to  beheld 
at  Lebanon.  I  was  instruoted  to  correspond  at  once  with  Mr.  Good- 
man, State  Secretary  at  Lebanon  to  have  the  State  meeting  at  Clinton 
next  time,  aesnring  them  a  pleasant  time,  and  that  the  citizens  of 
Clinton  would  be  as  liberal  as  on  other  occasions. 

This  Society  ielt  as  though  she  needed  help,  and  this  is  what  they 
wanted — a  State  meeting  to  receive  instructions  ft'om  the  best  horticnl- 
tnrists  in  and  out  of  the  State.  We  in  dae  time  got  notice  that  the 
State  meeting  wonld  be  held  in  Clinton,  Henry  county.  We,  as  a 
society,  entertained  the  idea  of  having  a  good  time  at  this  meeting 
when  in  session  here.  Onr  last  summer's  meetings  were  a  sacceBs  all 
the  way  tbroQgb ;  giving  premiums  for  best  display  of  fruits  of  the 
different  kinds ;  we  also  gave  fifty  cents  for  best  bouquet,  and  ten 
cents  each  for  the  next  foar  best.  All  boaquete  exhibited  were  sold 
before  the  close  of  the  meeting  to  the  highest  bidder,  and  the  money 
tamed  over  to  the  treasury.  The  essay  reading  bas  been  improved 
over  other  years.  We  have  generally  been  so  situated  at  the  places 
of  meeting  to  have  both  instmmental  and  vocal  music  dunng  these 
meetings.  Onr  membership  again  increased  this  year.  Onr  treasury 
always  has  had  some  funds  in  it,  yet  nothing  to  boast  of. 

Sow  we  are  in  the  midst  of  the  State  meeting,  and  I  hope  onr 
members  and  citizens  will  entertain  the  ofBcers  and  delegates  tcoui 
every  quarter  of  the  State.  We  ask  all  to  examine  into  the  resources 
of  Henry  county  while  here.  Her  farming  lands,  both  prairie  and 
timber,  for  stock  raising ;  nearly  all  her  lands  are  adapted  to  fruit-grow* 
ing ;  her  coal  fields,  churches,  college  and  academy ;  her  public  schools 
are  not  snrpassed  in  the  State ;  the  convenience  of  three  railroads  and 
water-courses  throughout  the  county.  Clinton  has  some  attractions — 
the  great  artesiau  wells,  street  railway,  gas,  electric  light,  potteries  and 
pressed  brick  factory;  her  large  mills,  and  another  is  being  erected 
with  a  capacity  of  600  barrels  per  day,  its  elevators,  etc.  Henry  county 
people  are  a  church-going  people.  This  means  a  social  and  generous 
people.  We,  as  a  society,  have  tried  to  make  this  State  meeting  a 
grand  success,  and  one  of  the  best,  or  at  least  as  good  as  any  ever 
held  in  the  State.  We  hope  all  officers  and  delegates  to  this  meeting 
have  made  many  warm  friends  while  here. 

Yours  respectftilly, 

J.  M.  PBSTzmaEB,  Secretary. 


9Si  STATE  HOBXICITLTUBAL  SOEIETT. 

DRYING  LARGE  FLESHY  FLOWERS. 

There  are  some  parts  of  plants  that  lose  a  great  deal  of  their 
beanty,  not  to  say  characteristic  shape,  by  the  ordinal?  process  of  dry- 
ing for  preservation  between  paper  under  pressnre.  For  example,  the 
leaves  of  the  various  kinds  of  pitcher  plants  are  ao  longer  the  round 
loDg  sacs  for  holding  water  that  they  were  when  growing,  and  the  large 
blossoms  of  fontastic  shapes  so  oonspicnons,  strange  and  beautifnl  in  the 
orchid  fomily  lose  nearly  all,  in  ordinary  drying,  that  made  them  attrac- 
tive while  A-eeh.  Many  persons  with  conservatories  wish  to  preserve 
some  of  tbe  flora}  specimens  in  a  dry  state,  bat  nsnally  give  op  in  de- 
spair after  one  or  two  attempts  in  the  ordinary  dry  way  or  by  means  of 
the  various  solntions  that  have  been  recommended  from  time  to  time. 

Boring  the  past  two  years  some  experiments  have  been  made  with 
a  view  of  flndins  some  cheap  and  convenient  way  of  preserving  the 
tender  parts  of  plants  or  those  of  pecnliar  shape  in  their  normal  form. 
Nothing  has  been  fonnd  that  is  better  than  hay-seed.  For  a  body  like 
the  pitcher  of  a  cepbalotns,  timothy  seed  is  excellent.  The  pitcher 
may  be  placed  in  a  vessel  containing  the  seed,  the  cavity  or  "  pitcher" 
being  filled  with  the  same  material.  I  have  simply  hnng  the  pitcfaerB 
up  in  the  open  air  dUed  with  the  seed,  and  had  them  dry  in  perfect  form. 
With  the  tender  fontaetic  orchid  flowers  for  example,  some  of  the 
lighter  grass  seeds,  as  those  of  red-top,  are  better.  The  main  point  is  to 
have  a  light  and  absorbent  snbstance  that  will  All  ap  the  cavities  and 
at  the  same  time  be  of  some  weight  to  hold  the  slenderest  part  in  place. 
I  have  had  some  of  the  orchid  flowers  with  long  slender  floral  parta 
several  inches  long  dried  in  this  way,  that  is,  packed  in  grass  seed,  and 
they  have  held  their  shape  and  mach  of  their  color  for  a  year  pinned  to 
ft  door  casing  in  the  laboratory. 

The  method  is  so  simple  that  any  one  can  practice  it.  Tbe  material 
is  cheap  and  the  results  are  satisfactory.  Simply  have  a  large-moathed 
vessel — I  nsed  straight-sided  glass  jars,  holding  a  half-gallon — and  fill 
in  the  seed  aronnd  the  specimens  carefnlly,  and  let  them  stand  in  a  dry 
warm  room. — Byron  D.  Salated. 


FUNGI. 
This  year  it  lias  been  nrged  that  fangi  may  be  the  caase  of  a  wide- 
spread and  complete  feilure.     This  generalization  explains  many  of  the 
obscurities  which  others  do  not,  and  it  is  abundantly  supported  by 
facts.    It  is  no  doubt  true  that  fungi  spread  more  rapidly  than  for- 


MISGBLLAKBOUS  PAPERS.  386 

merly,  because  of  the  greater  number  and  continaity  of  orchards,  jnet  as 
conta^ons  diseasee  spread  filter  io  cities  thau  Id  the  conntry.  In  the 
small  and  isolated  orchards  of  former  days,  ftingi  and  insectA  were  con- 
flned  within  closer  areas.  This  phenomenon  of  rapid  distribution,  dae 
to  greater  extent  of  host-plants,  may  be  termed  communal  intennto. 

The  fangi  which  have  been  connected  thns  £ar  with  this  breath  of 
destmotion  are  the  scab  fangi,  as  apple,  pear  the  quince  scab,  the  earl- 
leaf  of  the  peach  and  the  frait-rots  of  the  cherry  and  plara.  They 
spread  with  marvelons  rapidity  in  certain  cool  and  wet  springs,  and  as 
they  exist  year  after  year  in  nearly  all  localities  to  a  greater  or  less  ex- 
tent, it  is  not  strange  that  nnder  &vorable  conditions  they  inflict  wide 
areas.  All  this  suggests  a  broader  study  of  these  fungi  than  mere  life 
histories.  Meteorolo^cal  conditions,  the  general  method  of  their  trans- 
port, the  kind  of  cultivation  and  the  varieties  in  the  orchards,  and  the 
relations  of  extent  of  orcharding  to  the  it^nry  done,  demand  thought. 

But  we  doubt  if  the  failure  of  the  apple  crop  as  a  whole  this  year 
is  due  entirely  to  any  one  or  all  of  these  oansee.  Even  the  forest  trees 
in  many  regions  are  unproductive,  although  they  were  not  injured  by 
frosts,  nor  by  insects,  and  we  know  of  no  fungi  which  conld  cause  the 
&ilnre.  In  short,  considered  in  the  broadest  sense,  we  do  not  yet  know 
why  fruit  crops  simnltaneously  fail  over  many  states.  The  injuries  to 
ft^t  after  it  has  foirly  set  can  be  seen  and  traced,  but  this  wholesale 
death  of  flowers  and  very  young  fruits  is  an  obscure  problem.  The 
canses  which  we  have  discnssed,  except  possibly  in  the  case  of  frost — 
which  is  easily  observed — are  evidently  too  local  or  iusufBcient  to 
admit  of  universal  application.  Who  is  the  philosopher  to  enlighten 
oar  ignorance  t — American  Garden, 


WHO  IS  THE  THEOBISTt 
"Those  theoretical  fellows,"  the  experimenters  and  professors, 
cut  a  strange  figure  in  the  minds  of  many  good  people.  It  is  the  espe- 
cial function  of  certain  speakers  at  the  winter  meetings  to  ridicule  them 
and  their  "hobbies,"  even  while  commanding  their  hearers  to  plant 
squashes  in  the  old  of  the  moon  in  June,  and  to  pick  geese  only  when 
the  moon  is  on  the  increase,  lest  the  feathers  shrink  I  Even  before 
one  of  the  great  horticultaral  meetings  of  the  year,  a  prominent  speaker 
characterized  the  experimenters  as  "theoreticians"  who  would  not  be 
likely  to  see  the  difference  between  varieties  of  plants  I  We  had  not 
supposed  before  that  even  the  theorist  is  deficient  in  powers  of  direct 
observation  I 


.y  Google 


386  STATE   HOBTIOUI.TUBAL   80CIBTT. 

This  mnch-abneed  word  theory  is  ased  by  these  persons  to  desig- 
nate any  wild,  absard  or  impracticable  notion.  Time  waa  that  bypoth- 
eeee  of  donbtfal  character  were  projected  by  the  teacherB ;  bat  even 
then  they  were  far  fewer  than  is  commonly  snpposed.  And  even  those 
theories  which  have  died  of  their  own  frailty  have  served  an  essentif^ 
parpose  in  the  discovery  of  IkctB.  Truth  is,  the  teachers  are  in  ad- 
vance  of  the  practice  and  thought  of  their  time,  and  their  worlc  is 
never  appreciated  nntil  it  is  s€en  in  retrospect.  This  is  necessarily  so^ 
for  the  teacher's  function  is  to  lead. 

Bot  who,  at  the  present  time,  is  the  theorist,  in  the  common  mean- 
ing of  that  word  !  Who  plants  his  crops  "  in  the  moon  I "  Who  fears 
to  touch  the  heart  of  the  tree,  else  he  trill  kill  it  t  Who  washes  his 
apple  trees  to  olo^e  the  pores  and  keep  oat  germs  1  Who  will  not  hoe 
his  beans  when  the  dew  is  on,  for  fear  of  blasting  them  t  Who  pats 
snlphar  into  (he  pe%r  trees  to  kill  the  blight!  Who  carries  pumpkin 
seeds  in  his  tronsers  pocket  to  make  the  vines  productive  f  Who 
BOWS  tnmips  on  the  "  25th  of  Jnly,  wet  or  dryt"  A  person  can  hear 
more  "  theory "  at  one  farmers'  institnte  than  at  all  the  agricnltaral 
colleges  combined. — American  Garden. 


"  Popular  Soience  Kews"  gives  a  report  of  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  held  recently  at 
Leeds,  from  which  it  appears  that  a  large  part  of  one  day  was  devoted 
by  the  biologists  to  a  consideration  of  the  subject  of  teaching  botany 
in  schools,  introduced  by  an  able  paper  by  Professor  Marshall  Ward. 
Botany,  he  urged,  should  be  taught,  not  in  order  that  names  and  foets 
may  be  committed  to  memory,  but  that  habits  of  accurate  observation 
may  be  acquired  by  the  pupil,  and  great  principles  and  laws  grasped 
which  in  future  may  be  applied  under  any  special  conditions.  In  these 
views  he  was  supported  by  the  eminent  biologists  present,  who,  one 
and  all,  agreed  that  it  is  time  to  leave  the  blind  worship  of  foots,  and. 
Instead  of  measuring  a  scholar's  progress  by  the  amoant  of  dogmatio 
information  imbibed  and  put  into  an  examination  paper,  to  look  to  his 
understanding  of  the  relation  between  focts  and  the  intelligence  with 
which  he  describes  what  he  sees. 

ROSE-BUDS  ON  A  MISSION  OF  OHABITT. 

In  a  large  hospital  a  young  girl  has  wasted  away  day  by  day  with 

consumption.    Visiting  ladies  snpplied  her  with  books,  delicacies,  etc. 

She  al  ways  had  a  pleasant  "thank  you"  for  these  kindnesses,  but  seemed 

unusually  reserved  as  regards  her  religious  feeling.    One  morning  I 


MISCBLLANBOUB   PAPBB8.  387 

«iit  some  of  my  lovely  rose-bads,  and  tied  them  wtth  a  few  gpriga  of 
migDooette,  and  wisbiog  that  the  poor  child  might  really  believe  a  lov- 
ing Heavenly  Father  had  sent  them,  I  wrote  on  a  card  and  &st«ned  it 
OD  the  Btems,  "Gome  onto  me  all  ye  that  labor  and  are  heavy  laden,  and 
I  will  give  yoa  rest."  I  went  to  her  bed,  bat  her  face  was  hidden,  and 
her  Blight  form  coavnlsed  with  sobs.  In  her  hand  she  held  a  traot,  and 
my  eyes  glanced  at  these  words:  "Whatsoever  thy  hand  findeth  to  do, 
do  it  with  thy  might,  for  there  is  no  work  nor  device  in  the  grave 
whither  thou  art  hastening;*'  and  underneath  that,  "Ye  serpents  I  how 
can  ye  escape  the  damnation  of  hell  V  The  lady  that  gave  her  the 
tract  was  probably  a  Gbristian,  bat  a  stern  and  cmel  one.  "Look  here,^ 
dear  child,"  said  I.  She  took  the  lovely  flowers,  read  the  comtorting 
text,  laid  her  oheek  against  them  and  marmnred:  "God  is  good.  He 
loves  me ;  I  am  not  afraid."  The  flower  mission  is  a  beantifal  chanty. 
Lst  as  carry  these  lovely  blossoms  to  the  sick,  the  sorrowfal  and  the 
erring  instead  of  these  dreadfol  tracts.  The  dowers  will  always  teach 
a  heavenly  lesson.  The  tracts  may  do  real  harm  and  cause  positive 
«aS'eriag. — Sitter  Oraoioua  in  ^m.  Garden. 


Boees  need  a  good  etlff  clay  soil,  well  enriched.  If  the  soil  is  sandy, 
■clay  should  be  used  with  it.  Daily  attention  should  be  given  to  the 
■slug  pest  daring  the  early  part  of  the  summer ;  bat  tobacco  has  at  last 
shown  its  aeeful  side.  If  a  strong  decoction  is  ft'eqaentiy  applied  it 
will  soon  exterminate  these  mollascs,  and  besides  act  as  a  asefal  stimu- 
lant to  the  plant. 

At  the  approach  of  winter  bank  earth  about  the  roots  of  your  roses, 
some  six  inches  or  more ;  and  after  the  first  light  freeze  or  jast  before, 
Add  farther  protection  in  the  shape  of  leaves  fosteoed  aboat  the  tops 
with  brush  or  stakes.  Evergreen  boughs  are  still  better,  as  they  let  in 
the  air  and  do  not  hold  dampness.  In  the  spring,  after  removing  the 
outer  protection,  cut  back  to  the  green  wood.  Often  the  entire  plant 
will  come  out  green  and  healthy,  but  it  should  be  praned  severely,  if 
yonng,  healthy  flowering  shoots  are  desired.  The  mound  of  earth  may  -' 
be  removed  later. 

Among  the  most  hardy,  best  flowering  roses,  are  La  France,  LooIr'; 
Van  Hoatte,  Hermosa,  Glorie  de  Dijon,  Perle  des  Jardins.  Theee  ' 
bloom  all  the  sammer  long,  especially  if  well  pruned,  and  this  is  b^U' 
done  by  catting  ihe  roses,  bad  and  bloom,  as  fast  as  they  appear.  The 
stingy  florist  saves  the  flrst  flowers,  and  thereby  loses  many  later  ones 
— not  heeding  that  wherever  one  rose  is  cut  with  plenteous  stem,  two 
or  three  will  appear  in  its  place. 


888  BTATB   HOETIOULTUBAI,  SOCIBTT. 

To  the  lover  of  flowers  do  one  kind  can  afford  more  pleaaore  or 
profit  with  80  little  labor  as  the  roee.  It  bids  fiur  to  become  the  &to^ 
ite  among  all  onr  snmmer  and  sutamn  flowers.  Etch  the  popalar  chrys- 
anthemnm  cannot  in  oar  aatnmn  days  qnite  eclipse  the  equally  popo- 
lar  rose. — H.  K.,  Oermantovm,  0.,  in  Am.  Garden. 


FEUIT- GEO  WING  IN  MISSOURI. 

An  addTQflB  by  B.  8.  HIIm,  of  Oray'a  Summit,  MiBsoarl,  before  the  Farmers'  Insti- 
tute of  MUboutI,  1891, 

I  have  been  engaged  in  the  basiness  of  fruit-growing,  and  espe- 
cially apple  raisiDg,  for  the  last  forty  years,  and  have  now  growing  on  my 
farm  in  this  coanty,  apple  orchards  containing  about  seven  thoDsand 
trees,  of  ages  ranges  ftom  seven  to  forty  years. 

I  wonld  say  to  the  beginner  that  the  first  thing  to  be  considered  in 
planting  oat  an  orchard  is  the  selection  of  a  locality.  Don't  £eu1  to- 
select  the  best  piece  of  groand  yoa  have  on  yoor  &rm.  There  ia  not 
half  80  mnch  depending  on  the  lay  of  the  groand  as  there  is  in  the 
quality  of  the  groand.  Almost  any  gronad  in  this  connty  that  will 
produce  a  good  crop  of  com  will  be  suitable  for  an  apple  orchard. 

Select  thrifty  yoang  trees  {not  over  two  years  old).  Flaat  the  trees 
not  nearer  together  than  thirty  feet  each  way.  Plant  either  late  in  the 
&11  or  early  in  the  spring.  Be  sure  that  the  roots  of  yonr  trees  neither 
get  dry  nor  frozen  after  being  taken  from  the  narsery  aad  before  plant- 
ing in  the  orchard.  Be  very  particular  about  planting;  plant  in  the 
orchard  about  two  inches  deeper  than  the  trees  grew  in  the  nursery.  See 
that  the  dirt  is  well  pulverized  and  well  filled  in  among  the  roots  and 
reasonably  well  packed  down,  but  not  too  hard,  with  the  roots  ia  their 
natural  position. 

As  soon  as  the  tree  is  planted,  prune  it.  Always  remember  that 
there  is  very  much  depending  apon  the  proper  praniug  of  an  apple 
tree.  Commeuoe  right  and  attend  to  it  often,  and  you  will  never  have 
very  much  pruning  to  do.  At  the  first  pruniog  (at  the  time  the  tree  is 
planted)  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  the  top  be  cut  back  as  mnch  as 
%he  roots  have  been  cat  back  in  takipg  the  tree  from  the  ground  ia  the 
nursery,  and  often  more  than  that.     Never  plant  a  forked  tree. 

If  the  tree  was  forked  in  the  nursery,  be  sure  that  you  take  off 
one  of  the  prongs  when  you  plant  it  in  the  orchard.  After  the  first 
pruning — which  should  be  done  when  the  tree  is  planted — there  is  more 
danger  of  pruning  too  much  than  too  little.  If  properly  pruned  while 
the  tree  is  young  and  small,  it  will  very  seldom  be  necessary  to  cut  out 


inBCELI.4NB0nS  PAFBBa.  389 

laxgb  limbB  from  trees  wheQ  they  get  older.  There  is  often  serioas  harm 
done  in  cutting  oat  large  limbs  from  bearing  apple  trees.  If  a  large 
limb  is  all  taken  off  entirely  baok  close  to  the  body  of  the  tree  or  back 
to  a  larger  limb,  the  wound  thns  made  will  nearly  always  make  a  dead 
place,  aud  in  a  few  years  it  will  rot  ont  and  make  a  hollow  place,  which 
injures  the  tree  far  more  than  the  living  limb  ever  woold  have  injured 
the  tree  if  left  on. 

If  at  any  time  yon  decide  that  a  large  living  limb  most  be  taken 
■off,  don't  ont  it  off  entirely  back  to  the  body,  bnt  cnt  it  off  fer  enough 
from  the  body  so  that  there  may  be  some  living  limbs  on  the  stab  to 
^eep  it  alive.  As  to  the  best  time  io  the  year  to  do  prauing,  I  think 
there  is  not  likely  to  come  any  harm  from  taking  off  small  limbs  at  any 
time  of  the  year,  bat  where  heavier  penning  is  to  be  done,  the  proper 
time  is  in  the  taXi,  after  the  leaves  have  fallen,  or  early  winter.  A  few 
words  on  the  cultivation  of  the  orchard,  and  I  will  close.  As  soon  as 
or  before  you  plant  out  your  orchard,  bnild  a  good  strong  fence  around 
it,  and  never  at  any  season  of  tbe  year  allow  any  stock  of  any  kind  in 
it,  except  to  cultivate  it,  or  to  haul  out  the  fruit.  For  the  first  five 
.years  plow  and  cultivate  the  ground  well  np  to  the  first  of  July  each 
year,  bnt  don't  stir  the  ground  later  than  that,  lest  yoa  keep  the  trees 
growing  too  late  in  the  season.  The  trees  need  rest  -after  the  first  of 
■July  to  ripen  up  the  yonng  wood  and  prepare  for  winter.  After  the 
orchard  has  been  plaoted  five  years,  sow  it  down  to  clover  and  plow 
under  tbe  clover  once  a  year,  late  in  the  fall  or  early  in  spring.  liTever 
cultivate  any  crop  in  the  orchard  except  apples. 


FEBTILIZEBS  FOK  ORCHARDS. 
From  Pratrl«  Farmer. 

Replying  to  Mr,  Yont's  query  as  to  the  proper  manarial  element  to 
supply  to  his  orchards,  I  would  advance  tbe  following  as  the  result  of 
my  experience  and  study  of  the  subject: 

Mr.  T.  leaves  it  to  be  inferred  that  on  the  plat  from  which  norsei? 
etock  was  taken  no  manure  whatever  had  been  used,  hence  we  can  be 
nearly  certain  that  the  original  elements  in  the  soil,  snch  as  were  sait- 
.able  for  tree  growth,  must  be  to  a  certain  extent  exhansted.  A  little 
reflection  wUI  show  that  a  study  of  the  constituents  of  wood  ashes  will 
•be  a  reliable  guide  as  to  the  material  taken  from  the  land  by  a  crop  of 
young  trees.  I  will  again  refer  to  this  after  the  second  part  of  his  ques- 
tion has  been  noticed. 


.y  Google 


880  STATE  HOETIOULTUEAL  BOOIBTT. 

What  element  of  fertility  ebonld  be  given  an  old  orchard  after  bear- 
iDt;  man;  apple  crops  may  be  disclosed  by  a  consideration  af  the  orchard 
aa  a  whole :  what  do  the  body,  foliage  and  frait  of  tiie  trees  respectively 
take  from  tbe  soil  T  and  of  the  elements  so  reqaired,ou1y  sncfa  as  ore 
entirely  removed  from  the  orchard  need  be  considered  at  this  time,  as 
it  is  only  by  the  permanent  loss  of  fertility  that  ground  Is  impoverished^ 
We  readily  nnderetand  that  the  trank  and  branches  of  an  apple  tree^ 
altbongb  nsing  maoh  plant  food,  yet  alone  coald  not  occasion  loss,  as 
tbe  essential  part,  or  sap,  is  to  a  great  extent  returned  to  the  roots;, 
even  the  sap  which  sustains  the  leaves  is  largely  restored  to  the  tree 
before  the  leaves  fall.  The  portion  which  remains  in  the  leaves  when 
they  reach  the  ground  is  given  to  the  soil  by  thtir  decay,  especially 
where  tbe  snrface  is  protected  from  sweeping  winds.  Where  the  leaves 
are  blown  away  or  gathered  for  bedding  some  loss  of  fertility  occurs, 
bat  It  is  so  incoDSidernble  that  many  years  wonid  not  greatly  rob  an 
orchard.  It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  it  is  to  a  stndy  of  the  frnit  and  its 
constitaent  elements  that  we  mast  look  for  the  caase  of  the  infertility  or 
Mr,  Yont's  old  orchard,  especially  as  he  mentions  that  many  crops  oV 
fruit  have  been  taken  off;  here  is  a  continued  drain  with  noretarn.  An 
analysis  of  the  apple  shows  that  in  each  ten  pounds  of  fruit  there  is 
but  .008  ponnd  of  nitrogen,  hence  we  see  that  this  element  is  hnt  little 
needed  in  ao  apple  orchard.  Of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  same  amonnt 
of  fruit  there  is  still  less,  or  only  .001  pound,  which  goes  mainly  to- 
seed  formation,  hence  there  is  no  real  necessity  for  applying  this  ele- 
ment except  as  it  natarally  exists  In  combination  with  other  fertilizers. 

There  is  in  ten  pounds  of  apples  a  large  quantity  of  potash,  being 
.013  pound,  and  in  an  average  crop  of  15,000  pounds  per  acre,  therfr 
would  be  had  nineteen  and  a  half  pounds,  the  whole  of  which  would 
be  absolutely  and  totally  removed  from  the  orchard  soil ;  in  ten  similar 
average  crops  almost  two  hundred  pounds  of  this  fertilizing  material 
would  be  taken  from  each  acre,  and  the  most  natural  result  is  that  the 
orchard  ceases  to  bear,  simply  becaase  |tbere  is  nothing  whatever  to- 
make  fruit  of.  Owing  to  this  robbery  even  the  trees  do  not  remain 
vigorous,  and  who  can  blame  them  t 

The  above  is  a  simple  statement  of  a  condition  of  things  all  over 
the  conatry,  where  the  owners,  like  oar  correspondent,  cannot  ander- 
stand  why  the  old  orchard,  which  formerly  yielded  enormous  crops^ 
does  not  now  pay  for  the  pruning.  I  have  tried  to  make  plain  and  clear 
the  caase,  and  will  now  give  the  remedy,  which  is  eqoally  simple  and  is 
only  this :  Apply  manure  containing  the  proper  ingredients,  and  your 
orchards  will  again  become  productive  and  your  young  plantations  will 
be  kept  in  thrifty,  vigorous  condition. 


HIBOBLLAKBOUS  PAPBSS.  391 

Now,  the  most  nataral  and  in  many  respects  the  most  economical 
mannre  that  can  be  applied  to  an  orchard  is  aoleacbed  wood  ashes, 
especially  if  they  caa  be  obtained  near  at  hand,  or  parchased  at  any 
price  less  than  a  half  cent  per  ponad.  In  a  ton  of  ashes  there  shoold 
be  abcnt  140  pounds  of  potash  in  a  form  most  readily  aTailable  by  the 
tree  roots,  besides  snfflcient  phosporic  acid  and  a  small  quantity  of 
nitrogen.  Besponsible  dealers  quote  ^od  ashes  at  $10  per  too,  inclod* 
ing  freight,  and  this  is  about  as  cheap  as  any  commercial  fertilizer  that 
can  be  aecnred,  and  one  Imows  juet  what  he  is  applying. 

The  main  objection  to  the  application  of  barn-yard  manure  is 
that  it  contains  snch  a  preponderance  of  elements  which  go  to  forming 
a  rank,  woody  growth  at  the  expense  of  the  ftait;  bot  of  course  it  is 
far  better  than  none,  applied  as  directed  by  the  editor  in  the  January 
17th  issue. 

Betnming  to  the  question  of  the  fertilizing  substance  removed  by 
the  nursery  stock,  we  must  understand  that  in  this  case  it  was  the 
trunk  ot  tree  which  was  entirely  removed.  Now,  if  instead  of  being 
sold  these  yoang  trees  had  been  burned,  whai  wonld  have  been  left  t 
Ashes  certainly,  and  as  we  have  foand  that  fifty  poands  of  tiieae  ashes 
contain  nearly  three  and  ooe-half  pounds  of  potash,  this  most  have 
been  the  substance  most  largely  taken  from  the  soil,  and  this  was  done 
jnst  as  effectually  as  tbongh  the  trees  had  been  taken  away  and  burned 
instead  of  being  sold.  Ashes  then,  as  with  trait,  is  indicated  as  the 
proper  fertilizer. 

As  it  is  possible  that  for  many  western  orchardista  it  is  more  ood- 
Tcnient  to  secnre  other  fertilizing  elements  instead  of  ashes,  I  give  a 
formula  which  will  give  nearly  a  perfect  mannre  for  an  apple  orchard. 
For  other  fruits  it  woold  be  necessary  to  change  the  quantities  of  the 
ingredients  somewhat,  in  order  to  give  them  jnst  the  food  most  suit- 
able: 

COUFLBTB  lUMUftS  K)K  APPLES. 


75  lbs.  nitrate  of  potaeh  . 

lOlbB.  acid  phosphate.... 

astbi.  nitrate  of  soda.... 

Total 


S2  7K 
1  36 
1  W 

$5  00 


Here  at  the  highest  retail  prices  we  see  snCBolent  manure  for  an 
acre  of  orchard  will  cost  only  $S,  and  at  ton  prices  less  than  $2.60,  so 
that  on  the  score  of  cost  no  one  can  allow  his  orchards  to  run  out. 
Moreover,  if  the  above  qnaiitity  is  applied  every  three  years  out  of  five, 
it  will  amply  supply  all  demands  likely  to  be  made  upon  the  soil. 


D.-inz'isK'^.wO' 


igle 


S92  8TATB  HORTIOULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

Ad  objection  to  the  nse  of  fertilizere  like  the  above  is,  that  tbey 
■  are  bo  conceDtrated — that  is,  makeso  little  balk— that  itiaaot  an  easy 
matter  to  get  them  evenly  applied  over  the  entire  area.  In  oonse- 
qaence,  the  above  materiale  ebonld  be  mixed  together,  and  then  sev- 
eral handred  or  more  pounds  of  dry  eartb  added  and  thoroughly  mixed, 
as  this  w^Ol  moke  the  proper  distribation  Car  easier.  Land  plaster  may 
also  be  used  in  place  of  the  earth,  bat  the  application  shoald  be  made 
immediately  after  the  mixing,  not  allowing  the  mixtare  to  stand  in  a 
mass  for  any  length  of  time.  Elueb  E.  Suhuby. 


BETTBE  COUNTRY  ROADWAYS. 
L.  Brraot,  before  Narthern  lllloolB  Hort.  Societf. 
The  best  road  is  a  raised,  hard  roadway,  the  center  of  gravel,  mac- 
adam, or  similar  material,  with  a  side  track  on  one  or  both  sides  for 
light  driving  and  travel  in  dry  weather.  Good  drainage  is  an  essential 
feature,  and  dr^ns  shoald  be  of  saffloient  capacity.  The  ideal  road- 
way shoald  be  seeded  to  grass  where  not  ased,  evened  ap,  weeds  kept 
down,  all  noxioaa  ones  being  cat  ont  by  the  roots,  with  the  sides  hav* 
ing  an  easy  slope.  Shade  trees  shoald  be  planted  close  enough  to 
keep  oat  the  fierce  snnlight,  but  not  near  enough  to  prevent  a  growth 
of  grass.  Refuse  should  not  be  damped  in  the  streets.  Weeds 
when  pulled  up  shoald  not  be  thrown  into  the  streets  to  dry,  and  their 
seeds  distributed  by  passing  vehicles.  This  matter  of  weeds  should 
be  attended  to  by  highway  officers.  The  mowing  of  grass  may  be  left 
to  individaal  taste.  The  old  system  of  road  districts  and  district  over- 
seers should  be  abolished,  and  the  work  left  to  three  road  commis- 
sioners, one  of  whom  should  have  the  necessary  time  and  ability  to 
personally  supervise  the  work.  O-o  to  the  town  meetings  and  see  to  it 
that  the  highway  commissioners  are  instructed  to  destroy  noxious 
weeds,  and  put  the  roads  in  order.  Local  highway  improvement  socie- 
ties covering  a  certain  definite  portion  of  road  shoald  be  formed, 
and  meet  once  a  month,  and  a  committee  appointed  who  should  advise 
property  owners  as  to  needed  operations.  Pasturing  in  highways,  if 
carried  out  systematically,  is  not  hurtful,  though  general  ranging 
should  not  be  allowed. — 0.  Judd  Farmer. 


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MISCELLAHBOTTB   PAPEB8.  393 

LOJTGEVITT  OP  PEAOH  TREES. 

The  short  dnr»Uon  of  the  peach  of  late  ;earB  has  attracted  more 
Attention  than  the  apple.  There  are  many  oasnal  observers  who  jatnp 
to  the  fionclasion  that  the  practice  of  baddlng  is  the  cause  of  this,  and 
to  those  who  onl;  look  at  the  outside  there  is  mach  to  support  this 
view.  From  the  window  where  I  write  I  can  look  out  on  a  lot  of  seed- 
ling peach  trees,  whose  age  lean  only  guess  at,  bat  which  cannot  be 
less  than  twenty-five  years.  They  are  pictures  of  health.'  Budding  is 
sot,  per  ae,  responsible  for  the  failure,  I  think,  but  rather  the  careless- 
neas  of  our  nurserymen  in  growing  stocks  for  budding.  All  over  the 
land  there  has  been  an  insane  sort  of  impression  that  peaches  mast  be 
budded  apon  stocks  raised  from  eoathern  natural  seed.  These  seeds 
are  collected  by  country  store-keepers  in  Virginia,  North  Oarolina, 
Tennessee  and  elsewhere — and  are  almost  invariably  saved  ttom  half- 
ripe  peaches  cut  for  drying.  They  are  not  only  half  ripe,  but  fi'om  the 
fltuBted,  starved  trees  one  sees  all  through  this  country.  The  constant 
use  of  seed  of  sach  poor  vitality  is  largely  the  cause  of  the  short  life 
«f  the  tree  budded  on  these  stocks.  The  late  Col.  Edward  Wilkins, 
of  Maryland,  at  one  time  the  largest  peach-grower  in  the  state,  had  a 
theory  that  much  of  the  trouble  of  orchardists  came  ftrom  the  trees 
being  budded  on  dissimilar  stocks — a  late  peach  on  seed  from  an  early 
one,  etc. 

He  oaoe  raised  a  large  orchard  in  accordance  with  this  idea.  He 
saved  seed  from  the  earliest  to  the  latest  peaches,  and  budded  tbem 
with  similar  sorts.  The  seeds  were  all  from  budded  trees,  yet  this 
orchard  was  one  of  the  longest  lived  and  most  successful  orchards  in 
the  peach  district.  Many  of  the  trees  grew  to  an  enormous  size,  and 
when  Col.  Wilkins  built  the  present  mansion  at  Peach-tree  hall,  the 
newel  post  of  the  grand  stairway,  a  very  largeand  ornamental  one,  was 
turned  from  the  solid  heart^wood  of  a  giant  peacb  tree.  This  newel 
post,  in  its  finished  state,  if  I  remember  right,  is  nearly  one  foot  in 
diameter.  The  members  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  who 
attended  the  meeting  in  Baltimore  in  1877,  visited  this  place,  and  many 
will  doubtless  remember  the  peach-tree  stairway.  I  firmly  believe  tbat 
if  oar  norserymeQ  would  select  their  seed  f^om  healthy  trees,  without 
any  regard  to  their  being  seedlings,  the  success  of  budded  trees  would 
soon  be  equal  to  the  seedling  ones. —  W.  F.  Maasey,  North  Carolina  Bx' 
periment  Station. 


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BT1.TB  HUKTIOOLTUBAI,  SOOIETT. 


PRESERVING  FRUITS. 


To  every  gallon  of  water  use  two  teaBpoonfalH  of  powdred  snlptiar. 
Lay  the  sulphur  on  a  dish.  Place  yoar  frnit,  water  anil  SDlphar  ia  a 
tightly  closed  bos.  Set  fire  to  the  sulphur,  close  the  lid  of  the  box, 
BDd  allow  the  articles  to  remain  in  four  or  five  hoars,  when  they  will  be 
sufficiently  processed.  Then  take  ont  your  frnit,  place  it  in  jars  and 
cover  with  the  processed  water. 

All  articles  to  be  preserved  mnst  be  sonnd  and  free  &om  blemish ; 
braised  or  broken  skins  wonld  keep,  bat  be  water-soaked.  Only  thick- 
Bkinned  fraits  and  vegetables  are  to  be  nsed.  Any  water-tight  vessel, 
covered  safficiently  to  ezclade  dast,  may  be  nsed.  Barrels  are  advised 
for  greea  com,  and  large-sized  stone  jars,  holding  several  gallons,  for 
tomatoes.  Two  or  three  laches  of  water  most  always  be  over  aad 
above  the  frnit.  Por  ase,  rinse  off  the  salphared  water  and  cook,  or 
use  as  if  frenh  from  garden. — Mrt.  E.  T.  6.  in  American  Garden, 


In  his  paper  on  Horticnitaral  Education,  Heory  L.  Glapp  begins 
with  "  children's  natural  love  for  digging  in  the  earth,"  but  which  is 
obliterated  as  they  grow  older,  and  hence  the  abandonment  of  forma. 
They  leave  the  occupntion  of  producers,  and  seek  that  of  middlemen 
or  non-prodacers.  The  coantry  at  large  is  greatly  overstocked  with 
middlemen.  He  cites  as  an  example  the  report  from  Wayne  coaaty,  N". 
y.,  where  there  are  no  less  than  foar  hundred  empty  bouses.  One 
named  town  has  more  than  fifty  deserted  bouses,  and  another  has  thirty 
or  more.  The  population  here  as  elsewhere  is  slowly  drifting  into  the- 
larger  towns,  and  many  are  going  West.  Hortioultoral  edacatiou  is 
the  proposed  remedy — not  merely  the  education  of  books,  of  which 
there  are  already  too  many  pointing  toward  teaching  pupils  to  be 
traders  and  making  bargains.  Some  of  the  European  countries,  wltb 
all  their  disadvantages  in  other  respects,  have  exceeded  us  in  this.  In 
France  there  were  in  1867,  20,000  schools  in  which  teachers  and  pupils 
foaad  recreation  and  profit  in  garden  and  fruit  coltare.  There  are  now 
28,000  of  these  schools.  In  Sweden,  22,000  children  are  instructed  in 
horticulture  and  tree-planting.  Germany  appropriates  annually  for 
agriculture,  $2,850,000 ;  France,  $8,000,000.  Secretary  Rusk  hopes  to 
get  $1,359,000  from  our  government. — Prairie  Faiiaer, 


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MI8CBLLANEOT7S  PAPBBB.  39& 

GLASS  8TRU0TUKES  DEFINED. 
One  sabHcriber  aska  why  a  correspondeut  ehoald  have  spoken  of 
a  "  cold  ^  greenhoase  last  monlh,  when  every  one  knows  that  a  green- 
hoaee  is  for  warmth.  This  shows  that  some  confasioa  prevails  in  the 
minds  of  the  pnblio  regarding  the  names  of  difFerent  kinds  of  glass 
Btructnres.  We  take  pleasure  in  throwing  some  light  on  the  subject. 
A  cold  greenhouse  is  one  in  which  no  artificial  heat  is  used,  and 
answering  in  the  Sontkern  States,  to  winter  many  tender  plants ;  in  the 
North  the  cold  greenhonse  may  have  indirect  beat  similar  to  the  one 
described  last  month.  A  cold  grapery  is  similar  to  a  cold  greenhouse. 
A  greenhoase  is  anderstood  to  be  a  glass  structure  provided  with 
means  for  artificial  heating,  to  a  temperature  ranging  from  45°  to  65^  at 
night.  A  hot-house,  or  stove,  is  a  strnctnre  in  which  night  heat  of  60° 
and  upward  is  uniformly  provided  in  cold  weather.  Sometimes  the 
stove  is  supposed  to  be  distinct  from  tbe  hot-honse,  or  signiiying  the 
latter  when  heated  nniformly  at  above  70°  at  night  The  warm 
grapery  is  analogous  to  the  bot-honse.  A  conservatory  is  an  adjunct 
to  other  glass  honses,  and  into  which  plants,  after  they  have  reached  a 
showy  stage,  are  brought  for  display.  It  is  a  place  where  plants  are 
shown  rather  than  grown.  The  forcing  house  is  a  highly-heated  strnc- 
tnre, often  with  the  glass  near  the  benches,  and  into  which  plants  are 
brought  temporarily  for  inducing  their  bloom.  A  retarding  house  is  a 
kind  of  cold  or  cool  greenhouse  used  for  retarding  plants.  A  cold  pit 
is  of  the  same  class  as  the  cold  greenhonse,  but  is  usually  built  into 
the  ground  and  with  glass  only  overhead.  A  cold  frame  is  a  shallow 
bed  covered  with  sash, and  unprovided  with  artificial  beat.  A  hot-bed 
is  similar  to  the  last,  bat  is  beated  by  means  of  fermenting  manure,  or 
sometimes  by  Que,  water  or  steam  pipes. 


A  TALK  ABOUT  HARDT  GARDEN  PLANTS. 
(J,  W,  Manning,  Jr.,  before  the  Society  of  American  Nurserymen.) 
We  are  by  no  means  confined  now  to  the  plants  of  the  old-foshioned 
gardens,  many  of  which,  though,  are  indispensable  even  now,  but  the- 
number  of  all  hardy  kinds  well  worthy  of  culture  is  au  astonishing  list.. 
This  list  includes  some  of  the  finest  of  foliage  plants,  which  equat 
and  even  rival  many  tropical  forms,  while  variety  of  form  and  color  in 
the  flowers  is  not  rivaled  perhaps  except  in  Orchids. 


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•396  STATE  HOBTIOULDSAI.  800IBTTT. 

Many  beantifal  forms  are  in  onUiTation  and  fonnd  hardy  and  de- 
sirable, wtaich  are  natives  of  the  snowy  Himalayas,  the  Siberian  plains, 
while  China  and  Japan  oontribate  long  lists  of  beantifal  novelties  which 
are  much  songht  for,  which,  together  with  the  long  list  of  desirable 
kiods  firom  all  other  temperate  parts  of  the  globe,  contribate  to  make 
s  flower  garden  a  most  beautifnl  spot  and  a  fascinaUng  study. 

There  are  some  places  where  bedding  plants  can  and  probably  will 
be  need  to  advantage  for  some  time,  bnt  the  plants  for  the  millions  are 
uo  longer  these.  They  demand  something  that  will  require  less  care 
and  expeoee  in  cultivating,  that  will  be  hardy,  permanent  and  showy, 
and  of  sufficient  variety  in  foliage  and  flower  effect  to  suit  all  demands 
of  soil,  situation  and  individual  desire. 

The  Qse  of  perennials  is  not  confined  to  the  flower  garden  alone, 
€or  many  valuable  kinds  are  finely  adapted  and  actually  used  in  con- 
nection with  shrubbery,  both  among  the  plants  and  about  the  edges, 
■adding  beanty  that  is  at  ouce  appreciated  by  the  pnblic  Again,  many 
beantiful  plants  are  being  used  to  beantity  semi-wild  situations,  known 
as  wild  gardens,  while  parks,  public  gardens,  etc.,  are  now  being  largely 
planted  with  this  stock,  and  the  fkct  that  oor  best  landscape  gardeners 
are  using  the  plants  in  qaantity  is  of  itself  a  sufficient  guarantee  of 
Iheir  value. 

A  good  sample  of  sach  nse  can  be  seen  in  Central  park,  while 
-other  and  more  striking  examples  are  to  be  seen  in  Newport,  B.  I., 
-where  the  use  of  these  plants  is  becoming  general. 

We  now  have  plants  for  beautifying  rooky  places,  ledges  and  dry 
banks,  flowers  which  will  flower  and  thrive  to  perfection  in  partial  to 
-deep  shade ;  bog  plants  for  reclaiming  spots  hitherto  considered  detri- 
mental to  any  fine  flower  effects,  while  ponds,  brooks  and  streams  are 
the  best  sitnations  for  some  beautifnl  plants  which  cannot  well  be  dis- 
pensed with  when  known. 

The  garden  proper  is  enriched  by  an  immense  list  of  kinds  pre- 
'Senting  greater  variety  of  form,  foliage  and  flower  than  ever  before 
known.  I  have  shown  there  is  no  dearth  of  material  in  this  class  of 
plants,  and  that  they  are  already  nsed  to  a  considerable  and  increasing 
extent.  The  question  as  to  whether  all  nurserymen  should  catalogue 
these  plants  is  one  that  requires  a  oarefal  answer. 

To  mention  a  list  of  the  more  commonly  known  and  best  kinds  for 
general  use,  we  would  quote  the  following  among  the  best:  Achilleas 
•^in  variety),  Aconitums  adonis,  Yemalis,  Alyssams,  Anohnsa  Italica, 
Anemones  (in  variety),  Anthemis  tinotoria,  Anthericums  (in  variety), 
Aqnilegias  (in  variety),  Arabis  Alpina,  Amerias  (in  variety).  Asters  of 
the  dwarf  kinds,  Campanulas  (in  variety),  of  strong  growth,  Ceutanreas, 


MISOKLLAHBOUS   PAPARB.  S9T 

Clematis  (io  variety),  Coreopais,  especially  lanceolata,  Delphiniams  or 
Larkepnrs,  Dianthna  (in  variety),  Dioeutra  spectabilie  and  exima,  Pent- 
BtemoDB  (in  variety),  DiotamDiiB,  ErigerODS  (in  variety),  Fankias  or  Day 
Lilies,  Gaillardias,  Spireaa  (in  variety),  Bilene  Pennsylvanica,  Bilene  Tir- 
giaica,  Violets  (in  variety).  Yuccas,  Geraninms  or  Oraoes  Bills  (in  vari- 
iety),  Oypsophila  panicnlata,  Heleninms,  Helianthns,  of  the  least  weedy 
sorts,  Hemerocalis (in  variety).  Hollyhocks,  Iberis  or  Hardy  Oandytnfts,. 
Iris  (both  Oemtan  and  Japanese),  Liatris,  Lilies  of  the  thriftiest  kinds, 
Lyclinis  (in  variety),  Martensias,  Monarda,  Myosotis  or  For^t-me-nats,. 
(Eaotheras  or  Evening  Primrose,  Peonies  (in  variety),  Papavers  or  Hardy 
Poppies  (in  variety),  Pbloz  (in  variety),  Platyeodona,  PolemoninmB,  Pyre- 
thrams,  Badbeekiaa  (the  less  weedy  kinds),  Sednms  (of  the  shrabby 
sorts),  Tradescantias,  Trilliams,  Veronicas  (in  variety).  Tineas  or  Peri- 
winkles.— Ameriean  FlorUt. 


EXPERIENCE  WITH  SMALL  FBUITS. 
Six  years  a^o  I  began  growing  strawberries,  raspberries  and  black- 
berries in  a  small  way.  Have  since  Increased  my  plantation  to  acres. 
"Will  give  yon  my  experience  with  varieljes.  The  Crescent  was  my  first 
love,  and  I  have  never  folly  al>andoiied  it.  Have  tried  it  with  Sharps 
less  and  Captain  Jack  and  May  King,  and  find  it  at  home  with  any  va- 
riety. The  Jessie  was  my  next  hobby,  having  planted  it  quite  largely. 
I  find  it  a  most  deUoious  berry,  bat  not  as  prolific  as  Crescent.  The 
Babach  surpaased  anything  on  my  place  and  sold  readily  in  market  at 
top  prices.  Having  it  properly  fertilized  with  Jessie,  Z  shall  never  fear 
a  dull  market.  Wartleld  So.  2 — For  beauty,  earlinebs  and  firmness  is 
the  fruit-grower's  friend.  The  earliest  to  ripen  and  the  last  to  bear,. 
make  it  very  desirable  and  profitable.  Haverland — We  have  not  fruited 
only  on  spriug-set  plants.  The  berry  was  beautiful,  and  expect  a  fine 
crop  next  season.  Qandy — Did  not  make  as  much  growth  as  desired, 
but  plants  are  looking  fairly  well.  Winner  and  Eureka  were  planted 
late,  and  cannot  expect  many  returns.  If  I  were  planting  for  profit  I 
would  plant  Bnbach,  Warfield  No.  2,  Haverland,  Crescent,  and  fer- 
tilized with  Jessie,  and  I  do  not  think  any  one  wonld  be  disappointed 
with  a  full  crop  of  berries  every  year. — J.  W.  Oogdall,  Sangamon  Co.,  IlL 


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STATE  HOBTIOULTUBAL  800IKTT. 


THE  BEST  WAY  TO  VENTILATE. 

Eight  persoiia  out  of  ten  will  try  to  rid  a  room  of  its  noxions  gases 
by  making  an  outlet  for  the  air  near  the  top  of  the  ioclosed  space.  The 
result  is  that  the  room  is  cooled,  bnt  the  imparities  remain  practically 
where  they  were.  Th«  reason  is  this :  As  the  air  of  a  room  is  heated 
it  rises,  bat  the  impare  gases,  being  generally  heavier  than  ordinary  air, 
settle  to  the  bottom  of  the  room.  A  great  amount  of  harm  has  been 
done,  in  school-rooms  particnlarly,  by  lowering  the  upper  Bashes  in 
windows,  thns  cansing  cold  drafts  npon  the  overheated  heads  of  the 
papils.  A  room  is  best  ventilated  when  the  heavy  and  impare  air  is 
drawn  gradaally  away  tvom  the  lowerpart  of  theroom  throoghan  open- 
ing into  a  chimney,  the  heated  walls  of  which  caase  an  upward  cnrrenL 
An  open  fireplace  is  thns  one  of  the  best  ventilators  known.  When 
this  is  not  convenient,  an  opening^oovered  by  a  grate  shonid  be  made  in 
the  chimney  near  the  fioor.  Low  rooms  become  freqnently  ao  over-  . 
heated  as  to  reqnirc  an  outlet  neartbe  top,  bnt  this  should  be  used  sim- 
ply to  cool  the  room,  not  to  ventilate  it.  In  close  baildings,  oocapied 
by  animals,  ventilation  can  be  secured  by  a  close  shaft  six  or  more 
inches  sqnare,  according  to  the  size  of  the  room,  extending  &om  within 
aboat  twelve  inches  of  the  floor  up  through  the  roof  of  the  building. 
The  wind  blowing  across  the  top  of  this  will  cause  an  upward  current, 
which  will  draw  off  the  impure  air. 

Int«restiog  experiments  can  be  made  by  testing  the  effectiveness 
of  various  kinds  of  ventilation.  Let  the  doors  of  a  room  be  closed  to 
beep  out  drafts;  then  with  dplicate  tissue  paper  cot  in  long  strips  and 
held  by  one  end,  or  with  a  lighted  caudle,  note  the  outward  current  of 
air  through  an  opening  near  the  floor  into  a  heated  chimney,  or  ttom 
the  room  into  an  open  fire.  Note  also  the  outward  current  of  the  up- 
per air  when  a  window  is  lowered,  and  at  the  same  time  the  downward 
rnsh  of  cold  air  to  the  floor  near  the  window.  If  a  sleeping  room  has 
been  closed  all  night,  as  too  many  steeping  rooms  are,  go  out  into  the 
pure  air  for  fifteen  minutes,  then  go  back  into  tbe  closed  room  andnote 
the  unpleasant  change.  The  first  seeds  of  disease  are  too  often  sown 
In  unventilated  bed-rooms. —  Webb  Donnell  in  Am,  AgricuUurigt, 


THE  MISSION  OP  FLOWERS, 
It  seems  strange  at  first  thought  that  young  children  and  women 
and  old  people  shoald  care  more  for  flowers  tban  do  boys  and  middle- 
aged  men,  yet  it  is  not  strange.    The  spirit  of  flowers  belongs  to  the 
4salmer  and  tenderer  virtues,  and  it  is  foreign  to  the  restless  boy  who 


HISGBLLinBOUS  PAFBKS.  399 

is  fired  with  indefinite  aepirations,  and  it  is  apt  to  find  little  room  for 
lodgmeot  in  the  mind  of  ambitions  manhood.  Bnt  vhen  the  years 
begin  to  aofteu  pasBiona  and  ambitions,  the  first  love  of  the  flowers 
begins  to  return,  and  it  retarns  the  more  completely  the  more  tender 
And  carefnl  the  disposition.  Yonth  and  old  age  meet  in  many  ways.  It 
is  a  fond  ideal  of  artists  to  picture  the  child  npon  the  grandfather's 
knee  or  frisking  by  hie  side  through  the  calm  and  shady  fields.  I^ature 
speaks  to  both,  to  one  in  some  unknown  and  strange  emotion  which 
inspires  a  wonder  of  what  the  great  world  is  and  what  it  means,  to  the 
other  with  the  sweetness  and  nearness  of  a  friend.  Both  love  the 
flowers  becaase  they  appeal  to  their  sentiments  and  emotions.  Life 
begins  and  ends  at  the  same  point,  in  purity,  emotion  and  love.  To 
women  flowers  always  appeal,  becaase  in  them  the  fundamental  af- 
fections are  leas  obacnred  by  ambitions  and  sin.  It  is  a  hopeftil  sign 
if  some  of  the  tenderness  and  sweetness  of  childhood  remains  in  the 
man,  if  the  flowers  and  nature  still  retain  of  their  old-time  fragrance 
and  wonder.  "It  is  character  that  counts,  after  all." — Ammean 
Garden. 


THE  DISCIPLINE  OF  DIFFICULTIES. 

"I  regard  the  yellows  as  one  of  the  greatest  blessings  which  ever 
fell  to  the  lot  of  peach- growers.  It  has  checked  the  recklessness  and 
inflation  which  follow  aniform  eacceas."  This  bit  of  heresy  was  given 
us  recently  by  a  peach-grower  of  large  experience  and  observation  in 
the  Chesapeake  peiiinsnla.  We  had  onrselves  tanght  that  diseases 
and  difficulties  which  can  be  readily  overcome  or  can  be  checked  witb- 
ont  great  aacriflce,  are  directly  beneficial  to  any  commanity ,  because 
tbey  drive  ont  the  shiftless  and  incompetent  growers,  and  because  they 
lessen  production,  and,  therefore,  aid  in  keeping  prices  within  the  limit 
of  profit.  Bat  we  had  hesitated  to  make  the  same  declaration  in  re- 
gard to  sach  s^rions  and  obscure  diseases  as  pear  blight  and  yellows, 
and  we  had  never  thought  of  the  discipline  of  difficulties  ia  checking 
the  recklessness  of  snccess.  This,  our  informant  assures  us,  has  been 
true  in  many  parts  of  the  Chesapeake  country.  It  is  almoat  an  axiom 
that  the  most  staid  and  honest  people  are  found  in  regions  where 
greatest  effort  is  demanded. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  carry  onr  friend's  remark  to  its  logical 
conclusion.  In  the  first  place,  difficulties,  wherever  we  flnd  them,  are 
moral  goads.  The  man  who  does  not  overcome  them  must  tnm  out  of 
their  way.  Therefore,  they  drive  ttom  any  business  those  men  who 
are  not  staid  and  courageous  enough  to  oppose  and  overcome  them; 
they  rid  the  business  of  an  uncertain  and  therefore  unstable  element. 

D.-iiiz'iiil.^v^H-H-'VIl^ 


400  STATE   HORTIOULinBAI.  SOGIETT. 

Again,  difficaltiea  eogalf  most  Berloaely  those  vho  are  ignorant  of 
the  details  of  the  bnaiaess  or  who  lack  perception  and  alertness.  As 
a  rale,  other  things  being  eqnal,  the  most  competent  men  in  any  bnsi- , 
ness  are  thoee  who  have  confined  their  attention  to  a  comparatively 
small  field.  Difflcnltiea,  therefore,  tend  to  drive  oat  the  general  or  old~ 
style  farmer,  and  the  greater  the  diffioolties  the  greater  mast  be  the 
ezodas. 

We  cannot  escape  onr  friend's  conclnaions :  the  difflcalties  of  an; 
bneiness  drive  oat  the  incompetent  and  careless,  and  tend  to  make 
specialists.  And  the  more  serioas  the  difficulties,  the  more  intense 
mnet  be  the  specialization.  General  and  mixed  farming,  in  connection 
with  fruit-groviDg,  is  constantly  becomiDg  less  satisEactory. 

Specialization  is  the  salvation  of  onr  agricnltnre,  for  whether  we 
wish  to  throw  the  responsibility  of  present  depressions  npon  politiciana 
or  npon  the  moon,  it  is  still  true  that  the  man  who  is  most  skillfal  in  » 
special  line  is  bound  to  be  the  most  successful.  A  prominent  ednostor 
recently  reaiarked  to  as :  "  The  agricultural  colleges  are  bouod  to  at- 
tract more  attention  from  the  farmers,  for  the  difflcalties  of  farming  are 
constantly  becoming  greater.   The  boys  want  help." — American  Garden. 


FIGHTING  THE  GROUND  MOLE. 

Wherever  the  common  ground  moles  take  possession  of  light 
soils,  free  ftom  stone,  they  become  a  great  nuisance,  and  do  an  im- 
mense amount  of  injury  to  lawns  as  well  as  small  plants  In  the  vegeta- 
ble and  flower  garden.  If  we  scatter  barnyard  manure  in  drills  or 
trenches  made  for  the  reception  of  peas,  beans  or  other  seeds,  a  mole 
is  pretty  certain  to  find  it,  and  bnrrow  under  the  entire  row,  lifting  up 
or  breaking  off  the  roots  of  the  yonng  plants,  causing  their  destruc- 
tion. If  a  forkful  of  manure  is  dropped  in  a  hill  for  melons,  a  mole 
will  soon  show  us  that  he  knows  it  and  how  to  work  in  a  circle  nntil 
every  seed  has  been  dried  up,  or  plant  destroyed,  and  if  the  mannre  is- 
spread  broadcast,  then  the  moles  travel  in  the  same  way,  prodncing 
broadcast  destruction. 

It  does  not  help  us  to  be  informed  that  the  moles  are  only  seeking 
their  natural  food,  and  have  no  desire  or  inclination  to  be  mischievous  - 
bat  they  are  all  the  same,  and  the  food  they  seek  is  generally  the  harm- 
less angle-worm  and  not  the  larvee  of  insects,  as  many  writers  have 
cltumed  to  shield  the  moles  from  total  condemnation.  If  a  mole  wa» 
very  hungry  and  there  were  no  angle-worms  to  be  had,  he  would  no 
doabt  make  a  meal  of  white  grubs ;  in  fact,  I  have  tested  his  taste  for 


MI80BLLANB0U8  PAPBBB.  101 

different  kinds  of  food  and  have  foand  tbat  he  preferred  the  angle- 
worms, and  vonld  root  ap  several  square  yards  of  lawn  in  seeking  bis 
breaki^t. 

Traps  are  generally  recommended  as  a  very  satisfactory  means  of 
destroying'gronnd  moles,  and  if  well  made  and  of  the  right  pattern,  and 
then  properly  set,  the  mole  stands  bat  a  poor  chance  of  escaping  a 
thrast  from  the  steel  points.  Unfortnnately,  my  grounds  are  sqt- 
Tonnded  by  forms  that  seem  to  breed,  moles  as  freely  as  they  do  the 
ox-eye  daisy,  and  so  I  have  tu  defend  myself  against  trespassing  moles 
as  well  as  against  the  Dataral  increase  of  the  home  stock.  It  is  now 
aboat  twenty  years  since  I  first  began  to  use  the  modern  mole-traps, 
and  I  may  say  with  fair  success,  for  the  nnmber  of  moles  caaght  every 
«ammer  with  them  will  average  for  the  years  named  about  twenty- 
five,  or  say  five  hundred  in  all,  but  this  slaughter  has  not  exterminated 
the  pests,  for  we  csnght  and  killed  thirty-three  during  last  Eeason.  I 
have  tried  poisons  of  various  kinds  but  with  no  apparent  beneflcial  re- 
sults, and  even  bi-salphide  of  carbon  poured  into  their  barrows  only 
drives  the  moles  to  new  grounds  a  few  yards  distant.  The  noxious 
inseots  have  never  given  me  half  the  tiouble  nor  proved  as  great  pests 
JD  the  garden  as  the  ground  moles,  and  while  I  shall  probably  con- 
tinue to  use  traps  in  order  to  keep  the  pests  in  check,  I  am  aaxioasly 

looking  for  some  better  and  more  rapid  mode  of  extermination A.  8. 

I'uller,  Ifew  Jersey,  in  American  Agriculturist. 


EDITOEIAL  NOTES  AND  COMMENTS. 
It  fruit-growing  profitable  t — This  question  bas  been  and  is  repeat- 
«dly  asked  many  times,  and  always  requires  a  conditional  answer.  The 
conditions  are :  1,  a  suitable  climate ;  2,  a  favorable  soil ;  3,  fertilizers 
adapted  to  the  soil ;  4,  varieties  adapted  to  climate,  soil  and  market ; 
5,  management  suited  to  these  conditions;  6,  a  combination  of  infin- 
ences  which  will  give  fine  and  handsome  fruit  and  plenty  of  it.  These 
reqnirements  can  be  secured  only  by  much  attention  and  long-contin- 
ued experience.  If  mainly  for  market,  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
best  markets  is  necessary ;  if  for  home  use,  a  great  variation  in  kinds 
may  be  made  according  to  personal  preferences  and  for  daily  use.  But 
less  knowledge  and  experience  is  required  for  raising  fruit  for  home 
use  than  for  market,  for  if  any  failure  is  made  the  loss  is  not  formida- 
ble, and  does  not  involve  the  loss  in  packing,  selection,  rail  freight, 
express  charges  and  commission. 


H  It— 26 


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402  STATE   HOETICULTUEAL  BOOIBTT. 

Planting  pond  UUet. — L.  B.  Bice  describes  in  tbe  GaDadiBii  Hortl- 
onltnriat  bis  sacceesfol  method  of  raising  pood  lilies  (Nyn^kaa).  A 
tnb,  made  by  catting  ao  oil  cask  in  two  across  tbe  middle,  has  six 
inohes  of  cla;  loam  placed  in  tbe  bottom,  and  on  tbis  tbree  iDches  of 
lighter  mock  or  mod.  In  tbis  set  the  HI;  roots  with  the  bads  partly 
exposed.  Sink  tbe  tub  on  the  lawn  vhere  it  will  receive  plenty  of  son- 
shine,  tbe  top  a  little  below  the  sarfoce,  the  turf  jnst  covering  tbe  edge 
of  the  tub.  It  is  then  filled  with  water.  A  small'  portion  of  dead 
leaves  is  thrown  in.  Before  freezing  it  is  covered  with  boards  and 
straw. 

Treea  with  tap-rootg. — "  Orchard  and  Garden  "  publiebes  Dr.  Btay- 
man's  acconnt  of  the  results  of  removing  tbe  tap-root  from  apple  treefe 
and  tbeu  setting  tbem  on  flat  stones,  comparing  tbe  results  with  treetf 
retaining  tbe  lap-roots.  An  orchard  was  set  ont  near  Uniontown,  111., 
with  the  tap-roots  cut  off  and  the  trees  set  on  flat  stones,  and  another 
at  tbe  same  time  and  place  with  the  tap-roots  remaining  and  not  on 
stones.  Forty  years  afterward  the  first  mentioned  were  still  bearing, 
and  tbe  last  mentioned  orchard  was  all  gone.  Other  similar  cases  were 
named.  Doubtless  much  would  depend  on  the  character  of  the  soil, 
hard-pan  and  aur&ce,  and  in  other  places  the  result  might  be  qn:te  dif- 
ferent. 

Wildjlowerg F.  H.  Horsford  of  Massachusetts  gives  to  "  Garden 

and  Forest"  a  statement  of  bis  mode  of  collecting  and  transplanting 
wild  flowers  to  bis  garden.  He  takes  the  plants  when  in  bloom,  lifting 
them  with  plenty  of  earth  on  tbe  roots,  keeping  tbem  moist  and  shielded 
from  the  sun  for  a  week  or  two.  We  have  adopted  a  mode  for  many 
years  which  appears  to  be  an  improvement.  The  plants  are  noted 
when  in  bloom  and  allowed  to  stand  until  growth  has  ceased  and  the 
flower  fallen,  bat  with  tbe  leaves  still  remaining  to  show  where  the 
plants  are.  A  small  stick  or  label  is  thrust  into  the  ground  at  each 
plant,  and  if  in  tbe  borders  of  woods  the  bark  is  shaved  on  the  nearest 
small  tree  or  sapling  facing  the  locality.  In  the  coarse  of  a  few  weeba 
the  place  is  again  visited  with  trowel  and  basket,  and  tbe  roots  secured 
without  difiBculty.  Less  care  is  reqaired  than  when  tbe  plants  are 
growing;  they  meet  with  no  check  by  the  removal,  and  are  ready  to 
bloom  freely  another  year.  Qaantities  of  flowering  perennials  are  tbna 
easily  and  safely  secured,  from  the  earliest  in  spring,  eucb  as  the  Hepu- 
tica,  THlliam,  Erythronium,  Sangninaria,  Phlox,  Aretbaea  and  others, 
and  tbe  later,  native  Lilies,  Gyj)ripedinm9,  Gentians.  Calopogon,  Fogo- 
nia  and  many  more.  Many  of  tbeee  require  to  be  grown  in  tbe  shade 
as  in  their  natural  localities,  and  thus  supply  a  want  not  often  met  in 
plants  obtained  &om  narseries. 


MISO&LLANIGOnS  PAFBBS.  403 

Rep^img  borers  and  rabbitt, — A  western  oorrespondeDt  of  the 
**  Bnral  World  "  describes  a  wash  which  will  prevent  moths  and  beetles 
from  depositing  their  eggs  in  fruit  trees,  for  exclnding  apple  borers  and 
peach  grabs :  Slake  f^esh  lime  with  old  soaprsads,  making  it  as  thick 
as  eommon  whitewash,  and  add  haJf  a  gallon  of  ernde  carbolic  acid 
for  each  peck  of  lime,  and  foor  poanda  of  salphor  and  a  gatiou  of  soft 
soap.  Wash  with  this  mixture  the  trank  and  limbs  with  a  flat  brnsh, 
the  first  of  June.  To  keep  rabbits  off,  and  to  prevent  sheep  from 
girdling,  wash  late  in  autumn,  oaing  half  s  gallon  of  gas  tai  instead  of 
the  soft  Boap.  These  washes  are  similar  to  those  used  by  orchardists 
in  former  years,  with  some  variation  in  ingredients. — Country  Oentlo' 


THE   QBBATEST  BATTLE   FIELD. 
The  bravest  battle  that  ever  was  fought ! 

Shall  I  tell  you  where  aod  when? 
On  the  mapB  of  the  world  yon'll  find  It  &ot ; 

'Twftg  foaght  by  tbe  motben  of  men. 
Nay,  not  with  oannon,  or  battle  (hot, 

With  iword,  or  nobler  pen  ; 
Nay,  not  with  eloquent  word  or  thought, 

From  montha  of  wonderfOl  men. 
But  deep  In  a  walled-up  woman'!  hearts— 

Of  woman  that  would  not  yield. 
But  bravely,  silently  bore  her  part — 

Lo  I  tberti'B  that  battle-field . 
No  manh&ling  troup,  no  blvoaacaong: 

No  banner  to  gleam  and  wave; 
But,  oh!  these  battles,  they  lastao  long — 

From  babyhood  to  tbe  grave, 
ret,  faithful  Btlll  as  a  bridge  of  stars, 

She  fights  in  her  walled-up  town — 
Fights  on  and  on.  In  her  endless  wars. 

Then  silent,  unseen—goes  down. 

0  ye  with  banners  and  battle  shot. 
And  soldiers  to  shout  and  praise  ; 

1  tell  yoa  the  klngliest  victories  fought 
Are  fought  in  these  silent  ways. 

Oh,  spotlesa  woman  In  a  world  of  shame ; 

WItb  splendid  and  silent  Boorn  ; 
Go  back  to  Qod  as  white  aa  yon  came : 

Tbe  klngliest  warrior  born. 

JOAQDtN  Mil. 


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404  STATE   HORTIOULTDEAL  800IBTY. 

Dr.  Schlicb'a  statement  of  the  destrnotive  tendencies  of  private 
forest  ownership  in  India  might  with  eqnal  trath  have  been  made  as  a 
general  proposition.  It  is  the  salient  fact  which  the  history  of  the 
forests  of  the  earth  seem  to  reach ;  but  nowhere  have  the  proofs  of 
its  truth  taken  such  giganic  proportions  as  in  the  United  States  to-day. 
Even  in  Germany,  where  the  state  has  done  ita  ntmost  to  snrronnd 
them  with  every  possible  s&fegnard,  the  wood-lands  of  private  pro- 
prietors are  steadily  decreasing,  both  in  area  and  in  quality.  A  second 
great  fact,  which  is  of  equal  and  immediate  significance  to  ns  in  America, 
is  that  the  conntries  which  have  been  Successful  in  forest  preservation 
have  been  so  along  the  lines  of  forest  management.  The  first  and  most 
evident  fnnction  of  the  forest  is  to  produce  wood,  and  no  scheme  which 
leaves  out  of  account  the  imperative  and  legitimate  demand  for  forest 
produce  is  likely  to  meet  with  the  support  of  a  people  as  practical  as 
our  own.  The  forests  which  are  most  profitably  used  are  the  forests 
which  are  best  preserved.  These  truths  have  never  had  the  currency 
with  as  which  their  importance  has  deserved,  and  as  a  result  we  have 
been  hastening  along  a  road  whose  end  is  painfully  apparent.  We  are 
surrounded  by  the  calamitous  results  of  the  course  that  we  are  now 
pursuing.  It  fact,  it  seems  as  though  there  were  almost  no  civilized  or 
semi- civilized  country  in  either  hemisphere  which  cannot  stand  to  us  as 
an  example  or  a  warning.  To  this  great  truth  they  bear  witness  with 
united  voice.  The  cure  of  the  forests  is  the  duly  of  the  nation. — 
Oifford  Finako  in  Garden  and  Forest. 


OBNAMEHTAL  HEDGE. 

In  answer  to  the  inquirer  who  asks  for  a  good  or  the  beat  shrub 
for  an  ornamental  hedge  on  his  grounds,  we  may  name  any  species  which 
has  a  thick  natural  growth,  and  is  sufficiently  hardy  and  vigorous  to 
hold  its  ground.  Among  the  best  is  the  Japan  quince,  which  in  addi- 
tion to  its  stout  growth  possesses  great  beauty  when  in  flower,  but  re- 
quires some  care  to  keep  it  in  shape.  Unlike  it  and  eqdally  valuable 
is  the  purple  barberry.  For  low  growthare  Deutzia gracilis  and  sweet- 
scented  shrub.  Taller  shrubs  may  be  employed  if  kept  pruned  within 
bounds,  such  as  Philadelphus,  Cornelian  cherry,  Tartarian  honeysuckle, 
and  others.  Strength  may  be  given  to  any  of  them  by  stretching  one 
or  more  barb  wires  lengthwise  through  the  center  as  they  are  grow- 
ing up. 


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MISCELLANEOUS  PAPEE8.  105 

PEACHES  IJr  ST.  LOUIS  COUNTY. 
S«m«  aflAa  Old  and  Nea  Varielia  and  Hote  T/uy  Did  in  SI.  LouU  County  in  I8S8-S9, 

Editor  Aural  World — Tbe  followiDg  list  of  peaches  I  have  &aited 
in  St.  Loaifi  county.  I  have  one  orchard  in  bottom  laad  on  the  river 
( Missiesippi ),  another  two  miles  from  the  river  on  upland,  on  or  aboot 
twenty-five  hundred  in  all — trees  from  seven  to  eighteen  years  old. 

Amsden,  Alexander,  Gov.  Garland,  Arkansas  Traveler,  very  mnch 
alike  and  are  to  peaches  what  Hartford  Prolific  is  to  grapes.  I  wonld 
not  plant  many  of  them,  as  they  come  in  competition  with  finer  ones 
from  the  South, 

Early  Beatrice,  a  good  little  peach,  ftnlt  too  small. 

Early  Rivers, cracks  and  is  sabject  to  moss  blotches;  does  not  sell 
well  in  St.  Louis. 

Hale's  Early,  bods  very  hardy,  fruit  perishable  on  tree  and  off. 

Mountain  Rose,  very  good. 

Amelia — First-class  peach,  the  first  really  good  peach  we  hare. 

Foster — This  has  been  a  disappointment  to  me  and  in  this  neigh- 
borhood. It  mi^  do  better  East,  where  it  came  from.  Will  grub  out 
sixty  trees  of  it. 

Large  Early  York — A  sure  old  peach. 

Crawford's  Early — I  have  what  seems  to  be  two  strains  of  this ; 
one  I  got  from  a  Bloomington  nursery,  back  in  the  seventies,  is  a  first- 
rate  peach  for  home  market,  rather  tender  for  shipping.  The  otber 
strain  I  got  &om  another  party  is  more  tender  in  bud  and  don't  color 
np  as  well. 

Moore's  Favorite,  looks  like  Old  Mixon,  but  larger. 

Beeves*  Favorite — This  with  me  comes  always  fine,  yellow  free- 
stone, almost  round ;  I  think  it  one  of  the  best. 

Old  Mixon,  free,  variable  with  me,  does  best  with  me  on  poorish 
ground. 

Susquehanna,  very  shy  bearer,  could  do  without  it. 

Crawford's  Late,  always  fine  when  well  grown. 

Stnmp-the-World — This  is  also  a  variable  peach  with  me — some 
years  very  fine,  while  other  years  on  the  same  ground  it  is  very  indif- 
ferent 

Ward's  Late — This  drops  from  the  tree  before  ripe,  seems  to  hold 
\t»  fruit  when  grown  in  orchard  grass. 

Beers'  Smock — This  does  not  belong  to  the  Smook  family,  as  it  is 
an  upright  grower,  whereas  the  Smocks  are  drooping ;  a  good  peach 
and  a  free  bearer,  profitable ;  yellow,  free. 


406  STATE  HOBTIOULTUBAL  BOCIBTT. 

9hiple;'8  Late — Red,  fraited  tbia  two  yeara,  ooe  of  the  beat,  wbite 
fleab,  a  foncy  peacb. 

Kauticoke — Yellow  freestone,  a  free  bearer,  rang  even,  upright 
grower.  Thia  is  the  most  profitable  peach  I  ever  grew.  I  got  six 
doUara  a  basbel  box  by  the  wagon  load  in  St.  Loaia  in  1S89 ;  got  bads 
of  thia  peach  sent  to  me  by  a  party  in  South  Kanaaa  eighteen  yeara 
ago.     It  was  labeled  a  cling,  bnt  la  a  decided  freeaton«. 

Brandy  wine — Fraited  thia  in  1889;  looks  like  Crawford's  Late,  but 
ie  not  as  roand,  and  teii  days  later.  Very  large,  yellow  freestone, 
a  fbuey  peach. 

Christiana  is  also  a  fine,  yellow  freestone,  ronnd ;  sella  well  in  St. 
Loals. 

Freeman's  Late  is  an  improved  Smock,  later  than  the  Smock  by  a 
week,  and  larger  and  better  colored  than  Smock.    Very  profitable. 

Picqnet'a  Late — Another  fine  one. 

Heath  Cling — I  have  seen  lots  of  what  paased  for  Heath  Cling, 
bat  the  trae  Heath,  when  well  grown,  won't  go  begging  for  a  par- 
chaaer. 

Gold  Dast — I  got  thia  from  Judge  Miller,  a  yellow  cling,  very  large 
and  firm,  quality  not  so  very  good,  a  good  one  for  pickling,  for  which 
there  eeeme  to  be  qnite  a  demand. 

LaGrange,  always  fine  with  me. 

Bed  Cheek  Melocoton — Seta  too  much  fruit;  baa  to  be  thinned  to 
have  the  fruit  large  enough  to  be  salable  and  the  color,  ia  not  bright 
enough. 
■  Moore's  White,  small,  dull  white ;  unattractive ;  diacarded  it. 

I  have  a  good  many  more  of  the  newer  kinds  that  I  did  not  fruit 
long  enough  to  pronounce  on. 

A.  Latbllb. 

January  2, 189L 


ROSE  NOTES. 
Autumn  Blooming  Varieties. — No  variety  surpasses  the  old  Souve- 
nir de  Malmaison  as  an  autumn  bloomer.  In  many  of  the  Northern  States, 
where  our  winters  are  a  constant  succession  of  hard  freezing  and  com- 
plete thawing,  this  and  many  other  oatrdoor  roaes  are  so  crippled  by  the 
sudden  changes  as  to  have  little  chance  to  show  us  their  beet  poiata. 
Tbey  may  often  be  acen  in  really  fine  form  in  localities  of  extreme 
cold,  bnt  this  is  where  they  are  not  subject  to  these  trying  thaws ;  in 
both  situations,  however,  a  judicious  winter  protection,  which  allows  a 
good  circulation  of  ait  about  the  plant,  will  usually  be  found  of  great 
benefit. 


MIB0BLLANB0U8  PAPBBS.  407 

Iq  tfae  milder  climate  of  Eagland  and  io-tbe  more  &Tored  areas  of 
onr  own  country,  especially  in  the  Ohio  valley  and  aonthward,  the 
MalmaiaoD,  with  Sombrenil  for  a  lovely  companion,  are  beautiful  beyond 
description.  Gave  Hill  cemetery,  at  Loaisvitle,  is  a  garden  of  roses, 
and  it  is  seldom  seen  to  greater  advantage  than  when  these  tvo  varie- 
ties, with  Hermosa  for  a  modest  third,  are  in  the  full  fiosh  of  their 
autumn  bloom.  Not  a  stray  rose  here  and  there,  but  roses  in  the  great- 
est proftision  aad  on  every  aide. 

Of  the  hybrid  Teas,  La  France  is  ofteo  noticeably  beantifbl  In  the 
antnmn,  but  this  entire  section  of  the  rose  family,  notwithstanding  that 
it  contains  some  of  our  most  delightful  varieties,  ia  rendered  almost 
unfit  for  out^door  planting  in  the  Korth,  owing  to  its  susceptibility  to 
the  ravages  of  that  dreaded  disease,  black  spot.  I  cannot  refrain  from 
calling  attention  to  a  near  and  lovely  relation  of  La  France,  the  Vis- 
countesa  Folkestone.  One  of  the  late  Mr.  Bennett's  pedigree  seed- 
lings, it  is  not  surpassed  in  heauty  by  any  rose  extant.  There  are 
many  locations  through  our  Middle  States  where  it  winters  finely,  and 
seems  a  rose  abaolotely  without  fault.  The  flower  is  of  grand  aize 
and  the  most  finished  form;  the  texture  is  like  satin;  the  color  is  white, 
shading  to  a  soft  flesh  tint  at  the  base  of  the  petals,  giving  it  a  bright 
illnmined  appearance. — E.  0.  Hill  in  QarAen  and  Fore«t. 

Bichmond,  Ind. 


The  following  summary  is  taken  from  the  Ohio  Station  bulletin : 

(1.)  To  meet  tb«  waota  of  strawberrj  growers,  a  vartet^  ought  to  have  euffl- 
eleot  he&llh  and  vigor  to  adapt  Itseir  to  widely  varying  ooDditlona  aod  to  poiietB 
one  or  more  marked  cbaract«rlsllcs.  It  IB  not  wortb  wbUe  to  seek  to  find  varieties 
that  are  adapted  to  particular  aolls,  einoe  varieties  that  have  a  limited  range  are 
g^eneralty  fouod  to  bo  variable  and  unt  mat  worthy.  The  most  valuable  varieties  are 
the  least  variable,  and  ar^  easily  salted  as  to  sol]  aod  climate. 

(2.)  The  foIlowlDg  v&rletles  have  been  tboroogbly  tested  and  are  salted  to  the 
waats  of  those  who  grow  berries  for  market :  Bubacb,  Eureka,  Haverland,  Cres- 
cent, WarfieEd. 

(3.)  Where  large  berries  are  desired  rather  tban  qnaotlty.  the  following  can 
be  recommeaded  for  home  BSe  or  for  market:  Camberland,  Crawford,  Gaudy, 
J^aise,  Llda,  Miami,  Pearl. 

(4.)  The  Dew  varieties  tbat  seem  to  be  the  most  promising,  are :  Eohaace, 
Farasworth,  Ivaohoe,  Uiddleaeld,  Muskingum,  Michel's  Early,  Parker  Early, 
Sbaster's  Gem,  Waldron. 

(5.)  Those  that  have  good  points,  but  are  doubtful  and  need  further  testing, 
are:    Clond,  Lady  Kusk,  Htayman's  No.  1,  Daisy, 

(6.)  The  following  will  no  doubt  be  dropped  sooii :  Hoffman,  Jessie,  Logan, 
Pineapple. 

(7.)  The  molt  productive  varletlesare  those  that  have  a  long  season  :  i.  e.,glTe 
a  comparatively  large  number  of  pickings. 


D.-iiiz'i:;!...  V^H_'V_)l 


.,le 


408  STATE   HORTIOTJLTURAL  800IBTT. 

(8.)  VcTj  early  and  extremely  late  varletleB  are  leas  fruitfol  tban  tbe  medlniD 
earif. 

(9.)  Perfect-flowered,  aa  a  rule,  are  tela  prodnotlve  than  the  pUtlllate  or  im- 
perfect-flowered varieties. 


THE  QUEEN  OF  FLOWERS-. 

BY   JOHN  ».  MIY. 

Bead  before  th«  UaaeacbuBette  Horticultural  Society,  Janaary  24,  1891. 

HaTiDg  beea  requested  hy  yonr  hooorable  committee  to  read  » 
paper  on  tbie  subject,  I  have  in  tbe  following  endeavored  to  say  enoagh 
at  any  rate  to  open  a  discusaion  whereby  yonr  eseayist  truBts  to  learn 
more  than  he  can  ever  hope  to  teach  by  anything  that  can  be  said.  A.ft 
this  Babjeot  has  been  so  well  and  ably  presented  to  this  body  so  many 
times  before,  by  men  mach  better  informed  and  more  able  to  present  it 
to  you  intelligently  than  myself,  I  feel  that  I  am  almost  an  interloper 
here,  and  wonld  certainly  much  rather  be  a  listener  than  a  talker  on 
this  subject;  however,  I  will  give  my  experience  with  tbe  rose,  and 
trust  you  will  be  lenient  with  yonr  criticisms. 

This,  tbe  queen  of  all  flowers,  has  always  reigned  supreme  for  me^ 
and  will  till  the  end  of  time.  My  first  experience  with  tbe  rose  dates 
ftom  the  time  I  was  about  8i  years  old,  when  I  borrowed  [without  per- 
Diiasion)  three  eyes  of  Souvenir  de  la  Malmaison,  then  a  new  rose.  I  am 
sorry  to  have  to  confess  it  at  this  late  day,  bnt  a  clear  confession  is  good 
for  the  soal,  so  it  is  said,  anyway.  Having  watched  an  elder  brother 
doing  considerable  badding,  and  wisblng  to  try  my  tiand  at  it,  I  bor- 
rowed, as  above  stated,  three  eyes  from  my  father's  garden  and  took 
tbem  to  a  neighboring  hedge,  where  I  found  a  wild  rose  on  which  I 
budded  tbem,  one  of  which  grew  and  the  next  season  produced  three 
fine  flowers;  and  from  that  day  on  the  rose  (and  this  variety  in  particu- 
lar) has  always  held  a  charm  for  me. 

During  all  these  yeais  I  have  seen  Ihany,  very  many  changes  ia 
them,  though  some  of  the  varieties  that  were  then  in  their  glory  are  not 
yet  eclipsed  and  still  retain  their  places  in  the  front  rank.  Among  many 
I  may  mention  O-eneral  Jacqueminot,  Giant  des  Battiulles,  and  many 
others  too  numerous  to  mention  here.  Among  the  tea  roses,  Niphetos, 
Lamarqne,  Glorie  de  Dijon  and  others  still  rank  as  first  fovorit«B;  the 
same  may  be  said  of  all  the  other  branches  of  this  family.  But  no  one 
can  gainsay  tjiat  there  are  not  many  great  improvements  in  the  family, 
introduced  within  the  last  ten  or  twenty  years ;  take,  for  instance,  the 
magnificent  Ulrich  Brnnner,  Mrs.  John  Laing,  Earl  of  DufFerin,  T,  W. 
Oirdlestone,  and  many  others  of  the  same  family.  Among  the  teas,  the 
most  graceful  of  all,  combining  as  it  does  elegance  of  form,  beautiful 


MISOEIiLANEOUS  PAPEB8.  409 

color  and  &agraQoe,  stftnds  pie-eminently  Catberioe  Mermet,  and  her 
offapriog  the  Bride,  which  to-day  is  reoogDized  all  over  the  civilized 
vorld  as  the  finest  white  tea  rose  in  cnltivatioii;  and  of  thiB  year's  in- 
trodactioo,  the  gloiioas  Wabao,  now  before  yoa,  and  its  mother  and 
Bister,  grown  and  piodaced  at  the  celebrated  Waban  conservatories  here 
in  yoor  own  State,  which  clearly  demonstrates  the  fact  that  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  rose  has  wonderfully  advanced  within  the  last  decade. 

It  may  not  be  oat  of  place  at  this  time  to  give  a  few  remarks  on  the 
cnltivation  of  the  rose  here.  Twenty  years  ago  the  principd  roses  grown 
for  onr  markets  were  Bon  Silene,  Safrano,  Lamarqae  and  a  few  others  of 
like  character.  The  only  roses  of  any  size  then  grown  were  Marecbal 
Kiel  and  Cornelia  Cook ;  to-day  they  are  almost  entirely  supplanted  by 
mach  Baperior  varieties,  such  as  yon  now  Bee  before  you,  and  many 
others  of  a  like  size  and  beauty.  To  attain  thiB  end,  conBidenble  skill 
has  been  brought  to  bear  on  their  cultivation.  Twenty  years  ago  p.OB- 
sibly  five  tlionsand  roses  per  day  was  the  limit  of  the  supply  for  New 
York  city ;  now  as  many  as  fifty  thousand  roBCB  per  day  can  often  be 
foond  there,  and  according  to  my  own  estimate,  based  on  the  most  care- 
ful calcalation,  I  think  I  am  qnite  within  the  limit  to  say  that  often  it 
reaches  in  the  spring  of  the  year  to  nearly  one  hundred  thonsand  per 
day,  which  Bpeaks  volumes  in  itself  for  the  growth,  advancement,  refine- 
ment in  taste  and  development  of  horticulture.  To  meet  the  demands 
of  the  public,  many  changes  in  the  caltiTatlon  have  been  brought  about ; 
where  with  the  old  system  one  rose  was  cut,  ten  at  the  present  time  are 
cut  from  the  same  space.  PerhapB  you  will  ask  how  this  haB  been 
brought  abont ;  my  answer  is,  largely  by  superior  cultivation.  Formerly 
they  were  all  grown  in  the  solid  bed  of  the  green-house,  now  they  are 
grown  on  raised  benches,  beds,  etc.,  and  with  the  greatly  improved 
style  of  green-hoaseB  now  at  the  command  of  the  grower,  they  are 
enabled  to  prodnce  large  quantities  with  comparatively  little  expense 
to  what  they  formerly  did. 

When  I  began  cultivating  roses  under  this  system,  many  growers 
predicted  &ilure ;  to-day  ninety  per  cent  of  the  dorists  in  this  country 
are  growing  their  roseB  on  that  principle,  with  of  course  some  modifi> 
cations  which  experience  has  taught.  It  was  formerly  the  practice  to 
plant  a  bouse  of  tea  roses,  grow  them  on  for  years  till  they  actually 
died  trom  overwork :  now thegeneralpracticeistoreplantfiQe,healthy, 
new  stock  every  year,  or  at  most,  every  two  years ;  originally  the  pre- 
vailing idea  was  that  the  roses  must  have  a  deep  rich  border  ranging 
from  12  to  24  inches  deep  to  produce  good  roscB;  now  the  finest  roses 
in  the  country  are  produced  on  benches,  etc.,  with  from  2}  to  1  inches 
of  soil. 


u  Google 


410  STATE  HORTIOULTDRAL  fiOOIETT. 

To  keep  plants  iu  eaob  a  shallow  bench  coDstaatly  bearing,  they 
moBti,  of  coarse,  have  liberal  treatment ;  after  they  are  planted,  Bay  in 
Jnly,  and  get  fi^rly  started  into  growth,  they  need  a  mnlching  of  the 
best  mannre  they  can  have.  This  induces  sur&ce  root  action,  which 
roots  shonld  never  be  distnrbed,  and  in  the  conrse  of  eight  or  ten  weeks 
the  plants  will  have  absorbed  the  above  coat  of  mnlching.  Oar  prac- 
tice is  to  then  f^ve  a  light  dressing  of  pore  fine  ground  bone,  covering 
the  same  with  another  thin  coat  of  manore ;  this  is  feeding  the  plants 
where  it  will  do  the  most  good  and  at  the  same  time  keep  up  their  roots 
where  they  get  all  the  benefit  of  the  fresh  air  circnlating  through  the 
house.  This  process  is  repeated  as  often  as  reqaired,  and  where  the 
plants  are  growing  very  strong,  carefal  application  of  other  stimalants, 
such  as  liquid  manure,  nitrate  of  soda,  etc.,  is  of  great  benefit  to  them, 
providing,  of  course,  dne  care  is  used  in  its  application.  To  apply  such 
strong  stimulants  injudiciously  simply  means  ruin,  not  only  to  the 
flowers  bat  tbe  plants  also.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  more  plants 
have  been  killed  by  over-feeding  than  all  other  causes  pat  together. 
One  thing  should  always  be  borne  in  mind  in  reference  to  plant  life, 
and  that  is  that  they  are  almost  identical  to  animal  life  so  far  as  their 
requirements  go.  To  maintain  a  plant  in  health  and  vigor,  it  requires 
careful  and  judicious  feeding,  jast  as  an  animal  does,  and  the  harder  it 
works  the  more  care  it  requires.  Those  who  treat  their  plants  or  ani- 
mals otherwise  than  reasonably,  will  pay  dear  for  their  pains  and  reap 
tbe  harvest  for  which  they  have  sown. 

Possibly  some  may  doubt  ttie  soundness  of  snch  a  doctrine  and 
say,  as  many  have  done  to  me,  "How  can  yon  reconcile  this  statement 
with  oar  practice  of  growing  roses  in  the  open  ground,  where  we  nse 
immense  quantities  of  manure,  and  tbe  more  we  use  the  better  onr  roses 
grow  and  bloom  T"  Very  true,  they  do,  bat  the  conditions  are  so  totally 
different  that  there  can  be  no  comparison  whatever.  In  the  open 
ground  the  actiou  of  the  tur,  the  wonderful  power  of  absorption  of  the 
soil  of  unlimited  depth,  dews  by  night,  rains  and  sun  by  day,  all  tend 
to  produce  such  a  vast  difference  to  the  conditions  of  a  green-hoase, 
where  every  drop  of  water  or  particle  of  manure  has  to  be  broaght  into 
direct  contact  with  the  roots  of  the  plants,  that  it  would  seem  almost 
an  absurdity  to  make  any  comparison  whatever. 

For  the  snccessfal  cultivation  of  the  rose  under  glass  there  are  a 
few  simple  rules  to  follow:  First,  to  procure  a  suitable  soil,  whioh 
should  be,  if  possible,  fresh  sod  from  an  old  pasture ;  that  having  plenty 
of  grass-root  fibre  in  it  is  generally  tbe  best  If  very  heavy,  the  addi- 
tion of  a  liberal  proportion  of  sharp  sand  will  improve  it,  but  if  of  very 
light  sandy  nature,  the  addition  of  some  of  a  clay  nature  will  for  most 


UISCBILLANBOUS   Fl.FEKe.  411 

roses  be  beoeflcitil.  When  cartiog  together  in  the  spring,  mix  with  it 
one  part  good  clean  cow  manure  to  six,  eight  or  ten  of  soil,  according  to 
quality  of  the  soil.  Tnm  it  over  two  or  three  times  and  It  is  raad^  to 
put  into  the  rose-hoaee. 

The  next  is  good,  strong,  clean  and  beallhy  plants,  for  without  ench 
no  one  need  expect  the  best  results;  and  the  afixt  ifi  to  keep  the  bouse, 
after  the  tobbs  are  planted,  in  a  good  condition  as  long  as  they  are  in 
it,  which  means  all  the  year  ronnd.  This  is  more  important  than  many 
suppose,  as  no  plant  can  reasonably  be  expected  to  thrive  where  dirt, 
mnd  and  decaying  vegetable  matter  are  allowed  to  lie  unmolested  for 
weeks  or  months  together. 

And,  lastly,  the  watering  and  general  care  of  the  plants.  On  the 
subject  of  watering  there  is  a  wide  diversity  of  opinion,  mainly  brought 
about  by  the  different  conditions  of  soil.  The  only  safe  guide  is  a  care- 
ful study  of  the  nature  of  the  soil  one  has  to  deal  with,  and  use  water 
in  proportion  to  its  reqairements.  As  a  general  rule,  a  rose  in  fall 
growth  should  never  be  allowed  to  become  dust  dry,  neither  should  it 
be  flooded  with  water  till  it  becomes  almost  the  nature  of  mad ;  bat  for 
nearly  all  soils  it  is  better  to  water  the  plants  immediately  the  soil 
shows  the  least  indication  of  getting  solid  or  taming  slightly  light  in 
color. 

For  the  general  care  and  management  I  am  afraid  I  should  tire  yon 
all  if  I  even  attempted  to  describe  it  in  detail,  but  even  if  I  did  not  do 
that  I  think  it  entirely  annecessary  here,  as  much  so  as  it  would  be  for 
a  stranger  to  go  to  Kome  and  tell  the  Romans  what  to  do  ;  bat,  in  con- 
elusion  permit  me  to  say,  that  although  I  think  and  honestly  believe 
that  in  the  past  twenty  years  greater  strides  have  been  made  in  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  rose  than  was  ever  done  in  donble  that  time  during  pre- 
vious years,  yet  I  as  earnestly  think  mnch  greater  advancement  will  be 
made  in  the  next  ten  years  than  has  been  done  in  the  past  twenty. 
Evidence  of  this  is  very  clear  to  any  one  visiting  the  different  parts  of 
this  conntry,  and  I  trust  after  we  have  all  passed  away  the  "Queen  of 
Flowers"  will  still  have  as  great  a  charm  for  onr  snecessors  as  it  has 
for  us.  Long  may  she  reign  supreme,  and  this  hospitable  city  remain 
the  seat  of  her  throne,  to  which  pilgrims  will  ever  come  ftom  all  over 
this  broad  land  to  do  homage  to  her  mujesty  in  all  her  golden  glory. — 
American  Florist. 


THE  GREAT  NEW  YORK  FLOWER  SHOW. 
The  Pitcher  and  Manda  Flower  and  Plant  exhibition  in  Madison 
Sqnare  garden  during  Thanksgiving  week  was  a  noteworthy  event  in 
the  floricnltural  world.     The  enterprise  and  pluck  evinced  by  this  firm, 


412  STATE  HOBTIGULTnBAL  SOCIBTT. 

in  andertahing  single-banded  to  famish  a  flover  show  of  rare  excel- 
lence and  gigantic  dimensions,  is  deserving  the  highest  praise  and 
merited  saccess.  It  is  safe  to  assert  that  never  before  hns  so  magnifi- 
cent and  valnable  a  display  of  flovers  and  plants  been  broagbt  together 
from  a  single  establishment.  < 

The  arena  of  the  "garden,"  which  comprises  the  entire  eqnare 
boanded  b;  Madison  and  Fonrth  avennes  and  Twent;-sixth  and  Twenty- 
serenth  streets,  where  only  a  week  before  the  great  horse  show  was 
held,  was  transformed  into  a  charming  garden  with  broad,  cnrved  ave- 
nues and  narrower  walks,  bordered  at  the  edges  by  growing  moss,  and 
back  of  these  were  rows  of  small  ferns.  Large  beds  were  filled  witb 
chrysantbemnms,  roses,  orchids  and  other  plants  in  great  variety,  and 
all  in  fall  bloom.  Gracefol  palms  and  Anstralian  tree  ferns  with  the 
corioQB  anfern-like  Platyeerium  grande,  or  the  Grand  Elk's-Horn  fern,, 
of  iN'orth  Australia,  standing  oat  from  their  trnnks,  were  interspersed 
with  grand  effect  between  other  shrubs  and  trees  in  varions  plots  and 
thickets.  Then,  in  the  center  of  this  Inzariant  garden,  redolent  with 
fragrant  flowers,  stood  two  pavilions,  one  entitled  "  Home  Weddiog^ 
Decorations,"  and  the  other  entitled  "The  Wedding  Breakfast."  These 
two  proved  to  be  especially  attractive  features  to  tlie  yonng  people.. 
The  first  pavilion  was  fitted  np  as  a  parlor;  at  the  upper  end  stood  the 
reading  desk,  or  altar,  for  the  clergyman,  the  chairs  and  lonnges  being- 
comfortably  arranged  around  the  room.  The  mantel-piece  at  the  right 
was  decked  in  a  wealth  of  roses  and  other  flowers,  with  safBcient 
foliage  behind  to  bring  out  their  delicate  tints ;  at  the  left,  near  the 
coiner,  airy  ferns  and  slender  palms  grouped  together  completed  the 
simple  but  charming  decoration.  The  second  pavilion  was  fitted  ap  a» 
a  dining  room.  The  large  round  table  had  a  bank  of  pink  roses  in  the 
center,  while  all  around  were  arranged  the  glittering  silverware  and  cat- 
glass  decanters,  goblets  and  bowls,  in  striking  contrast  with  the  cheer* 
fnl,  yet  quiet  and  subdued  appearance  of  the  first  pavilion. 

Passing  these  attractions,  the  largest  palm  in  the  garden  wa» 
reached — a  Chinese  Fan  palm,  one  hundred  years  old.  Around  its 
base  were  grouped  smaller  palms  and  other  plauts,  as  well  as  the  inter- 
esting Monstera  deliciosa,  with  its  large,  graceful  perforated  leaves  and 
creeping  stems.  Near  by  pine-apples  were  growing,  some  of  them 
almost  ripe  enough  to  cut,  and  a  solitary  banana  just  behind  hung  its 
drooping  fruit  in  plaintive  loneliness.  Fine  specimens  of  various  spe- 
cies of  cactus  were  on  exhibition  also,  and  a  brilliant  lot  of  scarlet- 
spathed  Antfaurinme  were  to  be  seen  not  far  from  the  entrance.  The 
array  of  orchids,  especially  Cypripediams,  was  large  and  interesting. 
Many  valuable  specimens  were  on  exhibition.    One  new  Oypripedinm^ 


Dgnzs.uCoeH^lc 


HIB0IELLA.NE0Tr3  FAFBBS.  413 

«  hybrid  of  C.  matervXianvm,  labeled  ae  a  $1,000  plant,  excited  consid- 
«rable  comment.  The  flower  was  nearly  four  IncIieB  in  diameter;  the 
apper  petal  white,  with  rich  lined  and  dotted  strise  of  brown  madder, 
and  the  sac  below  waB  ^een,  tinged  rather  strongly  at  its  sides  with 
brown  madder  also. 

When  it  is  considered  that  all  these  plants  had  to  be  brought  in 
wagons  i^om  the  United  States  narseries,  Short  Hills,  N*.  J.,  a  distance 
-of  twenty  miles,  and  had  to  be  secorely  protected  against  frost  on  the 
way,  one  can  partly  imagine  the  difflcnlty  and  immensity  of  the  under- 
taking. We  are  glad  to  learn  that  the  admission  fees  have  been  sofB- 
cient  to  pay  for  all  expenses,  which  have  been  considerably  over  42,000. 
The  unstinted  expenditure  of  money  has,  of  coarse,  famished  the  basis 
of  the  undertaking,  but  its  principal  success  Vas  mainly  dae  to  the 
inde&tigable  and  well  directed  efforts  of  Mr.  W.  A.  Mand^  and  Mr. 
John  Thorpe. — American  AgricuUvrist. 


Pbesidsnt  Dwight:  "The  knowledge  of  botany  gives  a  joy 
which  should  be  in  the  possession  of  every  educated  man,  and  sboald 
be  jiained,  as  it  easily  can  be,  in  the  early  yoathfbl  season.  Science 
«verywhere  brings  us  into  a  close  relation  with  nature." 


Wanted — Five  hondred  thousand  American  artisans,  mechanics, 
business  men  and  their  wives  and  children  to  understand  that  the 
pleasures  of  gardening,  unlike  many  other  pleasures,  are  of  a  lasting 
nature,  as  well  as  fall  of  intellectnal  enjoyment.  Plant  a  tree  and  yon 
plant  for  the  ages.  The  economic  and  health-giving  side  of  raising  and 
using  fruit  and  vegetable  prodaots  freely  as  food,  also  must  not  be 
overlooked. 


HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  TREES. 
At  the  fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Cemetery  association 
Mr.  O.  C.  Simonds,  of  G-raceland  cemetery,  gave  a  list  of  a  few  very 
desirable  trees  to  plant,  etc.  Speaking  for  a  climate  like  the  West  and 
Northwest,  he  gives  first  on  the  list  as  the  American  elm,  with  a  good 
word  for  the  English  elm  and  varieties.  He  has  a  good  word  for  the 
Silver  or  White  maple  when  properly  handled. 


.y  Google 


4U  STATE  HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOCIBTT. 

The  Norway  maple  is  perfectly  hardy.  The  Tartarian  maple  does 
fairly  well.  The  Sycamore  maple  Ib  not  always  bardy.  The  yegaado 
or  Aah-leaf  maple  is  good  for  its  distinct  foliage.  The  Bed  maple  sel- 
dom exhibite  the  fine  autumnal  tinta  it  does  East.  The  oaka  he  has  a 
good  word  for.  If  dignity  alone  was  sought  for,  the  Burr  oak  would 
head  the  list.  The  White  oak  is  a  grand  tree.  The  objection  that  the 
oaks  often  cause  trouble  f^om  falling  leaves  in  the  winter,  lie  s^s  is 
compensated  for  "  by  the  little  tofts  of  pink  and  white  leaves  that  come 
out  in  May,  worth  many  times  the  cost  of  raking  uq  the  dead  leaves." 
The  Burr,  White,  Swamp  White,  Bed,  Black  and  Pin  oaks  are  found  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  Chicago,  and  are  of  course  perfectly  hardy. 
The  Scarlet  oak  was  Dr.  Warder's  favorite  tree,  and  was  planted  by 
him  for  his  own  monument.  The  English  oak  does  &irly  well.  The 
Black,  White  and  Green  ash  trees  he  has  a  good  word  for.  The  Linden 
is  a  common  native  and  one  of  our  best  trees.  Even  the  Cottonwood 
is  not  to  be  despised  in  certain  quarters.  Our  native  &.epen  he  likes  to 
see  trembling  in  a  thicket  of  shrubs  and  low  trees.  The  Lombardy,  he 
says,  is  not  bardy,  which  is  not  the  fact. 

The  Laurel-leaved  willow,  with  its  dark,  glossy  foliage,  is  an  excel- 
lent tree.  The  Wisconsin  weeper  is  a  good  tree  to  plant  on  the  borders 
of  lakes.    The  Golden  willow  is  usefal  for  its  color  in  winter. 

Among  other  native  trees  that  shoald  receive  more  attention  than 
has  been  given  them  is  the  Hackberry,  a  tree  that  attains  good  size. 
The  Jnneberry  is  the  moat  attractive  of  all  trees  early  in  the  spring. 
The  Blue  beech,  an  ironwood,  is  beautiful  in  foliage  and  fruit;  the 
Pepperidge  is  the  most  brilliant  of  our  trees  in  autumn  ;  and  the  Sas- 
safras, with  its  green  bark  and  rich-colored  leaves,  is  much  admired. 

The  Sycamore  and  the  uative  Beeches  do  not  thrive  well.  The 
Talip  tree,  the  Catalpa,  the  Honey  locust,  the  Magnolia  acuminata,  and 
the  Coffee  tree  are  mostly  bardy  and  desirable.  The  Backeye,  the 
Chestnut  and  Bed-bud  grow  with  na,  but  sometimes  the  edges  of  the 
leaves  torn  brown  and  look  unhappy. 

Of  the  foreign  trees,  besides  those  mentioned,  the  Horse  chestnut, 
the  AilanthuB  and  the  Panlownm  are  effective  but  not  always  hardy. 
The  European  Cut  birch  is  good.  Young's  Weeping  birch  is  excellent. 
The  European  Alder  does  well  in  low  ground.  The  Salisburia  or  Ghinko 
is  good  on  account  of  its  interesting  foliage. 

Mr.  S.  is  an  enthusiast  in  both  tree  and  shrab-growing,  and  haa 
good  examples  of  what  he  writes  about — Prairie  Farmer, 


.y  Google 


UIBOBLLANBOUS   PA.PKR6. 


PEEFECT  AND  IMPEEFEOT  FLOWERED  VARIETIES  COM- 
PARED. 
A  list,  comprising  eight  each  of  the  leading  perfect  and  imperfect 
flowered  varieties  of  stiawberries,  was  sent  to  several  prominent  straw- 
berry-growers, leqnesting  them  to  mark  the  different  Tarieties  as  to 
prodnctiveness,  on  a  scale  of  0  to  10.  The  averages  agree  very  olosel; 
with  the  grades  given  at  the  station  before  the  lists  were  sent  ont.  Be- 
low are  the  averages  for  each  variety  and  for  the  two  classes : 
PerfeoC  flowered  rarletiea  (aTerige)— 

Sharplesa 4.1 

UntnbeTlKod S.4 

WilKin 6.6 

Sucker  State 6.0 

Jewie 4.5 

Pewl.... 7.6 

G«ndy- 4.8 

C«pt.  Jmok 7.6 

Avenge  of  perftot  flowered  vurletle* 3.8 

Imperfect  flowered  vertetlea  (avemge)— 

Crescent B.a 

Haverlind 9.8 

Bubacfa 8.3 

WarfleW ».0 

Ohio 6.0 

Champion , 7.0 

Enreka. 8.0 

Manchester 7.8 

Average  at  Idoperreot  flowered  varieties 8.0 

It  will  be  nnderstood  that  these  grades  are  not  based  apon  aclnal 
yields,  bat  are  simply  carefal  estimates ;  yet  it  is  not  improbable  that 
they  represent  the  Btanding  of  the  varieties  quite  closely.  One  thing 
is  clear :  i.  e,,  the  most  prolific  varieties  are  fonnd  among  those  having 
imperfect  flowers.  Nearly  all  of  those  named  in  this  class  are  very 
prolific,  the  Ohio  being  the  only  exception.  Among  those  having  per- 
fect flowers  none  are  foond  that  are  extremely  prolific,  the  Wilson  and 
Capt.  Jack  being  possible  exceptions  under  favorable  conditions.  Tak- 
ing averages  for  the  two  classes,  we  find  that  the  varieties  having  im> 
perfect  flowers  stand  thirty-eight  per  cent  higher  than  those  having 
perfect  flowers.  If  we  take  fonr  of  the  most  prolific  in  each  class,  the 
imperfect  flowered  sorts  stand  thirty  percent  higher  than  those  having 
perfect  flowers. 

There  can  be  no  donbt  that  the  production  of  pollen  is  an  exhaus- 
tive process,  hence  the  varieties  having  perfect  flowers  are  at  a  disad- 


Dgnzs 


u  Cookie 


410  RT1.TB   HOBTIOnLTDBAL  BOOIBTT. 

vantage.  So  donbt  some  of  the  perfect  flowered  sort«  are  very  nearly 
«qttBl  to  any  in  ftaitfnlness,  and  auder  certain  circamstances  may  be 
fnlly  eqaal,  bat  the  chances  are  againat  them  when  anCavorable  condi- 
tiona  occur.  Given  two  varieties  of  eqaal'^igor  and  prodoctiveuees, 
one  having  perfect  the  other  imperfect  flowers,  the  extra  tax  of  pollen 
bearing  on  one  will  so  weaken  the  plants  as  to  render  them  more  sab- 
jeot  to  the  evil  effects  of  fangi,  inaeots,  dry  weather,  frost,  ete^  than 
those  that  prodnce  no  pollen. — Ohio  Bxp.  Bulletin,  Vol.  S,  No.  7. 


THE  WINTEB  VOID. 

Aclve  farming  extends  through  scarcely  more  than  half  the  year 
in  the  Northern  States.  With  winter  comes  comparative  inactivity,  and 
the  cultivator  draws  apon  the  results  of  the  sammer  for  his  support. 
The  farmer  shonld  be  one  of  the  best  read  of  men,  with  so  mnch  time 
at  his  disposal  as  the  long  winter  season  brings. 

It  is  a  wonder  that  forming  returns  even  a  livelihood  when  one 
half  of  it  is  a  consumption  of  the  other  half.  It  is  only  a  good  busi- 
ness which  can  be  followed  even  with  a  scant  proflt  with  so  long  an 
intermission  each  year.  The  closeness  and  depression  of  the  times 
must  tend  to  flU  up  this  wasteful  void  of  winter.  The  former  must  ex- 
tend his  energies  over  the  whole  year,  and  he  has  ample  opportunity  to 
•do  so  in  the  management  of  his  stock.  The  horticulturist  especially, 
who  is  supposed  to  pursue  intenser  methods,  should  contrive  to  carry 
hia  bnsiuess  throughout  the  twelvemonth.  Winter  shonld  mean  only 
a  change  of  occupation,  a  shifting  of  methods  and  energies.  The  chang 
ing  seasons  are  inspirations  to  tbe  thoughtful  cultivator.  They  relieve 
the  monotony,  and  should  train  to  more  complete  and  skillful  methods. 
At  present,  tbe  cultivator  bends  his  energies  to  the  utmost  to  provide 
for  tbe  winter,  while  the  winter  shonld  provide  for  itself.  The  ideal 
forming  is  one  which  brings  in  a  more  or  less  contiunons  retnrn  the 
year  round,  rather  than  tbe  whole  of  it  in  oue    month. 

Horticultural  industries  often  allow  the  growing  of  crops  that  ma- 
tare  at  nearly  all  seasons,  A-om  asparagus  in  April  to  celery  in  Kovem- 
ber,  and  many  of  these  crops  are  eminently  adapted  to  farm  conditions. 
Asparagus,  for  instance,  is  a  farm  crop  in  some  regions,  and  it  requires 
less  labor  than  wheat,  with  much  surer  profits.  The  most  promising 
secondary  field  for  horticulturists  in  easy  reach  of  good  markets  is 
tbe  forcing  of  plants  nnder  glass.  Certain  crops  are  easily  and  cheaply 
grown,  and  with  good  management  the  profits  are  nearly  always  sat* 
isfoct«ry.    This  vegetable  gardening  under  glass  is  sure  to  increase  In 


:U  Cookie 


MISCELLAKB008   PAPERS.  417 

extent  and  importance  every  year.  Bat  it  demanda  a  certain  alert- 
neBaand  palnataking  which  are  not  common  among  horticnltnTistB.  It 
reqairea  a  good  training,  and  the  diffiealties  of  it  become  greater  each 
year,  as  new  competitions,  new  conditiona  and  new  enemiea  arise. 
Sach  indaatriea  are  the  ones  that  pay. 

Bat  we  caonot  advise  particnlar  methods  or  occupations  in  a  gen- 
eral discossion.  We  only  wiah  to  impress  the  &ot  apon  thnse  who  live 
by  tilling  the  soil  that  a  baainees  cannot  long  remain  profitable  which 
ia  followed  bat  fonr  or  five  months  oat  of  twelve.  Beform  yoar  rota- 
tions, combine  stock  or  ponltry  with  yoar  baaiaeaa,  or  in  aome  way  con- 
trive to  make  the  winter  months  pay  for  themselvea  at  leaet — American 
Garden 


NOTES  TJPOH   METHODS  OF  HERBACEOUS  GRAFTING. 

My  attention  baa  been  called  a  nnmlier  of  times  to  the  nnsatiafac- 
tory  reoorda  and  directiona  concerning  the  grafting  of  herbaceous 
plants.  There  appears  to  have  been  very  little  attention  given  to  the 
sabject,  and  the  scant  discnaaions  of  it  are  mostly  copied  from  one  an- 
tbor  to  another,  A  fewyearsago  Imadesomeattempts  at  herbaceoaa 
grafting,  bnt  It  waa  not  nntil  laet  winter  that  experiments  were  serioaaly 
undertaken.  The  work  was  pat  in  the  bands  of  J.  B.  Lochary  as  a 
subject  for  a  gradaating  thesis. 

The  experiments  were  undertaken  primarily  for  the  purpose  of 
learning  the  beat  methods  of  grafting  berba,  but  s  secondary  and  more 
important  object  was  the  study  of  the  reciprocal  inflaeocea  of  stock 
and  cioQ,  partionlarly  in  relation  to  variegation  and  coloration.  This 
second  feataie  of  the  work  ia  still  under  way,  in  one  form  or  another, 
and  we  hope  for  definite  reaolta  in  a  few  years.  Aa  a  matter  of  imme- 
diate advantage,  however,  herbaceous  grafting  has  its  naea,  particularly 
in  securing  different  kinds  of  foliage  and  flowers  upon  the  same  plant. 
There  is  no  difficulty  in  growing  a  half  dozen  kinds  or  colors,  on  gera- 
uiums,  cfaryaaQthemums  or  other  plants,  from  one  stock  of  the  respec- 
tive species. 

Six  hundred  grafts  were  made  in  oar  (rials  last  winter.  It  waa 
found  that  the  wood  must  be  somewhat  hardened  to  secure  best  reaolta. 
The  very  aoft  and  fiabby  shoots  are  likely  to  be  injured  in  the  operation 
of  grafting,  and  union  does  not  take  place  readily.  Vigorous  coleus 
stocks  three  months  old  gave  beat  results  if  cat  to  within  two  or  three 
inches  of  the  pot,  and  all  or  nearly  all  the  leaves  removed  from  the 
stamp.  Geraniuma,  being  harder  in  wood,  made  good  nnions  at  almost 
H  a— 27 


ugle 


418  STATU  HOBTICDLTDEAX   80CIBTT. 

any  place  except  on  the  soft  sfrowing  points.  The  stock  mnst  not  have 
ceased  growth,  however.  Most  of  the  leaves  should  be  kept  down  on 
the  stock.  Cions  an  inch  or  two  long  were  nsoally  taken  from  firm 
growing  tips,  in  essentially  the  same  manner  as  in  the  making  of  cat- 
tings.  Sometimes  an  eye  of  the  old  wood  was  ased,  and  in  meet  cases 
nnion  took  place  and  a  new  shoot  arose  ft'om  the  bad.  The  leaves 
were  neually  partly  removed  f^m  the  cion. 

Varioaa  styles  of  grafting  were  employed,  of  which  the  common 
cleft  and  the  veneer  or  side  graft  were  perhaps  the  most  satisfactory. 
In  most  instances  it  was  only  necesBary  to  bind  the  parts  together 
snngly  with  bass  or  rsfBa.  In  some  eofb-wooded  plants,  like  colens, 
a  covering  of  common  grafting  wax  over  the  bandage  was  an  advsn- 
tage,  probably  because  it  prevented  the  drying  oat  of  the  parts.  In 
some  cases,  however,  wax  injured  the  tissues  where  it  overreached  the 
bandage.  Sphagnum  moss  was  used  in  many  eases,  tied  in  a  small 
mass  about  the  anion,  bat  unless  the  parts  were  well  bandaged  the  cion 
sent  roots  into  the  moss  and  did  not  unite;  and  in  no  case  did  moss 
appear  to  possess  decided  advantages.  Best  results  were  obtained  by 
placidg  the  plants  at  once  in  a  propagating  fhime,  where  a  damp  and 
confined  atmosphere  could  be  maiutained.  In  some  plants,  suceessfiil 
unions  were  made  in  the  open  greeo-hoase,  bat  they  were  placed  in 
shade  and  kept  sprinkled  for  a  day  after  the  grafts  were  made.  The 
operation  should  always  be  performed  quickly  to  prevent  flaggicg  of 
tbe  cions.  Or,  if  the  cions  cannot  be  used  at  once,  they  may  be  thrust 
into  sand  or  moss  in  the  same  manner  as  cuttings,  and  kept  for  several 
days.  In  one  series,  tomato  and  potato  cuttings,  which  had  flagged  in 
the  catting  bed,  revived  when  grafted.  And  cuttings  which  had  been 
transported  in  the  mail  for  three  days  grew  readily,  but  they  were  in 
good  condition  when  received.  The  mealy  bags  were  particnlarly 
troublesome  upon  these  grafted  plants,  for  tbey  delighted  to  crawl 
nnder  the  bandages  and  sack  the  juices  ^om  the  wounded  sur&ces. 

Although  it  is  foreign  to  the  purpose  of  this  note,  it  may  be  worth 
while  to  mention  a  few  of  the  plants  upon  which  the  experiments  were 
made.  Sections  were  taken  of  many  of  the  grafts,  and  microscopic 
examinations  made  to  determine  tbe  extent  of  cell  union.  Coleases  of 
many  kinds  were  used,  with  aniform  success,  and  tbe  cions  of  some  of 
them  were  vigorous  a  year  after  being  set.  Even  iresine  (better  known 
as  Aehyrantkei  TerichaffeltiiJ  anited  with  coleus  and  grew  for  a  time. 
Zonale  geraniums  bloomed  upon  the  common  rose  geranium.  Tomatoes 
upon  potatoes  and  potatoes  upon  tomatoes  grew  well  and  were  trans- 
planted to  the  open  ground,  where  some  of  them  grew,  flowered  and 
fi'uited  until  killed  by  i^ost.    Tbe  tomato-on-potato  plants  bore  good 


MISOBLLAHBOUS  PAPERS.  419 

tomatoes  above  aud  good  potatoes  beneath,  even  thoagb  no  Hpronts 
from  the  potato  stock  vere  allowed  to  grow.  Peppers  anlted  with 
tomatoes  and  tomatoes  anited  with  peppers.  Egg  plaDts,  tomatoes 
and  peppers  grew  npon  the  European  husk  tomato  or  alkekeugi 
{FAyaalU  AlkekmglJ,  Peppers  and  egg  plants  anited  with  each  other 
reciprocally.  A  colens  cion  was  placed  npon  a  tomato  plant,  and  was 
«imply  bonnd  with  raffia.  The  cion  remained  green  and  healthy,  and 
at  the  end  of  forty-eight  days  the  bandage  was  removed,  bnt  it  was 
fonnd  that  no  nuion  bad  taken  place.  Ageratnms  united  npon  each 
other  with  difficulty.  Ghrysauthemams  united  readily.  A  bean  plant, 
bearing  two  partially  grown  beans,  chanced  to  grow  in  a  chrysau- 
tbemnm  pot.  The  stem  bearing  the  pods  was  inarched  into  the  chrys- 
Authemnm.  Union  took  place  readily,  but  the  beans  turned  yellow 
and  died.  Pumpkin  vines  united  with  squash  vines,  cucumbers  with 
-cucumbers,  mnskmelous  with  watermelons,  and  musbmelons,  water- 
melons and  cncnmbers  with  the  wild  cncnmber  or  balsam  apple  fEcM- 
Moeystis  lobataj. 

Another  interesting  feature  of  the  work  was  the  grafting  of  one 
trait  npon  another,  as  a  tomato  fi^it  npon  a  tomato  fruit,  or  a  encumber 
apon  another  cucumber.  This  work  is  still  under  progress,  and  it 
promises  some  interesting  results  in  a  new  and  unexpected  direction, 
reports  of  which  may  be  expected  later. — Bulletin  Oornell  Exper^ent 
iStatioH. 


THE  PEACH  YELLOWS. 
The  yellows  of  the  peach  is  spreading  in  Western  N'ew  York,  and 
it  is  becoming  a  very  serious  menace  to  peach  culture.  Investigations 
into  the  natnre  of  this  disease  have  been  carried  on  for  the  last  three 
■or  four  years  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington.  Little 
has  been  said  concerning  these  investigations,  and  people  are  not 
aware  of  the  extent  to  which  tbey  have  been  carried.  In  order  to  learn 
something  of  their  scope,  I  visited  the  Chesapeake  peninsula  in  October 
and  examined  the  field  experiments  under  progress.  Dr.  E,  F.  Smith 
is  the  special  agent  of  the  Department  of  Agricnlture  who  is  investi- 
gating the  disease.  In  this  region  he  has  eighty  acres  of  orchard 
under  direct  experiment,  forty  of  which,  scattered  throagh  twelve  or- 
•chards  in  Delaware  and  Maryland,  are  devoted  to  fertilizer  tests. 
These  fertilizer  tests  are  above  a  hundred  in  nnmber,  and  comprise 
treatment  with  nitrogen,  potash  and  phosphorus,  and  many  combina- 
tions of  them.  He  has  tried  all  the  fertilizer  remedies  which  liave 
been  recommended  for  the  care  of  the  disease  and  for  its  prevention. 


420  8TATB   HOBTIOULTUBAL  BOOIETY. 

These  bsve  been  tried  upon  all  kinds  of  soils,  and  upon  trees  of  alf 
t^es.  They  have  been  used  with  exceeding  care,  and  they  comprise 
the  largest  Beld  experiments  of  this  oatare,  upon  diseases  of  plants, 
yet  made  in  this  country.  It  is  evident  apon  examining  these  orchards 
that  there  is  no  fertilizer  or  combination  of  fertilizers  which  will  either 
care  or  prevent  the  yellows.  Many  of  the  fertilizers,  especially  those 
rich  in  nitrogen,  have  a  wonderfal  effect  apon  the  vigor  of  the  tree, 
bnt  they  do  not  prevent  the  yellows,  uor  cure  it.  All  the  investigationa 
so  fftr  made  go  to  show  that  yellows  is  a  specific  disease,  entirely  inde- 
pendent of  soil  or  sarroandings. 

Many  investigations  in  other  directions  have  been  made,  and  many- 
important  facts  have  been  obtained  concerning  the  nature  of  the  dis- 
ease, bat  so  far  its  caose  has  not  been  determined.  The  disease  is  an 
exceedingly  obsonre  one,  mnch  more  so  than  pear  blight  or  any  other 
disease  with  which  we  are  familiar. 

The  Kew  Jersey,  Delaware  and  Maryland  orchards  are  beiDg- 
rapidly  decimated  with  the  yellows;  in  fact,  thenpper  portion  of  DeW 
ware  is  practically  devastated  of  peach  trees,  and  the  apper  part  of 
the  Ohesapeahe  peninsula  in  Maryland  is  no  longer  a  profitable  peacb 
region.  There  are  acres  upon  acres  of  orchard  in  which  more  than 
every  other  tree  is  visibly  diseased,  and  in  large  areas  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  find  a  single  healthy  tree.  There  has  been  veiy  little  united 
attempt  toward  controlling  the  yellows  in  these  regions,  and  for  that 
reason  this  present  destraotion  threatens  the  indnstry.  It  is  asefol  to 
compare  the  resnits  in  this  region  with  those  of  the  Michigan  peach 
region,  where  a  definite  law  was  early  enacted,  and  which  has  been  en* 
forced  vigorously.  In  Michigan  the  yellows  is  on  the  decrease  and  the 
planting  of  orchards  is  on  the  increase.  In  Maryland  and  Delaware^ 
the  yellows  is  rapidly  on  the  increase  and  orcharding  is  mostly  on  the 
decrease.  The  only  remedy  so  far  known  is  eradication  of  the  tree  as- 
soon  as  the  disease  is  seen.  The  disease  is  constitatiooal,  and  even 
when  we  have  fonnd  the  caase  it  will  probably  remain  inonrable.  Tet 
there  is  no  reason  for  undue  alarm  in  the  matter,  becaase  the  ex- 
perience of  the  Michigan  growers  has  proved  conclasively  that  radic^ 
measures  will  keep  the  disease  in  check  or  almost  eliminate  it  from  any 
coantry.  The  New  York  law  is  essentially  the  same  as  the  Michigao 
law,  and  if  it  is  rigidly  enforced  by  healthy  public  sentiment,  there  ia 
no  reason  why  peach  culture  should  not  fioarish.  Otherwise,  sooner 
or  later  oar  peach  industry  must  perish, — BuUetin  Oomell  Experimettt 
Station. 


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MISOBLLANBOITS  PAPBB8. 


EXPBRIBNOB  IN  CROSSING  CUCURBITS. 

The  limits  and  resnltB  of  crossing  among  cncurbitaceoas  plants — 
pampkins,  sqnastaes,  melons,  canambers — are  little  understood.  The 
•oommoD  notions  aie  exceediuglj  vague.  It  is  nearly  everywhere  sap- 
posed  that  all  the  species  intermingle  indiscriminately,  and  any  state- 
ment to  the  contrary  is  likely  to  meet  with  incrednlity.  Yet  ther€  is 
Teason  to  believe  that  many  of  the  common  observations  concerning 
these  plants  are  incorrect.  All  the  species  are  exceedingly  variable, 
And  it  is  easy  to  select  fruits  from  large  plantations  which  bear  some 
external  resemblance  to  ftaits  of  other  species,  and  it  is  natural  to  sap- 
pose,  in  the  present  confused  state  of  oar  knowledge  of  hybridity,  that 
auch  fruits  are  hybrids. 

I  began  definite  experiments  in  crossing  cncnrbitfi  in  1887,  and 
aelections  and  close  observations  were  begun  before  that  time.  The 
"Work  has  been  continued  upon  a  large  scale,  and  I  have  now  made  fully 
1,000  careful  hand  pollenations,  and  have  obtained  no  less  than  1,000 
types  of  pumpkins  and  squashes  never  recorded.  The  plantations  of 
«electious  and  crosses  covered  some  eight  acres  this  year. 

The  experiment  is  only  begun.  The  maia  reeulta  of  it  can  not  be 
announced  until  further  work  has  been  done.  But  some  of  the  inci- 
-dental  features  of  the  research  can  be  stated  from  time  to  time. 

1.  Immediate  effect  of  crotting. — The  "immediate  effect  of  cross- 
ing" is  a  term  used  to  denote  any  change  which  may  occur  in  the  frujl 
the  same  year  the  cross  is  made,  as  a  result  of  the  influence  of  pollen. 
Whatever  effect  the  pollen  may  have  is  osaally  shown  in  the  offspring 
-of  the  crossed  fruit  rather  than  immediately,  the  same  season,  in  the 
irnit  itself.  There  are  bnt  few  plants  in  which  an  immediate  effect  of 
crossing  has  been  proved,  and  of  tbeae  Indian  com  is  the  most  familiar. 
It  is  commonly  said  that  it  occurs  in  pumpkins  and  squashes  also;  bnt 
it  certainly  does  not.  There  has  never  been  any  immediate  influence 
whatever  in  any  of  our  crosses,  except  such  as  was  due  to  imperfect 
development  caused  by  insutftnient  or  impotent  pollen.  In  other  words, 
the  effects  of  the  cross  are  seen  only  in  the  offspring  of  the  frnita. 
It  is  easy  to  prove,  withoot  the  aid  of  artificial  pollenation,  even  among 
the  most  variable  squashes,  that  there  is  no  immediate  effect.  If  there 
were  an  immediate  effect,  all  the  fruits  upon  a  vine  woold  be  likely  to 
be  different,  as  every  one  wonld  probably  receive  a  different  pollena- 
tioD.  This  diverse  pollenation  wonld  almost  inevitably  result  if  many 
varieties  were  planted  close  together,  for  the  flowers  of  pumpkins  and 
«qnashes  are  impnrfeot  and  cannot  polleuate  themselves.    But  the  fiict 


422  STATS   HOBTIOnLTVBAL  800IETT. 

i8  that  all  the  fVnita  on  any  vine  are  alike,  with  some  trifling  exceptions 
iu  rare  caaes  dne  to  arrested  deTelopment  or  the  like:  the  eeeential 
characters  of  the  fraits  are  the  same.  This  Bbows  that  the  character 
of  the  vine  is  determiDed  by  the  character  of  the  seed  from  which  it 
comes.    My  observation  shows  that  this  Is  invariably  the  case. 

There  is  no  reason,  therefore,  to  sappose  that  there  is  ever  any 
immediate  effect  of  crossing  in  pumpkins  and  aqnashes.  ' 

2.  Do  pumplcint  and  aquasheg  mix  t — I^o  one  appears  to  doobt  the 
Indiscriminate  mixing  of  pumpkins  and  squashes.  Before  considering^ 
the  question,  it  is  necessary  to  divide  the  halts  called  squashes  inta 
two  gronps.  One  group  iuclndes  the  summer  and  fall  aqnashes,  like 
the  scallops,  common  orooknecka,  cocoa-nnt,  Bergen,  and  the  like  ; 
these  belong  to  the  same  species  as  the  field  pumpkin,  Cucurbita  Pepo. 
These  squashes  cross  with  the  ordinary  field  pnmpkin  and  with  each 
other,  although  the  mixing  even  here  does  not  appear  to  be  indiscrim> 
inate.  The  other  gronp  inclades  the  Hubbard,  Marblebead,  turbans* 
and  the  so-called  mammoth  sqnasbea  and  pumpkina  like  Mammoth  Chill 
and  Yalparaiao;  these  belong  to  a  distinct  species,  Oucwrhita  maxima. 
Many  careful  pollenations  have  been  made  between  these  two  classes 
of  fruits,  and  in  no  case  have  seeds  been  procured.  Sometimes  the 
fruit  will  develop  for  a  time,  and  in  two  or  three  instances  a  summer 
crookneck  pollenated  by  a  turban  sqoash  has  developed  until  half* 
grown,  and  has  then  persisted  until  the  end  of  the  season,  but  it  was 
seedless.  All  our  experiments  show  that  Ouaa-bita  Pepo  and  0.  maX' 
ima  do  nob  hybridize. 

It  ia  an  easy  matter  to  tlnd  fraits  in  any  large  assortment  of  pump- 
kina or  aummer  squashes  which  might  be  taken  for  hybrids  with  the 
Habbaid  or  turbans  by  a  casual  observer.  But  none  of  these  fmits 
which  have  come  under  my  observation —  and  I  have  seen  hundreds — 
possess  any  marks  of  hybridity,  and  they  have  occurred  in  our  experi- 
ments among  pedigree  stock  which  had  no  Cucurbita  maxima  blood  in 
it.  These  so-called  hybrids  are  nothing  more  than  incidental  variations 
of  Cucurbita  Pepo,  and  they  may  appear  anywhere  at  any  time. 

Our  experience  and  observation  show,  therefore,  that  the  field 
pumpkins  and  the  summer  and  fall  types  of  bush  aquaabes  do  not  mix 
with  the  running  squashes  of  the  Hubbard,  Marblebead,  Boston  Marrow, 
turban  and  mammoth  types. 

*Tbe  eame  observation  can  b«  made  with  reference  to  blackbertles  and  raap- 
berries.  Over  250  auccesBful  hand  pollenations  were  made  tblsjear  between  black- 
berrleB,  raspberries  and  dew-bertles  tn  mao^  combinations,  and  tbere  were  n& 
immediate  effects. 


.y  Google 


UIBOBLL&NEOUS   PAPERS.  i23 

3.  Impotency  of  individual  poUenation*. — In  pampkina  and  equashes 
the  flowers  are  eitlier  wholly  staminate  or  wholly  piBtillate,  aud  they 
cfWDot,  therefore,  pollenate  themBelres.  Bat  the  two  kiods  of  flowere 
are  borne  upon  the  same  plant.  PollenatioQ  between  two  flowers  npoa 
the  same  plant  I  have  termed  iadivldoal  polleoation,  in  distinction  from 
close  poUenatloD,  or  pollenation  of  the  flower  by  itself,  and  ft-om  cross' 
pollenation,  or  pollonatiOQ  between  flowers  on  different  plants.  It  has 
been  shown  by  Barwin  and  others  that  pollen  is  sometimes  impotent 
opon  the  pistil  of  the  same  flower,  and  I  have  been  mach  interested, 
therefore,  in  the  reladon  of  pollen  to  pistils  npon  the  same  plant  in 
monoBOioos  species  (those  in  which  the  sexes  are  borne  in  difTerenl 
dowers  npon  the  same  plant).  My  attention  was  first  called  to  this  sab- 
ject  in  1889,  when  some  twenty  or  thirty  sqnash  flowers  were  polli 
ated  from  flowers  on  the  same  plant.  A  number  of  fraits  grew  to  ma- 
turity, but  they  invariably  produced  poor  seeds.  This  year  the  sab- 
ject  was  carefully  examined ;  185  sqaash  and  gourd  flowers  of  some 
fifty  varieties  were  individually  pollenated ;  163  of  these  did  not  pro- 
dace  frait ;  the  remaining  22  curried  fruits  to  matnrity,  but  in  every 
case  the  seeds  were  thin  and  worthless.  These  22  fruits  represented 
13  bush  summer  squashes  of  various  kinds,  five  small  ornamental 
goards,  and  foar  crosses  between  bush  squashes  and  gourds.  In  cross 
pollenations  made  daring  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  manner,  a  large 
part  of  the  crosses  were  saccessfnl,  indicating  that  the  fiulnre  of  the 
Individnal  crosses  was  dne  to  the  inability  of  the  pollen  to  fertilize  the 
ovoles  rather  than  to  incidental  methods  of  operation.  The  experiment 
indicates  that  pollen  of  squashes  which  cannot  produce  fertile  seeds 
may  still  canse  the  development  of  the  fruit.  This  influence  of  pollen 
is  well  attested  in  other  instances,  but  it  is  not  impossible  that  squashes 
may  sometimes  develop  withoat  any  pollenation  whatever.  At  any  rate 
we  have  tound  this  to  be  the  case  in  some  other  cucnrbibs,  and  it  is  a 
point  npon  which  we  are  still  working,  and  concerning  which  we  have 
mnch  data. 

This  impotency  of  individual  pollen  is  a  matter  of  immense  impor- 
tance to  originators  of  varieties.  It  is  commonly  held  that  the  best 
way  in  which  to  "  flz  "  or  render  permanent  new  varieties,  so  that  they 
will  reproduce  themselves  by  seedage,  is  to  in-breed  or  close  pollenate 
them,  but  the  above  trials  indicate  that  this  is  impossible  or  practically 
so  in  pompkins  and  squashes.  An  instance  in  my  own  experience  is 
SQggestive.  From  stock  which  was  crossed  in  1887, 1  obtained  in  1889 
one  sqoash  of  great  excellence.  It  appeared  to  combine  more  good 
qualities  than  any  sqnash  of  its  type  that  I  have  ever  seen.  To  pro- 
core  as  many  plants  of  it  as  possible,  in  order  to  cross  and  fix  it,  I 


424  8TATB  HOBTIOULTURAL  BOCIBTT. 

planted  all  tbe  seeds  from  tfae  best  ftait  In  the  spring  of  1890.  These 
seeds,  all  fVom  ooe  sqnash,  produced  110  distinct  varieties,  and  onlf 
one  plant  was  like  the  parent  1  The  only  thing  to  do  was  to  pollenate 
the  flowers  of  this  one  plant  with  pollen  from  it«elf,  bat  it  soon  became 
evident  that  all  of  these  indivldnal  pollenations  wonld  fail.  It  was  then 
necessary,  late  in  the  season,  to  pollenate  the  remaining  flowers  ftom 
some  other  plant  which  bore  frnit  the  nearest  like  the  one  under  experi- 
ment. Fortunately,  two  or  three  other  plants  bore  similar  ftatts,  and 
by  the  nse  of  their  pollen  two  good  fruits  were  obtained. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  in  sqnaahes  and  pumpkins  the  pollen  is 
impotent  apon  pistils  on  the  same  plant,  and  that  tnie  in-breeding  does 
not  oecar  in  them.    The  experiment  will  be  extended  to  all  varieties. 

4.  I>o  eueumbers  spoil  mutkmelona  f — If  any  dogma  finds  general 
acceptance  among  horticnltnrists,  it  is  the  opinion  that  maskmelons  are 
rendered  insipid  and  worthless  by  cncnmbers  growing  in  their  vicinity. 
Most  growers  suppose  that  this  inflaence  is  immediate,  but  a  few  hold 
that  it  appears  only  in  the  offspring  of  supposed  crosses  between  the 
two  species.  Several  years  ago  my  observations  led  me  to  doobt  this 
influence,  bat  definite  experiments  were  not  undertaken  until  last  win- 
ter, when  a  house  of  forced  melons  and  encumbers  gave  a  good  oppor- 
tunity to  make  cross  pollenations.  Tn  these  trials  we  failed  to  prodnce 
melons  when  the  flowers  were  pollenated  either  by  the  common  white 
spine  or  the  English  forcing  cucumbers. 

Last  summer  the  work  was  undertAketi  in  tbe  garden  ander  the 
best  of  opportanities.  Sinety-seven  muskmelon  flowers  of  various 
varieties  were  pollenated  by  cucumber  pollen  of  many  kinds.  TSo  frnits 
developed.  Twenty-five  cacamber  flowers  were  pollenated  by  mnsk- 
melon  pollen.  Only  one  fruit  developed,  and  that  was  seedless.  These 
fignres  certainly  indicate  that  melons  and  cacumbers  do  not  cross,  and 
therefore  that  the  inflaence  of  one  upon  tfae  other  is  fictitious.  It  has 
been  suggested  by  one  who  has  followed  this  experiment  that  even  if 
the  cucamber  pollen  will  not  fertilise  the  muskmelon,  it  may  Btill  exert 
a  sort  of  secondary  influence  if  applied  along  with  muskmelon  pollen. 
But  if  the  encumber  pollen  does  not  even  possess  the  power  of  devel- 
oping  the  fruit  walls,  as  onr  experiments  show,  it  is  inconceivable  that 
it  shonld  exerl  any  influence  whatever.  The  single  seedless  trnit  of 
encumber  which  developed  in  the  maskmelon  pollenations,  does  not 
prove  that  muskmelon  pollen  will  cause  the  development  of  the  fruit 
walls  of  the  cucamber,  for  oar  experiments  have  shown  conclosively 
that  cucumbers  will  often  develop  to  fall  size  without  any  pollenatioa 


.y  Google 


MIBOBLLANEOUS  PAPBB8. 


425 


ThBteTer.*  Those  who  make  experiments  in  the  poUenation  of  maek- 
melonB  mnBt  bear  in  mind  that  some  varieties  bear  perfect  flowers,  and 
the  anthers  moat  be  removed  before  the  flower  opens. 

Oar  experience  indicatea,  therefore,  that  the  common  opinion  that 
cncombers  spoil  mnekmelons  is,  at  least,  exceedingly  donbtfol. 

6.     Progrettion  of  fiowert When  I  first  began  to  cross  the  cncnr- 

bits  I  noticed  that  all  plants  prodace  far  more  staminate  than  pistillate 
flowers,  and  that  the  staminate  flowers  appear  mnoh  earlier  in  the  sea- 
son than  the  pistillate.  A  stud;  of  Habbard  and  Boston  Marrow 
flqaashes  in  1887  showed  that  pistillate  flowers  rapidly  decreased  in 
nambers  daring  a  prolonged  droath.  Becords  were  also  kept  of  the 
nnmber  and  time  of  appearing  of  the  flowers  of  each  sex  in  other  ca- 
corbits,  but  as  those  records  were  not  published,  I  have  had  similar 
ones  made  this  year.  All  the  flowers  were  counted  as  they  appeared 
apou  two  mnekmelon  plants,  one  watennelon  and  one  caoamber  plant. 
These  plants  were  all  treated  to  ordinary  garden  condition ;  no  pollena- 
tions  were  made  npon  them,  and  no  flowers  were  removed,  so  that  their 
characterieticB  as  recorded  below  are  entirely  normal.  In  forcing  en- 
cnrbits  in  winter,  snch  as  encumbers,  mnskmelons,  sonmer  squashes 
and  benincaea,  I  have  invariably  noticed  this  same  disposition  to  form 
ataminate  flowers  first  and  most  abundantly, 

RECORI>— 1890. 


UuBkmelon. 

Watermelon 

Cucumber. 

No.  1. 

No.  a. 

Stam- 
inate. 

Plitll- 

Ute. 

Stam-Pletll- 
inate.    late 

Stam- 
inate. 

piBtn- 

late. 

Stem- 
luate 

PUtll- 

late. 

i 

3 

- 

1 
2 

1 
3 

4 
2 
3 
3 
6 
7 
9 
10 
16 

9 

1 

1 
1 

*  The  matter  of  cuonmber  poltenattoo,  together  with  notes  upon  the  forcing 
of  cncambers,  wlil  form  the  aubjeot  of  a  future  bulletin. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_JV|l. 


STATE  HOBTIOCLTUKAL  SOCIETY. 


RECORD,  1S90— Contluaed. 


Uaikmelon. 

No.  1. 

No.  3. 

Stam- 
ioate. 

PlrtU- 
lale. 

Stam- 
Inate. 

Pitta 

late. 

Stam- 
ioate. 

Hrtll 
lat«. 

»tam- 
lnat«. 

piitn- 

laW. 

4 
2 
11 
S 
» 
IS 
10 
18 
8 
17 
17 
16 
16 
8 

31 

10 
U 

n 

16 

IS 
34 

2 
4 
3 

1 
1 

1 

3 
2 
6 

4 
4 
3 
3 
3 
6 
6 
1 
4 
3 
4 

a 

8 
1 
3 
3 
3 
1 
6 
8 
4 
3 
3 
4 
4 
7 

1 

1 
1 
3 

1 

3 
2 

1 

I 
1 

8 

12 
10 

10 
14 
10 

10* 
IB 

I 

1 

3 

1 

4 

1 

18 
14 
11 
17 
« 
33 
37 
IS 
33 
IB 
34 
SO 
38 

16 

19 ,  . 

ao 

21 

'■■    14 

23 

20 

as 

84 

21 

a     16 

SI 

1 

3 

16 
10 
IS 
12 
6 
30 

4 

s 

,  ^^|^_'v_JV|l. 


MIBOXUANBOUS  PAPERS. 


KBCORD,  1890— CoDtinaed. 


Hnskmelon. 


I-  Plst)l-]sUm-  i 
late.  I  In  ate. 


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428  8TATB   HOBTICnLTUBAL   80CIETT. 

These  figurea  are  fall  of  significance.  They  show  that  the  stam- 
inate,  or  male  flowers,  are  more  Domeroas  in  each  case  than  the  pistil- 
late, or  fertile  flowers,  ranging  from  six  to  twenty-foar  times  as  many. 
They  show  tliat  the  pistillate  flowers  make  their  appearance  later  in 
the  season — trom  five  days  in  the  cacumber  to  thirty  days  in  one  of 
the  maakmeloDS.  They  also  show  that  as  a  mle  the  staminate  flowers 
«ontinae  to  appear  later  in  £^1  than  the  pistillate.  Maskmelon  ISo.  1 
was  a  weaker  plant  than  the  others,  and  It  began  to  fail  by  the  middle 
■of  September.  It  is,  therefore,  instractive  to  observe  that  in  this 
plant  the  proportion  of  pistillate  flowers  waa^  the  smallest,  and  that 
they  appeared  later  and  ceased  earlier  than  the  other  planta.  And  the 
flgores  illQBtrate  the  common  observation  that  the  cacnmber  is  more 
precociouB  than  the  melons.  The  figures  show  forcibly  the  necessity 
of  starting  melons  early  in  our  short  seasons. 

L.  H.  Bailbt. 

USE,OF  FUNGICIDES  ON  THE  APPLE,  POTATO  AND  GEAPB. 
Xzperlment  No.  C6 — IIHooIb  Bxperlment  Station. 

The  Apple. — The  corroded,  dark-colored  spots  or  patches  very  fre- 
qnently  seen  on  apples  are  the  result  of  a  parasitic  fangns  known  to 
botanists  as  FaHcladium  dendritioum.  The  disease  itself  is  called  "scab." 
We  say  the  apples  are  "scabby."  It  is  often  a  very  injurious  disease. 
The  apples  so  afl'ccted  are  unattractive  in  appearance,  are  often  less  in 
size  than  they  woold  have  been,  are  misshapen,  and  do  not  keep  well. 
Bot  sets  in  at  these  corroded  spots,  and  the  whole  &uit  soon  perishes. 

Upon  closer  observation  it  may  be  seen  that  the  central  part  of  the 
affected  spot  is  covered  during  the  growing  season  by  a  dull,  dark  green, 
velvety  coating,  wholly  nnlike  the  polished  skin  of  the  healthy  fruit. 
Aroand  the  margin  of  the  spot  there  is  a  narrow  whitish  band.  The 
gteenish  part  is  producing  a  dense  crop,  and  the  velvety  appearance  is 
itself  due  to  the  multitudes  of  spores  covering  the  surface  at  the  time. 
The  white  rim  is  the  dead  and  somewhat  upturned  edge  of  the  epider- 
mis, which  is  destroyed  little  by  little  by  the  slow-growing  fungus.  At 
first  the  scab  is  a  mere  point.  From  this  point  the  fnngus  radiates  in 
every  direction,  and  the  scab  grows  larger  in  consequence.  Then  the 
varnished  natural  protection  of  the  inner  tissues  having  been  destroyed, 
the  latter  are  mach  more  subject  to  other  rote. 

The  same  fnngus  lives  upon  the  green  leaves  and  twigs  of  the  tree, 
and  really  does  much  more  serious  damage  here  than  by  the  more  con- 
spicuons  injury  to  the  fruits  The  leaves  become  more  or  less  distorted, 
often  thickened  in  places  and  bulged.  Finally  these  affected  parts  die 
outright,  leaving  the  leaf  ragged  or  entirely  destroyed. 


MISOELLAKBOnB   PAPBBS.  42^ 

Trees  thns  affected  in  mtdenmrner  cannot  matnre  a  good  crop  of 
flmit,  neither  can  they  properly  prepare  tbemselvea  for  winter.  It  will 
tberefore  be  seen  that  the  disease  is  really  a  bad  one,  and  that  any 
method  of  Bncceasfally  treating  it  is  of  mnch  importance. 

The  experiment  of  testing  the  valne  of  fungicides  was  began  oa 
apples  in  1S88.  The  apple  trees  and  fmit  in  the  experimental  orchard 
planted  in  1872  had  for  several  years  been  Infested  with  scab,  to  snob 
an  extent  that  on  many  varieties  little  or  no  perfect  fruit  cottld  be  foand^ 
while  none  of  the  varieties  were  entirely  free  ftom  the  disease.  Thia 
orchard  famished  as  good  a  place  as  coald  be  desired  in  which  to  test 
fongicides  on  apple  scab.  As  there  was  nothing  later  at  hand  for  a 
guide,  Bcriboer's  report  on  "  Fangas  diseases  of  the  grape  vine,"  1886, 
was  followed  in  the  preparation  of  eau  eeleste.  According  Ut  his  formala 
a  preparation  was  made  of  1  lb.  of  copper  salphate  ( blue  vitriol)  to  10- 
gallons  of  water  and  one  pint  of  commercial  ammonia,  and  it  Was  ap- 
plied May  24th  to  one  aide  of  each  of  seven  apple  trees.  The  same 
trees  were  again  sprayed  lightly  with  a  weaker  solution  (1  lb.  to  15  galU 
water)  May  Slat.  The  first  spraying  bad  injured  the  leaves  very  deci- 
dedly, so  much  that  two  of  the  trees  lost  half  their  leaves  within  a  few- 
weeks.  The  trees  were  again  sprayed  June  25th  with  «ai(  eeleste  of  the 
weaker  solation,  and  this  time  an  additional  tree  was  sprayed  to  see 
whether  the  preparation  of  this  strength  woold  burn  the  leaves  and 
fruit.  Examination  of  this  tree  a  week  later  showed  some  damage  to 
the  leaves,  bat  not  enough  to  make  any  of  them  fall. 

A  solution  of  solphate  of  potassinm  was  made  (5  oz.  to  10  gallons 
of  water),  and  four  treea  were  sprayed  with  it  May  24th  and  Slst,  and 
June  25th ;  one  tree.  May  Slst  and  Jane  25th ;  and  three  trees  Jane 
25th.  The  anlphide  of  potassiam  produced  no  injurious  effect  that 
could  be  seen. 

All  the  treea  and  varieties  of  apple  that  year,  whether  sprayed  or 
not.  were  practically  free  from  scab,  and  the  only  thing  gained  was  the 
knowledge  that  eau  celeste  at  the  strength  used  would  injure  the  apple. 

In  1889,  fonr  Winesap  trees,  planted  in  1879,  were  sprayed  on  one 
Bide  with  eau  celeste,  and  three  other  Winesap  trees  on  one  side  with 
the  Bordeaux  mixture.  (Formula  on  p.  433.)  The  spraying  was  done 
June  5th  and  17th,  and  July  3d.  The  fruit  when  picked  was  divided 
for  comparison  into  scabbed  and  not  scabbed,  all  those  being  put  in  the 
latter  list  that  were  so  free  from  scab  as  to  be  nninjured  for  market 
The  following  table  shows  comparative  resolta: 


.y  Google 


STATE   HOKTICCLTUBAL  SOOIBTT. 


Whole  Duoiber. 

Not  scabbed. 

SetbM. 

Applea  from 

sides  of  ueeB  vpnjti  with  rou  eeUite. . . 

'  148 
133 

137 
lU 

61 
19 

79 
16 

78 

Bidei  of  tree*  iprAjed  with  Bordesux 

« 

There  were  not  only  more  good  apples  in  proportion  to  the  whole 
nomber  on  tlie  sprayed  sides  of  the  trees,  bat  the  apples  piched  ont  as 
not  scabbed  were  Iarg«r  on  the  side  sprayed  than  on  the  other. 

In  1890,  six  Winesap  trees  were  sprayed  with  a  preparation  of  citt- 
honatd  of  copper.  (Formula  on  p.  4-^S.J  Four  Winesap  trees  were  left 
nnsprayed  as  checks.  The  spraying  was  done  May  20th  and  Jane  18th 
-and  26tb.  London  parple,  at  the  rat«  of  L  lb.  to  160  gall,  of  water,  was 
appUed  with  the  fnngicide  May  20th.  It  has  been  reported  that  the 
application  of  London  parple  with  the  fangicides  is  more  likely  to 
damage  the  foliage  than  If  they  ate  ased  separately.  N'o  damage  comi&K 
from  the  spraying  was  noticed  in  this  case.  The  apple  crop  for  the 
season  of  1890  was,  as  all  know,  almost  a  complete  faUare.  The  six 
trees  sprayed  yielded,  when  picked,  September  30th,  68  lb.  of  apples — 
less  than  one  baahet ;  and  the  trees  not  sprayed  yielded  12.9  poands  of 
apples — less  than  1-4  of  a  bashel.  Even  with  the  very  small  crop,  the 
effect  of  spraying  was  very  clearly  seen,  the  apples  from  the  sprayed 
trees  being  more  nearly  free  from  scab  and  averaging  mach  larger. 
Fifty-eight  apples  from  the  sprayed  trees  were  eqaal  in  weight  to  100 
from  the  trees  not  sprayed. 

The  table  below  shows  results: 


1* 
fl 

Fi 

1? 

P 
rr 

1? 

II 

^1 

K  trees  sprayed  with  carbonate  of  copper. 

58   lb. 
I2.»Ib. 

16.1  lb. 
SJlb. 

383 
147 

116 
3 

268 

It  seems  desirable  in  this  connection  to  notice  the  work  of  others 
in  the  same  line. 

Some  work  done  in  18S9,  in  Wisconsin,  nnder  the  direction  of 
Professor  E.  S.  Goff,  borticultnrist  of  the  Wisconsin  Experiment  sta- 
tion, gave  excellent  reanlts  with  the  preparation  of  carbonate  of  cop- 


D.-inz'i:;!.,  v^il^H_' V  |1> 


-    HIBOBLLAKBOtTB   PA.PBB8.  431 

per  and  very  &voTabIe  resolte  withpotasBinm  salpbide,  eoda  hjposo]- 
phite,  anlplmr  powder  and  liquid  salphar  preparation.  The  carbonate 
of  copper  gave  so  mnch  more  &vorable  reanlts  than  either  of  the  others 
that  Mr.  Ooff  seeme  inclined  to  recotomend  that  alone.  The  teet 
showed  that  of  the  apples  sprayed  with  the  carbonate  of  copper  75  per 
cent  were  entirely  free  from  scab,  vhile  of  the  apples  hot  sprayed  23.3 
^er  cent  only  were  free  from  the  scab. 

In  a  similar  set  of  experiments  made  by  Professor  L.  B.  Taft,horti- 
caltnrist  of  the  Michigan  Experiment  station,  the  best  resalts  were 
obtained  from  the  use  of  a  modifled  form  of  eav  eelette  (Formula  on  p. 
435),  though  results  nearly  as  favorable  were  obtuned  from  the  use  of 
the  preparation  of  carbonate  of  copper.  In  Professor  Taft's  trials  12.6 
per  cent  only  of  the  apples  ou  the  trees  not  sprayed  were  free  from 
«cab,  while  on  the  trees  sprayed  with  the  moditied  eav,  celeste  63.8  per 
oent,  and  on  those  sprayed  with  carbonate  of  copper  51.2  per  cent  of 
the  apples  were  entirely  free  from  scab. 

The  Potato.  To  test  fungicides  on  potatoes  a  tract  of  10  rows,  80 
ft.  long,  was  used.  This  was  subdivided  so  that  the  plats  sprayed  each 
-consisted  of  10  rows,  20  ft.  long.  The  plats  lay  adjoining  each  other, 
and  appeared  to  be  as  nearly  equal  at  the  beginning  of  the  experi- 
ment as  could  be  desired.  Jane  23d  and  July  5th,  plat  1  was  sprayed 
with  the  Bordeaux  mixture,  plat  2  with  eav  celeste,  and  the  third  plat 
vith  carbonate  of  copper.  At  the  time  of  the  first  spraying  the  po- 
tato Tines  and  leaves  were  perfectly  free  from  disease,  but  they  be- 
^n  to  show  it  within  a  week,  and  within  three  weeks  most  of  the  leaves 
were  dead. 

The  plat  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  mixtnre  appeared  to  remain  green 
longer  than  the  rest,  while  the  plats  sprayed  with  the  other  two  pre- 
parations showed  no  positive  results  nntU  time  of  digging,  when  the 


put  spr&yed  with  Bordekox  mixture  yielded.... 

Plat  sprayed  with  eau  etUtte  jieidvd 

Plat  sprayed  with  carbonate  of  copper  yielded.. 
Plat  not  sprayed  yielded 


mi  lb. 
66}  lb. 
6S}  lb. 
33}  lb. 


Althongfa  the  yield  in  all  the  plats  is  small,  the  difference  between 
-the  plat  not  sprayed  and  those  sprayed  is  very  marked. 

The  Grape.  The  black  rot  of  the  grape  is  by  far  the  worst  of  the 
American  vine  diseases,  though  these  are  very  nnmerons.  It  may  be 
called  the  rot  of  the  grape  berries  in  most  portions  of  oar  country 
Though  it  affects  both  leaf  and  fruit,  it  is  apon  the  latter  that  it  is  oom- 


432  STATE  HOBTICULTUBAI.  BOCIETT 

monly  observed.  Ae  in  the  case  of  the  scab  of  the  apple,  this,  too,  is 
the  work  of  a  parasitic  fongus  fPhysalospora  BidweUiiJ,  but  a  widely 
different  species  from  that  previously  described.  The  extreme  onter 
layers  only  of  cells  are  killed  in  the  apple,  bat  the  whole  substance  of 
the  grape  is  destroyed.  On  the  green  grape  berry  may  be  seen  at  first 
■  a  minnte  brown  point  which  rapidly  enlarges  Into  a  broad  brown  spot, 
sharply  boanded  by  the  healthy  green  substance  of  the  froit.  Within 
a  few  days'  time  the  small  affected  area  enlarges  nntU  it  covers  a  half 
or  more  of  the  berry,  which  so  far  preserves  its  shape.  Soon,  how- 
ever, this  affected  part  shrinks,  the  skin  becomes  wrinkled ;  then  tlie 
whole  berry  dries  np  into  an  irregnlarly  angular,  and  comparatively 
small  mass.  It  nsoally  adheres  a  long  time  to  the  stem  with  perhaps 
all  the  others  belonging  to  the  same  bnnch  or  clnster.  After  the  skin 
has  become  considerably  wrinkled,  close  looking  will  reveal  a  dnsty, 
white  powder  breaking  ap  from  minate  openings  in  the  shriveled  fruit. 
This  dust  is  made  up  of  spores,  each  exceedingly  minnte  in  size,  but 
capable  of  starting  the  same  destruction  in  a  fresh  berry.  Bains  and 
dews  favor  the  development  of  the  rot,  because  the  spores  require 
water  for  their  germination,  when  they  foil  trom  the  wind  currents  upon 
the  skin  of  the  berries. 

On  the  leaves  the  fungus  is  found  in  small  dead  spots,  distributed 
over  which  may  be  seen  with  a  magni&er  little  dark-colored  pastnles. 
From  these  latter  are  poured  forth  the  same  kind  of  minate  white 
spores  that  form  the  powdery  substance  on  the  rotting  berries.  How- 
ever, the  vine  itself  does  not  usually  suffer  severely.  It  is  the  fruit 
that  is  mostly  affected. 

The  shriveled  berries  at  length  fall  to  the  ground,  where  they  lie 
during  the  winter  and  spring,  and  in  them  during  this  time  another 
kind  of  spores  is  formed,  which  perpetuates  the  fungus  for  another 
year's  destruction.  The  total  loss  of  grapes  in  our  country  by  this  dis- 
ease amounts  to  a  great  proportion  on  the  average  of  the  whole  crop. 
It  is  exceedingly  fortunate  that  we  can  attain  so  much  of  success  in 
combating  it  by  spraying.  Testing  fungicides  for  black  rot  ou  the 
grape  was  begun  in  1888.  The  vineyard  used  for  the  test  is  one  belong- 
ing to  the  University  farm,  in  which  the  ftuit  had  several  times  been 
badly  damaged  or  nearly  destroyed  by  black  rot,  though  the  year  be- 
fore spraying  was  begun,  the  fruit  had  been  almost  perfect,  there  being- 
so  little  rot  that  it  was  not  noticed. 

The  vineyard  is  on  a  fiat  piece  of  ground,  not  well  drained ;  it  eon- 
tains  abont  1}  acre  in  14  rows.  Four  rows  were  sprayed  with  sulphide 
of  potassium  and  four  with  the  strong  eaw  celeste,  the  same  aa  first  used 
on  the  apples.    The  spraying  was  done  May  31st,  June  25th  and  July 


u  Google 


HI80EIX1NE0US  PAPSBS.  433 

'9th.  The  grape  leaves  were  slightly  bamed  by  the  application  of  eau 
■eeUtte.  Some  more  than  half  the  grapes  rotted  on  all  the  vines,  whether 
sprayed,  or  not  sprayed,  and  a  careful  estimate  of  resalts  the  latter  pEurt 
of  Aagast,  and  weighing  thb  fmit  when  gathered,  failed  to  show  any 
difference  that  conld  be  attribated  to  spraying. 

Daring  the  sammer  of  1889,  the  four  rows  of  grapes  referred  to 
above  were  sprayed  with  the  eau  celeite  and  fonr  others  with  the  Bor- 
deanz  mlxtore.  The  spraying  was  done  May  20th,  Jnne  5th  and  17th, 
and  Jnly  3d.  The  grapes  began  rotting  by  the  Sth  of  Jane,  and  the  rot 
kept  spreading,  almost  without  stopping,  antU  the  few  grapes  left  were 
bejnnning  to  tarn.  Many  of  the  vines  by  that  time  bore  no  perfect 
frnit.  The  four  rows  sprayed  with  the  Bordeanx  mixtare  were  the  best, 
bearing  38^  pounds  of  soand  berries,  bnt  no  perfect  bnnches.  The  fonr 
rows  sprayed  with  eau  eelette  bore  27  poands  of  sound  berries.  The 
■six  rows  not  sprayed  bore  32^  poands  of  Bonnd  berrieti.  The  peroent- 
^e  of  grapes  rotted  was  not  estimated. 

In  1890,  sammer  pmning  in  connection  with  spraying  was  tried : 

Two  rows  were  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  mixture  witbont  pronlng. 

One  row  was  sprayed  with  Bordeanx  mlxtnre  and  kept  prnned  all 
janmmer. 

Two  rows  were  sprayed  with  ean  celeste  withoat  pruning. 

One  row  was  sprayed  with  eau  eelette  and  kept  pruned. 

Two  rows  were  sprayed  with  carbonate  of  copper. 

Two  rows  were  kept  pruned  and  not  sprayed. 

Foot  rows  were  neither  pruned  nor  sprayed. 

The  spraying  was  done  May  20th,  Jane  18th  and  Jane  23d,  and 
Jnly  5th. 

No  rot  was  found  on  the  grapes  by  the  examinations  made  ap  to 
June  10th.  It  was  the  intention  to  spray  again  on  the  lltb,  bat  rains 
prevented  that  day,  and  for  several  succeeding  days.  A  carefal  exami- 
nation made  June  17th  showed  that  at  least  half  the  berries  had  began 
to  rot,  the  diseased  spots  varying  in  size  from  mere  points  to  spots  one- 
■eighth  inoh  in  diameter.  The  number  of  grapes  rotting  continued  to 
increase  after  the  spraying  of  the  18th,  and  a  few  apparently  started  to 
rot  after  the  spraying  of  Jane  23d.  The  rot  did  not  appear  to  spread 
to  new  berries  daring  July  or  August,  but  a  few  seoond-crop  berries 
rotted  during  tJie  damp  weather  of  October. 

The  subjoined  table  of  reeolts  indicates  that,  while  the  spraying 
may  not  be  a  specific,  it  is  at  least  a  partial  remedy  for  the  black  rot ; 
it  also  shows  that  on  vines  kept  summer-pmned  and  sprayed,  the  grapes 
rotted  less  than  on  those  sprayed  and  not  pruned ;  while  on  those 
pruned  and  not  sprayed  the  grapes  rotted  much  worse  than  on  those 

HB_28 


434 


BTATB   HOBTIOnLTUBAI.  SOOIETT. 


neither  pmned  nor  sprayed ;  that  grapes  on  vines  not  caltivated,  the 
weeds  being  occasionally  mowed  off,  rotted  more  than  on  those  kept 
clean  by  cnltivation: 


I    h 


Two  rows  Tines  not  aprityed  or  pruned 

Two  rows  sprayed  with  Bordeani,  not  pmned. . . 

Oaerow  sprkyed  with  Bordeaux,  pruoed 

One  row  sprayed  with  eau  eelaU,  pruned 

Two  rows  sprayed  with  sou  etlate,  not  pruned.. 
Two  rows  pruned,  not  sprayed 


Two  rows  not  8pra;ed,  pruned  or  oultlrated 93.5 


9.6 


3.» 

a.87- 


The  place  in  which  the  carbonate  of  copper  was  nsed  does  not 
give  a  fair  test  of  its  efficiency  as  a  preventive. 

The  advantage  of  snmmer  prnning  vines  to  be  sprayed  seems  U> 
come  from  the  greater  certainty  of  getting  the  fangicide  npon  the  ber- 
ries. Grapes  pmned  and  not  sprayed  rot  worse  than  those  not  pmned 
nor  sprayed,  becanse  the  dew  forms  on  the  exposed  &att  and  not  on 
tliat  covered  over  with  leaves,  the  dewdrops  affording  the  proper  con> 
ditiou  of  moiatare  for  the  growth  of  the  spores  of  the  rot.  The  berries 
can  be  reached  properly  by  the  spray  without  snmmer  prnning,  if  the 
spray-nozzle  is  thrast  in  among  the  vines  instead  of  being  held  on  the 
ontside.     The  pruning  of  itself  does  harm  rather  than  good. 

As  a  resnit  of  the  work  done  here  it  is  recommended  that  vineyards 
be  kept  well  cultivated,  and  that  where  they  have  been  previoosly  sub- 
ject to  block  rot  tbey  be  thoroughly  sprayed  with  the  Bordeaux  mii- 
tnre  or  with  eau  celeite  as  often  ae  the  season  may  demand.  If  the 
season  continues  dry  all  the  time,  there  is  little  chance  for  the  rot  to 
develop ;  but  a  spell  of  warm,  rainy  weather,  coming  at  any  time  from 
the  setting  of  the  fruit  to  the  time  of  ripening,  may  start  the  disease 
into  active  work.  The  disease  cannot  be  cured  bat  must  be  prevented. 
The  first  spraying  may  be  done  in  the  spring  as  soon  as  the  first  leaves 
are  developed,  and  it  is  commonly  recommended  to  repeat  it  three  to 
8LZ  times. 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


MISCELLANS0U8  FA.PXB8.  435 

The  Bordeaox  mixture  leaves  a  greeniah  sediment  on  the  fruit,  and 
when  applied  in  large  amount  or  late  in  the  season,  injures  It  either  for 
market  or  home  use.  The  aediment  may  be  removed  by  dipping  the 
berriea  in  a  wash  made  of  one  quart  of  cider  rioegar  to  Ave  gallons  of 
water.    The  other  fungicides  leave  no  apparent  sedimeut  on  the  fruit. 

The  work  done  at  other  places,  and  especially  that  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  U.  8.  Department  of  Agricaltnre,  has  been  so  successful 
that  there  is  no  room  to  doubt  the  profltableneas  of  spraying  grape- 
vines when  they  are  infested  with  either  the  black  rot  or  downy  mil- 
dew. In  a  recent  report  issued  by  the  Department  (Journal  of  Mycol- 
ogy, Vol.  VI,  No.  S)  is  given  an  account  of  an  experiment  in  spray- 
ing, in  which  a  vineyard,  flo  badly  infested  that  it  had  been  abandoned 
for  five  years,  after  being  pruned  and  cleaned  np,  was  divided  into  five 
plats,  four  of  which  were  treated  with  different  fongicides,  aud  the 
fifth  left  as  a  check. 

On  plat  one,  sprayed  eight  times  with  Bordeaux  mixture,  99.2  per 
cent  of  the  crop  was  saved. 

On  plat  two,  sprayed  eight  times  with  ammoniacal  carbonate  of 
copper,  97.5  per  cent  of  the  crop  was  saved. 

On  plat  three,  sprayed  eight  times  with  carbonate  of  copper  in 
suspension,  93.64  per  cent  of  the  crop  was  saved. 

On  plat  four,  sprayed  three  times  with  ammoniacal  carbonate  of 
copper,  97.27  per  cent  of  the  crop  was  saved. 

On  plat  five,  which  received  no  preventive  treatment,  not  a  single 
bunch  was  produced  which  was  fit  for  market. 

Beports  nearly  as  favorable  come  from  several  other  soorces.  It 
woald  appear  from  all  accoants  that  to  attain  satisfactoiy  results  per- 
sistent application  is  necessary. 

P0BKTJLA8. 

The  following  formulas  for  fungicides  are  taken  frwm  the  Horti- 
caltnrists'  Bale  Book,  edited  by  Professor  L.  H.  Bailey : 

AmmoDlacal  carbonate  of  copper— Into  a  vegEel  having  a  capacity  of  2  qts.  or 
more,  put  1  qt.  of  commercial  ammoala  (Btrength  32  deg.  Banme) ;  add  3  oz.  car- 
bonate ot  nopper ;  itlr  rapidly  for  a  moment  and  the  carbonate  of  copper  will  dla- 
eotve  In  the  ammonia,  forming  a  very  clear  liquid.  Thte  conoentrated  liquid  may 
be  kept  Indellnltely.    For  nse,  dllut«  23  gtWt, 

Bordeaux  mlztare— Dlaaolve  S  Iba.  of  aalphate  of  copper  In  16gallg.  of  water. 
In  another  veisel  slake  4  Iba.  of  qalek-ltme  In  6  galla.  of  water.  When  the  latter 
mixture  has  cooled,  poor  slowly  Into  the  copper  eolation,  care  being  taken  to  mix 
the  dnids  thoroughly  by  eonatant  atlrrlng.  Prepare  aome  days  before  using,  tjtlr 
before  applying. 

San  celeste— Diasolve  1  lb.  of  sulphate  of  copper  In  2  galls,  of  water.  When 
completely  dissolved  and  the  water  has  cooled,  add  1}  pt.  of  commercial  ammonia. 
When  ready  to  use,  dUote  to  32  gallg. 


436  STATE   HOETIOULTTTBAL  800IBTY. 

A  iecond  mctbod  of  preparing  eau  rttate :  Df taolve  1  lb.  Balptaate  of  copper  ]a 
S  galli.  of  witter.  In  »iiatber  vessel  dlaeolve  1  lb.  of  carbotiftte  of  loda.  Hlx  tbe 
two  Bolutione,  uid  when  cbemlcal  aotlon  baa  ceued,  add  !{  pL  of  commercial  am- 
noola.  For  nse,  dilute  23  galls.  A  modlltcatton  of  tbls  latter  metbod  Is  2  lbs. 
sulphate  of  copper,  2}  lbs.  carbonate  of  soda,  and  1}  pt.  of  commercial  sminonia, 
prepared  as  Before . 

The  Bordeaux  mixture  is  more  difficult  to  Dse  than  either  of  the 
others,  and  in  the  hands  of  some  of  oar  best  experimenters,  haa  given 
little  if  any  better  results. 

HACHINES. 

For  spraying  in  a  small  way,  some  one  of  the  forms  of  knapsack 
pumps  is  most  convenient.  For  work  on  a  larger  scale,  a  machine 
moQDted  on  wheels  is  better.  We  have  been  using  the  past  year  the 
Eareka  sprayer,  and  it  has  given  excell'-nt  satisfaction.  Good  ma- 
chines' may  be  foand  advertised  in  almost  any  agricnltaral  or  hortionl- 
toral  paper. 

GBNEBAX  OONOLUSIOHS. 

The  various  compounds  of  copper  offer  efficient  protection  to 
many  cultivated  cropa  against  the  exceedingly  destmctive  ravages  of 
fungous  parasites.  Without  treatment,  these  rote,  rusts,  mildews  and 
blights  frequently  destroy  a  large  pioportion  of  or  even  the  entire  pro- 
duct of  fields  and  fhiit  plantations.  The  applications  in  the  shape  of 
watery  sprays  are  made  so  readily  and  with  so  little  expense  in  money 
and  labor,  that  every  one  interested  shonld  at  once  undertake  the 
work.  The  practical  results  already  attained  constitute  the  greatest 
advance  made  in  recent  times  in  the  application  of  science  to  horUcal- 
ture.  A  little  well-directed  effort  may  be  confidently  expected  to  re- 
turn a  hundred  or  a  thoiwand  times  its  cost.  Still  there  is  need  for 
much  vigilance  and  carefnl  attention  to  every  detail.  Mistakes  may  be 
made  even  then,  and  sometimes  failures  may  occur  for  which  existing 
knowledge  may  offer  no  esplanation.  But  we  shonld  persevere,  gain 
all  possible  information  upon  the  snbject,  and  watch  well  the  effects  ld 
every  test.  In  this  way  every  one  may  hope  to  conquer,  practically, 
these  insidious  and  heretofore  invincible  foes. 

If  the  readers  of  this  paper  desire  further  information  concemiDg 
the  subject,  write  to  the  Agricnltaral  Experiment  station,  Ohampaigo, 
Illinois. 

T.  J.  BtTEEiLL,  Ph.  D ,  Horticulturist  and  Botanist, 
G.  W.  McGlubb,  B.  S.,  Assistant  Horticulturist. 


.y  Google 


HISTORY  AND  PUBLICATIONS 

OP  THE 

State  Horticultural  Society. 


BY  F.  A.  SAMPSON,  8BDAUA,  MO. 

Previoaa  to  1869,  Hod.  X.  J.  Oolmao,  then  editor  of  the  "Yalle; 
Farmer  "  at  St.  Louis,  in  editorials  in  tbe  tenth  and  eleventh  volames, 
urged  the  formation  of  a  aociet;  for  the  promolion  of  fmit-growiog, 
and  OQ  the  6th  of  Jaaoaiy,  1869,  a  tevr  perHona  met  ia  JefTerBon  City 
"for  the  pnrpoee  of  advaDoiag  and  directing  the  frait-growing  interests 
of  MiHSonri  and  the  west" 

The  meeting  organized  by  calling  Prof.  G.  G.  Swallow  to  the  ohair, 
and  the  appointment  of  Mr,  F.  R.  Elliott,  aflerward  Secretary  of  tbe 
American  Pomological  society,  as  secretary.  The  name  "  Missouri 
Fmit  Growers'  AsBOciatiou  "  was  adopted,  and  Mt.  Oolman  was  elected 
President ;  F.  R  Elliott,  Becording  Secretary,  George  Hoemann,  Oor- 
respooding  Secretary,  and  John  Gamett,  Treasarer.  The  Vice- Presi- 
dents were  Dr.  MePberson,  Prof.  G.  0.  Swallow,  George  M.  Horner, 
Dr.  McGnire,  Eldridge  Bnrden,  William  0.  Price  and  John  Dedrick. 
Among  others  taking  part  in  the  meeting  were  Hon.  W,  B.  Morris, 
of  St.  Lonis;  Mr.  C.  0.  Manwariag,  of  Hermana;  Mr.  Bichter,  of  Jef- 
fbrson  county ;  Hon.  B.  W.  Weils,  Gen.  Minor,  Gen.  E.  Tj.  Edwards  and 
others,  of  Jefferson  Oity. 

Twenty-one  years  later  the  Society  again  elected  Mr.  Oolman  as  its 
President,  and  in  his  address  at  the  annual  meeting  in  1880  he  thus  re- 
ten  to  the  early  yefua  of  tbe  Society ; 

At  the  time  of  lis  orgatilz^tloD  the  goldBD  era  of  horttcultore  wae  downing  In 
thla  8t«t«.  The  Society  flouriBhed  and  hortloaltnre  fionrlthed.  EDttauabtalic  hoi^ 
tlcalturlata.  not  onlj  from  all  parts  of  this  State  but  from  onr  oefgbborlng  State  of 
minoia,  became  members.  The  meetings  were  awaited  with  Interest,  and  the  at- 
tendance waa  large.  The  dlaoHSBloaa  were  Interesting  and  Instractlve,  and  the  pnb- 
•tcatlons  of  tbe  proceedings  Were  eagerly  sought  by  taortlanltariata  from  all  parts  , 

ogle 


D.-|MZ.=  I.,  ^.V_'OQ 


.438  STATE  HOKTIOITLTURAL  SOOIBTT. 

of  the  Union.  The  tables  were  loaded  with  the  finest  specimens  of  fruits  and 
wines,  ftnd  their  merits  were  extoUed  over  the  broad  land.  Tbe  canse  of  hortlcnl- 
tare  flourished  like  a  green  bay  tree.  At  this  period  In  the  hlstoirof  the  aocie^ 
DO  State  horticultural  association  In  the  nation  stood  higher.  Bach  high  repate  did 
our  socletj  and  the  bortlcQltare  of  our  State  enjoy,  that  a  meeting  of  the  Amertoao 
Fomologlo&l  society  was  held  here,  and  It  proved  to  be  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
attractive  ever  held  by  that  society.  Tables  enclrollng  the  Immense  hall  and  cross 
tables  were  Inadequate  to  bold  the  samples  of  fruit  and  native  wines  that  were  ex- 
hibited. Fmlt-growers  from  theEast  were  nnable  torecognize  varieties  with  which 
they  had  been  familiar  at  home  trom  their  boyhood,  on  account  of  their  superior 
size  and  riebness  of  oolorlng. 

A  called  meeting  was  held  at  tbe  Fair  groanda  at  St.  Loais  on  tbe 
27th  of  September,  1869,  when  Dr.  L.  D.  Morae  was  made  Becordiag 
Beoretary  in  place  of  Mr.  Elliott,  who  had  moved  ft-om  tbe  State,  and 
yarioQs  kinds  of  frails  were  exhibited  and  discnased. 

Theflrstannnalmeetingafter  the  organization  was  held  at  Jefferbon 
City  on  tbe  27th  of  December,  1869,  and  Mr.  GolinaD  was  re-elected 
President;  Vice-PreBidents,  Dr.  A.  W.  McPherson,  Prof.  G.  C.  Swallow, 
Oeo.  M.  Homer,  Dr.  MoOnire,  E.  Burden,  W.  G.  Price  and  John  Ded- 
rick ;  Oorreeponding  Secretary,  Dt.  L.  D.  Morse  ;  Recording  Secretary, 
Wm.  Mnir ;  and  Treasnrer,  Dr.  0.  W.  Spalding.  It  was  decided  to 
publish  a  pamphlet  containing  tbe  proceedings  of  this  and  all  prior 
meetings,  and  an  essay  on  grape  cnltore,  by  Mr.  George  HoBmann. 
For  a  number  of  years  Mr.  Mnir  filled  the  ofBce  of  Secretary,  and  is 
afterward  deecribed  by  Mr.  Mudd  as  "  a  devoted  and  intelligent  horti- 
cnltariBt,  underBtanding  all  onr  terms  and  phrases,  familiar  with  our 
nomenclatore,  his  reports  got  ap  in  such  manner  as  to  be  of  interest  to 
all,  and  it  is  believed,  contriboted,  in  great  measore,  to  create  that  zeal 
and  devotion  in  onr  members  which  enabled  as  not  only  to  maintun 
oar  organization,  bat  to  increase  tbe  interest  in  and  attendance  on  oar 
meetings  tbrongh  the  period  of  a  civil  war,  which  destroyed  all  similar 
organizations  in  all  the  other  slave-holding  states." 

A  cfdied  meeting  was  held  on  the  7th  of  September,  1860,  at  Her- 
mann. The  next  annual  meeting  was  held  at  St.  Lonis  on  the  8th  of 
Jannary,  1861.  At  the  former  annual  meeting  no  fi-uits  except 
grapes  were  exhibited;  bat  at  this  and  all  succeeding  meetings  many 
varieties  of  fruits  and  wines  were  shown.  By-laws  were  adopted  at 
this  meeting,  and  Dr.  0.  W.  Spalding  was  elected  President;  Vice- 
Presidents,  Dr.  A.  W,  McPherson,  Prof.  G.  C.  Swallow,  Geo.  M.  Horner, 
W.  L.  Irving,  Eldridge  Bnrden.  Wm.  0.  Price  and  W.  S.  Jewett ;  Re- 
cording Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Wm.  Muir ;  and  Corresponding  Sec- 
retary, Dr.  L.  D.  Morse. 

The  next  annual  meeting  was  held  in  St.  Louis  on  the  Hth  of  Jan- 
uary, 1862.    It  is  said  that  the  address  of  the  President  was  "  most 


BIBLIOaBAPHV.  439 

tt«aatifal  and  forcible,"  but  anfortnnately  it  was  not  printed  in  the  pro- 
«6ediDgs.  It  was  at  this  meeting  that  tbe  name  was  changed,  on  the 
snggeation  of  Dr.  Spalding,  to  that  which  it  now  bears,  iu  order  that 
the  society  might  have  a  "  wider  range  of  parpose,  embracing  all  the 
objects  of  hortionltnral  design  and  improvement."  Dr.  Spalding  was 
re-elected  President ;  the  Vice-Presidents  were  Dr.  A.  W.  McPherson, 
Prof.  G.  C.  Swallow,  Geo.  M.  Horner,  W.  L.  Irving,  Eldridge  Bnrden, 
Wm.  C.  Price  and  W.  S.  Jewett;  ConeBpondiog  Secretary,  Dr.  L.  D. 
Morse,  and  Becording  Secretary  and  Treasarer,  Wm.  Mnir.  A  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  see  if  the  transactions  of  the  society  conld  be 
pabliehed  iu  the  same  volume  with  the  transactions  of  the  Illinois 
Horticaltaral  society,  bnt  this  does  not  seem  to  have  been  done. 

The  next  annnal  meeting  was  held  at  St.  Louis  in  January,  1863. 
The  following  officers  were  elected:  President,  Henry  T.  Mndd;  Vice- 
Presidents,  Dr.  B,  F.  Edwards,  George  Husmann,  O.  H.  P.  Lear,  Isaac 
Snedeker  and  William  Hadley,  the  two  latter  of  Illinois ;  Correspond- 
ing  Secretary,  Dr.  L.  D.  Morse,  and  Recording  Secretary  and  Treas- 
arer, Wm.  Mnir.  An  essay  on  the  grape  was  read  at  the  meeting  by 
Mr.  George  Haemann,  and  was  pnblished  on  pages  38-43  of  "Ad  Essay 
on  (he  Cultare  of  tbe  Grape  in  the  Great  West,"  by  the  same  author, 
pnblished  at  Hermann  in  1863.  In  the  Proceedings  of  the  meeting  of 
January,  1S64, 1  find  the  active  membera  included  Henry  T.  Mndd,  K. 
J.  Colman,  George  Husmann,  Dr.  L.  D.  Morse,  Dr.  H.  Claggett,  Dr.  B. 
F.  Long,  Dr.  B.  F.  Edwards,  Wm.  Mnir,  John  H.  Tice  and  others  well 
known  in  later  years. 

The  report  for  1864  gives  a  list  of  133  members.  Only  a  part  of 
the  later  reports  give  lists  of  members,  but  the  number  varied  greatly 
from  year  to  year,  in  1873  it  being  only  29.  The  membership  fee  has 
been  a  mere  nominal  amount,  and  this  is  sufficient  reason  for  the  great 
variation  in  the  number.  Perhaps  the  present  plan  of  giving  a  list  of 
the  members  and  correspondents  is  the  best,  withoat  making  any  spe- 
cial effort  to  have  a  large  membership,  the  work  of  the  society  in  any 
«veut  being  done  by  a  few  members. 

The  first  list  of  life  members  was  given  iu  the  Proceedings  for  1872. 
Tbe  following  are  all  of  the  names  found  in  the  different  pnblished  lists : 
Benry  T.  Uudd,  Chulea  Peabody,  J.  C.  Evans, 

A.  E.  Trabne,  Jobn  H.  Tioe,  L.  A  Ooodman, 

Hezekiab  Claggett,  Daniel  L.  Hall,  D.  H.  Dunlap. 

Honorary  members  were  first  given  in  the  Proceedings  for  1834, 
and  the  Itnt  to  the  present  time  is  made  up  of  the  following ; 

George  HaBmann,  C.  W.  Mnrtreldt,  Marihall  P.  Wilder, 

T.  T.  Lyon,  N.  J.  Colmaa,  Charles  Downtng. 


Df|n;-::l'v  ^^H_'V_V 


igle 


440  BTATE  H0BTI0T7LTUSAI,  SOGIEIT. 

In  1883  the  cosstltntioQwae  amended  eoaa  to  especially  provide  for 
lad;  members,  and  since  that  time  they  have  made  a  part  of  the  society^ 
and  joined  in  the  proceedings  at  the  aonnal  meetiDg. 

The  society  has  made  exhibits  of  ftnit  at  varions  places,  and 
accomplished  mnch  in  this  way  by  directiogthe  attention  of  the  people 
of  other  states  to  Missonri  as  a  fruit  state.  At  the  meeting  of  the- 
American  Fomological  Society,  at  Rochester  in  1879,  several  medals 
were  awarded  to  it — one  for  the  largest  and  best  display  of  applet 
made  by  any  society,anotherfoTthebest  display  of  grapes,  and  another 
for  the  best  display  of  pears.  Again  in  1883  it  made  an  exhibit  of 
frnits  at  the  meeting  of  the  same  society,  and  also  at  the  Glrand  Bapids 
meeting  in  1885.  In  February,  1883,  it  showed  85  varieties  of  fine 
ftaits  at  the  meeting  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Horticaltaral  Society  at 
New  Orleans.  In  1884  it  took  varioas  preminms  at  the  Exposition  in 
yew  Orleans—  a  gold  medal  and  $200  on  200  varieties  of  apples ;  a  silver 
medal  andtlOO  on  100  varieties  of  apples;  a  silver  medal  and  $76.00  on 
50  varieties  of  apples ;  two  other  siWer  medals  and  twenty  smaller  pre- 
minms. At  the  Ht.  Loais  Fair,  the  St.  Lonis  Exposition  and  other 
places  it  has  made  exhibits  with  similar  resalts. 

In  1882,  the  society  having  an  appropriation  from  the  Legislature 
of  $2,500  for  two  years,  decided  to  establish  an  experimental  orchard 
and  garden  at  the  Agricnltnral  College  gronnds,  for  testing  new  fmitft 
and  vegetables;  and  the  reports  of  the  committee  in  charge  of  th» 
work  show  valuable  resnlts. 

The  first  report  of  the  present  secretary  was  that  of  1883,  and  it» 
as  well  as  the  succeeding  ones,  contains  not  only  the  original  papers 
read  at  the  meetings,  but  selections  from  the  horticultural  jonmals 
published  during  the  year.  The  twenty-eighth  report  has  the  "  Flora  of 
Missouri,"  by  Prof.  S.  M.  Tracy,  taking  up  106  pages,  the  first  catap 
logue  of  the  plants  of  the  state  published  since  that  by  Geyer  in  1842. 
I  will  not  notice  in  detail  the  different  meetings,  or  the  contents  of 
the  Proceedings.  Each  volume  conti^ns  mnch  of  interest,  and  if  the 
practical  horticulturist  had  a  complete  set  of  the  Proceedings  and 
would  read  them  all  through  carefally  once  a  year,  he  wonid  learn  much 
that  would  help  him  to  do  more  intelligent  work,  and  to  reap  more 
abundant  reward  for  work  done.  Each  volume  has  many  papers  which 
wonld  teach  him  new  ideas  to  be  pat  in  practical  operation  or  which 
would  assist  in  educating  the  mind,  and  at  least  enlarge  the  capacity  of 
enjoyment,  and  widen  the  scope  of  vision — the  tiller  of  the  soU  too- 
often  contenting  himself  with  simply  living  an  animal  life,  with  mind 
but  little  more  developed  than  those  of  the  animals  with  which  hi» 
work  brings  him  into  contact. 


BIBUOaBAPHT.  411 

The  following  table  shows  the  ofBoers  of  the  society  from  its- 
organization  to  the  present  time.  After  1868  the  offices  of  correspond- 
ing and  recording  secretary  were  united  in  the  same  person,  and  since 
18S1  the  constitntiou  has  provided  for  a  vioe-president,  instead  of  one 
for  each  congressional  district  as  was  the  case  previoas  to  that  time. 
The  table  also  gives  the  time  of  each  meeting,  its  serial  namber  and 
the  nnmber  by  which  it  is  known  in  the  pablished  proceedings : 


.y  Google 


PaW'd  I 
No.  of 
meet.  > 


STATE  HOBTICDLTUBAI.  SOOIETT. 


*««.t-»a.o--3«  :SS2S2  :s;iiUSi^S£;3SSSSgSglS 


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^■i«^  lis  est? 

:  :saB:6;jfa^fca;*' 


ao  Q  nj -a  a  ffl  B  S  ;ja  ffl  =3  ^JiflH  ■?  >?sS5S5N-3 


Hi 


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4'aQQ::3i:tQoaaaQ 


>  nae  ElltDtt,  removed  from  tbe  State.    '  Viet  Vorles.  redded. 


BIBLIOGBAPHT.  443 

The  organization  of  the  Horticaltnral  Society  was  prior  to  the  in- 
oorporatiOD  of  the  Missouri  State  Board  of  A^icnllnre,  which  was  by 
act  of  the  Legialatnre  approved  December  1,  1863,  thoagh  previoaa  to 
that  time  there  existed  tlie  Missoari  State  Agricaltaral  Society,  to 
which,  by  an  aet  of  November  23, 1855,  ooanty  societies  were  required 
to  report.  The  aot  of  1863  provided  that  there  should  be  printed  oaoh 
ye&t  3,000  copies  of  a  volume  containing  the  report  of  the  Board  of 
Agrioultnre  aud  the  proceedings  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  the 
Tolnme  to  be  issued  under  the  direction  of  the  presidents  of  the  two 
bodies. 

Thij  was  afterward  changed  so  as  to  make  the  number  of  copies 
€,000,  and  that  section  of  the  act  was  again  amended  March  24,  1875, 
providing  that  the  volume  should  be  issued  under  the  direction  of  the 
President  of  the  Board  of  Agricnlture,  without  joining  with  him  the 
President  of  the  Hortionltnral  Society,  and  providing  that  14,000  copies 
flhoold  be  issued,  2,000  of  these  being  in  German,  and  that  the  volume 
should  not  exceed  600  pages.  Provision  was  afterward  made  for  the 
State  to  publish  the  prooeediags  of  the  Horticultural  Society  in  a 
«eparate  volume,  and  3,000  copies  of  this  are  now  issued. 

President  Madd,  in  his  annual  address  in  1865,  recommended  a 
library  for  the  Society,  to  embrace  horticultural,  pomological  and 
agricultural  works  and  periodicals.  The  recommendation  does  not 
8eem  to  have  been  acted  upon,  and  should  the  society  now  wish  to  do 
so,  it  would  find  much  difficulty  in  getting  a  set  of  its  own  Proceedings, 
or  even  that  put  of  the  set  which  has  been  published  since  the  date  of 
that  address.  Had  each  Secretary  saved  from  immediate  distribution 
a  hundred  copies  of  the  Proceedings  of  every  year,  it  would  now  have 
not  only  a  supply  for  itself,  but  the  means  of  completing  sets  for  such 
libraries  as  would  care  for  and  preserve  its  pablicaltons. 

Frevions  to  the  law  of  1863  the  proceedings  were  published  by 
the  Society  itself,  and  as  the  annual  dnes  of  its  members  were  but 
41.00  before  1866,  special  contribntions  had  to  be  made  by  the  mem- 
bers to  provide  the  funds  for  pnblication. 

In  numbering  the  reports  the  first  meeting  was  not  counted,  so 
that  when  the  Society  issued  what  it  called  .the  proceedings  of  the 
eighteenth  annual  meeting  for  1877,  it  bad  met  in  annual  meetings  19 
times.  The  Proceedings  of  the  meeting  in  January,  1879,  were  called  the 
twenty-first,  there  having  been  but  one  meeting  between  these  two,  I 
have  not  a  copy  of  that  report,  but  presume  the  explanation  was  made 
in  it,  that  there  was  a  change  in  the  numbering  so  that  the  volumes 
would  correspond  with  the  years.  The  Proceedings  of  the  January, 
1874,  meeting  were  published  in  the  Agricultural  report  for  L873,  and 


444  8TATK   HOBTrOTJXTUEAL  SOOIBTT. 

as  that  report  was  onlya  pamphlet  of  72  pa^es,  copies  soon  became 
destroyed,  bo  that  I  have  never  Been  bat  one  copy  of  it,  though  I  havfr 
searched  for  it  a  long  time  in  dilTerent  parts  of  the  State.  It  fnrnislies- 
another  proof  of  the  fact  that  aa  nnbonnd  boolc  or  pamphlet  Is  soon 
destroyed,  while  the  bonnd  one  is  not. 

In  my  library  I  have  nearly  a  complete  set  of  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Society,  and  wiehing  to  see  those  I  have  not  got,  I  wrote  the  prin- 
cipal libraries  in  the  State  to  find  which  of  them  had  the  copies  wanted.- 
The  replies  were  as  follows:  The  State  Historical  Society  had  none^ 
and  did  not  know  that  there  was  saoh  a  society  which  pablished  its  pro- 
ceedings; Mercantile  library,  BL  Lonis,  has  none  of  those  wanted,  its 
set  being  very  deiicient,  bat  hopes  to  be  able  to  fill  it  up ;  Fablic  library, 
St.  Louis,  has  no  reports  whatever  of  the  society ;  Academy  of  Science^ 
St.  Loois,  has  none  of  those  wanted ;  Agricnltoral  College  of  the  State 
University,  Colnmbia, "  the  University  library  does  not  contain  the  horti- 
cnltnral  reports;"  the  State  librMy,  Jefiferson  City,  has  none  of  those 
wanted.  These  replies  snggest  varions  thonghts,  perhaps  the  most 
striking  being  that  the  State  Historical  Society  does  not  know  of  the 
existence  of  this  Society,  and  that  the  horticaltnral  department  of  the 
State  Agrienltaral  college  has  none  of  tlie  pnblieatlons  of  the  Stato 
HorticaHnral  Society.  Is  the  state  of  foots  shown  the  resnlt  of  negli- 
gence on  the  part  of  librarians,  or  becanse  the  pablicstions  are  not 
worthy  of  preservation  T  'So  one  wonld  intimate  the  latter,  and  to  par- 
tially overcome  the  former,  the  Secretary  might  pot  the  different  libra- 
ries in  the  Slate  on  bis  list  to  receive  copies  of  the  proceedings. 

The  following  bibliograpy  of  the  publications  of  the  Society  wilt 
show  the  exact  title  of  each  report,  the  time  and  place  of  holding  the 
meeting,  the  number  of  pages  of  each  volnme,  and  the  publication  of 
which  the  proceedings  formed  a  part,  when  they  were  not  in  separate 
books  in  themselves.  The  nnmber  I  have  given  each  shows  itsnamer- 
ical  order  of  publication : 


Proceedings  of  the  Missouri  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  for  1856,  and 
the  FroceediugB  of  the  Annual  Meeting  for  1860,  to  which  is  ap- 
pended an  Essay  on  Grape  Caltnre,  By  George  Husmann,  of  Her- 
mann, Mo.  St  Lonis :  T.  W.  Usticfr,  Printer,  78  Pine  Street.  1860. 
64  pp. 

Th«  report  of  tbe  MeetlngattheFairOronDds  In  September,  1868,  contained 
In  thie,  wu  fdrnlshed  bj  tbe  Secretary  to  tlie  "  Valley  Parmer,"  and  1b  In 
Volume  XI,  pp.  8G0~I,  Nov.,  1B60. 


.y  Google 


filBLIOGBAPST. 


Proceedings  of  the  Miesonii  State  HortJcaltnral  Society,  at  their  aoDiud 
meetings,  ia  1861  and  1862.    65  to  116  pp. 

The  rvport  oT  the  meeting  of  Jannarj  1961  1b  kIbo  omitalned  In  the  "  Valley 
Farmer,"  Volume  XIII,  pp.  88-90,  llS-9.  ir.a-2.  and  132-4,  March  to  June,  1861 . 

Tb«  report  of  the  meeting  of  January  1862  1b  in  Volume  XIV,  pp.  87-9, 
117-9, 148-50,  247-8.  810-13,  2T5-8,  S42-fi  and  S7i-S. 

3 
ProceediogB  of  the  MisBoaii  State  Horticoltnral  Society,  at  their  Foorth 
Anooal  Meeting,  held  at  BL  Loaie,  on  Taesday,  13th  Jannary,  186S 
and   three  following  days.     Baint  Louis:    Printed  at  the  "Talley 
Farmer"  otBoe.     97  Ohestnnt  street.     1863.     68,  (2),  pp. 


ProceedingB  of  the  MiBaonri  State  Horticaltnral  Society,  at  their  Fifth 
Annnal  Meeting,  held  at  St.  Lonia,  on  Tuesday,  Jannary  12tb,  1864, 
and  three  following  days.  Saint  Louie:  George  Knapp  &  Co., 
Printers  and  ;^inder8.    1861.    148  pp. 


Proceedings  of  the  Missouri  State  Horticaltnral  Society.  [Sixth  Meet- 
ing, Jan.  10, 1865.]  <lst  Agricnitnral  Report,  1866,  Appendix  pp. 
267-391.  <Seaate  Jooroal,  Appendix,  Adj.  Ses&,  23rd  Qen.  Assy, 
1865,  Tol.  11,  pp.  267-391  of  Appendix  to  Agricultural  Beport. 

6 
Seventh  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Missouri  State  Horticultural  Society. 
[Jan.  9, 1866.]     <lBt  Agricultural  Beport,  for  1866,  Appendix  pp. 
392-470.     <Senate  Jonrnal,  Appendix,  Adj.  Seas.,  23rd  Gen,  Assy, 
1865,  Vol.  11,  pp.  393-470  of  Appendix  to  Agricnltural  Beport. 

7 
Proceedings  of  the  Miesonri  Horticullnral  Society.    [8th  Meeting,  Jan. 
8,1867.]    <2nd  Agricultural  Report,  for  1866,  pp.  339-507.    <Honse 
Jonrnal,  Appendix,  1st  Sess.,  24th  Gen.  Assy.,  1867,  Vol.  11,  pp. 
389-507. 


Proceedings  of  the  Missonri  Horticultural  Society  at  its  Ninth  Annnal 
Meeting,  held  io  the  Sopreme  Court  Boom,  on  the  14th  Jannary, 
1868.     <3rd  Agricultural  Beport,  for  1867,  pp.  347-429. 


by  Google 


BTAXB  HOETICULTUEAL  80C1BTT. 


Proceedings  of  the  MiBHOari  tit&te  Horticnltural  Society,  at  its  Teoth 
Annnal  Meetiog,  held  at  Golambia,  Kovember  24th,  25th,  and 
26th,  1868.     <4th  Agricaltnral  Report,  for  1868,  pp.  485-536. 


Proceedings  of  the  MisBonrl  State  HorticuUaral  Society,  at  its  Eleyeotti 
ADDoal  Meeting,  h^ld  at  St.  Lonia  the  11th,  12th,  13th  aud  14th  of 
January,  1870.  <5th  Agricnltoial  Beport  for  1869,  pp.  1-12* 
and  I. 

II 

TnmsactioDS  of  the  Missoari  State  Hortioaltnral  Society,  at  its  Twelfth 
Annnal  Meeting.  Held  at  St.  Joseph.  On  the  29th  November, 
and  the  following  days.  Jefferson  City,  Mo.:  Horace  Wilcox, 
Pnblic  Printer.  1871.  <6th  Agricoltural  Report,  for  1870,  pp. 
1-34  and  101-103, 

12 

Proceedings  of  the  Missoari  Horticaltnral  Society,  -at  the  Thirteenth 
Annual  Meeting.  Held  at  Kansas  City,  Jsnnary  9-11,  1872. 
<7th  Agricilltnral  Report,  for  1871,  pp.  39-112. 

13 
Proceedings  of  the  Missouri  State  Horticultural  Society  at  the  Fonr- 
teentU  Annual  Meeting.  Heldst  Jefferson  City,  Janaary  7-10, 1873. 
<8th  Agricnltaral  Report,  for  1872,  Part  11,  pp.  35-170  and  1-7. 


Proceedings  of  the  Missouri  State  Horticaltnral  Society,  at  the  Fif> 
teenth  Annual  Meeting.  Held  at  Hannibal,  January  13,  14,  and 
15, 1874.  By  D.  L.  Hall,  Secretary.  <9th  Agricnltural  Report^ 
for  1873,  pp.  19-73. 

15 

Proceedings  of  the  Missoari  Horticnitnral  Society  at  its  Sixteenth  An- 
nual Meeting.  Held  at  St.  Lonis,  Missoari,  Jannary  12, 13,  14  and 
16,  1875.  <  11th  Agricultural  Report  for  1876,  pp.  103-162  and 
I-V. 

16 

Proceedings  of  the  Missouri  Horticaltnral  Society  at  its  Seventeenth 
Annual  Session.  Held  in  the  City  of  St.  Loais,  on  the  11th,  ]2th, 
13th  and  14th  days  of  January,  1876.  <  11th  Agricnltural  Report 
for  1875,  pp.  163-261  and  I-V. 


BIBLIOaRA.PHT.  447 

17 

ProceedingB  of  the  Missonri  State  Horticnltural  Society,  at  its 
Eighteenth  ADoual  Session.  Held  at  Kansas  City,  on  the  19tb, 
20tb,  ^lat  and  22nd  of  December,  1876.  <  12th  Agricnltnral  Re- 
port, for  1876,  pp.  135-216  and  vii. 

i8 
(Sot  seen.) 

'9 
Proceedings  of  the  Missonri  State  Horticnltnral  Society, at  its  Twenty- 
first  Annnal  Session.     Held  at  Jefferson  City,  Mo.,  January  28-30^ 

1879.  <  13th  Agricnltnral  Report,  for  1879,  pp.  235-351  and  U-v. 

20 

Proceedings  of  the  Missonri  State  Horticnltoral  Society  at  its  Twenty- 
second  Annnal  Meeting.     Held  at  St.  Lonis,  Ho.,  Janauy  19-21,. 

1880.  By  the  Secretary,  S.  M.  Tracy.    <  14th  Agricnltnral  Report, 
for  1879,  pp.  191-260. 


Report  of  the  Missonri  State  Horticnltoral  Society,  for  the  years  1880 

and  1881.    Edited  by  the  Secretary.    Jefferson  Oity:    Tribune 

Printing  Company,  Printers  and  Binders.     1882. 
(Half  page  title : )    Miasonri  State  Horticnltoral  Society.    Twenty-third 

Annual  Report.     <pp.  1-150,  and  I-III  of  volame  containing  this 

and  the  next. 

22 

Proceedings  of  the  Missonri  State  Horticnltnral  Society,  at  its  Twenty- 
fourth  Annnal  Meeting,  Held  at  Colambia,  Mo.,  December  20  and 
21, 1881.     <pp.  151-229  and  I-IIl  of  volnme  with  preceding. 

Report  of  the  Missonri  State  Horticnltnral  Society  for  the  year  1882. 
Edited  by  the  Secretary.  Jefferson  City :  Tribnne  Printing  Com- 
pany, Printers  and  Binders.    1883.    92  pp.,  5  plates. 

24 

Report  of  the  Missonri  State  Horticnltnral  Society  for  the  year  1883. 
Being  a  report  of  the  woricingB  of  the  society  for  the  year,  to- 
gether with  the  papers  and  dJecnssions  at  the  26th  Annnal  Meet- 
ing, held  at  Carthage,  Mo.,  Dec.  11, 12,  13,  1883.     Containing  also 


■MS  STATE   HOBTICDI<TinUZ<  BOGIBTT. 

a  constitiition  for  the  workings  Qf  local  or  conoty  hortloaltaral 
societies,  and  "  Secretary's  Badget,"  being  choice  clippings  from 
the  best  horticultural  papers.  li.  A.  Goodman,  Sec'y,  Wastport, 
Mo.  Jefferson  Oit; :  State  Journal  Co.,  State  Printera.  1884. 
351  pp. 

25 
Jteport  of  the  Misaouri  State  Horticnltnral  Society,  for  the  year  1884. 
Being  a  report  of  the  workings  of  the  society  for  the  year,  to- 
gether with  the  papers  and  discnssions  at  the  27th  Annual  Meeting 
held  at  St.  Joseph,  Dec.  9, 10, 11,  1884.  Also,  a  report  of  the 
Semi-snnnal  Meeting  held  at  Springfield,  Jane  10  and  11, 1884 : 
containing  also,  a  constitntion  for  the  working  of  local  or  oonuty 
horticultural  societies,  and  "Secretary's  Budget"  L.  A.  Oood- 
man.  Secretary,  Westport,  Mo.  Jefferson  City:  Tribune  Co., 
State  Printers.    1884. 

36 

Beport  of  the  Missonri  State  Hortlooltnral  Society,  for  the  year  1885. 
Report  of  the  28th  Annaal  Meeting  held  at  Warrenabnrg,  Decem- 
ber 9,  10, 11,  1885,  also  a  report  of  the  Semi-annnal  Meetinfi;  held 
at  Butler,  June  10  and  11, 1886,  and  "Secretary's  Budget."  L.  A. 
Goodman,  Secretary,  Westporl,  Mo.  Jefferson  City,  Mo.:  Tribune 
Printing  Company,  State  Printera  and  Bindera.  1880.  468,  V, 
506  pp. 

27 

Twenty-ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Horticnltnral  Society  of  the 
State  of  Missouri.  Report  of  the  Twenty-ninth  Annual  Meeting 
held  at  Lexington,  December  7,  8  and  9,  188S ;  also,  a  report  of  the 
Semi-annoal  Meeting  held  at  Louisiana,  June  10  and  11, 1886,  and 
**  Seorettu^'s  Budget,"  for  the  year  1886.  L.  A.  Goodman,  Secre- 
tary, Westport,  Mo.  Jefferson  City,  Mo.:  Tribune  Printing  Com- 
pany, State  Printers  and  Binders.    1887.    431,  YI,  pp. 

28 
Thirtieth  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Horticultural  Society  of  the 
State  of  Missouri.  Thirtieth  Annual  Meeting  held  at  Boonville, 
December  6,  7  and  8, 1887.  Semi-annual  Meeting  held  at  West 
Plains,  June  7,  8  and  9,  and  "  Secretary's  Budget."  L.  A.  Good- 
man, Secretary,  Westport,  Mo.  Jefferson  City,  Mo.:  Tribune 
Printing  Company,  State  Printers  and  Binders.    1888.    488,  IV,  pp. 


.y  Google 


BIBLIOGBA.PHT.  449 

39 

TFhirty-fitst  ADDoal  Beport  of  the  State  Horticoltnntl  Society  of  Mis- 
Boori.  1888.  Thirty-firBt  Anonal  Meeting  held  at  Kevada,  Decem- 
ber 5,  6  and  7,  U88,  also,  Semi-AnQaal  Meeting  held  at  Oregon, 
Jnne  5,  6  and  7,  and 'other  papers.  li.  A.  Goodman,  Secretary, 
Weatport,  Mo.  JelTerson  City,  Mo. :  Tribnne  Printing  OompaDy 
State  Trinters  and  Binders.    1889.    601,  IT  pp. 

SO 
rrbirty-aecond  Annual  Beport  of  the  State  HorUcnltnral  Society  of  Mis- 
souri. 1889.  Thiity-second  Anuoal  Meeting,  held  at  Lebanon, 
Deo.  i,  5  and  6,  1889 :  also,  Semi-Annnal  Meeting  held  at  Brook- 
fleld,  Jane  4,  5  and  6,  and  ottter  papers.  L.  A.  Gloodman,  Secre 
tary,  Westport,  Mo.  Jefferson  Oity,  Mo. :  Tribnne  Printing  Com- 
paay.  State  Printers  and  Binders.     1890.     4S7,  II  pp. 


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OUTLINES  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


FREFAKKD  FOB  THE  CSK  OF  FABMKBS  AND   HOETICITLTURISTS,  AT  THB  REQCEST 

or  THE  8ECEBTABY  OF  THB  STATE  BOARD  Or  AOKICOLTOBE  ASD 

THE  STATE  HOBTICULTU  BAL  SOCIETT  OF  MISaOUEt, 

BY  MART  E.  MUBTFBtDT,  KIKKWOOD,  MISSOURI. 


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PART  FIRST. 


QEUfSRAL  8TBUGTVRB  OF  INSECTS. 

tUuilmUd  &y  eltetroigpet  from  dravmgt  iy  Prof.  C.  V.  ItiUt/,  Wathingim,  D.C.imd  nni 
proetaa  toork  done  under  the  tuperBition  of  Afr.  Joiefih  Bridgham,  of  JVondsnse,  A.  I, 


CHAPTER  I. 

IKTBODDOTIOM. 

What  is  ftn  insect  f  This  does  not  seem  like  a  question  difflcolt  to 
ansver,  and  yet  how  few  eftber  of  grown  persons  or  children  wonld  be 
sble  to  define  an  insect  otherwlBe  than  as  "some  sort  of  a  bng."  Sot 
it  is  true  that  all  bags,  properly  so  called,  are  inteeta ;  bat  it  by  no 
means  foUows  that  all  insects  are  huga.  On  the  contrary,  genaine  bags 
form  bat  a  small  proportion  of  the  flattering,  bazzinff,  crawling  myriads 
to  which  the  term  is  generally  applied. 

Insects  are  among  the  most  familiar  of  nataral  objects.  They  are 
met  with  in  all  climates  aad  sitoations,  and  in  greater  or  less  numbers 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  They  claim  oar  attention  in  a  thoasand 
different  ways.  We  admire  the  beaaty  of  form  and  color  in  some,  and 
shrink  from  the  grotesqae  ugliness  of  others.  Many  species  iajnre 
and  annoy  as  personally  or  damage  or  destroy  onr  property,  while  on 
the  other  hand  a  few,  like  tbe  honey-bee,  the  silk-worm  and  the  cochi- 
neal insect,  prodaee  some  of  oar  choicest  Inxaries.  Is  it  not  well  then 
for  as  to  endeavor  to  learn  something  of  the  stractare,  habits  and  dif* 
ferences  of  a  class  of  animals  with  which  we  unavoidably  have  so  maoh 
to  dot 

How  few  people  realize  that  there  are  as  wide  differences  between 
insects  and  some  of  the  animals  that  are  nsoally  classed  with  them — 
for  example,  spiders,  millepeds  aad  earth-worms — as  there  are  between 
cows  and  chickens  and  serpents ;  and  there  are  &r  greater  distinctions 
between  butterflies  and  beetles  and  grasshoppers  than  exist  between 


464  BTA.TE  HOETIODIiTDBAL  SOCIBTY. 

horaeB,  cowa  aad  sheep.  This  may  seem  strange  to  one  who  has  given 
the  Bobject  do  attention,  bat  a  little  careful  obserT^tion  will  convince 
him  of  its  tratb. 

It  is  impossible  to  obtain  a  definite  idea  of  the  strnctare  of  inseeta, 
and  their  place  in  the  scale  of  being,  without  comparing  them  critically 
with  other  kinds  of  animals  and  noting  the  points  in  which  the;  differ. 
To  obtain  this  linowledge  withont  the  aid  of  books  would  involve  a 
wide  field  of  observation  sod  a  great  deal  of  labor  in  systematiEing 
the  information  gained.  Therefore,  to  aid  and  direct  the  observations 
of  the  student,  we  will  glance  hastily  over  the  outlines  of  the  claSBifi- 
cation  of  the  animal  kingdom  as  arranged  by  the  great  French  natural- 
ist, Onvier,  after  whom  it  ii  called  the  "Curierian  system."  According 
to  this  syBtem  all  the  animals,  on  or  in  the  earth,  monstroaB  or  minnte, 
are  arranged  in  the  /our  following  Sub-kingdoms : 

I.  Baokbonb  animals  (Sub-kingdom  YEBTEBRi.),  snch  as  have  an 
internal  bony  fk»me  termed  a  tkeleton,  the  axis  of  which  is  a  spinal 
colamn  composed  of  a  number  of  peculiar  joiote  called  verUbrie.  Ex- 
amples— Man,  Birds,  Fishes  and  Beptiles. 

II.  BiKGBD  or  ABTiauLATE  animals  (Sub-Kingdom  Abtiodlata), 
having  an  external  tongh  or  homy  &amework  composed  of  rings  or 
articulations  enclosing  the  mnscles  and  other  soft  tissnes.  Examples — 
iDsectB,  Spiders,  Millepeds,  Grabs. 

III.  MOLLTJSKS  (Sub-kingdom  Molluboa),  sofl-bodied ammals 
nsoally  enclosed  in  shells.    Examples — Snails,  Slugs,  Oysters. 

IV.  Stab  or  Badiatb  animals  (Sub-kingdom  Badiata).  These 
are  formed  somewhat  upon  the  plan  of  a  star  or  asterisk,  with  all  the 
members  branching  oat  ftom  a  common  center.  Examples — Starfish* 
Sea  Urchin,  Coral  auimaL  This  diviaion  inclades  mostly  marine  ani- 
mals. 

Each  of  these  Sub-kingdoms  iB  divided  into  several  very  distinct 
elasset.  Passing  over  the  classes  of  Backbone  animals,  we  will  con* 
fine  our  attention  to  the  Abticulata  in  which  insects,  althongh  by  no 
means  the  largest  repreeentativee,  occupy,  on  account  of  their  more 
specialized  strnctare,  the  highest  rank.  The  classes  of  Abtioulaia 
are  Jive  in  number,  viz.  :*  Insects  (InteotaJ,  Thousand-legged  worms 
or  Millepeds  (MyriapodaJ,  Spiders  fAraohnidaJ,  Lobsters  and  Grabs 
fOruttaeeaJ,  and  True  Worms  (AnnelidaJ, 

*AcoordlDg  to  Gavler,  whose  pluia  will  answer  our  preient  pnrpote. 


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OTJTLIN88   OF   BNTOMOLOOT, 


For  coQvenience  this  dassification.  may  be  tabulated  thas : 
AD iniKl  Kingdom.  • 


Vertobra.  f  lDHot«. 

AitlouUU. Hyrlapoda. 

i  Araobnida. 
Holtasoa.  CroBtaoea. 

Radlau.  (.Annelida. 


In  proceeding  to  separate  true  ioBecte  from  tbe  otber  membere  of 
tbeir  sab.kiDgdom,  tbe  moBt  oUvions  distinotioQ  ia  tlist  tbe;  alone 
among  artionlates  ever  possess  wjn^t.  There  are,  howeTer,  some  in- 
sects, mostly  of  the  worst  repate,  socb  as  fleas,  bed-bags,  lice  aod  a 
few  otbers,  that  never  acquire  wings.  We  have,  therefore,  to  seek  in 
some  other  organ,  or  set  of  organs,  a  characteristic  by  which  we  can 
distiogaish  any  insect  from  other  articulates,  and  one  which  will,  if 
possible,  have  a  peculiar  development  in  each  of  the  classes.  Sncb  a 
distinction  is  fonnd  in  the  number  of  the  legt.  Thas  insects,  in  their 
perfect  or  adult  slate,  always  have  aix  legs,  neither  more  nor  less — 
altfaoagb  in  some  butterflies  the  front  pair  of  legs,  not  being  used,  are 
of  diminished  size,  and  are  tucked  up  out  of  the  way.  Millepeds,  as 
the  name  denotes,  have  numerous  lei^,  from  thirty  to  four  hnndred; 
apidere  and  mites  have  eight  legs ;  cmstaceans  from  (en  to  fourteen  legs, 
while  the  true  worms  have  no  lega  at  all  in  any  stage  of  their  existence. 
We  have,  therefore,  only  to  count  the  legs  of  an  artioalate  animal  to 
And  oat  in  which  of  the  preceding  classes  it  belongs.* 

The  term  "insect,"  which  is  derived  from  two  Latin  words,  in  and 
seeo — out  into — in  reference  to  the  ring-jointed  or  inseeUd  body,  was, 
tiy  some  of  the  earlier  writers  on  natnr^  history,  applied  to  the  entire 
gronp  of  the  articulates,  and  tbe  various  classes  were  distingoished  as 
**  six-legged  insects,"  "  eight-legged  insects,"  "  many-legged  insects," 
And  so  forth.  Bat  as  the  etmctare  of  these  animals  was  more  thor* 
ougbly  studied,  they  were  found  to  be  more  widely  separated  than  was 
at  first  supposed.  The  term  "  insect"  was  restricted  to  the  six-legged 
class,  and  other  names,  more  suitable,  applied  to  the  remaining  classes. 
Insects  are  further  distinguished  from  other  articulates  in  having  the 
external  framework  composed  apparently  of  thirteen  or  fourteen  rings 
or  Joints,  which  are  separated  into  three  regions,  the  first  joint  forming 
the  head,  the  succeeding  three  the  thorax,  and  the  remaining  nine  or 
ten  the  abdomen  and  its  appendages. 

In  the  millepeds  the  number  of  rings  varies  from  ten  to  two  Aim- 
■dred,  and  tbe  head  alone  is  distinct  from  the  abdomen.  In  the  spiders 
the  joints  are  so  elosely  consolidated  that  two  only  can  be  perceived, 
the  first  forming  the  combined  head  and  thorax  (eephalo  thoraxj  and 
the  second  tbe  abdomen.  In  the  crustaceans  the  nnmber  of  joints  is 

"Except  in  the  case  of  tb«  young  Of  some  Httei,  whioli  also  baveonty  >lx  legs 

Dgnzs.U  Cockle 


tSt  STATE   HOBTIOtTLTUSAL   SOOIBTY. 

Turiable,  and  in  Bome  species  (he  division  is  into  three  regions,  as  ii» 
insects,  wliil«  others  bear  some  resemblanoe  to  spiders  in  the  arrange- 
ment  of  the  joints.  In  the  framework  of  the  wonos  we  flud  iiameroii» 
joints,  bnt  no  diatinot  head,  thorax  or  hind  body. 

Another  and  very  interesting  pecnliarity  of  insects  is  fonod  iik 
their  tramfonmationt  or  metavufrphosea.  Insect  life  begins  with  an 
embryo  contained  in  an  egg.  From 'this  egg  hatches  the  first  aotive- 
forrn,  which  is  called  a  larva  (plural  lama),  the  term  signif^ng  a  maskf, 
becaase  the  true  form  erf  the  insect  is  considered  to  be  masked  or  con- 
cealed at  this  stage  of  life.  All  caterpillars,  gmbs  and  maggots  are- 
larvie.  When  the  larva  is  fnll  grown  it  changes,  in  most  cases,  to  a- 
very  dififerent  object,  und  is  then  termed  a  pupa  (pinral  i^uptc],  ttom  a 
word  meaning  a  doll  or  mummy,  in  reference  to  its  qnieseeoce  and  tbe- 
swathed  or  bandaged  appearance  of  its  members.  From  the  pnpa  in 
due  time  emerges  the  perfect  inteet  or  imago  (plnral  {magnet),  which  is 
the  Bnal  form  and  the  one  in  which  it  possesses  wings,  nnless  it  be- 
longs tcthe  few  wingless  species. 

The  chief  office  of  the  perfect  insect  is  to  develop  and  li^  the' 
eggs  ftom  which  another  generation  of  larvie  will  hatch,  and,  In  the 
case  of  some  species,  to  provide  food  for  their  yoang. 

To  britly  recapitnlate,  in  answer  to  onr  opening  question:  An 
insect  is  an  articnlate  animal  having  the  external  skeleton  composed  of 
a  nnmber  of  rings  or  joints,  which  are  separated  into  three  groups  to 
form  a  distinct  head,  thorax  and  abdomen.  It  has  six  lega,  and,  in  its- 
perfect  state,  has  two  or  /our  wings,  and  is  fnrther  characterized  by 
changes  of  form  and  habit  called  metamorphoses. 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  stmctnre,  habits  and  classificatioik 
of  insects  is  called  Entomology,  a  term  composed  of  two  Greek  words. 
which  signify  a  "  disconrse  on  insects." 

Economic  Entomology  has  for  its  object  the  investigation  of  the 
habits  of  injurious  insects,  with  a  view  to  the  better  preservation  of 
oor  persons  and  property  ftom  their  attacks.  It  also  includes  experi- 
ments with  snch  species  as  are  or  may  prove  to  be  valuable  for  their 
products  or  properties,  and  endeavors  to  ascertain  which  are  indirectly 
useful  to  man  on  account  of  their  parasitic  and  cannibalistic  habits. 


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OnTLINSa   OF  EHTOMOLOGT. 


CHAPTER  11. 


,L.) 


EXTERNAL  8TBTIOTUBB  OF  INSECTS. 

In  our  introductory  chapter  were 
noted  8om«  of  the  differences  between 
insects  and  vertebrate  autmaiB,  and  atsoT 
between  insects  and  other  articnlates. " 
Xow  in  order  to  comprehend  these  dis- 
tinctions still  more  clearly,  and  to  nnder- 
stand  how  the  Tarions  parts  and  organs 
are  modified  to  produce  the  almost 
innumerable  diverse  forms,  it  becomes 
necessary  to  examine  the  general  strnc- 
ture  still  more  critically. 

The  external  crust  or  skeleton  of  an 
insect  forms  a  many-jointed  tube  in  which,  as  has  already  been  men- 
tioned, are  enclosed  and  protected  all  the  softer  vital  parts,  such  as- 
the  msscles,  nerves,  the  ur  and  blood  vessels,  etc.  The  most  common 
form  of  this  tube  is  more  or  less  oylindrical,  bat  in  some  insects  it  is 
shortened  and  flattened  so  that  the  outline  is  oblong,  oval  or  nearly 
circular.  This  body-wall  is  composed  of  fourteen  ring-like  sections  or 
segments  which  are  more  or  less  closely  connected.  Of  these  joints 
the  first,  forming  the  head,*  is  most  distinct.  The  three  joints  foiming- 
the  thorax  have  the  appearance  of  being  firmly  soldered  together,  and 
it  is  often  difficult  to  trace  the  divisions.  In  the  abdominal  region,  on 
the  contrary,  the  rings  are  loosely  connected  by  a  flexible  and  elastic 
membrane,  which  allows  them  to  move  freely  in  any  direction.  Two- 
or  three  of  the  terminal  joints  of  the  abdomen  are  changed  from  their- 
original  shape  to  form  and  support  stings,  piercers,  forceps,  and  the 
like,  so  that  we  are  seldom  able  to  distinguish  more  than  six  or  seven 
distinct  rings  in  this  part  of  the  body. 

It  most  not  be  supposed  that  the  fourteen  joints  are  the  only  divi* 
sions  of  the  insect  skeleton.  If  this  were  the  case  we  should  never  have 
occasion  to  admire  the  grace  of  the  butterfly's  flight  or  the  surprising- 
agility  of  various  beetles  and  bugs.  The  fact  is  that  each  joint,  although 
it  may  appear  like  a  simple  ring,  is  composed  of  tiom  six  to  nine  vari- 
ously  shaped  pieces,  esch  piece,  however  closely  fitted  to  the  others^ 
being  capable  of  independent  motion  by  the  muscles  within.  Otherwise 
an  insect  would  never  be  able  to  move  a  wing  or  leg  or  other  organ. 
*  Dr.  Packard  oonsldera  tbeheadaaooinpoaedof  foarjointa. 


-4SB  STATE  HOSTICULTUSAI.  800IETT. 

aepaiately.  Od  tbe  tborss  of  m&Dj  emootli,  bard-shelled  ioeectg,  like 
wasps  and  beetles,  ve  can  readily  trace  the  divisions  of  each  joint  by 
means  of  fine  impresBed  lines. 

The  insect  crast  varies  greatly  in  texture  and  thickness.  In  some 
insects,  and  especially  in  many  larvse,  it  is  very  thin,  easily  bent  and 
easily  broken;  in  others  it  is  bard  and  brittle  like  shell,  or  dense  and 
impenetrable  like  metal.  Examples  of  the  shelly  texture  are  found  in 
the  pnpffi — termed  chrysalides— of  butterflies  and  moths,  while  the 
metal-like  covering  may  be  seen  in  the  cases  of  tbe  beantifnl  Brazilian 
beetles,  often  nsed  by  jewelers  in  the  place  of  gems,  which  are  so 
hard  that  tbey  can  only  be  pierced  by  a  drill. 

The  majority  of  insects  have  the  bead  separated  &om  the  thorax 
And  the  thorax  from  the  abdomen  by  deep  incisions,  or  the  contraction 
of  the  connecting  joints.  This  will  be  understood  by  a  glance  at  the 
Ulnetration  at  the  head  of  this  chapter,  or  better  still  by  examining  the 
body  of  a  bee,  a  butterfly  or  a  fly. 

The  back  or  npper  anrface  of  the  body  of  an  insect  is  termed  the 
■dortum  or  dorsal  snr&ce,  or  tergum,  tbe  sides  tbe  pleuritea  or  lateral 
sor&oes,  while  tbe  under  side  is  tbe  venter  or  ventral  sur&ce.  The  top 
of  the  thorax  is  sometimes  further  distinguished  as  tbe  noium,  tbe 
under  side,  or  breast,  being  correepoudingly  termed  the  rin-mtm. 

In  exact  scientiflc  description  a  number  of  other  terms  are  used 
to  indicate  the  various  divisions  of  a  segment,  or  to  refer  to  precise 
loc^ities  on  the  body,  but  these  are  not  necessary  to  a  general  appre- 
hension of  tbe  stractare,  and  would  only  confuse  and  discourage  a 
beginner. 


CHAPTER  III. 
THB   HEAD  AKD  ITS  APPRNDAOBa. 

As  with  the  higher  animals,  tbe  head  of  an  insect 
is  more  especially  the  aensorial  region,  becaase  it 
contains  the  organs  of  sight,  touch,  taste,  smell,  and 
possibly  in  some  species,  of  hearing  also.  The  sense 
of  feeling  is  not,  of  course,  confined  to  the  append- 
ages nsed  by  tbe  insect  for  touching  objects — which 
in  this  sense  correspond  to  the  hnman  hand — but  ex- 
tends over  the  entire  surface  of  tbe  body.  ,Apuui>^ —"-■-' 

Certain  localities  on  the  head  are  frequently  re-  ^"m.'' 
ferred  to  in  descriptions  of  insects.    The  more  important  of  these  are: 


iMcaponndefSB: 


b,  Google 


OOTLIKBS   OP  BNTOMOLOGT.  459 

the  Oodpia,  which  is  the  back  apper  part  (Fig.  2,  a  J;  the  epieranitim, 
the  front  tipper  part  (Fig.  2,  bj,  and  the  Olifpeug,  whicti  occupies  the 
space  betwf>eQ  the  epicnniam  and  the  mooth.  The  top  of  the  head  is 
also  aoinetimea  called  the  Vertex;  the  front,  the  faee  or  Front;  the 
sides,  the  fkettt  or  Geiia.  The  manner  in  which  thAse  parts  are  devel> 
oped  varies  greatly  in  different  insects. 

The  principal  appendages  ur  organs  of  the  head  are  the  Jtfbufft, the 
Syet  and  the  Antenna. 

The  month  presents  a  variety  of  forma,  being  adapted  in  different 
inaects  to  the  kind  of  food  npon  which  they  sabsiat,  and  also  to  the 
rariona  offices,  besides  those  of  mastication  or  soctioD,  which  are  per- 
formed by  it. 

All  the  rariatiooa  in  strnotore,  however  seemingly  diverse,  are 
made  apon  tao  plans,  viz.:  jate»  for  biting  and  bectka  or  tabes  for 
sncklog. 

The  month  of  a  biting  insect  consists  of  «ix  dis- 
tinct parte,  collectively  called  Trophi.  These  parts 
are  the  lips — upper  and  nnder— and  two  paira  of 
,  strong,  horny  organs  which  form  the  jaws  and  move 
from  side  to  side  and  not  np  and  down  like  the  jaws 
of  the  higher  animals.  The  apper  lip  is  called  the 
Labrum  (Fig.  3,  o),  and  the  nnder  lip  (not  shown  in 
the  iilnstration),  the  Labium.  These  parts  are  sub- 
fron*;  t.  epiaconiB;'  c' ject  to  great  chaogfs  in  Shape, and  seldom  bear  moch 
dibiHi '  /■  mniiiKi  7  resemblance  to  the  lips  of  Vertebrates.  The  upper 
pkipi;  i.  ■Btemw.  or  principal  jaws  are  termed  Mandible*  (Fig.  3,  eej. 

They  are  strong  and  sharply  toothed,  and  are  the  chief  iostramenta  for 
seizing  and  tearing  the  food. 

The  lower  jaws  (Fig.  S,f/J  are  called  the  Maxillce  (sing,  maxillaj, 
and  are  nsaaUy  more  slender  and  flexible  than  the  mandibles  and  ter- 
minate in  a  point. 

Besides  these  six  principal  month  parts,  most  insects  have  t^m 
oae  to  three,  generally  two  pairs  of  slender-jointed  organs,  called  Palpi 
(sing,  palputj  or  mouth/eelem.  One  pair  ia  attached  to  the  lower  jawe, 
and  ore  termed  the  maxillary  palpi  (Fig.  '6,gJ,  the  other  pair,  connected 
with  the  lower  lip,  are  the  labial  palpi  (Fig.  3,  k).  Their  Office  aeenia  to 
be  to  aid  in  the  selection  of  food  and  to  brush  imparities  from  the  taee 
and  aateDnse. 

The  sacking  or  kavstellate  insects  have  tbe  same  number  of  month 
parta,  bat  they  are  developed  on  an  entirely  different  plan.  In  aome 
species,  aaoh  as  the  true  Bogs,  most  of  tbe  parts  are  nnited  to  form  a 
«tiff,  jointed  beak,  with  wliich  the  leaves  of  plants  or  the  skins  of  ani- 


460  STATE  HO&TICIIILT0BAL  SOCIBTT. 

male  are  panctared  and  the  juices  or  blood  extracted.  In  others,  like 
the  BattetflicB  and  Moths,  the  combined  partB  form  a  long,  flexible 
tnbe,  neaally  called  a  tongue,  throagh  which  the  nectar  of  Sowers  and 
similar  flaids  may  be  drawn.  Id  others  still,  the  lower  lip  and  the 
maxillEB  together  form  a  sort  of  tongue  for  collecting  sweets,  while  the 
mandibles  are  not  altered.    Bees  and  Wasps  have  this  kind  of  month. 

The  organs  of  vision  are  situated  apon  the  epicrauinm  io  ft'ont  or 
near  the  top  of  the  head.  i 

They  eonsist  of  a  pair  of  promiuent  compound  eyes  {see  Pigs.  2 
and  3,  ddj,  composed  of  a  great  number  of  six-sided  lenses.  In  shape 
these  compound  eyes  are  round,  oblong  or  reuifonn  (kidney-shaped). 
In  addition  to  these,  many  insects  are  provided  with  three  small  single 
eyes,  called  ocelli  (sing,  ocelliiej,  sitoated  upon  or  near  the  apex  of  the 
head,  in  a  triangle,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  c. 

All  these  eyes  are  fixed  in  their  sockets,  but  protrade  so  much 
that  some  of  the  lenses  fftce  in  each  direction,  and  the  insect  has  no 
need  to  turn  its  eyes  to  obtain  warning  of  approaching  danger,  or  in 
its  search  for  food.  It  has  been  snggested  that  the  compound  eyes 
serve  the  ordinary  purposes  of  vision,  while  the  ocelli  are  ased  upon 
objects  that  are  near  and  minute;  but  this  is  mere  conjecture.  Some  of 
the  best  observers  and  most  cwefal  investigators  assert  that  with  all  the 
provision  that  has  apparently  been  made  for  sight  in  insects  their  vision 
would  seem  to  be  very  imperfect,  especially  for  objects  at  a  distance. 

Black  and  brown  are  the  colors  most  commoDly  seen  io  the  eyes  of 
insects,  but  many  species  have  eyes  that  gleam  with  the  tints  and  bril- 
liancy of  jewels,  and  add  not  a  little  to  the  beanty  of  the  species. 

The  most  striking  appendages  of  the  head  of  an  insect  are  the 
Feelers  or  Antenn<g  (sing,  antennaj.  These  are  maoy-joiated  organs  in 
which  the  sense  of  touch  is  thought  chiefly  to  reside.  Many  experiments 
go  to  show  that  they  are  also  tlie  organs  of  smell.  They  are  of  a  great 
variety  of  forms,  a  few  of  which  are  represented  in  Fig.  4.  The  differ* 
ent  shapes  are  distinguished  an  knobbed,  capitate,  laminate,  peetinatty 
filiform,  etc.  They  are  asnally  attached  a  little  below  and  between 
the  eyes,  as  shown  in  flgores  2  and  3. 

A  knowledge  of  the  form  and  position  of  the  anteunie  is  very  im- 
portant in  the  classification  of  insects,  especially  in  such  orders  as  the 
OoUoptera  (beetles). 

All  the  fnnctions  of  the  antennte  are  probably  not  yet  known ;  bat 
it  has  been  ascertained  that  besides  serving  the  parposes  already  men- 
tioned, they  are  also  indispensable  in  goiding  the  Sight  of  all  winged. 


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OUTLINB8  OF  BMTOMOLOGT. 


461 


AotennM    of  ItiseoM.    — 
ftnthoTi.      I  and   S,  lamelli 
baatlB!    3,    oiplt&ts  ant. 
pe<3tlaate*Dl.  ofb^tle:  a 

ant.  of  b™<l8i   7,  brliitle  ..,, 

Hj;  »,  kaobb«d   ant.   of  bulleiflji 
fattbendaiit.  ofmotb. 


species,  and  are,  to  a  large  extent,  tbe  in- 
stmments  of  comniQDlcation  between  in- 
dividaala  of  the  same  kind,  as  among  ants, 
and  no  doabt  aid  the  perception  of  in- 
sects in  many  vays  that  are  beyond  onr 
com  prehension. 

The  sense  of  hearing  in  insects  is  not 
considered  to  be  as  generally  developed 
as  in  the  higher  animals.  Yet  anqaes- 
tionably  many  insects  do  hear,  although 
the  special  organs  of  this  sense  have  been 
located  in  comparatively  few  species. 
Such  ears  as  have  been  discovered  are 
iptud  ftom  not  found  on  the  head,  bnt  on  the  &ont 
beetixi  4,  legs  aod  at  the  base  of  tbe  abdomen, 

ja  «,  flllfOTm        ° 

ipR^nt-  »f  These  will  be  more  particnlarly  described 
in  a  succeeding  chapter. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  THOBAX  AND   A.BDOMBK. 

The  three  segments  immediately  back  of  the  bead  coostitate  the 
Thorax  or  chest  of  an  insect.  This  division  of  the  body  is  very  com- 
pact and  usually  somewhat  globular,  or  barrel-shaped.  Eat^h  of  the  seg- 
ments or  joints  composing  it  has  receiveda  special  name;  tbe  anterior 
one — next  the  bead — is  termed  the  Prothorax;  the  middle  one,  the 
Meaotiioraw,  and  the  third  or  posterior  one  the  Metatkorax.  Each  of 
these  divisions,  tbongh  apparently  entire,  is  in  reality,  as  has  already 
been  observed,  made  ap  of  several  irregalaily  shaped  pieces,  which  are 
connected  in  snch  a  way  as  to  afford  ftee  play  to  the  strong  mascles 
within. 

Tbe  appendages  of  the  thorax  are  the  wings  and  legs.  The  wings 
of  insects  ai-e  their  most  conspicuons  members,  upon  which  the  beauty 
and,  in  a  great  measure,  tbe  safety  and  enjoyment  of  most  species  de- 
pend. 

In  their  adalt  and  perfect  state  nearly  all  insects  possess  these 
organs,  the  only  exceptions  being  the  members  of  a  few  small  groups, 
snch  as  fleas,  bed-bugs,  lice,  some  of  the  ants,  and  the  females  of  a  few 
moths  and  beetles. 


.y  Google 


463  STATB  HOSTIOULTTTBAL  BOOIBTT. 

Id  their  general  etrnctare  tbe  Tinge  of  iDBecte  show  a  oainber  of 
very  diatiaet  plans  or  typea,  which  have  been  made  the  baaiH  for  the 
system  of  elaeBiflcation  commonly  adopted. 

The  wings  ore  attached  to  the  mesothorax  and  metathorsx,  and 
There  present  are  always  fonr  in  number,  except  in  the  order  of  the 
two-winged  flies  (BipteraJ,  where  only  the  nppet  piur  are  ftiUy  devel- 
oped, the  lower  pair  being  represented  by  little  bammerlike  organs, 
ealled  RaUeret  or  Poisers. 

Wings  are  composed  of  membrane,  more 
■     Tt^S.  or  less  transparent,  stretched  over  a  frame- 

work of  homy  tabes,  termed  vevM  or 
nerves.  The  nnmber  and  arrangement  of 
these  tnbes  oonstitate  the  Yenation  or  Smi- 
ration  of  the  wings,  to  which  fi-eqnent  refer- 
ence is  made  in  descriptions  of  insects. 
There  are  nsoally  trora  three  to  Ave  princi- 
pal veins  in  each  wing.  These  branch  and 
intersect  very  differently  in  the  types  of 
different  families.  The  spaces  between  the 
veinsare  called  cells,  which  are  also  named 
and  nnmbered  in  regalar  order.* 

The  first  or  apper  wings  are  varioQSIy 
designated  as  the  Anteriori,  the  SuperUtrB 
_.  1  .nd  II,  upper  Md  Trader  wing.  Or  the  Primariet,  while  to  the  lower  or  an- 
S'fiS?p!^%l!f°SSr."b^^"'"^  der  pair  are  applied  the  opposite  terms  of 
Potteriort  or  Secondaries.  Many  of  the  best  writers  use  the  simple 
terms  of /ore  and  hind  wings. 

These  organs  exhibit  an  almost  endless  variety  of  ontline,  textai« 
and  ornamentation.  The  wings  of  bntterflies  and  moths,  for  example, 
are  broad  and  of  rather  frail  texture,  and  are  covered  with  minate 
scales  and  hairs  of  rich  and  varied  colors.    The  app>er  wings  of  beetles 

*  The  outline  and  Teiofttton  of  tbe  wings  of  Inaectn  are  made  great  nee  of  In  olassl- 
flcatlon,  and  for  the  convenience  ofuiy  that  maybe  Intereeted,  I  append  the  terros 
applied  to  raargine,  Telnaand  oellB  as  follows:  Od  tbe  wing  of  an  Insect  the  upper 
edge,  from  wbere  It  Is  Joined  to  tbe  body  to  tbe  most  distant  point.  Is  tbe  eotia  or 
eoaialedge.  The  extreme  point  if  tbe  apex.  (In  tbe  flgure  A,  just  above  b*.)  Tbe 
outer  edge  extends  from  the  apex  to  tbe  inner  angle  at  d*,  and  tbe  inner  edge  from 
this  point  to  the  Insertion  of  the  wing.  The  veins  are  the  costal  vein.  Just  below 
«;  i,  eub-coetal  vein;  rf,  median  vein;  *',  ft',  S*.  S*  and  i\  aub-coatal  velnlets;  i', 
d^,d'  and  d*,  median  velnlets;  e,  Internal  vein;/,  disoal  cell.  Tbe  other  cells  bear 
tbe  names  of  tbe  veins  which  enclose  them  and  are  numbered  from  tbe  costal  vein. 
In,  B  a  is  the  costal  vein;  1,  2, 3,  coatal  oella  ;  4.  6,  6,  sub-costal  celts;  7,  8,9,  median 
cells;  10, 11, 12,  sub-median  cells;  13,  internal  cell.  Tbe  veins  and  cells  in  the  under 
wings  correspond  to  the  principal  ones  In  tbe  upper. 


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ODTLUIBS  OF  XITFOMOLOaT.  163 

are  comparatively  small,  being  modified  into  simple  sheatlui,  often  of 
metalliu  hardness  and  laster,  beneath  vhioh  the  lonfter  and  broader 
BoembnuieoiiB  lower  wings  are  compactly  folded,  except  daring  ilight. 
In  the  nuyority  of  other  insects  the  wings  are  tianslaoent  or  transpar- 
ent, more  closely  veined,  and  not  clothed  with  scales  or  hairs.  The 
other  organs  of  locomotion  are  the  legs.  In  fblly  developed  insecta 
these  are  invariably  six  in  anmber.  Some  of  onr  most  oonspicaoos  bni- 
terdies,  it  is  tme,  seem  to  have  bnt  four,  bnt  the  absenoe  of  the  front 
pair  is  only  apparent,  and  close  examination  will  reveal  them  folded 
olose  against  the  breast  and  perfectly  formed,  thoogh  vaail  and  ase- 
less.  The  legs  of  insects  are  modified  in  many  ways  to  adapt  them  for 
running,  leaping,  harrowing  and  swimming,  according  to  the  habit  of 
the  species.  Each  leg  consists  of  six  parts :  a  large  flattened  joint 
called  the  eoxa,  which  is  attached  to  the  body ;  this  is  succeeded  by  a- 
joint  which  is  very  variable  in  form,  nsnally  small,  bat  in  some  species 
large,  and  having  the  appearance  of  an  ornamental  appendage,  and  ia 
termed  the  trocanter  (plnral  troeantertj;  next  to  this  is  a  long  and 
often  very  stont  thigh  or  femur  (ploral  femora  J,  sncceeded  by  the  ihank 
or  t&tia  (plnral  tib<ej,  to  which  is  attached  the  foot  or  tartua  (ploral 
tartij,  consisting  of  from  two  to  five  small  joints,  and  in  many  species 
terminating  in  a  pmr  of  sharp  claws,  sometimes  with  a  pad-like  cnsfa- 
lon,  termed  a  pulvUlus,  between  them. 

y.    f^  The  abdomen  in  insects  is  composed 

of  ten  remaining  segments.  In  most 
species,  however,  the  hindermost 
rings  are  modified  into  the  apparatus 
for  reprodnction  and  are  drawn  more 
or  less  within  the  body,  so  that  only 
from  fiveto  seven  joints  can  beclear- 
ly  distingnisfaed.  It  is  in  this  part  of 
the  body  that  the  form  of  the  typi- 
cal ring  can  be  traced  with  greater 
accaracy  than  in  any  other  region,  as 

,^w.f ".' «1"'.",CU'J?  ?«  «"•  ««■""«»  "O  ""t  "PPiMtly  con- 
d.  tibii;  t,  uniu;  /.  urwi  fUvi:  j.  tibial  goli dated  as  in  the  thorax,  bat  are 

•put;  B.  leg  of  bee,  elotbed  with  hBlr  for  ool- ,     ,  ,  ,  .,  ...  ,         ..i      , 

iMtiDs  poileni  c.  front  i.R  of  mole  cricket,  fli-  l»eld  together  qaite  loosely  with  elaa- 

tedfOTbnirowlnBliilheetrth:  B.femnr:  fl.tlblij  yg  membrane. 


Along  each  side  of  the  body  is  a  row  of  more  or  less  conspicaons 
orifices.  These  are  the  openings  throngh  which  the  insect  breathes, 
and  are  termed  $tomata  or  gtigmata  or  spiracles.  They  conduct  to  air- 
tnbes,  to  which  more  particnlar  reference  will  be  made  in  a  succeeding 


D.-inz'i:;!.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


■«6i  STA.TB  HOBTIOULTUBAI,  SOCIETY. 

-chapter.    Tbere  are  niDe  or  ten,  aometimee  eleren  paira  of  them,  two 
OD  the  thorax  and  the  others  on  the  abdomen. 

The  only  appendftges  of  the  abdomen  are  the  organt  of  reproduo- 
iion,  vhich,  in  some  species,  as  the  bee  and  the  wasp,  are  connected 
with  those  of  defense,  in  the  form  of  ttingt.  They  consist,  externally, 
of  yarions  sorte  of  forceps  or  elaspm-g  in  the  mate,  and  of  sawa,  augera, 
■sveordt,  and  more  commonly,  pitrcert  and  ^inga  la  the  female.  All  of 
these  instruments  are  very  ingenioas  in  their  constmction  and  admi* 
rably  adopted  to  the  work  for  which  they  are  designed.  They  will  be 
-described  in  detail  when  the  species  to  which  they  pertain  are  nader 
«onsideration. 


CHAPTBE  V. 
INTBBTTAL  STEUOTUBB  OF  IN8B0TS. 

The  internal  stnictnre  of  insects  consists  of  the  Jftxtwlar,  Kervout 
and  Cireuiatory  systems,  together  with  the  organs  of  Be^iratitm,  Nviri- 
tion  and  Secretion. 

The  examination  of  these  parts  is  a  work  of  great  difflcnlty,  owing^ 
to  their  extreme  delicacy  and  mfnateness.  Mnch  of  it  requires  a  high 
power  of  microscope  and  the  skill  of  a  hand  experienced  in  dissecting ; 
-consequently  the  descriptions — as  with  the  cbaracters  of  external  struo- 
tnre — cannot  be  easily  verified  by  the  observations  of  the  tyro.  Only 
a  brief  account,  therefore,  will  be  attempted  in  this  chapter. 

The  Mutcular  ayetem  lies  just  within  the  external  crust,  or  body- 
wall,  to  which  it  is  closely  attached.  Its  use  is  to  hold  the  segments 
and  their  various  appendages  in  place,  and  to  move  them  according  to 
the  pleasure  or  necessity  of  the  insect.  'It  consists  of  a  great  number 
of  distinct  fibers,  not  gathered  into  bundles  like  those  of  higher  animals, 
bat  spread  oat  in  thin  layers  over  the  parts  requiring  their  action.  In 
their  arrangement  the  muscles  correspond  to  the  jointed  strnctnre  of 
the  body.  Each  segment  has  muscles  that  stretch  from  its  &ont  edge 
to  the  front  edge  of  the  oue  succeeding  it,  and  others  that  in  like  man- 
ner connect  the  hinder  edges.  There  are  also  bands  of  muscalar  fibers 
passing  around  the  body  and  others  still  that  extend  obliquely  from  one 
joint  to  another.  The  muscles  of  insects  are  a  pale  yellow  color  and 
of  a  «oft,  jelly-like  consistence.  But,  although  so  delicate  in  textnre 
their  contractile  power  is  surprising.  Thus,  many  insects,  of  which 
the  flea  is  a  good  example,  are  enabled  to  leap  more  than  one  hundred 


ly  Google 


OTTTLINBS  OF  BNIOHOLOCtT.  465 

times  their  own  height,  or  to  sosti^D,  withont  injnry,  ireights  several 
hundred  times  that  of  their  ovd.  The  lofty  aod  loog-continaed  flights 
of  some  species,  the  capacities  of  others  for  rnDoiDg,  barroviug,  bor- 
ing into  hard  Babslanoes,  and  for  carrying  or  dragging  heavy  burdens, 
all  attest  the  wonderful  strength  and  elasticity  of  their  maseles. 

Tke  Iferooua  tgitem  consists  of  .two  delicate  cords  which  extend 
longitndiDally,  the  one  above  the  other,  along  the  ventral  side  of  the 
body.  Insects  have  no  brain,  properly  so  called,  bat  the  lower  or 
■externfd  cord  has  a  series  of  swellings  or  nerve  knots  called  ganglia, 
varying  in  unmber  from  two  to  ten,  from  which  nerve  fibers  are  dis- 
tributed in  various  directions.  The  ganglion  in  the  head  is,  in  many 
«peoies,  larger  than  the  others,  bnt  does  not  differ  from  them  in  any 
other  particular.  liText  to  that  the  ganglia  of  the  thorax  are  most 
developed,  especially  in  perfect  insects,  since  from  them  the  snpply  of 
nerve-force  for  the  vings  and  legs  mast  be  derived.  The  upper  or 
internal  cord  is  a  simple  thread  withont  nerve  knots  or  branches.  It 
Jies  very  dose  to  bnt  scarcely  in  contact  with  the  ganglionic  cord.  We 
find  in  this  nearly  equal  distribation  of  nerve  force  the  reason  why 
many  insects  can  live  for  a  considerable  time  after  a  part  of  the  body 
has  been  crushed  or  severed,  and  why  the  separated  parts  seem  to  be 
alike  endowed  with  vitality. 

Tke  Gircul(Uory  tygtem  of  insects  is  as  yet  bnt  imperfectly  ander- 
fltood.  The  blood  is  cold  and  colorless,  or  with  a  slight  yellowish  tint. 
It  does  not  flow  through  tabes  corresponding  to  our  arteries  and  veins, 
but  seems  to  bathe  the  other  tissues  without  being  confined  to  special 
«haanel8.  There  is,  however,  a  long,  narrow  membranons  8ac,8ituated 
near  the  upper  snr&ce  of  the  body,  which  forms  a  sort  of  heart,  the 
pulsations  of  which  can  be  distinctly  seen  in  many  thin-skinned  insects, 
-especially  in  larvfe.  This  tube  is  called  the  dorsal  vessel,  and  is  divided 
into  several  chambers  by  valves  which  permit  the  blood  to  pass  only  in 
a  forward  direction.  The  blood  enters  the  dorsal  vessel  throagh  open- 
ings in  its  sides,  and,  flowing  toward  the  head,  is  expelled  through  a 
large  artery  called  the  aorta,  from  whence  its  course  can  no  longer  be 
traoed.  In  its  progress  it  is  aerified  by  contact  with  the  eii  vessels 
and  mixed  with  chyle  from  the  stomach,  and  is  thus  prepared  to  noor* 
ish  the  organism.  It  is  scant  in  quantity  compared  with  the  blood  of 
vertebrates,  and  the  circulation  seems  to  be  slow. 

Seapiratton  or  breathing  in  insects  is  performed,  not  tbrongh  a 
jsingle  trachea  or  air-pipe  communicating  with  a  pair  of  lunge,  as  in 
most  of  the  higher  animals,  bnt  throagh  a  series  of  delicate  tabes  which 
divide  and  subdivide  so  as  to  permeate  all  parts  of  the  body.  The 
openings  to  these  tubes  are  in  most  insects  on  the  sides  of  the  seg- 
HB— 30 


466  STATE  HORTICULTURAL  SOOIBTT. 

ments,  and  are  termed  the  Kpiraclet  or  stigmata.  They  vary  in  number 
from  two  in  some  wat><>r  insects  to  eleven,  asaally  nine,  pairs,  and  are  often 
quite  conepicaoas,  eepeciall;  in  larvte.  In  their  perfect  state  insects 
breathe  mainly  throngh  the  first  fotir  or  five  pairs  of  orifices,  and  conse- 
qaently  most  species  may  be  easily  anffocated  and  killed  by  a  sharp' 
pinch  or  continued  pressure  on  tbe  thorax.  Many  insects  have  large 
vesiclee  connected  with  the  trachea  which  they  inflate  when  abont  to 
fly,  thas  lessening  their  specific  gravity  and  enabling  them  to  continno 
long  on  the  wing  with  less  mnsoolar  exertion  than  would  otherwise  be 
necessary.  The  breathing  organs  of  aquatic  insects  are  termed  branekia. 
They  are  analogous  to  the  gills  of  fishes  and  present  many  very  sia- 
gnlar  forms. 

The  organs  of  S'vtrition  are  tew  la  number  and  simple  in  stracture 
They  consist  principally  of  the  mouth,  already  described,  by  which  the 
food  is  seized  and  masticated,  and,  internally,  of  a  large,  long  tube  in 
which  digestion  takes  place.  This  tube  is  the  alimentary  canal,  aod 
occDpies  a  central  position  in  the  body  of  the  insect.  In  the  more 
lowly  species  it  is  simply  a  straight  duct  or  sac  extending  the  whole 
length  of  the  body ;  bat  In  tbe  highly  organized  forme  it  is  contracted 
at  intervals  bo  as  to  form  several  chambers,  each  of  which  bas  a  dis- 
tinct function.  It  terminates  in  a  convolution  of  minute  tubes  that  are 
supposed  to  represent  the  liver  and  tbe  small  intestines  of  higher  ani- 
mals. The  (esophagus  or  gullet  opens  into  tbe  first  chamber  or  cavity 
of  the  central  canal,  which  is  analogoaa  to  the  crop.  This  in  turn  com- 
municates with  a  smaller  cavity,  which  is  ridged  internally  or  covered 
with  hard,  tooth-like  points,  and  performs  the  office  of  a  gizzard,  from 
which  the  food  passes  into  the  largest  alimentary  division,  representing 
the  true  stomach.  In  tbe  latter  are  secreted  the  gastric  and  pan- 
creatic fluids,  which,  mingling  with  the  comminuted  food,  prepare  it  to 
nourish  the  system.  The  digestive  powers  of  insects  are  enormous  in 
proportion  to  tJieir  size,  many  species  of  herbivorous  larves  being- 
capable  of  digesting  more  than  twice  their  own  weight  of  leaves  in  the 
course  of  a  day. 

The  organs  of  secretion,  aside  from  those  that  elaborate  the  fluids 
necessary  to  digestion,  consist  mainly  of  the  galivary,  odori/erou*  and 
poison  glands.  The  salivary  glands,  so  called,  are  greatly  developed  in 
such  insects  as  the  silk-worm,  and  the  bee  and  wasp.  They  consist  of 
two  tubes,  running  parallel  to  the  anterior  portion  of  the  alimentary 
canal.  In  the  silk-worm  and  other  larvte  of  the  same  family  these 
glands  secrete  tbe  gum  which,  when  drawn  oat  throagb  a  little  pointed 
tube  beneath  the  month,  becomes  the  beantifnl  and  valuable  fiber- 
known  as  tilk. 


ODTLINKS   OF  BNTOMOLOGT.  46  ( 

Th«  salivary  flaid  ie  nsed  by  the  bee  and  waap  to  moisten  and 
cement  the  particles  of  sap  and  wood  from  which  the  brood  and  honey 
cells  are  made. 

The  odoriferone  organs  are  of  varions  constraction,  and  are  located 
in  some  species  in  one  port  of  the  body,  and  in  others  in  another.  They 
are  designed  in  some  cases  as  a  means  of  attraction  between  the  sexes ; 
in  others  to  repel  the  attaclts  of  their  enemies. 

The  poison  glands  are  sitnated  sometimes  in  the  month,  bnt  more 
frequently  at  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  The  poison  is  of  the  natare  of 
an  acid,  and  is  injected  into  wonnds  made  by  the  jaws  or  by  the  piercer 
or  sting.  Its  use  ie  to  ward  off  or  revenge  the  attacks  of  foes  and  to 
paralyze  or  kill  tbe  prey  required  by  the  insect  for  its  own  food  or  as 
food  for  its  yonng. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

TBANSFOEUATION   OF  INSECTS. 


TrniisfoTnialloiK  ' 

wonn  or  boll  worm  fJ 
egg,  magnlfled;  c,  1st 

Tbe  transformations  or  metamorphoses  of  insects  have  been  already 
alluded  to  as  one  of  their  most  peculiar  and  interesting  characteristics. 
These  are  certain  changes  of  form  and  habit  by  which  the  life  of  every 
insect,  after  hatching,  is  divided  into  three  more  or  lees  distinct  periods 
or  stages. 

Transformation  may  be  either  complete  or  partial.  It  is  complete  when 
the  appearance  and  general  habit  of  tbe  insect  is  so  different  at  each 
stage  of  its  existence,  that  only  experience  enables  us  to  recognize  the 
varione  forms  as  pertaining  to  the  same  iudividaal ;  and  partial  when 


468  STATE  HOBTJOTIXTIjaAL  SOOIBTT. 

successive  stages  of  development  being  marked  only  by  the  acqaisitioa 
of  certain  orgaDB  and  appendages. 

The  most  flaniiliar  example  of  complete  traosformation  is  a£Forded 
by  an  insect  which  in  its  first  active  state  is  a  slaggisb,  worm-like  cater- 
pillar, feeding  roracioaaly  on  herbage,  and  changing  in  dae  time  to  the 
inactive,  casket-like  chrysalis,  which  bears  as  little  resemblance  to  the 
larvie  that  preceded  it  as  to  the  imago  that  shall  ultimately  escape  from 
it,  viz.,  the  broad-winged,  bright-hned  bntterdy,  instinct  with  graceftil 
activity,  as  it  hovers  over  the  dowers  from  whicb  it  sips  is  sole  noarish- 
ment,  a  dainty  dranght  of  nectar.  Examples  of  partial  traosfoi-mation 
are  fonnd  in  sach  insects  as  grasshoppers,  locusts,  tme  bags,  etc. 

The  life  of  an  insect  begins  with  the  embryo  contained  in  an  egg. 
Instinct  goidee  the  parent  insect  in  the  placing  of  her  eggs,  so  that  her 
progeny.as  soon  as  hatched,flnd  themselve  snrroanded  with  the  kind 
of  food  they  reqoire.  The  eggs  of  insects  are  of  variona  forms — round, 
oval,  conical  or  disk -like.  '  They  are  deposited  singly  or  in  clusters; 
sometimes  openly  exposed  on  the  surfaces  of  leaves  or  stems,  some- 
times concealed  with  the  atmost  ingenuity.  Those  of  many  species  are 
beaatifally  colored  or  elegantly  aculptnred.  The  eggs  of  some  small 
insects  which  produce  but  few  are  proportionately  large,  while  on  the 
other  hand  many  large  insects  lay  very  minute  eggs,  bat  make  up  in 
number  what  is  lacking  in  size. 

The  insect  in  hatching  from  the  egg  enters  od  its  larval  stage  of 
existence.  This  is  the  form  in  which  all  actual  growth  takes  place,  and 
in  which,ae  a  consequence,  the  insect  requires  most  food.  It  may,  in 
succeeding  stages  of  development,  aasame  different  forms  and  acquire 
additional  members,  but  it  never  really  increases  iu  bulk. 

The  larvEB  of  the  various  kinds  of  insects  differ  so  much  in  appear- 
ance, and  in  many  other  respects,  that  it  is  difBcalt  to  give  a  list  of 
characters  that  are  common  to  all.  The  typical  form  is  more  or  less 
worm-like :  *.  e.,  cylindrical  and  elongate ;  but  the  variations  from  this 
type  are  exceedingly  namerons,  even  among  insects  whose  transforma- 
tions are  complete ;  while  those  that  andergo  only  partial  transforma- 
tion do  not  conform  to  it  at  all. 

In  the  m^ority  of  larvfe  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  not  distinct, 
except  that  the  first  mentioned  region  is  often  provided  with  the  rndi- 
ments  of  legs.  The  latter  are  of  a  shelly  texture,  email  and  pointed  at 
the  extremity,  with  three  or  fonr  joints.  They  are  six  in  number,  and 
are  termed  the  true  or  thoracic  legs,  to  distingaish  them  from  the  fleshy 
disks  called  faUe  leg*  or  prolegi,  which  in  many  species  support  the 
hinder  part  of  the  body. 


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0TTTLINB3  OF  EKTOMOLOOT.  469 

Many  larvse,  such  as  those  of  beee,  flies  and  some  Bpecies  of  beetles, 
hare  neither  legs  nor  prolegs — their  movements,  in  coaseqaence  of 
this  lack,  being  much  restricted. 

In  their  habits  larvfe  are  either  active  or  inactive.  The  former — 
inclnding  by  far  the  larger  proportion  of  the  yonng  of  insects — are 
capable  of  sufficient  exertion  to  enable  them  to  provide  for  their  own 
necessities. 

Inactive  or  sedentary  larvte,  on  the  contrary,  are  hatched  in  cells 
or  chambers,  which  they  never  leave,  and  sabsist  npon  food  previonsly 
stored  for  their  nse,  or,  as  in  the  case  of  bees  and  ants,  they  are  the 
objects  of  constant  attention  f^om  the  matnre  insects. 

In  the  coarse  of  their  growth  all  larvte  moU  or  shed  their  skins 
several  times.  This  eingolar  process  becomes  necessary  at  intervals, 
because  the  exterual  covering  wilt  only  admit  of  stretching  to  a  limited 
extent.  A  new  skin  is  constantly  forming  ander  the  outer  one,  and 
when  the  latter  becomes  too  tight  It  is — after  some  preliminary  fasting 
and  other  preparation — mptnred  and  cast  oif,  and  the  larvie  appears  in 
a  new  and  for  a  time,  more  elastic  dress.  The  nsnal  number  of  molts 
is  four  or  five.  A  few  insects  of  the  tower  orders  molt  bnt  twice,  while 
others,  especially  certain  aquatic  species  and  others  whose  larval  life 
is  long,  molt  ft-om  ten  to  twenty  times.  Sedentary  larvae  shed  their 
skins  in  shreds  and  by  degrees. 

The  length  of  larval  life  varies  with  the  different  species.  Many 
complete  their  growth  in  a  very  short  time,  often  witMn  a  week,  white 
some  continue  to  grow  f^om  one  to  several  years.  The  average  length 
of  larval  life  among  herbivorons  insects  is  about  four  weeks. 

When  the  limit  of  growth  is  reached  the  larva  ceases  to  feed,  and, 
guided  by  iostinct,  prepares  for  its  Brst  transformatioD.  Inactive  larrea 
spin  a  slight  web  around  their  delicate  bodies,  and  some  kinds  are 
sealed  np  in  their  cells  by  the  mature  insects. 

Active  larvie  take  various  measures  to  secure  themselves  from  ob- 
servation and  injury  during  the  time  when  they  shall  be  powerless  to 
escape  from  or  defend  themselves  against  their  enemies.  Some  creep 
into  crevices  of  stones  or  bark,  or  tiide  ingeniously  among  crampled 
leaves.  A  targe  proportion  burrow  into  the  earth ;  others  spin  for 
their  protection  thick,  silken  or  parchment-like  cocoons,  while  some 
require  nothing  more  than  a  retired  nook  in  which  to  suspend  them* 
selves  by  slender  bnt  strong  cables  of  silk.  Aft«r  a  longer  or  shorter 
rest  in  their  various  retreats,  the  larval  skins  are  cast  off  for  the  last 
time,  and  each  insect  appears  in  a  new  and  entirely  different  form  and 
is  termed  a  pupa. 


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470  STATE  HOBTICULrDBAL  BOCIBTT. 

Id  the  pnpa  state  most  insects  ore  quiescent  and  appareDtlj  life- 
less, and  while  it  eoDtiunes  are  incapable  of  taking  food  or  performing 
any  of  the  active  fanctions  of  life.  Papffi  that  are  enclosed  in  cocoons 
or  cells  are  t«rmed  foHieulate.  A  papa  destined  to  give  forth  a  bntter- 
fi?  is  designated  a  chrjftatit,  from  a  Glreelc  word  meaning  golden,  in 
reference  to  the  gilded  ornamentation  of  many  chrysalides. 

There  are  two  forms  of  qniescent  papee,  the  obteeted  and  the 
eoarctate.  In  the  first  mentioned  form  the  legs,  wings  and  antennie  of 
the  fotnro  imago  are  shown,  each  enclosed  in  a  separate  sheath.  The 
pnpEB  of  bees,  wasps,  beetles,  etc.,  are  obteeted.  In  eoarctate  pnpse  a 
continaons  shell  encloses  the  members  as  well  as  the  body  of  the 
insect. 

The  papic  of  insects  not  sabject  to  complete  metamorphosis  are 
active,  and  do  not  differ  mach  either  in  form  or  habit  from  the  full- 
grown  larvce,  except  in  the  greater  development  of  the  indimentary 
wings. 

After  a  certain  time,  varying  with  the  nature  of  the  insect  and  with 
the  season  of  the  year,  the  second  transformation  takes  place  and  the 
Insect  issues  from  the  pnpa  shell  in  its  mature  or  perfect  form. 

In  this  stage  of  its  existence  it  is,  with  a  few  exceptions,  charac- 
terized by  the  possession  of  fully  developed  wings.  It  has  also  large, 
compound  eyes,  conspicuous  antennae  and  various  other  organs  which 
did  not  appear  in  its  preceding  forms.  The  head,  thorax  and  abdomen 
are  now  well-defined  regions,  and  the  sexes  can  usaaJIy  be  distinguished 
with  ease.  In  most  species  the  females  are  larger  than  the  males,  and 
the  latter,  besides  being  more  slender  in  body,  are  often  more  gaily 
colored  and  have  the  antennae  longer  or  more  ornamental  than  those  of 
the  female. 

The  abdomen  of  the  female  is  furnished  with  an  ingenious  instra- 
ment  called  an  ooipositor,  through  which  the  eggs  are  conducted  to 
such  situations  as  will  be  most  favorable  to  the  future  larvie.  It  serves 
not  only  to  place  the  eggs,  bat  is  used  by  manyinsects  to  drill  holes  or 
saw  slits  or  otherwise  prepare  suitable  receptacles  for  them.  In  each 
species  the  ovipositor  is  usnally  a  very  conspicuous  appendage.  In 
others  it  is,  when  not  in  use,  drawn  entirely  within  the  body. 

As  previously  remarked,  after  insects  have  acquired  their  wings 
they  never  grow.  Thus  the  idea  that  little  flies  or  gnats  develop  into 
"  house-flies  "  or  "  blae-bottles,"  as  some  people  sappose,  or  that  little 
beetles  or  bugs  or  butterflies  ever  grow  to  be  large  beetles  or  bugs  or 
butterflies,  is  seen  to  be  entirely  erroneous. 

Since  perfect  insects  do  not  grow,  it  follows  that  they  require  but 
little  food  ;  some  are  incapable  of  taking  even  a  sip  of  dew  or  nectar. 


OUTLINES   OF   ENTOHOLOQT.  471 

Othera,  like  the  batterfly  and  wasp,  have  a  very  different  diet  from  that 
opoQ  which  they  aabsisted  as  larvee!  Some  species,  however,  such  as 
locosts,  leaf-eating  beetles,  etc.,  retain  their  voraoions  propensities 
through ont  life. 

Syper-metamorphoait,  which  attends  the  development  of  a  few 
species  of  parasitic  beetles  and  some  flies  of  the  Ephemera  faoiily,  is 
the  assumption  of  more  than  the  nsnal  number  of  forme  in  the  process 
of  growth.  The  transformations  of  snch  species  are  not  invariably 
f^om  a  lower  to  a  higher  organization,  bat  some  of  the  intermediate 
atsges  are  often  of  a  retrograde  character.  This  anomalous  mode  of 
development  will  be  illaetrated  in  succeeding  chapters  in  connectioa 
with  the  history  of  the  Blister  beetles,  Bee  parasites  and  iN'erve-winged 
flies. 

Such  is  an  outline  of  the  history,  continually  repeated,  of  all  insect 
life ;  but  the  number  of  species  is  so  vast,  and  their  forms  and  habits 
«o  different,  that  the  careful  observer  flnds  an  infinite  variety  of  detail 
which  gives  continual  novelty  and  interest  to  the  subject 


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STATE  HOBTICULtlBAI,  aOOIBTTY. 


Illustrations    of  teb   Seybn  Pbincipal  Obdebs  of  Insbots. 


Wood-boiliiK  Wnp,  Ortsr  I. 


Batterfly,  Older  ni. 
Bsvtle,  Older  II. 


Aut-Llon,  Order  VU. 


SyiphmBj,  Order  IV, 
Bng,  Oidei  T. 


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OUTLINBS   OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


CHAPTER  VII. 
CLASSIPIOATION  AND   NAMES   OF  INSB0T8. 

Having  io  precediog  chapters  considered  the  characters  by  which 
ioBectB  are  distingnisbed  from  all  other  anitnalB,  we  shall  now  proceed 
to  notice  those  by  which  they  may  be  dietingaished  from  each  other. 

As  a  preliminary  to  sach  observation  it  will  be  a  good  plan  for  th& 
student  to  collect  for  an  hoar  or  two  in  varions  sitnationfi — tield,  wood 
and  water-courses —  all  the  insects  that  he  can  find.  When  these  are 
ezamined  he  will  perceive  at  a  glance  that  they  are  not  all  alike — that 
they  differ  in  form,  size,  color,  and  in  many  points  of  strnctnre.  He- 
may  then  proceed  to  assort  them,  placing  together  those  tliat  appear 
to  be  exactly  alike.  The  next  step  will  be  to  compare  the  differeat 
lots,  when  it  will  be  fonnd  that  several  of  these  closely  resemble  one 
or  more  of  the  other  lote,  and  sach  may  be  arranged  side  by  side. 
Still  other  combinataons  may  be  made  with  these  compound  gronpsr 
antil  Anally  the  entire  collection  will  be  embraced  in  a  few  comprehen- 
sive assemblages.  These  groops  may  be  considered  to  represent  Spe- 
cies^ Genera,  Familie*  and  Orders. 

Classification  consists  in  a  systematic  arrangement  of  specimena 
according  to  their  place  in  each  division,  thas  showing  their  near  and 
their  remote  relationships.  By  means  of  it  we  are  enabled  to  consider 
a  mnltitode  of  organic  forms  noder  a  few  general  beads. 

A  Speeiea  comprises  all  individuals  that  are  supposed  to  have  had 
a  common  parentage,  and  are  exactly  alike  in  all  essential  points  of 
stmotore  and  habit 

A  Omtu  { plural  gmera)  is  an  assemblage  of  species  that  are  not 
the  same  in  all  pariionlars,  bat  have  more  points  of  resemblance  than 
of  difference. 

The  characters  npon  which  genera  are  based  are  different  in  the 
different  ftuuilles  of  insects,  and  even  concerning  insects  in  the  same 
&mily  the  opinions  of  entomologists  differ  as  to  what  constitutes  ft 
character  of  generic  valne. 

A  family  includes  ell  the  genera  that  have  in  common  a  few  impor- 
tant pecaliarities  of  form  and  habit. 

A  Tribe  is  an  assemblage  of  families  whose  relationship,  though 
remote,  is  inferred  fi-om  the  similar  structure  of  a  few  organs. 

An  Order  inclades  ail  these  groups  and  is  foanded  npon  agreemeat 
in  general  stmclure  and  mode  of  development. 


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474  BTATK   HOETIOULTURAL   800IBTT. 

With  insects,  as  witli  all  otiier  organic  beings,  the  tpecies  is  the 
root  of  classification — the  only  group  defined  by  nature.  All  other 
■associatioDS  of  forms,  thongb  based  npon  natural  affinities,  have  been 
devised  by  man,  and,  being  in  a  senee  artiflcial,  are  liable  to  rearrange- 
ment, restriction  or  extension  whenever  new  discoveries,  or  the  adop- 
tion of  new  theories  of  classification,  make  sach  changes  seem  desirable. 

In  classifying  insects  we  first  gronp  them  according  to  their  gen- 
eral stmctare :  i.  e.,  arrange  them  iu  their  proper  Order,  Tribe,  Family 
etc.,  which  is  ordinarily  qaite  easy,  after  which  ve  proceed  to  look  up 
tlie  more  difflonlt  matters  of  genus  and  species. 

The  first  step,  then,  is  to  determine  in  which  Order  a  giveo  speci- 
men belongs.  This  can  usaally  be  decided  without  difBcnlty  by  an 
examination  of  the  wings,  for  in  the  system  of  classification  moat  gen- 
erally adopted,  the  Orders — leven  in  number — are  mainly  founded  upon 
the  character  of  these  conspicuous  and  important  organs,  and  the 
names  of  these  Orders  are  G-reek  componnde  of  which  the  termination 
ptera  means  vnng»,  while  the  prefix  describes  the  Icind  of  wing. 

Tbere  ia  some  difference  of  opinion  among  writers  as  to  the  rela> 
tive  rank  of  the  Orders,  but  the  following  arrangement  eeema  most  in 
harmony  with  the  development  of  the  insects  included  in  each  Order, 
«nd  has  the  sanction  of  a  majority  of  the  best  anthorities  : 

I.     HVUENOPTERA.  (membrane-wiDsa).  bees,  Wkspa,  anta,  eto. 
II.    COLBOTTERA.  (abeath- wings),  beetles. 

III.  LBPIDOPTERA.  (Boale-wiDgB),  butterflies  and  motha. 

IV.  DIPTERA  {two  wlngH),  bonae-llles,  mosquitoes,  gnata,  etc 
V.     HEUtPTERA  (hair-winga),  tme  bngs,  cicada*,  plant  Hoe,  etc. 

Vt.    ORTHOPT&RA.  (atraigbt-wlDga),  fcraBiihoppera,  kacy-dlde,  crloketa,  et«. 

VII.    NEUROPrERA  (DerTe-wlngs),  dragoD-fliea,  laoe-wlng  fllea,  etc. 

Two  of  these  orders,  colbOPTKEA  and  DtPTERA,  were  defined 
According  to  the  type  of  wing,  by  the  Greek  philosopher  Aristotle, 
more  than  three  hundred  years  before  the  Christian  era.  Thus  it  will 
be  seen  that  entomology  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  of  the  uatural 
sciences,  although  for  many  centuries  it  made  little  or  no  true  progress. 

Adopting  the  idea  of  Aristotle,  Linnaeus  (or  Linne),  a  Swedish  nat> 
«raliat,  and  the  most  celebrated  one  of  the  eighteenth  century,  pro- 
posed five  additional  orders.  In  his  system,  however,  the  okthop- 
TEK4  were  included  with  the  HBUlPrERA,  and  the  seventh  order 
APrsRA  was  devised  to  contain  all  insects  which,  in  their  perfect  state, 
lacked  wings.  Bat  as  it  was  long  since  discovered  that  wingless  spe- 
-oies  and  wingless  females  exist  in  each  of  the  orders,  ft'om  which  it 
would  be  extremely  inconvenient  to  separate  them,  the  order  aPTBBA 
was  dropped  and  its  number  made  good  by  a  very  necessary  separa- 
tion of  the  ORTHOPTERA  from  the  HEMIPTBRA. 


OVTLINBS   OP   BNTOUOLOGT.  175 

BeeeDt  aatbors  bave  maltipliAd  and  rearraDged  the  orders  of  in- 
sects  on  varions  other  plans,  fonnded  in  many  cases  on  very  obvious 
nataral  distinctions,  bnt  the  arraagement  here  presented  forms  a  very 
£ood  basis  for  sabdivision,  and  meets  with  oontinaed  favor  from  a 
majority  of  our  natnralist«. 

In  science  the  name  of  every  animal  and  plant  is  a  doable  one : 
First,  the  name  of  the  genas  to  which  it  belongs,  called  the  generic 
name ;  and  second,  the  name  of  the  species  which  it  represents,  called 
the  specific  name.  These  scientific  names  are  nsnally  derived  from  the 
Oreek  and  Latin  or  have  their  terminations  ft'om  those  langnages. 

The  names  of  tribes  often  refer  to  the  style  of  that  particniar  organ 
in  which  all  the  species  included  in  them  agree.  The  names  of  fomilies 
are  nsnally  adapted  from  that  of  the  leading  genns.  The  generic  name 
may  refer  to  some  prominent  characteristic  of  the  typical  species,  or 
may  be  entirely  fencifnl.  It  is  always  a  proper  nonn  and  should  be 
written  with  a  capital. 

The  specific  name  is  sometimes  &om  some  attribute  of  the  species, 
or  from  the  plant  or  other  substance  on  which  it  feeds,  sometimes  from 
a  resemblance  it  bears  to  some  other  object,  and  not  infrequently  from 
the  name  of  the  discoverer  or  some  person  whom  the  describer  wishes 
to  compliment.  It  is  either  an  adjective  or  a  noau  in  the  possessive 
case,  and  is  now  seldom  written  with  a  capital,  not  even  when  it  is  de- 
rived from  the  name  of  a  person. 

It  often  happens  that  the  same  species  is  described  by  two  or  more 
aathors,  and  although  the  name  first  published  is  considered  to  be  the 
correct  one,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  discover  which  this  ia.  To  prevent 
«oafasion,  therefore,  as  well  as  to  give  each  author  credit  for  hia  work, 
it  is  customary  to  add  after  the  name  of  the  insect  that  of  the  aathor 
who  bestowed  it,  thus :.  Difnastes titi/rus  ot  LAoukus,  or  Papilio  asteriat, 
Cramer.  The  names  of  the  authors  are  commonly  abbreviated  as 
Linn,  for  Linnseas,  Cram,  for  Cramer,  Fabr.  for  Fabrioins,  etc. 

Besides  their  scientific  names,  many  Insects  have  common  or 
popular  names.  For  instance,  in  this  country  we  have  the  '*  Bed  Ad- 
miral "  butterfly,  the  "  Devil's  riding  horse,"  the  "  May  beetle  or  June 
bng,"  the  "Chinch  bug,"  the  "  Weevil,"  and  many  others.  Some  of 
these  names  are  known  and  correctly  applied  everywhere;  others  are 
very  local,  and  in  other  sections  of  the  country  people  would  not 
know  to  what  insect  they  pertained. 

Another  advantage  in  the  nse  of  the  scientifio  name  is  that  it  is 
perfectly  intelligible  to  educated  people  in  all  countries,  and,  when 
given  in  accordance  with  established  rules,  there  is  seldom  any  question 


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476  STATE   HORTIOULTUBAL   SOCIBTY. 

08  to  the  species  desif^ated.  Wheaever,  therefore,  exactness  is  re- 
quired, the  scieotiflo  name  sboald  accompany  the  popalar  one,  and  life 
these  cases  it  is  eoolosed  in  parenthesis.  For  example  :  The  Goldetk 
Tortoise  beetles  (Gataida  auriehaleea,  Fabr). 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
Order  I.    HYMBSOPTERi. 


Bald-Aoed  HoTnet  (  Vetpa  macuhOa), 
■rter  Bllej. 

This  Order  inclndee  the  Bees,  Wasps,  Ants,  Ichnenmon  dies  and 
other  four- winged  parasites,  Gall  flies.  Saw  flies,  and  a  few  Wood  borers. 
These  are  not  by  any  means  the  largest  or  most  eonspicoons  of  insecte^ 
bat  they  occupy  the  highest  rank  on  account  of  their  perfection  of  form 
and  the  remarkable  intelligence  which  many  of  them  display.  The  tbree 
leading  groaps  have  from  time  immemoiiat  attracted  the  attention  of 
man  by  their  interesting  social  relations,  their  industry,  their  mectaani- 
cal  skill,  and  their  tender  care  for  their  young— in  these  respects  dis- 
playing a  wonderful  analogy  to  the  traits  and  enterprises  of  the  humaa 
race. 

Another  reason  for  giving  this  Order  precedence  is  that  among 
its  members  we  find  the  most  complete  metamorpbosie — the  larv» 
being  far  more  helpless  and  dependent  on  the  personal  care  or  the 
most  painstaking  prevision  of  the  mature  insects  than  is  the  case  of 
the  young  of  other  Orders.  In  this,  also,  there  is  an  interesting  cor- 
respondence to  man,  who  in  infoucy  is  utterly  incapable  of  taking  caro 
of  himself,  far  more  so  than  any  of  the  lower  animals. 

The  frame  of  hymenopterous  insects  is,  in  most  of  the  species, 
very  bard  and  compact,  especially  on  the  thorax.  The  surface  is,  in 
some,  smooth  and  polished,  and  often  brilliantly  colored ;  in  others  it  is 
densely  clothed  with  short  hairs,  giving  it  a  resemblance  to  plush  or 
velvet. 

The  head  is  comparatively  large,  and  is  attached,  vertically,  to 
the  thorax  by  a  short,  slender  neck,  upon  which  it  can  be  freely  turned 
in  any  direction.    The  month  is  provided  with  apparatus  for  both  bit- 


0TTTHNB8  OF  ENTOMOLOGY.  477 

iDf;  and  sacking,  bat  the  apper  jaws  (mandibles),  though  large  and 
sharply  toothed,  are  bat  little  ased  in  mastication,  bat  serve  instead  as 
toolu,  of  which  very  skillfal  and  effective  nse  is  made  in  varioos  me- 
chanical enterprises.  The  lover  jaws  (maxillGe)  and  lower  lips  (labii)  are 
greatly  changed  from  the  typical  form,  to  adapt  them  for  taking  ap  liquid 
noarishment,  apoa  which  the  perfect  insects  mainly  subsist.  The  com- 
poand  eyes  cover  a  considerable  portion  of  the  head,  and  are  either 
round,  oblong  or  kidney-shaped  (reniform).  Upon  the  top  of  the  bead 
three  small  simple  eyes  (ocelli)  can  in  most  species  be  plainly  seen.  Tlie 
antennte  are  short  and  stoot  or  long  and  slender  (filiform),  or  liaU-shaped : 
-t.  «.,  bent  in  the  middle  and  thickened  more  or  less  toward  the  tips. 

The  flrst  Joint  of  the  thorax  (the  pro-thorax)  is  very  narrow  and 
«n  top  crowded  down  almost  or  quite  out  of  sight ;  bat  the  second 
«nd  third  joints  (the  meso-tborax  and  meta-tborax)  are  large,  and  to- 
gether form  a  compact  and  nearly  globniar  division  of  the  body.  The 
legs  vary  considerably  in  form  in  the  different  groups,  bat  are  usually 
long  and  rather  slender,  and  terminate  in  flve^ointed  feet  (tarsi).  The 
wings  are  composed  of  glassy  or  mica-like  membrane,  sapported  by  a 
few  strong  veins.  In  a  majority  of  the  species  they  are  quite  narrow, 
the  under  pair  being  smaller  than  the  upper,  and  during  flight  are 
attached  to  the  latter  by  the  row  of  minnte  hooks  which  may  be  seen 
on  their  upper  (costal)  edges,  which  catch  into  a  ridge  made  for  that 
purpose  on  the  lower  (inner)  margin  of  the  upper  pair.  In  a  great 
number  of  species  of  Hymenoptera  the  abdomen  swells  oat  In  the  mid- 
dle, tapering  to  a  point  at  the  posterior  end,  and  in  the  opposite 
direction  to  a  slender  joint,  of  greater  or  leas  length,  called  the  pedicel 
or  petiole,  by  which  it  is  attached  to  the  thorax.  From  six  to  eight 
Tings  or  segments  only  can  be  distinguished  in  the  abdomen.  Each  of 
these  appears  to  be  composed  of  tico  plates,  an  upper  and  a  lower  (a 
dorsal  and  a  ventral),  tlie  former  overlapping  the  latter  on  the  sides. 
The  tip  of  the  abdomen  of  the  femf^e  is  always  modified  into  an  ovi- 
po$itor.  If  this  organ  is  connected  with  a  poison  gland  and  drawn 
within  the  body  when  not  in  ase,  it  is  called  a  tting;  bat  if  it  is  a  oon- 
apicaous  appendage  and  not  capable  of  emitting  poison,  it  is  termed  a 

The  larvee  of  the  higher  Hymenoptera  are, 
for  the  most  part,  soft,  desby,  footless  grabs, 
con&ned  daring  the  whole  of  the  growing  pe- 
riod to  the  cells  of  wax,  paper  or  mud  in  which 
they  are  hatched.  Some  species  subsist  upon 
food  stored  in  their  cells  at  the  time  the  eggs 
ft-om  which  they  hatch  are  laid ;  others  require 
I.imi  M>d  imp*  of  WiBp. 


478  STATE   HOETIOULTUBAL  SOOIBTT. 

eects  that  have  them  in  charge.  The  larvte  of  some  of  the  lower  &iui- 
lies  in  the  Order  are  more  independent.  The  mother  insect  having 
placed  het  egga  npon  the  leaves  or  in  the  wood  on  which  her  inatinot 
teaches  her  her  yonng  will  thrive,  the  latter  are,  upon  hatching,  able 
to  provide  for  themselves. 

When  fnll  grown  most  of  these  larvst  spin  a  thin,  oblong,  sUken 
cocoon,  within  which,  after  a  short  reet,  the;  change  to  pnpeB.  The 
papae  are  qniescent  and  of  the  obtected  form,  each  leg,  wing  and  an- 
tenna being  enclosed  in  its  own  ebeatb,  which  fits  it  as  neatly  as  a  glove 
finger  fits  a  finger  of  the  baman  hand. 

All  the  members  are  closely  applied  to  the  body  and  remain  immov> 
able  ontil  tbe  time  of  the  second  transformation.  As  a  role,  eight  or 
ten  days  only  are  passed  in  tbe  papa  state.  Then  the  membranous 
ooveiing  splits  on  tbe  top  of  the  thorax,  the  head,  legs  and  embiyo 
wings  are  drawn  oat  of  tbeii  coverings,  and  the  insect  gnaws  open  the 
end  of  its  cocoon  and  lifts  the  covering  to  its  cell — oaless  tbe  latter 
is  opened  for  it  by  one  of  the  matare  "worker"  insects — and  after  a  pe- 
riod  of  hardening  and  general  preparation,  varying  from  an  honr  or 
two  to  one  or  two  days,  it  lifts  itself  by  its  strong  new  wings  and  sails 
away  into  tbe  sunshine.  The  Hymenoptera  are  mostly  diamal  insects, 
and  are  seldom  seen  apon  the  wing,  except  daring  warm,  pleasant 
weather.  The  primary  division  of  the  Order,  founded  upon  pecaliari- 
ties  of  etmctnre  and  habit,  is  into  two  sections : 

1.  Stinging  Intectt  {A  ovlk  at  a),  comprising  the  Bees,  Wasps 
and  Ants. 

2.  Piercing  Intecta  (TebebBAHTIa),  comprising  several  fiuui- 
lles  of  Parasttio  Flies,  Oall-flies,  Saw-flies  and  Wood-borere.  In  the 
first  section  the  sexes  are  distiugoisbed  by  a  difference  in  the  number 
of  the  joints  of  the  antenuEe  and  the  abdomen — the  antennn  of  the 
males  having  thirteen  joints  and  the  abdomen  tere»  apparent  segments, 
while  the  anteniiEe  of  the  females  have  but  twelve  joints  and  tbe  abdomen 
only  itx  distiiigaiBhable  segments.  All  the  females  belonging  in  this 
section  have  the  ovipositor  (tbe  organ  by  which  the  eggs  are  placed) 
connected  with  two  poison  glands ;  and  whenever  this  instrament  is 
need  as  a  weapon,  a  minate  portion  of  tbe  acrid  fiuid  is  forced  into  the 
woand  made  by  its  point  and  causes  a  burning  and  stinging  pain. 

This  poison  is  need  by  certain  wasps  to  paralyze  other  insects  and 
spiders  which  they  collect  and  store  in  cells  as  food  for  their  young. 
In  this  case  it  does  not  kill,  bat  prodaces  in  the  victims  a  state  of  help- 
less torpor  in  which  they  continue  nutil  devoured  by  tbe  wasp  larra. 


ly  Google 


OUTLINES   OF   ENTOUOLOOT.  479' 

The  Stingini;  Hymenoptera  are  separated  into  fonr  very  distinct 
tribes : 

let.    Bees  fAnikophUa — flower-lovers). 

2d.     Trae  Wasps  fBiploptera — doable>wings). 

3d.      Wood  and  Sand  Wasps  (Fossorea — diggers). 

4th.    Ants  f'ffrterojyna— different  females). 

Each  of  these  tribes  includes  several  bmilies,  the  pecnliaritiea  of 
which  will  be  noticed  in  sacceeding  chapters.  The  Kercing  insects 
composing  the  second  division  of  the  Order  are  distingaished  ohiefl; 
by  the  absence  of  the  poison  gland.  In  the  higher  families  the  form  of 
the  body  and  the  venation  of  the  wings  are  mnch  like  those  of  bees 
and  wasps,  the  most  obvioas  difference  being  the  more  lengthened  ab- 
domen and  the  excerted  and  often  conspicnons  ovipositor.  The  more 
lowly  forma  of  the  Piercing  species  have  the  abdomen  joined  to  the 
thorax  by  a  wide  base  instead  of  a  slender  pedicel,  the  wings  are  more 
net-veined,  and  in  their  immatnre  stages  they  approach  certain  groups 
of  the  Lepidoptera.  The  section  is  subdivided  into  two  comprehen- 
sive tribes: 

1st.    Foar-winged  Parasites  (EntomopKaga — insect-eaters). 

2d.     Saw-flies  and  Wood-borers  (Fkytophaga — plant- eaters). 

The  Plant-eaters  inolade  almost  all  the  insects  in  the  Order  that 
are  serioasly  injnrioas.  All  the  others  are  either  beneficiiU — some  of 
them  in  a  very  high  degree — or  neutral  in  their  relations  to  man. 


CHAPTER  IX. 
Order  HYHSNOPTBRA.     Section  Acdlbata. 

Bees  ( Antitophila). 

me.  W-] 


Bonef  Bee. 

The  Bees  are  very  apppropriately  termed  the  "  Flower-lovers,"  since 
they  are,  in  all  stages  of  their  lives,  wholly  dependent  upon  the  floral  pro- 
docts,  nectar  and  pollen,  for  their  food.  And  in  the  economy  of  natnre 
this  dependence  is,  to  a  great  extent,  mutual ;  for  while  the  Bees  are  seek- 
ing sustenance  for  themselves  and  their  yoang  from  flower  to  flower, 
they  are  at  the  same  time  anconsciously  assisting  the  latter  to  produce 
good  seed  as  a  resnlt  of  cross- fertilization,  the  pollen  ft'om  the  stamens 
of  one  plant  or  blossom  being  carried  by  them  to  the  pistils  of  another. 


480  8TATB  HOETICCLT0BAL  SOCIBTT. 

Thus  ve  see  that  while  Beea  coald  not  live  without  flowers,  many 
flowering  plantg  wonld  Boon  cease  to  exist  bnt  for  the  agency  of  Beea 
in  assisting  them  to  a  vigorous  development 

It  is  said  there  are  over  two  thoasand  species  of  bees,  the  majority 

of  which  are  small-sized  and  plainly-colored  insects.    They  are  distin- 

gniebed  from  other  Hymenoptera  by  the  stroctnre  of  the  month  and 

lege,  which  are  pecnliarly  adapted  for  collecting  and  conveying  nectar 

and  pollen.    The  month  of  the  Honey  Bee,  tor  example,  is  quite  dilfer- 

|Fig.  w.i  ent  from  that  of  other  biting  insects.    To  the  naked 

eye  it  appears  like  a  bundle  of  flat,  pointed  bristles, 

bnt  when  examined  ander  the  microscope  these  take 

the  forms  represented  in  Pig.  13.    The  outer  jaws 

are  large  and  strong,  adapted  for  use  as  tools,  such 

as  sciaeors,  knives,  trowels,  and  so  forth.  The  inner  or 

lower  jaws  (maxillse),  of  which  there  are  two  pairs, 

^  cousicit.  of  long,  slender  jointed  blades,  which  are 

DSed  for  piercing  and  probing,  while  the  under  Up 

(labium)  is  prolonged  into  a  sort  of  hairy  tongue, 

HeadorBes.         Very   flexible,  with  which  the  nectar  of  flowers  is 

lapped  up,  and  with  the  aid  of  the  maxillae  drawn  back  and  deposited 

in  the  "  honey  crop  "  or  proveneulua  where,  by  some  myeterions  chemi- 

-cal  process,  the  crnde  nectar  is  transformed  into  the  delicions  snbstance 

known  as  honey.     Such  proportion  of  it  as  ia  required  by  the  insect 

for  food  paeses  onward  through  the  digestive  tubes,  while  the  anrplns 

ia  regargitat«d  into  cells  and  stored  for  food  for  itself  or  the  young  of 

which  it  has  the  care.  . 

When  not  in  use,  all  these  lengthened  month  parte  are  drawn  close 
together  and  bent  under  the  chin. 

The  nioditlcation  of  the  legs,  especially  of  the  hinder  pair,  is  to 
adapt  them  to  the  work  of  gathering  and  carrying  pollen.  The  shank 
<tibia)  ia  broad  and  somewhat  hollowed  out  on  the  inner  auriace,  and 
has  a  rim  of  stiff  hairs,  thna  forming  a  sort  of  basket  in  which  the 
pollen  is  piled  when  it  has  been  gathered  by  the  feet,  the  basal  joints 
of  which  are  enlarged  and  otherwise  especially  adapted  for  the  puf 
pose,  and  when  alao  it  has  been  brushed  by  the  front  and  middle  legs 
from  other  parts  of  the  hairy  body  on  which  it  has  accumulated  in  the 
repeated  divings  of  the  insect  into  the  cup  of  flowers. 

The  sting  ia  a  slender  tube  formed  of  three  blades,  which  may  he 
protruded  from  the  abdomen,  the  tip  of  which  has  a  needle-like  point 
and  in  some  species  is  barbed.  It  serves  not  only  aa  an  ovipositor,  but 
at  the  will  of  the  insect,  aa  a  weapon,  in  the  latt«r  case  conveying  into 
the  woond  made  by  It  a  minute  portion  of  an  acrid  fluid — the  pediceled 


OUTLIHBa   OF  BITFOMOLOOT.  481 

ftbdora«a  enabling  the  itieect  to  thrast  its  sUng  with  ooDstdeiable  force. 
Tbe  poison  ia  of  an  acid  nature  and  may  be  neatralized  with  an  alkali. 
An  important  secretion  of  many  bees  is  the  prodaot  known  as  wax. 
This  ie  an  exudatioa  from  tbe  ander  snrfoce  of  the  abdomen,  which 
Prof.  Oook  describes  as  "a  solid  anctaoas  BnbBtanoo  andis,a«  shown 
by  its  chemical  composition,  a  fot-like  material.  •  •  •  It  is  formed  by 
the  aecreting  membrane,  and  there  are  fonr  "wax  pockets"  on  each 
aide." 

[Piff.  11]  '^^^  tcoxA  legs  of  honey  bees  are  provided  with 

an  iugenioas  contrivance  for  dressing  the  anteonie. 
It  is  a  movable  spar  at  the  end  of  the  thigh  which 
closes  over  a  notch  io  the  base  of  the  tibia,  the 
autennffi  being  drawn  through  the  apertare  thas 
t  fonned.  Several  other  fanotions  for  this  contrivauoe 
.  have  been  suggested. 

In  coiisideration  of  a  difference  in  the  length  of 
the  month  parts,  the  bees  are  separated  into  two 
&milie8 : 

Apidje: — long-tongned  bees ;  and 
i.-ronti*KrfiioneTB«         ANDBENiD.^:— shoH-tongaed  bces. 

They  are  farther  distingnished,  according  to  their  relations  with 
each  other,  as  Social,  Solitary  and  Parasitic  or  Gudcoo  bees. 

In  this  country  there  are  bat  two  genera  of  social  bees,  namely, 
tbe  genas  Api»,  which  eout^ns  but  one  species — melifica,  the  well- 
known  Hive  or  Honey  bee,  and  the  genus  Bombut,  containing  aboat 
fifty  species  of  the  almost  equally  wcll-knowa  Hamble  or  Bumble  bees. 
All  social  bees,  as  well  as  other  insects  of  the  same  habit,  live  to- 
gether in  larger  or  smaller  commnnities,  and  have  a  regalar  system  ot 
government  and  labor — a  sort  of  ideal  communism — in  which  no  iodi- 
vidual  is  independent,  bat  each  performs  certain  duties  for  the  common 
good.  Among  the  bees  each  colony  contains  three  sorts  of  individuals : 
one  or  more  perfect  females,  or  queens,  which  are  the  mothers  of  the 
swarm ;  a  considerable  number  of  males  or  drones,  only  permitted  or 
developed  in  the  hive  or  nest  at  certain  seasons,  and  a  great  namber  of 
BDUtller,  imperfect  females,  most  appropriately  termed  ^^workert,"  since 
npon  them  devolve  all  the  labors  of  the  colony. 

The  typical  species  of  this  group  is  the  Hive  bee,  celebrated  from 
time  immemorial  in  sacred  as  well  as  classic  literature,  for  the  delicions 
and  useful  products  of  its  industry,  honey  and  wax ;  for  its  intelligence 
and  mechanical  skill,  and  its  varions  peculiar  developments  and  adapta- 
tions.    Although  an  introduced  species,  it  is  now  thoroughly  natnral- 


.y  Google 


^3  STATE   HOBTIOULTUHAL  80CIBTT. 

iz«d  in  thia  conntr;,  and  is  often  found  wild  in  forests,  where  it  iDhabits 
hollow  trees.  It  U  said,  however,  that  it  oever  occars  &r  tcom  the 
habitations  of  men,  which  &ct  canned  the  Indians,  in  earlier  times,  to 
call  it  the  "  white  man's  fly."  It  may  be  considered,  indeed,  like  the 
silk- worm,  a  thoroughly  domesticated  insect;  and  though  so  &miliar  to 
as,  the  study  of  its  habits  has  never  lost  its  fascination  nor  its  reward 
io  the  discovery  of  some  remarkable  attribute  or  power. 

Jbe  form  of  the  worker  bee,  with  its  compact,  hairy  body,  iU 
strong  wings,  its  large  bnt  widely  separated  eyes,  its  long  proboscis, 
and  its  sharp  sting — which  has  the  pecnliarity  of  being  barbed,  and  of 
causing  the  death  of  its  user  by  its  loss,  if  thrust  too  vigorously  into 
the  skin  of  the  offender — is  familiar  to  every  one  who  has  ever  walked 
tn  field  or  garden.  The  queen  bee  is  less  frequently  seen,  even  by  the 
earefbl  observer,  althoagh,  where  glass  hives  are  used,  she  can  occasional- 
ly be  noticed  in  her  promenades  among  the  brood  cells.  She  has  a  much 
longer  body  than  the  worker,  and  her  proboscis  and  the  pollen  baskets 
on  the  binder  tibite  are  not  so  well  developed.  But  one  perfect  queen 
mother  is  permitted  in  a  hive  at  one  time,  and  when  the  colony  grows 
too  large  for  its  quarters,  the  mature  queen  goes  with  the  migrating 
swarm,  and  her  place  and  office  in  the  hive  is  aesamed  by  one  of  the 
yoang  qoeens,  of  which,  in  the  swarming  season,  there  are  always  a 
number  at  the  point  of  development  At  this  season,  too,  the  males  or 
drones  are  fonod  in  the  hive  in  greatest  numbers.  These  are  stouter 
bodied  than  the  worker  beeB,aDd  have  the  mouth  parts  and  legs  less  per- 
fectly developed,  while  ihe  eyes  are  larger  and  almost  meet  at  the  top  of 
the  head.  They  are  hatched  from  nnimpregnated  eggs  laid  by  an  occa- 
sional fertile  worker,  or  by  au  nnmated  queen,  or,  most  remarkable  of  all, 
by  a  fertile  queen,  when  she  chooses  to  allow  an  egg  to  pass  through  the 
oviduct  without  contact  with  the  sperm  cells  stored,  after  pturing,  in  her 
spermathica.  In  view  of  this  we  leara  that  the  queen  bee  possesses  a 
power  not  shared,  so  far  as  known,  by  any  other  animal,  viz.:  that  of  con- 
trolling the  sex  of  her  offspring  at  will.  The  queen  cells  ai'e  more  than 
twice  the  size  of  those  built  for  the  rearing  of  workers,  and  are  placed 
here  and  there  on  the  edges  of  the  brood  comb  and  at  right  angles  to 
the  worker  cells.  The  egg  and  embryo  are  of  the  same  nature  as  those 
designed  to  produce  workers,  and  the  queens  or  perfect  females  result 
from  their  more  spacious  cells  and  the  more  nitrogenized  food  called 
"royal  jelly"  on  which  they  are  fed.  The  average  life  of  the  queen  is 
ftom  two  to  three  years,  and  iostances  are  on  record  of  her  attaining 
the  age  of  five  years.  During  the  ordinary  period  of  life  she  lays  be- 
tween one  and  two  millions  of  eggs.  The  life  of  the  worker  seldom 
exceeds  eight  or  nine  months   and  that  of  the    drone  two  or  three. 


0DTL1NB3   OF  BNTOMOLOOT.  483 

The  period  of  deTelopment,  from  the  layiDg  of  the  egg  until  the  cap- 
ping of  the  cells  by  the  workers,  when  the  larvee  are  full  grown,  is  said 
is  said  to  be  eight  days.  Dnriug  this  time  they  are  regalarly  fed  and 
attended  by  the  yoanger  workers,  on  which  devolves  the  office  of  nnrsee. 
After  the  cell  is  covered  the  larva  spios  aronnd  itself  a  very  delicate 
cocooii  of  silk,  witbiD  wbich  it  traasforms  to  pnpa.  The  latter  has  all 
the  members  and  the  form  of  the  mature  insect,  but  all  in  a  very  soft 
state  and  closely  appressed  to  the  body.  After  a  repose  of  aboat  three 
weeks  the  young  bees  emerge,  but  remmu  in  the  hive  for  a  few  days, 
until  the  wings  and  other  members  are  safBciently  hardened  to  be  ready 
for  duty.  The  bive  bee  is  not  torpid  during  winter,  although  many  of 
its  activities  are  suspended.  It  appropriates  large  quantities  of  honey 
and  generates  heat  in  proportion  to  the  degree  of  atmospheric  cold. 
On  the  other' hand,  In  every  hot  weather  in  sammer,  the  bees,  by  tbe 
vibrations  of  their  wings,  are  able  to  cool  and  ventilate  their  hives. 

Next  in  popular  interest  to  the  Honey  bee,  although  they  do  not 
contribute  direcUy  to  our  luxuries,  are  the  large,  clumsy,  noisy  Hum- 
ble bees.  They  are  tbe  largest  insects  in  their  tribe.  In  color  they 
are  black  or  black  i>anded  with  yellow,  and  the  entire  body  is  densely 
covered  with  short,  stiff  hair.  The  wings,  instead  of  being  transparent, 
are  of  a  purplish  or  smoky  hue.  The  tongue  aD4  maxillae  are  longer 
than  those  of  the  Honey  bee,  bat  constructed  on  the  same  plan,  and 
the  added  length  enables  these  insects  to  extract  the  nectar  from  and 
thus  be  the  means  of  cross-fertiliztug  many  flowers — among  them  the 
red  clover — in  which  the  sweets  are  inaccessible  to  tbe  former  species. 
The  jaws  are  broad  and  strong,  adapted  for  dig^ng  in  the  earth.  The 
nesta  of  the  largest  species,  Bombus  pmnsylvanious,  De  Geer,  are  asu- 
ally,  if  not  invariably,  made  undergroond,  sometimes  in  little  caves 
made  for  the  pnrpose,  but  often  ib  the  deserted  barrows  of  field  mice 
or  similar  cavities  for  tbe  sake  of  economizing  labor.  Only  the  queens 
or  fertile  females  live  over  winter,  and  in  the  spring  each  one  of  these 
founds  a  separate  colony.  Her  mode  of  procedure  is  as  follows : 
After  she  has  selected  and  prepared  her  home,  she  gathers  a  qaantity 
of  pollen  and  honey,  which  she  kneads  into  a  mass,  and  upon  which  she 
deposits  a  number  of  eggs.  From  these  the  larvte  hatch  in  a  few  days 
and  eat  their  way  into  the  ball  of  bee-bread  in  different  directions, 
growing,  meantime,  very  rapidly.  The  rude  cells  thus  formed  are  from 
time  to  time  strengthened  and  extended  with  wax  by  the  mother  bee, 
nntil  the  larvte  are  sealed  up  for  transformation.  The  first  brood  are 
all  workers,  and  as  they  mature  the  queen  relinqaishes  her  outside 
labors  to  them,  and  devotes  herself  exclusively  to  increasing  the  num- 
bers of  the  colony.    About  the  middle  of  the  season  drone  and  queen 


484  STATE  HORTIODLTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

cells  are  bnilt,  and  apon  the  emergence  of  the  occapautB  the  two  sexes 
take  their  marriage  flight  together,  after  which,  apon  the  approach  of 
cold  weather,  the  colony  disbands,  and  all  except  the  perfect  femalei 
soon  perish.  .The  latter  seek  shelter  about  buildings,  in  hollows  of 
trees,  and  possibly  some  retom  to  the  nest  and  remain  donuMit  tJirongb 
the  winter,  reviving  when  spring  retarns  to  repeat  the  annual  process 
of  founding  new  colonies  and  reproducing  the  species. 

The  Humble  bees  are  for  less  skillful  and  exact  in  their  mechani- 
cal efforts  than  the  Honey  bee.  The  cells  are  oval  instead  of  hexago- 
nal, and  very  irregolarly  placed,  and  honey  and  brood-comb  are  inter- 
mixed without  much  order.  The  honey  is  very  sweet,  but  somewhat 
rank-flavored,  and  in  many  persons  produces  headache,  while  the  wax 
is  dark,  coaise-gr^ned  and  dongby. 

The  economy  of  the  Solitary  bees,  belonging  in  the  fitmiiy  Apid£ 
is  quite  different  from  that  of  the  social  species.  Bach  i>air,  or  more 
properly  each  female,  bnilde  and  provisions  a  separate  nest,  which  con- 
sists of  from  a  half-dozen  to  a  great  number  of  cells.  A  qoantity  of 
food,  prepared  mainly  from  pollen,  is  stored  in  each  cell,  in  which  a 
single  egg  is  also  deposited.  The  cell  is  then  closed  and  the  mother 
insect  takes  no  farther  care  for  her  young. 

The  most  Interesting  and  conspicuous  of  the  Boliary  species  are 
the  Carpenter,  the  Mason,  the  Upholsterer  and  the  Leaf-cutter  bees. 

The  Carpenter  bees  (genus  XyloeopaJ  contain  a  few  species  which 
rival  the  Humble  bee  in  size,  and  in  many  other  respects  closely  re- 
semble them.  They  may,  however,  be  distinguished  from  the  latter  at 
a  glance  by  the  smooth  top  of  the  abdomen,  which  is  entirely  of  a 
glossy  black.  Upon  closer  examination,  the  jaws  ( mandibles )  are 
found  to  be  very  powerful  and  sharply  toothed.  The  basal  joint  of  the 
hind  feet  is  very  long  and  clothed*  with  long  stiff  hairs,  appearing 
much  like  a  bottle   brush. 

These  bees  bore  holes  in  solid,  bat  not  growing,  wood,  being  often 
found  at  work  in  the  cornices  of  houses  and  other  baildings,  in  which 
they  make  tanuets  a  foot  or  more  in  length.  The  entrance,  for  the 
depth  of  an  inch  or  more,  is  cut  direct  across  the  grain  of  the  wood, 
but  the  tunnel  proper  is  at  right  angles  to  this,  with  the  grain  of  the 
wood.  In  this,  numerous  cells  are  partitioned  off,  the  walls  being 
boilt  ftt>m  the  chips  or  raspings,  cemented  with  a  stioky  fluid  trom  the 
month  of  the  little  artisan.  Beginning  at  the  end  farthest  ^m  the 
entrance,  each  cell  is  finished,  provided  with  a  quantity  of  the  nanal 
bee  food,  and  the  egg  laid,  before  the  partition  wall  is  pot  up.  It  fol- 
lows that  there  is  a  considerable  interval  of  time  between  the  com- 


v^n_n_'Vli> 


OTTTLIHBS  OF  BNTOMOLOGT.  48fi 

pletion  of  the  first  aod  last  cells,  and  whether  the  first  laid  eggs  are 
last  to  batch,  or  irhether,  opoo  dCTelopment,  the  young  bees  in  the 
more  remote  celle,  reiQaia  qniet  antil  those  nearest  the  entrance  open 
open  a  passage-way,  has  not  been  asoertained ;  bat  at  all  eventa,  they 
do  not  emerge  nntil  their  yonoger  brothers  and  sisters  have  passed  oat 
before  them. 

The  Mason  bees  (genas  OtmiaJ  are  a  gro6p  of  small,  handsome 
bees  of  a  metallic  bluish  or  green  color.  They  derive  their  name  ttom 
their  habit  of  asing  clay,  or  a  pecalifu*  mortar  which  they  prepare  f^m 
fine  gravel,  in  the  constrootioa  of  their  varionsly  shaped  cells.  These 
may  often  be  foand  plastered  against  the  sides  of  bnildings,  npon  the 
branches  of  trees,  and  sometimes  even  npon  leaves,  or  vithin  oak-galla, 
separately,  or  in  small  gronps.  They  are  rongh  on  the  oatside  bat 
smooth  and  polished  vithin.  A  few  species  belonging  to  this  genas 
are  said  to  excavate  tnnnels  in  sofi  or  decayed  wood  in  which  to  pro- 
tect their  cells.  Dr.  Biley  says  of  Anthopora  sponaa,  an  allied  species, 
that  It  ^'bailds  mostly  in  steeply  inclined  or  perpendicalar  clay-banks, 
and,  in  addition,  ext«nds  a  tube  of  clay  from  the  entrance.  The  bur- 
row has  Dsaally  two  branches,  which  decline  aboat  an  inch  from  the 
snrfaoe  of  the  bank,  and  (in  them)  six  or  eight  cells  are  arranged  end  to 
end.  By  means  of  saliva  the  inside  of  the  cell  is  rendered  impervloas 
t«  the  moistnre  of  the  honey  and  bee-bread  stored  iu  it  for  the  yonog." 

The  Upholsterer  bees  (getau  Oeratina)  resemble  the  Mason  bees 
in  form  and  color.  They  bnild  their  nests  on  a  plan  very  similar  to  that 
of  the  Carpenter  bees,  bot  instead  of  boring  into  solid  wooi  they  se- 
lect that  which  is  soft  from  decay,  or  confine  themselves  to  the  pithy 
stems  of  enoh  shrabs  as  the  elder  or  blackberry,  or  the  stalks  of  the 
more  robust  weeds.  The  walla  of  the  cells  twe  lined  and  the  partitions 
made  of  a  delicate  silken  web — the  "apholstery"  from  which  they 
derive  their  popnlar  name. 

The  Leaf-cntter  or  Taylor  bees  (ge»xt»  MegaohileJ,  also  in  moat 
instances  excavate  the  pithy  stems  of  shrnbs  in  which  to  bnild  their 
nests.  In  other  cases  they  select  toagh  leaves,  which  they  contrive  to 
roll  into  cylinders  and  fasten  firmly  for  the  protection  of  the  cells. 
Within  these  tannels  tbey  prepare  a  number  of  cells,  forming  the 
partitions  and  covering  the  walls  with  sections  of  delicate  leaves  or 
of  the  petals  of  dowers.  One  species,  M.  centuncularii,  ia  a  serious 
pest  to  the  flower  garden,  alwaya,  with  rare  good  taste,  selecting  the 
most  delicately  colored  of  the  roses,  geraniums  end  other  choice  fiow- 
ers  for  her  curtains  and  coverlets.  This  is  a  rather  stout,  short-bodied 
bee  of  a  dull  black  color,  banded  with  yellowish  gray.  The  head  Is 
broad  and  the  Bcissors-like  jaws  are  very  strong,  and  the  swiftness 


«6  STATE  HOSTIOULTUKAX   BOOIETT. 

Tith  whiob  they  cut  out  tbe  cixcalar  piecea  of  leaf  or  petal  is  something 
astoDlshing.  The  cella  are  over  half  an  iooh  in  length,  nine  or  ten  in  a 
row,  placed  end  to  end.  Ae,  in  the  latitude  of  St.  Loois,  these  bees 
may  be  seen  at  work  from  May  nntil  Heptembet,  there  are  donbtleaa 
several  broods  in  a  aeason. 

Bees  belonging  in  the  family  Andratida  are  distinguished  by  hav- 
ing the  tongne  short  and  rather  broad,  and  the  most  cbaracteristio 
genas  fAndreiytJ  can  be  recognized  by  a  lock  of  long  curled  hair  on 
each  trocanter.  The  colors  are  dark,  banded  with  dnll  red.  This  fam- 
ily  of  bees  includes  a  large  namber  of  small,  prettily  colored  insects 
which  make  their  nests  in  tnnnels  excavated  horizontally  in  banks  or 
perpendicniarly  in  level  groand.  The  tunnels  commonly  consist  of  a 
straight  gallery  into  which  the  separate  cella  open  on  all  sides. 

Many  species  of  both  Apidce  and  AndrenidcB  are  sorely  annoyed 
by  Parasitic  or  Oackoo  bees.  These  bnild  no  nests  for  themselves, 
but  when  one  of  them  diacorers  a  Carpenter  or  Mason  or  other  bee  »t 
work,  she  constantly  hovers  about  the  spot,  and  as  fast  as  the  cells  are 
completed  sb6  slips  in  and  deposits  her  eggs,  always  choosing  her  time 
when  the  builder  is  absent.  The  larvee  from  these  egga  uaually  kill  the 
rightfal  tenants  of  the  cells,  or  the  latter  perish  from  starvation  be- 
cause the  intruder  has  devomed  the  lion's  share  of  the  food.  A  few 
of  theCnckoo  bees  are  rather  guests  than  paraaitea,  living  very  ami- 
cably with  their  hosts,  on  whose  bounty  their  young  are  reared.  This 
is  the  case  especially  with  those  that  choose  their  homes  with  the  so- 
cial species.  A  certain  large  species  of  Apathut  is  said  to  live  in  this 
way  in  the  nests  of  Humble  bees,  and  the  mature  insects,  wbiob  are 
simiUr  in  appearance,  are  often  seen  together,  harmoniously  sipping 
nectar  f^m  adjoining  flowers. 

The  habits  of  all  wild  beea  are  extremely  interesting  subjects  for 
study,  and  have  not  by  any  means  been  thoroughly  investigated. 


ly  Google 


ODTLINE8  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


CHAPTEE  X. 

Order  hyiienoptera.      Section  Aouleata. 

TBUB   WA8PS   AND  DIOGBB  WASPS. 
[riK.  18] 


Digger- WUp.  tUgv*  tpuionu. 

The  Tme  wasps  are  termed  DIPLOPrERA  (doable  vings),  becaaae 
vhea  uot  flying  tbe  npper  wings  are  always  longitadinall;  folded. 
This  DiaDner  of  carrying  the  wings  is  the  most  obvioas  stractoral 
distinction  between  this  gronp  and  tbe  Fossorial  or  Digging  wasps. 
In  this  tribe  of  insects  the  body  wall,  or  external  envelope,  is  harder, 
and,  aa  a  rule,  smoother,  than  that  of  bees,  although  some  species  have 
parts  of  the  body  clothed  with  a  velvety  pubescence.  The  neck  is  very 
short  and  the  bead  wide  at  the  top,  giving  a  somewhat  triangnlar  shape 
to  the  face.  Tbe  jaws  are  broad  and  strong,  with  sharp  teeth,  while  the 
inner  jaws  and  tongne,  though  shorter  than  those  of  bees,  are  not  so 
flexible,  still  admit  of  tbe  extraction  of  nectar  from  the  more  open 
flower  cups.  Both  pairs  of  palpi  are  well  developed,  and  on  each  side 
of  tbe  tongne  is  a  similar  supplementary  organ  called  a parraglogsa. 

The  eyes  are  large  and  hollowed  oat  in  the  middle  (see  Fig  2,  pt. 
1st),  and  the  ocelli  are  unusually  prominent.  The  legs  are  mostly 
smooth  and  cylindrical,  bat  tbe  shanks  are  provided  with  long,  thorn- 
like  spurs,  and  the  joints  of  the  feet  are  also  spiny.  The  females  have 
a  formidable  sting,  but  the  males,  as  with  nearly  all  other  insects,  are 
unarmed. 

The  larviB  are  mnch  like  those  of  bees,  except  that  tUey  are  some- 
what larger  on  the  auterior  end.  Tbey  are  reared  in  cells  of  paper  or 
mnd,  for  wasps  are  incapable  of  excreting  wax,  and  are  fed  mainly  ou 
animal  food — such  as  the  soft  bodies  of  flies,  larvie,  bits  of  fresh  meat 
and  the  like — few,  if  any,  being  fed  on  the  honey  and  pollen  that  form 
the  sole  nourishment  of  tbe  matare  insects. 


u  Google 


488  BTATX  HOBTIOTILl^VIUL  SOOIBTT. 

like  the  bees,  this  ttibe  of  vaeps  faas  its  eocial  and  its  solitary 
species. 

Ihe  best  representative  of  the  former  Is  tbe  Bald-faced  HoFDet 
( Vetpa  maoviatay  Linn.,)  an  inseot  vith  whose  large  gray  paper  nests — 
often  eight  or  ten  inches  in  diameter — and  whose  fierce  sting  every 
Bchool-boy  is  familiar.  The  habits  of  this  species  are  much  like  those 
of  the  Hamble  bees.  Tbe  perfect  females,  only,  hibernate,  and  when 
the  spring  is  well  advuiced  each  one  forms  a  few  cells,  mainly  from  a 
glutinous  secretion  from  tbe  month,  but  apparently  mingled  with  a 
little  woody  fiber.  These  are  attached  by  a  slender  pedicel,  with  the 
opening  downward,  to  a  branch  of  some  low  tree  or  similar  and  secluded 
snpport.  The  eggs  are  glued  into  the  cells,  and  the  young  larvn,  with 
heads  down,  are  at  first  fastened  in  the  same  manner,  bat  as  they  grow 
the  swelling  of  the  seements  next  the  head  serves  to  keep  them  in 
position. 

These  first  larva  speedily  develop  iuto  workers  and  release  the 
queen  from  her  labors.  The  tier  of  cells  Is  added  to  on  all  sides,  and 
over  it  is  built  an  nmbrella-like  roof,  the  materials  being  mainly  fibers 
of  weather-beaten  wood,  collected  from  old  fences  and  nnpainted  build- 
ings. This  is  masticated  and  mingled  with  the  fiuids  &om  the  mouth, 
and  when  thinly  spread  dries  into  a  strong  water-proof  paper. 

As  the  season  advances  and  workers  increase,  successive  tiers  of 
cells  are  bnilt,  attached  by  strong  silken  pillars  to  those  above,  with  gal- 
leries between,  through  which  the  wasps  can  easily  move  when  caring 
for  the  young.  The  outer  envelope  too  is  enlarged  and  brought  down 
at  the  sides,  and  finally  made  to  completely  enclose  the  nest  Late  in 
snmmer  a  brood  of  perfect  males  and  females  is  produced,  and  upon 
the  approach  of  cold  weather  the  ingenioos  little  home  is  deserted,  the 
mature  insects,  it  is  said,  first  stinging  to  death  any  larvae  or  pupie  that 
remain,  dragging  them  ruthlessly  from  their  cells  and  casting  them  to 
the  ground. 

Some  species  of  the  genns  Vespa — for  example,  the  smaller  and 
more  brightly  colored  "  Yellow  Jackets  " — have  their  homes,  like  the 
Humble  bees,  nndergroaud. 

The  nests  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  genns  PolUtet  consist  of 
a  single  tier  of  from  ten  to  twenty  or  thirty  cells,  bnilt  in  some  shel- 
tered situation  and  without  any  external  enclosing  wall.  Tbe  species 
ate  more  slender  in  form  than  tbe  hornets,  and  are  mostly  of  rust-red 
or  brown  colors.  From  their  habit  of  attaching  their  clusters  of  open, 
gray  paper  cells  under  tbe  cornices  or  window  sills  of  our  dwellings, 


.y  Google 


OUTUNfilS  OF  BHTOHOLOGT.  iS9 

and  from  the  familiarity  with  which  the;  enter  our  roomB,  especially  in 
the  aatamn  when  the  coloDiea  are  disbaading,  scarcely  any  one  can  foil 
to  have  moie  or  less  knowledge  of  their  appearance  and  habits. 

Ibe  few  BOlitary  species  belonging 
to  the  group  of  "Double-wings" 
differ  more  in  habit  than  in  strtio- 
?  tore  from  the  social  species.  Ko 
so-called  "  neuters"  or  workers 
exist  among  them.  Each  mother 
waep  builds  her  own  series  of 
cells,  stores  each  with  the  requi- 
site   amoant    of   food,    oarefolly 

PotMr  wup— •fWrElley.  Colon  blank  and  yel-  „i„„_„    i,„_  _„„  __    ,v-  „tj.  -*  (U_ 

low,  o,ei»TeOT«ru>o«U(*,i«rv«-,«,w».p  placOB  her  egg  on  the  side  of  the 

cell,  seals  it  up  and  leaves  the  larva  to  develop  withont  any  material 
supervision  or  care. 

Among  the  most  interesting  of  these  is  a  small  species,  of  a  black 
color,  banded  and  ornamented  with  pale  yellow,  which  has  a  great  par- 
tiality for  building  its  mud  cells  (for  these  solitary  species  do  not  make 
paper,  bat  are  all  masons)  in  key-boles  and  crevices  indoors.  On  one 
occasion  which  came  under  my  observation,  one  of  these  wasps  took 
possession  of  some  spools  of  thread  standing  on  the  sUl  of  an  open 
window,  and  built  her  cells  in  the  apiudle  boles,  as  flgnred  above.  As 
fost  as  one  spool  was  filled  another  was  supplied,  and  in  the  course  of 
three  days  nine  spools,  averaging  three  cells  to  a  spool,  had  been  oom- 
pleted.  The  food  stored  consisted  of  various  small  caterpillars,  inclnd- 
ing  several  larvEB  of  the  Codling  moth,  which  bad  been  stung  with  snf- 
ftcient  severity  to  produce  paralysis  bnt  not  death, 

The  cells  were  scarcely  more  than  half  an  Inch  in  depth,  bat  into 
this  small  space  six  or  seven  or  more  larves  would  be  crowded,  packed 
with  a  deftness  that  was  impossible  of  imitation  by  human  fingers.  The 
wasp  Isrvee  developed  rapidly,  the  young  wasps  appearing  in  less  than 
two  weeks. 

The  Digging  wasps  (tribe  FoasoRBs)  contaiu  the  largest  and  most 
beautiful  insects  in  the  Order.  (See  Fig.  16.)  Host  of  the  species  are 
easily  distinguished  from  the  Trne  wasps  by  their  spiny  legs,  their 
oval  or  roundish  eyes,  and  especially  by  the  wings  not  being  folded  in 
repose.  All  the  species  are  solitary  in  their  habits,  and  as  a  matter  of 
coarse  only  males  and  perfect  females  are  developed.  A  few  of  the 
species  bore  holes  in  dry  or  decayed  wood,  or  excavate  the  stems  of 
pithy  plants,  in  which  to  construct  their  cells,  while  others,  like  the 
Mud-dauber  fPelopieviJ,  build  a  cluster  of  pipe-like  cells  plastered 
against  a  beam  in  some  shed  or  oat-bailding.     The  great  majority,  how- 


490  STA.TB  HDRTIOTJLTUBAL  SOOIBTT. 

ever,  barrow  into  tbe  earth,  eepeciall?  in  Band?  nr  Kravelly  Bitoations, 
looseniiig  the  soil  with  their  Btrong  jaws  aud  scrabbling  it  ont  with 
incredible  rapidity  with  their  spiny  legs. 

A  separate  hole  is  dng,  six  or  seven  or  more  inches  deep,  for  each 
egg,  at  the  bottom  of  which  the  latter  is  Ifud,  after  the  nest  has  been 
proTisioned  with  one  large  or  several  smaller  insects  or  spiders  rednced 
to  torpor  by  the  poieoned  lance  of  the  wasp.  The  shaft  is  then  filled 
ap,  the  earth  smoothed  over,  and  even  bits  of  gravel  so  placed  as  to 
completely  obliterate  all  trace  of  the  excavation. 

The  Wood  wasps  (famUy  Obabbonida],  which  bore  into  wood,  feed 
their  larvK  on  plant  lice,  a  great  uamber  of  these  tiny  iDseets  being 
required  to  provision  a«ingle  cell.  Species  of  the  genus  AmmopMUa — 
eaaUy  recognized  by  the  veiy  spiny  legs  and  the  long,  slender  pedicel 
gradnally  widening  backward  into  the  rather  small  abdomen — provide 
each  nest  with  bnt  one  large  caterpillar. 

The  eleguit  wasp  known  as  the  "Handsome  Digger"  fStieut  speeio- 
ntt,  Dmry),  represented  in  Fig.  15, a  very  large  species  of  a  black  color 
gaUy  banded  and  otherwise  marked  with  yellow,  provisions  its  nest 
with  harvest  flies  (Oicadas),  making  nse  of  the  seventeen-year  species 
when  they  appear,  as  well  as  of  the  annual  "dmmuierB."  A  still  larger 
species  fPompilu$  formosut,  Say),  of  a  dark  bine  color,  common  in  the 
Bonthwestem  States,  is  called  the  "Tarantula- killer,"  because  it  makes 
the  large  and  venemons  Tarantula,  the  most  formidable  of  our  spiders, 
its  especial  prey.  The  Digger  wasps  are  a  great  terror  to  the  inseota 
upon  which  they  prey,  the  latter  seeming  to  recognize  them  instinct- 
ively as  enemies  from  which  there  is  no  escape.  Observers  have  no- 
ticed that  even  the  Tarantola  above  mentioned,  large  and  savage  as  it 
is,  is  seized  with  a  violent  tremor  and  appears  to  lose  all  courage  aa 
soon  as  it  finds  itself  pnrsned  by  the  fierce  PompHua. 

.  A  small  black  wasp  belonging  in  the  genus  Tiphia,  common  in  the 
north  and  west,  is  distingaished  as  one  of  the  few  insect  enemies  of 
the  destractive  White  grab,  its  tough,  brown,  silken  cocoons  being 
freqaently  turned  out  by  the  plow  in  the  spring  &om  meadows  and 
com  land. 

All  wasps,  whether  social  or  solitary,  may  be  coneidered  among 
beneficial  species,  for  although  the  perfect  insects  feed  only  on  honey 
and  pollen,  yet  in  providing  for  their  young  they  destroy  vast  numbers 
of  leaf  and  fruitr  feeding  larvte  as  well  as  varions  grasshoppers,  cicadas 
and  flies.  In  preparing  these  insects  to  nourish  their  young  the  attend- 
ing wasps  of  the  social  species  thoroogbly  masticate  and  partly  digest 
them  before  they  regurgitate  the  pulp  into  the  open  mouths  of  the 
larvte.    The  Solitary  species,  as  we  have  seen,  have  a  provision  for 


OUTLINES  OF  ENTOMOLOGY.  491 

readeriog  the  insects  upon  vhich  tbeir  yon^g  are  to  feed  helpless  to 
escape  or  reeiet,  and  yet  not  fotally  iDJnred  so  that  Ihey  vonld  spoil 
before  beiDR  required  for  food. 


OHAPTEE  XI. 
Order  HYMBNOPrKEA.     Section  ACULBATA. 
ANTS. 

[Pig- "-] 


Worker  Ant.  Fermiea. 

AU  tbe  typical  ante  (composing  tbe  tribe  HBTSSBoaTNA)  are  social 
insects  which  rank  next  to  and  iu  some  respects  exceed  the  bees  in 
their  manifesbktions  o*  inj^enaity  and  intelligence. 

A  colony — termed.a  fomtioarium — as  in  the  ease  of  other  social  in- 
sects, always  contains  three  and  occasionally  four  distinct  forms,  males, 
females,  workers,  and  sometimes  soldiers  or  some  other  distinct  class. 
The  maleB  and  females  at  a  certain  period  in  their  development  acqoire 
wings  and  aiise  from  the  nest.  After  sporting  together  for  a  time  in  tbe 
open  air  tbe  females  return  to  the  nest  or  perhaps  originate  new  col- 
onies, and  direst  themselves  of  their  wings,  as  these  appendages  in  the 
retired  life  they  henceforth  lead,  woald  be  not  only  nseless  but  cnmber- 
some.  The  male  ants,  which  are  mnch  smaller  than  the  females,  hav- 
ing once  left  the  nest  never  return  to  it,  and  are-  nsiially  short-lived. 
The  workers  and  soldiers,  which  are  imperfectly  developed  females, 
never  acquire  wings,  and  difFer  from  the  perfect  individuals  in  having 
the  Joints  of  the  thorax  less  compactly  naited,  and  the  basal  and  some- 
times the  succeeding  joint  of  the  abdomen  formed  on  top,  into  a  sort  of 
scale  or  node.  The  head  is  generally  more  or  less  triangular,  the  anten- 
nte  are  long  and  elbowed,  and  seem  to  be  the  organs  of  communication 


492  STATS  HOBTIODLIDBAL  BOOIETY. 

between  the  indiTidaals  of  a  colony.  The  jaws  are  stroog  and  aharply 
notched,  except  in  the  elave-makiag  species,  in  which  they  become 
almost  nseless  as  tools. 

Some  species  are  armed  with  astitig,and  all  secrete  a  peculiar  acid, 
called /urmio  actd,  which  has  very  characteristic  properties,  aod  pro- 
daces  a  slight  barning  sensation  upon  the  skin.  This  acid  is  atti^ctive 
to  certain  insects  which  penetrate  to  the  ants'  nests  to  obtain  it  from 
their  bodies.  It  is  thought  to  have  medicinal  qoalities,  and  in  Switzer- 
land  a  highly  prized  vinegar  is  made  from  it  by  boiling  the  ineects  in 
water.  It  is  said  that  the  Inmbermen  in  oar  northern  forests,  in  the 
event  of  a  tailare  of  their  froit  sapply,  ase  these  acid  insects  as  a  snb- 
stitnle. 

Ants  baild  their  formicariet  in  varloas  ways,  according  to  their 
species.  Some  erect  conical  dwellings  above  groaod  from  mortar  of 
clay  or  sand ;  others,  inclnding  a  majority  of  the  species,  borrow  into 
the  earth;  whUe  others  still  inhabit  hollow  trees  or  excavate  decayed 
stomps  and  logs.  The  nests  are  marvels  of  mechanical  art,  contfuning 
store-rooms,  nurseries,  galleries  and  other  compartments,  and  are  some- 
times several  stories  in  height,  each  story  being  supported  upon  pillars, 
arches  and  cross-beams. 

Kot  only  are  these  little  creatores  skillfal  artisans,  bat  they  seem 
to  have  qaite  complex  social  and  governmental  systems.  When  about 
to  make  war  on  a  neighboring  colony, 'they  sally  forth  in  regular  col- 
amns,  and  appear  to  have  a  corps  of  oflScers  who  take  turns  in  direct- 
ing the  movements.  Several  species  of  red  and  yellow  ants  capture 
and  enslave  various  black  species.  The  slaves  are  obtained  by  making 
war  on  the  "negro  ants;"  and  after  the  victory  which  they  gain  in  a 
majority  of  the  battles,  they  carry  off  the  popae  of  the  vanquished 
colony  and  rear  them  in  their  own  nurseries.  When  the  captives  are 
mature,  they  do  not  attempt  to  escape,  bat  seem  entirely  willing  to 
proeare  food  for  their  owners  and  to  serve  them  in  any  capacity  re- 
qnired. 

The  larvte  of  ants  are  short,  white  cylindrical  grubs,  with  small 
heads  which  are  bent  forward.  These  larvie  receive  the  most  aseidnons 
care  from  the  workers.  They  are  daily  carried  aboat  to  those  parts  of 
the  nest  where  the  temperatare  will  best  promote  their  growth.  When 
the  weather  is  pleasant,  they  are  brought  in  the  morning  to  the  upper 
apartments,  that  they  may  receive  the  benefit  of  the  sun's  rays,  and  at 
evening  they  are  again  removed  to  the  lower  chambers  where  there  is 
less  exposure  and  more  warmth.  The  food  with  which  they  are  sup- 
plied must  first  be  chewed  and  submitted  to  a  process  of  partial  diges- 
tion by  the  nurses  before  it  is  fed  to  them,  and  in  all  other  ways  they 
are  the  objects  of  the  tenderest  interest  and  attention. 


OUTLINES   OB  BNTOMOLOQT.  493 

In  case  of  an  accident  to  tbe  nest,  the  safety  of  the  laivsts  and 
papse  BeemB  to  be  the  first  consideration,  and  the  workers  may  be  seen 
running  hither  and  thither  in  great  dietresB  with  their  delicate  white 
charges  in  their  jaws,  and  which  they  will  sacrifice  their  lives  in  the 
effort  to  protect. 

Ants  feed  upon  a  variety  of  animal  and  vegetable  substances,  and 
while  very  fond  of  sweets,  are  not,  like  bees  and  wasps,  restricted  in 
their  matnre  state,  to  a  diet  of  pollen  and  nectar.  Some  species  are 
qaite  valuable  as  scavengers,  rapidly  disposing  of  carrion. 

A  very  good  way  of  obtaining  a  perfectly  clean  skeleton  of  a  bird 
or  other  small  animal  ia  to  place  it  near  a  lartre  ants'  nest.  Every  par- 
ticle of  flesh  will  soon  be  removed  in  the  neatest  manner.  There  are 
no  species  injnrions  to  vegetation  north  of  Florida,  bat  in  that  State  a 
certain  species  fSolonoptU  Zyloni,  McC]  is  s^d  by  Mr.  Henry  Habbard 
to  "  serioasly  injure  the  orange  by  gnawing  away  the  bark  and  causing 
an  exudation  of  gam  which  seems,  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  to 
become  one  of  its  principal  sonrces  of  food  supply."  In  other  sections 
of  the  South  this  species  makes  reparation  for  such  injuries  by  its 
attacks  on  the  cotton-worm,  of  which  there  is  do  room  to  donbt  that 
it  kills  great  nambers. 

The  Leaf  cutters  are  mainly  Mexican  and  South  American  species, 
and  are  often  very  destructive  to  the  foliage  of  the  orange  and  other 
valuable  trees.  Among  these  appears  the  singular  form  of  workers, 
distingoished  as  *' soldiers,"  with  enormonsly  ItH-ge  heads  and  other 
peculiar  adaptations,  llhese  are  the  protectors  of  the  nest  in  time  of 
danger,  and  take  no  part  in  other  labors.  Dr.  McCook  has  also  de- 
scribed most  entertainingly  the  habits  of  the  Agricultoral  ant,  which 
clears  the  ground  aronnd  its  nest,  sows  it  to  a  sort  of  grass  which  it  in  due 
time  harvests,  storing  the  seeds  in  its  nest.  In  Texas  and  Mexioo  also 
occurs  another  very  interesting  species  whose  habits  were  investigated 
and  published  by  the  same  gentleman,  viz.,  the  Honey  ant.  In  the 
formicaries  of  this  species,  certain  workers  have  the  power  of  secreting 
boney  from  their  food.  This  collects  in  the  abdomen  until  the  latter 
becomes  enormously  enlarged  and  the  insect  is  incapable  of  dragging 
the  heavy  weight,  and  has  to  be  fed  by  the  lees  distended  workers. 
This  honey  is  not  disgorged  into  cells,  bnt  is  taken  direct  from  the 
insect  by  the  other  inmates  of  the  nest,  and  when  the  secretjon  ia 
entirely  exhausted  the  creature  perishes. 

Instead  depending  on  members  of  their  own  colony  for  their 
sweets,  some  of  our  indigenous  apeciea  domesticate  in  their  nests  cer- 
tain root-feeding  plant  lice  f Aphides  J,  which  have  been  called  the  "ants' 
cows,"  because  of  the  sweet  fluid  which  they  yield  fh>m  their  nectar 
tabes  when  caressed  by  the  ant's  antennie.    Indeed,  all  these  nectar- 


404  STATE  HOBTIOULTCBAL  SOCtBTY. 

yielding  apbldB  are  great  favoriteB  with  tlie  ants,  which  take  varioiiB 
mesanrea  for  their  protection,  even  when  they  cannot  transport  them 
to  their  neste. 

The  great  minority  of  oar  ants  belong  in  the  genns  Formica.  Iheee 
have  no  sting,  bat  wUI  sometimeB  bite  severely  if  they  hare  access  to 
the  tender  skin.  They  have  bnt  one  node  between  the  pedicel  aod  ab- 
domen. Onr  largest  species  is  Formiea 
penruylvaniea,wiiicb  is  black,  and  three-fifUiB 
of  an  inch  long.  It  is  a  wood-borer  and  mHy 
often  be  foand  in  hollow  trees  and  deoajing 
stamps.  ^rmic(i«att^Jiwa,amediam-siEed 
red  species,  is  the  most  common  slave, 
making  ant. 

A.nts  belonging  to  the  genas  Myrmiea 
are  mostly  small,  bright-colored  species, 
with  two  nodes  or  scales  between  the  abdo- 
men proper  and  the  thorax.  One  of  the 
species,  Myrmica  tnoletta,  Say,  is  the  small 
"red  ant,"  often  so  tronblesome  to  hoase- 

it  lUynMca),  grutly  enlarged,   keepers. 

CHAPTER  XII. 
Order  HYMENOPTEaA.    Section  Tebbbkantia. 

PABABITB8   AND   OALL-FLIBS. 
[Klg.  le  1 


telDeamoD  Fl;  (sltez  Bllttj). 

This  division  of  tlie  arUENOPTEBAinolDdesboth  the  species  that 
are  of  most  service  to  man,  and  those  that  are  most  directly  injoiions. 
They  are  grouped  in  the  same  section  becaise  in  all,  the  ovipositor  is 
a  piercer,  adapted  for  penetrating  either  hard  or  soft  snbstanoes.    It  is 


OUTLINBS  OP  BNTOMOLOGT.  496 

usually  a  conepionons  appendage  of  the  abdomen,  and  is  of  a  Tariety  of 
singnlar  forme,  bat  is  not  eouneoted  with  any  poison  gland,  and  wliile 
that  of  some  species  may  infltota  sharp  prick,  it  is  id  no  case  a  trae  eting. 

Among  the  Pieboebs  are  foand  those  species  that  vary  most  from 
what  is  considered  the  type  of  the  Order,  many  of  which,  in  points  of 
their  general  stractare,  and  in  the  forms  of  their  larvie,  seem  to  be 
closely  allied  to  the  Leptdoptera. 

The  Piercers  (TEBEBBANTlA)are  very  coaveniently  separated 
intotvro  tribes : 

1.  Insect  eaters  (  Entomophaga  ),  Parasitic  files,  and  also  Gall- 
flies, and  a  very  few  other  vegetable  feeders. 

2.  PJant  eaters  (Phytophaqa),  Saw-fiies  and  Wood-borers  The 
first  tribe  includes  a  vast  nnmber  of  species,  some  with  bodies,  includ- 
ing the  ovipositor,  two  inches  or  more  in  length,  others  so  minnte  that 
their  different  parta  can  only  be  distingnisbed  with  a  lens,  the  office  of 
all  of  which  seems  to  be  to  keep  in  check  those  members  of  its  class 
which  prey  upon  vegetation,  and  which,  but  for  them,  wonld  multiply 
to  sach  an  extent  as  to  threaten  extinction  to  many  of  onr  most  vain- 
able  food  plants. 

The  Parasitic  species  may  be  readily  separated  into  three  &milies, 
lOHNEUHONLD^,  PBOOTOTBYPiD^  and  Ghaloidid^.  Some  anthors 
separate  varions  species  from  these  groups,  for  which  they  define  sev- 
eral more  families,  bat  those  mentioned  include  all  the  more  important 
species. 

Among  the  members  of  the  first-named  &mily  may  be  found  some 
very  large  species,  a  great  nnmber  that  are  of  mediam  size — with  a 
wing  expanse  of  from  one-third  to  one-halC  ineh — and  some  that  are 
extremely  smtUl.  The  typical  Jchnvumon  flies  have  long  and  rather 
slender  bodies,  usually  terminated  by  an  exeerted  ovipositor,  which  is 
composed  of  several  thread-like  stylets,  and  which  varies  in  length  from 
three  or  four  inobes  in  Thaleiia,  to  a  scarcely  noticeable  point  at  the 
tip  of  the  abdomen,  as  in  Microgaiter. 

The  head  is  somewh&t  square,  the  antenufe  thread-like  and  many- 
jointed  ;  both  pairs  of  palpi  are  well  developed,  but  the  biting  organs 
are  rather  small  and  weak.  Tbe  thorax  is  compact,  bat  the  different 
parts  are  often  outlined  by  deep  grooves.  The  veining  of  the  wings 
is  mach  like  that  in  bees  and  wasps,  but  the  membrane  is  more  delicate 
and  transparent.  The  legs  are  smooth  and  cylindrical.  These  insects 
lay  their  eggs  in  or  upon  the  bodies  of  other  insects,  usually  caterpillars, 
piercing  the  skins  with  their  sharply  pointed  ovipositors.  Sometimes 
bat  a  single  egg  is  laid;  in  other  cases  the  dorsal  snr&ce  is  thickly 


ugle 


496  BTATB  BOWriCm.TVKkl.  SOOIETT. 

panctared  aad  a  great  nnmber  of  the  little  gmb-ltke  larv»  hatch  and 
bniTow  back  and  forth  iu  the  &tty  tiaaae  of  their  Tiotim,  avoiding  at 
first  its  vital  parts ;  and  when  it  is  fatally  injared,  though  perhaps  it 
[Fig.  9D.1  does  not  die  for  aeveral  days,  they  emerge  in  an 

erect  position  and  cover  the  liaek  of  the  eater- 
pillar  with  their  small  white  eoooona  attached 
8phinii»iT»i«ure»NN)M^  *t  *^*  lower  end  and  standing  np  like  grains  of 

p.™ita.(tfMTmieT).    Color,    ^^^  ^,j   ^^^   ^^^      jj^^^j   ^^j    ^jj^   j^^^j.    gpecjgg 

weave  their  cocoons  inside  the  body  of  their  victim.  The  ioternal 
parasitic  larvee  are  siud  to  breathe  throagh  hranckia  similar  to  thoBe  of 
water  insectB,  which  are  sitnated  at  one  end  of  the  body  and  commsni- 
cate  with  the  air  tabea  of  the  insect  they  infest. 

The  large  species  represented  in  Fig.  19  is  Opihon  Macrurum,  Linn, 
The  abdomen  broadens  toward  the  tip  and  is  compressed  Jaterally. 
The  entire  body  and  wing- veins  are  of  a  honey-yellow  color.  It  qnite 
frequently  enters  oar  lighted  rooms  on  summer  nights,  and  if  taken 
into  the  band  will  administer  so  sharp  a  thrast  with  its  ovipositor  that 
the  captor  involnntarily  releases  it.  It  is  parasitic  on  tbe  hu-ge  cater- 
pillars belonging  to  the  family  of  onr  native  sitk  worms. 

The  Pboctbotbypida  is  a  family  of  exceedingly  small  flies,  most 
of  which  are  "  Egg  parasites."  Their  bodies  are  rather  slender  and  the 
wings  almost  without  yelns,  but  in  some  species  are  fringed  with  fine 
hairs  aronnd  the  edges.  They  breed,  as  a  rnle,  in  the  eggs  of  larger 
Insects,  oi  which  they  destroy  great  numbers.  The  family  of  the 
OHAI.OIDID.S  is  also  composed  mainly  of  very  small  species,  some  of 
which  also  breed  in  eggs,  bnt  nsnally  in  the  bodies  ot  other  insects, 
especially  in  those  of  Aphides.  They  are  often  of  beantifhl  metalUo 
colors.  Tbe  antenoe  are  elbowed  and  have  from  six  to  fonrteen 
joints.  A  considerable  nnmber  have  the  thighs  of  the  hinder  legs 
veiy  mneh  thickened  for  Jumping.  The  wings  have  very  few  veins  and 
no  enclosed  cells.  In  the  mole  the  abdomen  is  aeven-joimed,  while  in 
tbe  female  it  has  only  six  joints.  Except  in  a  very  few  species  tbe  ovi- 
positor  is  entirely  withdrawn  into  the  body  except  when  in  use.  They  are 
not  infrequently  pai-asitic  upon  other  parasites,  and,  therefore,  to  be  reck  - 
oned  among  injnrioufi  species.  In  this  group,  also,  we  And  the  de- 
structive "Joint-worm  flies"  (Jioaoma  hordii  Har.  tritici  and  J.  grander 
Biley),  which  puncture  the  stalks  of  small  grain  at  the  joints  in  de- 
positing their  eggB,  the  larvse  afterward  feeding  upon  the  sap,  and 
where  they  are  numerous,  preventing  the  growth  of  the  stalk  and  the 
filling  of  tbe  head.  Mr.  F.  H.  Webster  of  Indiana  made  the  discovery 
that  many  of  the  females  of  I.  grande  were  wingless.  As  moat  of  these 
insects  hibernate  in  the  straw,  burning  the  latter  after  threshing  and 

D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_JV|l. 


0UTLINB8   OP  BHTOMOLOGT.  497 

also  baming  the  atabble  is  the  beet  preventiTe  of  their  increaae.  This 
fly  differs  very  slightly  in  stractare  from  the  paraBitic  species. 

One  finnily  included  ia  this  groap — the  Oynipidal — while  resem* 
bliog  the  Chalcide  very  closely  in  strnctore,  are  vegetable  feeders, 
cansing  on  Oak,  Bose  and  other  woody  plants,  the  singnlar  fmit-like 
and  nnt-like  growths  called  "  gfdla."  The  females  differ  ft-om  the  para- 
sitic Ohaloidid^  in  their  larger  size,  and  in  the  shorter- and  more 
compressed  abdomen  and  in  the  notch  on  the  nnder  side  of  the  latter. 
The  antennae,  also,  are  straight  and  slender,  with  the  joints  all  equal. 

The  abnormal  plant  growth  ia  sapposed  to  be  caaaed  by  the  depo- 
sition of  a  minute  qaantity  of  a  pecniiar  fiaid,  along  with  the  egg,  by 
the  parent  fly,  the  tissae  reenlting  forming  a  more  suitable  kind  of 
food  for  the  larvxe  than  ordinary  wood  fiber  or  leaves.  The  gall  makers 
are  all  more  or  less  injarions  to  the  plants  they  attack,  bnt  one  species 
makes  a  sort  of  reparation  in  producing  on  a  European  oak  the  '*  not 
galls,"  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  best  ink. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

Order  HYMENOPTERA.     Section  Tbbkbbantia. 

SAW-FLIBS  AND   HOBN  TAILS. 


NitlTe  CamDt  S*ir-fl;. 

reen  uul  blank  :  (b)  black  am 
-worm— PrrtfoplWra  trvtular 

The  insects  of  this  Order,  included  among  the  true  Plaut'eaters 
(Peytophaga),  differ  very  mnch  in  all  stages  of  their  development  from 
those  described  in  preceding  chapters. 

The  perfect  insects  have  rather  heavy  bodies,  upon  which  the  three 
principal  divisions  are  not  so  distinct  as  in  bees,  wasps  and  ichnea- 

H  B— 32 

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498  8TA1B  HOETIOULTUEII.  BOOIETT. 

moDB.  Tbe  head  ia  broad,  connected  with  the  thorax  by  a  very  short 
neck,  and  the  abdomea  is  lettile:  i.  e.,  joins  the  thorax  by  a  wide  base 
instead  of  a  slender  stalk. 

The  larvie  are  mach  more  independent  than  those  of  tbe  higher 
&mUiee  of  the  Order.  They  are  not  conflned  to  cells  or  chambers,  and 
the  only  provision  made  for  them  by  the  parent  insect  is  the  insertion 
of  her  eggs  in  the  kind  of  leaves  or  wood  which  her  yoang  reqnire  for 
food.  They  subsist  entirely  upon  vegetation,  and  are  separated  into 
two  fitmilies : 

1st.      Saw-flies  (TBHTHEBDINIDiB),  and 

2d.     Horn-tails  or  Wood-borers  (Ubocebid^). 

The  Saw-flies  are  easily  lecognized  by  their  broad,  thin  wings, 
which  are  divided  into  nnmeroas  cells  by  fine  veins  or  nervnres,  and 
by  the  soft  and  yielding  Integnment  of  the  body.  The  antenna  are 
aeoally  short  and  simple,  varying  in  the  females  in  the  number  of  joints. 
A  few  species  have  these  organs  knobbed  at  the  tip  or  toothed  or 
feathered  on  one  edge.  The  ovipositor,  from  the  pecnliar  stmctnre  of 
which  these  insects  derive  their  popahir  name,  consists  of  two  saw- 
like  blades,  the  sides  of  which  are  ridged  and  the  lower  edges  finely 
serrated  or  notched.  The  blades  are  strengthened  by  a  back  ao  grooved 
that  they  can  slide  back  and  forth  npon  it.  When  not  in  nse  they  are 
protected  by  a  sheath  and  concealed  in  an  opening  on  tbe  auder  side  of 
the  abdomen.  With  this  most  ingenions  instrament  the  insect  saws 
little  oblique  slits  in  the  cnticle  of  leaves  or  in  the  principal  veins,  in 
which  she  places  her  eggs.  There  are  some  exceptions  to  this  rnle, 
found  ambug  species  that  are  very  prolific  and  destructive :  e.  g^  the 
Imported  Cnrrant-worm,  in  which  the  eggs  are  attached  externally  to 
the  veins  of  the  leaf  and  kept  in  place  by  a  sticky  fluid  which  isexaded 
with  them.  In  such  species  the  ovipositor  is  found  to  have  lost,  in 
great  measure,  its  saw-like  character.  The  Saw-flies  are  slow  and  heavy 
in  flight,  sluggish  in  all  their  motions  and  easily  captured. 

The  larvae  are  called  "slugs"  and  "false  caterpillars,''  and  are 
classed  with  the  most  destructive  of  insect  pests.  The  Imported  and 
the  Kative  Currant-worms,  the  Bose  sing,  the  Fear  slag,  the  White 
Pine  and  the  Larch  &Ise  caterpillars  are  some  of  the  most  pernicious 
species.  They  are  of  elongate,  worm-like  form,  with  large,  roundish, 
glossy  heads,  on  some  of  which  are  seen  a  pair  of  antennie-like  pro- 
cesses.  The  thoracic  legs  are  well  developed,  and  the  binder  end  of 
the  body  is  supported  npon  six  to  eight  pairs  of  fleshy  points  or  props, 
which  differ  from  tbe  pro-legs  of  genuine  caterpillars,  not  only  in  their 
greater  number,  but  in  lacking  the  little  circle  of  hooks  by  which  the 
latter  can  so  firmly  attach  themselves  to  any  snr&ce.    In  some  of  thesa 


OtTTUNBS   OF   ESTOMOLOGT.  499 

larvfe  tbd  snrbce  ie  smooth  aod  gloBsy,  in  others  apioy  or  mossy  or  cov- 
ered with  a  slimy  exQdation,  while  others  excrete  a  powdery  or  cottony 
sabstance  that  gives  them  a  very  pecaliar  appearance. 

Some  Bpecies,  sncb  as  the  White-pine  worm,  have  tlie  habit  of  ele* 
vating  the  head  and  tail  when  at  rest,  others  keep  the  body  coiled  when 
not  feeding,  while  a  few  constrnct  leafy  cases  which  they  carry  aboot 
with  them  or  to  which  they  retire  for  repose. 

A  few  species  are  gregarions,  feeding  in  large  companies  or  spin- 
ning large  gammy  webs  iu  which  they  elDster  in  masses.  When  fall 
grown  many  of  these  larvie  drop  to  the  ground  and  form  tongh  oval 
cocoons  among  the  fallen  leaves  and  rnbbish,  or  they  barrow  into  the 
earth  and  enclose  themselves  in  cells  thinly  lined  with  silk.  Uost  spe- 
cies hibernate  in  the  larva  state,  wltbont  changing  to  papse  until  the 
following  spring. 

The  family  of  the  Horn-tails  (Cboobbid^)  contains  comparatively 
few  species.  They  are  mostly  large  insects  with  stout  cylindrical 
bodies,  characterized  by  a  long  straight  bom  extending  from  the 
abdomen.  In  the  males  this  appendage  is  at  the  tip,  but  in  the  females 
it  arises  from  the  middle  of  the  onderside  of  the  abdomen  and  consti- 
tutes the  ovipositor.  It  is  more  anger-like  than  saw-like  in  its  form  and 
use,  and  is  used  for  boring  into  the  tmnks  of  trees,  especially  the  elm 
and  pear,  to  which  the  boring  larvee  are  often  very  destructive. 

The  wings  are  narrow  but  strong,  expanding  more  than  two  jnches, 
and  in  flight  making  a  loud  buzzing  sound.  Tbe  length  of  the  body 
inclading  the  horn  is  also  more  than  two  inches. 

The  species  known  as  the  Pigeon  Tremez  (Tremex  oolumfta,  Linn.) 
ia  one  of  the  most  injurious.  Its  multiplication  is,  however,  very 
maoh  checked  by  a  large  ichneumon  fly  which  rnns  its  long  ovipositor 
into  the  anger-holes  of  the  Tremex,  leaving  iu  each  one  an  egg,  from 
which  hatches  a  deadly  enemy  and  devourer  of  the  first  Horn-tail  larva 
which  it  meets. 


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STATE   HOBTIOTILTtlBAL  80C1BTY. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 
Order  II.    coleoptkra. 

[Fig.  M-l 


This  Order  of  insects — the  Beetles — iDcIndes  a  for  greater  nnmber 
of  described  species — more  than  one  hundred  thoasand — than  either 
of  the  other  primary  groups.  And  while  among  this  vast  assemblage 
we  find  an  almost  infinite  variety  in  size,  form,  color  and  the  adaptation 
of  certain  organs  for  certain  fnnctions,  a  single  glance  is  sufficient  to 
enable  us  to  recognize  a  member  of  the  Order,  except,  perhaps,  in 
the  case  of  a  very  few  rare  and  unnsnal  forms. 

On  account  of  the  ease  with  which  specimens  may  be  collected  and 
preserved,  and  the  accuracy  with  which  the  external  structure  may  be 
defined,  these  insects  have  always  been  favorites  with  entomologists^ 
and  the  student  will  find  them  most  interesting  and  coQveuient  snbjectft 
npon  which  to  begin  his  studies  of  insect  anatomy. 

The  popular  term  "  beetle  "  is  said  to  be  derived  from  an  old  Eng- 
lish word  signif^ng  a  "biter,"  and  is  most  appropriate  for  this  gronp' 
of  insects  in  which  the  organs  for  biting  are  so  complex  and  so  perfect. 

Beetles  are  chiefly  characterized  by  the  peculiar  structure  of  the 
upper  wings,  which  are  transformed  into  a  pair  of  horny  or  leathery 
cases,  or  sheaths  meeting  in  a  straight  line  down  the  back,  and  covering 
not  only  the  abdomen,  but  two  joints  of  the  thorax  (the  tnezo  and  meta 
thorax).  These  are  called  the  elytra  (sing,  elytron).  They  are  not  used 
to  any  extent  in  flight — their  office  appearing  to  be  mainly  that  of  armor 
for  the  protection  of  the  softer  parts  of  the  body.  The  true  membran- 
ous wings,  when  not  in  use,  are  snugly  folded  beneath  them,  not  only- 
lengthwise,  in  fan-like  plaits,  but,  by  means  of  a  hinge  or  joint  in  the 
supporting  veins,  a  little  beyond  the  middle,  crosswise  as  well,  so  that 


OUTLIKBS   OF  EHTOMOLOaY.  SOL 

ID  moat  species  they  msy  be  completely  covered.  This  wlDg  atractare 
can  be  moat  aatisfeotorily  atadied  in  the  common  May  beetle,  one  of  the 
speciea  vhich  fev  people  have  any  repngnance  in  handling. 

The  frame- work  or  body- vail  of  moat  beetlea  ia  very  hard  and  firm 
compared  to  that  of  many  other  inBecte.  Thia  ia  very  neceaaary  to  pre- 
aerve  them  from  the  varied  daDgera  incident  to  their  terrestrial  habita. 

The  month  of  beetles  is  coDaidered  as  preaenting  the  typical  form 
of  that  important  organ.  The  six  principal  parts,  mandibles,  mazillas, 
labrnm  and  labium,  described  in  chapter  III,  Pt  let  (in  which  see  Fig.  3], 
are  always  present,  together  with  other  appendages  of  less  direct  nse. 

The  eyes  are  nsoally  prominent  and  of  variona  forms,  round,  oblong, 
kidney-ahaped,  curved,  and  in  one  group  of  water  beetles  entirely 
divided  in  the  middle,  so  that  there  wonld  seem  to  be  two  on  each 
side.  The  ocelli  are  not  asnally  present,  though  a  few  species  have  a 
single  pair,  or  perhaps  only  one. 

The  antennsB  present  a  great  variety  of  forma,  some  of  which  are 
very  singular  and  beautiful,  as  may  be  seen  by  referring  to  Fig.  i,  Pt. 
lat.  They  are  mostly  eleven-jointed.  Only  the  pro-thorax,  which  ia 
uaaally  very  wide,  is  visible  on  the  back,  with  the  exception  of  a  small 
wedge-shaped  section  of  the  meao-thorax,  termed  the  sentellum.  The 
abdomen  Joins  the  thorax  by  a  wide  base,  and,  in  a  great  majority  of 
beetles.  Is  almost,  if  not  eotirely  covered  by  the  wing  cases.  Many  of 
the  leaf-feeding  species  and  a  few  of  those  that  are  predaeeons,  fly  with 
great  ease  and  rapidity,  but  as  a  rule,  the  legs  are  the  principal  organs 
of  locomotion.  They  are  horny  and  strong,  and  of  varions  shapes  to 
adapt  them  for  running,  leaping,  swimming  and  other  nses.  The  ap- 
parent jotuta  of  the  feet  vary  in  number  from  MrM  to  five,  and  the  foot 
terminates  in  most  cases  in  a  pair  of  sharp  claws. 

The  larvEB  ot  beetles  are  commonly  called  "grubs.''  Most  of  these 
are  soft,  clumsy  looking  objects,  with  horny  heads  and  three  pairs  of 
sprawling  legs  on  the  thoracic  segments.  Some  speciea  have  in  addi- 
tion a  sort  of  pro-leg  at  the  hinder  end  of  the  body,  or  one  or  two  rows 
of  tubercles  (fleaby  points)  along  the  sides,  or  on  the  apper  or  under 
flurfooe,  by  which  they  are  enabled  to  move  with  ease  in  the  situations 
in  which  they  are  found.  The  tarvse  of  Water-beetles  have  numerous 
oar-like  processes  along  the  sides  and  are  capable  of  swimming  very 
rapidly. 

Besides  these  forms  are  others  which,  living  enclosed  in  the  fruit  or 
wood  upon  which  they  feed,  have  no  use  for  legs  of  any  kind,  and  conse- 
quently do  not  possess  them.  Of  such  are  the  Ouroulios  and  many 
hinds  of  wood-borers. 


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S02  flTATB   HOBTIOULTDRAI.  BOCIBTT. 

OoleoptfiroQs  )arv«e  feed  upon  almost  all  kinds  of  veifetable  and 
animal  sabstances,  from  Uie  petals  of  the  moat  delicate  flower  to  the 
most  rank  smelling  carrion,  from  finite  and  nats  to  tlie  most'  pangent 
spices  to  be  foand  at  the  grocer's  or  draggist's.  A  considerable  pro* 
portion  axe  cannibals,  and  prey  upon  members  of  their  own  claas. 
Larvffi  of  saoh  species  are  aenally  very  active,  while  the  vegetable 
feeders  are,  as  a  mle,  awkward  and  slaggish  in  their  movementa.  In 
this  Order  the  transformations  are  complete.  The  larvie  molt  or  change 
their  skins  several  times,  and  their  growing  period  varies  in  length 
ftom  a  f^v  weeks  to  two  or  three  years.  They  transform  either  upon 
or  beneath  the  sorfiwe  of  the  ground,  or  upon  the  leaves  or  within  the 
frait  or  wood  npoo  which  they  have  fed.  The  papse  are  obtecUd,  re- 
aembiing  those  of  Hymenoptera  in  having  each  member  encased  in  a 
separate  sheath. 

In  the  matter  of  classification,  this  Order  is  so  oompreheosive,  that 
it  is  impossible  within  the  limits  of  this  little  work  to  inolnde  any  sys- 
tem that  will  enable  the  tyro  to  determine  every  species  of  which  he 
may  find  an  example,  except  as  to  the  primary  divisions.  Beyond  this 
the  most  that  will  beattenipted  will  bea  definition  of  snch  groups  as  con- 
tain oonspicaonsly  injnrions  or  conspioaoasly  beneficial  species.  When 
we  leant  that  in  North  America  alone,  exclneive  of  Mexico,  we  have  more 
than  nine  thoasfutd  named  species,  representing  npwards  of  seventeen 
hnndred  genera  and  aboDt  eighty  distinct  fomtlies,  it  is  evident  than 
volumes  are  reqaired  for  anything  like  adequate  description  and 
definition. 

Following  the  system  of  the  recognized  anthorities,  the  primary 
divisions  of  the  Goteoptera  are  as  follows : 

Sab-Order  I.  The  True  Beetles  (Cole  o  ptbbi),  in  which  the 
moath  parts  are  all  present  and  the  front  of  the  head  is  not  elongated.. 

Sab-Order  II.  The  Snont  Beetles  (B  h  T  n  o  o  P  h  o  b  A.),  in  which 
the  front  part  of  the  head  is  more  or  less  prolonged  into  a  beak,  the 
labmm  not  distinguishable  and  the  palpi  reduced  to  minute,  jointlesa 
points. 

The  first  of  these  Sab-Orders  is  then  separated  into  two  sections, 
based  upon  the  correspondence  or  lack  of  correspondence  in  the  nam- 
ber  of  tarsal  joints. 

Ist.  Ibohbba  (Simitar  joints)  species  which,  wiih  rare  ex- 
ceptions, have  the  same  number  of  joints  in  all  the  feet. 

2d.  Hbtbbomeba  (Different  joints),  including  species  which 
have  fire  joiut«  in  each  of  the  front  and  middle  feet,  and  only  fonr 
joints  in  each  of  the  hinder  pair. 


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OUTLINES   OF  KKTOHOLOGT.  fiOS 

Beetles  belonginff  in  the  Isomeka  are  snb-divided  into  five 
tribes: 

I.  Adbphxoi.  (capQlToronB  beetles),  lAod  and  Water  Tigers,  fana- 
ters  sod  trappers  of  other  iDsects  for  tiie  most  part,  althongh  a  few 
species  subsist  on  vegetation.  In  these  the  antennse  are  thread-like, 
cylindrical,  vith  the  joints  dlstinot. 

II.  Olatioobnia  (Glob-boms),  haring  the  ant«nn«e  thickened 
giadnally  or  sbrnptly  toward  the  tip ;  feet  with  from  one  to  five  joints ; 
small  beetles  of  various  liabits. 

'  III.  BekbiooBKIA  (Saw-horns),  having  the  antennie  toothed  or 
serrated  (in  some  few  species  also  enlarged  at  the  tip,  mnoh  as  in  the 
preceding  tribe,  bat  the  species  in  other  respects  agreeing  with  the 
neml>ers  of  this  tribe).  This  groap  inclndes  a  great  namber  of  small 
borers. 

IV.  Lambllioobhia  (Leaf-borns),  having  the  knob  of  the  anten- 
nee  composed  of  several  leaf-like  or  blade-lilEe  parts,  which  the  insect 
can  unfold  or  close  op  at  wilt.  This  Tribe  includes  the  largest  insects 
in  the  Order,  most  of  which  feed,  often  in  the  perfect  as  well  as  tbelsi^ 
vffi  state,  npou  vegetation,  foliage,  roots  and  decayed  wood. 

Y.  Phytophaga  (Plant-eaters),  mostly  with  thread-like  antenne, 
in  some  species  very  long,  in  others  short  and  slightly  thickened  to- 
ward the  tip ;  fonrtb  and  fifth  joints  of  the  feet  consolidated,  ttte  former 
minute.  All  the  species  feed  on  vegetation  and  many  are  extremely 
destructive. 

Neitherthe  Section  Hbtebohbba  nor  the  Bub-Order  B  h  y  K- 
onoPHOBA  requires  division  into  tribes  for  convenience  of  study. 


CHAPTER  XV. 
Order  COLBOPTBRA.     Tribe  I.    Adephaoa. 

CANNIBAL  BBBTLES. 

In  this  group  of  beetles  we  find  mainly  camirorous  species,  many 
of  which  prey  especially  on  insects  destructive  to  vegetation,  and  on 
this  account  claim  recognition  as  among  oar  best  Mends.  They  also 
merit  consideration  by  their  great  beaaty  of  form  and  color,  and  by  the 
grace  and  agility  of  their  movements.  The  most  important  Atmilies  are 
the  Tiger-beetles  (Cicindblid.e},  the  Caterpillar  hunters  (Gababid^  ), 
the  Water-tigers  (  Dytibcid-c  ),  and  the  Water-whirligigs  (Gyeinid*). 

The  Tiger-beetles  received  their  popular  name  on  acconnt  of  their 
ferocioQS  habits,  their  swift  movements  and  the  stealthy  manner  in  which 
their  larvie  lie  in  wait  for  their  prey.    They  are  diurnal  insects  of 


OOA  STATE  HOBTItmLTirBAX.  800IBTY. 

medium  or  rather  small  size  (three- foortliB  inch  and  uDder  in  length),  of 
elegant  form  and  often  of  bnllia&t  metallio  color.  Their  choseo  hannts 
are  sanny  psth-vays,  hard  beaten  roads  and  the  sand;  shores  of  streama, 
lakes  and  the  ocean. 

The  head  of  a  Tiger-beetle  is  broader  than  the  thorax.  It  is  pro- 
vided with  a  very  complete  month,  of  which  the  most  important  parts 
are  the  loQfr,  sharply-toothed  and  curved  jawa,  which  crosB  each  other 
when  dosed.  The  eyes  are  large,  roand  or  somwhat  oblong  and  pro- 
truding ;  the  antenaaB  long  and  slender,  arising  from  the  &ce  jast  above 
the  base  of  the  mandibles.  The  prothorax  is  nearly  sqnare,  the  scatel- 
lam  very  small,  and  the  wing  cases,  which  are  rather  narrow,  widen 
slightly  toward  the  hinder  end  of  the  body.  The  under  wings  are  well 
developed,  and  the  insect  rises  easily  into  the  air  for  short  flights.  The 
legs  are  long  and  slender  and  the  joints  of  the  feet  spiny.  The  dark 
metallic  color  is  in  some  species  varegated  by  dots  and  zigzag  lines  of 
yellow  or  cream  white.  The  larvee  live  in  perpendicular  holes  in  the 
gronnd  and  are  extremely  ugly  in  appearance.  They  have  a  broad  head 
and  immense  jaws,  and  long  sprawling  legs.  On  the  middle  of  the 
back  is  a  large  doable  hump,  terminating  in  backward  carving  hooka, 
of  which  tbeae  oreatores  make  use  in  climbing  to  the  entranoe  to  their 
holes  and  sustaining  themselves  there  while  lying  in  wait  for  their  prey. 
Any  unlucky  insect  happening  to  stray  within  reach  of  those  terrible 
jaws  is  seized  with  a  grasp  from  which  there  ia  no  escape,  dragged  into 
the  hole  and  devoared. 

More  than  sixty  species  of  OicitideUdw  are  found  in  the  United 
Btatea.    (See  beetle  on  plate.) 

The  Qround-beetles  or  "  Caterpillar-hunters  "  include  a  great  nam- 
ber  of  predaceous  species,  which  may  occasionally  be  seen  ranning 
over  the  gronnd  in  fields  and  gardens,  bat  are  neaally  hidden  under 
stones,  boards,  fallen  leaves  and  the  like  daring  the  day.  They  are 
easily  distinguished  from  the  Tiger-beetles  by  the  head  being  narrower 
than  the  prothorax,  and  the  latter  somewhat  more  constricted  or  taper- 
ing toward  the  base  of  the  wing  covers.  They  are  also,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  of  plainer  coloring,  and  the  most  conapicuone  species  are 
of  larger  size  than  is  the  rale  among  the  Tiger-beetles.  One  of  the 
chief  structaral  characters  of  these  beetles  is  the  peculiar  eardrop- 
shaped  trochanter  of  each  of  the  hinder  legs.  (See  Part  let.  Fig,  6, 
A,  b.) 

They  are,  as  rnle,  noetvrnal  in  their  habits,  ranning  ont  of  their 
hiding  places  at  nightfall,  and  exploring  field  and  garden,  even  climb- 
ing  trees  in  the  search  for  their  six-legged  game,  tearing  in  pieces  cater- 
pillars and  grubs,  and  even  other  beetles,  wherever  foand.  They  are  often 


OtITLIKEB    OP   ENTOMOLOOT.  605 

attracted  to  lamplight,  and  I  have,  on  eeveral  ocoaBions,  eeeD  the  side- 
walks Around  the  electric  light  peats  almost  covered  with  dead  and  dis- 
abled specimens  of  the  beantifal,  metallic-green  Caloioma  aorutator, 
Fabr.  As  they  are  very  swift  mnners,  most  species  make  bnt  little 
nse  of  their  wings ;  indeed,  the  latter  are  in  some  cases  entirely  nnde- 
Tcloped,  and  the  elytra  are  firmly  joined  at  the  ^ntnie  on  the  back. 

The  larvse  are  elongate,  somewhat  flattened  gmbs,  having  the  body 
protected  on  top  by  horny  plates,  and  in  some  instances  terminated  in 
a  pair  of  branching  spines  or  forceps-like  appendages.  Thuy  bnrrow 
back  and  forth  jnst  beneath  the  enrlace  of  the  earth,  and  destroy  many 
of  the  soft  larvfB  of  frnit  and  leaf-feeding  species  that  have  entered  the 
ground  for  transformation. 

Among  the  most  beneficial  species  is  the  Fiery  Oronud-beetle  (Calo- 
■foma  calidium,  Fabr.),  a  large  and  elegant  beetle  of  a  black  color,  with 
elytra  (wing  covers)  thickly  dotted  with  shining,  impressed,  coppery 
apots  (see  Fig.  — -),  This  beetle  preys  npOn  cat-worms,  and  its  hirvsB, 
having  the  same  habit,  has  been  called  the  "  Oat- worm  lion,"  Another 
smaller  species,  Lebia  grandis,  with  a  red-brown  thorax,  and  legs  and 
'dfO'k-btne  wing  covers  renders  as  good  service  in  destroying  the  larvEe 
of  the  Colorado  potato -beetle. 

One  species,  a  little  larger  than  the  above,  bnt  clo&ely  resembling 
it  in  form  and  color,  is  called  the  Bombardier  beetle  (6racAiniu/uniau«), 
as  it  has  the  singalar  power  of  discharging  a  volatile  and  pnngentfinid 
from  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  which  rises  in  the  air  like  a  little  potf 
4)f  smoke.     It  is  a  means  of  defense  against  its  enemies. 

The  Water-tigers  are  quite  common  in  ponds  and  sloggish  streams. 
The  beetles  are  easily  recognized  by  their  broad,  flat,  ovate,  pol- 
ished bodies,  often  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  length,  and  by  the  hairy, 
oar-like  shape  of  the  hinder  legs.  When  distarbed  these  beetles  dive 
■deep  ander  water,  carrying  with  them  a  babble  of  air  which  sustains 
respiration  nntU  they  again  rise  to  the  sar&ce.  Their  larvEe  are  long 
and  cylindrical,  with  a  pair  of  breathing  tabes  at  the  posterior  end  that 
can  be  protmded  above  the  sarfaoe  of  the  water.  The  head  is  armed 
with  powerful,  scissor-like  jaws  which  are  kept  in  almost  constant  mo- 
tion. They  are  very  savage  and  greedy,  feeding  apon  other  aqnatio 
Insects,  tadpoles  and  small  fish,  in  some  streams  proving  very  destruc- 
tive to  the  latter.  When  full  grown  they  crawl  upon  shore  and  enclose 
themselves  in  earthen  cells  within  which  they  change  to  pnpse.  The 
perfect  insects  make  their  way  into  the  water  as  soon  as  they  emerge. 

The  "Whirligigs"  are  another  family  of  preying  water-beetles 
which,  though  allied  to  the  Water-tigers,  are  distinguished  from  (hem 


606  STATE  HOBTiaULTDBA.L  800IBTT. 

by  their  amaller  size,  their  roand  bine-black  bodies,  long  front  legs  aod 
very  short  swimmiQg  legs.  The  eyes  are  bilobed,  giriag  them  the  ap- 
pearance of  two  on  each  side.  Tbey  nanally  appear  in  groaps  on  the 
Borface  of  tbe  water,  sporting  and  circling  about  in  great  apparent  eo- 
joyment.  The  larvie  Jock  like  myriapods,  having  a  pair  of  long,  spioy 
proceseee  on  each  abdominal  segment. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 
Order,  coleoptbba.    Tribes,  Clavicoenia  and  Sbrbicobnia. 

OLUB-HOBNED  AND    8AW-H0BNBD   BBBTLEB. 


n 


Hat-beaded  Apple  ti 


In  the  first  of  these  Tribes  we  find  a  large  nnmber  of  qnite  dis* 
tinct  ftimilies  and  genera  of  beetles  in  which  tbe  principal  point  of 
agreement  is  fooud  in  the  anteaaee,  which  in  most  of  the  species  are 
"  clubbed,"  or  rather  thick  and  gradaally  and  slightly  enlarged  toward 
the  tip.  Bat  even  in  this  character  there  is  some  variation — Ipa  fasiata 
and  the  species  of  JVifiduIa,  for  example,  having  anteoDsethat  are  dis- 
tinctly knobbed  at  the  end. 

Among  the  Clavicorn  beetles  the  number  of  joints  of  the  feet 
ranges  f^om  one  to  five,  most  species  having  the  same  Dumber  in  the 
hind  tarsi  as  in  the  others. 

Tbe  representative  Families  of  this  snbdivision  of  the  Order  are 
the  Barying  beetles  (Silphid^),  the  Eove  beetles  (Staphtlinid*), 
the  Lady-bird  beetles  (Coccinbllid^),  and  the  Masenm  pests  and 
Oarpet  beetles  (Dbbmestid.*:}. 

The  Burning  beetles  or  Sexton  beetles  are  so  called  ttom  their  habit 
of  first  burying  the  dead  bodies  of  other  insects,  birds  and  small  ani- 
mals npon  which  their  larvie  feed,  before  placing  their  eggs  upon  them ; 
and  one  issomeUmes  astonished  upon  coming  across  such  small  car- 


ly  Google 


OUTLINES    OP  ENTOHOLOOY.  607 

rion  to  find  it  being  moved  by  Bome  aneeen  force.  If  taken  np  or 
tamed  over,  Beveral  speoies  of  large  beetles  that  vere  at  work  digpog 
oat  the  earth  beneath  it  will  be  disclosed.  Many  of  the  species  are 
easily  collected  by  means  of  snch  nnaavory  traps. 

These  beetles  differ  considerably  in  size  and  color,  bat  all  have 
rather  broad,  flattened  bodies,  Ave  joints  in  all  the  feet,  which  end  in 
long  claws.  The  antenna)  are  rather  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  tips.  The 
prothorax  is  expanded  into  a  broad  plate  nsed  as  a  shovel  in  the  dig- 
ging operations,  yeoropkorut  amerioanua,  Oliv.,  is  onr  largest  speciee, 
fireqnently  measDring  one  and  oa«-fonrth  inch  in  length  by  one-half 
inch  in  breadth.  It  is  of  a  gloasy-blaok  color,  with  a  large  red-brown 
spot  in  tii6  middle  of  the  head,  the  piothorax  being  almost  entirely 
of  red-brown,  and  there  are  two  large  patches  of  the  same  bright  color 
on  each  wing  cover.  The  black  antennn  end  in  a  leafy  knob  of  golden 
brown,  and  the  joints  of  the  front  feet  are  covered  on  the  ander  side 
with  sUky  hairs  of  a  similar  color.  The  pointed  tip  of  the  abdomen 
protrndes  aboat  one-foarth  inch  beyond  the  sqoarely  cat  wing  covers. 
In  the  genos  Silpha  the  body  is  very  flat  and  almost  orbicalar,  the 
prothorax  being  expanded  into  a  wide,  thin  flange,  and  is  osnally  of  a 
brighter  color  than  the  broad,  roagbened  wing  covers. 

The  Bove  beetles  have  long,  slender,  black  or  dark  colored  bodies, 
with  very  short,  sqaore  wing  covers  which  leave  more  than  one-half  of 
the  abdomen  unprotected.  The  head  is  asaally  somewhat  broader 
than  the  prothorax,  the  sharply  pointed  jaws  crossed  in  front,  and  the 
rather  small,  oval  eyes  are  wide  apart.  Some  species  are  an  inch  or 
more  in  length,  while  others  are  very  minnte.  Like  the  preceding 
tribe,  they  are  carrion  feeders,  bat  prefer  the  carcasses  of  the  larger 
animals,  snch  as  dogs  and  horses. 

The  Lady-bird  beetles  inulade  a  gronp  of  small^ 
handsome  beetles  of  an  oval  or  hemispherical  form, 
with  three-jointed  feet  and  short  antenn».  The 
sarfoce  is  polished  and  asaally  ornamented  with 
ronnd  or  oval  spots  of  black  on  a  rose-red,  brick- 
widM^^n^^^/^%  red  or  orange  ground,  or  with  red  spots  on  a  black 
^m  ud  pop»-»rMr  g].Q^Qj_  The  Lady  birds  are  among  the  best  known 
of  their  order,  and  deserve  to  be  the  popular  favorites  which  they  are, 
on  account  of  the  excellent  service  which  they  render  in  ridding  our 
gardens  and  orchards  of  plant-lice,  bark-lice  and  other  small  insect 
pests.  The  larvn  are  ugly,  alligator-shaped  creatures,  generally  of  a 
dnll,  black  color,  in  some  species  banded  with  yellow.  Some  have  the 
snr£ace  covered  with  spines,  while  others  are  simply  ridged  and  hairy. 


M 


b,  Google 


606  BTATE   HOBTiaUI.Tn&AI.   BOaiBTT. 

MegiUa  maeulata,  one  of  the  most  familiar,  is  aboat  one-flftfa  of  an 
inch  long,  of  oval  shape  and  pink  color,  marked  on  head,  thorax  and 
wing  covers  with  large,  black  spots.  Hippodamia  aonvergent  is  some- 
what larger,  of  a  dull  oraDgft  color,  with  very  small  black  dots.  Okilo- 
oorua  bivulneria  is  hemispherical,  aboat  one-sixth  inch  in  diameter,  shia- 
ing  blaok,  with  a  oonspicaoas  blood-red  spot  on  each  wing  cover,  near 
the  base.  It  is  an  especial  enemy  of  all  sorts  of  bark-lice  or  scale 
insects,  and  may  be  foand  on  trees  or  shraba  infested  with  the  latter, 
Vedalia  eardinalis,  which  resembles  the  above  species  in  size  and 
shape,  bat  is  of  a  bright  red  color,  with  foar  black  spots  on  the  wing 
covers,  is  at  present  the  moat  celebrated  member  of  its  groop,  having 
been  imported  under  the  instractions  of  Dr.  Biley,  U.  S.  Entomologist, 
from  Aastralia  into  California,  in  1888,  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  in 
check  the  Fluted  scale  of  the  orange  fleerya),  and  having  in  less  than 
two  years  almost  eztenntnated  the  pest. 

About  one  hundred  aud  forty-five  species  of  Lady-birds  are  known 
ID  S'orth  America,  all  of  which,  so  for  as  known,  are  carnivorous,  ex- 
cept one  species  (Epilachna  borealU),  the  S'orthem  Lady>bird,  which  is 
a  vegetarian  and  occasionally  qait«  destrnctive  to  squash  and  encum- 
ber vines. 

The  Museum  Pests — Derme»te» — are  also  mostly  small  species, 
which  are  not  only  the  special  pests  of  museums,  derstroying  very 
rapidly  the  contents  of  entomological  and  ornithological  cabiueta  when 
they  have  once  found  entrance  to  them,  bnt  they  are  very  destrootive, 
also,  to  fnrs,  woolens,  fdathers  and  similu-  animal  prodncta,  and  some 
species  even  invade  the  pantiy.  In  these  beetles  the  head  and  pro- 
thorax  are  short,  the  latter  haviug  grooves  for  the  reception  of  the 
eleven  jointed  antennie;  the  eyes  are  round  and  between  them  is  a 
single  ocelhu.  The  legs  are  short,  with  five  jointed  feet.  The  larvss 
are  very  active,  hairy  grubs,  some  of  which  have  a  tuft  of  bristles  at 
the  tail,  and  most  species  shnn  the  light,  although  the  beetles  of  one  or 
two  kinds  have  been  taken  on  flowers. 

Dermestea  lardariut,  one  of  the  larger  species,  blaok  with  broad 
gray  bands  at  the  base  of  the  wing  covers,  is  sometimes  destructive  to 
dried  meats  and  similar  articles  of  food.  D.  vul^nnt,  one-third  of  an 
inch  long  and  entirely  dnll  black,  attacks  stored  hides  and  manufactured 
leather.  Anthrenu»  varius,  the  worst  of  the  musenm  pests,  is  round 
oval  in  form,  only  about  one-tenth  inch  in  length,  bright  chestDUt  brown 
with  the  wing  covers  crossed  by  three  wavy  bands  of  pale  gray,  be- 
tween which  u-e  dashes  and  flecks  of  black.  A.  seropkvlaria,  the 
^  Bufblo  bug,"  or  carpet  beetle,  is  still  smaller  than  the  above  species, 
is  black  with  markings  of  pale  red  and  white.    It  was  introduced 


Dgnzs.uCoeH^lc 


OUTLINBB    OF   BNTOMOLOQY.  609 

some  ;eaiB  ago  in  imported  carpets  trota  Europe,  and  has  already  be- 
come a  widely  diseeminated  pest.  Among  tbe  beetles  claseiAed  as 
SssBBicoBNiA  are  found  many  very  beantifol  and  interesting  insects,  as 
well  as  some  that  are  exceedingly  pernicious.  Most  of  the  species 
hare  rather  short  serrate  antenne,  are  of  oblong  or  elongate  oval  form, 
with  five-pointed,  or  in  a  few  species,  fonr-pointed  tarsi.  The  most 
important  Families  are  Spring  or  snapping  beetles  (  Ela.tbbid^  ),  the 
saw-horned  borers  (BuPBBSTiD-ffli},  and  the  fire-fly  and  soldier  beetles 
(Lahptbaj)^).  The  spring  beetles  have  the  entirely  pecaliar  habit, 
If  laid  upon  their  backs,  of  throwing  themselves  into  the  air  with  a 
jerk,  in  most  eases  coming  down  in  proper  position.  If  held  loosely  in 
the  hand,  also,  they  will  bend  themselves  backward  and  strike  again  and 
again  in  the  effort  to  obtain  their  freedom.  The  power  to  effect  these 
motions  lies  in  an  ingenious  sort  of  spring  in  the  shape  of  a  strong 
pointed  projection  on  the  prosternnm  ( the  under  side  of  the  prothoraz), 
which  by  curving  the  body  backward  is  oangbt  suddenly  in  a  socket 
on  the  mezo  sternnm,  causing  an  elastic  rebound  of  the  whole  body. 
These  beetles  are  of  long,  oval,  somewhat  flat'teued  form,  and  usually  of 
dull  brown  color,  thongb  a  few  species  display  brighter  tints,  and  tbe 
enrfoce  is  covered  with  a  flue  pubescence.  The  outer  anji^es  of  the 
very  wide  prothoraz  are  prolonged  into  points  which  curve  around 
the  edge  of  the  wing  covers. 

The  larvte  are  known  as  "  Wire-worms,"  in  reference  to  their  long, 
hard,  slender  bodies.  Some  species  rank  with  injurious  insects  from 
their  habit  of  cotting  off  the  roots  of  yonng  corn  and  other  vegetation. 
On  IhiB  other  hand,  several  are  beneficial,  and  are  known  to  find  their 
way  into  the  tunnels  of  wood-boring  larvte  and  destroy  them.  The 
m^ority,  however,  so  far  as  known,  breed  in  decaying  wood  or  the  pith 
of  weeds.  A  few  large  species  are  Inminous.  and  are,  &t  night,  objects 
of  great  splendor. 

001"  largest  and  most  striking  American  species,  tbe  Eye-spotted 
Elater  or  Snappiog-beetle  fAlaiu  oculatus,  Linn.),  varies  in  length  from 
one  to  one  and  one-half  inches.  It  is  of  a  black  color,  with  the  wing 
covers  longitudinally  ridged,  and  marked  with  fine  lines  and  flecks  of 
white,  which,  being  of  the  nature  of  scale-like  hairs,  are  liable  to  rub 
off.  On  the  top  of  the  broad  pro-thorax  are  two  large  velvety  black 
spots  encircled  with  white,  which  from  their  resemblance  to  eyes  are 
often  mistaken  for  them. 

The  Saw-horned  borers  (  Bdpbbstid^  ),  compose  a  large  group  of 
handsome  hard-shelled,  compactly  formed  beetles,  all  of  which  have  the 
antenaee,  which  are  rather  short,  serrate  on  tbe  inner  edge.  They  are 
nsoally  of  a  pale  brown  or  gray  color,  with  brassy  or  coppery  reflections  : 


*lft  STATE  HOBTIOULTTJRAL  SOCIETY. 

indeed  the  entire  surface,  minntely  rooghened  aad  indented  aa  it  is,  ap- 
pears like  beaten  metal.  The  head  ie  deeply  Bonben  into  the  thorax, 
and  the  Iatt«r  widens  slightly  behind  and  fits  tightly  over  the  base  of 
the  wing  covers. 

The  Bopresttans  are  diamal  insects,  flying  in  the  sanahine  or 
basking  in  it  while  slowly  crawling  np  and  down  the  trnnks  of  trees,  in 
the  bark  of  which  they  deposit  their  eggs.  The  larvte  are  wood-borers, 
gall-makers  or  leaf-miners,  and  are  all  more  or  less  destrnotiTe  to  forest 
and  f^tt  trees  and  shmbbery.  They  are  characterised  by  a  relatively 
enormous  expansion  of  the  pro-thoracic  joint,  from  which  the  remain- 
ing two  joints  of  the  thorax  taper  abraptly  to  the  slender,  cylindrical 
abdominal  division.  There  are  no  legs,  and  the  enlarged  joint  has  a 
smooth  homy  plate  on  both  upper  and  ander  sides,  and  is  mnch  flat- 
tened. 

The  well-known  Plat-headed  borer  fCkysobotkrat  femorata,  Fabr.), 
so  destmotive  to  many  kinds  of  froit  and  shade  trees.  Is  the  best  repre- 
sentative of  the  boring  species.  The  species  of  AffrUu$  oanse  swellings 
in  the  stems  of  blackberries  and  raspberries.  These  beetles  are  plender 
and  cylindrical,  with  dark-bine  or  black  wing  covers  and  copper-colored 
thorax,  and  are  abont  one-fonrth  of  an  inch  long.  The  larvae  of  the 
species,  Inclnded  in  the  genus  Sraekyt,  mine  the  leaves  of  apple  and 
oak. 

The  Fire-flies  and  Soldier  beetles  are  very  diEferent  in  many  re- 
spects from  the  preceding  gronp.  Their  bodies  are  very  soft  and  the 
wing  covers  thin  and  flexible.  In  the  "Fire-flies"  or  "Lightn^ng-bngs" 
<  genera  Photinws  and  Photurua),  the  head  is  almost  concealed  nnder 
the  expanded  margin  of  the  pro-thorax.  The  light  which  they  emit  is 
supposed  to  be  from  a  phosphorescent  aobstanoe  in  the  abdomen,  and 
is  given  off  in  flashes  at  irregnlar  intervals,  both  during  flight  and  re- 
pose. In  Photinm  pyralis  both  sexes  are  winged  and  Inminons.  In 
Fhotunu,  the  somewhat  smaller  and  less  brilliant  species  often  have 
wingless  females. 

The  larvffi,  which  are  "  glow-worms,"  barrow  in  th  eeartb,  often  com- 
ing to  the  sar&ce,  and  have  a  faint  luminosity.  They  feed  on  the  soft 
larvEe  of  other  insects  and  on  earth-worms. 

The  most  common  species  of  fioldier-beetle  is  a  slender,  clay-yel- 
low insect,  with  a  large  black  spot  on  the  top  of  the  pro-thorax  and  an 
oblong  one  near  the  tip  of  each  wing  cover.  This  beetle  bears  the 
rather  formidable  name  of  Ohawliognathiu  pennaylvanieut,  De  G.  The 
larvie  somewhat  resemble  those  of  the  lady-birds  and  like  them  are  of 
service  to  as  by  feeding  on  other  insects  that  are  injnrions  to  vegeta 
tion.  The  beetles  may  almost  always  be  found  in  the  antnmn  npon  the 
flowers  of  the  Golden-rod  and  Eupatoriam. 


OUTLINES   OP  KNTOMOLOaT. 


OHAPTEU  XVII. 

Order  COLEOPTBEA.    Tribe  Lamellicorkia. 


Spotted  PeUdnota,  (PitUnola  jnmtlala)  wllh  Isrvn  and  papee  {afUr  Bile;) . 

The  Tiibe  Lambllicdrnia  is  of  ^eat  extent,  and  in  it  we  find 
mostly  large  or  medinm-sized  beetles  which  feed  on  vegetation,  either 
fresh  OF  in  a  state  of  decay,  or  on  the  excrement  of  the  larger  animals. 
These  beetles  resemble  each  other  chiefiy  in  the  form  of  the  anteunee, 
which  terminate  in  a  knob  or  expansion,  composed  of  three — sometimes 
more — ^leaf-like  blades,  attached  by  one  end  and  capable  of  being  opened 
or  closed  like  the  pages  of  a  book,  at  the  will  of  the  insect. 

Before  taking  up  the  true  Lamellicorns  we  find  a  small  gronp,  some- 
times distinguished  as  Pecticoenia  (tooth-homed),  iu  which  the  antea- 
nffi  are  fnmished  at  the  tips  with  several  stiff  projections  on  one  side, 
like  the  teeth  to  a  comb,  and  are  farther  characterizecl  by  being  bent 
or  elbowed  in  the  middle. 

In  this  division  the  principal  Family  (Luoanid^)  contains  the  Stag 
beetles  or  Rnching  beetles.  In  these  the  bead  is  very  broad,  the  eyes 
comparatively  small,  the  shanks  (tibice)  notched  or  spined  on  the  oater 
edge,  and  the  feet  are  all  flve-jointed.  The  great  pecnliarity,  however, 
18  fonnd  in  the  nnnsnal  development  of  the  jaws,  which  protrude  from 
the  front  of  the  head,  and  are  from  one-fonrth  to  one-half  the  length 
of  the  body,  armed  with  spines  and  tooth-like  projections  on  their  inner 
edges.  The  larvfe  are  large,  homy  textured  grnbs,  with  fonr  or  six 
Bprangling  thoracic  legs,  and  are  mostly  fonnd  in  rotten  stamps  or 
roots. 


512  BTATE  HOBTICDLTUBAL  SOCIEIT. 

Oar  largest  species,  Litcanug  elaphus,  Fab.,  occars  most  sbandantly 
in  the  soathem  States,  bnt  is  often  takeD  as  far  north  as  St.  Lonts.  This 
js  indeed  a  formidable  looking  insect.  It  la  very  hard  and  smooth,  of 
a  mahogany-brown  color,  the  body  one  and  one-half  incb  in  length, 
and  the  immense  mandibles  extending  forward  three-fonrths  of  an  inch 
more.  It  is  bom  the  resemblance  of  these  to  the  antlers  of  a  deer 
that  it  receives  the  most  appropriate  name  of  "  Stag  beetle."  Lucanut 
dama,  Ham.,  is  the  most  common  "  Pinch  beetle,"  and  oft«n  enters  oar 
rooms  on  snmmer  evenings  to  the  terror  of  nervoas  people,  whom  it 
coald  not  injnre,  bai  to  whom  it  might  give  a  severe  pinch  with  ita 
sharply  toothed  jaws,  which  carve  inward  and  are  aboat  one-foarth 
inch  long.  The  beetle  is  of  the  same  form  and  texture,  bnt  a  little 
lighter  in  color  and  considerably  smaller  than  the  soathem  Stag  beetle. 

Another  large  beetle  belonging  in  this  group  is  the  Horned  Fassalns 
{Pastalua  eomutuB,  Fab.)-  This  is  a  shining  black  species  of  an  oblong' 
form,  having  the  sqaarish  pro-thorax  separated  on  top  from  the  abdomea 
by  a  decided  "waist"  or  constriction.  The  wing  covers  are  longi- 
tadinally  grooved.  In  this  species  the  jaws  are  not  abnormally  en- 
larged, bat  on  each  side  of  the  head  is  a  little  pointed  horn,  and 
between  them  a  longer  one  carving  downward  over  the  month.  This 
beetle  is  osnall;  one  and  one-fonrth  inch  in  length. 

The  typical  Lambllicobnia  are,  for  convenience,  separated 
into  two  divisions,  in  consideration  of  their  different  feeding  habit 
chiefly,  viz. :  the  JExerementivora,  the  Isrvse  of  which  moslJy  breed  in 
manare,  and  Serbii!ora,  in  which  the  larv^  feed  on  vegetation,  either 
growing  or  dead.  In  the  first  division  the  principal  families  are  the 
OopridcB,  AphodiidfB  and  Trogidw. 

They  are  all  scavengers  and  rank  either  as  benefieial  or  innoxioas. 
The  largest  species,  Oopria  Carolina,  Lim.,  is  a  great,  sqoarish,  clamsy 
creature,  aearly  an  inch  long  and  three-fourths  inch  wide,  that  frequently 
flies  into  our  lighted  rooms  at  night,  and  after  bamping  about  against 
the  walls  and  ceiling  &lls  to  the  floor  with  a  th^id,  generally  landing 
upon  its  back,  and  lying  helpless,  kicking  its  legs  about  wildly  in  the 
effort  to  turn  over.  It  is  of  a  black  color,  somewhat  hairy  on  the  under 
snr&ce  and  legs,  and  the  latter  have  the  shanks  of  the  fore  legs  ex- 
panded and  notched  for  use  in  digging,  as  is  characteristic  of  all  the 
Lamellicorns.  The  female  beetle  tunnels  perpendicularly  under  the 
droppings  of  cows  and  horses,  and  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole  places  a 
large  round  ball  of  manure  on  which  she  deposits  an  egg.  The  larva, 
an  unHJghtly,  much-wrinkled  grab,  very  thick  in  the  middle  and  taper* 
ing  toward  each  end,  works  its  way  into  this  compact  ball,  and  beginning 
somewhere  near  the  middle,  eats  toward  the  surface  until  it  is  redaced 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_)' 


.,le 


OUTLINBB   OF  BNTOMOLOOT.  618 

to  a  mere  shell,  wbioh  serTes  as  a  sort  of  cocoon  for  tbe  protection  of 
tbe  popa. 

Here  also  we  find  the  common  ^  Tamble-bn^  "  or  "  Tnmble-dnng  " 
(Oanthon  leevii,  Dmiy ),  a  much  smaller,  dark-brown  species,  neoally 
seen  in  pairs  rotlin^  a  ball  of  manare  aboat  the  size  of  a  large  marble. 
This  species  affords  one  of  the  rare  instances  in  which  the  male  assists 
the  female  in  making  provision  for  the  yonng.  When  a  snitable  spot 
is  foand,  a  shaft  is  sunk  foar  or  five  inches  into  the  earth,  the  ball 
rolled  in,  and  tbe  female,  after  pansing  long  enongh  to  deposit  an  egg 
npOD  it,  begins  fiUing  np  the  hole,  in  which  labor  her  partner  assists. 
But  little  pains,  however,  is  taken  with  this  part  of  the  work,  and  often 
tbe  hole  is  left  partly  unfilled.  A  beaatifal  species,  somewhat  larger 
that!  the  above,  has  similar  habits.  This  ia  (Fhanaus  oamifex,  Linn.) 
It  is  of  a  metallic  green  color  with  copper-colored  thorax,  whicb  in  tbe 
male  ia  adorned  with  a  ,baekward  enrving  horn. 

The  Afhodida  are  all  small  shining  black  or  black  and  red 
beetles,  which  sometimes  astonish  gardeners  by  the  nnmbers  in  which 
they  appear  in  green-houses  and  on  hot-bed  sashes,  having  bred  from 
tbe  manure  used  as  a  fertilizer. 

The  fomily  Tboqid^  incladea  but  one  genas,  Trox.  The  most 
common  species  are  small,  dingy,  black,  ronndish  beetles,  often  attracted 
to  the  light  at  night.  They  are  distingnished  by  the  widely  dilated 
thighs  of  tbe  ftout  legs  and  by  the  deeply  ridged  and  pitted  sur&ce  of 
the  thorax  and  wing  covers. 

The  Leaf-chafers,  Herbivorous  Lamellieorns,  are  distingnished  from 
the  manure-beetles  by  their  more  slender  legs,  long  sharp  claws,  and 
by  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  projecting  slightly  beyond  tbe  wing  covers. 
They  feed  entirely  on  vegetable  matter,  and  unlike  most  other  insects 
in  their  perfect  state,  the  beetles  themselves  often  do  great  damage  to 
flowers  and  foliage.  I^ny  of  the  larvEc  live  underground,  subsisting 
on  the  roots  of  grasses  and  other  valuable  plants;  others  are  found  in 
rotten  wood  or  other  decaying  vegetation.  They  are  fkt,  white,  wrinkled 
grabs,  with  horny  heads,  long,  sprawling  legs,  and  the  hinder  part  of 
the  body  in  many  species  thicker  than  the  remainder,  and  filled  with 
dark  waste  matter. 

This  group  has  been  separated  into  four  families :  the  Monarch 
beetles  (DyHaitidceJ,  the  Dor  beetles  or  May  beetles  (MelonthidaJ,  the 
Brilliant  cliafers  (ButelidaJ,  and  the  Flower  chafers  (CetonadtE). 
Among  the  Monarch  beetles  we  find  the  largest  insects  in  the  Order. 
One  species,  sometimes  called  the  Bhinocerns  beetle  (Dynagtea  Utyua, 
Linn.),  is  often  seen  in  the  Southern  and  Middle  States.  It  is  fully  two 
HE— 33 


614  BTA.TB   HOBTIOULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

inches  in  length,  by  an  inoh  in  diameter,  and  thick  in  proportion.  The 
color  is  pale  gray,  the  winj;  covers  being  marked  with  nomeronB  irregn- 
lar  blotches  and  spots  of  black.  From  the  front  of  the  head  of  the 
oiale  a  long,  pointed,  polished  horn  cnrres  npward,  which  is  almost  met 
by  a  similar  downward  corriug  one  on  the  thorax,  on  each  side  of 
which  are  two  small,  straight  ones.  The  female  has  no  thoracic  horn, 
and  only  a  small  protuberance  on  the  bead.  The  larvee  are,  as  a  role, 
fonnd  in  rotten  wood,  bnt  are  also  said  to  injure  ash  trees  by  feeding 
on  the  roots. 

Under  the  name  of  Dor-beetles  or  May  or  Jnne  beetles  (  Mklon- 
THID-S),  are  grouped  a  great  variety  of  medium-sized,  leaf-feeding  spe- 
cies, most  of  which  have  thick,  oblong  bodies  and  are  of  a  plain  brown 
color.  In  some  the  surface  is  smooth  and  shining,  in  others  more  or 
less  thickly  covered  with  bairs  or  scales.  One  of  their  most  peculiar 
characters  is  that  each  of  the  claws  of  the  feet  is  minutely  bi&d  or 
forked  at  the  tip,  which  aocounta  for  the  persistence  with  which  they 
cling  to  any  bat  the  hardest  and  most  polished  surfoces.  This  fine 
division  of  the  claws  cau  be  distinctly  seen  only  with  a  lens. 

In  this  family  the  agriculturist  finds  a  large  number  of  the  promi- 
nent pests  of  his  ferm  and  orchard,  to  only  a  few  of  which  have  we 
here  space  for  reference. 

One  of  these  destructive  species  is  the  common  May  or  June  bee- 
tle (LackKOgtemafMca,  Proh.),  a  smooth,  shining,  chestnut-brown  insect, 
wliich  issues  f^om  the  ground  in  swarms  during  the  latter  part  of  May 
or  early  in  June,  filling  the  air  at  twilight,  and  finding  its  way  in  num- 
bers into  lamp-lighted  rooms,  unless  excladed  with  the  utmost  care. 
These  beetles  settle  on  trees  at  night  and  feed  voraciously  on  the  foli- 
age. They  are  cleanly,  ino^orons  and  inofensive  creatures  to  handle, 
and  therefore  make  excellent  and  interesting  subjects  for  examination 
and  experiment. 

They  remain  hidden  and  dormant  during  the  day,  but  awake  to  re- 
newed activity  for  several  successive  evenings.  After  paring  the 
male  dies  and  the  female  burrows  into  the  earth  to  lay  her  eggs. 

From  the  latter  are  hatched  the  "  white  grubs,"  so  well  known  as 
among  the  chief  pests  of  corn  fields,  meadows,  lawns  and  strawberry 
beds.  The  observations  of  earlier  entomologists  pointed  to  the  con- 
clusion that  these  grubs  required  at  least  two  years  for  development, 
but  Prof.  Forbes,  of  Illinois,  has  demonstrated  tliat  under  certain  con- 
ditions the  insect  attains  its  growth  and  passes  through  all  its  transfor- 
mations in  a  single  year. 

In  the  same  genus  ( Laehnottema—vhic^i  means  "  hairy-breaated") 
are  a  large  number  of  other  chafers,  having  essentially  the  same  habits 


OUTLINB8   OF  EHTOHOLOQT.  615 

as  L.fuica,  but  many  of  these  have  not  only  the  ander  eide  of  the  tho- 
rax hairy,  bnt  the  pro-thorax  and  wiDg-covers  also  covered  with  a  soft 
pabeacence,  Bometimes  evenly  dlstribated  and  again  arranged  on  the 
Tjng-co  vfiTa  in  longitndinal  ridges.  Some  of  the  species  are  mach 
smaUer  and  lighter  colored.  The  Rose  chafer  or  Bose-bog  (Maerodac- 
tylu*  iv,hipmotu»,  Fabr.)  belongs  also  in  this  fomily  (Mblolonthid^). 
This  is  SD  ochreons-yellow  beetle,  rather  slender  in  form,  aboat  one- 
third  Inch  in  length,  with  very  long,  spiny  legs.  Its  color  is  really 
almost  black,  bnt  when  treab.  it  is  densely  and  evenly  clothed  in  ;pate 
ochreons  scales,  which  give  to  it  its  light  color.  It  is  altogether  too 
common  in  the  Eastern  and  Northwestern  States,  where  it  is  exceed- 
ingly destrnctive  to  the  blossoms  of  the  grape,  rose,  and  some  other 
plants.  Its  larvae  feed  on  the  roots  of  shrabbery,  and  in  their  torn 
do  macb  damage. 

Among  the  Brilliant  chafers  (Butbi^id^),  which  are  separated 
ftom  the  Melolonthians  by  the  nneqoal  claws,  which  are  not  bidd  at 
the  tip,  is  a  large  species,  the  Spotted  Pelidnota  (Pelidtiota  punctata, 
Linn.],  which  is  illustrated  as  a  type  of  the  FamUy.  (Fig.  26.)  This  is 
one  of  the  grape-vine  pests,  gnawing  the  foliage.  It  is  a  stont  spe- 
cies, about  three-fonrths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  clay-yellow  color,  with 
three  large,  black  dots  on  each  wing-cover.  Dr.  Riley  bred  the  larva 
in  decaying  stumps  and  roots.  The  Goldsmith  beetle  fCatalpa  lanigera, 
Linn.),  a  beantiful  species,  is  very  like  the  above  in  form  and  size,  bnt 
Is  entirely  of  a  cream  yellow  color,  with  golden  and  prismatic  reflec- 
tions. 

Among  the  Flower  beetles  (Cbxoniid^)  are  a  few  of  great  size, 
bat,  while  none  are  very  small,  most  of  the  Korth  American  species  are 
of  medium  or  nnder  medium  size.  The  form  is  slightly  flattened,  the 
ficutellum  unusually  targe,  and  the  wing  covers  ate  peoaliarly  notched 
or  hollowed  oat  on  the  sides  near  the  base,  so  that  it  is  not  necessary 
to  raise  them  to  allow  the  wings  to  be  nnfolded  for  flight.  The  month 
is  provided  with  a  brash  for  collecting  pollen,  of  which  these  insects 
are  very  greedy,  as  they  also  are  of  nectar,  and  to  procare  it  they  cut 
into  tubular  flowers.  They  may  be  found  in  spring  drinking  the  sap 
that  sometimes  oozes  from  the  trunks  of  maples  and  other  trees,  and 
are  also  qaite  injurious  to  ripe  fruit.  They  differ  from  other  members 
of  their  fiimily  in  being  diurnal  in  habit.  Allorkina  nitida,  Linn.,  is  a 
beautiful,  large,  velvety  green  species,  with  light-brown  margins  to  the 
wing  covers.  Euryomia  inda  and  E.  melancholiea,  smaller,  red-brown 
mottled  species,  are  the  most  destmotive  to  flowers  and  fruit. 


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STATE  HOBTICDLUBAL  80C1BTTT. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 
Order  colkoitera.     Tribe  Phytophaga. 

BOBEB8  AND  LBAF  BBETLBS. 

Also  Section  Hbtebomeba. 

BLISTEB  BEETLES,  ETC. 


Round-htadMl  Apple  Tim  Borer  (Saptrda  CtniUa.) 

This  division  of  similar  footed  beetles  oomprUes  a  great  variety 
of  forme,  all  of  which  feed  on  vegetation,  and  inany  of  which  are 
extremely  destrncttve  to  trees,  berbaoeoas  plants  and  seeds.  Three  of 
the  most  important  &aiilies  ace  the  Long-homed  borers  (Cbbamby- 
ciD^),  the  Leaf  beetles  (Ghbysohelid^),  and  the  Seed  beetles 
(  BSUOHID^  ). 

The  first  of  these  families,  often  termed  the  "  Longioorua "  or 
"  GaprieomB,"  is  a  large  and  interesting  one,  including  many  species  of 
great  Rize,  others  of  rare  beanty  and  all  very  injnrioas.  They  may  be 
recognized  at  a  glance  by  their  long  and  asnally  slender  antennte, 
which  in  a  few  species  are  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  body,  and 
which  carve  backward  like  the  horns  of  a  goaf.  The  form  of  the 
body  is  elongate  snb-cylindrical,  in  some  species  tapering  toward  the 
hinder  end.  The  head  is  broad,  vertical,  and  famished  with  strong 
jaws.  The  eyes  are  quite  pecaliar,  being  IuNaf«  (hollowed  oat)  on 
the  inner  side,  with  the  antennie  implanted  in  the  hollows.  The  basal 
joint  of  the  latter  is  almost  invariably  longer  than  any  of  the  succeed- 
ing joints,  which  gradually  taper  to  a  point.  Tbe  thorax  is  seldom  aa 
broad  as  the  hind  body,  and  is  sqaare  or  barrel-shaped,  often  with  one 
or  two  spines  or  teetb  on  each  side.  The  legs  are  long,  bat  scarcely  so 
well  flitted  for  running  as  for  affording  a  secure  support  to  tbe  insect 
when  at  rest.    The  joints  of  the  feet  are  four  in  number,  spongy  or 


OTTTLIKBS   OF  BKTOMOLOOT.  fil7 

cuBhioDed  beneath,  and  the  third  one  bilobed.  These  beetles  have  the 
power  of  prodaciug  s  squeaking  aonnd  by  rnbbing  the  pro-thorax  up 
and  dovn  over  the  bases  of  the  wing  covers.  This  is  done  not  only  as 
an  expression  of  fear  when  captnred,  bat  for  amosemeat  or  as  a  call  to 
their  mates,  and  is  termed  Stridulation.  The  females  have  an  oviposi- 
tor that  eaa  be  teleecoplcally  extended  to  a  considerable  length,  in 
order  to  place  the  eggs  deep  into  holes  or  into  the  cre-^ices  of  bEvk  of 
the  trees  in  which  the  larvse  feed.  The  colors  of  many  species  are 
very  bright,  disposed  in  stripes  or  bands  or  in  dotted  patterns  on  a 
plain  gronnd.  They  ore  for  the  most  part  nocturnal,  and  conceal  them- 
selves carefully  during  the  day.  A  few,  however,  are  exceptional,  and 
may,  at  certain  seasons,  be  found  on  flowers  or  enjoying  the  sunshine 
on  the  trunks  of  trees. 

The  larvte  are  all  wood-borers,  and  many  of  them  do  great  damage 
to  fruit  and  forest  trees,  and  in  vineyards.  They  are  fleshy,  white 
cylindrical  grubs,  terminating  bluntly  behind,  with  all  the  joints  sepa- 
rated by  deep  incisions,  and  the  first  thoracic  one  much  enlarged  and 
covered  with  a  horny  plate.  The  head  is  small  and  usually  dark  brown, 
the  greater  part  of  it  comprised  in  a  pair  of  powerfnl  jaws,  capable  of 
cutting  into  the  hardest  wood.  A  few  of  these  larvee  have  the  usnal 
number  of  very  small  thoracic  legs,  but  the  minority  have  no  legs  at  all, 
and  move  up  and  down  in  their  barrows  by  alternate  contractions  and 
extensions  of  the  body,  and  by  means  of  the  hunched  segments.  It  is 
a  habit  with  some  species  to  keep  one  end  of  the  burrow  open,  through 
which  to  pash  oat  the  chips  and  castings,  and  their  presence  is  often 
betrayed  by  the  little  heaps  of  sawdust  on  the  bark.  The  great  ma- 
jority, however,  leave  their  castings  in  a  compact  mass  behind  them  as 
they  proceed.  Many  of  these  larvfe  grow  fbr  two  or  three  years,  and  a 
few  even  longer.  When  ready  for  transformation  they  tunnel  their 
way  to  the  surface,  leaving  a  slight  shell  of  the  bark  entire  over  the 
place  of  exit.  They  then  retreat  to  a  safe  distance  and  form  a  cell  or 
nest  of  wood  fibers  and  castings,  and  here  assume  the  pupee  form.  In 
this  stage  they  are  soft  and  white,  sometimes  almost  transparent,  but 
with  each  member  of  tbe  future  beetle  clearly  defined,  and  they  have  a 
peculiar  mummified  appearance.  At  the  end  of  two  or  three  weeks  tbe 
membraoouB  casings  are  slipped  off  and  the  perfect  beetle,  bat  in  a 
very  soft  and  imperfectly  colored  condition,  is  disclosed.  Tbe  insect 
remains  quiet  in  its  cell  for  some  time  until  all  tbe  parts  are  hardened, 
after  which  it  breaks  through  the  alight  door  and  enters  upon  the  en- 
joyments and  business  of  its  matnre  life. 


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S18  STATE  HORTICDLTUBAI.  SOOIBTT. 

In  the  genns  Prionut  we  fiod  several  very  large,  dark -brown  spe- 
cies, whose  laiTffi,  meaaaring  two  and  one-half  or  three  inches  in  length, 
are  quite  frequently  fonnd  boring  roots  of  grspe-vines,  apple  trees  and 
similar  plants. 

Saperda  eandida,  Fab.,  a  beantifal  species  of  a  cinnamon-brown 
color  above,  with  two  broad  milk-white  stripes  extending  the  whole 
length  of  the  bo^y,  is  the  parent  of  the  mach  execrated  "  Eonnd-headed 
Apple  tree  borer"  (see  Fig.  26],  which  does  so  mnch  damage  in  or 
ohards  by  boring  the  trees  near  the  ground. 

The  Twig-girdler  {Oneideret  cingvtatua,  Say.)  has  the  bad  habit  of 
girdling  the  twigs  in  which  the  female  lays  her  eggs,    it  attacks  both 
fruit  and  forest  trees.    Maples,  Locust  and  Hickory  are  bored  by  the 
larvte  of  A  group  of  beautiful  beetles  of  the  genus  Clytut.    They  are 
rather  large,  of  dark  colors,  ornamented  with  curved  and  V-shaped 
[Fig.  H.]     transverse  bands  of  bright  yellow,  pale  green  or  white. 
The  Leaf-beetles  (Ghbys- 
OMBi,iD.£)   constitute    an    im- 
mense group  of  small  to  medi-  ^ 
um-sized  species,  many  of  which 
display  brilliant  and  beautiful 
colors.     The    scientific    name 
given  to  the  family,  from  words 

Bignifl^ing  a  golden   apple,  re-    A.p«Mn.  b«tiB.. .. 

fers  to  this  qoality  as  well  as  ^f ||i,';°i;^Ji^f,;;^'i^I"«*^' 

to  the  round  or  oval  form  so  common  among  them.     Tho 

Tatg-giidier.    head  is  very  short  and  mnch  narrower  than  the  pro-tho- 

colon.  dull-brawn 

ftod  dingT'wUu.    rax ;  the  antenna  somewhat  enlarged  toward  the  tips  and 

set  wide  apart;  the  eyes  are  roand  and  prominent ;  the  legs  are  short 
and  stout;  the  joints  of  the  feet  are  foar  in  number,  each  broad  and 
eashioned  beneath.  The  larvre  are  of  a  variety  of  forms,  but  mostly 
broad  and  thick,  with  well-developed  thoracic  legs.  They  feed  exposed 
upon  the  surface  of  leaves,  or,  in  the  case  of  a  few  of  the  smaller  spe- 
cies, they  mine  between  the  npper  and  under  cuticles. 

A.mong  these  beetles  we  find  such  notorious  pests  as  the  Oolorado 
Potato  beetle  fDoryphora  10-lineata,  Say),  the  Asparagns  beetle  (Crio- 
oeiita  asparagi,  Linn.),  the  Striped  Oacnmber  beetle  fDiabrotica  vittata. 
Fab.),  the  Streaked  Cottonwood  beetle  fPlaffioperma  loripta,  Fab.),  and 
great  numbers  of  others. 

The  Tortoise  beetles,  whieh  are  the  especial  enemies  of  the  Sweet 
potato  plant  and  of  other  Oonvolvulacie  ore  roand  or  oval  species  from 
one-fifth  to  one-fourth  inch  in  length,  of  a  flattened  oval  form,  with  a 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_H_'V|1> 


OUTLIHES  OP  BNTOMOLOOT.  519 

membriuioas  margin  aronad  the  thorax  and  ving  covers  which  altnoet 
conceals  the  legs.  The  coloring  is  extremely  beaotifnl — in  one  Bpecles, 
Otuaidn  auriehalcea,  being  at  times  of  the  most  brilllsntly  bnmished 
gold,  and  agidn  with  opalescent  refiections.  Other  species  are  mottled 
or  striped  in  gold  and  brown. 

The  flat,  oval  larvie  have  a  spiny  sorbce  and  lateral  margin,  and 
the  body  terminates  in  a  pair  of  strong  bristles,  apou  which  daring 
growth  the  cast-off  skins  and  excrement  are  accnmnlated  and  held  ap 
over  the  body  to  shield  it  from  the  ann  and  from  its  enemies. 

The  larvee  of  species  belonging  to  the  genera  Chlamyi  and  Gonnop' 
tera  make  cases,  which,  when  feeding,  they  carry  over  or  drag  behind 
them,  and  to  which  they  retire  for  repose. 

Another  gronp  with  whose  destructive  work  the  farmer  and  gar- 
dener is  only  too  well  acqnainted,  contains  the  Fiea-beetles.  These  are 
mostly  small  species,  characterized  by  their  greatly  expanded  and  thick- 
ened thighs,  which  ^ve  them  their  remarkable  jumping  power.  Saltiea 
tAalybea,  lUig.,  is  a  dark  steel-blne  species,  often  very  troablesome  on 
grape-^'ines.  The  Ooenmber-flea  beetle  Gr^idodera  caoummria,  Har.,  is 
one  of  the  pests  of  the  Qonrd  family  of  plants.  The  Striped  Flea 
beetles  fPhyllotrata  timiata,  Stepb.,  and  P.  vittata,  Fabr.),  riddle  the 
leaves  of  tnrnips,  radishes  and  cabbage  with  small,  roand  holes.  The 
larv£B  feed  ander  groand  on  the  roots  or  miqe  the  leaves  of  plants  be- 
longing in  the  same  family  with  the  vegetables  mentioned.  Saltiea 
f  OraptoderaJ /oliacea,  Lee,  is  very  destructive  in  the  far  westein  States 
to  the  foliage  of  young  apple  trees. 

The  Seed  weevils  (Bbvohidjb)  are  a  small  &mi1y  of  beetles  that 
breed  in  seeds  and  grain.  They  are  of  broad  oval,  flattened  form,  from 
one-tenth  to  one-flfth  inch  long.  The  antennee  are  rather  short  and 
serrate,  and  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  protrudes  beyond  the  wing-covers. 
The  Pea  weevil  fBruehut  piai,  Linii.},  the  Bean  weevil  CB.  ohsolettu.  Say.), 
and  the  Grain  weevil  (B.  granariuB,  Linn.,)  are  the  most  destructive 
species,  whose  habits  are  well  known  to  every  farmer  and  gardener. 

Section  Hetbrombea. 
In  this  somewhat  isolated  group  of  beetles,  we  flnd  the  chief 
peculiarity  in  the  feet,  the  front  and  middle  pair  of  which  are  five* 
jointed  and  the  hind  pair  fonr-jointed.  These  are  not  cushioned  be- 
neath, as  are  those  of  the  Leaf  beetles.  Many  of  the  species  are 
exceedingly  interesting  to  the  biologist  on  account  of  their  peculiar 
developmeut,  which  has  one  or  two  seemingly  retrograde  stages  in  those 
of  parasitic  habits. 


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ff20  STATE  HOBTIOULTDBU,   BOOIBTY. 

(Fig  M.i  ;J;l^g  HeteromeroQg  beetleB  are  separated  into  qnite  a 

number  of  fiunilies,  of  which  two  oa]y  are  of  especial  inter- 
est to  the  economic  entomologist,  viz.:  The  Oil  or  Blister 
beetles  (Mbloid^)  and  the  Meal  beetles  (Tenbbbiohid^). 
The  Blister  beetles  are  rather  elegantly  formed  insects  and 
differ  from  all  others  in  having  the  somewhat  triangnlar 
head  set  on  Tertically  with  a  distinct  neck.  The  wing  covers 
^StSmiei'^and  entire  body  waU  ere  rather  thin  and  leathery.  The 
colors  are  satin  black  or  plain  ash-gray,  or  black,  margined  with  pale 
gray,  or  striped  longitadinally  with  yellow.  They  are  dinmiU  insects, 
and,  in  their  perfect  state,  feed  voraciously  on  the  foliage  of  the  potato 
and  also  on  certain  kinds  of  flowers,  and  in  the  early  antnmu  may  be 
foand  on  golden  rod.  The  larvte,  which  ondergo  what  is  termed  kyper- 
m«tanorpho9i»,  exlBt  in  two  forms,  and  are  parasitic  in  the  nests  of  bees 
and  on  the  eggs  of  locnsts  (g^nwalioppers).  They  belong  to  the  genera 
Oantharis  and  EpUiauta. 

Among  the  Meal  beetles,  the  most  abundant  and  pernicious  spe- 
cies is  Ten^rio  molitor,  Linn,  a  plain  black  or  very  dark  brown  spe- 
cies,  about  three-fl^s  inch  long,  rather  slender  and  elongate,  and 
without  any  striking  characteristics.  The  larve  are  homy  skinned, 
slender,  cylindrical  worms,  with  well-developed  feet,  and  are  great 
pests  in  warebonses  and  storerooms  where  ground  grain  is  kept. 


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OOILINBB  OF   ENTOMOLOar. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 
Order  COLBOPTERA.    Sub-Order  Bhyncophoba.. 

6NODT-BBBTLES   AHD  BAEK-BOEBRS. 


1 


The  SDOnt-beetlee  are  all  incladed,  by  the  moHt  recent  writere  od  the 
aabject,  in  seven  or  eight  very  distinct  families,  but  the  species  are 
Tery  numerous.  N'one  of  the  North  American  species  are  of  more 
than  medinm  size,  while  the  majority  are  small — nnder  one-fonrth  inch 
in  length.  The  great  pecaliarity  of  these  insects  is  fonnd  in  the  pro- 
longation of  the  A'out  part  of  the  head  into  a  beak  or  Mottt,  termed  the 
roBtrum,  which  is  either  broad  and  short,  or  long  and  thin,  in  some  spe- 
cies straight,  in  others  carved.  The  small  but  sharp  jaws  are  situated 
at  the  end  of  the  beak,  and  the  labram  and  palpi  are  but  very  slightly 
developed  or  wanting.  The  antennce  arise  from  the  sides  of  the  beab ; 
they  are  slender,  elbowed  or  bent  in  the  middle,  and  end  in  a  knob  or 
club.  The  rostrum  is  often  grooved  at  the  sides  for  the  reception  of 
these  organs.  The  eyes  are  small  and  round.  The  body  is  compact 
and  often  wedge-shaped,  and  in  many  species  the  sarfaoe  is  ridged, 
pitted  and  raised  into  tubercles.  The  feet  are  four-jointed,  each  joint 
strongly  bilobod  and  cnshioued  beneath. 

When  distarbed  oi  ^ghtened,  most  of  the  species  "  play  'possum," 
feigding  death  most  skillfully  and  persistently.  The  antennfe  sink  into 
the  grooves  in  the  beak,  the  latter,  where  its  strnctnre  permits,  is  bent 
nnder,  close  to  the  body,  as  are  also  the  legs,  and  the  insect  drops  to 
the  ground  motionless,  where  its  color  and  ehape'so  closely  simulate  a 
dried  bad,  bit  of  twig  or  seed,  that  ouly  the  most  practiced  eye  can 
detect  it. 


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523  STATE   HOETICDLTUEAL   BOOIBTT. 

The  great  majority  of  these  beetles  are  frait  and  nut-eaters.  The 
beak  is  ased  to  dilll  tbe  boles  ia  wbicli  Ibe  eggs  are  placed.  Tbe  larvte 
are  &t,  vrhite,  thiO'Skinned  and  wrinkled  grabs,  withont  feet  or  prolegs 
— except  in  one  small  and  pecnliar  group,  tbe  Br?athian8,  which  are 
wood  borers.  They  are  asnally  in  a  more  or  less  carved  position  from 
which  some  species,  like  the  Apple-corcnlio,  can 
never  straighten  tbemeelves.  Some,  when  foil 
I  fed,  work  tbeir  way  oat  of  the  fruit  or  nats  and 
drop  to  the  gronnd,  into  which  the  borrow  to 
transform;  others  change  where  they  have  fed. 

Among  tbe  more  important  families  are  the  Frait 
and  Nut  weevils  ( CuBODLiONiD^ ),  tbe  Rice  weev- 
ils and  "  Bill  bugs  "  (  Calandbid^  ),  and  the  Leaf- 
rollers  [  Attalabid^). 

In  the  amoaat  and  valae  of  the  prodacts  de- 
stroyed by  it,  the  Peach  or  Plom  carcalio  (Oono- 

Lkm  and  pipa  of  Apple 

cnicaiio— After  RiiBf.  traoheliu  Henwphar,  Herb»t)  may  well  head  the  list 
of  the  pernicioas  species.  Its  characters  aod  habits  are  so  well  known 
that  it  is  not  necessary  to  recapitolate  them  here. 

In  some  parts  of  the  country  this  species  is  rivaled  in  the  injury 
done  to  stone  fruits  by  a  slightly  larger,  smoother  species  called  the 
Plum  Gouger  fCocoturus  gcutellarig  Lee.)  The  Apple  curcnlio  {AHtho- 
nomu8  quadrigibbua,  Say),  represented  in  Fig.  30,  breeds  in  the  fruit  and 
passes  its  transformations  without  leaving  it.  The  Nut  weevils  are 
nearly  all  included  in  tbe  genus  Balininus.  They  are  smooth,  oval  bee- 
tles of  an  oobieous-drab  color,  with  a  very  long,  slender,  dark  brown 
beak,  with  which  they  drill  boles  in  the  green  nuts  for  the  receptiou  of 
their  eggs. 

The  principal  genus  of  the  Calandrid^  is  tiphenophonu,  in  which 
are  found  the  Cora  Bill-bugs  which  often  do  so  much  injury  to  Indian 
corn  by  boring  the  roots  and  lower  part  of  the  stalk.  The  Bice  weevil 
fCaUtndra  oryzal,  Linn.)  is  injanons  to  stored  rice  and  other  grain  in  the 
Sonthern  States.  The  small  beetles  composing  the  family  Attalabida 
breed  on  the  leaves  of  Oak,  Bku$  and  other  trees.  After  placing  an  egg 
a  portion  of  the  leaf  is  rolled  into  a  knapsack-like  case,  in  which  the 
larva  develops,  feeding  on  the  partially  withered  portions  of  the  en- 
closed leaf. 

The  Bark-beetles  (Scolytid^)  are  small,  bard,  cylindrical  insects 
of  a  shining  black  or  brown  color,  the  abdomen  appearing  as  thongh 
cut  off  obliquely  behind,  encircled  by  a  ring  of  little  points  or  teeth. 
The  antennie  are  very  short  and  knobbed  at  the  tip.  The  larvte  are 
much  like  those  of  curculioa,  but  have  stronger  jaws  to  adapt  them  for 


OCTLIKBS  OP  XNTOMOLOGY.  623 

wood-boriDg.  They  bore  between  the  bark  and  solid  wood,  aeveral  of 
them  working  fVoin  a  common  center — their  burrows,  which  gradually 
widen  to  the  place  of  exit,  radiating  in  all  directions,  making  fancifhl 
carviDgs  on  the  inner  side  of  the  bark  and  the  sarface  of  the  wood. 
They  often  prove  very  destructive  in  foreBts,  to  both  pine  and  hard- 
wood trees.  A  species  introduced  from  Europe  (Scolytua  rvgulosut, 
Batz.)  has  recently  ezoited  alarm  among  the  fruit-growers  of  Illinois,  by 
working  under  the  bark  of  twigs  and  young  branches,  principally  of 
stone  fruits,  producing  an  effect  like  blight,  and  in  some  cases  caasing 
the  death  of  the  tree.  Prof  Forbes,  who  has  publiBhed  the  first  account 
of  Us  injuries  in  this  country,  finds  it  very  generally  distributed  and 
promising  to  become  a  very  serious  enemy  to  all  varieties  of  fruit  trees. 


CHAPTEE  XX. 

Order  III.     LEPIDOPTERA. 

IFlg.  Ml 


AsterlM  bnttsrHj,  Utc*  »ad  obTjitUt— after  Tenoey. 


Among  the  butterflies  and  moths  we  find  the  most  attractive,  and 
with  a  few  exceptions,  the  most  conspicuous  members  of  the  class  of 
insects.    They  are  recognized  without  difflcalty  by  their  broad  and  often 


ugle 


SZi  ■     BTATB   HOBTiaVL>TUBA.L  BOOIBTT. 

gaily  colored  win^,  their  soft,  bairy  bodies,  small  heads,  promloeDt 
ejea  aod  antenDK,  and  in  most  speciBS,  the  long,  coiled  tODgae. 

In  the  Lepidoptera  the  three  principal  divisioos  of  the  body  are 
distinct,  but  the  neck  is  very  short  and  there  i«  no  slender  pedicel  con- 
oecting  the  thorax  and  abdomen.  The  head  is  small,  bat  broad' in  pro* 
portion  to  ita  length,  and  moves  freely  on  the  neck ;  the  eyes  are  hemi* 
spherical  and  of  varions  colon,  sometimes  sparsely  hairy. 

Two  ocelli  are  present  in  some  of  the  moths,  hot  are  conc<>aIed 
ander  the  hairy  scales  that  clothe  the  top  and  front  of  the  head,  and 
probably  are  not  of  mnch  nse  as  organs  of  vision. 

The  antennee  are  always  conapicnoas.  They  are  either  filiform, 
feathered  or  clnb-shaped.  The  npper  jaws  are  not  developed  in  the 
perfect  Insects,  and  the  lower  Jaws  CtnaxUlwJ  are  nnited  and  length* 
ened  oat  to  form  a  hc^rny  tnbe  called  the  tongoe  or  lingua,  which  is 
coiled  ap  liKe  a  watch  spring  when  not  in  nse.  The  palpi — at  least  one 
pair  of  them — are  large  and  plomy  and  curve  np  in  front  of  the  face  on 
each  aide  of  the  tongue. 

The  naoal  form  of  the  body  ia  long  and  alender,  tftpering  aomewhat 
in  both  directions.  The  pro-thorax  is  a  very  narrow  ring,  scarcely  via- 
ible  on  top  except  for  the  two  little  knobs  which  it  bears,  from  which 
arise  small  tafts  of  hiure.  The  mezo-thorax  ia  the  most  developed  seg- 
ment of  the  body,  bearing  the  fore-winga  and  the  middle  legs,  and  the 
two  litUe  lappets  (patagiaj  that  cover  the  bases  of  the  wings.  The 
meta-thorax  is  alao  quite  large,  and  has  attached  to  it  the  hind  legs  and 
hind  wings.  The  legs  are  weak  and  slender,  and  are  used  chiefly  as 
supports  for  the  body  when  the  insect  ia  at  rest,  and  only  rarely  for 
walking  or  crawling.  They  are  clothed  with  hair-like  scales,  and  have 
one  or  two  paira  of  apnra  at  or  near  the  oater  end  of  the  ahank  (tibia}. 
The  feet  have  five  slender  cylindrical  jointa,  and  terminate  in  a  pair  of 
minute  claws. 

The  wings,  in  this  order  of  insects,  are  the  most  striking  featarea 
of  the  organism,  and  of  first  importance  in  every  respect.  They  are 
formed  of  membrane  supported  by  nnmerouB  strong  veins  (see  Fig.  6), 
and  covered  with  a  powdery  aabatance  which,  when  magnified,  ia  found 
to  consist  of  minnte  scales  narrowly  or  broadly  oblong,  attached  by  a 
little  stem ;  they  are  notched  on  the  outer  edge  and  overlap  each  other 
in  irregular  rows,  like  the  shingles  on  a  roof.  It  ia  in  the  brilliant  colors 
and  elegant  patterns  formed  by  the  arrangement  of  these  scales,  that 
the  beauty  of  the  bnttfrfliea  and  moths  chiefiy  resides. 

The  patagia  are  covered  with  long  ht^a,  and  fit  over  the  bases  of 
the  npper  wings  like  epaulettes.  In  their  perfect  state  lepidopterons 
insects  are  rather  ahort-lived,  if  we  except  the  comparatively  few  species 


OUTLINBS  OF  BHIOMOLOOT.  ^6 

thill  hiberaste.  The  only  nourishment  they  require  is  an  ocoftaional 
elp  of  nectar  from  flowers  or  water  from  a  dew-drop  or  from  the  moiat 
earth.  Their  basineBS  in  life  is  to  seelE  their  mates  and  place  their  esgs 
npoD  the  plant«  or  other  sabstances  upon  which  their  larvee  sabsiat. 
The  eggs  of  bntterflies  are  aanally  conical  and  ridged  or  fretted  on  the 
anrface,  and  aa  a  role  are  deposited  singly,  while  those  of  moths  are 
mostly  apherical  or  circolar,  and  deposited  in  clnsters. 

The  tranaformationa  in  this  order  are  complete,  and  more  easily 
observed  than  in  moat  other  insects.  The  tarv%  are  all  properly  termed 
caterpillara,  bat  the  smooth  species  are  often  popnlarly  designated 
"  worms,"  as  for  example,  "  cnt-worms,"  "  canker-worma,"  "  bnd- 
worms,"  etc.  Like  the  parent  insects,  they  vary  greatly  in  form,  size 
and  color.  The  body  is  naoally  cylindrical,  composed  of  twelve  or 
thirteen  segments,  besides  the  head.  The  latter  is  covered  by  a  homy 
plate,  often  divided  in  the  middle  by  a  triangular  "  face,"  which  has  its 
base  at  thelabrnm.  The  jaws  are  broad  and  strong,  serrated  or  toothed 
on  the  edges,  the  under  lip  (labium)  ia  well  developed,  but  the  maxilln 
and  palpi  are  in  most  species  qnite  rndimentary.  The  antennse  are 
represented  by  a  pair  of  three  or  four  jointed  taberclea,  and  the  eyes 
by  three  or  four  little  dota  or  simple  eyea,  which  probably  enable  them 
to  distingniah  daylight  from  darknesa.  Aa  Dr.  Packard  saya,  "  tbia  ia 
naefnl  information  from  a  caterpillar's  stand-point,  aa  moat  of  them  hide 
by  day  and  feed  by  night."  The  ipineret  ia  a  amall  colnlcal  tabe  on  the 
lower  lip,  through  which  a  gnmmy  anbatance,  secreted  by  most  cater-  . 
pillara,  ia  drawn  out  and  becomes  a  fine  silken  thread,  of  which  these 
inaecta  make  great  nse  in  forming  their  nests  or  cocoona,  in  attaching 
themselves  when  molting,  or  snspending  themaelvea  in  the  air  as  a 
meana  of  escape  from  their  enemiea. 

Caterpillars,  with  very  few  exceptions,  have  from  ten  to  sixteen 
legs — six  of  which,  on  the  thoracic  joints,  are  termed  the  true  or  tho- 
raeie  legs,  and  are  pointed  and  horny ;  the  others,  which  support  the 
hinder  part  of  the  body,  are  broad  fleshy  props,  and  are  termed  the 
false  legs  or  pro-legs;  they  terminate  in  a  circle  of  minute  hooks,  by 
which  their  posaesaor  ia  enabled  to  cling  to  any  surface  upon  which  it 
wishes  to  crawl.  Some  caterpillars  have  the  surface  of  the  body 
smooth,  while  in  others  it  ia  covered  with  hair  or  protected  by  clusters 
of  sharp  branching  splnee,  or  roughened  by  warts  and  tubercles.  On 
the  top  of  the  first  joint,  just  back  of  the  head,  there  is  in  many  spe- 
cies a  clearly  defined  homy  plate  called  the  cervical  collar  or  shield,  and 
a  similar  plate  at  the  binder  end  forms  the  anal  or  supra- anal  plate. 


.yCOOglC 


o38  STATB  HOBTIODLTUBU.  BOCIBTT. 

la  the  proceaa  of  growth,  lepidopteroua  larvie  molt  or  change  their 
flkiDB  ftrom  three  to  five  times.  The  operation  is  as  followa:  The 
hiodmOBt  or  aoal  pro-legs  are  made  &st  to  some  rough  sor&ce,  or  to  a 
mat  of  Bilk  prepared  for  the  parpose.  The  larva  then  rests  and  fasts 
for  a  certain  length  of  time.  Presently  the  head  plates  begin  to  sepa- 
rate &om  the  neck,  and  a  longitndinal  slit  appears  on  the  top  of  the 
thoracic  segments,  which  gradnally  widens  antJl  the  fore  part  of  the 
body  can  be  forced  through,  after  which,  by  alternate  expansions  and 
contractions,  the  ootgrown  skin  is  made  to  slip  backward  aati),  by  a 
floal  effort,  the  aniU  legs  are  withdrawn  and  the  crampled  mass  of  cast- 
off  skin,  termed  the  exuvium  (plaral,  exuviaj,  is  left  attached  to  the 
leaf  or  bark,  vhUe  the  caterpillar,  in  its  new  dress^which  is,  in  some 
cases,  qaite  differently  colored  and  ornamented  from  the  ont^grovn 
one — crawls  off  in  search  of  food  with  which  to  renew  its  exhausted 
strength. 

The  great  majority  of  caterpillars  subsist  on  the  leaves,  flowers  and 
fruit  of  trees,  shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants.  Of  these  they  consume 
vast  quantities  every  year,  often  partially  or  entirely  destroying  the 
most  valuable  crops  in  Batiafying  their  voracions  appetites.  A  few 
species  infest  drugs  and  grocers'  wares  and  some  gnaw  furs  and  woolen 
goods. 

When  fall  grown,  caterpillars  cease  to  feed,  and  seek  some  place 
in  which  they  will  be  concealed  f^m  their  enemies  while  nnable  either 
to  escape  or  defend  themselves.  In  this  they  succeed  so  well  that  it 
is  but  rarely  that  the  pupro  are  discovered  by  any  but  practiced  eyes. 

Lepidopterons  pnpee  are  called  ehryaalidei.  They  are  of  varioas 
shapes,  some  being  angular  and  inegnlar  in  outline,  and  have  the  sur- 
face roughened  with  humps  and  protuberatices,whi1e  others  are  smooth, 
oval  or  oblong  and  highly  polished.  The  iutegument  is  homy  or  shelly 
in  its  nature,  composed  of  ohitine,  a  sobstance  which  enters  largely  Into 
the  composition  of  the  body-wall  of  insects  in  all  stages  of  develop- 
ment. Each  member  is  not  encased  in  a  separate  sheath,  as  with  the 
Hymenoptera  and  Goleoptera,  bat  the  outlines  of  the  parts  can,  in  moat 
species,  be  distingaished  throagh  the  case  in  which  they  axe  enclosed. 
The  chrysalides  of  many  species  have  no  covering  or  outer  envelope, 
but  are  simply  attached  by  bands  of  silk  to  some  snrfoce.  Others  are 
enclosed  in  thick  cocoons,  or  hidden  within  rolled-up  leaves,  or  formed 
in  earthen  cells  several  inches  ander  ground.  The  pupa  state  varies 
in  duration  from  eight  or  ten  days  to  several  months,  according  to  the 
habit  of  the  species  or  the  seaaou  of  the  year. 


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OCTLINEa  OF  BKTOMOLOOY,  627 

The  Lepidoptera  cannot  be  bo  readily  clasaified  by  tbe  beginoer  as 
the  bees  and  beetles,  although  the  primary  ftroops  are  not  difQcoIt  to 
'distiugniah.    The  first  divisioD  is  into  two  aectiona  or  aab-orders: 
I.    BuTTEBFLiES  fRhopalocera — clab-horos). 

II.     Moths  fSeterocera — variable  horns). 

A  glance  at  the  antenuie  serves  to  show  na  to  which  of  these 
^onpa  an  inaect  belongs.  In  the  bntterfljea  these  organa  are  atilf, 
thread-like,  and  either  abruptly  or  gradually  enlarged  at  the  tip,  so  that 
tbey  always  terminate  in  a  knob  or  elub.  The  anteiiDfe  of  moths,  on  tbe 
other  band,  do  matter  what  their  general  form  may  be,  whether 
feathered  or  filiform,  or  spindle-shaped,  invariably  end  in  a  point,  Be- 
flidea  the  antenoie  there  are  many  other  characters  which  aeparate  the 
insects  compoaing  these  two  divisiona.  In  the  butterfliea  the  body  is 
tiaRftUy  amall  and  Blender  in  proportion  to  tbe  aize  of  tbe  wings,  while 
in  many  motha  it  la  stout  and  clnmay;  tbe  fore  and  hind  wings  of  but- 
terflies are  not  attached  daring  flight,  while  those  of  moths  are  held 
together  near  the  base  by  a  bristle  termed  a  /renvlum  on  the  second- 
aries, which  fits  into  a  loop  or  socket  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  pri- 
maries. The  bntterfiies  are  diurnal  inaects,  while  moat  of  the  moths 
fly  at  night  or  daring  the  morning  and  evening  twilight.  When  at  reat 
butterflies  hold  the  wings,  at  least  one  pair  of  them,  erect,  irlth  the 
under  Burfoces  exposed ;  the  moths  on  the  contrary  close  the  wingB 
cither  flat  or  roof-like  over  the  body,  with  the  npper  pair  entirely  con- 
cealing the  under  pair,  except  in  one  family,  where  both  are  spread 
ont. 

While  an  entomologist  rarely  mistakes  a  butterfly  larva  for  that  of 
a  moth,  or  vice  vena,  it  is  somewhat  difScnlt  to  give  a  list  of  the  char- 
acters by  which  they  can  be  distingnished.  The  chrysalides  of  butter- 
flies are  UBually  unprotected  by  any  sort  of  cover  or  cocoon,  and  are 
very  angular  and  irregular  in  outline,  or  are  brightly  colored,  while 
tboBC  of  moths  are  protected  in  coooona  of  silk,  or  in  rolled  leaves,  or 
hidden  in  the  earth,  and  are  mostly  smooth  and  oval  or  oblong  in  out- 
line, and  in  no  inatance  display  brilliant  or  metallic  colore. 

It  mast  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  entomology  the  term  "  moth"  is 
not  reatricted  to  tbe  few  small  inaects  that  breed  in  fnra,  woolens  and 
eimilar  Bubstances,  bnt  is  need  to  deaignate  the  greater  proportion  of 
the  acale-winged  inaecta,  withoat  regard  to  size  or  habit.  The  gigantic 
Gecropia,  whose  wings  expand  about  six  inches,  and  whose  body  is  as 
thick  aa  one'a  finger,  is  as  much  a  "  moth  "  as  ia  the  tiny  oreatuie  that 
aometimea  flatters  out  of  cloaets  or  up  from  the  borders  of  carpets,  to 
the  diatnrbance  of  the  thrifty  bouaekeeper. 


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STATE  HOBTIODLTTTBAL   SOCIBTT. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 
Order  lepidoptbba.    Snb-Order  R  hopaloc  bra  . 

BDrXEBFLlES. 

[Fig.  Ml 


Usckberry  bntMrflr,  Apaturt-tlflon,  wltb  lur*  tDd  cbt7Mlti.     Attn  miey. 

Of  all  the  insect  tribes  the  batterflies  are  the  popalar  feiToritee. 
None  of  the  prejudice  with  which  insects  are  generally  regarded  seems 
to  attach  to  them.  Used  by  the  classic  writers  to  symbolize  the  sonl, 
they  have  ever  eontinned  to  be  fevorites  of  the  poets,  and  are  associated 
with  whatever  is  most  airily  graceful  and  beaatifol  in  nature. 

The  larvie  of  butterflies  feed  ezolaaively  on  vegetation,  each  species 
being  restricted  to  one,  or  at  most  to  two  or  three  kinds  of  plants.  In 
their  general  form  they  do  not  vary  so  much  as  the  larvee  of  moths, 
being  all  more  or  less  cylindrical  and  always  possessing  the  full  com- 
plement of  six  legs  and  ten  prolegEi.  The  head,  thongh  not  always  large, 
is  qnite  distinct,  nsnally  with  a  somewhat  fretted  or  stippled  snr&ce,  and 
in  a  few  species,  adorned  with  branching  horns  (see  Pig.  336),  or  spiny 
tabercles.  The  snr&ce  of  the  body  is  in  some  species  smooth  and 
velvety,  in  others  bearing  fleshy  boms  and  protuberances  or  covered 
with  spines. 

The  pnpee  are  naked,  except  in  the  species  constituting  one  fitmily, 
where  they  are  slightly  enclosed  in  threads  of  silk.  Tbey  are,asamle, 
very  angular,  especially  toward  the  anterior  end,  and  are  either  pendent 
by  the  tail,  or  are  supported  in  an  upright  position  by  a  baud  of  silk 
which  the  larva,  before  changing,  contrives  to  weave  across  its  back. 

Some  of  the  characters  by  which  butterflies  are  gronped  into 
families  and  genera  are  found  in  the  outline  and  venation  of  the  wings, 
the  shape  of  the  club  of  theantennEB  and  of  the  palpi,  the  presence  or 


0UTLIHB8   OF  KHTOMOLOGT.  529 

seeming  absence  of  the  front  pait  of  legs,  and,  to  a  oertMtt  extent,  in 
the  coloring. 

Batterflies  have  been  classified  and  re-claasifled  in  Tarioas  vaye, 
by  different  naturalists,  each  system  based  on  some  ezcellept  ideas,  bat 
all  more  or  less  defective.  The  simplest  arrangement  is  that  by  which 
tbey  are  all  grouped  into  four  comprehensive  families,  all  of  which 
are  nameronaly  represented  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  These 
families  are :  the  Swallow-tails  and  their  allies  (Papilionidx),  the 
Brownsand  Silver-spots  (yYHPHU.lD^),  the  Little  Bines  and  Coppers 
(LYCMmDJE,)  and  the  Skippeis  (Hbspbridx). 

The  Swallow-tails  (genns  FapilioJ  are  so  called  from  the  narrow 
lobes  or  tabs  into  which  the  outer  edges  of  the  lower  wings  are  pro- 
longed. Among  these  we  find  the  largest  and  some  of  the  most  bean- 
tifnl  of  our  native  species.  Tbey  are  mostly  of  dark  colors — black  or 
rich  brown,  ornamented  on  the  wings  and  body  with  spots  and  streaks 
of  bright  yellow  and  orange,  with  shadings  or  Instroas  reflections  of 
blue  or  green.  The  clnb  of  the  antennte  is  rather  small ;  the  tibiffi  of 
the  hind  legs  have  a  single  pair  of  spurs,  and  those  of  the  fore  legs  at 
the  base  a  sort  of  flap  covered  with  long  hairs.  All  the  species  in  the 
family  have  six  eqaally  developed  legs.    ( See  Fig.  32.) 

The  larvsB  are,  with  one  or  two  ezoeptions,  smooth,  cylindrical  cat- 
erpillars, often  gaily  striped  or  ornamented  with  eye-lifce  spots  (see 
Fig.  — ),  and  possess  a  distiugnishing  character  in  a  Y-shaped  scent 
organ  fogmateriumj  of  an  orange  color,  which  can  be  protruded  at  will 
and  emits  a  disagreeable  odor.  It  is  used  to  ftighten  away  parasitic 
enemies.  This  appendage  is  peculiar  to  the  larvae  of  the  true  Papilios, 
and  when  the  insect  is  quiet,  is  completely  retracted  under  the  edge  of 
the  segment  next  the  head.  The  larva  of  Fapilio  asteriat  feeds  on  the 
foliage  of  carrots,  parsley,  caraway  and  other  nmbeliferous  plants. 
The  chrysalis  is  marked  in  wood  brown  and  white,  and  has  the  form 
represented  in  Fig.  32.  The  bntterfly  is  black,  with  bluish  shadings, 
and  is  ornamented  with  several  rows  of  bright  yellow  dots  near  the 
outer  edges  of  the  wings.  The  Tnrnns  butterfly  (Fapilio  tumut,  Linn.) 
is  one  of  the  largest  and  commonest  species,  expanding  over  foar 
inches.  It  differs  from  all  its  congeners  in  having  the  ground  color  of 
the  wings  bright  yellow,  but  crossed  by  broad  dashes  and  streaks  of 
black,  and  with  a  black  border  in  which  are  set  Innate  yellow  spots. 
The  larva  is  deep  green,  and  abont  one  and  one-half  inches  in  length 
deep  when  full  grown.  The  front  edge  of  the  second  joint  and  a  part  of 
the  fifth  joint  are  yellow,  and  on  each  aide  of  the  fourth  joint  are  a 
eouple  of  small  purple  spots.    The  chryaalis  is  in  varioas  shades  of 

H  B— 3i 


.,gk 


630  8TATK  BOETIOULTUEAX   SOCIETY. 

browD,  in  shape  mnch  like  tbat  of  P.  aiterias,  but  is  larger  aad  hns  a 
more  promiaent  horo  projectioff  forward  over  the  head.  The  larvfe 
feed  on  a  variety  of  frait  and  shade  trees,  and  are  sometimes  quite 
destractive/  There  are  eight  or  nine  yorth  American  species  of  Swal- 
low-tailed bntterflies,  besides  several .  qaite  distinct  varieties,  all  of 
which  are  very  handsome. 

The  Oarden  Whites  or  Oabbage  butterflies  (genaa  PieritJ  include 
aboat  a  half  dozen  species,  among  which  are  fonnd  several  very  serioas 
pests  of  the  vegetable  garden.  They  are  of  rather  small  size,  expand- 
ing not  more  than  two  inchee,  and  are  all  of  a  dingy  white  with  blackish 
mar^ns  and  dastings,  or  are  more  or  lees  thickly  spotted  with  grayish 
black.  The  larvte  are  slender,  cylindrical  caterpillars  with  a  ragose  or 
velvety  snr&ce,  and  either  plain  green  or  with  a  striped  and  checkered 
pattern  in  dnll  green,  black,  lilac  and  white. 

The  Enropean  cabbage  bntterfly  CPierit  rapcB,  Linn.)  was  accident- 
ally introdaced  into  this  ooantry  aboat  twenty  years  ago,  and  has  now 
become  natnnilized  in  almost  every  section,  proving  very  destmctive 
to  cabbages,  tarnips  and  other  crnciferoas  plants. 

The  Snlphnr  yellows  (genns  Goliat)  include  the  medium-sized,  gay 
yellow  and  black  or  orange  and  black  bntterflies  that  are  so  nnmerous 
late  in  spring  and  early  in  autumn.  Their  larvte  are  of  a  green  color, 
with  a  velvety  snr&ce,  and  many  of  them  have  a  lateral  band,  com- 
posed of  a  line  of  bright  crimson,  and  one  of  white,  extending  &om 
the  second  to  the  eleventh  segments.  They  feed  upon  clover,  Incem 
and  other  legaminons  plants. 

The  Browns  and  Silver  Spots  composing  the  family  NYHPHALiDiG 
are  called  the  "  four-footed"  butterflies,  from  the  apparent  absence  of 
the  front  pair  of  legs.  If  carefully  examined  these  members  are  seen 
to  be  folded  and  closely  appressed  to  the  breast,  and  often  have  the 
tarsi  undeveloped.  The  majority  of  these  butterflies  are  of  large  size 
and  of  dark,  rich  colors,  many  species  being  elegantly  ornamented  on 
the  ander  side  of  the  wings  with  silvery  spots.  The  larvte  of  most 
species  have  the  surface  covered  with  spines  or  r^sed  into  humps  and 
prominences.  The  pnpie  are  always  suspended  by  the  tail  and  hang 
head  downward.  A  few  of  the  chrysalides  are  smooth  and  casket- 
shaped,  bat  the  majbrity  are  characterized  by  many  angles  and  projec- 
tions. Ifearly  all  are  'stadded  with  golden  or  gem-like  spots,  which 
disappear  or  lose  their  luster  shortly  before  the  butterfly  emerges. 

The  manner  in  which  these  pupie  contrive  to  attach  themselves  to 
the  point  of  support  is  a  process  so  interesting  tbat  the  observer  is 
well  repaid  for  the  time  expended  in  watching  it.  It  may  be  briefly 
described  as  follows :     The  caterpillar,  when  ready  to  change,  spins  a 


ODTLINBB  OB  BNTOMOLOOT.  531 

litUe  mat  or  taft  of  silk  apon  some  cooveoleut  anrfitoe.  Into  this  it 
entaof^Iea  the  liooks  of  the  hind  legs,  and  loosening  ite  hold  in  front 
and  curling  up  the  bead,  it  eaffers  itself  to  drop  and  bang  by  these  anal 
pro-legs.  In  this  position  it  remains  ftom  twelve  to  thirty-six  hoors. 
The  skin  then  bursts  open  jnst  back  of  the  bead,  and  the  anterior  end 
of  the  ebrysalis  is  protrnded.  By  violent  exertion,  in  alternate  length- 
enings and  contractions,  the  larval  skin  is  shoved  backward  until  it 
forms  a  shriveled  mass  near  the  point  of  attachment.  The  crowning 
effort  is  now  to  be  made  in  withdrawing  the  tail  of  the  chrysalis  and 
fixing  it  into  the  little  mat  of  silk  prepared  for  it.  The  chrysalis,  it 
mnat  be  remembered,  is  not  yet  hard  and  stiff,  bat  is  capable  of  con- 
siderable motion ;  accordingly,  by  a  sharp  contraction,  a  portion  of  the 
larval  skin  is  firmly  grasped  between  two  of  the  abdominal  joints,  and 
with  only  this  slight  hold  the  hinder  end  of  the  chrysalis  is  withdrawn 
f^om  the  old  skin,  and,  with  a  vigoronB  tbrast,  the  little  spike,' termed 
the  er«master,  with  which  it  is  provided,  is  struck  sharply  into  the  tnft 
of  silk.  Sometimes  the  first  stroke  saffioes  to  fix  it ;  in  other  cases 
two  or  three  efforts  are  reqnired,  and,  occasionally,  there  is  utter  foil- 
ore  and  the  chrysalis  drops  to  the  ground.  When  the  ohrysalis  is  made 
fast  it  whirls  itself  rapidly  round  and  round  to  detach  the  larval  skin 
and  to  more  firmly  entangle  the  barbs  of  tlie  oremaater.  After  this 
the  chrysalis  contractu  and  hardens,  and  the  beantifnl  colors  which 
characterize  the  particular  species  are  displayed. 

Among  the  most  beantifnl  and  moat  eaaily  recognized  genera  of 
the  four-footed  butterflies  may  be  mentioned  Danaia,  Argynnia,  Apa- 
tura,  Vanessa,  Qrapta  and  Eipparokia.  The  Archippus  butterfly 
{Danais  arokippus,  Fabr.)  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  abundant 
Bpeciea.  The  « ing  expanse  is  between  four  and  five  inches,  the  color 
a  bright  red-brown  with  black  veins  and  black  border  in  which  are  set 
two  rows  of  white  dots.  The  larva  feeds  on  the  milkweed  or  silkweed 
f  Aseet^piasJ^atuA  is  elegantly  colored  in  transverse  stripes  of  b1aok,white 
and  yellow,  with  a  pair  of  black  velvety  horns  on  the  third  and  eleventh 
jointa.  The  chrysalis  is  shaped  like  a  lady's  ear-drop,  and  is  of  a  clear 
green  color,  ornamented  with  black  and  gold. 

The  Argynois  butterflies  have  broad  velvety  wings  of  a  tawny 
orange  color,  shaded  and  spotted  with  dark-brown  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, while  the  under  sides  are  resplendent  with  numerous  silvery  spots. 
In  these  species  the  antennte  terminate  in  a  large,  roundish  knob.  The 
larvte  are  covered  with  spines  and  feed  upon  violets. 

The  Hackberry  butterflies  (genus  Apatura)  are  of  a  dull  brown, 
mottled  with  white  and  black  spots.    The  eggs  of  A.  elyton  (see  Fig.  33) 


D.|iiz^:;|.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


832  STATE  HOBTIOni/TTTBAL  SOCIETY. 

are  laid  in  a  mass,  and  the  head  of  the  larva  bears  a  pair  of  branchiue 
horns. 

la  Vanetia  the  edges  of  the  wings  are  scalloped  and  angular  in 
outline.  The  palpi  are  large,  and  project  in  front  of  the  head  like  a 
beak.  The  beautiful  Antiopa  butterfly  (Vanetta  antiopa,  Linn),  which 
has  deep  purple,  buff-bordered  winga,  aud  whose  larva  are  very  de- 
Btrnctive  to  the  Lombardy  poplar  and  elm,  and  the  red  Admiral  ( F. 
atalanta,  Unn),  distingaished  by  broad,  orange-red  stripes,  passing  ob- 
liquely across  the  upper  wings  and  bordering  the  outer  edges  of  the 
lower  ones,  and  whose  larvte  feed  on  the  nettle,  belong  to  this  genes. 

The  genus  Orapta  may  be  recognized  by  the  very  jagged  outline  of 
the  wings.  The  upper  pair,  besides  being  notched,  are  deeply  hollowed 
out  ou  the  oater  edge,  and  the  lower  pair  are  furnished  with  two  short 
"tails."  The  upper  sar&ce  is  pale  reddish  brown,  mottled  with  laiget 
irregular  spots  of  dark  brown.  Some  species  have  a  narrow  border  of 
pale  bine.  The  nnder  side  is  of  duller  colors,  with  a  single  silveiy  or 
golden  mark.  These  butterflies  may  be  popularly  termed  the  "Ponctn- 
ation"  bntterfliee,  since,  ftom  the  pnnctnation-like  marks  ou  the  under 
side  of  the  wings,  the  various  species  have  been  named  Qrapta  comma, 
Orapta  interrogationi*,  etc. 

The  genns  Hipparchia  contains  the  "Wood  bnttorflies,"  so  named 
ft-om  the  &ct  of  their  being  usually  found  in  groves  and  thickets,  and 
also  from  their  wood-brown  colors,  relieved  by  eye-like  spots. 

The  fomily  Lyo^Hid^  contains  the  small  coppery  red  and  the 
blue  butterflies  often  seen  fluttering  about  pools  of  water  and  muddy 
places  by  road-sides. 

The  larvee  feed  on  grass,  are  smooth,  short  and  thick,  and  secure 
themselves  with  a  loop  in  an  upright  position,  when  about  to  transform. 
The  genns  TkeeJcla  may  be  recognized  by  the  two  thread-like  tails  whicb 
ornament  each  of  the  hind  wings. 

The  Hbspebid^  comprise  a  large  aamber  of  black  and  brown, 
dull-colored  butterflies,  mostly  of  small  size,  and  which  diflFer  in  so 
many  respects  from  the  other  Bhopalocbba  that  they  seem  to  fur- 
nish the  connecting  link  between  the  true  butterflies  and  the  moths.  The 
body  is  generally  short  and  thick,  and  in  repose  only  the  fore  wings 
are  held  erect,  and  these  not  pressed  together,  while  the  hind  wings 
are  laid  flat  upon  the  back.  The  antennie  end  in  a  little  hook,  Tbey 
fly  with  rapid,  jerky  njotions,  often  alighting.  Hence  they  are  popn- 
larly  denominated  "  Skippers."  The  larvee  are  spindle-shaped,  with  a 
rough  surface,  a  small,  distinct  neck  and  a  large  head,  which  is  usually 
somewhat  heart-shaped  and  marked  with  two  or  more  conspicnous 
spots.    They  live  in  caees  which  they  form  by  folding  leaves  and  &Bt- 


OUTLINBB   OF   BNTOMOLOOT.  533 

euing  them  in  place  with  what  look  like  long  stitches  of  coarae,  irhite 
silk.  They  leave  theii  cases  at  nigbt  to  feed,  and  when  one  case  is 
outgrown  tbey  coastroct  a  new  one.  They  change  to  papfe  within  their 
leafy  homes  and  farther  enclosed  in  a  lace-like  silken  cocoon.  The 
chrysalis  is  smooth  and  oval,  often  covered  with  a  fine  powder  or 
"  bloom,"  and  is  saspended  by  the  tail.  The  Tityms  skipper  (Euda- 
ntiu  tityruB,  Fabr.),  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the  locnst  and  acacia, 
is  the  largest  and  best  known  species. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 
Order  LEPIDOPTERA.     Snb-Order  Hktbbooeba. 

UOTHS. 


The  moths  greatly  exceed  the  batterflles  in  nnmber  of  species  and 
iiidividnals  and  in  diversity  of  size,  structure  and  habit.  Among  them 
may  be  fonnd  some  (tropica!)  species  whose  expanded  wings  measure  a 
foot  from  tip  to  tip,  and  others  whose  wing  expanse  is  scarcely  one- 
eighth  inch.  Some  forms  are  slender  and  graceful,  and  can  scarcely 
be  distingnished  from  butterflies;  others,  when  on  the  wing,  might 
easily  be  mistaken  for  bees  or  wasps;  still  others  simulate  beetles, 
while  a  few,  destitute  of  wings,  and  in  some  cases  of  legs  also,  present 
the  appearance  of  over-grown  maggots  or  grubs.  In  the  peculiarities 
of  their  development,  also,  the  entomologist  finds  s  field  of  inexhaast. 


531  STATE  HOETIOHLTDBU.  800IBTT. 

ible  intereBt,  ^d  in  vhich  he  learns  tnach  that  can  be  tarned  to  prac- 
tical accoant  io  his  endeBvors  to  diacorer  the  best  methods  of  keeping 
perDicioDB  species  in  check.  A  general  descripti«B  of  the  insects  com- 
posing  this  sob-order  is  almost  impossible.  Almost  the  only  charac- 
ters common  to  all  are  the  pointed  antennse,  the  horizontal  position  of 
the  wings  in  repose,  the  rounded  or  oval  and  inclosed  papa,  and,  with 
some  exceptions,  the  nocturnal  habit.  The  moths  are  very  coof  eni- 
ently  separated  into  ten  families :  Sphinx  moths  (Sphih aiD^), 
Clear-wings  (^aESiiD^),  Bntterfly  Mimics  (Zyqjehidm),  Spinners 
(BoMBTGiD^),  Owlet  moths  oi  Oat-worm  moths  (NocrruiD^),  Span- 
worm  or  Measoring-worm  moths  (Gxohetbid^).  Snoot  moths  (Pysa.- 
LiD^],  Leaf  rollers  (Tobtbicid^),  Fringe-wings  or  Tineids  (Tihbida) 
and  Plame  moths  or  Feather-wings  (Ftbbophoeidjb).  Of  these  fitm- 
ilies  the  first  six  are  sometimes  collectively  termed  the  Macro-lepidop- 
tera,  and  the  remaining  fonr  the  Micro-lepidoptera. 

The  ^gerians  and  Zygsenids  are  diurnal ;  the  Sphinx  moths  are 
crepuictilar — i.  e.,  flying  in  the  twilight — while  all  the  others  are  noctur- 
nal. 

The  Sphinx  moths  are  so  named  from  a  habit  of  many  of  the  larvae 
when  at  rest,  of  raising  the  front  part  of  the  body  and  drawing  in  the 
head,  giving  them  a  foncifal  resemblance  to  the  figores  of  the  Sphinx 
in  Egyptian  carvings  and  pictures.  They  are  also  called  "hawk  moths" 
£rom  the  strength  of  their  narrow  and  pointed  wings,  and  "hamming- 
bird  moths"  from  their  manner  of  hovering  over  flowers  whUe  extract- 
ing the  nectar.  These  moths  have  stoat,  smooth,  spindle-shaped  bodies, 
and  the  fore  wings  are  nearly  twioe  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  hinder 
pair,  and  close  roof  fashion  over  the  body  in  repose.  The  antenne  are 
somewhat  thickened  in  the  middle,  and  in  most  species  end  in  a  hook. 
The  "tongae''  is  r^arkably  long,  often  five  or  six  inches,  enabling  the 
insects,  while  on  the  wing,  to  reach  the  deepest  nectaries  of  the  flowers 
for  which  they  have  a  preference,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
Dalnras,  Petnnias,  and  other  long-tubed  blossoms.  The  larvte  are  cylin- 
drical caterpillars  with  a  roaghened  or  granulated  sor&ce,  generally  of 
some  shade  of  green,  and  otten  with  oblique  stripes  along  each  side, 
and  almost  always  have  a  pointed  horn  or  an  eye-like  spot  on  the  top 
of  the  twelfth  joint.  With  a  few  exceptions  they  enter  the  gronnd  to 
transform,  and  some  species  have  an  external  tongue  case  which  is 
bent  over  like  a  jag-handle  in  front. 

The  common  tomato  or  tobacco  worm  {Sphinx  quinguemaculata, 
Haw.)  and  the  Sphinx  caterpillars  of  the  grape  vine  are  good  examples 
of  this  family.  All  the  species  are  very  voracions  and  destructive  to 
valuable  trees  and  plants. 


OUTLINES   OF  BNTOHOLOOY.  535 

The  Clear- winged  moths  (^qbbiid^)  are  mostly  of  small  size  and 
might  easily  be  mistaken  for  bees  or  small  wasps  when  on  the  wing, 
[Fig.  81.]^  They  have  slender  bodies,  some- 

times ending  in  a  toft  of  long  hairs. 
^  In  some  species  only  the  nnder- 
vings  are  transparent,  in  others 
there  is  merely  a  border  of  scales 
aronnd  each  pair.  Among  the  larvee 

such  as  the  Peach-tree  borer  (^geria  exitiom,  Say.),  the  Baspberry 
borer  {jErubi,  Biley),  and  the  Pickle  worm  {Pkakellura  nitidalu,  Oram). 
The  beautiful  insects  that  I  have  termed  "  Batterfly  Mimics " 
(Ztcqmhidm)  can  scarcely  be  distingoished  from  the  genntne  bntter- 
dies,  except  by  the  pointed  antennie,  and  even  these  organs  sometimes 
have  a  little  silken  tuft  near  the  tip  which  helps  the  deception.  They 
delight  in  the  hottent  sansbine,  and  display  very  gay  colors  on  their 
broad  wings.  The  larvte  are  nsaally  transversely  striped  in  black  and 
white  with  an  orange-colored  hump  on  the  top  of  the  eleventh  segment. 
Some  very  injurious  species  are  known  as  the  "  Blue  caterpillars  of  the 
vine."  When  ready  to  change  they  enter  the  ground  or  bore  into  the 
wood  of  the  grape  posts. 

A.moDg  the  spinners  (Bombyoid.^)  are  most  of  our  largest  and 
most  elegant  moths,  as  well  as  the  few  species  which  are  in  the  highest 
degree  valuable,  viz.,  the  silk  producers.  Some  of  these  species  ex- 
pand from  six  to  nine  inches.  The  wings  are  broad,  and  sometimes 
faleate:  i.  e.,  hollowed  oat  at  the  outer  edges.  They  ore  densely  cov- 
ered with  hairs  and  scales  of  rich  colors.  The  head  is  small,  and  the 
antenofe  beautifully  feathered,  and  are  in  some  species  so  broad  as  to 
^'S'  ^-  ,       be  mistaken  for  an  additional 

pair  of  wings.  The  month  parts 
are  undevelpped,  and,  large  as 
they  are,  these  moths  are  inca- 
pable of  taking  even  a  sip  of 
nectar.  The  body  is  stoat  and 
heavy,  and  the  plumy  legs  rather 

>weak.  The  magnificent  Oeoro- 
pia  moth  (Samia  ceoropia,  Linn) 
or  the  Polyphemus  (Telea  poly- 
phemm,  Oram.) — named  for  the 
fobled  one  -  eyed  monster  of 
III..  Frtr )  classic  poetry,  beeanse  of  the 
'"""'"■"  great  eye-like  spot  that  onia- 


536  STATE  HOBTICULTUKAL  SOCIETT. 

TDentfi  each  hind  wing — occseionall;  enter  lighted  rooma  on  summer 
Dights ;  bat,  as  a  rule,  the  mothe  of  this  family  are  not  mach  attracted 
by  light.  The  most  delicately  beaatifnl  of  oor  •native  species  is  the 
Lnna  moth  fActia»  Ivna,  Linn.),  which  is  of  a  pale  green  color  with  an 
eye  spot  at  the  end  of  the  discal  cell  in  each  wing,  and  the  hind  wings 
extended  at  the  outer  edges  into  lobes  or  tails  sometimes  one  and  one- 
balf  inches  long.  The  fnll  grown  larvfe  of  these  species  are  immeose 
caterpillars,  nsoally  of  a  green  color,  sparsely  hairy  and  stodded  with 
wart-like  tubercles  of  brilliant  colors,  or  bear,  near  the  head,  from  one 
to  six  long,  spiny  horns  that  give  them  a  most  formidable  aspect. 

The  invaloable  and  interesting  Chinese  silk-worm  fBombyx  mart, 
Linn.)  is  a  near  relative  of  the  apeoiea  named  above.  It  ie  of  a  blnish 
or  creamy  white,  with  a  few  more  or  less  distinct  brown  markings. 
The  surface  is  smooth,  except  for  a  few  ridges  and  wrinkles  on  the 
thoracic  joints  and  a  small  pointed  horn  on  the  top  of  the  eleventh 
joint.  All  these  species  are  very  vorocions,  and  feed  for  from  foor  to 
six  weeks. 

The  native  spinners  are  often  quite  destrnctive  to  varione  kinds  of 
fruit  and  shade  trees,  while  tbe  Chinese  silk-worm  thrives  best  on  the 
White  mulberry,  but  may  be  grown  successfully  on  the  Osage  orange, 
and,  in  the  Southern  States,  it  is  said  to  feed  on  Alfolfo.  The  silk 
gland,  lying  along  tbe  under  side  of  the  body,  is  very  large  in  all  the 
typical  Bombycids,  and  secretes  a  quantity  of  viscid  fluid,  which  upon 
being  drawn  oat  through  the  spineret  on  the  labium,  forms  fine  threads 
of  the  exquisite  substance  known  as  nlk.  Of  this  the  larv»  form  thick 
oval,  or  slender,  oblong  cocoons,  weaving  layer  over  layer  until  about 
half  tbe  substance  of  the  caterpillar  is  transformed  into  the  covering 
for  the  pupa.  In  the  latter  stage  our  native  species  hibernate,  but  the 
imported  species  cuts  its  way  out  in  about  two  weeks,  appearing  as 
a  rather  small,  white  moth,  whose  weak  wings  are  incapable  of  sup- 
porting it  in  flight.  The  female  lays  a  quantity  of  eggs,  and  by  means 
of  these  the  species  is  carried  over  winter. 

Among  the  most  interesting  species  of  Bombycids  are  the  singular 
forms  termed  "  slug  caterpillars." 

In  these  the  feet  are  bat  slightly  developed,  and  the  insect  moves 
with  a  snail-like  glide,  over  a  le^  or  other  surface,  by  means  of  ridges 
on  tbe  under  side,  leaving  a  slimy  track  behind  it.  Some  have  a 
rectangular  shape  with  several  fleshy  prominences  on  the  back,  others 
are  almost  circular,  or  of  the  shape  of  a  beech  nut.  Some  are  adorned 
on  top  with  a  double  row  of  plumy  spines. 

Nearly  all  ore  brightly  colored,  or  have  tbe  colors  displayed  in 
peculiar  and   beantifal  patterns.     Great   care   must   be   exercised  in 


OUTLINES   OP  BNTOHOLOQT.  637 

hsDdliag  them,  as  the  hairs  sod  spineB  inflict  a  nettle-like  atiof;.  Qnite 
a  namber  of  species  included  among  the  spinners  do  not  secrete  silk, 
and  change  to  papse  nnder  gronud  in  a  te^  earthen  cell.  Among 
these  is  the  Green-striped  Maple  worm  fDryoeatnpa  rubicunda,  Fab.), 
(see  Fig.  36),  which  is  occasionally  very  destmctive  to  the  shade  trees 
from  which  it  derires  its  name. 

The  Oat-worm  moths  or  Owlet  moths  (yooTuio^)  are  a  rery 
extensive  group  of  medinm  sized  insects,  mostly  of  plain  clors,  hot 
containing  a  few  very  gaily  decked  species.'  The  body  is  rather  thick 
and  heavy,  the  fore  wings  narrow,  and  in  repose  entirely  cover  the 
hind  wings,  which  are  folded  beneath  them.  The  head  is  small,  the 
antennae  simple  (thread-like),  the  tongoe  long,  and  the  eyes  in  many 
cases  hairy  or  encircled  by  hairs. 

The  thorax  is  often  crested  or  tn^d,  with  long,  erect  scales. 
The  upper  wings,  whatever  their  color  and  markings,  display  two  more 
or  less  distinct  spots,  the  one  coand,  the  other  kidney-sbaped  f  orbicu- 
lar and  reniformj.  The  trae  cnt-worms  are  smooth,  dingy-colored 
caterpillars,  many  of  which  commonly  rest  in  a  coiled  position.  They 
conceal  themselves  by  day  and  crawl  oat  by  night  to  their  work  of 
destrnetion,  cutting  off  not  only  tender  herbaceous  vegetation,  but 
ascending  trees  and  vines  to  nip  off  the  yonng  leaves.  When  ready 
to  transform,  these  "  worms  "  barrow  into  the  earth  or  conceal  them 
selves  under  rubbish  on  its  surface,  bat  never  spin  any  regular  cocoon. 

The  well-known  Army  worm  fLeuoania  unipvncta,  Haw.),  whioh 
sometimes  devastates  numerous  grain  fields  in  a  single  march,  is  one 
of  the  representatives  of  this  group.  So,  also,  is  the  wide-spread  Oom 
worm  or  BoU  worm  (HeliotkU  armigera.  Hub.)  See  Fig.  34.  The  large 
moths  of  the  genas  Oatocala,  easily  recognized  by  their  gaily  banded 
ander-wings,  in  which  scarlet,  crimson,  orange  or  white  alternates  with 
black,  are  also  incladed  in  the  family  S'octuid^. 


.y  Google 


S38  BTATB  HOBTIOCLTURIL  SOOIBTT. 

The  Span-worm  nc.  sr. 

moths  (Gbomet-  t 
BiD^)  are  mostly' 
of  pale,  delicate 
colors,  with  slen- 
der bodies,broad 
thin  wings,  which 
in  repose  are 
spread  ont  at 
light  angles  &om 
the  body,  and  by 
the  Qsnallyslight- 
ly  or  broadly 
feathered  anten- 
nee.  In  this  fam- ' 
ily  the  females 
are  sometimes 
wingless.  The 
larva  are  called 
"Measarin 

worms"  Or"6pan      remS«7"i!^^'MW »cqQlri"wlnBiT i 

worms"  from  their  looping  mode  of  crawling.  This  is  necessitated  by 
the  lack  of  two  or  three  pairs  of  the  abdominal  pro-legs,  so  that  in 
crawling  the  hinder  end  of  the  body  is  brought  np  close  to  the  bead 
at  every  onward  motion.  These  worms  are  generally  long,  slender  and 
oyliudrical.  Some  have  bnd-Iike  or  scale-like  hnmps  on  the  body,  so 
that  when  the  tatter  is  at  rest  and  held  ont  from  a  branch  in  an  obliqne 
direction,  it  simnlates  a  twig  so  closely  as  to  escape  recognition.  In 
preparing  for  transformation,  these  larvte  either  enter  the  gronnd  or 
enclose  themselves  in  thin  cocoons  in  some  concealed  spot.  Among 
the  pernicious  species  we  find  the  Apple  and  Elm  tree  Canker  worms 
(Anisopteryx  vemata,  Har.,  and  A.  autumnalia,  Pack.),  and  the  Lime 
tree  Winter  moth  (Hybemia  UUari,  Har.)     See  Fig.  37. 

The  Snout  moths  (Fyralidcd)  are  much  like  many  of  the  Geometers 
in  general  appearance,  bat  may  nsnally  be  distinguished  from  them  by 
their  smaller  size  and  the  long,  slender  palpi,  which  are  held  close  to- 
gether and  project  in  front  of  the  bead  like  a  beak.  Some  of  the 
larvse  are  leaf-rollers ;  others  feed  on  meal  or  in  clover  hay,  while  others 
are  true  "grass  worms"  and  do  much  damage  to  meadows  and  pastnres. 

The  true  leaf-rollers  (Tortrioidce)  are  a  family  of  small  moths,  many 
of  which  are  richly  and  beantifnlly  colored.  They  are  chantcterized 
by  the  oblong  form  of  tiie  upper  wings,  which,  in  repose,  are  folded 


,  0DTLINB8   OF  BNTOMOLOGY.  638 

roof-like  over  the  body.  The  eyes  are  large,  the  aotenn^  filiform,  the 
palpi  broad,  tafted  and  somewhat  triangalar.  The  larvae  are  usually 
rather  soft,  plainly  colored  worms  with  a  heart-shaped  head,  a  distinct 
biirsy  collar,  and  horny  plate  on  top  of  the  laet  joint.  The  great  ma- 
jority conceal  themselves  within  leaves  varionsly  twisted  and  rolled, 
from  which  habit  the  groap  derives  its  name.  A  few  species  feed  on 
fruit,  among  which  the  aniversal  apple  enemy,  the  Codling  moth  fOar- 
pooopsa  pomonella,  Linn.),  is  the  most  uotorloas. 

The  Fringe-wings  (Tinbid^)  include  the  smallest  insects  in  the 
Order.  They  have  slender,  lanc^- shaped  wings,  bordered  by  long 
fringes,  and  many  of  them  are  exquisitely  colored  in  varione  metallio 
and  prismatic  tints.  The  antenofe  are  simple,  and  nsaally  nearly  as 
long  as  the  body.  The  palpi  vary  in  form,  bat  are,  as  a  rule,  long  and 
conspicuous,  in  many  species  curving  apward  in  front  of  the  head. 
The  larvae  are  often  leaf-miners  or  case-bearers.  Others  are  destrac 
tive  to  &nit  or  grain,  or  feed  upon  feathers,  fars  and  wool,  being  the 
'^clothes  moths,"  against  whose  ravages  it  is  necessary  to  protect  some 
of  our  costliest  apparel. 

The  Feather- wings  or  Plume  moths  (  Ptbeophoeid^  )  have  the 
wings  cleft  so  that  each  appears  composed  of  several  feathers.  They 
are  small  insects,  only  one  or  two  of  which  are  seriously  destructive, 
as  for  example  the  Grape-vine  Plame. 


CHAPTER  SXIII. 
Order  IV.    diptera. 

[Fig.  »8.) 


Tkohloafly  (Lydtlla doryrhirra)  Rll^. 

In  this  Order  are  grouped  the  insects  that  have  bnt  a  single  pair 
of  wings,  and  a  few  others  that  have  no  wings  at  all.    They  are  popa- 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  V^H_'V_V 


igle 


840  STATE  HOBTICULTUEAL   800IBTT. 

I&rl;  diatiugaiBhed  as  flies.  Althoagh  many  flies,  in  the  larva  state,  are 
audoabtedly  Dsefnl  as  scavengers,  yet  the  perfect  insects  are,  most  of 
them,  so  annoying,  and  often  so  positively  injarlons,  that  the  entire 
Order  is  regarded  with  much  disfavor.  Mosqnitos,  gnats,  honee-tiies, 
gad-flies  and  other  species  frequently  occar  in  such  immeDse  svaims 
ID  oertoin  localities  as  to  render  life  almost  intolerable.  A  few  species 
are  brilliantly  colored,  or  of  striking  size  or  form,  but,  as  a  rale,  the 
members  of  this  division  are  the  most  inditidnally  inconspicnoas  of 
insects. 

The  bodies  of  most  flies  are  soft  and  fragile.  Tbe  head  is  asntUly 
largs,  roand  or  hemispherical,  often  quite  concave  behind,  and  is  at- 
tached to  the  thorax  by  a  peg-like  neck,  on  which  It  can  be  twirted 
almost  completely  aronnd  without  being  separated  from  the  body.  The 
eyes  are,  except  in  a  few  very  lowly  organized  species,  very  large,  cov- 
ering the  greater  part  of  the  head,  and  their  faceted  stmcture  can  be 
seen  even  without  the  aid  of  a  lens.  Tbe  moatb-parts  are  very  diflier- 
ently  developed  in  the  different  Samilies,  bat  are  all  peculiarly  fitted  for 
sipping  fluids.  In  the  hoQse'fly  the  jaws  and  true  maxillee  are  wanting, 
but  the  secondnry  maxills  and  the  lower  lip  form  a  proboscis  which 
ends  in  a  pair  of  broad  flaps,  whose  ridged  surface  enables  the  insect 
to  lap  ap  sweet  fluids  or  the  perspiration  from  tbe  hand,  or  the  jaioes 
of  meat  or  other  liquids  to  which  it  is  attracted.  When  not  in  use,  the 
proboscis  being  jointed,  is  folded  up  and  fits  into  a  groove  in  tbe  fbce. 
The  so-called  "stinging  flies"  have  the  jaws  modifled  into  very  sharp 
lancets,  which  are  so-  strong  that  they  are  capable  of  piercing  even  the 
thick  skin  of  a  horse  and  drawing  tbe  6lood.  The  antepnfe  are  either 
short  and  stoat,  having  but  three  joints  and  a  bristle,  or  are  many- 
jbinted,  long  and  feathered,  as  in  the  mosquito.  Tbe  thorax  is  large 
and  round,  the  flrst  and  third  segments — pro-thorax  and  meta-thorax — 
being  very  small  and  closely  consolidated  above  with  the  meso-thorax, 
which  is  large  and  mascnlar.  The  wings  are  composed  of  thin,  trans* 
parent  or  amoky  membrane  supported  by  strong  veins.  They  can  be 
vibrated  with  exceeding  swiftness,  and  the  insects  are  capable  of  longer 
and  more  continnons  flights  than  any  of  the  foar-winged  species.  At 
the  base  of  each  wing  is  a  little  roandish  scale  called  the  winglet  or 
alutet,  the  ose  of  which  has  not  yet  been  discovered.  The  bind  wings 
are  represented  by  two  thread-like  organs  ending  in  little  knobe,  which 
are  the  kalteres,  poUera  or  balaneert,  whose  fanction  is  likewise  an- 
known.  The  legs  are  generally  rather  weak  and  slender,  and  in  some 
species  are  very  long.  Tbe  feet  are  five-jointed,  and  besides  the  claws, 
are  provided  with  a  bilobed  cushion  clothed'  with  microscopic  hairs 


v^n_n_'Vli> 


OUTLINBH   OF  ENTOMOLOGY.  Sil 

from  which  exudes  a.  sticky  fiald,  by  meftDs  of  which  the  iDsect  is  eu< 
abled  to  walk  np  and  down  the  panes  of  a  window  or  along  the  ceiling 
of  a  room.  The  old,  Ingenions  theory  of  "the  exbanstion  of  air  noder 
its  feet,"  by  which  the  crawling  of  a  fiy  on  sncfa  sarfaces  used  to  be 
explained,  is  now  known  to  Ite  erroneoas.  In  the  abdomen  of  tbe 
stonter-bodied  flies  it  is  difficult  to  distiugnish  more  than  four  seg> 
meuts,  tbe  terminal  ones  being  abruptly  narrowed  and  drawn  within 
the  body  to  form  the  ovipositor. 

Such  flies  as  the  house-fly  and  the  gad-fly  are  on  the  wing  and 
troublesome  only  dnnng  tbe  day.  Others,  like  the  mosquito,  are  most 
active  at  night,  while  some  are  equally  tormenting  during  the  entire 
twenty-foar  hoars. 

The  transformations  of  dipterous  insects  are  complete.  The  eggs 
are  deposited  singly  or  in  masses  upon  the  solids  or  fluids  upon  which 
the  luTCB  feed.  Those  of  many  species  are  smooth  and  white  and  of 
a  linear  oblong  shape. 

The  larvae  of  terrestrial  flies  are  called  maggoU.  They  are  soft, 
thin-skinned,  cylindrical,  and  taper  most  toward  the  head,  or  ratbei 
the  mouth,  for  but  few  of  them  have  any  distinct  head.  They  have  no 
legs  or  other  organs  of  locomotion,  and  wriggle  from  place  to  place  by 
a  peculiar  twisting  of  the  body,  or,  as  in  the  case  of  the  "  cheese  skip- 
pers," they  coil  themselves  up  and  seize  the  tail  between  the  jaws,  and 
then  by  suddenly  letting  go,  jerk  themselves  to  great  distances  by  the 
rebound. 

Aquatic  larvffi  are  furnished  with  fln-like  swimming  organs,  and 
some  species  breathe  through  long  tubes  situated  on  the  posterior  end 
of  the  body,  which  can  be  elevated  above  the  sur&oe  of  the  water. 
Many  dipterous  larvie  are  parasitic ;  others  feed  upon  decaying  animal 
or  vegetable  matter;  those  which  are  aquatic  subsist  on  organic  im- 
purities of  water,  and  a  considerable  proportion  feed  on  the  tissues  of 
growing  plants.  Except  in  the  case  of  some  aquatic  species,  the  pupie 
are  inactive.  They  are  of  two  forms:  eoarotate,  that  is,  inclosed  in  tbe 
dry  and  hardened  larva  skin,  or  obteoted,  with  the  larva  skin  thrown 
off,  and  the  rudimentary  members  of  the  mature  insect  separately  en- 
cased, as  in  the  pupte  of  Hymenoptera  and  Ooleoptera.  Tbe  pupa 
state  is  generally  of  short  doration.  The  Diplera  may  be  considered 
under  two  sub-orders ; 

I.  Orihobapha,  in  which  the  obteoted  pnpa  escapes  from 
the  larval  skin  through  a  cross  slit  or  T-shaped  opening  between  the 
seventh  and  eighth  joints;  and 

II.  Oyolobapha,  including  mostly  coarctate  pnpie,  from 
which  the  perfect  fly  escapes  through  a  circular  hole  on  top  of  the 
puparinm. 


M2  .   BTA.TE  HOBTI0DI.TnBAL  80CIBTT. 

Each  of  tfaeie  divieiODS  oontaiiiB  mftoy  bmilies  vbicb  differ  in 
mftoy  pointB  of  stractnre  aod  habit.  TtVill  be  possible  here  to  refer 
only  to  those  which  ioclade  the  species  most  commonly  met  with,  and 
of  most  importance  ^om  an  economic  standpoint.  Id  the  first  we  find 
the  Gall-gnats  and  ffrain-flies  (Ceoidomtid^).  These  are  all  small 
species,  which  are  it^Qrions  to  vegetation.  They  have  slender  bodies 
and  long  antennfe^  which  are  often  plamy.  The  wings  have  three  or 
foor  veins,  extending  from  base  to  onter  margin,  and  are  asnally 
fringed  aronnd  the  edge.  The  lalteres  are  long  and  ronnd-knobbed, 
and  the  legs  long  and  slender.  The  gall-making  species  place  their 
eggs  upon  leaves  or  tender  stems,  into  the  tissues  of  which  the  larvie 
work  their  way,  cansing  hy  irritation,  pecnliar  fleshy  or  woody  swell- 
ings. On  this  abnormal  vegetable  tissoe  the  larvie  feed.  The  latter  are 
minute  maggots,  often  of  a  pale  red  color,  with  a  pecatiar,  clove- 
sbaped  dark  mark  on  the  nnder  side  near  the  head,  which  can  be 
clearly  diBtingnished  only  by  the  ^d  of  a  lens. 

The  Hessian  fly  {Oecidomsia  dettruetor,  Say.)  and  the  Wheat-midge 
{Diplotw  tritioif  Kirby)  are  the  most  notoriously  destructive  of  these 
gnats.  The  larvfe  of  the  former  are  flesh-colored  maggots,  which  are 
found  beneath  the  sbeaths  of  the  lower  joints  of  the  wheat  stalk  in  au- 
tumn and  early  spring,  and  which  dwarf  and  sometimes  entirely  kill  the 
plant  by  extracting  the  sap  from  the  tender  stems.  In  the  change  to 
pupa,  the  larval  akin  hardens  and  turns  brown,  forming  a  "flax-seed"- 
like  puparium,  within  which  the  transformations  take  place. 

The  Wheat-midge  la  a  tiny,  orange-colored  fly  which  places  its  eggs 
on  the  young  heads  of  wheat,  from  which  the  red  maggots  extract  the 
juices  and  cause  the  kernels  to  shrivel. 

The  Bnffalo-gnatfi  (SiMULiD^)  are  short,  thick  species  with  a  very 
rounded  thorax,  short  anteuDEc  and  strong  mouth  parts,  capable  of 
drawing  blood  from  cattle  and  mnlea  as  well  as  from  man.  At  certain 
seasons  of  the  year  they  are  an  almost  insupportable  pest  on  the  shores 
of  the  northern  takes  and  in  the  south,  along  the  principal  water- 
courses. The  larvte  breed  in  water  and  have  a  singular  feathery  gill  at 
the  hinder  end. 

Mosqoitos  (Gdligid^)  are  characterized  chiefly  by  the  complex 
month  parts,  which  are  projected  straight  forward  in  front  of  the  head. 
The  beak  or  eling  of  the  female  mosquito — for  the  males  are  Inoffen- 
sive creatures,  that  neither  aing  nor  »ting — when  closely  examined,  is 
seen  to  consist  of  a  bundle  of  flue  bristles,  seven  in  number,  which  to< 
gether  form  a  sharp-poiuted  tube  by  which  the  akin  of  map  and  the 
larger  animals  ia  pierced,  and  through  which  a  minute  portion  of  poisoD 
from  a  gland  in  the  pro-thorax  is  forced  into  the  wound,  before  or  after 


OUTLINES   OF  BITTOMOLOQT.  54  3 

the  blood  has  bees  dravo.  Tbe  montli  parts  of  the  male  moeqaito  are 
not  so  long,  and  are  adapted  to  sipping  the  nectar  of  flowers  instead  of 
the  sangninary  nourishment  preferred  by  his  partner.  The  eyes  are 
very  large  and  somewhat  obloog.  Tbe  antennee  are  plamy  in  both 
sexes,  bot  those  of  the  male  are  much  more  ornamental  than  those  of 
the  female.  The  thorax  is  considerably  humped  and  the  bind  body 
long  and  slender.  The  legs  are  also  very  long  and  thin.  The  wings 
are  fringed  on  the  edge  and  the  principal  veins  are  outlined  by  fine 
scales.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  a  boat-shaped  mass  on  the  snrface  of  still 
water,  and  the  larvee  are  the  well-known  "wrigglers"  so  often  seen  in 
standing  water.  They  swim  by  the  aid  of  ansymmetricidly  arranged 
tnfls  of  bristles,  and  breathe  throagh  a  tube  at  the  hinder  end  of  the 
body,  which  they  freqaently  project  above  the  surface  of  the  water. 
The  pupsB  do  not  take  any  nourishment,  but  are  active,  olnb-heoded 
aBiiirs  which  swim  by  means  of  the  two  paddles  in  which  the  abdomen 
terminates.  There  are  a  ^eat'many  species  of  these  venomoas  gnats, 
some  of  which  are  strictly  nocturnal  while  others  are  equally  active  day 
and  night.  Oulex  dliatui,  Fab.  is  perhaps  the  most  generally  dis- 
tributed species. 

The  Orane-flies  (Tipulid^)  resemble  mosquitoes  in  general  ap- 
pearance, but  many  species  are  from  five  to  ten  times  the  size  of  the 
latter.  They  have  no  sting  and  are  not  injurious  in  anyway.  The 
larvEB  breed  in  soil  that  is  rich  in  decaying  organic  matter,  and  there- 
fore often  emerge  from  flower-pots  and  hot-beds.  They  also  occur  in 
mould  and  other  fangi,  and  in  water. 

Gad-flies  or  Breeze-flies  (Tabanid^).— In  this  and  the  two  follow- 
ing fiamilies  of  the  Orthorapha,  the  antennffi  ai-e  short  and  three-Jointcid. 
The  0«d-flies  or  Horse-flies  are  shaped  much  like  the  hoase-fly,  bat  are 
very  much  larger,  The  month  parts  are  very  strong  and  awl-shaped,  and 
the  bite  is  very  painful.  There  are  several  species,  of  which  the 
"Green-head  fly"  fTabanut  Uneola,  Fabr.)  and  the  large  black  Horse- 
fly fT.  atratus  Fabr.)  are  exceedingly  annoying  to  horses  daring  tbe 
summer  months,  their  sharp  stabs  and  their  menacing  buzz  driving  the 
animals  into  a  frenzy,  and  not  infrequently  causing  them  to  run  away. 

The  Mottled  Breeze-fly,  a  somewhat  smaller  species,  mottled  in 
a  dirty  white  and  brown,  is  more  especially  injurious  to  horn  cattle. 
The  larvee  are  aquatic  or  semi-aquatic,  and  those  that  have  been 
described  are  glossy,  greenish  or  yellowish  "wqims,"  with  a  row  of 
rounded  tabercles  on  each  side,  and  taper  to  a  very  small  bead.  The 
pnpfc.are  lidged  or  roaghened  on  the  abdominal  joints,  and  formed  in 
tbe  gronnd. 


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544  BTATB   HOBTIOULTUBAL  BOCIETY. 

The  Bobber-fiioB  (Asilid^)  have  long,  Blender  bodieB  and  wings,  and 
Bpiny,  long,  stont  legs.  The  beak  ie  short  bat  atrong,  and  the  ander 
lip  well  developed.  The  e;eB  are  almoBt  globolar,  and  the  anteouffi 
short,  often  tipped  with  a  bristle.  The  body  is  asuallj  hairy,  varying 
in  length  from  one  to  two  inches,  and  tapera  toward  the  tip.  The  eolors 
are  mostly  black  and  while,  thongh  some  species  have  the  thorax 
clothed  with  yellow  hairB.  In  their  perfect  state,  the  Bobber-flies  are 
fierce  and  greedy  cannibals,  especially  destmctive  to  the  honey-bee,  of 
which  one  species  has  been  known  to  kill  and  sack  the  vital  Jaices  of 
more  than  one  hundred  and  forty  in  a  day,  according  to  Dr.  Packard. 
They  sometitnes  make  amends,  however,  by  preying  on  the  Cabbage 
batterfly,  though  T  fear  this  has  not  yet  become  a  very  general  habit. 
The  larvae  live  in  the  ground,  and  those  that  have  been  studied  have 
fed  upon  roots. 

The  Bee-fiies  (Bombylid^)  resemble  small  Humble  bees  in  their 
thick,  hairy  bodies.  They  are  very  swift  on  the  wing,  and  are  often 
fonndion  flowers,  ftom  which  they  extract  nectar  with  the  long  pro- 
boscis. The  larvie  are  parasitic  on  bees  and  on  the  eggs  of  locusts 
(grasshoppers). 

Id  the  Sob-Order  Gtclobapha.  we  find  a  large  nnmber.of 
families  of  flies  whose  larvse  are  parasites  or  scavengers  and  a  few 
that  feed  on  vegetation,  among  which  are  some  common  gall-makers 
also  some  that  live  in  water.  The  transformations  take  place  either 
nndergionnd  or  on  the  sur&ces  upon  which  the  laryiB  fed — the  larval 
skin  thickening  and  hardening  into  an  oblong  case,  within  which  the 
soft,  white  pupa  is  formed.  The  flies  always  come  out  through  a  round 
hole  on  the  top.  They  usually  have  rather  short,  thick  bodies,  broad 
heads  and  short  antennie,  ending  in  a  bristle.  The  following  fomiUes 
contain  the  species  that  are  moat  directly  beneficial  or  injurious  to  man: 
Syrphus  flies  (Stbfhid^).  See  Plate  of  Orders.)  This  is  a  group  of 
handsome  flies,  ranging  in  size  from  small  to  medium  (having  a  body 
length  of  from  one-fifth  to  one-half  inch).  The  colors  are  often  arranged 
in  bright  bands,  giving  the  insects  quite  a  wasp-like  appearance.  The 
front  of  the  face  has  no  groove  for  the  reception  of  the  antennfe,  which 
have  the  last  joint  much  thickened  just  back  of  the  bristle.  The 
larvfe  are  legless  and  headless,  leech-like  creatures,  which  do  us  great 
service  in  destroying  all  kinds  ot  plant-lice  { ApkididceJ,  and  may  almost 
always  be  found  in  the  colonies  of  the  latter,  which  they  very  rapidly 
exterminate.  The  great  minority  of  the  beneficial  species  are  fonnd  in 
the  genas  Syrphus.  Their  transformations  are  very  easily  observed,  aa 
they  are  hardy  and  develop  rapidly. 


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OUTLINES   OF  BNTOHOLOOT.  545 

The  eingalar  "  rat -tailed  "  larvte,  often  foand  in  stagaaiit  pools  or 
other  foal  water,  piodnce  hairy  flies  of  the  genns  Eri»tali». 

Bot-diee  ((£btbid^)  are  stont,  hairy  iusects,  much  resembling  small 
Humble  bees.  The  month  ports  are  bat  slightly  developed,  and  the 
small  antedufe,  hidden  in  little  caviliee  in  the  very  narrow  face,  seem,  at 
first  glance,  to  be  wanting.  They  are  chiefly  interesting  from  the  habite 
of  the  larvffi,  which  live  in  the  stomachs  of  horses,  in  the  heads  of 
eheep,  and  on  the  backs  and  other  parts  of  the  bodies  of  cattle  and 
other  animals,  causing  great  snGrering  and  sometimes  even  death  to  the 
poor  creatures  infested.  The  Botrflies  of  the  horse  fQaatrophilua  egui, 
Fabr.)  lay  their  eggs  on  the  horse's  front  legs  or  on  the  flanks  or  hips, 
glaeing  them  most  flrmly  to  the  hairs.  The  larvte,  which  are  hatched 
very  shortly,  prodnoe  an  irritation  which  indnoes  the  horse  to  bite  at 
those  parts,  and  by  this  means  they  enter  tl^e  month  and  make  their 
way  into  the  stomach.  There  they  attach  themselves,  by  means  of 
month  hooks,  to  the  lining  membrane,  feeding  on  the  macns  and  diges- 
tive flnids,  occasionally  penetrating  to  the  mnsonlar  tissne,  caosing 
mnoh  irritAtion  and  pain,  and,  when  very  nnmetoos,  prodacing  danger- 
ous fever  and  weakness.  When  full  grown,  the  "bots"  pass  out  with 
the  excrement  and  burrow  into  the  earth,  from  which  the  flies  issue  in 
six  or  seven  weeks.  The  Sheep  bot-fly  f  (Egtrua  ocia,  Linn.)  deposits  its 
larvie,  already  hatched,  In  the  nostrils  of  the  sheep,  which  immediately 
work  their,  way  into  the  nasal  cavities  and  frontal  sinus  of  the  head  and 
attach  themselves  to  the  walls,  producing  the  disease  known  as  ''grub 
in  the  head,"  from  which  sheep  so  commonly  suffer  and  not  infrequently 
die.  When  these  maggots  are  full  grown  they  drop  from  the  nostrils 
to  the  ground,  beneath  the  snrface  of  which  they  transform. 

The  Ox  bot-fly  [Bipodertna  bovis,  De  G«er)  is  a  similar,  but  larger 
species,  which  canses  tumors  on  the  backs  of  cattle,  usually  laying  its 
eggs  on  parts  which  the  creature  cannot  conveniently  reach  with  its 
tongue.  The  larvie,  termed  "  warbles,"  burrow  beneath  the  skin  and 
cause  very  disfiguring  and  painfnl  swellings. 

The  Tachina  flies  (Taohinid^e)  are  stout,  dark-colored,  bristly 
flies,  which  deserve  to  be  held  in  the  highest  estimation  on  account  of 
the  parasitic  habits  of  all  the  larvie,  which  feed  in  the  bodies  of  nu- 
merous destructive  caterpillars  and  grabs,  and  greatly  reduce  the 
numbers  of  these  pests.  The  small,  oval,  ivory-white  eggs  are  laid, 
sometimes  singly,  sometimes  two  or  three  in  a  cluster,  on  the  back  of 
the  caterpillar  or  other  insect,  often  Just  behind  the  head,  in  order  to 
be  safe  from  the  jaws  of  the  victim.    These  eggs  adhere  so  flrmly  that 

H  K— 35 

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646  STATB  HOBTIOULTUEAL  BOOIBTT. 

it  ia  impossible  to  remove  tbem  entire.  The  larve,  immediately  npoii 
hatching,  penetrate  the  skin  of  the  insect  and  feed  upon  the  DOD-rital 
parts,  BO  that,  as  a  rale,  the  infested  specimen  is  able  to  enter  tbe 
gronud  or  to  spin  its  cocoon  before  it  is  killed  by  the  parasite.  The 
transformations  of  the  latter  then  take  place,  and  the  dies  appear  very 
shortly,  or,  in  other  cases,  hibernate  with  the  remains  of  tbeir  host  and 
emerge  io'the  spring,  at  the  season  when  fresh  victims  are  most  nnmer- 
ODS.  Army  worms  and  all  cut-worms,  varions  spinners  and  sphinxes, 
graasbopperg,  tbe  larvte  of  tbe  Colorado  potato-beetles  and  many  other 
pesta  are  destroyed  by  them.    See  Pig.  38. 

House-flies,  blow-flies,  etc.  (Huseidce).  No  family  of  insects  are 
more  familiar  to  ns  than  the  principal  members  of  this  gronp.  At 
almost  any  season  of  the  year  the  student  can  obtain  a  fresh  specimen 
for  examination,  since  many  indivldaals  of  the  common  hoose-fly,  and 
also  of  the  meat-fly,  contrive  to  secnre  winter  quarters  in  our  warm 
sitting-rooms  and  pantries.  In  these  insects  the  greater  portion  of  tbe 
head  is  occupied  by  the  eyes,  which  are,  in  some  species,  quite  brightly 
colored.  The  short  antennse  are  plumy  or  sparingly  bristled;  ibe 
labrum  is  elongated  into  a  jointed  proboscis,  terminating  in  a  pair  of 
broad,  sucker-like  flaps,  which  have  their  ridged  inner  surfaces  closely 
pressed  together  when  not  in  nse,  but  are  spread  out  when  lapping  np 
liquids,  as  may  be  easily  observed  in  the  House-fly.  Other  species  have 
the  proboscis  terminate  in  miuote  lancets.  The  body. is  sparingly 
clothed  with  stiff  bairs,  and  is  either  of  a  dnll  black  and  white  or  gray 
color,  or,  as  in  the  "Blue-bottles  "  or  green  meat-flies,  it  is  of  a  dark 
metallic  bine  or  green.  The  wings  are  transparent,  tbe  legs  rather 
stouter  than  in  other  flies  and  more  or  lees  hairy.  The  eggs  are  soft, 
pearl-white  and  slender-oblong,  deposited  singly  or  in  little  bundles  or 
masses.  The  larvte  are  Boft>  white  or  whitish  maggots,  some  of  them 
elongate- conical,  thick  and  blunt  at  the  hinder  end  and  tapering  to  a 
point  in  f^nt ;  others  are  slender  and  cylindrical ;  most  of  them  have 
a  smooth  or  somewhat  ridged  surface,  bat  a  few  are  hairy.  Those  of 
the  Hoose-fly  (Muaoa  domeatica,  Linn.)  breed  mainly  in  horse  manare. 
Another  species  which  also  breeds  in  stables  and  barn-yards  is  the 
Lancet-fly  (Stomoxya  caloUraus,  Linn.)  It  is  scarcely  to  be  distin- 
guished from  tbe  common  Honse-fiy,  except  that  when  crawling  or  at 
rest  the  wings  are  held  more  apart  and  the  proboscis  is  more  slender 
and  terminates  in  a  point  instead  of  a  pair  of  fleshy  lips.  It  bites 
severely  and  is  very  tronblesome  to  horses  end  cattle,  nor  does  it  hesi- 
tate, upon  occasion,  to  draw  human  blood.  It  is  most  abandant  late 
in  snmmer  and  in  early  aatamn. 


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OUTLINES   OF  BNTOMOLOaT.  M7 

Still  another  plague  of  the  herds  has  recently  appeared  in  this 
oonntry  as  an  immigrant  from  Europe.  This  is  the  Hom-fly  (fftBmiUih 
bia  terrata,  Bob. — Des).  From  the  acoouots  of  Dr.  Biley  of  Washing- 
ton, and  other  eastern  entomologists,  we  learn  that  it  is  a  dark  species, 
mach  smaller  than  the  house-fly,  bat  otherwise  much  like  it,  which  has 
the  habit  of  settling  in  swanns  on  the  necks,  shoulders,  and  around 
the  bases,  of  the  boms  of  cattle.  It  punctures  the  skin  with  its  horny 
beak  and  draws  the  blood,  so  worrying  the  poor  animals  that  tbey  be- 
come reduced  in  flesh,  and  cows  fail  to  give  the  nsaal  quantity  of  milk. 
The  flies  lay  their  eggs  on  the  fresh  'droppings  of  the  cattle,  in  which 
the  larvee  breed. 

The  large  hairy  "Blne-bottJe"  Hj  fMuieaeceiar,  Linn. J,  and  the 
amaller  Green  "  Meat-fly  "  fOatiphora  erytkro  cepkalOy  Meig.),  are  well. 
koowQ  species  which  give  much  trouble  to  meat  dealers  and  house- 
keepers. 

The  Screw-worm  fly  (Lvcilia  maceUaria,  Fabr.)  has  occasionally 
proTed  fotal  to  human  life  by  laying  its  eggs  in  wounds  or  iu  the  nostrils 
of  persons  who  were  sleeping  in  the  open  air.  It  occurs  in  the  South- 
western  States,  where  it  is  a  great  plague  on  cattle. 

The  family  Tbtpbtid^s  includes  a  number  of  veiT  pretty  flies, 
which  have  the  wings  variegated  with  smoky-brown  spots  and  bands. 
Many  of  these  flies  are  gall-makers  on  various  weeds,  and  are  not 
especially  injurious.  One,  however  (Trypeta  pomonella,  Walsh.),  is  the 
parent  of  the  Apple  maggot,  which  has,  in  some  of  the  Eastern  States, 
proved  very  destmctive  to  apples,  rivaling,  and  in  some  instances  ex- 
ceeding, the  damage  done  by  the  Codling  moth. 

The  Onion  fly  (Tritoxa  fiexa,  Wied.)  is  sometimes  quite  injurious  to 
growing  onions.  It  has  dark,  oblong  wings,  crossed  by  three  curving 
white  bands.    It  is  now  placed  in  the  family  Obtalid^s. 

In  the  PioPHiLiD^  we  And  the  Cheese  fly  (Piophila  catei,  Linn). 
The  family  Dbosphilid^  inolndes  several  small  species  that  attack 
ripe  and  preserved  fruits.  In  Obcimid^  are  a  few  species  injurious  to 
Rowing  grain.  Meromyza  amenoana,  Fitch.,  burrows  in  the  tender 
stalks. 

A  third  Sab-Order  (Pufifaba)  has  been  grouped  with  the 
more  lowly  organized  Dipteia,  although  the  usually  minute  insects 
composing  it  are  not  much  like  the  typical  flies.  These  are  the  Sheep- 
tick  fMelophagus  ovinut,  Linn.)  and  the  Horse  tick  fHippoboaca  equina 
Linn.),  which  is  the  only  winged  species.  Others,  very  minute,  are  the 
Bat-ticks  and  Bee-lice. 

The  Fleas  also  have  many  affinities  with  flies,  and  may  here  be  con- 
sidered in  connection  with  them ;  yet  most  authors  now  class  them  in  a 


ugle 


548  STATE  HOBTICULTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

small  Beparat«  Order — S  IPHONAPTEBA.  They  are  bard,  thick, 
wiDglesB  creatures,  having  the  body  cotopreased  at  the  sidee  and 
sparsely  hairy.  Id  place  of  the  nsnal  compoand  eyes  they  have  two 
ocellL  The  pointed  head  is  armed  with  backward  pointiDK  teeth.  The 
legs  are  stoat,  with  the  thighs  greatly  thickened,  giviDg  them  their 
wonderfnl  leaping  power.  The  eggs  are  scattered  aboat  in  nutidy 
haman  dwellings,  dog  kennels  aad  the  like,  and  the  slender  maggot- 
like larvae  feed  in  the  dnst  and  organic  particles  that  accamalate  in  the 
cracks  of  floors,  under  rags  and  similar  hiding  places.  When  ready  to 
transform  the  larvae  enclose  themselves  in  silken  cocoons.  Thehatnaa 
flea  is  Pulex  irritant,  Linn.,  while  P.  eanis,  Dag.,  affects  the  dog  and 
cat.  The  tropical  "jigger,"  "chigoe"  or  "chiqne"  fSareopaglta  pene- 
trant) is  the  pest-of  hot,  sandy  regions,  but  mast  not  be  confounded 
with  a  small  tick — a  species  of  mite — that  occurs  further  north,  and 
also  burrows  into  the  skin  and  causes  sores,  and  which  is  likewise  often 
called  a  "jigger." 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 
Order  V.     HEMIPTBBA. 


**mi  ^  ^ 


This  Order  derives  its  name  fl:om  a  componnd  Greek  word  signi* 
fying  half-wing,  and  refers  to  the  half  membranons,  half-leathery  (cori- 
aceons)  strnctnre  of  the  wings  of  many  of  the  representatives.  It  con- 
tains the  only  insects  that  may,  vith  perfect  accuracy,  be  called  bugs. 
The  term  "bug,"  so  generally  bnt  incorrectly  applied  to  many  kinds  of 
insects,  is  supposed  to  have  had  its  origin  in  the  word  "bugbear,"  as 
something  ft-ightfal  or  dangerone,  and  it  is  most  fitting  that,  correctly  - 
used,  it  should  refer  to  the  division  which  includes  such  insects  as  the 
bed-bag,  lonse  and  similar  objects  of  dread  and  disgust. 


ODTLINBS    OP   BNTOHOLOOY.  619 

The  iasectB  of  this  Order  display  great  ditfereuoes  of  form  aod 
habit,  bat  as  all  Babeist  Bolely  on  liqaid  noariBtiineat,  extracted  f^m 
living  pl&Dta  or  animals,  all  the  principal  repreeentativee  agree  per- 
fectly in  the  8tractiu«  of  the  moatb.  This  coaaista  of  a  strong,  three 
or  foar-jointed  beak,  which  is  a  modifloation  of  the  anderlip  into  a 
channeled  brace  in  which  rest  two  pairs  of  ver;  flue  bristles,  corres- 
ponding to  the  two  pairs  of  jawe,  the  combination  being  an  admirable 
arrangement  for  piercing  and  sacking.  (In  some  of  the  more  lowly 
organized  memberB  of  this  Order,  there  is  no  horny-jointed  beak,  bat 
the  front  of  the  head  is  merely  elongated,  forming  a  sucker-like  cap 
provided  with  minute  biting  organs.)  The  upper  Up  (labrum)  is  con- 
solidated with  the  lower  part  of  the  face  to  form  a  strong  sapport  to 
the  developed  month  parts.  The  eyes  are  large  and  ronnd,  in  some 
cases  brightly  colored,  and  two  ocelli  may  be  distjngaisbed  in  many 
species.  The  antennte  are  nsnally  thread-like  or  bristle-like,  in  some 
cases  quite  long,  with  the  terminal  joints  slightiy  enlarged. 

In  their  general  form  the  Hemiptera  are  among  the  most  variable 
of  insects.  Some  have  the  body  almost  hemispherical,  others  are  thick 
and  square  or  oblong,  while  others  stJIl  are  very  lone  ftnd  slender. 
There  ia  no  general  plan  on  which  the  joints  of  the  thorax  are  devel- 
oped, some  having  the  pro-thorax  crowded  down  out  of  sight  from  the 
upper  side,  while  in  others  it  is  very  large  and  conspicuous.  The  meso- 
tborax  is  nsnally  the  least  variable  division,  except  as  to  the  acntellum, 
which  is  sometimes  so  large  as  to  extend  backward  almost  to  the  Up 
of  the  abdomen.  The  six  legs  are  always  present  and  the  feet  are  three- 
jointed;  some  terminate  in  a  very  distinct  claw  or  pair  of  clawa  with 
CQshious  [pulvillii  between  them,  while  in  others  these  appendages  can- 
not be  distingaiehed.  The  npper  wings,  sometimes  termed  kemeljftray 
in  the  typical  bugs  lie  flat  upon  the  back,  the  transparent  or  trans- 
lucent tips  overlapping,  appearing  as  though  crossed  in  the  middle. 
In  other  forms  they  are  altogether  membranous  or  coriaceous,  and  fold 
roof  like  over  the  body. 

In  this  and  the  remaining  Orders  the  transformations  are  asually 
inoomplete,  the  pupa  being  as  aclive  and  as  voracious  as  the  larva  or 
the  perfect  insect.  These  Orders  are  termed  inferior,  not  only  on 
acconat  of  the  leas  distinct  metamorphosis,  but  also  because  of  the 
many  lowly  organized  forms  which  they  include. 

Hemipterists  are  not  agreed  as  to  the  primary  aabdivislons  of  the 
Order,  some  finding  it  more  convenient  to  consider  the  various  forms 
under  three  Sab-Orders,  while  others  find  it  necessary  to  define  five. 


.y  Google 


660  BTiTK  HOETIODLTUEAL   BOCIETT. 

Ab  two  of  these  include  bnt  few  species  of  general  interest,  we  shall 
here  consider  bnt  three : 

I.    Trne  Bags  (SolvOrder  Hbibbopthba). 
TI.    Ha^Tes^flies,  Leaf-lioppetB,««A.(Snb-Order  H o  h  o  pt B  ba). 
III.    Lice(SQfo-OrdetPABAsiTA). 


CHAPTER  XXY. 
Order  hEHIPTEBA.    Sab-Order  Hbteboptbbi.. 

PBINCIPAL  FATiIILIES   OF  TBDB  BUQ3. 


RapaolouB  SoliUei-bug  (Rtdtmiiu  mplalaHiu,  Sajr.)— afwt  Blley. 


The  insects  in  this  Snb-Order  always  have  the  head  horizontal — 
namely,  on  a  plane  with  the  body,  with  the  beak  arising  from  the  front. 
The  fonn  of  the  head  ia  somewhat  flattened  and  triangnlar,  attached  to 
the  thorax  by  a  broad  base  or  by  a  very  short  neck.  The  thorax  from 
above  does  not  present  any  striking  pecnllarities,  except  in  the  varying 
size  of  the  scatetlnm ;  on  the  nnder  side,  however,  of  a  large  miyority 
of  the  species  are  two  small  openings,  connected  with  an  internal  scent 
gland  that  emit  a  vUe  and  persistent  odor — one  of  the  chief  cbancter- 
istibs  of  these  insects,  familiar  to  the  fiu^er  in  the  smell  of  the  chinch- 
bug  and  sqnashbng,  and  to  the  honsekceper  in  that  of  the  bedbng. 
The  wing-covers  show  considerable  variety  in  coloring  and  in  the 
relative  size  of  the  opaque  and  transparent  portions.  The  hind  wings 
are  veined  somewhat  like  those  of  beetles,  and  afford  no  characters 
ased  in  claseiflcation.  The  eggs  of  many  bags  are  conspicaous  for 
their  beaaty,  making  amends,  in  some  measnre,  for  the  deficiencies 
of  most  of  the  perfect  insects  in  this  respect.  Some  of  them  can  only 
be  compared  to  strings  or  clasters  of  tiny  beads  of  the  pnrest  gold ; 
others  are  bronzed  or  reflect  prismatic  colors;  others,  again,  are  re- 
markable for  their  graceful  shapes  or  for  their  elaborate  ornamentation 
in  what  appears  like  filigree  work.    Instead  of  larrie,  the  immatnre 


OUTLIME8   OP  BNTOMOLOaY.  651 

bogs  are  termed  ni/mphiE,  aud  after  the  third  molt  the  radiments  of  the 
wingB  begin  to  show,  there  being  two  stages  coneaponding  to  the  papie 
of  the  higher  Orders.  These  nymphee  are  often  qnite  differently  col- 
ored from  the  mature  insects. 

A  convenient  division  of  the  Heteroptera  is  into  three  aectious: 
Terrestrial  bngs,  Amphibious  bugs  and  Aquatic  bags. 

The  Terrestrial  bngs  may  be  again  divided  into  Plant-eaters  and 
GaonibalB. 

Plant-eating  bngs  have  a  more  slender  beak  than  those  that  prey 
on  other  insects,  or  draw  the  blood  of  larger  animals,  bat  are  otherwise 
not  very  different  ftom  tbem.  The  most  important  Families  are :  OoB- 
EiD^,  Ltq^id^,  Capsid^  and  OoBIM^ud^,  Inclusive  popular 
names  are  difficult  to  suggest  for  these  groups. 

The  first  of  these  families  is  best  represented  by  the  well-known 
Sqnasb-bng  {Anasa  trittity  DeOeer).  (See  bug  on  plate.)  This  is  a  me- 
dium-sized, oblong,  dingy-brown  insec',  paler  beneath,  with  the  head 
marked  on  top  with  two  dull  black  stripes.'  The  antennie  are  aboat 
half  the  length  of  the  body  and  rather  stoat ;  the  feet  are  three-jointed. 
The  young  are  dull  green  or  yellowish,  much  broader  in  proportion 
than  the  perfect  insect.  This  Is  one  of  tbe  most  universal  and  serioas 
peiits  of  melon,  oncnmber  and  squash  vines.  Some  very  large  and 
striking  species  belonging  in  this  fomily  occar  in  the  Sonthern  states. 

The  Lyg^id^  is  a  large  group  of  rather  small  bogs  which  are 
gaily  or  contrastingly  colored,  among  which  we  find  the  pernicious 
Chinch-bug  {Bliaaua  leueopterua,  Say).  Few  farmers,  especially  in  the 
Western  tjtates,  have  escaped  a  costly  acquaintance  with  this  insect^ 
which  is  one  of  the  chief  enemies  of  cereal  crops,  particularly  of  wheat 
and  Indian  corn.  Tbe  perfect  bug  is  of  oblong  form,  aboat  one-eigbtb 
inch  in  length  and  of  clear  black  and  white  color.  The  yellow  eggs  ore 
laid  in  tbe  spring  upon  tbe  roots  or  base  of  tbe  stalk  of  wheat  or  other 
grain,  and  from  these  hatch  myriads  of  pale-red  yonng,  which  by  their 
punctures  soon  dwarf  and  deaden  the  plant.  Althoagh  the  perfect  in- 
sects have  ample  wings,  they  seldom  rise  into  the  air,  and  mostly  per- 
form their  emigrations  from  field  to  field  on  foot.  The  false  Chinch-bag 
[Nysiut  destructor,  Biley)  is  rather  smaller  than  its  namesake,  and  less 
strikingly  marked,  being  of  a  shaded  grayish  brown  color.  It  is  very 
injurious  in  certain  sections  of  the  conntry  to  grape-vines,  potatoes, 
radishes  and  a  number  of  other  plants. 

As  the  most  familiar  example  of  the  family  Oapsid^,  tbe  Tarnished 
Plant' bug  (Lygua  lineolarU,  Beaur.)  may  be  instanced.  This  species  is 
one-fonrtb  inch  in  length,  of  fiat,  oblong  form,  with  foiir-jointed  anten- 
na, the  joints  being  long.    It  varies  in  color  &om  yellowish  gray  to 


u  Google 


652  STATE  HOBTICULTVRAli  SOOIETT, 

ocbreooB  browD,  has  a  yellow  T-sbaped  mark  on  the  Bontel,  and  two 
or  three  parallel  dark  veins  on  eacb  wing  cover.  The  larvee  of  these 
bags  are  green,  and  broad  oval  in  form.  They  may  be  foaud  daring^ 
gammer  in  great  abandance  in  all  stages  of  development  apon  flowers. 
They  injure  frait  trees  in  the  spring  by  ponctaring  the  leaf  and  flower 
bads  and  the  tender  twigs  and  sacking  the  sap.  They  also  feed  on 
berries,  to  which  they  impart  a  flavor  as  nanseons  as  their  odor. 

Another  ahnndant  member  of  this  family  is  the  Fonr-Uned  Leaf- 
bng  fPweiloeapsug  lineatuaj.  This  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  pre- 
ceding species,  is  of  a  deep  yellow  color,  ornamented  with  foar  black 
lines,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  body.  It  feeds  on  various 
shmbs  and  herbaceous  plants,  and  is  at  times  seriously  destructive  to 
currant  bashes,  clover  and  other  valuable  plants. 

The  GOKIMEL^NID^  contains  bat  a  single  genus,  the  "^egro-bugs" 
fOorimelcmaJ,  small,  shining,  almost  round,  beetle-like  insects  of  a 
black  color,  sometimes  with  blaish  or  greenish  reflections.  The  great 
peculiarity  is  the  depth  of  the  scutellum,  which  extends  backward  so 
far  as  to  entirely  cover  the  wings.  These  little  bugs  are  sometimes 
very  destructive  on  strawberry  beds  and  on  the  foliage  of  varioas 
flowering  plants.  They  also  have  a  great  predilection  for  ripe  raspber- 
ries,  to  which  they  give  their  own  disagreeable,  bed-bnggy  odor  and 
flavor. 

Among  the  cannibal  bags  the  most  important  families  are  the 
Pbkti.tomtd£,  Bedutiad^  and  Aoanthiin^. 

In  the  first  of  these  groups  we  flnd  many  species  of  flattened, 
short,  oblong  bags,  somewhat  under  medium  size,  having  the  large 
scutellum  extended  backward  in  a  rather  slender  point.  The  head 
and  pro  thorax  together  form  an  obtase  angle,  there  being  no  constric- 
tion to  form  a  neck ;  the  anteunte  are  flve-jointed  and  the  thighs  are 
bat  slightly  broadened  and  not  spiny;  the  beak  is  stont.  Althoogh 
the  great  majority  of  the  species  are  predaoeous,  and  rank  among  use* 
fnl  insects,  we  flnd  among  them  one  serioas  pest.  This  is  the  Uarle- 
qoin  Gabbage-bng  fMurgantia  htstrioniea,  Hahn.),  a  notorions  exception 
to  the  rule,  being  very  destructive,  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States, 
to  the  vegetable  from  which  it  gets  its  popolar  name.  It  is  a  hand- 
some insect,  as  bags  go  (See  Fig.  40),  of  a  polished  black  color,  with 
the  scutel  margined  and  the  wing  covers  crossed  by  stripes  of  bright 
red  or  orange,  and  with  two  distinct  white  spots  on  the  head ;  beneath, 
it  is  marked  by  lines  of  yellow  dots.  Dr.  Biley  says  the  eggs  "  may  be 
likened  to  little  barrels,  for  though  the  sides  are  straight,  the  edges 
are  rounded  off,  and  the  black  bands  recalling  the  hoops,  and  a  black 
spot  near  the  middle  recalling  the  bang-bole,  add  to  the  resemblance." 


OtTTLIHKS  OF  BNTOHOLOQT.  653 

The  larvie,  or  young  nympbae,  are  pole  green,  marked  with  black,  wfaile 
those  more  mature  ahow  some  of  tbe  colors  of  the  perfect  insect  and 
have  larfte  wing-pads.  The  development  is  very  rapid,  often  requiring 
not  more  than  two  weeks  from  the  egg  to  the  matnre  insecL  It  attacks 
Dot  onl;  cabbage  and  other  crnoiferons  plants,  but  sometimfa  injorea 
peae  and  other  vegetables. 

The  other  members  of  this  fomily  make  amends  for  the  injaries 
done  by  this  one.  Among  them  we  find  the  Spined  Soldier-bag  (Pod- 
tow  spinotut  Dallas),  long  celebrated  as  a  most  persistent  enemy  of  the 
Colorado  Potato-beetle.  This  insect  is  of  a  doll  green,  and  is  chiefly 
characterized  by  having  the  sides  of  the  pro-thorax  produced  into 
sharp  spines.  The  beak  is  so  strong  that  the  habit  of  the  bng,  even 
when  very  yonng  and  small,  is  to  impale  the  beetle  larva  oryoang  cater- 
pillar upon  the  end  of  it,  and  hold  it  up  in  the  ^r  while  sacking  out 
the  fluid  contents  of  the  body. 

The  Bbdutiad^  are  Sercely  predaceons  and  destroy  great  num- 
bers of  other  insects,  and  are  thns  directly  of  the  greatest  beneflt  to 
the  agricnltnrist.  They  are  more  slender  and  elongate  in  form  and  of 
harder  texture  than  the  members  of  the  preceding  family,  and  some 
are  rather  elegantly  colored.'  The  strong,  homy  beak  is  folded  nnder 
against,  the  breast  when  not  in  nse.  The  legs  are  stout  in  some  species, 
somewhat  bristly,  but  seldom  toothed  or  spined.  Some  of  the  species 
are  more  than  an  inch  in  length,  but  the  majority  only  about  lialf  that 
length. 

The  Wheel -bpg  (Prionidat  crittatv*),  which  is  qaite  common  in  the 
more  sonthem  States,  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  formidable  species. 
It  is  of  a  shaded  gray  color,  and  has  a  carious  notched  crest  on  the 
pro-thorax,  which  resembles  a  section  of  a  cog-whesl — whence  its 
popalar  name. 

The  yonng  bags  are  bright  red,  with  black  markings.  They  are 
most  ferocious,  and  Mr.  Glover  says :  "  They  kill  their  prey  by  inserting 
into  it  the  proboscis,  which  ejects  a  most  powerful  poisonous  liquid 
into  the  wound.  The  victim,  thus  pierced,  dies  in  a  very  short  time. 
They  then  leisurely  suck  out  the  juices  and  drop  the  empty  skin.'' 

They  attack  all  kinds  of  caterpillars  and  grubs,  and  even  destroy 
one  another  at  times  in  trne  cannibal  fashion. 

The  Blood-sucking  Cone-nose  or  Big  Bed-bag  f'OoKorAintH  sangui- 
Kugva  Lee.)  is  sometimes  found  hiding  in  beds  and  staffed  furniture,  and 
does  not  hesitate  to  attack  the  rightfal  occnpants,  upon  whom  it  in- 
flicts very  painful  wounds.  People  have  been  known  to  die  from  the 
effects  of  its  venomed  stabs.  It  is  about  an  inch  in  length,  black 
margined  all  around  with  short  red  dashes. 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_V 


igle 


5B1  STATB   HOBTIOULTDRAL  80C1BTT. 

A  similar  but  more  plflinly  colored  species  has  been  named  by  Prof^ 
Comstock  the  Masked  Bed-bag  bnnter  (Optioeetas  pertonatui),  from  its 
habit  of  preying  on  the  genaine  bed-bug.  It  is  an  European  Bpeciee^ 
but  a  variety  is  also  native  to  the  Eastern  States.  The  yoang  secrete 
all  over  the  sarface  a  viscid  fluid  to  which  dust  and  particles  of  wool 
and  feathers  adheie,  giving  them  a  most  singnlar  and  disguised  appear* 
ance.  The  Bapacions  Soldier-bug  {Bedveius  raptatoriiu,  Say.)  is  a  slen- 
der, rather  graceful  bag  with  a  long  narrow  head,  and  stout  raptatorial 
troat  legs.  The  sides  of  the  thorax  are  sharply  angled.  (See  Fig.  41.> 
It  preys  ou  all  soft-bodied  insects.  Of  similar  form  and  babit«  is  the 
Many-banded  robber  {Milyai  ainotut,  Fabr.),  which  appears  in  yellow^ 
black  and  white  colors. 

The  &mily  AcANTHiiN^,  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the 
worst  repute — the  mal-odorons  and  cosmopolitan  bed-bag  {Acanthi^ 
lectttlaria,  Linn).  Few  people  are  so  happy  as  not  to  have  made  the 
acquaiatance  of  this  annoying  insect,  if  not  in  their  own  well-kept  cham- 
bers, at  least  in  those  of  hotels  and  boarding  houses,  from  which  it  can 
only  by  the  greatest  care  be  excluded.  It  is  of  flat,  broad-oval  form 
and  red-brown  color,  aboat  one-flfth  of  an  inch  long.  It  never  acquires 
wings,  and  the  perfect  bags  can  only  be  known  from  (he  young  by  their 
larger  size,  darker  color  and  very  minute  rudiments  of  wing  covers. 
It  is  strictly  nocturnal,  and  hides  by  day  in  the  smallest  cracks  and 
crevices.  It  is  capable  of  endaring  long  &sts,  and  it  is  said  will 
recover  its  vitality  after  being  imprisoned  for  many  months  without 
food. 

A  BOlation  of  corrosive  sublimate  in  alcohol  is  the  most  certfun 
remedy  in  infested  rooms  and  on  bed-steads.  Benzine  and  kerosene 
are  also  much  ased,  and  by  dusting  the  sheets  with  pyrethmm  powder, 
travelers  may  obtain  n  night's  rest  even  in  infested  rooms.  This  bag  is 
said  to  occur  in  myriads  nnder  the  dead  bark  of  certain  trees  in  the  far 
west,  although,  if  animal  fluids  be  necessary  to  its  development,  it  is 
difficult  to  imagine  on  what  it  can  feed  under  such  cireamstances. 

There  are  several  families  of  amphibious  bugs  which  are  chiefly' 
interesiing  from  their  adaptation  to  walking  lightly  on  the  enr&Mie  of 
the  water,  or  in  marshy  spots,  without  having  the  feet  broadened  or 
any  sail-like  or  oar-like  processes  to  aid  locomotion. 

The  Water-stiiders  (Htdbobatid^)  have  the  middle  and  hinder 
legB  very  long,  the  bodies  slender  and  flattened,  and  no  distinct  scntel- 
Inm.  They  are  predaceoos  in  habit,  and  leap  into  the  air  after  the  small 
flies  and  gnats  on  which  they  subsist. 

Among  the  Aquatic  bugs  are  the  Water  Scorpions  and  Giant  water 
bugs  (Nepio^),  where  we  And  some  species  that  exceed  in  size  all 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_)' 


Sle 


OUTLINBS    OP  BHTOMOLOOT. 


565 


Other  species  of  the  Order.  The;  possess  oar-like  lege  and  flat  bodies. 
The  species  are  all  caroiTOrons  and  are  provided  with  strong,  sharp 
beaks,  npon  which  the  bodies,  not  onl;  of  other  insects,  bnt  of  tad- 
poles and  yonu^  fish,  are  impaled  antil  they  can  be  drained  of  the  vital 
fluids.  The  Water  scorpions  are  of  slender  form,  and  the  abdomen  is 
terminated  by  a  pair  of  long,  slender,  grooved  styles,  which,  when  shot 
tagather,  form  a  breathing  tube  that  can  be  elevated  above  the  water, 
while  the  insect  is  mating  its  piedatoiy  exeimions  beneath  the  sor- 
foce.  The  Oiant  water  bug  (Belottoma  gritea.  Say.)  is  more  than  two 
inches  in  length,  by  one  in  width,  with  a  flat,  boat-shaped  foody  and 
powerful  swimming  legs.  It  aleo  flies  long  distances,  and  is  often 
attracted  in  great  numbers  to  electric  lights.  The  Back-swimmers  (Ko* 
ToNBOTiD^)  swim  in  a  reversed  position,  and  have  very  long,  feathery 
bind  legs. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 
Order  hemiptera.    Sub-Order  Homoptbea. 

CICADAH,  LEAF-HOPFBES,  PLANT-LIOB  AHD   BARK-LICB. 


'^^. 


IT-yflat  Clcidk  (C.  irplmdecl 
nymph;  b.Bhen  olaunfi; 
rwig  miule  Tor  tbe  eggt;  t,  < 


.  peifeot  Clcadki  i 


In  this  division  of  beaked  insects  we  find  the  wings — where  these 
organs  are  present — of  the  same  texture  throughout,  and  closing  roof- 


,  v^n_n_'Vli> 


556  BIATE  HOBTIOULTUBAI,  BOCIBTT. 

like  over  the  body.  Id  several  large  groaps  the;  are  tranepftrent,  and 
Bnpported  by  many  ot  few  strong  veioB ;  in  others  they  are  tough  and 
opaqae,  and  Bhow  many  different  colors.  The  bead  i8  broad,  bat 
asaally  very  short,  vithont  any  neok,  and  has  the  beak  arising  bo  f^ 
nnder  that  it  seems  to  be  attached  to  the  breast,  against  which  it  may 
be  closely  folded.  The  eyes  are  round  and  prominent.  The  antenne 
in  the  larger  BpecieB  are  very  inconspicaons,  bat  in  the  more  minute 
forme  are  long,  and  often  beantifalJy  feathered.  Some  speeieB  are 
provided  with  a  Btrong,  homy  ovipositor  by  which  the  eggs  are  inserted 
into  woody  stems  oi  branches  of  trees ;  others  place  their  eggs  on 
exposed  sorfiices,  or  nnder  looeeaed  bark. 

The  moBt  important  families  of  homopterons  insects  are  the  CicA.* 
DiD^,  Mbmbbaoidjb,  Jassid^,  Aphidid^  and  Conoio^. 

In  the  first  of  these  fomilies  we  find  the  large  and  noisy  Harvest- 
flies  or  Dog-day  flies  (genas  Cicada}.  They  have  an  oval  form,  with 
the  body  enclosed  in  a  firm,  shelly  cruet,  head  as  broad  as  the  thorax, 
protruding  eyes,  with  three  distinct  ocelli  between  them,  and  the  an- 
tennffi  are  short  and  awl-shaped  or  end  in  a  sharp-pointed  bristle.  The 
feet  are  three-jointed ;  wings  large  and  glassy  \  abdomen  of  the  females 
bearing  an  ovipositor  which  rests  in  a  Assure  oa  the  under  side  of  the 
abdomen,  and  is  adapted  for  sawing  and  boring  into  hard  wood.  The 
males  have  a  most  ingenious  musical  apparatus  for  producing  the  deaf- 
ening buzzing  or  "dramming  "  with  which  our  shade  trees  and  groves 
resound  from  early  summer  until  antamo.  These  iDstmmeutB  are  little 
membraDoas  sacs,  which  are  gathered  into  fine  plaits  and  lit  over  cavi- 
ties at  the  base  of  the  abdomen.  The  sound  Is  produced  by  i-apid 
expansion  and  contraction,  by  means  of  Btrong  muscles  within  that 
part  of  the  body. 

The  most  intereeting  of  tbeee  InseotB  is  the  Periodical  or  Seventeen- 
year  Cicada,  or  "Locust " — incorrectly  so-called— r'Cieada  aeptemdeoim, 
Linn.}  see  Fig.  42,  which  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  longest- 
lived  insect  known  to  entomologista.  The  perfect  cicadas  areof  adark 
brown  or  black  color,  with  red  eyes  and  glassy,  orange-veined  wings, 
beneath  which  are  situated  the  "drums,"  whose  soond  is  thought  by 
some  to  be  the  word  "Pharaoh,"  very  mnoh  prolonged. 

These  singular  insects  appear  in  the  same  locality  only  once  ia 
seventeen  or  thirteen  years — the  development  in  the  Southern  States 
being  somewhat  more  rapid  than  in  the  Korthern  States.  Their  life, 
as  perfect  insects,  is  comparatively  brief,  lasting  not  more  than  Ave  or 
Bix  weeks.  The  females  saw  numerous  consecutive,  longitudinal  slits 
in  the  branches  of  fruit  and  forest  trees,  often  severely  injuring  the 
trees  in  the  process.    The  young  hatch  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_)' 


.,le 


Ot)TLINE8    OP  EHTOHOLOGT.  SffT 

and  drop  to  the  groand,  into  which  they  burrow  and  where  theyremaio, 
desceuding  deeper  aod  deeper  year  by  year,  feeding  on  the  rootJets  of 
trees  and  growing  very  slowly,  antil  ready  to  change  to  papte,  when 
they  begin  to  ascend.  The  papa  is  active,  and  after  emerging  from  the 
ground  crawls  to  the  trnnk  of  some  tree  or  shrub,  to  which  it  clings 
with  its  apiny  claws,  while  the  perfect  cicada  emerges.  As  these  pupa 
shells  retain  their  form,  except  for  the  slit  on  the  top,  throngh  which 
the  imago  escaped,  they  are  often  mistaken  for  dead  "loonsts,"  and 
it  ased  to  be  a  popular  superstition  that  they  "sang  notil  they  barst" 
They  appear  in  May  or  June. 

The  annual  Dog-day  or  Harvest-flies,  of  which  there  are  but  two 
or  three,  not  very  distinct  species,  in  this  country,  develop  about  mid- 
Bumoier,  and  sing  late  in  the  afternoon  and  in  the  twilight,  nntil  frost. 
The  most  common  species  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  seventeen-year 
species,  of  a  green  and  black  color,  having  the  body  thickly  covered 
by  a  whitish  powder  or  "bloom,"  from  which  oircnmstanoe  it  received 
its  name,  Cicada  pruinota,  Say. 

The  Tree-hoppers  (Mbmbba.cid^)  are  rather  small  insects,  but 
among  them  are  some  of  the  most  singular  and  grotesque  forms  of 
animate  life.  The  pro-thorax  is  the  part  most  subject  to  variation. 
This  often  extends  backward  almost  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  or  the 
front  edge  is  prolonged  into  a  horn  that  curves  far  over  the  head. 

The  Buffalo  Tree-hopper  (Oeresa  bubalus,  Fabr.)  exhibits  in  its 
form  a  variety  of  triangles ;  in  front,  on  top,  and  on  each  side,  one  or 
more  of  these  geometrio  flgnres  can  be  traced.  It  is  of  a  dull  green 
color,  nearly  one-half  inch  in  length,  and  the  female  often  does  consid- 
erable damage  to  the  tender  twigs  of  fruit  trees  by  the  numerous  slits 
which  she  saws  in  them  for  the  reception  of  her  eggs. 

Among  the  Leaf-hoppers  (Jabsid^)  are  a  number  of  small,  but 
very  destructive  species.  These  insects  have  oblong  forms,  long 
wings,  often  beautifully  colored,  a  rounded  pro-thorax  and  a  triangular 
head.  A  few  are  about  one-half  inch  in  length,  but  the  greater  number 
are  very  small.  The  Grape-vine  Leaf-hopper  t'JStythronmtra  mtia,  Har.), 
commonly  but  erroneously  called  "  Thripa,"  frets  the  leaves  of  the  vine 
with  innumerable  punctures  until  they  tnrn  brown  and  wither.  These 
insects  are  often  so  numerous  late  in  summer  that  they  leap  off  in 
donds  when  the  vines  are  shaken.  Other  species  are  injurious  to 
roses,  growing  grain  and  grass. 

The  Plaat-lice  (Aphidid^s)  are  a  very  comprehensive  and  interest- 
ing class  of  insects.  They  range  from  small  to  exceedingly  minute, 
but  make  np  in  numbers  what  they  lack  in  size,  and  include  some  of 
the  most  destrnctive  pests  known  to  the  agricnltnrist.    They  ate  soft- 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_)' 


Sle 


668  8TATB   HOETIOITLTUEAL  SOOIETT. 

bodied  and  gr^gariona,  and  most  numeroas  ia  the  wingless  forms. 
The  eyes  are  asaally  qaite  large  and  of  a  dark  color,  and  the  antennie 
of  many  species  long  and  thread-like;  the  beak  is  tTO-jointed,  and  in 
some  cases  as  long  or  longer  than  the  body ;  legs,  in  the  leaf-feeding 
species,  rather  long  and  slender,  bat  in  the  root-feeding  and  galMnhab- 
Iting  forms  short  and  stont;  wings  thin  and  transparent,  with  dark 
Teins  on  the  autetior  margin.  TSear  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  on  the 
back,  many  specieB  have  a  pair  of  little  tabes  throagb  which  exudes  a 
sweet  flaid,  sometimes  in  saeh  qaantitles  as  to  thickly  besprinkle  the 
plants  infested.  This  is  then  termed  "honey  dew,"  althongh  the  genn- 
Ine  "honey  dew"  is  an  excretion  from  the  leaves  of  certain  plants 
during  dry,  hot  weather.  Ants,  as  is  well  known,  are  extremely  fond 
of  "aphis  nectar,*'  and  induce  the  insects  to  yield  it  in  large  quantities 
by  caressing  tbem  with  their  antenase,  for  which  reason  they  are  called 
the  "ants'  cows."  Other  species  of  aphides  excrete  A-om  a  part  or  the 
whole  of  the  sorfaoe  of  the  body  a  whitish  powder  or  "  bloom,"  or 
nameroas  fllaments  of  dne,  cottony  matter,  in  which  they  become  com- 
pletely enveloped.  The  reproductive  processes  of  aphides  are  very 
complicated  and  remarkable,  and  have  been  the  snbject  of  much  care- 
fal  study  and  experiment.  Onr  knowledge  in  regard  to  them  may  be 
briefly  summarized  as  follows :  At  certain  seasons  of  the  year — usually 
late  in  summer  or  early  antnmn — individuals  of  both  sexes  are  pro- 
daced,  and  the  females  lay  eggs,  which  in  some  species  hatch  immedi- 
ately, in  others  remain  dormant  over  winter.  The  sexed  aphides  were 
formerly  supposed  to  be  the  winged  form,  bat  later  discovery  shows 
that  there  is  not  necessarily  any  connection  between  the  possessiou  of 
wings  and  of  true  sexnal  organs,  the  wings  being  simply  an  adaptation 
for  migration  Arom  one  locality  or  plant  to  another.  Thefoim  hatching 
from  the  egg  is  denominated  the  "stem  mother,"  aad  in  the  course  of  a 
few  days  begins  a  peculiar  process  of  reprodnction,  called  partkeno- 
genetit  or  agamia  reproduction,  bringing  forth  her  yoang  alive  and  in 
very  rapid  sncceasion.  This  process  has  been  likened  to  the  multipli- 
cation of  certain  kinds  of  plants  by  slipping  and  bndding.  The  off- 
spring of  the  "stem  mother "  begin,  in  their  tnrn,  to  produce  vivipa- 
ronsly  in  the  course  of  a  few  days,  and  in  this  way  the  mnltiplieation  of 
individuals  proceeds  at  a  most  extraordinary  rate.  Fortnnately  for  the 
safety  of  vegetation,  plant  lice  have  a  variety  of  natural  enemies.  They 
may  also  be  destroyed  by  alkaline  applications,  tobacco  smoke  or  in- 
fnsion,  or  kerosene  emulsions.  Poisons  such  as  Paris  green  or  London 
purple  do  not  have  much  effect  upon  them,  as  they  do  not  eat  leaves, 
bat  puncture  them  and  extract  the  sap  from  beneath  the  cuticle. 


D.-iiiz'i:;!.,  V^H_'V_V 


igle 


OUTLIHBS  OP  ENTOMOLOGT.  559 

Among  the  excessively  iDJarionsBpecies  or  Aphides  may  be  men- 
ijooed  the  Grape  Phylloxera  (P.  vattatrix,  Plan.)  which  has  oaased  sach 
wholesale  destrntfUon  of  the  vioeyards  in  France  and  other  European 
conntries,  and  prevents  the  cultiTation  of  many  choice  varieties  of  grapes 
in  this  coantry.  This  species  occnrs  in  two  forms,  one  inhabiting 
warty  galls  on  the  foliage,  but  the  most  destructive  form  ooconing  on 
the  roots,  which  it  canses  to  decay.  This  species  and  its  allies  do  not 
produce  the  yonng  alive,  bat  always  by  means  of  eggs.  Another  root- 
lonse,  belonging  in  another  family,  is  the  Woolly  louse  of  the  apple 
(StAizoneura  lanigera,  Hausm.)  This  also  sometimes  appears  above 
ground  on  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  and  is  one  of  the  species  that  clothes 
Itself  in  a  cottony  or  woolly  excretion. 

The  Hop  Aphis  fPhorodon  kumultj  often  oooasions  great  loss  in 
hop-yards,  and  Dr.  Biley  has  made  the  interesting  discovery  that  in 
autumn  the  winged  migrant  form  resorts  to  plum  trees  and  there  pro- 
duces the  sezed  individuals  whose  eggs  hibernate  on  the  plnm,  on  the 
leaves  of  which  the  first  spring  generations  feed,  becoming  winged 
early  in  summer  and  again  returning  to  the  hop-yards.  The  largest 
species  are  found  on  the  hickory  and  sycamore  trees.  These  belong 
to  the  genus  Laekniu,  and  when  thickly  congregated  on  the  tranks 
and  branches  are  a  most  repulsive  sight.  Some  species,  especially 
those  of  the  genus  Pemphigus,  caase  very  singnlar  galls  on  trees  of  the 
poplar  and  willow  family.  As  nearly  all  aphids  are  more  or  less  injari* 
one,  it  is  out  of  the  qnestion  to  attempt  here  to  give  a  list,  even  of 
those  that  are  serious  pests. 

In  the  femily  Goooidida  are  grouped  the  Scale-insects  or  Biurk- 
lice,  the  Mealy-bugs  and  a  few  similar  forms,  which  rival  tbe  members 
of  the  preceding  family  in  rapidity  of  increase,  in  injarions  effect  upon 
the  plants  attacked  and  in  tbe  diflBcnlty  with  which  they  are  eradicated 
or  even  kept  in  check.  In  these  insects  only  the  males  undergo  trans- 
formation, protected  by  a  small  larval  scale.  They  acquire  wings,  two 
in  number,  very  transparent  and  with  only  one  or  two  veins.  The 
antennffi  are  long,  and,  ander  the  microscope,  are  seen  to  be  many- 
jointed  and  hairy  or  plumy.  The  month  parts  are  undeveloped,  and  in 
their  place  we  find  a  second  pwr  of  eyes.  The  females  never  acquire 
irings,  and  most  of  the  species  become  fixed  in  one  spot  very  shortly 
after  hatching,  the  long  but  extremely  fine  beak  penetrating  to  the  sap- 
wood  of  the  tree  oi  shrub  infested  and  slowly  imbibing  the  sap  teqaired 
to  perfect  the  growth  and  development  of  the  insect.  Immediately 
npon  becoming  fixed  the  snrface  of  the  body  exudes  a  waxy  substance 
that  very  soon  forms,  together  with  the  motled  skins,  a  complete  shell 
or  scale  over  the  body.    After  being  visited  by  the  winged  male,  the 


560  BTATB  HOSTIODLTDRAL  SOCIETY. 

egga  begin  to  form  and  bood  All  the  body  of  the  mother  inRecl.  Upon 
hatchiDff,  the  very  minate  lice  creep  from  ander  the  scale  and  dioperse 
with  great  actiTit;  all  over  the  tree  or  branch,  from  whence  some  are 
carried  by  birde  and  insects,  or  are  wafted  by  the  wind  to  other  trees, 
and  in  this  way  they  are  disseminated  from  one  orchard  or  vioeyard 
or  grove  to  aDotfaer.  Besides  the  waxy  scale,  some  species  excrete  a 
great  quantity  of  white,  cottony  matter,  as  a  protection  to  the  eggs. 
This  substance  is  arranged  in  varions  forms  oliaracteristic  of  the  spe> 
cies. 

Among  the  cocoids  that  form  simple  scales  is  the  widely-distrihated 
Oyster-ehell  Bork-lonse  of  the  apple  (M^tilaapii  pomonuM,  Bonche.) 
This  species  covers  the  branches  and  tranks  of  trees  with  its  pale 
.  brown,  somewhat  oyster-shaped  scales,  beneath  which  are  the  females, 
each  with  its  almost  invisible  beak  penetrating  to  the  growing  wood 
and  extracting  sap  la  snch  quantities  as  to  retard  the  growth  of  the 
tree,  and  rednce  the  qaantity  and  impair  the  quality  of  the  fruit. 
The  young  are  batched  late  in  spring,  and  ore  active  for  a  few  days 
only.  Alkaline  wsehee  or  kerosene  emulsion  applied  at  this  time  are 
most  effectual  in  preventing  their  increase.  They  have  a  few  natural 
enemies  in  the  shape  of  Coocinelid  beetles,  Lace- wing  fiy  larvte  and  one 
or  two  minate  parasitic  flies.  Two  similar  scales  of  other  species  are 
found  in  the  South  on  orange  trees.  Several  species  of  white  scales 
fChiona^itJ  are  also  found  on  apple,  pear,  pine  and  willow.  A  smaller, 
white,  scurfy  scale  flHaspitJ  is  sometimes  very  abundant  on  the  stems 
of  roses,  blackberries  and  raspberries.  The  scale  insects  most  trouble- 
some  in  green-houses  and  on  hoase-plaats,  and  occarriug  also  on  the 
orange,  belong  to  the  genas  Aapidiottu.  Among  the  scale  insects  that 
produce  cottony  masses  is  Ptilvinarta  innumerabaUt  (Bath.),  which  ap> 
pears  in  great  numbers  on  grape  vines,  and  especially  on  maple  and 
elm  trees,  covering  the  bark  with  its  masses  of  floccalent  matter  and 
honey-dew  like  excretions,  greatly  disflgaring  and  injuring  vines  and 
trees.  The  orange  tree  is  especially  subject  to  the  attacks  of  scale 
insects;  and  one  of  these,  the  Fluted  scale  (loerya  purchatiJtBenouB\y 
threatened  the  existence  of  the  groves  of  California,  until  Dr.  Biley 
happily  discovered  its  chief  natnral  enemy  in  AnstraUa,  from  which 
country  the  scale  had  been  introduced,  and  secured  the  importation  of 
the  useful  Lady-bird  beetle,  which  in  about  two  years  has  almost  exter- 
minated the  particular  species  of  pest  on  which  it  naturally  preys. 

The  Mealy  bugs  fDaetplopiuaJ — especially  troublesome  on  honse- 
plants  and  in  green- houses— while  agreeing  with  the  scale  insects  in 
many  particulars,  do  not  secrete  scales  and  the  females  do  not  become 
fixed  in  one  place.    The  bodies  are  covered  with  a  white  powdery 


OUTUNBS  OF  BNTOHOLOQT.  561 

matter,  with  abort  fllameiits  aroand  tbe  anterior  end  and  sides  and  sev- 
eral long  ones  at  the  tail.  One  of  the  Cooeidse  fOoceus  eactij  is  the 
insect  bo  well  known  as  "cochineal,"  which,  nntil  the  invention  of  the 
aniline  dyes,  was  the  Bonrce  of  the  be«ntifal  red  and  crimeon  colors  so 
mnch  osed  in  tbe  manofoctnre  of  textile  fiibrics. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

Order  heuiptera.    Sab-Order  Pabasitioa. 

HUMAN   AND   OATTLB  PABABITEB. 


[Kg,  «.] 


The  Short-noeed  Oi-loiua  (HanufopJnu  fBrjriliniiuJ  after  Oibome.  a. 
ttmtie  1  b,  iMtmin  (beu)  i  e.  under  ■nifKoa  of  lut  Joint  of  mile  i 
'•  ess  i  /■  nrftwe  of  egg,  till  gie*llj  mtgnlfled. 

In  this  Snb-order  we  find  the  most  repnlsive  and  annoying  of  all 
insects — the  trne  paiaaites  of  mammals,  not  excepting  man.  The  gen- 
eral  strnetoral  characters  are  depicted  with  great  exactness  in  the 
illnstratiou.  Fig.  44. 

The  true  lice  are  all  very  small  insects,  which  never  acquire  wings. 
They  remain  close  to  the  skin  and  sack  the  blood  of  tbe  animalB  in- 
fested, causing  great  discomfort  and  irritation  by  their  presence  and 
their  innumerable  punctures.  They  are  the  result  of  neglect  and  squalor, 
and  on  cattle  and  horses  indicate  a  very  nnthrifty  physical  condition. 
The  proboscis  is  merely  a  flenhy  prolongation  of  the  front  of  tbe  head, 
at  the  end  of  which  are  a  pair  of  extremely  sharp  lancets,  which  are 
retracted  within  tbe  head  when  not  in  ase.  At  the  base  of  these,  as 
shown  at  b,  in  the  figure,  is  a  rosette  of  sharp,  recurved  hooks,  which, 

H  E— 36 

D.-|n;'J=|.v^.V_'0'^le 


562  BIATB   HOBTIOULTUBAI,  SOOIBIT. 

when  the  insect  is  feeding,  are  thmBt  into  the  skin  to  support  the 
l»Qeets.  The  eyee  are  simple  and  very  small,  and  tlte  antfeDnie  very 
short  and  minntely  bristly.  The  legs  have  thick,  short.  Botched  joints 
and  end  in  a  strong  cnryed  claw,  that  when  closed  down,  meets  a  little 
tooth  on  the  shank — a  provisioa  for  clin^ng  to  and  climbing  luurs. 
There  are  no  transfonnations.  The  eggs  are  called  "nits,"  and  are 
firmly  glned  at  one  end  to  the  hairs. 

Three  species  attack  man  ander  certain  external  conditions  of  pov- 
erty and  ancleanlineBs,  namely:  The  Head-loase  (Pedumlua  eapitU), 
which  is  oonflned  to  the  hair  and  skin  of  ihe  head,  and  is  most  freqaently 
found  on  neglected  children ;  the  Body-lonse  {Pediculua  vettmenta), 
which  hides  in  the  seams  and  folds  of  the  clothing,  and  draws  the  blood 
ftom  any  part  of  the  body;  and  the  Crab-lonse  {Pthirivs  pubU),  which 
attacks  the  arm  pits  and  pnbic  region.  These  peats  commonly  aggra- 
vate the  miseries  of  military  prisons  and  camps  and  other  sitaatious 
where  haman  beings  are  congregated  withont  provision  for  cleanliness 
and  lack  nonriahing  food.  Mercurial  ointment  is  the  best  remedy,  with 
entire  change  of  clothing,  where  possible. 

The  trae  lice  that  are  sometimes  fonnd  on  thin  and  neglected 
horses,  cattle,  swine  and  other  animals,  differ  very  slightly  &om  those 
fonnd  on  man.  They  are  placed  in  the  genns  Sematopimu.  Strong 
infnsions  of  tobacco  or  of  larkspar  seeds  are  among  the  remedial 
washes,  also  an  ointment  of  kerosene  and  lard,  thoronghiy  mixed  ;  bnt 
the  experiments  of  Prof.  G.  P.  Gillette,  of  Colorado,  have  demonstrated 
the  superiority  of  that  valnable  insecticide,  the  ordinary  kerosene  emul- 
sion, over  every  other  preparation,  in  ridding  animals  of  these  pests. 
Dr.  Biley,  whose  invention  it  was,  says  of  it :  "It  has  long  sinue  be- 
come recognized  as  an  insecticide  of  anrivaled  merit,  against  most  of 
the  insect  enemies  of  plants,  and  also  in  the  case  of  animals,  as  a  means 
against  the  Bnffalo-gnat,  Horse-fiy,  etc.  •  •  •  The  only  precaution 
necessary  with  this  substance  is  to  see  that  the  emulsion  is  properly 
made,  and  that  in  winter  time  the  animal  be  protected  from  severe 
cold." 

There  are  certain  other  kinds  of  lice  occasionally  found  on  cattle, 
belonging  to  the  same  group  with  chicken-lice,  bird-lice  and  so  forth, 
which,  although  they  bear  considerable  resemblance  to  the  true  lice, 
are  structurally  very  different  and  form  a  low  sub-order  of  the  Ken- 
roptera.  The  remedies  for  these  are  the  same  as  for  the  more  common 
species. 


.y  Google 


OniLlNES  OF  BNTOMOLOGT. 


CHAfTEU  XXVIII. 

Order  VI.     OKTHOPTBHA. 
[Fig  M  1 


Old  World  Ulgnlory  Loenst  (PocAyljrhuiiilfraroiiu.J 

Id  this  Order  of  B0-ca11ed  atraight-Kinged  inseotB  we  find  msny 
nnasttaUj'  ioteresting  species.  Geologically  and  historically  they  aie 
the  oldest  of  insects.  la  the  stratified  rocks  their  remaiDs  are  foand 
among  the  very  earliest  forms  of  animal  life  ;  while  the  "  locuflts,"  bo 
frequently  mentioned  in  the  Old  TeBtament,  and  in  equally  ancient  sec- 
nlar  history,  as  suddenly  swooping  down  upon  a  country  and  "devonr- 
ing  every  green  thing,"  are  among  the  typical  representativea.  Except- 
ing the  Cicadas,  described  in  a  preceding  chapter,  we  find  among  the 
Orthoptera  the  only  insecta  provided  with  a  special  musical  apparatus, 
each  species  having  its  own  peculiar  inetmment  and  contributing  its 
characteristic  notes,  called  atridulationa,  to  the  insect  concerts  that 
enliven  the  eammer  days  and  nights.  Many  of  the  most  singular  imi- 
tative forms  that  occur  in  natare  are  also  found  here  in  the  "  walking 
Bticka"  and  *' walking  leaves"  that  compose  one  of  tbi  groupa;  and 
by  many  other  pecoliaritiea  of  Btrncture  and  habit  the  Orthoptera  chal- 
lenge attention  from  the  etndent  of  pure  science,  the  lover  of  nature, 
and  the  economist. 

The  straight- winged  insects  are  nearly  all  of  a  size  to  be  examined 
without  the  aid  of  a  microscope,  and  some  forms  have  been  considered 
superior  to  all  others  as  sabjects  for  dissection  in  the  study  of  internal 
as  well  aa  external  structure.  While  they  exhibit  mnch  variation  in 
form,  all  the  more  conspicnons  species  agree  in  the  vertical  position  of 
the  head,  the  biting  month,  the  large  pro-thorax,  and  the  parchment- like 
wing-covers — when  these  organs  are  present, 

The  head  is  usually  large,  and  thoagh  somewhat  sunken  nnder  the 
pro-thorax  in  many  Bpecies,  ia  freely  movable  on  the  flexible  neck.  The 
eyes  are  round  or  oblong,  and  prominent  in  most  species.    The  antennae 


664  BTATS   HOBTIOVLTDBAL  SOOIBTT. 

are  either  short,  atont  and  few-jointed,  or  very  long  and  slender  with 
an  indefinite  namber  of  indistinct  joints. 

In  these  insects  ve  find  the  moatb  parts  particnlarly  well  devel- 
oped, and  adapted  for  biting  and  masticating  solid  food.  The  mandi- 
bles are  short,  bat  broad  and  strong,  with  s  toothed  catting  edge ;  the 
mazillie  are  adapted  to  the  ofiQce  of  holding  the  food  in  place,  in  which 
the  two  pairs  of  month-feelers  (palpi)  assist ;  the  lower  lip  (labiam) 
forms  the  floor  to  the  mouth,  and  the  annanally  long  and  broad  labmm 
closes  over  the  other  month  parts  like  a  tme  lip,  when  the  losect  is  not 
feeding.  The  pro-thorax  only  appears  on  the  apper  side  of  the  body, 
and  in  a  great  m^ority  of  the  species  it  is  more  or  less  saddle-shaped, 
often  with  a  longitndinal  ridge  on  top.  There  is  much  variation  in  the 
length,  thickness  and  character  of  the  snrface  of  the  legs,  which  are 
adapted  for  mnniug,  jnmping,  harrowing,  grasping  and  other  nses. 
The  wing-covers  are  composed  of  strong  membrane  more  or  less  thick- 
ened and  opaqne,  in  which  the  venation  is  peoaliar  to  the  species. 
They  nsoally  over-lap  at  the  bases  or  for  their  entire  length,  and  either 
lie  dat  npon  the  back  or  are  concave,  and  enclose  the  sides  also  like  a 
pod.  The  nnder  wings  are  very  broad,  in  many  species  composed  of 
transparent^  bat  closely  net-veined  membrane.  A  few  kinds  display  in 
life  variooa  beantiful  colors,  which  shortly  disappear  in  cabinet  speci- 
mens. When  not  in  ase  these  wings  are  folded  in  &n-like  plaits  and 
hidden  nnder  the  upper  pair.  In  the  hind  body  we  can  connt  eight  or 
nine  distinct  segments,  attached  to  the  last  of  which  are  the  variously 
shaped  claspers  of  the  males,  and  the  equally  varied  ovipositing  organs 
of  the  females.  On  the  nnder  side  of  this  part  of  the  body  the  proteotr 
ing  crast  seems  thinner  and  more  flexible  than  elsewhere,  and  expands 
and  contracts  with  the  inhalation  and  exhalation  of  ^r. 

The  Orthoptera  are  very  voracions  in  all  stages  of  their  develop- 
ment, and  while  the  minority  feed  on  growing  vegetation,  others  are 
predaceoas,  and  a  considerable  namber  are  eerioas  boosehold  pests, 
on  account  of  their  preference  for  the  contents  of  pantries  and  the 
offal  of  kitchens. 

The  transformations  are  incomplete,  and  the  young  differ  from  the 
mature  insects  even  less  than  young  bugs  differ  from  those  that  have 
acquired  the  perfect  form. 

There  is  considerable  confusion  in  the  terms  applied  to  some  of 
the  groups  in  this  Order.  Thus  the  trne  locusts  are  very  generally 
called  "grasshoppers,"  while  the  term  "  locust"  is  in  this  country  ap- 
plied to  the  Periodical  Oicada.  Again,  all  the  more  conspicaous  forms 
included  by  entomologists  among  "  grasshoppers "  are  not  found  on 
grass  at  all,  but  inhabit  the  tops  of  the  tallest  trees.    Kor  does  this 


OCTLINBB   OF  ENTOMOLOGY.  665 

inapt  DomeDclatnre  occnr  only  Id  popnlor  laognage,  for  ve  And  the 
iMcvBTioM  inclade  ooly  the  green  grasihoppers  and  other  solitary 
speoiea,  while  ihe  geonine,  often  gregaiioae,  and  Infinitely  more  destrno- 
live  locnetB  are  placed  in  the  Family  Acbidid-s. 

All  the  more  important  American  speoiea  of  Obthoftera  are 
foond  in  six  Familiee,  namely :  Crickets  (Obylud^)  ;  Green  Orass- 
hoppers  and  Katydids  (LoonflTTD-s) ;  Tme  Locnsts  (AORIDID^) ;  Walk- 
ing sticks  or  Specters  (Fhabhid^)  ;  Soothsayers,  Devil's  horses  (Man- 
tida)  and  Oockroaches  (Blattid^).  The  first  three  Families  form  a 
■eotion  of  the  Order  distingnished  from  their  mode  of  progresBJon  as 
the  Jumpers  (Saltatobia)  ;  the  foorth  Family  includes  the  Walkers 
(AMBULAToRiA) ;  the  fifth  the  Graspers  (Baptatoria)  ;  the  sixth  the 
Banners  {CUBSOBIA). 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

Order,  ORTHOPTEBA.    Section,  Saltatobia. 

OBICKBTS,  GBASaHOPFEBS,  KATYDIDS,  AND  LOOUSTS. 

The  Jumping  Orthoptera  inclade  all  the  musical  and  nearly  all  the 
Injurioas  species,  namely,  the  Crickets,  Green  Grasshoppers  and  Lo- 
oasts.  The  Crickets  (Gryllid^)  are  easily  separated  into  three  groaps. 
Hole  crickets,  Honee  and  Field  crickets  and  Tree  crickets,  each  con- 
taining comparatively  few  species.  They  all  agree  in  having  somewhat 
oylindrical  bodies,  either  short  and  stent  or  slender  and  elongate,  and 
always  terminate  in  more  ur  less  conspionoas  stylets  or  a  long,  exserted 
ovipositor.  The  head  is  large,  ronndiah,  or  obtnsely  triaagalar ;  eyes 
hemispherical,  widely  separated;  antennae  long,  slender  and  tapering; 
npper  lip  nearly  circnlar,  and  the  palpi,  of  which  both  pairs  are  well 
developed,  are  somewhat  clnb-shaped.  The  pro-thorax  is  broad  and  of 
a  firm,  homy  or  shelly  texture.  The  wtn^  and  wing  covers,  except  in 
the  Tree  crickets,  cover  only  one-half  or  two-thirds  of  the  abdomen. 
The  wing  covers  are  of  thick,  leathery  or  mica-like  membrane,  with  a 
pecaliar  ridged  venation,  by  means  of  which  their  calls  and  chirps  are 
prodnced.  The  legs  vary  in  the  development  of  certain  parts  to  cor- 
respond with  the  habits  of  the  species,  bat  the  bioder  pidr  always  have 
large  thighs  and  more  or  less  spiny  shanks. 

The  Mole  crickets  do  not  jnmp,  bat  are  pecaliar  for  their  harrow- 
ing habits,  and  seldom  emerge  tiom  their  sabterranean  abodes  nntil 
after  Digbt&Il.    They  are  large,  stout  insects, of  dnll  brown  colors,and 


666  STATE  HOBTIOTTLTtTBAL  800IETT. 

hare  the  anrEiMe  thickly  clothed  with  a  soft  pubescence — ia  this,  as  in 
many  other  parlicnlars,  imitating  the  genolae  mole.  Id  the  fore  legs 
all  the  joints  are  flattened  and  broadened,  the  tibife  spreading  oat  like 
the  palm  of  the  hand,  and  having  on  the  lower  edge  foar  long,  homy, 
flnger-like  processes,  so  that  they  are  almost  exact  miniatores  of  the 
shovel-like  fore  feet  of  the  animal  from  which  they  are  named.  These 
insects  are  asnally  fonnd  in  damp  soils,  where  their  horizontal  galleries 
are  betrayed  by  the  little  ridges  which  appear  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  They  feed  npon  roots  and  ander-groaod  stems  of  plants,  va- 
rying  their  diet  by  devonring  any  harrowing  larvte  or  exposed  pnpse 
with  which  they  come  in  contact  in  their  tanneling  operations.  The 
most  common  Northern  species  is  Oryllotalpa  borealet,  Barm,  while  in 
the  Southern  States  O.  loHffipennia  is  more  fregnently  met  with. 

The  Hoase  and  Field  crickets  live  in  chimneys,  stone  walla  and 
similar  sitaations,  or  in  holes  in  the  groand.  Modern  methodsin  baild- 
ing  have  banished  the  "  cricket  on  the  hearth,"  whose  cheerM  chirp 
formerly  blended  with  the  cosy  "  song  "  of  the  tea-kettle,  inspiring  in 
poets  and  novelists  some  of  their-most  beaatifnl  thoughts  on  the  com- 
forts of  home. 

The  House  Oricket  (6ryttu»  domestieuij  is  of  a  brown  or  grayish 
color,  and  is  an  immigrant  from  Earope  and  the  Air  East.  Jt  is  qaite 
abundant  in  oor  eastern  cities,  but  is  not  yet  very  generally  dissemi- 
nated over  the  ooantry.  The  larger  Field  Crickets  are  black  with 
brown  wings,  and  the  males  of  some  species  snrvive  the  winter  and 
may  be  heard  chirping  during  warm  evenings  early  in  the  spring.  They 
all  belong  in  the  same  genas  with  the  Mole  and  Hoase  Orickets,  and 
show  much  variation  in  coloring  and  in  the  development  of  the  wings. 
The  eggs  are  deposited  in  masses  of  two  or  three  haodred,  bat  are  not 
enclosed  in  a  sac  aa  are  those  of  the  Mole  Cricket.  The  yoang  hatch 
abont  midsummer  and  disperse  in  all  directions,  feeding  on  all  \-arieties 
of  vegetation,  often  proving  qnite  injurioas.  The  species  of  Ifemobiua 
appear  later  in  the  sammer,  are  of  a  doll,  pale  brown  color,  sometimes 
obscurely  striped,  and  in  one  or  two  species  the  wings  are  wanting,  and 
the  shelly  elytra  (wing  covers)  somewhat  loosely  enclose  the  body.  The 
Tree  Crickets  are  of  more  slender  and  delicate  form,  with  broader  and 
more  glassy  wing  covers  and  long  slender  legs  and  antenna.  The 
males  of  (Eeanthiu  nieeue  Har.  and  (E.  latipennU  Biley  are  white  or 
greenish  white,  the  wing  covers  transparent,  flat,  and  when  closed,  com- 
pletely  over-lapping  and  crossed  by  W-shaped  ridges.  When  stridnlat- 
ing,  these  wings  are  elevated  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  body  and 
the  surfaces  rubbed  together  with  a  motion  too  swift  to  be  followed  by 
the  eye,  producing  a  metallic  "  whirr  "  that  is  incredibly  load  and  pierc- 


OUTUKBS   OP  BNTOHOLOGT.  567 

ing  iu  oomparison  with  tbe  size  ftnd  delicate  texture  of  the  insect. 
TThe  females  are  qaite  different  ia  appeaiauce,  being  slender  and  almost 
oylindrioal,  vith  the  wing  covers  carving  down  at  the  aides  so  as  to 
parti;  enclose  the  body.  The  ovipositor  is  slender  bat  very  strong  and 
horny,  nearly  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  and  tenninates  in  a  blant  tip 
beset  with  minate  points.  With  this  instrament  tbe  female  of  (E,  ittv«w« 
pierces  the  yoaag  canes  of  grape  or  of  raspberry,  depositing  in  a  row 
a  considerable  nomber  of  eggs.  <E.  latipami*  forces  hers  into  tbe  pith 
of  stems  or  into  bark  through  a  series  of  pinhole-like  punctures 
from  one-half  an  inch  to  one  inch  apart.  The  pnnctnred  twigs  are 
invariably  killed,  and  the  insects  ocoastonally  do  considerable  damage ; 
bat  as  these  crickets  feed  almost  entirely  upon  aphides  and  other  mi- 
nate pests,  they  make  ample  compensation  for  all  the  injury  that  they 
do,  and  may  be  accounted  beneficial  rather  Uian  injurious. 

The  most  eeethetically  interesting  insects  among  the  Loonttida  are 
the  "  Katydids."  The  pecoliar,  interrupted  stridalations  of  these  little 
tree-top  masicians  have  inspired  many  a  poetic  gem  and  dainty  bit  of 
imaginative  prose.  Xor  are  they  merely  &vorites  with  the  poets,  who, 
for  the  most  part,  know  them  only  by  their  notes ;  but  the  natmalist, 
who  keeps  them  as  pets,  finds  in  their  babita  and  histories  most  instmct. 
ive  and  suggestive  revelations  of  insect  life.  They  are  mostly  of  large 
size,  and  of  a  bright  green  color,  in  this  assimilating  closely  to  the  foli- 
age amid  which  they  dwell.  The  large,  free  head  is  oarioasly  like  that 
of  a  horse ;  the  eyes  are  round  and  bright,  and  of  a  yellowish-browa 
'color;  the  antennse  are  very  long,  slender  and  tapering;  tbe  varions 
month  parts  are  easily  distinguished  without  the  aid  of  a  lens,  and  the 
processes  of  catting  and  mastication  may  be  closely  observed,  as  the 
insects  will  often  sit  apon  one's  finger  and  nibble  a  leaf  or  bit  of  frnit 
in  fearless  enjoyment.  Tbe  apper  side  of  the  pro-thorax  is  covered  by 
a  wide  collar,  which  projects  slightly  over  the  head  in  front,  and,  pos- 
teriorly, overlaps  the  bases  of  the  wings.  In  repose  the  wings  meet  on 
the  back  in  an  acute  angle,  and  are  more  or  less  convex  at  the  sides,  to 
enclose  the  body.  At  the  base  they  over-lap  in  a  wide,  fiat  triangle,  the 
upper  snrface  of  one  and  the  under  surface  of  the  other  being  peon- 
liarly  ridged  and  rooghened  to  form  the  "  taborets,"  which  grate  together 
as  tbe  insect  raises  and  lowers  its  wings.  These  wing-covers  display  a 
venatioo  imitative  of  that  of  leaves.  Tbe  under  wings  are  broad,  com* 
posed  of  vety  dehcate,  finely-netted  membrane,  with  green  tips  where 
they  project  slightly  beyond  the  upper  pair.  The  legs  are  slender,  with 
the  tibiee  slightly  spiny  and  the  tarsi  ending  in  long,  sharp  claws.  The 
hind  legs  are  very  nearly  twice  tbe  length  of  tbe  others.  At  the  base 
of  the  tibise  of  the  fore  legs  are  peculiar  oval  cavities  covered  with 


0C8  STATE  HOBTICtTLTtJBAL  800IBTT. 

tmnsparent  membrane,  which  are  supposed  to  be  the  seat  of  the  sense 
of  heulDg.  The  bodies  of  the  males  terminate  in  conapicnoos  stylet« 
or  cUuBpen,  while  those  of  the  females  bear  a  large  sickle-shaped  or 
BwordOike  ovipositor,  composed  of  two  thin  blades,  by  means  of  which 
the  eggs  are  inswted  into  bark  or  leaves,  or  are  laid  in  over-lapping' 
rows  on  thin  stems  or  on  the  edges  of  leaves. 

The  tme  Katydid  COyrtopkylha  eoncavuij  is  the  most  robost-Iooking^ 
■pedes,  the  wing-covers  being  oblong  and  very  convex  on  the  sides, 
almost  meeting  below  as  well  as  on  the  back.  The  taborets  oonsist  of 
mioa-llke  plates,  with  very  etron^,  pecaliarly  curving  ridges.  Hie 
Angnlar-winged  Katydid  fMiaraoentntm  retinervitj  has  longer,  narrower 
and  less  convex  wings.  The  taborets  are  opaqne,  and  the  sounds  pro- 
dneed  resemble  a  metallic  clicking  sonnd,  wMoh  has  not  been  rednced 
by  any  imasinative  listener  to  syllables.  The  Narrow-winged  Katydid 
fPhaneropta-n  eurvieaMdaJ  Is  a  smaller,  duller-green  species,  witii  a  leea 
noticeable  note.  It  most  be  remembered  that  the  males  are  the  mnal- 
cians  of  the  family,  althongh  the  females  are  capable  of  emitting  a  &int 
response  by  a  sadden  upward  Jerk  of  the  wings. 

Among  the  Grasshoppers  are  some  long,  slender,  bright-ereen 
species  which  have  the  front  of  the  head  prodnced  into  a  point.  These 
are  called  the  Gone-heads.  Xipkidium  mrifer  is  the  largest  species. 
The  males  prodace  the  most  deafening,  continnons  "whirr"  of  any  of 
the  tribe.  The  femalee  hare  a  long,  straight,  sword-shaped  ovipositor, 
and  in  both  sexes  the  wings  are  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  body. 
The  smaller  and  very  gracefol  Orekilimwmt,  which  enliven  the  antamn 
days  with  their  soft  pnrring  notes,  belong  also  in  this  gronp. 

The  tme  Locasts  (AoBiDiD^)  are  the  species  which  live  on  grasSt 
grains  and  other  low-growing  vegetation,  and  are  in  this  oonutry  very 
generally  called  "  grasshoppers.'*  In  this  gronp  belong  not  only  the 
various  dull-green  and  brown  species  that  are  so  nnmeroas  every  year 
in  fields  and  pastures,  and  which  in  dry  seasons  become  very  infarions, 
bnt  certain  migratory  species,  which,  having  exhaasted  the  food  snpply 
of  the  regions  to  which  they  are  indigenoas,  by  a  common  impnlse  rise 
into  the  ur  in  clonds  and  sweep  like  a  besom  of  destruction  over  the 
country.  They  fly  by  day  and  descend  at  night  to  feed,  often  traversing 
thonsands  of  miles  before  reaching  their  limit.  These  are  the  only 
insects  which  have  been  used  to  any  great  extent  as  food,  and  this 
mainly  in  trans-Atlantic  countries,  where  the  fomishing  inhabitants  of 
the  desolated  regions  were  forced  to  feed  upon  them  or  perish.  The 
Bocky  Honntaln  Locust  fCalopte^ut  tpretut,  Thom.)  is  t>ie  most  im- 
portant American  species  of  migratory  locust ;  bat  one  or  two  Eastern 
species  manifest  a  like  tendency,  and  during  some  years  prove  very 
destructive  over  limited  areas. 

D.|iiz^:;|.,  V^H_H_'V|1> 


OUTLIRXB  OF  EnTOMOT'OaT.  669 

The  Loonats  are  robust  iasecta,  stonter  io  body  and  lege  than  the 
Oraashopper  and  Eatydida,  and  are  veil  protected  by  a  Ann  leather; 
iote^ment.  The  head  ii  even  larger  in  proportion  to  the  body  than  In 
the  precedjnsr  family.  It  is  set  vertioally,  in  some  Bpeoiea  receding 
toward  the  month.  The  eyes  are  large  and  broadly  elKptioal  in  form; 
antennse  short  and  rather  thick ;  the  fikoe  is  marked  in  many  epeoiea  by 
three  diatinct  ridges  ;  npper  lip  broad,  with  tlie  lower  edge  somewhat 
hollowed  oat  Joat  above  the  jawa.  The  saddle-like  collar  over  the 
back  of  the  pro-thorax,  or  pro-notnm,  ia  marked  by  tranaverse  in- 
dented lines,  and  roands  oat  over  the  insertion  of  the  winga.  Hany 
locnets  have  on  the  pro-atemnm,  jast  nnder  the  chin,  a  oone-like  pro- 
jection aparsely  covered  with  short  spines  or  priekles.  The  iring 
oovers  are  of  stoat,  closely  netted  membrane,  with  a  projecting  ridge 
or  heavy  vein  near  the  middle  on  the  oataide,  or  a  series  of  prominent 
veins  on  the  under  aide.  They  are  of  a  narrowly  oblong  form  and 
slightly  overlap  in  a  stnught  line  on  the  back.  The  broad  nnder  winga 
are  so  folded  as  to  be  entirely  covered  by  them.  The  legs  are 
all  stoat,  bat  the  hinder  pair,  always  maoh  thicker,  and  gener- 
ally mach  longer  also,  than  the  others,  provide  the  leaping  power 
which  is  so  wooderfiil  in  these  insects.  The  outer  margins  of 
the  tibiee  are  beset  with  a  varying  nnmber  of  pairs  of  spines, 
and  just  at  the  twse  of  the  three-jointed  tarsi  are  two  pairs  of 
jointed  apnrs.  At  the  base  of  the  abdomen  on  each  side  Is  an 
oval  orifice  covered  with  thin  membrane,  like  those  on  the  fore  legs 
of  the  Katydids,  and,  like  them,  termed  the  eari  or  aaral  eaos. 
In  the  abdomen  of  the  males  nine  segments  can  be  perceived  from  the 
nnder  side.  The  anal  appendages  are  a  pair  of  side  claspers  and  an 
upward  carving  ventral  plate.  In  the  abdomen  of  the  female  but 
eight  eegments  can  be  diatingninhed,  and  the  tip  has  four  homy, 
'  pointed  blades,  which  oan  be  brought  together  in  a  point  to  penetrate 
the  soil,  and  afterward  spread  out  to  pry  the  earth  apart  and  prepare 
a  cavity  for  the  reception  of  the  eggs,  which  are  extruded  in  a  compact 
mass,  inclosed  in  a  sort  of  glutinous  pod  or  caae. 

The  Btridnlations  of  Locuata  are  eflTeoted  in  two  ways  by  differing 
species.  Most  of  the  larger  species  "fiddle,"  by  rubbing  the  ridged 
inner  surface  of  the  hind  thighs  over  the  prominent  mid- vein  of  the  out- 
side of  the  wing  covers.  Prof.  Cometock,  quoting  Mr.  Seodder,  who 
has  made  moat  exact  and  interesting  studies  of  the  so-called  musical 
insects,  says :  "When  about  to  stridulate  they  place  themselves  in  s 
horizont^  position,  with  the  head  a  little  elevated ;  then  they  raiae  both 
hind  legs  at  once,  and  grating  the  femora  against  the  outer  aur&oe  of 
the  tegmina,  produce  notes  which  in  the  different  apecies  vary  in  tapid- 


070  STATS  HOBTiaVLTUBAL  SOCIBTT. 

it7,  Dumber  and  doraUon."  AooUier  method  of  "fiddling"  character- 
iatio  of  other  species  takes  place  dariag  flight,  when  the  ander  snrfoce 
of  the  apper  winge  is  grated  back  and  forth  over  the  front  edge  of  the 
under  winge. 

These  insects  are  probably  all  single-brooded,  the  yoang  hatching 
in  the  spring  from  the  eggs  laid  the  preTioas  snmtner  and  aatnmn.  The 
▼ery  young  locnsts  bare  mnob  larger  heads  in  proportion  to  their  bodies 
than  the  more  mature  forma,  l^ere  are  fire  molts  before  the  insect 
arriTes  at  its  perfect  form.  At  the  third  molt  the  embryo  wings  begin 
to  appear.  These  are  in  a  revertted  position  with  the  andei  wings  on 
top.  By  this  peculiarity  pupte  can  alw^a  be  dlstlngaished  from  the 
few  species  of  locnsts  that  never  acqnire  wings,  bnt  have  these  organs 
represented  merely  by  short  pads  on  eaoh  side  of  the  abdomen.  Ex- 
amples of  these  wingless  species  are  fonnd  in  the  .Lubber  Grassbop- 
pers  of  the  Soath  and  West,  which  are  large,  dark,  clnmsy  species, 
incapable  of  flight  or  stridnlation. 

Oar  largest  and  handsomest  speeies  is  the  American  Locast  (Aeri- 
dium  amerieannmj,  which  is  often  more  than  two  inches  in  lengthy  with 
a  golden  brown  stripe  down  the  back  and  beantifully  mottled  wings ; 
the  hind  shanks  are  bright  red,  beset  with  spin6a,  which  are  ivory-white 
tipped  with  black.  There  are  red  markings  also  on  the  head,  thorax 
and  edges  of  the  wings,  and  the  fore  and  middle  legs  are  also  a  paler 
shade  of  the  same  color.  The  most  common  and  generally  distribated 
species  is  the  Bed-legged  Locust  fOaloptenut  femur -rvltrHni  DeG.).  This 
Is  scarcely  more  than  one-third  the  size  of  the  first-named  species,  Is  of 
a  pale,  greenish-brown  with  doll-red  hind  legs.  It  often  multiplies  to 
SQCh  an  extent  as  to  do  great  injury  to  growing  grain. 

The  BockyMoantain  Locust,  or  Western  Migratory  Locast  (OaAop- 
tenut  tpriAiu,  Thomas),  is  only  to  be  distinguished  from  the  famOiar  red- 
legged  species  by  the  greater  length  of  its  wing-covers  and  wings. 
Concerning  the  destructivenees  of  this  species  at  irregolar  periods  in 
the  States  and  territories  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  Dr.  BUey,  who 
bas  devoted  much  lime  and  labQr  to  the  study  of  this  insect,  and  to 
devising  methods  for  keeping  it  in  check,  writes :  "  It  was  so  very 
destructive  in  the  Xorthwestem  States  and  Territories  from  1873  to 
1877  that  it  may  truly  be  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  chief  causes  of 
the  basiuess  crises  which  characterized  that  period.  So  wide-spread  and 
disastrous  were  the  reeolls  of  its  work  that  Oongress  provided  for  a  com- 
mission  to  Investigate  it.  "  •  •  ISo  one  who  has  not  witnessed  the 
ravaging  power  of  locasts  can  fully  conceive  of  or  appreciate  it.  The 
organization  and  habit  of  the  typical  locust  admirably  fit  It  for  raven- 
ous work.    Muscular,  gregarious,  with  powerful  jaws,  and  ample  diges- 


D.-inz'i:;!.',  ^^|^_'V_)' 


.,le 


OOTCIHES   OP  KHTOMOLOGT.  571 

tire  and  reprodnctiTe  syBtemB ;  strong  of  ving  and  assieted  in  flight  by 
nnmerons  baoysDt  air  eace — a]l  these  traits  o<Hwjure  to  make  it  tfa«  ter- 
rible engine  of  deatmction  which  history  shovrs  it  to  fe*ve  been.  lo- 
sigDifloant  iodiTidually,  bat  mighty  collectETely,  looasts  tail  vpon  a 
ooantry  like  a  plagne  or  blight." 

The  winged  locnsts  do  not  generally  appear  in  swarms  antil  late  in 
«nmmer,  when,  after  devonriag  ail  sorts  of  vegetation,  the  females  All 
the  groand  with  their  eggs  and  then  die. 

The  yonng  locosts,  which  hatch  in  the  spring,  are  at  hand  to  take 
the  next  erop,  and  nnless  vigoroiiB,  and  combined  effort  is  made  to  eab- 
doe  them,  by  repeated  plowings,  they  take  all  the  early  vegetatiQD  of 
the  second  year.  Those  that  sarvive  to  attain  their  wings  retnm  in 
amall  swarms  to  their  native  breeding  places. 

The  species  of  (Edipoda  often  have  the  hind  wings  brightly  colored 
and  prettily  banded  or  bordered.  The  small  species,  ^termed  Grouse 
Xjocasts,  genua  Tettix,  are  characterized  by  the  prolongation  of  the  col- 
lar backward  so  as  to  almoat  entirely  cover  the  top  of  the  abdomen  and 
taking  the  place  of  the  npper  wings,  which,  being  nselesB,  are  reduced 
to  very  small  pads.  In  these  insects  the  hind  legs,  though  not  long, 
are  very  stoat.  They  are  of  dall  black  or  dark  colors,  and  are  asnally 
foand  along  water-conrses  or  in  other  damp  places.  S'one  of  the 
apeciea  are  especially  injnrioas. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

Order  orthoptbra.     Sections  Ambul  atobi  A,  Rapto  Bi  A, 
and  CuBBDRiA, 

WALKING   STICKS,   MAHTBS  AND   OOOEBOAOHBB. 

The  "Walking  sticks,"  "WjUking  leaves,"  and  so  forth,  included  in 
the  family  Phasmid^,  are  mainly  tropical  species,  exhibiting  in  their 
forms  the  most  exact  and  remarkable  resemblances  to  twigs  and  leaves 
that  have  been  observed  In  nature.  These  imitations  of  inanimate  ob- 
jects are  the  sole  reliance  of  these  insects  for  safety,  as  they  have  no 
means  of  defense  agianat  their  enemies,  and  their  movements  are  too 
sluggish  to  permit  them  to  escape.  The  Walking  sticks,  of  which  a 
few  species  occur  in  the  United  States,  are  long,  slender  and  cylindri- 
cal in  form,  with  long  legs,  the  middle  pair  havingthe  thighs  somewhat 
thickened.     When  at  rest  the  front  le^  are  pressed  close  together  and 


-'8le 


S72  BTATE  HOaTIOULTDBlX  SOOIBTT. 

stack  Btiaight  oat  in  front  of  the  head,  with  the  loog  thread-like  aoteo- 
nee  between  them,  and  when  Id  this  position  the  eye  may  rest  for  some 
time  apon  them  without  recognizing  their  difFerence  from  the  twigs  and 
leaf-stalks  by  which  they  are  surronnded.  They  alio  have  a  (duuneleon- 
like  power  of  chaneiag  their  colors  to  assimilate  with  those  of  the 
plant  or  tree  which  they  inhabit.  They  nerer  acquire  even  the  radi> 
ments  of  wings,  and  the  principal  difference  between  the  sexes  is  that 
the  females  are  somewhat  larger  and  stouter  than  the  mates.  The 
former  lay  their  eggfi  in  the  antnmn,  droppiog  them  oareles^y  to  the 
gronnd.  They  are  about  the  size,  shape  and  oolor  of  spinach  seed,  and 
reuM^n  unhatched  nntil  late  the  following  spring,  or  for  two  yeois.  The 
young,  which  are  about  one-fonrtb  of  an  inch  loug  when  hatched,  are 
precise  miniatures  of  the  mature  insects,  except  that  they  are  mora 
uniformly  green  in  oolor.  They  feed  at  first  on  grass  and  other  low- 
growing  vegetation,  but  soon  ascend  the  nearest  trees,  in  which  they 
find  a  home  adapted  to  all  their  needs.  Diaphwom^ra  femormtm  is  the 
only  common  northern  speeiea.  This  is,  when  full  grown,  from  three 
to  fonr  inches  long,  exolnsive  of  the  ftonl  legs,  with  a  diameter  varying 
from  one^ighth  to  one-fifth  inch.  It  seldom  appears  in  any  locality  in 
anfflcient  numbers  to  be  acconnted  injurione,  bat  there  are  exceptions 
to  this  rule,  as,  for  example,  iu  certain  parts  of  the  middle  Atlaatie 
states,  where  during  one  or  two  seasons  some  years  ago  it  ^most  de- 
foliated the  forest  trees. 

The  second  sectioQ — Graspers  (Bi.PT  obia] — contains  the  family 
Martid^s.  The  singular  forms  and  attitndes  of  these  insects  have  sug- 
gested for  them  various  expressive  popular  names,  such  as  ^  Devil's 
riding-horses,'^  "Bear-horses,'*  "Intelligenoe  bugs,"  "  Sooth-sajers,'* 
**Praying  nans"  and  the  like.  The  Eug^ish  names  "Gamel-oricket"  or 
"Praying  mantis"  are  more  appropriate,  and  worthy  of  general  adoption. 
These  insects  have  always  been  the  objects  of  superstitious  regard,  not 
only  by  the  ignorant  and  onotvilized  natives  of  tropical  regions,  where 
their  species  are  most  numerous,  but  even  by  coltured,  bat  too  imagi- 
native Europeans.  It  was  formerly  believed  that  they  conld  foretell 
good  and  evU  fortunes,  and  that  the  person  on  whom  one  alighted  waa 
especially  &vored  of  the  gods,  and  they  still  receive  divine  honors 
ftom  many  savage  tribes.  They  have  indeed  a  wickedly-wise  and  weird 
look,  to  which  their  rapacious  and  cruel  habits  folly  correspond.  They 
are  among  the  fiercest  of  cannibals,  greedily  devouring  all  kinds  of  soft- 
bodied  insects,  which  they  seize  and  hold  between  their  spiny  front  legs 
antil  slowly  masticated.  They  do  not  hesitate  to  attack  each  other^ 
and  when  two  chance  to  meet  a  battle  Is  the  almost  invariable  resolt. 
The  females  are  stronger  and  more  earage  than  the  males,  and  after 


OUTLINES   OP  INTOMOLOOT.  S73 

pairiag  the  former  generally  dioes  npon  her  partner.  These  insects 
are  of  large  size — t  cro  iachea  or  more  in  length.  The  head  is  triangolar, 
free,  very  wide  at  the  top,  with  large,  roond,  singalarly  ezpreseiTe  eyes ; 
antennse  thread-like  and  not  very  long;  month  at  the  apex  of  the  la- 
verted  triangle ;  jaws  strong,  thongh  small.  The  thoracic  joints  are 
cylindrical  and  elongated,  and  move  fteely  upon  each  other ;  the  fore 
legs  (graspers)  are  not  used  for  walking,  but  are  folded  and  held  ap  in 
a  position  snggesting  the  attitude  of  prayer,  thongh  it  is  really  one  of 
menace.  The  hind  body  is  oval  or  oblong,  somewhat  flattened,  and  in. 
the  male  completely  covered  by  the  folded  ample  wings,  and  the  over- 
lapping wing  covers.  The  female  has  mach  shorter  wings  and  wing 
covers,  and  is  incapable  of  flight.  The  sexes  differ  also  in  color,  the 
male  being  dnll-brown  while  the  female  is  nsnally  some  shade  of  green. 
This  description  applies  to  the  only  species  commonly  met  with  in  the 
United  States  below  the  thirty-ninth  parallel,  namely,  Pkatmitmmti$ 
Carolina.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  a  compact  oblong  mass,  which  closely 
resembles  a  fossil  called  a  "trilobite.''  It  is  attached  by  its  flat  snr&oe 
to  fence-posts,  the  wood  of  trellises  and  the  stems  of  shrubbery.  These 
egg  masses  should  never  be  destroyed,  as  the  Mantes  are  very  naefnl 
in  clearing  gardens  and  vine^wls  of  plant-feeding  pests. 

The  section  On^soRiA,  fiuoily  Bla.tid^,  is  represented  by  the 
disgnsting  and  omaivorons  honsehold  pests,  the  Cockroaches.  These 
insects  have  no  attractions  of  form  or  color,  and  have  a  disagreeable 
odor  which  they  eommnuicate  to  the  closets  and  rooms  infested,  whUe 
their  swift  motions  and  the  deftness  with  which  they  disappear  into 
almost  invisible  cracks  and  orevioes  is  most  exasperating  to  their  pnr> 
sner.  There  is  nothing  to  be  si^d  in  their  &vor,  except  that  they  prey 
upon  the  bed-bog,  an  instance  in  which  the  "core  is  as  bad  as  the  dis- 
ease." They  have  received  various  common  names,  snch  as  *'  black 
beetles "  and  "  croton  bngs,"  bnt  are  qnite  generally  recognized  as 
*'  roaches  "  or  "  cockroaches."  They  are  all  nocturnal  in  their  habits 
and  very  partial  to  warmth  and  moisture,  which  acconnte  for  their 
abundance  about  kitchen  sinks  and  in  the  holds  and  pantries  of  ships, 
steamboats  and  similar  situations.  They  are  of  very  flat,  oblong  form, 
with  the  head  horizontal  and  almost  concealed  by  the  projecting  margin 
of  the  collar.  The  antennae  are  long  and  slender;  the  lege  spiny  and 
nearlyeqnally  developed ;  the  wing-oovers  are  oeually  present,  bot  some- 
times short,  and  the  under  wings  often  entirely  wanting.  The  females 
lay  all  their  eggs  in  one  mass,  enclosed  in  a  bean-shaped  sack,  which  is 
often  carried  about  for  some  time  before  being  dropped.  Dr.  Biley  has 
observed  that  the  females  of  some  species  remain  with  sod  protect 
their  yoang.    The  latter  are  at  first  pure  white,  and  at  every  molt  the 


674  BTA.TR  HOBTIOULTUBll.  8O0IBTT. 

insects  revert  more  or  less  to  this  color,  tboagh  sood  becomiog  of  the 
shade  of  brown  irhich  characterizes  them. 

Oar  native  species  seldom  give  qs  much  annoyance.  The  males 
occasionally  fly  into  lighted  rooms  at  night,  bat  the  females  are  asQally 
found  aroupd  rotten  stcmps  and  nnder  bark  of  dead  trees.  The  Light 
brown  cockroach  fPlatamodes  PenntglvanieaJ  is  the  largest  species.  It 
measares  about  an  inch  in  length,  has  very  delicate  wings,  and  is  of  a 
light  brown  color.  A  smaller  species  of  a  very  dark  brown  or  black 
color,bnt  with  lighter  mar^ns,  is  also  qnite  oonimOQ.  This  is  f'otoMa^- 
voeinota.  The  most  destractive  and  annoying  cockroaches  are  fonnd 
among  the  iutrodnced  species.  These  are  especially,  the  large,  very 
dark  brown  or  black  Oriental  cockroach  fPeriplaneta  orietttalit,  Linn.),  a 
species  which  is  supposed  to  be  native  in  eastern  Asia,  bnt  whioh  now 
occnra  in  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world.  It  is  aboat  one  inch  long  and 
one-third  of  an  inch  wide,  very  flat,  so  that  it  is  able  to  creep  into  the 
smallest  crack.  The  wing  covers  in  the  male  extend  over  little  more  than 
one-half  of  the  abdomen,  and  in  the  female  are  still  more  radimentary 
These  insects  are  very  long-lived,  and  it  is  said  reqnire  several  years 
to  complete  their  transformations.  The  smaller,  German  cockroach, 
also  called  the"Oroton  bag"  fEeUibia  gmtnanUsaJ,  has  become  very 
troablesome  in  the  eastern  cities,  and  from  its  fondness  for  wheat  bread 
and  dongh,  is  the  especial  pest  of  bakeries  and  bread  boxes.  This 
species  has  folly  developed  wings,  and  is  of  a  light  brown  color,  with 
two  dark  stripes  on  the  pro-thorax. 

The  free  ase  of  pyrethrnm  powder  will  preserve  cloth-bonnd  books 
and  similar  property  from  the  attacks  of  these  insects,  and  if  ased 
freely  in  kitchens  and  other  places  wlilch  they  fteqnent,  will  render 
them  helpless,  so  that  they  may  be  easUy  swept  np  and  jbamed.  Pow- 
dered borax  mixed  with  sngar  will  also  kill  them. 


ly  Google 


OtTTWNBB  OF  BNTOMOLOGT. 


CHAPTEB     XXXI. 

Order  VII.    NBDBOPTEEA. 
rig.  17. 


Dngou-Ay  (PlaUHmU  trUmaculaU) . 

The  insectB  bere  eoneidered  ander  th«  old  Order  neuropteka 
are  now  separated  into  from  two  to  five  minor  Orders,  according  to  the 
importance  attached  by  antbors  to  the  pecaliar  development  of  certain 
organs,  and,  more  especially,  with  regard  to  the  different  methods  of 
transformatioQ  which  obtain  among  them.  As  very  few  of  these  insects 
are  of  eoonomic  importance,  however,  and  as  all  the  more  conspicaona 
forms  agree  in  general  wing  strnctnre,  and  in  the  possession  of  biting 
month  parts  (except  in  one  gronp,  where  these  organs  are  entirely  nn- 
developed),  it  will  be  more  convenient  to  dJBcoss  them  as  members  of  a 
single  primary  gronp. 

In  these  insects  the  body  wall  is  soft  and  flexible,  and  there  is  bat 
little  consolidation  of  segmeuts  la  any  part.  The  head  is  nsnally  rather 
large  and  free;  antennte  always  filiform  or  bristle-like,  but  sometimes 
very  short ;  eyes,  except  in  a  few  of  the  lowliest  forms,  conspioaoas, 
and  in  many  speoies  occupying  the  entire  sides  of  the  head ;  month 
parts,  especially  the  onter  jaws  and  lips,  peculiarly  large  and  strong ; 
thoracic  joints  more  eqaally  developed  than  in  most  species  of  preced- 
ing orders.  The  two  pairH  of  wings  are  composed  of  delicate,  trans- 
parent membrane,  closely  netted  with  fine  veins,  with  strong  snpportiug 
ribs  on  the  anterior  margin ;  legs,  as  a  rale,  rather  email  and  weak ; 
abdomen  slender,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  in  some  cases  terminated  by  a 
pair  of  carved  forceps  or  two  or  three  long,  bristle-like  taUs. 

In  a  portion  of  these  insects  the  metamorphosis  is  complete,  the 
pnpal  stage  of  life  being  one  of  qniescence  and  rest;  while  in  the 
remunder  of  the  fTenroptera  the  pnpe  are  active  and  voraoioas  and  ^ 

D.-iiiz'i:;!...  V^H-'V.)"-}  It 


S79  8I1.TB  HOBIIOnLUBlI.  800IBTTT. 

moH  a  number  of  times,  altlioaf^h  they  differ  cooBidenbl;  ia  form  from 
tbe  larvfe.  Even  the  winged  inflects  of  h  few  apecies  molt  once  or 
twice,  a  habit  that  has  no  parallel  in  the  lifa  history  of  the  more  highly 
organized  fonns.  The  great  majority  of  tbe  species  areaqnatio,  and 
feed  npon  ingectfl  and  other  small  water  animals.  In  their  relation  to 
man  they  are,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  small  groaps,  either  neotral 
or  beneficial.  The  aqnatio  species  form  a  large  part  of  the  food  of 
fishes,  and  the  few  teirestrial  species  mostly  prey  on  small  pests  of  tbe 
orchard  and  garden. 

Following  the  idea  of  Prof.  Gomstoek,  it  will  be  convenient  to 
separate  the  liferve'wiuged  insects  into  two  sections,  Nbdkoptbka, 
proper,  and  PsBUDONBUBOPTEBA.  The  insects  indnded  in 
the  first  section  andergo  complete  metamorphosis,  and  are  therefore 
ranked  by  many  authors  higher  than  Hemiptera  or  Orthoptera,  althongh 
their  stractnral  peonliarities  would  not  place  them  in  advance  of  the 
latter.  The  principal  Camilies  of  Neoroptera,  proper,  are  the  Gaddioe 
flies  (Phbtoinid^),  Ant  lions  and  Lace  wings  (Hbmbbobiadje)  and 
the  Hellgiammite  flies  and  others  (Bcul.idm).  In  the  Pseadoneu- 
roptera  are  groaped  a  large  number  of  more  or  less  diverse  &milies, 
indodiDg  some  wingless  and  degraded  parasitic  forms.  The  most 
interesting  and  conepicooos  species  are  found  in  (he  ibmilies  of  the 
Dragou-flies  (LiBBLLULiD^),  the  May-flies  (Efhehbbid^),  the  Stone- 
flies  (Pbblid^),  and  the  White  ants  (TBBlnTiD.x).  Here  also  be- 
long the  little  creatnrea  often  seen  in  old  or  long  unopened  books, 
called  book-lice  {Psooid^),  and  the  peculiar  parasites  referred  to  in  a 
previous  chapter,  the  tme  Bird-lice  (Mi.LOPHi.aiD£), 

The  Gaddioe  files  closely  resemble  moths  in  their  general  outline, 
but  the  wings  arc  of  more  delicate  texture  and  rather  sparsely  covered 
with  hairs  instead  of  soalee.  The  antennie  also  are  like  those  of  moths, 
being  long  and  thread-like,  bat  there  is  no  coiled  tongue,  and  the  other 
mouth  parts  are  ditferently  developed.  The  female  flies  lay  their  eggs 
upon  water  plants,  and  the  aqoatic  larvse  attract  much  attention  on 
account  of  the  signlar  and  ingenious  little  cases  which  they  coustnict 
for  tbe  protection  of  their  soft  bodies.  These  are  made  of  silk,  and  to 
the  outside  are  attached  small  pebbles,  coarse  sand,  or  bits  of  sticks 
or  leaves,  giving  them  very  pecnliar  and  often  beautiful  forms.  Some 
species  make  their  cases  entirely  of  silk,  and  of  a  very  elongated  cone 
shape.  The  thoracic  legs  are  long  and  strong,  and  when  moving  from 
place  to  place,  the  case  is  dragged  along  over  the  hinder  end  of  the 
body,  bnt  when  resting  or  molting  the  lvrv&  retires  within  it  and  closes 
the  opening  by  a  little  door  or  grating,  which  admits  the  water  neces- 
sary to  respiration,  bnt  excludes  enemies.    These  case-bearing  laivffi 


0UTLIMB8   OF   BKTOKOLOGT.  577 

Btrenms.  They  feed  npon  small  water  inseots  and  vegetation.  Prof. 
Comstock  describes  a  species  that  makes  a  very  simple  case  under 
stones  in  rapid  streams,  bat  excites  maeh  admiration  b;  its  ingenaity 
in  fishing,  catching  its  prey  by  means  of  a  seine-like  web  stretched  be- 
tween two  atones. 

The  Ant-lions  (genna  Myrmsleim)  are  very  delicate  and  beantifnl 
flies,  with  slender  bodies  and  oblong,  lace-like  wiQgs,  sometimes  plun, 
sometimes  ornamented  with  block  dots  (see  lower  flgare  in  plate). 
They  have  a  graceful  flight,  and  are  occasionally  attracted  into  onr 
lamp-lighted  rooms  at  night.  The  larvie  are  ugly  and  ferocious  look- 
ing. The  body  is  rongb  and  broad-oval  in  shape,  and  the  flattened 
head  is  provided  with  a  proportionately  enorinoas  pair  of  piooer-like 
mandibles,  adapted  for  seizing  and  holding  its  victims  while  they  are 
pierced  and  comminnted  by  the  mazillfe.  These  larvEe  dig  funnel- 
shaped  or  saucer-shaped  pits  In  sandy  soil,  with  a  strwght  shaft  in  the 
center  in  which  they  hide,  supporting  themselves  with  the  tips  of  the 
gaping  jaws  just  above  the  edge,  ready  to  close  with  lightning-like 
rapidity  on  any  nnlacky  ant  or  other  insect  that  carelessly  strays  over 
the  edge  of  the  pit-&ll8  and  alides  into  the  trap  at  the  bottom.  If  the 
insect  obtains  its  footing  and  attempts  to  crawl  np  the  steep  sides  it 
is  brought  down  with  showerB  of  sand  thrown  npon  it  by  the  enraged 
and  disappointed  ant-lion,  and  it  is  bat  very  rarely  that  it  eseapei. 
These  larvae  are  called  "doodle  bags"  in  some  parta  of  the  conntry, 
and  are  most  commonly  foand  on  the  margins  of  streams  and  in  shel- 
tered ravines.     [Fig.  48.] 

M^liff.,!    The  Lace-wing  flies  are  another  small 
11 1 1/.  >  f  group  of  terrestrial  l^europtera.     They 
■^arepretty  but  fragile  and  ill-odored  flies, 
atkika,  aneiBiiey.  of  a  pale  green  or  rosy  buo,  the  wings  re- 

fleeting  prismatic  colors.  The  antennse  are  thread-like  and  nearly  as 
long  as  the  body,  and  the  round  eyes  gleam  like  jewels.  The  oval  pale 
green  eggs  aro  laid  in  clnsterB,  each  attached  to  the  top  of  a  slender 
aiUcen  stalk.  This  is  supposed  to  be  a  precaationary  instinct  of  the 
parent  fly  to  preserve  them  &om  tbe  rapacity  of  the  larva  that  hatches 
first.  The  larvie  are  called  "Aphis-lions"  ft'om  the  small  insects  which 
are  their  more  especial  ptey.  They  are  of  depressed  oval  form  with 
pincer-like  jaws  and  long,  rather  sprawling  legs.  Tbey  render  valaable 
aid  to  the  farmer  and  horticulturist  in  clearing  his  trees  and  other 
plants  of  plant  lice,  bark  lice  and  similar  small  pests.  When  fall  grown 
they  enclose  themselves  in  roand  white  cocoons,  which  are  closed  on 
top  by  a  lid  that  is  easily  pushed  ap  when  the  fly  is  ready  to  emerge. 
H  E— 37 


...  v^iwO' 


igle 


578  BTATK  HOBTIOrLTUSUi  BOOIBTT. 

The  Hellgrammite  fly  and  the  other,  mnoh  smaller,  species  of  the 
fluaily  SoiAUD^  have  carDivorous  larvte  that  live  under  stones  id  ran- 
ning  water.  The  large  fly  above  named  fVorytlalU  comvtusj  is  the 
only  conapicnoDS  member  of  the  gronp.  This  is  one  of  the  largest,  if 
not  the  very  largest,  insect  in  the  Order — the  length  being  between 
two  and  three  inches,  with  a  wing  expanse  of  about  five  inches.  It  is 
quite  common  in  most  sections  of  the  United  States.  The  body  is 
soft,  with  the  pro-thoracic  joint  rather  narrow,  forming  a  sort  of  neck 
to  which  the  mnch  broader  and  rather  sqoare  head  is  closely  joined. 
The  eyes  are  rather  small  and  wide  apart,  and  the  stoat,  many-jointed 
antennee  taper  to  a  point  In  the  female  the  jaws  are  broad,  corred 
and  notched  at  the  extremity,  bttt  !u  the  male  these  are  modified  into 
a  pair  of  long,  cylindrical  tapering  tasks,  with  which  he  can  clasp  the 
neck  of  the  female.  The  wings  are  qnite  broad,  of  rather  thick  mem- 
brane, with  a  fine  net-work  of  veins,  and  stippled  all  over  with  whitish 
dots.  The  general  color  of  the  insect  is  a  dnll,  ash  gray.  The  female 
lays  her  eggs  on  sticka  or  leaves  or  stones  that  overhang  the  water, 
protecting  and  snrroanding  them  by  a  white  sabstanoe  that  gives  the 
entire  mass  the  appearance  of  a  splash  of  whitewash.  The  larvie,  apon 
hatching,  drop  into  the  water.  They  are  formidable-looking  creatores 
when  ftaU  grown.  The  head  is  broad  and  almost  square,  with  strong 
jaws  and  other  month  parts.  The  thoracic  jointa,  of  which  the  first 
is  longest,  are  qnite  elegantly  acnlptared.  The  feet  terminate  in  a  pair 
of  daws.  The  sides  of  the  hind  body  are  famished  on  each  joint 
with  spiny,  oar-like  processes  and  feathery  tafte  for  gills,  and  there 
are  also  spiracles  throagh  which  air  can  be  breathed.  They  are 
trom  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  by  nearly  one-half  inch  in 
diameter.  They  are  highly  esteemed  for  bait  by  fishermen,  by  whom 
they  are  termed  "  crawlers,"  "  dobson,"  etc.  It  is  said  that  tbey  are 
nearly  three  years  in  completing  their  growth,  and  that  the  transfor- 
mations are  rapid  and  take  place  in  cells  under  stones  or  drift-wood  on 
or  near  the  banks  of  the  stream. 

The  other  insects  of  this  group  (genera  Chauliodea  and  SialiaJ 
bear  a  close  general  resemblance  to  Corydalis  jn  stmctore  and  habit, 
bat  are  very  much  smaller  and  do  not  attract  mnch  popular  attention. 

Among  the  PsEUDONBUROPTEBi.  the  most  conspioaons  and 
beautiful  insects  are  the  Dragon  flies  or  Mosqnito-hawks  (Libbllu- 
i.\DM).  These  are  also  called  "  Darning  needles,"  and  have  been  made 
objects  of  terror  to  children  by  the  tradition  that  they  are  constantly 
watching  for  an  opportunity  to  "  sew  up  their  ears,**  or  do  them  some 
other  bodily  harm.  In  other  parts  of  the  country  they  ai-e  termed 
"  Snake  doctors,"  and  are  said  to  hoveroverthebodiesof  deadreptUes 


OUTLINES   07  BNTOUOLOQT.  570 

and  "  bring  them  to  life."  The  probable  foaudation  for  the  latter 
saperatitioD  is  that  they  are  in  parsait  of  the  flies  that  have  been  at- 
tracted by  the  odor  of  the  carrion.  It  ie  needless  to  say  that  they  oie 
absolntely  incapable  of  iDJnriDg  any  hnman  being,  and  never  show- 
even  the  disposition  to  do  so.  Their  motions  are  very  gracefal,  and 
their  habits  are  in  the  highest  degree  iateresting.  They  are  most 
uumerona  in  the  neighborhood  of  standing  vater,  and  dart  back  and 
forth  throngh  the  clonds  of  mosquites  and  small  gnats,  seizing  and 
devoaring  them  ia  great  nambers. 

Their  appearance  is  familiar  to  every  one.  The  body  is  long  and 
slender,  tapering  backward,  and  often  of  brilliant  metallic  colors, 
terminating  in  more  or  less  conspicuoos  claspers  or  other  appendages. 
The  Bides  of  the  head  are  nearly  covered  by  the  large  eyes ;  the  anten- 
nie  are  very  short  and  bristle-tjpped;  the  javs  are  email  bat  strong,  and 
the  parts  corresponding  to  the  lips  of  larger  animals  are  both  very 
large  and  close  completely  over  the  other  month  parts. 

The  wings  are  long,  narrow  and  stiif,  the  hinder  pair  a  little  larger 
than  the  others.  They  are  composed  of  transparent,  closely-netted 
membrane,  in  many  species  crossed  by  broad  dark  bands  or  ornamented 
with  spots  and  cloadings  of  crimson  or  orange.  The  legs  are  rather  soft 
and  weak,  and  are  usef  al  chiefly  as  snpports  to  the  body  when  the  insect 
alights.  The  females  drop  their  eggs  in  masses,  embedded  in  a  jelly- 
like sabatance,  into  the  water,  or  attach  them  to  the  submerged  stems 
of  aqoatic  plants.  The  larvee  are  carnivorons,  and  somewhat  resemble 
the  perfect  insect  in  form,  bat  breathe  throngh  leaf-like  gills  at  the 
tip  or  along  the  sides  of  the  body.  In  this  age  the  labium  (lower  lip) 
shows  a  still  more  remarkable  form  than  in  the  matare  insect;  it  is  very 
broad  and  hinged  in  the  middle,  and  when  the  insect  is  at  rest  .folds  op 
over  the  &oe  like  a  mask.  The  anterior  edge  is  famished  with  a  pair 
of  sharp  hooks,  and  the  apparatus  can  be  extended  to  a  great  length  in 
reaching  after  the  prey,  which  is  seized  by  the  hooks  and  carried  back 
to  the  jaws  for  mastication.  The  popte,  when  full  grown,  crawl  up  the 
stems  of  water  plants,  to  which  they  cling  by  their  legs,  while  the  fly 
emerges  throngh  a  slit  on  the  back. 

The  May  flies  or  Lake  flies  (EpkemeraJ,  of  which  there  are  many 
species,  often  arise  in  clouds  at  night  from  the  shores  of  lakes  or 
rivers,  and  in  the  morning  the  ground,  especially  around  lamp-posts 
and  under  lighted  windows,  will  be  covered  with  their  dead  bodies. 
These  insects  are  very  soft-bodied  and  &ail,  and,  in  the  perfect  state. 
live  bat  a  few  hours— just  long  enoagh  to  pair  and  lay  their  eggs.  The 
head  is  small,  the  greater  part  of  its  surface  being  oocapied  by  the 
eyes;  the  antennfe  are  very  short  and  flue.    The  fore  wings  are  broad* 


880  STATE  HOETIODLTDRAL  SOOIETT. 

somewhat  triangnlar  io  shape,  while  the  hind  wiof^B  are  scarcely  one- 
foaith  their  size,  and  nearly  circalar.  The  legs  are  slender,  the  front 
p^  longer  than  the  others.  The  abdomen  tapers  backward,  and  ends- 
in  two  or  three  brietle-like  appendages  that  are  twice  or  three  times 
the  length  of  the  body.  The  eggs  are  simply  dropped  into  the  water 
in  a  maes.  The  yoang  feed  npon  minate  aquatic  vegetation  or  prey 
upon  microscopic  animals.  Some  species,  whose  habits  have  been 
Btadied  in  aqnaria,  have  been  observed  to  molt  more  than  twenty- 
times,  and  to  reqnire  from  one  to  three  years  in  which  to  complete 
their  growth.  Among  other  anomalons  characters  found  in  these  lar- 
Tffi  are  a  pair  of  large  tracheal  gills  attached  to  the  nnder  side  of  the 
head.  Another  singular  phenomenon  occnrs  in  these  insects — namely^ 
the  molting  of  the  perfect  insect.  The  first  winged  form  is  called  the 
sab-imago.  This  rises  into  the  air,  bat  after  a  short  flight  settles  npon 
some  object  and  rapidly  sheds  its  skin,  wings,  legs,  candal  bristles  and 
all,  leaving  behind  it  the  filmy  integument  of  the  sub-imago. 

The  Stone  flies  fPerlidtsJ,  so  called  because  the  young  are  com- 
monly found  under  stones  in  running  water,  are  much  larger  than  the 
May  flies,  and  resemble,  in  general  form  and  structare  of  the  body 
and  wlugs,  the  Hellgrammlte  fly,  althongh  none  of  the  species  are  so 
large  as  the  hitter.  The  hind  wings  are  also  proportionately  much 
broader,  and  have  few  cross-veins.  Some  very  minate  species  appear 
very  early  in  the  spring,  and  are  called  Snow  flies,  being  often  coinci- 
dent with  late  snows. 

The  Termites  or  white  ants  abound  chiefly  in  tropical  regions^ 
where  they  are  excessively  destrnctive  and  difScalt  to  contend  with. 
A  few  species  also  occur  In  temperate  climates,  and  one,  Terntea  flavipea^ 
is  found  In  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  often  does  much  damage 
to  the  sills  of  bnildings  and  wooden  sidewalks,  to  fence  poBt«  and 
similar  property.  In  the  Southern  States  it  also  occasionally  attacks 
the  rootjB  and  trunks  of  orange  trees,  and  the  roots  of  Pampas  grass. 
It  feeds,  however,  by  preference  upon  dead  wood,  and  works  so  in- 
Bidioasly  that  its  presence  is  not  even  suspected  nntil  the  walls  of  a 
building  give  way,  or  an  article  of  fnrnitnre  drops  in  pieces  apon  being- 
moved.  Like  the  true  ants,  the  Termites  are  social  insects,  and  live  in 
exceedingly  populous  colonies.  In  the  tropics  many  species  are  mound- 
bnilders,  erecting  conical  strnctares  of  earth  or  wood  fiber,  held  in 
place  with  cement,  that  are  from  eight  to  ten  feet  high.  All  the  more 
northern  species  are  more  secluded  in  their  habite.  avoiding  the  light 
and  excavating  chambers  deep  in  the  earth  or  in  the  centers  of  the 
largest  stamps.  From  these,  nnder-ground  passages  and  tunnels  ex- 
tend for  handreds  of  feet  in  every  direction.    They  are  all  small  insects 


ODTLIirBS  OF  BNTOMOLOOT.  581 

probably  seldom  exceeding  one-half  icoh  in  length,  even  in  the  equa- 
torial regions,  while  oar  own  specieB  are  only  aboat  one-flfth  of  an  inch 
long.  In  this  matter  of  size,  however,  one  individaal  in  each  colony  is 
an  exception.  This  is  the  "  qneen  "  or  fertile  female,  whose  abdomen 
becomes  eo  enormonsly  distended  with  eggs,  that  it  ia  from  two  to  six 
or  eight  inches  in  length  and  of  a  proportionate  thickness.  The  aver- 
age size  of  the  queen  of  Termea  Jlavipes  is  from  one  to  one  and  one- 
half  inches.  These  insects  are  of  a  dingy  white  color.  The  head,  with 
which  the  excavating  is  done,  is  large  and  homy  and  very  nearly 
square  in  shape,  except  in  the  "soldiers,"  in  which  it  is  oblong,  and  pro- 
vided with  long,  sharp-pointed  mandibles.  The  thoracic  segments  are 
oonstricted  anteriorly,  bat  broaden  gradually  toward  the  oval  abdomen, 
which  has  the  eurfiice  microacopically  hairy.  The  wings  are  possessed 
only  by  the  perfect  males  and  females,  and  by  these  for  a  few  hoars 
only;  they  are  long  and  narrow,  with  forked  but  not  netted  venation. 
The  legs  are  qaite  long  and  stoot. 

As  in  the  colonies  of  the  trne  ants,  the  Termites  are  divided  into 
eiutes,  each  nest  oontaing  not  only  males,  females  and  neaters,  bat  the 
latter  are  divided  into  "  workers  "  and  "  soldiers,"  the  sole  daty  of  the 
latter  being  the  defense  of  the  colony,  while  the  workers  perform  all 
the  labors  of  sapping  and  mining,  bailding  and  provisioning  the  differ- 
ent cells,  taking  care  of  the  helpless  qaeen  and  feeding  the  yonng. 
Moreover,  the  sexed  indivldaals  are  of  two  sorts, "  kings  "  and  "  qneens" 
of  the  first  rank,  which,  upon  reaching  maturity,  acquire  wings  and 
make  an  excorslon  into  the  upper  world  of  light  and  air  before  settling 
down  to  their  one  dnty  of  providing  for  the  contlnnanoe  of  the  colony ; 
and  in  addition  to  these,  what  are  termed  "  supplemental "  kings  and 
qaeena,  which  never  become  winged,  and  whose  fauction  is  to  preserve 
the  colony  from  extermination  in  ease,  after  swarming,  the  workers 
£iil  to  secure  a  genainely  royal  pair. 

The  internal  economy  of  Termes'  nests  has  been  found  very  difS- 
cult  to  investigate,  but  so  far  as  it  has  been  observed,  corresponds 
closely  to  that  of  the  ants.  The  eggs,  as  Cast  as  they  are  laid,  are  car- 
ried out  by  the  workers  and  placed  in  other  apartments,  and  the 
yonng,  which  are  active  bnt  incapable  of  taking  care  of  themselves, 
are  fed  upon  comminuted  wood  or  fnn^  In  dae  time  the  males  and 
females  acquire  wings  and  make  their  way  out  of  the  nest,  but  after 
flying  or  being  wafted  by  the  wind  to  greater  or  less  distances,  fall  to 
the  ground  and  shed  their  wings.  £ach  male  then  seizes  a  female  by 
his  mandibles,  and  sneh  of  the  ooaples  as  escape  the  greediness  of 
birds  and  carnlvorona  inaecte  are,  it  ia  said,  taken  in  charge  by  workers 
which  are  on  the  watch  for  them,  and  either  taken  to  old  colonies  in 


582  BTATB  HOBTICULrOBAL  SOOIBTT. 

Deed  of  new  qneens  and  kings,  or  a  new  colony  is  founded  for  tliem  to 
people.  They  are  placed  in  the  strongest  and  moat  bealthfnl  cbambers 
and  receive  every  attention,  bat  are  not  even  permitted  to  wander 
aboat  the  nest,  which  the  qneen  wonld  indeed  be  incapable  of  doing  in 
a  very  short  time.  She  is  sapposed  to  live  for  seTeral  years,  and  daring 
this  period  lays  innnmemble  eggs.  The  swarming  of  the  yoang  males  and 
females  in  sach  vast  nambere  is  anderstood  to  be  a  provision  for  cross- 
fertilization,  ae  tbe  swarmiug  &om  a  iiamber  of  colonies  takes  place  at 
once,  and  the  chances  are  largely  in  favor  of  males  and  females  from 
different  colonies  coming  together.  la  the  event  of  tbe  death  of  tbe 
old  qneen,  and  the  Cailare  to  secure  a  young  one  after  her  aerial  excar- 
sloD,  a  wingless  "  supplemental "  pair  are  brought  into  tbe  royal  apart- 
ments and  tbe  colony  is  preserved  by  means  of  their  progeny,altbough 
the  latter  are  not  nearly  so  unmerons  as  those  of  the  trae  qaeen. 

THE  END. 


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iisriDEx: 


AddnMoT  irelooma T.  Sit 

Addreu  ot  BraponM. 10,  til 

'* Apple HeMl,  Johmxy" ..................    1ft 

ApplelnKIng Iffl 

Afrilcnitnral  Aphorlinti IBS 

AntnmoFBTOTltffli... IM 

Annnkl  MHtlng,  Bsptwt  of  Bnral  WmU  ...  109 

AnnnalHeetlTiV.  B^ortof  8.  HlUer SOS 

Annnil  Beport  ot  SMmtirr SSI 

AnnQ^l  Report  of  Treumel —  WD 

BlblloKiaphy— F.  A.  Sampeon W 

Boee  and  Fmll t9S 

Bl^Hlngi  of  HorUealtnTe 196 

Bouny  Id  School B SBt,  «IS 

Better  Connt;  Ilo*di Ml 

Coounltteea,  StMidiog * 

ConatUatlon. B 

ConntT  <tool>tiaa 6 

Commltlcee  •ppolntad M,  116 

Commlttea'a  Bep<nt 47,  3H 

Commlttre'e  Beport  OD  Obltnai7 BO 

Committee'* RepoitODFlnalBeaolntloni.W,  SU 

CodUngUoth IW 

Cue  In  selectloDof  Seeds  IBS 

Committee  Report  on  Wwld'e  F«lr Wl 

Conntrr  Gentlaman  Note* Ul 

SeitTDBtloaor  tbe  Spuioir... S7 

I>OD'bi  for  Amatenn 140 

I>ttIdk  Flowen vat 

Donbie-floimred  Plnm ISI 

Slic 


. .  .SSl,SSS,t8B,Me.tBt.  114 


On  OreliaTdlDE 

OnSprajliiB StT 

On  Work  of  the  Booletr WD 

On  World's  Fait SSt 

On  Lindkcapa  OudeulDg Sm 

OnVinoyardi 818 

OnBemat »,S1,SW,  B9g 

On  Marketing SO,  SSI 

On  A 


OnPsachei 

OnCtaerriei,  Plama ST.  S 

I>eathor  D.  8.  Holmao ■ 

Death  of  Chaa.  Pattenon I 

Floitcalcnre— Htb.  H.  B.  Johnaon 

Oui  Beat  Bedding  Plaola-J.  KlrohgrabOT. 

Varieties  of  Apple»-A.  Helson 

Pean— J.  A.  Dukea 


Thirty  Years  Ago— C.  W.UoTtfaldt 47 

Fean— L.  F.  ani*er BO 

Hlndrsnoea— A.  A.  Blnmer Bt 

Costor  aFnKFann— 8.  W.  Ollbert H 

OrganliatlOD— B.  F.  Holbtook DS 

OTShaidlng  In  HiawiDrt-N.  F.  Murray. ...  BS 
OrsbKrdliig  In  Ulasonit— Henry  Speer. SO,  I»6 
Orcli aiding  In  Hlaionrt — Chai,  Fstteraon.  SSS 

Frolt  Shipping— C.  T.  HsUlnohrjdt SI 

OnilnaectFrlends—HlsaM.  E.  Hnrtfflldt.  7S 
General  Obaenations— Hiea  M.  E.  Hnrt- 

Mdt BO 

Bepoit  for  the  Year— Uli*  H.  K.  Hnrt- 

feldt SIS 

UllUty  Plus  Beanty— L  A.  Ooodman. . ..  (M 
Bnggestlon«forWoria'»FaIr-J.C  Ef»n«.  10* 
Hlisonrl's  Opportanity— N.  F.  Hnnay. . .  3H 

HoTtloaltnTB— Hn.  J.  H.  PTetilneer SIS 

Out  Flowering  Bnlba— Hana  NIelson  SIT 

HoiUonltnral  Geology— B.  Walters SIS 

Winter  Work— J.  A.Dorkes SSI 

Tarledea  ol  Aoples— F.  Uonbergeo' S40 

Spraying  onr  Fruits— J,  W.  Claik SIS 

nietoryof  theApple— J.  W.  Taylor S51 

Barries  in  SontbMtiaODri—Q.W. Hopkins-  S5T 
Bertlea  In  Bontti  UlHOarl— J.  H.  Lofcan...  SW 

BmJealnNarthMliMinri- H.  Bchnall 160 

Berries  la  North  Hlasoorl- Sam'l  Miller. .  S9S 
Berrlee  In  CfcrthMUsonri-^.N:.  Menifee..  SM 

BcsrieilnKanios— B.  F.  Bmlth ,.  UO 

Roadside  PI antIng~G.  E.  Eessler S«l 

Hnmbngs— J.  G.  Kinder 18S 

Floricnltnre-J   M.  Jordan aeo 

Fmlt  Cnltnre— Mrs.  H.  T.  Burrls MS 

Hortionltnie  In  Bohoola-'BeT.  W  P.  Ann- 
Strong SS8 

HortloQltnre  and  Homo— Mrs.  Q.  £.  Dn- 

gan S7S 

Hortlonltnre  In  Hlseoori S7S 

Evaporating  Fmits — J.  B.  Dntand US 

Planting  Orchards— H.  B.  Frands tC8 

Propagation  of  Trees— J.  O.  Klndo' BID 

FmlU  and  Flowers— U.  L.  Bonbam SIS 

Vineyards— J,  Bommell >1T 

Plnma-Jaoob  Faith  SI8 

IiOwOrehard  Land*— C.  T.  MalUnokrodt.  SSI 

Nursery  man— J.  Diaeh sis 

Organization -A.  Nelson 3M 

HortloQltnre  and  Society- W  A.  Smiley..  SM 
Personal  AasoolBtlon— C.  I  Bobarda SIS 


Faoe 

ExperleDoe— J.  M.  moa M8 

The  Poor  HortJenltinlat—L.  Gdcer S40 

Kun«7iiuin'iTilBli— U.  J.  WvbOT Stt 

Eipaitence  Id  CtouIus 411 

Xlectiou  orOflleen ttO 

mut  without  8«edi IM 

Tlowtn M.  1«6 

Fpngl  - ^." ^,..^,., ,.,.....->.  888 

Frnlt-grawliiK  IB  HlHoml 888 

FertlliMnfOrOicbUds S8t 

Fighting  the  tirODiid  Hole 400 

ijlui  BtTactnret 8M> 

OTBMwt  Battle  Field MB 

Qnal  New  York  Flowor  Show  411 

Hot  WalBTTe.  Steun— L.  B.  Tail IX 

Biator7  of  the  Stale  Soeletj— C.  W.  Unrt- 

teldt MO 

Hlitor;  of  tb«  State  Bodatr— r.  A,  SMlp- 

Bardy  Pllnia  aikd  Treee 186.  418 

FoTirty 187 

QreatlfeB 187 

Freah  FroJtt 178 

Piano  Tre« ISO 

ATrip  180 

Toadi.Blida 1S4 

iDTitatiDDi saa 

Tenbomr  and  AdI 94 

J  B.  Jenklna M 

Pnrdy,  UoGrasot  A  Co H 

L.  V.DantMth S4 

Cbaa.  Patl«r*on 18 

w.  P,  staik SB 

Nat  Stepheoa 

Xdw.  D,  Poiteir 

<i.  X.  Metaaner 

It.  X.  Aimatraig. 

B.  W.  SpMUiig 

Dt.  A.  Qoalln 

H.  A.EulBD 

T.  F.MUler 

T.T.  LifOa 

N.  F.Mnnar 

J .  DaTtdaon 

J.  Gamble 

LoDKerltj  of  Tree* 

Uit  ot  TTMa  GiTBD  b;  tba 

Uat  or  Fmlta  Taking  PieminiM 

MaDon VJ, 

HIaaoail'g  Apple  Crop 

Hlulon  orCoantt7  BoT 

NewOrapea 

New  PUnta 

Kotee  on  HtTbaeeoua  UraftlDB 

Ontllnei  otBntoiDolotj— HtMK.E.  Hnrt- 
faidt  

Onlra&Me 

OrDHnental  Bedj:e 

Ohio  StatlOD  BolleUn— etMwbeny 

Poleon  In  Food  Plant*. 

Potato,  Bnial  No.  S. 

Fotatoea  tor  Seed 


Plantain- iTjPolaoB m 

PmnlnR  Roaea ifl 

People  Will  Talk in 

Farming  In  Palestine MS 

NewVMletieearFnilU lU 

Hy  UreeD-honu  Planta US 

BUdaotSoDtb  Amerioa 118 

How  Beat  to  Market  Frnlta IM 

AVlBlttoJodgeUlller'a UT 

Women  In  Bortimltnte Ul 

Bomn  Btnnge  Planta 181 

Pilnc] plea  of  Lawn  Planting W 

Tender  Soaea Ut 

Onr  Eipiirlenoe Itf 

Hiieooil  Onihanb 181,  IBS 

Paachea  In  St.  Lonla  aoon^ 408 

Peitect  and  ImperlMt  Flowei* 418 

PeaohTellowa. 4U 

Quean  or  Floweia 408 

Report  of  SecietaTj 88,  Kl 

Uepozt  of  Treaanm 41,  an 

Tbe  Aiaenitea 81,    98 

The  Bordean mixture.    Prntltoim 87 

Tobaooo 88 

Praeerratlfe  Flnlda 80,  M 

Snlpbnrlng  Fmlta M 

Bnlpmde  of  Soda 88 

Keeping:  Cnl  Floweri  181 

Potaonlngtba  Sparrow Ut 

Prerentlng  Apple  acab 101 

Boae  Katea 887  408 

Bepoitaor  ooantlea^ 

Unn  ooonty S4B,  8U,  887 

Jaap«r  oonnty 840 

Camll  oonnty  881 

Knox  oonntr 884 

Ba;  oonnty 188,  871 

Caldwell  oonnty SSB 

Webater  ooanty 888 

Platte  oonnty 881 

Camden  oonnty 881 

Hontgomray  oonnty 01,  888,878,  878 

Holt  oonnty .M,  88B 

Batler  coonty BT 

Ori>«on  ooanty m 

Temon  oonnty 888 

Henry  oonnty 881 

Greene  oonnty 180 

Wiaonrl  Valley  Soolety 118 

minolB  State  Sotdety 116,  881 

SMn'l  Miller 18 

F.  LiMibetget VT 

B.  W,  Speeon 87 

Henry  BchnflU , 87 

On  Bonania  HMpbeny 141 

On  Entomology SM 

By  Ulu  MortTeldt 818 

Spraylog 147,  Ml 

Sbmba  1»,  184 

8in»1IFmlM  80 

Statton  Reporta: 

Iowa 148 

Imaetta IM 

I Ml 


ThtStiiUKeroa  the  Bill 

Tree  Label* 

ThlunliiK  Fruit 

The  Largeat  Apple  Ttm 

m 

m 

181 

181 

U...188,  IM 

m 

PldB 

UuorfaaglddM 

TentUMlon 

t» 

The  Big  Treea  ot  Cslltanii* 

TelegnuDB 

Wlio  li  tbe  Itaeoilit! 

MI 

INDEX  TO  OUTLINES  OF  ENTOMOLOGY- 


AouthiluB 9M 

AdridliliB MS 

AdepbagB BOI 

JSftAidn US 

Al]llIl*U,OlBUUlMtlOD(rf 401 

Andrentda 

AmnelltU lU 

Aats 

Amt-Ilon BT7 

Anthophil* 

Apbidl<te »7 

ApbodUds SIS 

AppI  e  onrcallo BSl 

Apple  manot HT 

Apple- tree  buk-IOtlM ISO 

■ilgynali MI 

Army  ironn W 

Adllds M 

AAtCTlM  bnttelfly IW 

AttalsUdB as* 

Back  iwlmmen tU 

Bald-ftued  hornet 

Bark  beetle! tn 

Bad-bus Ul 

Bad-bD«  taODteV SH 

Beee 

Blsbed-bu« W 

BUlbnga  Btt 

Blatldn.. Bra 

BUiter  bnatlM 020 

Bine-bottle  SlH H7 

Bombardier  beetle DOE 

BombylldB H4 

Bomb^cidB DSs 

Batata* IMS 

BniehldB lie 

Bn«B Mi 

BoAlo  trae-hoppar 65T 

Burying  beetle! WM 

Uabbase  bntteifly SKI 

LaddlMUae BT* 

CalaidildB B91 

Caloptanna  Bpratna B70 

Canker  wocma B38 

Cannibal  beetlea m 

Caatheria Uo 

Capilda IS] 


Ti.am 

Carpantex  beea 

Catooala UT 

CoddomrldB 6tt 

Ceeiopia  moth US 

CenmbyoldiB IIS. 

ChesMlly H7 

Cbalotdtg 

Chlamyi El<^ 

Qnyialldea IM 

Cleadldie  US' 

ClTcnlaloiY  iTRtetn lU 

CUMiOeattoQ 4ea 

ClaTleoTnla  BOC- 

Clytu IIS 

Cookioaobea 174 

CooeinelldB lOI 

Cooddldn loa 

Codling  motb on 

CoUaa. OSO 

Colaoptera G0& 

Conehead IBS 

Copiida. as 

CoHmelnnlda m 

Com  worm SOI 

Corydalli 0T8 

Coainoptsra DUt 

Oiaue  Ilea M> 

Ciemaater OH 

CriokeK BOO 

Cioton  bog tH 

Craetana 461 

CullddiB OO 

Cnronllonlda Bit 

Conoila ITS 

Cyolorapha 0*1 

Cynlplda tSft 

Daoala Oil 

I>«nnaitea 008- 

Digger  waap 

Dog-day  fly 05$ 

Doryphoia BIS 

Dragon  lllei 078 

DniepblUds M7 

ElatrrldiD Kl» 

Eniomology Ul 

Ephennrlda Hft 

Bplcanta BMK 

BxcTementlyoTa BU 


ExteTD*!  atmcliiTe. 
Fattber-wlniv 

F1«M 

Fiiw a» 

Foimlem 

Frtnge-wlng» MB 

FlTilt  weerlU MS 

G*Uss*U UK 

G«oiii8tddr Ma 

Olant  water- bog    UD 

Qoldamltb  beetle UB 

OrapevliM  le>r-bapp«t ltS7 

GiapeTlna  pbyUoiMm  HH 

CJraptt Ota 

QtMshoppen SSg 

Haokt»iT7  batUoHr sxs 

Hulcqnln  bug DAS 

Hellgnmmlts  07 678 

HsmlpMra KB 

HerblTOiB G12 

Hesptriila BSl 

HgactMillr 54S 

HAterooeTA im 

HfltaramerR. B19 

mppuobi* Dia 

Uauej  bgs 

Horn  IliM W7 

Horn  tallB Ml 

Horn  BlM  BU 

Honteorloketa DM 

HoDM  (Ilea Mfl 

Hmnblr  ben — 

Hjmenopteta 

Hypoderma MO 

IdiDenmoii  Or US 

Imaio 4M 

Inaeet 401 

laomcTa DOS 

Iwoma *e7 

JaaddB BBT 

Jigger ue 

Katydid. BB7 

Lace-wing   B77 

Lacbaoatenia ttlt 

Lady-  blnla J07 

LaniBllicornla Sll 

LampjTidn BOB 

Lancet  Hlea OU 

L«B(-b«etlea BIO 

Leaf-cbafen BU 

Lear-rollora G38 

Leblagrandla BOB 

Lepldoptna BU 

Lice Ml 

LI  me- tree  moth 088 

LocnalldB 607 

LonglcoTDB BU 

Lncanlite Bll 

LjcBoidas BI9 

Lygxldn BOI 

HanUdn 03S 

Uany-bauded  Bobber. EB< 


Faok 

Hapla  worm UT 

HaaoD  bsaa 

Haybeotle BU 

May  fllM B7» 

Heal  beetle  BW 

HRalybosB  SW 

UaloloathldB BU 

MembiaeldB. BBT 

UetamoTplioBia 4M 

Hlgiatory  loeuta. BOt,  M» 

Male  otlakct BBB- 

Mocba BO- 

Hnaoalar  lyatem i4t 

Hmgantla  Uatiioiiloa BBS 

HiuoiiliB BM 

MyHapoda 4B1 

Uyrmlca 

Neooph  jTldB BOT 

NepEda U* 

Nerrona  lyatem Ml 

Neoropteia sn 

Meoiopteis,  lamlUaa  of. BTO 

NoetUdB BIT 

NoumeeUdn BU 

MntweerlU m 

HymptaalidB BtD 

OMlpoda cn 

(EitTtdK BU 

Onoldeiea. BIB 

OnioaOy Bil 

Orange  aeale BOO 

Oitboptera Mt 

Orltaoptera,  hmlliesof BBS- 

Ortbia'apba SU 

OMlnldB BIT 

Owlet  moth* BIT 

PanalUaa en 

Partbenoceneali BB8 

Papllto a» 

Pea  w«ey|l Sl» 

Paetlootiila BU 

Perilds 680 

Fhaoma  oarnltBi: BU 

PMtopbaga BW 

-Phylloiora B6« 

PigeoatiBmBX 600 

Plena BH> 

Plophlllda BIT 

Plaglodeima UB 

Plnm  onroullo W 

Polyphemaa BIB 

Preying  mantla BIS 

PlioDiu BIS 

Paandonenniptera E7B 

Pnpa tB* 

Papipara mt 

Ptatophorldn 680 

PyraUdiB  B» 

RapadoD*  Soldior-bDg EM 

BedoTladB BBS 

ReprodDctlve  oigana «* 

ReaplratlOD 4B> 

Bblnoceioa  beetle 61) 

Rhopalocela BST 

BtaTnoophom BU 

BobbBi-fllaa Bt* 


Dgnz's:;!-.',  \_jV_>V_)V|1^ 


Jl 

Piom 

r...«. 

PiQ« 

H0««iig 

TuniiltldB 

Thrlpi 

B«>ljtld» 

H7 

Torttlcldii. 

MO 

TrogiiiB 

Trnebnw 

TTPetld" 

rumble  buff  

SmrlooniW 

MO 

SUpbldH 

Boe 

Walking  lUoki 

W«p. 

BquMbbag 

Ul 

WMllT«PPl«10Il« 

woodwup* 

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